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Jehn developed the Intragroup Conflict Scale (ICS) to measure the two types of intragroup conflicts (i.e., task and relationship conflict). The ICS consists of eight 7-point Likert scale items which assess intragroup conflict. This scale has been applied in a number of contexts including decision making groups and grou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intragroup_conflict |
A recent meta-analysis of 116 empirical studies, examining 8,880 groups, revealed a complex relationship between intragroup conflict and group outcomes. That is, effects of intragroup conflict on group performance or outcome is moderated by a number of factors including the context under which it is examined and the ty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intragroup_conflict |
A scent transfer unit is a vacuum device used to collect scent evidence from a crime scene or item of evidence. The unit was invented by Bill Tolhurst (a former president of the National Police Bloodhound Association) while working for the Niagara County Sheriff's Department. Several law enforcement agencies have bough... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scent_transfer_unit |
The resulting scent pads can either be given to a tracking dog, used in a 'scent lineup', or preserved in a freezer. Tolhurst has claimed that evidence pads can be stored successfully in a frozen state for more than 11 years.Although the reliability of scent evidence in general has been called into question, certain ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scent_transfer_unit |
Community-supported agriculture (CSA model) or cropsharing is a system that connects producers and consumers within the food system closer by allowing the consumer to subscribe to the harvest of a certain farm or group of farms. It is an alternative socioeconomic model of agriculture and food distribution that allows t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
The organization of food provisioning through commoning is complementary to the horizontal axis of market mediated food provisioning and the verticality of the state distribution and regulation on food. As a model where market agents do not interact solely as competitors but as “members of a community collaborating in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
Such frameworks of collaboration between public administration and the cooperative sector are known as Public-Commons-Partnerships (PCP) and have also been established in relation to food. As a prefigurative practice that decommodifies food and “strengthens the imaginary of community as a source of reward and space of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
The term "community-supported agriculture" was coined in the northeastern United States in the 1980s, influenced by European biodynamic agriculture ideas formulated by Rudolf Steiner. Two European farmers, Jan Vander Tuin from Switzerland and Trauger Groh from Germany, brought European biodynamic farming ideas to the U... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
This influence led to the separate and simultaneous creation of two CSAs in 1986. The CSA Garden at Great Barrington was created in Massachusetts by Jan Vander Tuin, Susan Witt, and Robyn Van En. The Temple-Wilton Community Farm was created in New Hampshire by Anthony Graham, Trauger Groh, and Lincoln Geiger. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
The CSA Garden at Great Barrington remained together until 1990 when many members left to form the Mahaiwe Harvest CSA. One of the original founders, Robyn Van En, became incredibly influential in the CSA movement in America and founded CSA North America in 1992. The Temple-Wilton Community Garden was more successful a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
It became an important member of the Wilton community and it receives funding from state, federal, and local sources.A parallel model called Teikei existed in Japan as early as the mid-1960s. Similarly, Dr. Booker T. Whatley, a professor of agriculture in Alabama, advocated for Clientele Membership Clubs as early as th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
The rise of CSAs seems to be correlated with the increase in awareness of the environmental movement in the United States. CSAs have even become popular in urban environments such as the New York City Coalition Against Hunger's CSA program that helps serve under-served communities. One of the largest subscription CSAs ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
It was estimated that there were more than 500 CSA farms in China by 2017. They have been a critical force in the development of the organic and ecological farming in China. Chinese CSA farmers, researchers and civil society organizations gather annually at the national CSA symposium held since 2009.Much of the growth ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
Even if the systems of community-supported agriculture vary in different countries, there are a number of umbrella-organizations connecting the farms. In the United States the governmental program SARE offered grants for research and education projects that advance sustainable agricultural practices like CSA.In Germany... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
In Switzerland, community farming is often referred to as Solawi ("solidarity farming"). Among others there are two important forms of organization for CSA in Switzerland: the cooperative and the individual initiative. Food cooperatives are the oldest form of organization and the first CSA projects in Switzerland were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
Cooperatives are based on direct cooperation between farmers and consumers. Consumers or cooperative members actively participate in the management of agricultural production together with the producers. Producers assume the day-to-day management and work on the farm and are often formally employed by the cooperative, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
Cooperative members participate in production and distribution costs by purchasing shares in the cooperative and paying annual fees for the delivery of vegetables. Cooperative members also participate in some production or distribution tasks as part of their commitment to the cooperative.Some CSAs are also initiated by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
Producers offer baskets with the farm's produce to any interested consumer (consumers are not organized, but have individual contracts with the farmer).The baskets with vegetables and/or fruits are delivered to consumers on a regular basis. The distribution and management of production is the responsibility of the prod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
The Fédération Romande d'Agriculture Contractuelle de Proximité (FRACP) - is a French-speaking federation of CSAs and supports the creation of new CSAs. It was created in 2008 with 13 CSA groups as founding members. FRACP is sponsored by Uniterre, a small farmers' union that is part of La Via Campesina and promotes the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
The CSA (Community-Supported Agriculture) model in Italy is a relatively young movement that began to gain traction in 2011.The first CSA established in Italy was the C.A.P.S. (Agrarian Community of Social Promotion) in Pisa, while the largest CSA is Arvaia in Bologna, boasting 220 active members and 500 associates. As... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
However, there are distinct differences between CSAs and GASs in terms of risk-sharing. In a CSA, members choose to provide financial support to farmers, thereby sharing the risks inherent in agricultural work. On the other hand, GAS members do not enter into a formal contract that obligates them to share any potential... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
The UK's first CSA was established in Findhorn, Scotland in 1994. The national umbrella organisation was set up in 2013 - this is the Community Supported Agriculture Network . This network aims to help people set up their CSAs, as well as providing helpful information to help these relations to run more successfully. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
Registered CSAs are mostly distributed across the east of Scotland. Yet, it is likely there are many more ‘informal’ CSAs on the west coast and the Isles. Across Wales and Northern Ireland, CSA's are spread evenly. In England, most CSA's are located in the South East. CSA enterprises across the UK have been growing fas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
Support came from the Soil Association’s programme within the Big Lottery funded “Making Local Food Work” scheme which ran from 2007 to 2012. This supported the growth of CSAs across each of the countries, through providing funding that enabled the use of community and social enterprise approaches to link consumers and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
CSAs create direct connections between producers and consumers through alternative markets and the members and farmers share the risk of farming. The goals of the first CSA model in the US were to have the producer and consumer to come into the market as equals and make an exchange with fair prices and fair wages.The c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
CSAs generally focus on the production of high quality foods for a local community, often using organic or biodynamic farming methods, and a shared risk membership–marketing structure. This kind of farming operates with a much greater degree of involvement of consumers and other stakeholders than usual—resulting in a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
Community-supported agriculture farms in the United States today share three common characteristics: an emphasis on community and/or local produce, share or subscriptions sold prior to season, and weekly deliveries to members/subscribers. Though CSA operation varies from farm to farm and has evolved over time, these th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
Farmer cooperative: Multiple farmers develop a CSA program. Farmer-shareholder cooperative: Farmers and local residents set up and cooperatively manage a CSA.In most original CSAs, a core group of members existed. This core group of members helped to make decisions about and run the CSA including marketing, distributio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
CSAs with a core group of members are most profitable and successful. However, in 1999, 72 percent of CSAs did not have a core group of members. CSAs with a core group of members operate more successfully as a farmer-shareholder cooperative and CSAs without a group of core members rely much more on subscriptions and ru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
Community-supported agriculture in America was influenced by the ideas of Rudolf Steiner, an Austrian philosopher. He developed the concepts of anthroposophy and biodynamic agriculture. The Temple-Wilton Community Farm used his ideas to develop three main goals of CSAs: New forms of property ownership: the idea that la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
This has led to three ideologically based types of CSAs. The first type is instrumental, the CSA is considered a market in the traditional sense, instead of an alternative form of economy and relationship. The second type is functional; there is a relationship of solidarity between the farmer and the subscribers, but t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
Shares of a CSA originally and predominantly consist of produce. In more recent years, shares have diversified and include non-produce products including eggs, meat, flowers, honey, dairy and soaps. Share prices vary from CSA to CSA. Shares are sold as full shares, which feed 2 to 5 people, and half shares, which feed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
Prices range from $200 to $500 per season. Full shares are sold at a median of $400 and half shares are sold at a median of $250. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
Share prices are mostly determined by overhead costs of production, but are also determined by share prices of other CSAs, variable costs of production, market forces, and income level of the community. Many CSAs have payment plans and low-income options. Shares are distributed in several different ways. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
Shares are most often distributed weekly. Most CSAs allow share pick up at the farm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
Shares are also distributed through regional dropoff, direct home or office dropoff, farmers' markets, and community center/church dropoff. For example, the new "Farmie Markets" of upstate New York take orders online and have a number of farmers who send that week's orders to a central point in a limited region, for di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
CSAs employ different channels of marketing to diversify their sales efforts and increase subscriptions. CSAs use local farmers' markets, restaurants, on-farm retail, wholesale to natural food stores, and wholesale to local groceries in addition to their CSAs to market shares. One problem that CSAs encounter is over-pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
Many CSA farmers can capitalize on a closer relationship between customers and their food, since some customers will pay more (an economic rent if this puts the price above the cost of production) if they know where it is coming from, who is involved, and have special access to it. However, some farmers participating i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture |
The 143rd meridian east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 143rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 37th meridian west. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/143rd_meridian_east |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 143rd meridian east passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/143rd_meridian_east |
John Widdup Berry is a psychologist known for his work in two areas: ecological and cultural influences on behavior; and the adaptation of immigrants and indigenous peoples following intercultural contact. The first is broadly in the domain of cross-cultural psychology; the second is in the domain of intercultural psyc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Berry was born in Montreal in 1939. He graduated from the local Sir George Williams University (now Concordia University) in 1963. He moved to Scotland and obtained his PhD from the University of Edinburgh in 1966., presenting the thesis "Cultural determinants of perception".He then worked briefly at the University of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
His first area of research examines how cultural groups and their individual members adapt their customs and behaviours to the ecological contexts in which they have developed and now live. This perspective has been captured in his development of the ecocultural perspective, which seeks to explain how individuals devel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
The focus of much of this research has been with indigenous peoples in Africa, the Arctic and Asia, contrasting groups with hunting, agricultural and urban life styles. He has published research books on this topic between 1976 and 2017. In carrying out this work, the use of the comparative method has been central. Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
He has examined the psychology of acculturation and intercultural relations, and has developed the concepts of acculturation strategies and acculturative stress. The concept of acculturation strategies refers to some different ways for how groups and individuals seek to live together, using the four concepts of integra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
The concept of acculturative stress was developed as an alternative to culture shock; this concept uses the stress, coping and adaptation framework to describe the challenges encountered during the acculturation process. He has published research books dealing with these issues between 1977 and 2017. He is much involve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
He has sought to integrate and consolidate both cross-cultural and intercultural psychology by participating in the production of textbooks (between 1990 and 2011) and handbooks (between 1980 and 2016). Some of these have been translated into Chinese, Greek, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Russian and Turkish. M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
2022: Gold Medal Award For Distinguished Lifetime Contributions to Canadian Psychology, Canadian Psychological Association 2021: Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada 2012: Award for Contributions to the Advancement of International Psychology, Canadian Psychological Association 2005: Lifetime Achievement Award, Intern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Berry, J.W. (1976). Human Ecology and Cognitive Style: Comparative Studies in Cultural and Psychological Adaptation. New York: Sage/Halsted. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Berry, J.W., van de Koppel, J.M.H., Sénéchal, C., Annis, R.C., Bahuchet, S., Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., and & Witkin, H.A. (1986). On the Edge of the Forest: Cultural Adaptation and Cognitive Development in Central Africa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger. Mishra, R.C., Sinha, D. & Berry, J.W. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
(1996) Ecology, Acculturation and Psychological Adaptation: A study of Adivasi in Bihar. New Delhi: Sage. Georgas, J., Berry, J.W., van de Vijver, Kagitcibasi, C., & Poortinga, Y.H. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
(Eds.) (2006). Family Structure and Function: A 30 nation psychological Study. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mishra, R.C. & Berry, J.W. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
(2017). Ecology, Culture and Human Development: Lessons for Adivasi Education. New Delhi: Sage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Berry, J.W., Kalin, R., and & Taylor, D. (1977). Multiculturalism and Ethnic Attitudes in Canada. Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Berry, J.W., Phinney, J.S, Sam, D.L. & Vedder, P. (Eds.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
(2006). Immigrant Youth in Cultural Transition: Acculturation, Identity and Adaptation Across National Contexts. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Sam, D.L. & Berry, J.W. (Eds) (2006/2016). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (1st and 2nd editions). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Berry, J.W. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
(2017). Mutual Intercultural Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Berry, J.W. (2019). Acculturation: A personal journey across cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Triandis, H.C., and & Berry, J.W. (Eds.) (1980). Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
2, Methodology, Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Segall, M.H., Dasen, P.R., Berry, J.W., and & Poortinga, Y.H. (1990/1999). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Human Behavior in Global Perspective: An Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology. (1st and 2nd editions). New York: Pergamon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Berry, J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Segall, M.H. and & Dasen, P.R. (1992/2002). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Cross-Cultural Psychology: Research and Applications. (1st and 2nd editions). New York: Cambridge University Press Berry, J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Breugelmans, S.M., Chasiotis, A. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
& Sam, D.L. (2011). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and Applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
(3rd edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Berry, J.W., Poortinga, Y.H. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
& Pandey, J. (Eds) (1997). Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Vol.1, Theory and Method. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Berry, J.W., Dasen, P.R. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
& Saraswathi, T.S. (Eds) (1997). Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Vol. 2, Basic Processes and Human Development. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Berry, J.W., Segall, M.H. & Kagicibasi, C. (Eds) (1997). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology. Vol. 3, Social Behaviour and Applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Sam, D.L. & Berry, J.W. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
(Eds) (2017). Cross-Cultural Psychology (4 volumes). London: Routledge. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist) |
Computational Intelligence is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on artificial intelligence. It was established in 1985 and is published by Wiley-Blackwell. Since 2009, the editors-in-chief have been Ali Ghorbani and Evangelos Milios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_Intelligence_(journal) |
Social amnesia is a collective forgetting by a group of people. The concept is often cited in relation to Russell Jacoby's scholarship from the 1970s. Social amnesia can be a result of "forcible repression" of memories, ignorance, changing circumstances, or the forgetting that comes from changing interests. Protest, fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_amnesia |
Another meaning of social amnesia has been studied in biology among mice whose sense of smell is the primary means of social interaction. It is affected by oxytocin, and mice without the gene to produce that brain protein are said to suffer from "social amnesia" and an inability to recognize "familiar" mice." The role ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_amnesia |
European Review of Social Psychology (ERSP) is an annual peer-reviewed scientific journal which publishes review articles in the field of social psychology. It was established in 1990 and is published by the Taylor & Francis imprint Psychology Press under the auspices of the European Association of Social Psychology. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Review_of_Social_Psychology |
Political sophistication is a construct in the field of political psychology. It concerns the extent to which a person has knowledge of political activity, assimilates information and forms political views. One of the earliest uses of the term was by Robert C. Luskin in his paper Explaining Political Sophistication (19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sophistication |
Luskin wrote in 1987 "that by anything approaching elite standards, the American public is extremely unsophisticated about politics and has not become appreciably more so over the last two and a half decades" adding that "other publics, abroad, are similarly unsophisticated." This low political sophistication he argues... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sophistication |
A report by OFSTED in the UK found that classes in citizenship that were made compulsory in 2002 were "something that teachers often shy away from – possibly because of the understandable concern that they will be perceived to demonstrate bias"Other ways to increase political sophistication have been tested by John Gas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sophistication |
Researchers Becky L. Choma and Carolyn. L Hafer showed "that the association between explicit and implicit political orientation was moderated by political knowledge scores, such that the positive association was stronger among participants with a greater knowledge of politics." == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sophistication |
A degree completion program is an undergraduate academic program, most frequently found in the United States and Canada, that is offered within an established university but designed for non-traditional students. Degree completion programs are typically structured to allow persons who previously completed a substantial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_completion_program |
Georgetown University bills its degree completion program as designed for students who were "meaning to complete" their bachelor's degree, but for whom "life, work and other obligations got in the way". Applications are accepted from working adults who have completed one or two years of university courses which can be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_completion_program |
Once enrolled, students take a twice-weekly, evening class over the course of four semesters; those who successfully complete the 15-month instructional sequence are awarded a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies. Colorado State University offers a degree completion program in psychology. Students can transfer up to 90 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_completion_program |
degree through distance learning psychology courses at Colorado State. University of San Francisco offers a Bachelor of Science in Management to working professionals who are interested in completing their degree. Students who have completed at least 60 semester credits may apply to the program and can earn their degre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_completion_program |
Students take two courses each semester, and studies include accounting, finance, marketing, organizational behavior and theory, analytics, technology, logistics, and other core competencies. University of Nebraska–Lincoln offers an online Bachelor of Science degree completion program in applied science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_completion_program |
Students select from a broad range of courses across the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, in addition to the credits they've already earned, to tailor a degree to their career goals. This program provides a convenient and flexible career path for those in the military, currently employed, returning to coll... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_completion_program |
In archaeology, a typology is the result of the classification of things according to their physical characteristics. The products of the classification, i.e. the classes, are also called types. Most archaeological typologies organize portable artifacts into types, but typologies of larger structures, including buildin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typology_(archaeology) |
Typology is based on a view of the world familiar from Plato's metaphysics called essentialism. Essentialism is the idea that the world is divided into real, discontinuous and immutable "kinds". This idea is the basis for most typological constructions particularly of stone artefacts where essential forms are often tho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typology_(archaeology) |
Although the principles were not clearly articulated, the application of basic typological techniques can occasionally be found in the work of early modern antiquaries. As early as the 1530s, John Leland successfully identified Roman bricks (under the misleading designation "Briton brykes") at several different sites, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typology_(archaeology) |
The outline of the development of medieval Gothic architecture was further refined in the 18th century, notably by James Bentham in his 1771 History and Antiquities of Ely Cathedral, and culminated in the clear sequence of styles published by Thomas Rickman in 1817. Richard Gough, in his Sepulchral Monuments in Great B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typology_(archaeology) |
Hildebrand published a fundamental paper on the development of fibulae in the 1870s using the typological method, whereas Montelius at the same time went to international congresses and published smaller papers on this method. Augustus Pitt-Rivers also made significant contributions to the development of typology. In h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typology_(archaeology) |
It is not an accepted term, and I am not aware that it has been applied before to the study of sequence of the types of the arts. But it appears to me that a name is wanted for this branch of investigation, which the term 'Typology' supplies." Another early example is the typology published in 1899 by Flinders Petrie f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typology_(archaeology) |
With the development of statistical techniques and numerical taxonomy in the 1960s, mathematical methods (including cluster analysis, principal components analysis, correspondence analysis and factor analysis) have been used to build typologies. These techniques provide a qualitative way to articulate the degrees of co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typology_(archaeology) |
One class of typology consists of a descriptive or morphological approach. It is based on the physical characteristics and the external features of an artifact. Some examples of morphological and descriptive typologies would be categorizing artifacts distinctively on their weight, height, color, material, or whichever ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typology_(archaeology) |
An example of morphological/descriptive typology consists of when an archaeologist excavates a site and finds dozens upon dozens of Native American arrowheads. The archaeologist narrows down their classification by organizing the pieces into morphological/descriptive groups. So, the projectile points could be sorted by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typology_(archaeology) |
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