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Over time as collections expanded, they became more specialized and their housing was separated according to the form of information and kinds of users. Furthermore, during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, distinct professional societies and educational programs developed for each kind of institution.Open-GLAM (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLAM_(cultural_heritage) |
Dolichonychia is a medical condition in which the nail beds of the fingers and toes are abnormally long and slender, specifically, a finger nail index of 1.30 or more, it is a common feature in people with connective tissue disorders, such as Ehlers–Danlos syndromes, Marfan syndrome, and hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolichonychia |
The National Survey of Health & Development is a Medical Research Council (MRC) longitudinal survey of people born in Britain in March 1946. It is "the longest continually running major birth cohort study in the world and is one of the longest-running studies of human development. " | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Survey_of_Health_&_Development |
The 1946 birth cohort study (which became known later as National Survey of Health & Development) was set up by J. W. B. Douglas less than a year after the end of the second world war. The original promoters of this survey had been the Population Investigation Committee with help from the Royal College of Obstetricians... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Survey_of_Health_&_Development |
; were the costs of giving birth a deterrent to having children? ; and how well were the existing midwifery and obstetric medical services in Britain working?Unknown to the project initiators, this project coincided with the start of the post-World War II baby boom so the question of low fertility rates was not explore... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Survey_of_Health_&_Development |
The results from this survey influenced the decisions made when setting up the British National Health Service in 1948. The survey continued with a sample (which excluded illegitimate children and twins) of 5 362 of the children using regular follow-ups to explore the impact of a National Health Service on health and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Survey_of_Health_&_Development |
The regularly updated information about this cohort also enables comparison with data from other longitudinal studies in Britain and elsewhere. The mission of the Unit is to realise the scientific potential of the NSHD as a world class, interdisciplinary life course study by: Scientific discovery of life course influen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Survey_of_Health_&_Development |
1946–1981: Dr James Douglas 1982–2006: Professor Michael Wadsworth 2007–2017: Professor Diana Kuh 2017–Present: Professor Nishi Chaturvedi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Survey_of_Health_&_Development |
Utilization management (UM) or utilization review is the use of managed care techniques such as prior authorization that allow payers, particularly health insurance companies, to manage the cost of health care benefits by assessing its appropriateness before it is provided using evidence-based criteria or guidelines. C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management |
Utilization management is "a set of techniques used by or on behalf of purchasers of health care benefits to manage health care costs by influencing patient care decision-making through case-by-case assessments of the appropriateness of care prior to its provision," as defined by the Institute of Medicine Committee on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management |
Discharge planning, concurrent planning, pre-certification and clinical case appeals are proactive UM procedures. It also covers proactive processes, such as concurrent clinical reviews and peer reviews as well as appeals introduced by the provider, payer or patient. A UM program comprises roles, policies, processes, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management |
Roles included in UM may include: UM reviewers (often a registered nurse with UM training), a UM program manager, and a physician adviser. UM policies may include the frequency of reviews, priorities, and balance of internal and external responsibilities. UM processes may include escalation processes when a clinician a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management |
UM criteria are medical guidelines which may be developed in-house, acquired from a vendor, or acquired and adapted to suit local conditions. Two commonly used UM criteria frameworks are the McKesson InterQual criteria and MCG (previously known as the Milliman Care Guidelines).The guidelines should reflect evidence-bas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management |
Similar to the Donabedian healthcare quality assurance model, UM may be done prospectively, retrospectively, or concurrently.Prospective review is typically used as a method of reducing medically unnecessary admissions or procedures by denying cases that do not meet criteria, or allocating them to more appropriate care... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management |
Retrospective review considers whether an appropriate level of care applied after it was administered. Retrospective review will typically look at whether the procedure, location, and timing were appropriate according to the criteria. This form of review typically relates to payment or reimbursement according to a medi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management |
Denial of the claim could relate to payment to the provider or reimbursement to the plan member. Alternatively, retrospective review may reflect a decision as to ongoing point of care. This may entail justification according to the UM criteria and plan to leave a patient at the previous (current) point of care, or to s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management |
For example, an inpatient case situated in a telemetry bed (high cost) may be evaluated on a subsequent day of stay as no longer meeting the criteria for a telemetry bed. This may be due to changes in acuity, patient response, or diagnosis, or may be due to different UM criteria set for each continued day of stay. At t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management |
In an integrated delivery system such as a health maintenance organization (HMO), the provider and the payer share the financial cost of care, allowing for more utilization management; the rise of utilization management in the 1980s was associated with a rise in integrated healthcare. : 50 As of 2019, about 3% of large... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management |
In the United States, about 5 percent of insured employees were estimated to be affected, which rose rapidly to about three-quarters in 1989: 14 and became ubiquitous by 1995.In 2019, Anthem began a policy to deny emergency room visits which were deemed to be medically unnecessary, by retrospectively denying claims whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management |
In the United States, in addition to voluntary self-policing by industry, various organizations are involved in regulation at the state and federal government regulation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management |
Denied claims can usually be appealed externally to an independent medical review by an independent review organizations (IROs). In fully insured plans as opposed to employer-funded plans, the IRO is typically selected by state insurance commissioners, who have promulgated model laws through the National Association of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management |
Among other requirements, insurers must provide diagnosis and treatment codes upon request.As of 2018, in 42 states IROs must be accredited by the utilization review education and standards nonprofit URAC. Notable IRO companies include the Medical Review Institute of America, Advanced Medical Reviews and AllMed Healthc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management |
Regardless of appeal, a lawsuit can be filed against the insurer; in 2019, class action lawsuits were filed against UnitedHealthcare regarding proton beam therapy, which was denied as experimental although later language denied it on the basis of medical necessity, which is held to a different legal standard. In 2019, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management |
Claim denials may be due to a number of things, including contract exclusions, unproven or investigational treatments, or medical necessity. A study of payers found wide variations in denial rates and days to pay. Denials can also be caused by technical errors, such as incomplete information or misspelling a name, whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management |
In the case of Medicare, national coverage determinations show necessary treatments for diseases, with medical guidelines of insurers playing a similar role for private companies.It has been argued that "investigational" is not an appropriate criteria for denial, since treatments are continuously under investigation. O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management |
UM has been criticized for treating cost of care as an outcome metric, and that this confuses the objectives of healthcare and potentially reduces healthcare value by mixing up process of care with results of care.Some authors have pointed out that when cost-cutting by insurers is the focus of UM criteria, it may lead ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management |
Zoetis Inc. (/zō-EH-tis/) is an American drug company, the world's largest producer of medicine and vaccinations for pets and livestock. The company was a subsidiary of Pfizer, the world's largest drug maker, but with Pfizer's spinoff of its 83% interest in the firm it is now a completely independent company. The compa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetis |
In the 1950s, Pfizer began research on several drugs, including oxytetracycline, which was found to be effective in livestock. In 1952, the Pfizer Agriculture Division opened a 732-acre research and development facility in Terre Haute, Indiana, called Vigo. By 1988 the division was renamed Pfizer Animal Health.The 1995... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetis |
Secondary research and development centres were opened in Kalamazoo, Michigan, in 2003. In the same year, Pfizer acquired Pharmacia Corporation for US$60 billion in stock options. Between 2007 and 2011, the company acquired Embrex Inc, Catapult Genetics, Bovigen, Wyeth, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Vetnex Animal Health Lt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetis |
Plans to break away Pfizer Animal Health into a separate company were officially announced in 2012. The new firm was named Zoetis in allusion to the Latin-derived zoological term zoetic, meaning "pertaining to life".Zoetis Inc.'s revenues exceeded $4.2 billion in 2011 and $4.34 billion in 2012. The animal health indust... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetis |
The sell-off of Zoetis is consistent with Pfizer's recent decision to shed other non-pharmaceuticals subsidiaries in an effort to save costs, raise capital, and pay off debt. The company has announced that JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, Merrill Lynch, Goldman Sachs & Co., and Morgan Stanley will be the lead underwrit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetis |
Records show that Pfizer officially filed for registration of a Class A stock with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on August 10, 2012. Zoetis' IPO on February 1, 2013 sold 86.1 million shares for US$ 2.2 billion. Shares sharply rose 19% by the end of the trading day to $35.01 a share, up from $26. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetis |
At the time, it was the largest IPO from a U.S. company since Facebook's $16 billion IPO on May 18, 2012. Pfizer retained 414 million Class B shares giving it an 83% controlling stake in the firm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetis |
Stock investors were attracted to the steep profit margin in proportion to revenue and consumer confidence in potential future growth of the subsidiary. The offering's lead underwriters were JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America Merrill Lynch and Morgan Stanley. Most of the money raised through the IPO was used to pay off ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetis |
In November 2015, the company announced it would acquire a developer of aquaculture treatments and diseases, Pharmaq, for $765 million. In 2017, Zoetis acquired Ireland-based Nexvet, a company with a biologics focused technology and product candidate pipeline.In May 2018, the company announced its intention to acquire ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetis |
Twenty-eight sites in 11 countries make up Zoetis manufacturing network, each facility designed to meet chemical and infectious agent safety regulatory requirements. Many R&D operations are co-located with manufacturing sites, a collaboration that allows bringing new products to market faster. Zoetis builds on six-deca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetis |
Zdenka Buben (1895 – 1988) was an American public health social worker who pioneered the development of many professional standards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdenka_Buben |
Buben was born to a Czech family in Paris, France in 1895. Her mother did not like France, and thus her father suggested that they move. When Zdenka was two, Buben's father's friend arranged for Buben's father to transfer his work to New York, where the Buben family lived until 1908. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdenka_Buben |
In 1908, they moved to San Francisco, where Buben finished high school. She went on to attend the University of California at Berkeley, where she originally majored in music. She switched her major to Hygiene, a department where people were trained as somewhat nurse and somewhat social work trainees. and went on to gra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdenka_Buben |
Buben joined the Council of Social Agencies in its Health Division. She eventually helped work toward establishing a school of social work in Los Angeles, and also established a Bureau of Social Work in the Los Angeles County health department. At the time, many private medical doctors were against publicly funded medi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdenka_Buben |
She went on to attend the University of Chicago and obtained her Master's degree in Social Work. Afterward, she returned to Los Angeles and returned to her old position as the Director of Public Health Social Work, and maintained that position until her retirement in October 1961. Throughout her career, she advocated f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdenka_Buben |
Some of her lasting legacy of practices are the development of a sliding scale of fees for indigent persons who wished to receive medical care; the development of numerous social work training schools; and connecting many social agencies, the Health Department, and medical providers with one another. Buben also was a p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdenka_Buben |
Spatial epidemiology is a subfield of epidemiology focused on the study of the spatial distribution of health outcomes; it is closely related to health geography. Specifically, spatial epidemiology is concerned with the description and examination of disease and its geographic variations. This is done in consideration ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_epidemiology |
Disease Mapping Disease maps are visual representations of intricate geographic data that provide a quick overview of said information. Mainly used for explanatory purposes, disease maps can be presented to survey high-risk areas and to help policy and resource allocation in said areas.Geographic correlation studiesGeo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_epidemiology |
Data availability and qualitySince spatial epidemiology is almost entirely based on the analysis of data and its various visual representations, data collection methods must be routine, accurate, and publicly available. With the advent of specialized and accurate health equipment and global information networks, these ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_epidemiology |
Consumption of fixed capital (CFC) is a term used in business accounts, tax assessments and national accounts for depreciation of fixed assets. CFC is used in preference to "depreciation" to emphasize that fixed capital is used up in the process of generating new output, and because unlike depreciation it is not valued... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_of_fixed_capital |
Fixed assets will decline in value after they are purchased for use in production, due to wear and tear, changed market valuation and possibly market obsolescence. Thus, CFC represents a compensation for the loss of value of fixed assets to an enterprise. According to the 2008 manual of the United Nations System of Nat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_of_fixed_capital |
The term depreciation is often used in place of consumption of fixed capital but it is avoided in the SNA because in commercial accounting the term depreciation is often used in the context of writing off historic costs whereas in the SNA consumption of fixed capital is dependent on the current value of the asset." — U... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_of_fixed_capital |
123 ) CFC tends to increase as the asset gets older, even if the efficiency and rental remain constant to the end. The larger the depreciation write-off, the larger the gross income of a business. Consequently, business owners consider this accounting entry as very important; after all, it affects both their income, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_of_fixed_capital |
The Capital Consumption Allowance (CCA) is the portion of the gross domestic product (GDP) which is due to depreciation. The Capital Consumption Allowance measures the amount of expenditure that a country needs to undertake in order to maintain, as opposed to grow, its productivity. The CCA can be thought of as represe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_of_fixed_capital |
Gross domestic product (GDP) equals net domestic product (NDP) + CCA (Capital Consumption Allowance): G D P = N D P + C C A . {\displaystyle GDP=NDP+CCA.} | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_of_fixed_capital |
How much the depreciation charge actually will be, depends mainly on the depreciation rates which enterprises are officially permitted to charge for tax purposes (usually fixed by law), and on how fixed assets themselves are valued for accounting purposes. This makes the assessment of CFC quite complex, because fixed a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_of_fixed_capital |
This can be arguable and very difficult to answer, and in practice, various conventions are adopted by accountants and auditors within the framework of legal rules and economic theory. In addition, the depreciation schedules imposed by tax departments may differ from the actual depreciation of business assets at market... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_of_fixed_capital |
But this is not always the case; the tax rate might sometimes be lower than the real market-based rate. Furthermore, businesses might engage in creative accounting and deliberately state their assets and liabilities held at a balance date, or interpret the figures in some other way, to increase the amount of depreciati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_of_fixed_capital |
In national accounts, CFC is a component of value added or Gross Domestic Product, and regarded as a cost of production. It is defined in general terms as the decline, in an accounting period, of the current value of the stock of fixed assets owned and used by a producer as a result of physical deterioration, normal ob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_of_fixed_capital |
Its value may therefore diverge considerably from depreciation actually recorded in business accounts, or as allowed for taxation purposes, especially if there is price inflation. In principle, CFC is calculated using the actual or estimated prices and rentals of fixed assets prevailing at the time the production takes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_of_fixed_capital |
Unlike depreciation as calculated in business accounts, CFC in national accounts is, in principle, not a method of allocating the costs of past expenditures on fixed assets over subsequent accounting periods. Rather, fixed assets at a given moment in time are valued according to the remaining benefits derived from thei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_of_fixed_capital |
In addition to gross measures of output and income such as GDP and gross national income (GNI), National Accounts include net measures such as net domestic product (NDP) and net national income (NNI), derived by deducting CFC from the corresponding gross measure. GDP is the most accurate measure of aggregate economic a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_of_fixed_capital |
In UNSNA, included are: all tangible and intangible fixed assets owned by producers. fixed assets constructed to improve land, such as drainage systems, dykes, or breakwaters or on assets which are constructed on or through land - roads, railway tracks, tunnels, dams, etc. Losses of fixed assets due to normal accidenta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_of_fixed_capital |
In UNSNA, excluded are: the value of fixed assets destroyed by acts of war, or exceptional events such as major natural disasters, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunami, exceptionally severe hurricanes, etc. (e.g. Hurricane Katrina) which occur very infrequently. valuables (precious metals, precious stones, etc.) th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_of_fixed_capital |
In UNSNA, the value at current prices of the gross capital stock is obtained, by using price indices for fixed assets at current replacement cost, irrespective of the age of the assets. The net, or written-down value of a fixed capital asset is equal to its current replacement cost, less CFC accrued up to that point in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_of_fixed_capital |
There main criticism made of the way national accounts value CFC is that in trying to arrive at an "economic" concept and magnitude of depreciation, they arrive at figures which are at variance with standard accounting practices. The business income cited in the social account is not the business income reported in pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_of_fixed_capital |
Because of the way CFC is calculated, aggregate profit (or operating surplus the residual item in the product account) is likely to be differ from the accounting profit calculation, which is usually derived from tax data. In Marxian economics, the official concept of CFC is also disputed, because it is argued that CFC ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_of_fixed_capital |
Many engineering educators see service-learning as the solution to several prevalent problems in engineering education today. In the past, engineering curriculum has fluctuated between emphasizing engineering science to focusing more on practical aspects of engineering. Today, many engineering educators are concerned t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
Some speculate that adding context to engineering help to motivate engineering students' studies and thus improve retention and diversity in engineering schools. Others feel that the teaching styles do not match the learning styles of engineering students. Many engineering faculty members believe the educational soluti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
The end of World War II marked the beginning of a movement toward increased emphasis on engineering science in engineering education. Initially, this movement enhanced the quality of engineering education. However, after decades of rising focus on science engineering, undergraduate engineering education began to lack i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
As one author described it, "Schools break knowledge and experience into subjects, relentlessly turning wholes into parts, flowers into petals, history into events, without ever restoring continuity. "In the 1980s, many different organizations, including both research institutions and professional associations, conduct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
Researchers agreed that the engineering schools should continue to provide solid basic theory knowledge. However, they also called for added emphasis on synthesis and design understanding as well as increased exposure to societal context and interdisciplinary teamwork. Later reports reiterated the need for more exposur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
Today, requirements for engineering programs reflect a movement to resolve the engineering education problems found in past studies. Many engineering educators see service-learning as a way to enhance their programs by exposing students to engineering context while also giving them a chance to develop professional and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
ConstructivismThe service-learning method ties in well with a teaching philosophy known as constructivism. Constructivism is an educational theory rooted in psychology and sociology. It asserts that learners construct knowledge from previous knowledge rather than passively absorbing knowledge from outside sources. Furt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
Service-learning provides an environment where students can actively construct knowledge while engaging in actual projects. The reflection portion of service-learning gives students time to create connections between old and new knowledge. While accepted by many, some educators have criticized constructivism both epist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
Pedagogically, critics claim that a constructivist approach gives students in-depth knowledge but not breadth of knowledge. Since in a constructivist approach takes a significant amount of time to allow students to create new knowledge and relate it to previous knowledge through reflection, instructors usually cannot c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
Service-learning typically appears in introductory or optional courses in the engineering school. The goals of these courses is not so much to gain a detailed and broad understand of a field, but rather to have a real world engineering experience. This is notably different from courses where students must obtain vast a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
Critics also worry that a constructivist approach to education leaves the learner too disconnected from reality since it constantly focuses on building new knowledge based on pre-existing knowledge. Thus, theoretically, as they continue building knowledge off of their pre-existing knowledge in isolation, their view of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
Thus their ideas must be resolved, not only with fellow engineering team members, but also with reality. Learning stylesIn past years, studies on engineering education revealed the learning styles of most engineering students and the teaching styles of many engineering professors were incompatible. The five well known ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
According to Richard Felder from North Carolina State University and Linda Silverman from the Institute for the study of Advanced Development, most engineering students are visual, sensing, inductive, and active learners. Also, many of the creative students are global learners. However, most engineering education is au... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
There is no evidence that identifying a student's learning style produces better outcomes, and there is significant evidence that the widespread "meshing hypothesis" (that a student will learn best if taught in a method deemed appropriate for the student's learning style) is invalid. Well-designed studies "flatly contr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
Many different universities have incorporated service-learning into their curricula to address the contextual, motivational, and multi-disciplinary team needs. Purdue University created the Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS) program in 1995. Under this program, freshman to senior undergraduate engineerin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
At Purdue, the service projects are long-term and students earn up to seven semesters worth of credit working on the service project. The program began with 40 students on 5 teams but has quickly grown to 400 students on 24 teams.The EPICS program at Purdue as well as service-learning programs at other universities, ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
On student evaluations, 70% of students indicated that the program positively impacted their decision to stay in engineering; of the 30% that responded differently, several indicated they had previously decided to stay in the engineering before the program and thus, the program did not affect their decision to stay in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
The emphasis of the program is on relationship building – and are not simply project-driven exercises. Long-term, sustainable, collaborative partnerships are formed with host universities and marginalized communities. This enables development of outreach programs at the universities reaching into local communities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
The Penn State program is vertically integrated across the four-year engineering program allowing students to form these long-term relationships with the host communities. This method allows for greater understanding of the cultural aspects of engineering design and its impact, as well as development of technical profi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
Engineering design solutions are developed and students are encouraged to develop business plans and implement them in the host community.\ Clemson University also hosts Clemson Engineers for Developing Countries (CEDC), a multi-level immersive student-led organization and class that provides Clemson students of any ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
The program also features multidisciplinary teams of 2–4 student interns who live in Haiti year- round, fall and spring break trips to Haiti for groups of 10–14 students to collect data for their projects, and a course at Clemson University for students to work on their multi-semester projects. The program has designed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
The ACM Code of Ethics lists contributing to society and human well-being as well as improving public understanding of an engineer's practice area. Through service-learning provides engineers with the opportunity to both contribute to society and educate the public. Along with fostering a good community-university rela... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning_in_engineering_education |
Mantle Hood (June 24, 1918 – July 31, 2005) was an American ethnomusicologist. Among other areas, he specialized in studying gamelan music from Indonesia. Hood pioneered, in the 1950s and 1960s, a new approach to the study of music, and the creation of the first American university program devoted to ethnomusicology, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
Born and raised in Springfield, Illinois, Hood studied piano as a child and played clarinet and tenor saxophone in regional jazz clubs in his teens. Despite his talent as a musician, he had no plans to make it his profession. He moved to Los Angeles in the 1930s and wrote pulp fiction while employed as a draftsman in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
After Army service in Europe during World War II, he returned to Los Angeles. He enrolled in the School of Agriculture at the University of California before transferring to UCLA. Between 1945 and 1950 Mantle Hood studied Western music under composer Ernst Toch and composed several classical pieces. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
Hood earned both his BA in music and MA in composition from UCLA in 1951. As a Fulbright scholar, Hood studied Indonesian music under Jaap Kunst at the University of Amsterdam. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
He wrote his Ph.D. dissertation on pathet, translated as the modal system of Central Javanese music. He proposed that the contours of the balungan (nuclear theme) melody are the primary determinants of Javanese musical modes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
The dissertation, The Nuclear Theme as a Determinant of Patet in Javanese Music was published in 1954. After completing his doctoral work in 1954, Hood spent two years in Indonesia doing field research funded by a Ford Foundation fellowship. He joined the faculty at UCLA where he established the first gamelan performan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
He also founded the Institute for Ethnomusicology at UCLA in 1960. UCLA quickly became an important American hub of this rapidly developing field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
Hood's work spawned a legion of teachers and leaders of the more than 100 gamelan groups in the United States today. A renowned expert in Javanese and Balinese music and culture, Hood received honors from the Indonesian government for his research, among them the conferral of the title Ki (literally "the venerable") in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
Some of his works include The Ethnomusicologist (1971, 1982), Music in Indonesia (1972), the three-volumed The Evolution of Javanese Gamelan. In 1973, Hood left UCLA and retired to Hawaii where he composed music and served as an editor of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. He also wrote contributions for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
In the 1980s, he came out of retirement in Hawaii to become Senior Distinguished Professor at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, where he remained until 1996, establishing an ethnomusicology program. He was a professor of music at West Virginia University and a visiting professor at Harvard, Yale, Wesleyan, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
In 1999 he was the Charles Seeger Lecturer at the annual conference of the SEM. Mantle Hood's wife, Hazel Chung, was a teacher of Indonesian and African dance. Hood, with Chung, shot footage in Ghana and Nigeria for their film, Atumpan: The Talking Drums of Ghana (1964). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
In 1990, Mantle Hood presented a paper at the 7th International Congress of the European Seminar in Ethnomusicology in Berlin under the title "The Quantum Theory of Music." The concept sought to revolutionize research in music by developing theoretical and practical constructs to close a 75-year gap between the 1920s, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
This consortium resulted in an interdisciplinary five-day workshop with the keynote paper on this subject held in Trieste, Italy, including scholars in physics, mathematics, acoustics, computer-based musical composition, and ethnomusicology. In the following year, seminars in ethnomusicology were held in Venice, Italy.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
The group included Giovanni Giuriati of the University of Rome, Rudiger Schumacher of the University of Cologne, John E. Myers of Bard College at Simon's Rock, and others. Schumacher and Myers delivered related papers at the annual conference of the European Seminar in Ethnomusicology, held in Barcelona, Spain, Septemb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
Hood died in Ellicott City, Maryland. His son Made Mantle Hood is also an ethnomusicologist who taught at The University of Melbourne in Australia. and the Universiti Putra Malaysia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
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