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In sociology, the post-industrial society is the stage of society's development when the service sector generates more wealth than the manufacturing sector of the economy. The term was originated by Alain Touraine and is closely related to similar sociological theoretical concepts such as post-Fordism, information soci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
As the term has been used, a few common themes, including the ones below have begun to emerge. The economy undergoes a transition from the production of goods to the provision of services. Knowledge becomes a valued form of capital; see Human capital. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
Producing ideas is the main way to grow the economy. Through processes of globalization and automation, the value and importance to the economy of blue-collar, unionized work, including manual labor (e.g., assembly-line work) decline, and those of professional workers (e.g., scientists, creative-industry professionals,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
Daniel Bell popularized the term through his 1974 work The Coming of Post-Industrial Society. Although some have credited Bell with coining the term, French sociologist Alain Touraine published in 1969 the first major work on the post-industrial society. The term was also used extensively by social philosopher Ivan Ill... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
The term is now used by marketers such as Seth Godin, public policy PhDs such as Keith Boeckelman, and sociologists such as Neil Fligstein and Ofer Sharone. U.S. President Bill Clinton used the term to describe Chinese growth in a round-table discussion in Shanghai in 1998. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
The post-industrialized society is marked by an increased valuation of knowledge. This itself is unsurprising, having been foreshadowed in Daniel Bell's presumption as to how economic employment patterns will evolve in such societies. He asserts employment will grow faster in the tertiary (and quaternary) sector relati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
The "new power… of the expert" consequently gives rise to the growing role of universities and research institutes in post-industrial societies. Post-industrial societies themselves become oriented around these places of knowledge production and production of experts as their new foci. Consequently, the greatest benefi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
As a new, educated, and politicized generation, more impassioned by liberalism, social justice, and environmentalism, comes into being; the shift of power into their hands, as a result of their knowledge endowments, is often cited as a good thing.The increasing importance of knowledge in post-industrial societies resul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
Similarly, post-industrial society has serviced the creative culture. Many of those most well-equipped to thrive in an increasingly technological society are young adults with tertiary education. As education itself becomes more and more oriented towards producing people capable of answering the need for self-actualiza... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
Ellen Dunham-Jones as well observes this feature of post-industrial society where "abundant goods equitably distributed laborless leisure and self-determination" can be consumed.The post-industrial society is stressed to be one where knowledge is power and technology is the instrument. Naturally, where one is creativ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
Urban geographer Trevor Barnes, in his work outlining the Vancouver experience in post-war development, evokes the post-industrial condition, citing the emergence and consolidation of a significant video games industry as a constituent of the elite service sector.This increased faculty of the post-industrialist society... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
Conversely, as cities become a convergence of international ideas, the tertiary and quaternary sector can be expected to grow.A cult of 'creatives' have sprung up embodying and often describing and defending the post-industrial ethos. They argue that businesses that create intangibles have taken a more prominent role i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
Post-industrialism is criticized for the amount of real fundamental change it produces in society, if any at all. A mild view held by Alan Banks and Jim Foster contends that representations of post-industrial society by advocates assume professional, educated elites were previously less relevant than they have become i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
Such societies then become notable for their ability to subvert social consciousness through powers of manipulation rather than powers of coercion, reflective of the "ideology of the ruling class … predominantly managerial".In line with the view that nothing fundamental has changed in the transition from industrial so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
In opposition to the view that the new leaders of post-industrial society are increasingly environmentally aware, this critique asserts that UD rather leads to environmental degradation, which is rooted in the patterns of development. Urban sprawl, characterised behaviourally by cities "expanding at the periphery in ev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
Resulting from a post-industrialist culture of "mobile capital, the service economy, post-Fordist disposable consumerism and banking deregulation", urban sprawl has caused post-industrialism to become environmentally and socially regressive. Of the former, environmental degradation results from encroachment as cities m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
This process evokes the neo-Malthusian concerns of overpopulation and resource scarcity that inevitably lead to environmental deterioration. Of the latter, "post-industrialism's doctrine of … mobility and malleability" encourage a disconnect between communities where social belonging falls into the category of things c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
Herman Kahn optimistically predicted the "economic growth, expanded production and growing efficiency" of post-industrial societies and the resultant "material abundance and… high quality of life" to extend to "almost all people in Western societies" and only "some in Eastern societies". This prediction is treated else... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
When historians and sociologists considered the revolution that followed the agricultural society they did not call it a "post-agricultural society". "Post-industrial society" signifies only a departure, not a positive description.One of the word's early users, Ivan Illich, prefigured this criticism and invented the te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
A group of scholars (including Allen Scott and Edward Soja) argue that industry remains at the center of the whole process of capitalist accumulation, with services not only becoming increasingly industrialized and automated but also remaining highly dependent on industrial growth. Some observers, including Soja (build... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society |
York Minster’s Five Sisters window contains the largest expanse of 13th century grisaille glass in the world. It was built c.1250–1260 and is located in the north wall of the north transept of York Minster. The window features in the Guinness Book of Records as “the largest ancient stained-glass window in the British I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
It is not known where the name Five Sisters originates. It first appeared in print in Francis Drake’s 1736 Eboracum; or the History and Antiquities of the City of York. It is possible that it a corruption of Five Cistercians. There is also a legend of five women working the design into a tapestry. An article in a 1950 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
The design consists of five lights featuring a grisaille design comprising 100,000 pieces of glass. Each light measures 16.31m high and 1.56m wide, separated by columns of stone and Purbeck marble, with foliaged capitals. The design includes clusters of grapes and leaves, together with some early examples of “embryonic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
The plain border surrounding the glass was inserted in 1715. At the bottom of the central light is one panel of earlier Norman glass (c.1180), showing Habbakuk feeding Daniel in the lions’ den. The design includes ivy, symbolising love and sacrifice, and maple, symbolising victory. It probably came from a medallion win... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
The Five Sisters were built c.1250-70. Their creation was funded in part by York’s Jewish community, notably the wealthy Aaron of York, leading to the windows being called “the Jewish window”.In the 16th century, upkeep of the Five Sisters was financed by Cross Keys Farm, an estate belonging to the Church of York. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
In 1847, York Minster’s historian, John Browne, published contemporary coloured drawings of the windows, before the impact of dirt and corrosion discoloured them.In 1907, during renovation of the Minster, overseen by George Frederick Bodley RA, it was discovered that a layer of plain green glass, which had been added t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
In 1916, during a German zeppelin raid, a bomb fell near the Minster. It caused no damage but prompted wholesale removal of the Minster’s windows as a precaution. They were stored in the cellars of various country houses near York. During their removal, it was discovered that tiny holes had developed in the glass of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
This meant that the windows were in urgent need of full restoration. The lead holding the glass in place was also in poor condition and needed urgent repair. The owner of ruined 13th century Rievaulx Abbey in the North Riding of Yorkshire donated lead that had been stripped from the abbey’s windows and stored sometime ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
Mrs Helen Drage Little, widow of Colonel Charles Blakeway Little, had seen first-hand the efforts of women during World War I. While in Egypt she had seen wounded soldiers arriving from Gallipoli, about whose carers she wrote, “I was witness to the untiring devotion under great difficulties of the nurses and other wome... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
In 1922 Little and Almyra Gray, a suffragist, former president of the National Council for Women Workers, local magistrate and social reformer, launched an appeal to raise £3,000 from “Yorkshire women” towards the restoration of the Five Sisters window before they were returned to the Minster. She proposed its dedicati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
A booklet published to mark the rededication read “Princess Mary’s keen interest thus directly…helped in a very great degree to bring about the swift response to the Appeal.” In it Little made special mention of the female transport drivers “who went right up to the firing-line and the stewardesses who stuck to their p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
Having secured sufficient funds, the Five Sisters were restored between 1923 and 1925, overseen by the Minster’s consulting architect, Walter Tapper.After being reinstated, the newly-restored windows were unveiled by the Duchess of York at a dedication service on 24 June 1925, together with an inscription reading, “Sac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
With excess funds from Little and Gray’s fundraising efforts ten oak screens, designed by Tapper, were added to the north side of the St Nicholas Chapel. They list the name of every woman who died in the line of service during World War I. Although not initially part of the memorial plan, the screens were commissioned ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
There are 1,513 names listed on the screens, including Edith Cavell. Little and Grey went to “great lengths to compile as full a list as possible of the dead, corresponding with numerous government departments in Britain and in the Dominions.” The women are listed as serving in the following organisations, with the ins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
In 1935, there was an infestation of deathwatch beetle in the roof of the transept over the Five Sisters window. During extensive repairs the windows were boarded up. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
The windows were once more removed and placed underground in 1939 at the outbreak of World War II. The 20 panels required “over 20 huge packing cases” for storage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
Before being reinstated the windows required further restoration, which was part of an effort to make safe the entire west front of the Minster, to avoid its being “permanently defaced by gantries, erected as a necessary protection to passers-by against stones falling as they crumble away”. This effort would cost £250,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
For the first time, an all-female team of bell-ringers, from the Ladies Guild of Change Ringers, rang the Minster’s bells for the service.Another Minster first was the inclusion of the craftspeople who had been responsible for the restoration work playing a formal role in the rededication service. Mr W J Green, the Cle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
In the same year there was a call to raise funds to re-lead the roof over the windows.In 1964 twenty panes were shot by an air rifle.During an exploratory analysis of the window’s glass by the University of York's physics department during the 1970s it was discovered that three pieces of blue glass were medieval soda g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_window |
Mark R. Lepper (born December 5, 1944) is the Albert Ray Lang Professor of psychology at Stanford University, and a leading theorist in social psychology. He is particularly known for his research on attribution theory and confirmation bias, and for his collaborations with Lee Ross. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lepper |
Lepper is primarily responsible for the elucidation of the overjustification effect, alongside Richard Nisbett. With frequent collaborator Lee Ross, and Robert Vallone, he authored the first study to identify the hostile media effect. With Ross and Charles Lord he also authored an important study on attitude change and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lepper |
He has also worked with Thomas Gilovich and Merrill Carlsmith. Lepper attended Stanford University as an undergraduate, earning a B.A. with great distinction in psychology in 1966. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lepper |
He subsequently earned a Ph.D. in Social and Developmental Psychology at Yale University in 1970, returning to Stanford in 1971 as an assistant professor. Lepper became a full professor of psychology and, by courtesy, of education in 1982, and has since served as chairman of the department of psychology between 1990 an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lepper |
Circular cumulative causation is a theory developed by Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal who applied it systematically for the first time in 1944 (Myrdal, G. (1944), An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, New York: Harper). It is a multi-causal approach where the core variables and their linkages ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_cumulative_causation |
The idea behind it is that a change in one form of an institution will lead to successive changes in other institutions. These changes are circular in that they continue in a cycle, many times in a negative way, in which there is no end, and cumulative in that they persist in each round. The change does not occur all a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_cumulative_causation |
Gunnar Myrdal developed the concept from Knut Wicksell, and developed it with Nicholas Kaldor when they worked together at the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Myrdal concentrated on the social provisioning aspect of development, while Kaldor concentrated on demand–supply relationships to the manufacturin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_cumulative_causation |
In the characteristics that are relevant to the development process of an economy Myrdal mentioned the availability of natural resources, the historical traditions of production activity, national cohesion, religions and ideologies, economic, social and political leadership. Myrdal stated that the immediate effect of c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_cumulative_causation |
Among the further results of these events, fewer local taxes are collected in a time when more social services is required and a vicious downward cumulative cycle is started and a trend towards a lower level of development will be further reinforced. A status of non-equilibrium is shaped, or as he writes: "The notion o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_cumulative_causation |
Behind this idea is another and still more basic assumption, namely that a change will regularly call forth a reaction in the system in the form of changes which on the whole go in the opposite direction to the first change. The idea I want to expound in this book is that, on the contrary, in the normal case there is n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_cumulative_causation |
In the normal case a change does not call forth countervailing changes but, instead, supporting changes, which move the system in the same direction as the first change but much further. Because of such circular causation as a social process tends to become cumulative and often gather speed at an accelerating rate" (My... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_cumulative_causation |
Myrdal wrote that ‘the argument moves on a general and methodological plane in the sense that the theory is discussed as a complex of broad structures of thought’. His aim was to submit ‘broad generalisations, as a ‘theory’ is permitted to be, in order to grasp the social facts as they organize themselves into a patter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_cumulative_causation |
Myrdal developed further the circular cumulative causation concept and stated that it makes different assumptions from that of stable equilibrium on what can be considered the most important forces guiding the evolution of social processes. These forces characterise the dynamics of these processes in two diverse ways. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_cumulative_causation |
He claimed that in the normal case there is no such a tendency towards automatic self-stabilisation in the social system. The system is by itself not moving towards any sort of balance between forces, but is constantly on the move away from such a situation Myrdal used the expressions ‘approach’, ‘theory’ and ‘general ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_cumulative_causation |
He wrote that by this term he meant a collection of devices, like ‘the concepts, models, and theories we use, and the way in which we select and arrange observations and present the results of our research’. In the preface to his Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions Myrdal wrote that ‘the argument moves on a gene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_cumulative_causation |
Myrdal called for economists to proceed by confronting the ‘facts of life’ with theories. The relation between theory and facts is, however, not simple. Theory … must always be a priori to the observations of facts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_cumulative_causation |
Indeed, facts as part of scientific knowledge have no existence outside such a frame. … If theory is thus a priori, it is, on the other hand, a first principle of science that facts are sovereign. Theory is, in other words, never more than a hypothesis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_cumulative_causation |
When the observations of facts do not agree with a theory, i.e. when they do not make sense in the frame of the theory utilised in carrying out the research, the theory has to be discarded and replaced by another one which promises a better fit (Myrdal, G. (1957), Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions, London: Uni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_cumulative_causation |
Khuzdul (pronounced ) is a fictional language created by J. R. R. Tolkien, one of the languages of Middle-earth, specifically the secret and private language of the Dwarves. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
Tolkien began developing Khuzdul before the publication in 1936 of The Hobbit, with some names appearing in the early versions of The Silmarillion. Tolkien based Khuzdul on Semitic languages, primarily Hebrew, featuring triconsonantal roots and similarities to Hebrew's phonology and morphology. Tolkien noted some simil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
Tolkien also commented of the Dwarves that "their words are Semitic obviously, constructed to be Semitic. "Although a very limited vocabulary is known, Tolkien mentioned he had developed the language to a certain extent. A small amount of material on Khuzdul phonology and root modifications has survived which is yet to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
In the fictional setting of Middle-earth, little is known of Khuzdul (once written Khuzdûl), the Dwarves kept it secret, except for place names and a few phrases such as their battle-cry and Balin's tomb inscription in Moria, which read respectively: The highest level of secrecy applied to Dwarves' "inner-names", their... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
It is said in The Silmarillion that Aulë created the dwarves, and taught them "the language he had devised for them", making Khuzdul both in fiction and reality, a constructed language.The Dwarves had a great reverence for Aulë. Because of this, Khuzdul remained unchanged. As a result, all Dwarven clans could speak wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
Khuzdul was to the dwarves “a tongue of lore rather than a cradle-speech”, and was carefully learned through reverent study as they matured, to make sure Khuzdul was passed down unaltered from one generation to the next. The changeability of Khuzdul versus other languages was compared to "the weathering of hard rock an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
Only a few non-Dwarves are recorded as having learnt Khuzdul, most notably the Elves Eöl, Fëanor's son Curufin, and reluctantly the Noldor loremasters of the Second Age: "They understood and respected the disinterested desire for knowledge, and some of the later Ñoldorin loremasters were allowed to learn enough of both... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
Besides their aglâb, spoken tongue, the Dwarves used a sign language, or iglishmêk, which was also just as secretive as Khuzdul. According to The War of the Jewels, it was learned simultaneously with the aglâb from childhood. The Dwarvish sign language was much more varied between communities than Khuzdul, which remain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
Or they could stand silent considering some proposition, and yet confer among themselves meanwhile. "Tolkien only gave a few examples of the Iglishmêk sign language in his unpublished notes. The command to "Listen!" involved a slight raising of both forefingers simultaneously. The acknowledgment "I am listening" involv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
The following phonemes are attested in Tolkien's Khuzdul vocabulary. Only one diphthong is attested in Khuzdul: ai , as seen in ai-mênu. 1 Often at the start of words that begin with a vowel, often not written in the Latin alphabet, but has its own rune in Angerthas Moria.2 Supposedly in Azaghâl, 'gh' is used to repre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
Possibly in between incompatible consonant formations or current vowels in known corpus. Khuzdul features a CV(C(C)) syllable structure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
Words that begin with either a vowel or diphthong have a glottal stop at the beginning to fill the place of an initial consonant. Words can not start with a consonant cluster, but these are found in medial or final positions in a word. It is unknown what all the consonant clusters are. Few are attested as shown in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
Tolkien wrote most of Khuzdul in the Latin alphabet, and in Cirth within Middle-earth. The dwarves had adopted the Cirth from the elves by the end of the first age, and made changes to their liking to represent the sounds of Khuzdul. There were two methods known of writing Khuzdul, Angerthas Moria when the dwarves stil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
Too little is known of Khuzdul grammar to even construct a sentence, but the language was known to have its morphology based mainly on Hebrew, and other Semitic languages. Tolkien states that Khuzdul was complicated and unlike the other languages of Middle-earth at the time in terms of phonology and grammar. It has bee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
Nouns and adjectives are known to have singular and plural forms and, like the Semitic languages, can be in the absolute or construct state. The construct state indicates a connection with the following noun, being a quality, belonging or part of that noun. The construct comes before the absolute noun e.g.: Baruk Khazâ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
The construct is also used for compounding words, in which it is the composition state, which may nor not be different to the construct form based on conjugation. There are no known (if any) definite or indefinite articles in Khuzdul.Khuzdul appears to have case endings similar to Arabic, having nominative, accusative/... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
How many declensions there might be in Khuzdul is currently unknown. Tolkien stated plural formations were said to be similar to Arabic's broken plurals, which would make for many irregular plurals; two examples are known: baruk, the plural of bark "axe", and Khazâd, the plural of Khuzdul. Note that only Khuzd "Dwarf" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
As the other roots are based on the attested forms of "Dwarf" and "Orc", they could differ from declension and/or broken plural patterns.Other noun declension types likely exist, but little detail is provided to show any full declensions or identify any broken plurals. Of these, the only hints that point to their exist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
Plural: Khazâd, Tarâg, Shathûr, ‘ishmêk.Another possible declension based from Nâla’ and Nulukkhizdîn, construct likely singular, but uncertain: 1 Possible assimilation of (’kh) → (kkh): Nulu’khizdîn → Nulukkhizdîn Another noun form that may exist is the collective numbers, along with the singulative form. This is from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
Although being "absolute" in state within names, it's shortened to "-un-" as in the composition form, due to long vowels possibly being shortened before a consonant cluster. 1 Possible assimilation of (dt) → (dd): Khazad-tûm → Khazad-dûm. Most compounded words feature an Adjective-Noun pattern, with Noun-Adjective patt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
This could hint at a flexible pattern, allowing both forms of Adjective-Noun and Noun-Adjective patterns. This could be done to stress the first element or for artistic purposes. Also to note is the role of verbal noun in a compound name, followed by a noun that the verbal noun applies to. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
Only four verb words are known. The exact tense or use of these verbs are unknown: Felak: To use a tool like a broad-bladed chisel, or small axe-head without haft. Felek: hew rock. Gunud: delve underground, excavate, tunnel. √S-L-N, Sulûn, Salôn: "fall, descend swiftly" (VT48:24). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
1 Seen in Tumunzahar in 'Hollowbold', with 'bold' as an obsolete term for dwelling. Assimilates to 'D' when precedes one, e.g. d-t = d-d: Khazad-dûm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdul |
A reference interview is a conversation between a librarian and a library user, usually at a reference desk, in which the librarian responds to the user's initial explanation of his or her information need by first attempting to clarify that need and then by directing the user to appropriate information resources. Libr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_interview |
Bopp & Smith (1995) defines the reference interview as the "conversation between a member of the library reference staff and a library user for the purpose of clarifying the user’s needs and aiding the user in meeting those needs".According to ODLIS, the reference interview is "the interpersonal communication that occu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_interview |
The reference interview is structured to help the librarian provide answers to the library user. In general, the interview is composed of the following stages. Welcoming Gathering general information from the user and getting an overview of the problem Confirming the exact question Intervention, such as giving informat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_interview |
These steps are designed to put the user at their ease, and then help ensure that they have correctly explained what they require. When the reference librarian believes that the query is fully understood, they attempt to provide resources that help satisfy it. An important and often overlooked final step is checking th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_interview |
The purpose behind the reference interview structure is to ensure that the library user's information need is satisfied. The librarian can use a number of interview techniques to help identify the user's exact need. Poor reference interview skills may lead to misinterpretation of the real question, a lack of real help ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_interview |
With body language, repetition and paraphrasing of what the user says, the interviewer can encourage the user to give more information about what they need. Asking open questions establishes context and helps to identify exactly what is required. A lack of follow-up, or checking that the user found what they required, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_interview |
One of the biggest problems with providing an effective reference service is that of badly formed queries. In this instance, the user's reference question doesn't match up to the information they actually need. Badly formed queries may lead to user frustration, as they perceive that the reference interview is not solvi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_interview |
A great degree of care must be taken when helping users to develop their query. The librarian typically has little insight into the social and psychological barriers that might be preventing the user from explaining their question accurately. Anything from anxiety due to an approaching deadline, to lack of confidence w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_interview |
Digital reference is a reference service initiated electronically, often in real-time. The initial meeting between a patron and librarian is not face-to-face, though queries mutate and may later take place at a physical reference desk. Virtual reference services can be conducted in internet chat, videoconferencing, ema... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_interview |
Initial uptake of virtual reference was not as swift as some had predicted. The complexity of virtual reference may have partly been to blame, as users want information quickly and with the minimum of fuss. Some evidence suggested that the problem lies with poor uptake and training among library staff. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_interview |
Library users are not always comfortable with reference services, let alone satisfied with them. Unobtrusive user studies suggest that only around 55% to 65% of users leave a reference interview satisfied with the result and willing to return. Demographics, social factors and users’ preconceptions about libraries all c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_interview |
For a long time, the value of the reference interview has stood unquestioned. More recently, with technological developments streamlining some of the tasks which once comprised the interview, some researchers are beginning to question the validity of the reference interview, and the investment that a reference libraria... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_interview |
The Phall-O-meter is a satirical measure that critiques medical standards for normal male and female phalluses. The tool was developed by Kiira Triea (Denise Tree) based on a concept by Suzanne Kessler and is used to demonstrate concerns with the medical treatment of intersex bodies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phall-O-Meter |
The Phall-O-meter was developed by Kiira Triea based on a concept by professor of psychology Suzanne Kessler. Kessler summarized the range of medically acceptable infant penis and clitoris sizes in the book Lessons from the Intersexed. Kessler states that normative tables for clitoral length appeared in the late 1980s,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phall-O-Meter |
Fausto-Sterling noted that, despite the existence of normative tables, clinicians' practices are more subjective: "doctors may use only their personal impressions to decide" on an appropriate clitoris size. Similarly, in a paper presented to the American Sociological Association in 2003, Sharon Preves cites Melissa Hen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phall-O-Meter |
While the scale as used by the Intersex Society of North America was a satirical tool for activism, numerous clinical scales and measurement systems exist to define genitals as normal male or female, or "abnormal", including the orchidometer, Prader scale and Quigley scale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phall-O-Meter |
The Society for Affective Science is a non-profit organization dedicated to fostering basic and applied research on affect. It was founded in 2013 by Lisa Feldman Barrett and James Gross. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Affective_Science |
The Société Jersiaise is a learned society in Jersey which was founded in 1873, in the manner of similar county societies in the United Kingdom and Sociétés Savantes in France for the purposes of: "The Publication of Local History, The encouragement of the use of French, the official language, The study of the ancient ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Jersiaise |
On 28 January 1873 a meeting of notables of the island took place to discuss the formation of a society for the preservation of the island's archaeological, historical and linguistic heritage, perceived to be threatened by the expansion of St Helier and coastal development. Those present were aware of the foundation of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Jersiaise |
The Section structure still exists and now comprise some 15 sections. From its inception the Société engaged in archaeological work at numerous sites around the island; most importantly beginning work at La Cotte de St Brelade in 1905, a Neanderthal site of international importance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Jersiaise |
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