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And, among these questions, what is the smallest unit of meaning, the smallest fragment of language with which it is possible to communicate something? At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, Gottlob Frege and his followers abandoned the view, common at the time, that a word gets its meaning in isolat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
In the 1950s, the agreement that seemed to have been reached regarding the primacy of sentences in semantic questions began to unravel with the collapse of the movement of logical positivism and the powerful influence exercised by the later Ludwig Wittgenstein. Wittgenstein wrote in the Philosophical Investigations tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
If semantic holism is interpreted as the thesis that any linguistic expression E (a word, a phrase or sentence) of some natural language L cannot be understood in isolation and that there are inevitably many ties between the expressions of L, it follows that to understand E one must understand a set K of expressions to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
Therefore, if one must understand all of a natural language L to understand the single word or expression E, then language learning is simply impossible. Semantic holism, in this sense, also fails to explain how two speakers can mean the same thing when using the same linguistic expression, and therefore how communicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
These sorts of counterintuitive consequences of semantic holism also affect another form of holism, often identified with but, in fact, distinct from semantic holism: the holism of mental content. This is the thesis that the meaning of a particular propositional attitude (thought, desire, belief) acquires its content b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
The key to answering this question lies in going back to Quine and his attack on logical positivism. The logical positivists, who dominated the philosophical scene for almost the entire first half of the twentieth century, maintained that genuine knowledge consisted in all and only such knowledge as was capable of mani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
A sentence S contained knowledge only if it possessed a meaning, and it possessed a meaning only if it was possible to refer to a set of experiences that could, at least potentially, verify it and to another set that could potentially falsify it. Underlying all this, there is an implicit and powerful connection between... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
Quine's holistic argument against the neo-positivists set out to demolish the assumption that every sentence of a language is bound univocally to its own set of potential verifiers and falsifiers and the result was that the epistemological value of every sentence must depend on the entire language. Since the epistemolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
Or, to change images, science in its globality is like a force field whose limit points are experiences...a particular experience is never tied to any proposition inside the field except indirectly, for the needs of equilibrium which affect the field in its globality. For Quine then (although Fodor and Lepore have main... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
Numerous philosophers of language have taken the latter avenue, abandoning the early Quinean holism in favour of what Michael Dummett has labelled semantic molecularism. These philosophers generally deny that the meaning of an expression E depends on the meanings of the words of the entire language L of which it is par... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
According to Fodor and Lepore, there is a quantificational ambiguity in the molecularist's typical formulation of his thesis: someone can believe P only if she believes a sufficient number of other propositions. They propose to disambiguate this assertion into a strong and a weak version: (S) ∀ p ∃ q ≠ p ◻ ( B ( x , p ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
But, in this way, each one will connect to p his own inferences and communication will remain impossible. Carlo Penco criticizes this argument by pointing out that there is an intermediate reading Fodor and Lepore have left out of count: (I) ◻ ( B ( x , p ) ∧ B ( y , p ) → ∃ q ≠ p ( B ( x , q ) ∧ B ( y , q ) ) {\displa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
To understand a logically complex sentence it is necessary to understand one that is logically less complex. In this manner, the distinction between logically less complex sentences that are constitutive of the meaning of a logical constant and logically more complex sentences that are not takes on the role of the old ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
For example, one can explain the use of the conditional in ( a ∨ ¬ b ) → c {\displaystyle (a\lor \lnot b)\rightarrow c} by stating that the whole sentence is false if the part before the arrow is true and c is false. But to understand a ∨ ¬ b {\displaystyle a\lor \lnot b} one must already know the meaning of "not" and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
To comprehend a sentence is to comprehend all and only the sentences of less logical complexity than the sentence that one is trying to comprehend. However, there is still a problem with extending this approach to natural languages. If I understand the word "hot" because I have understood the phrase "this stove is hot"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
The relationship between compositionality and semantic holism has also been of interest to many philosophers of language. On the surface it would seem that these two ideas are in complete and irremediable contradiction. Compositionality is the principle that states that the meaning of a complex expression depends on th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
Peter Pagin, in an essay called Are Compositionality and Holism Compatible identifies three points of incompatibility between these two hypotheses. The first consists in the simple observation that while, for holism, the meaning of the whole would seem to precede that of its parts in terms of priority, for compositiona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
Pagin takes a specific holistic theory of meaning – inferential role semantics, the theory according to which the meaning of an expression is determined by the inferences that it involves – as his paradigm of holism. If we interpret this theory holistically, the result will be that every accepted inference that involve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
That is, he accepts the inference from "brown cows" to "dangerous." This entails that this inference is now part of the meaning of "brown cow." According to compositionality then, "cow implies dangerous" and "brown implies dangerous" are both true because they are the constituents of the expression "brown cow." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
But is this really an inevitable consequence of the acceptance of the holism of inferential role semantics? To see why it's not assume the existence of a relation of inference I between two expressions x and y and that the relation applies just in case F accepts the inference from x to y. Suppose that in the extension ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
So, ("brown, "brown cow") belongs to the extension of P. Two more relations, "Left" and "Right", are required: L ( α , β , γ ) ↔ P ( α , β ) ∧ I ( β , γ ) {\displaystyle L(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )\leftrightarrow P(\alpha ,\beta )\land I(\beta ,\gamma )} R ( α , β , γ ) ↔ P ( α , γ ) ∧ I ( β , γ ) {\displaystyle R(\alpha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
This function is generally called a homomorphism and says that for every syntactic function G that assigns to simple expressions α1...αn some complex expression β, there exists a function F from meanings to meanings: h ( G ( β ) ) = h ( ) = F ( h ( G ( α 1 ) ) . . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
. h ( G ( α n ) ) ) . {\displaystyle h(G(\beta ))=h()=F(h(G(\alpha _{1}))...h(G(\alpha _{n}))).\;} This function is one to one in that it assigns exactly one meaning to every Global Role. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
According to Fodor and Lepore, holistic inferential role semantics leads to the absurd conclusion that part of the meaning of "brown cow" is constituted by the inference "Brown cow implies dangerous." This is true if the function from meanings to Global Roles is one to one. In this case, in fact, the meanings of "brown... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
But this is only true if the relation is one to one. Since it is one to one, "brown" would not have the meaning it has unless it had the global role that it has. If we change the relation so that it is many to one (h*), many global roles can share the same meaning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
So suppose that the meaning of "brown "is given by M("brown"). It does not follow from this that L("brown", "brown cow", "dangerous") is true unless all of the global roles that h* assigns to M("brown") contain ("brown cow", "dangerous"). And this is not necessary for holism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
In fact, with this many to one relation from Global Roles to meanings, it is possible to change opinions with respect to an inference consistently. Suppose that B and C initially accept all of the same inferences, speak the same language and they both accept that "brown cows imply dangerous." Suddenly, B changes his mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
If the function from meanings to Global Role is one to one, then many of B's Global Roles have changed and therefore their meanings. But if there is no one to one assignment, then B's change in belief in the inference about brown cows does not necessarily imply a difference in the meanings of the terms he uses. Therefo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
Since the concept of semantic holism, as explained above, is often used to refer to not just theories of meaning in natural languages but also to theories of mental content such as the hypothesis of a language of thought, the question often arises as to how to reconcile the idea of semantic holism (in the sense of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
According to Putnam, only Calvin has genuine experiences that involve water, so only his term "water" really refers to water. Tyler Burge, in Individualism and the Mental, describes a different thought experiment that led to the notion of the social externalism of mental contents. In Burge's experiment, a person named ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
In another society, there is an individual named Goodfrey who also believes that he has arthritis in the thighs. But in the case of Goodfrey the belief is correct because in the counterfactual society in which he lives "arthritis" is defined as a disease that can include the thighs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
The question then arises of the possibility of reconciling externalism with holism. The one seems to be saying that meanings are determined by the external relations (with society or the world), while the other suggests that meaning is determined by the relation of words (or beliefs) to all the other words (or beliefs)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
Frederik Stjernfelt identifies at least three possible ways to reconcile them and then points out some objections. The first approach is to insist that there is no conflict because holists do not mean the phrase "determine beliefs" in the sense of individuation but rather of attribution. But the problem with this is th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
But if one is a "realist" about mental states, then why not say that we can actually individuate them and therefore that instrumentalist attributions are just a short-term strategy? Another approach is to say that externalism is valid only for certain beliefs and that holism only suggests that beliefs are determined on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
The problem here is that the whole scheme is based on the idea that certain relations are constitutive (i.e. necessary) for the determination of the beliefs and others are not. Thus, we have reintroduced the idea of an analytic/synthetic distinction with all of the problems that that carries with it. A third possibilit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
Perhaps the external beliefs are those that are determined by their relations with the external world through observation and the holistic ones are the theoretical statements. But this implies the abandonment of a central pillar of holism: the idea that there can be no one to one correspondence between behavior and bel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
One last proposal is to carefully distinguish between so-called narrow content states and broad content states. The first would be determined in a holistic manner and the second non-holistically and externalistically. But how to distinguish between the two notions of content while providing a justification of the possi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
Reactive inhibition is a phrase coined by Clark L. Hull in his 1943 book titled Principles of Behavior. He defined it as: Whenever any reaction is evoked in an organism there is left a condition or state which acts as a primary negative motivation in that it has an innate capacity to produce a cessation of the activity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_inhibition |
There is significant debate whether the process of reactive inhibition is due to fatigue or some other process. Nevertheless, it is a factor researchers need to consider in analyses of sustained performance due to its possible role in the results and analysis of research.Hull goes on to further explain the decay of per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_inhibition |
74).Hull's decay formula is somewhat awkward and might give rise to confusion. For example, I'R does not refer to the derivative of IR. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_inhibition |
A more convenient way of writing the formula would be as follows: I ( t ) = I ( 0 ) e − b t {\displaystyle I(t)=I(0)e^{-bt}} with b = a ln ( 10 ) {\displaystyle b=a\ln(10)} . I ( 0 ) {\displaystyle I(0)} is the inhibition at the beginning the time interval . Note that if one takes the natural logarithm of both sides ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_inhibition |
The last formula is used in inhibition theory.Reactive inhibition is distinct from proactive inhibition. Reactive inhibition occurs after an initial response has been activated and set to be carried out. In contrast, proactive inhibition determines whether or not the response process is activated in the future and occu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_inhibition |
Reactive inhibition may be important in everyday life during a process in which a decline in performance can be detrimental such as driving a car during rush hour. For example, Kathaus, Washcer, & Getzmann (2018) found that older adults who showed a tendency towards reactive inhibition, determined through electroenceph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_inhibition |
By using a smart phone app, participants played a game in two apples were falling from either side of the tree. They were to tap either apple but not press one of the apples if that apple turned brown or “rotten”. This is similar to a Stop Signal Task as described below. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_inhibition |
Some of these trials were primed for a person to expect a change and others not. What was found was a decreased ability in older adults to inhibit an action when they were not primed thus indicating a deficit in reactive inhibition.Researchers have also studied reactive inhibition within the context of ADHD. It is comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_inhibition |
Within the context of the Stop Signal Task studies point to an inability to switch attention the signal switches from a go signal, to stop, which can be compared to environmental changes in the world. Further, it is proven that reactive inhibition in particular is affected in individuals with ADHD and related ADHD symp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_inhibition |
Reactive inhibition is also related to repetition performance, including learning. For example, Torok et al. (2017) recorded learning capabilities in 180 adults using the Alternating Serial Reaction Time Test. Results showed reactive inhibition had a profound effect on performance. Specifically, they showed that signif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_inhibition |
They concluded that reactive inhibition may affect one’s rate of learning due to how it causes progressive decline within a task. It was stated to be a feature of performance within 90% of the participants, and thus playing a significant role in results. These findings have caused some researchers to question existing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_inhibition |
For example, Rickard, Pan, and Albarracín present evidence that even well accepted psychological findings such as memory consolidation during sleep may be incorrect. The increase in “memory” that supposedly occurs after sleep may just be due to reactive inhibition. It may have existed at the end of learning before slee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_inhibition |
Reactive inhibition is often not recognized as a factor of performance in learning based experiments and thus can lead to incorrect results. The presence of reactive inhibition can result in decreased performance over time and thus decrease the level of supposed learning. If tested at a later time, however, when reacti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_inhibition |
Reactive inhibition within experimental settings is most commonly measured through the stop-signal task (SST). In the SST, a “go-signal” is presented to the participant to indicate that he or she should complete an action. Then, in some instances, a “stop-signal” is also presented to the participant indicate he or she ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_inhibition |
What is important within this task is the stop signal reaction time, which indicates how long it takes reactive inhibition to be triggered and thus for the action to be ceased. Shorter times indicate a person has better reactive inhibition skills, and thus able to more quickly switch from the activation of some respons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_inhibition |
Reactive inhibition is negatively affected by Parkinson's disease. People with Parkinson’s disease have difficulty inhibiting their behaviors. It is proposed that levels of Dopamine are directly associated with one’s ability to inhibit. Proper inhibition is believed to be successful at some desired level of dopamine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_inhibition |
Using the simon task, researchers showed that inhibitory processes were significantly depleted in Parkinson’s patients who were withdrawing from their medications, and thus experiencing low levels of dopamine. Performance has been also depleted among high levels of dopamine, indicating that there is an ideal middle gro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_inhibition |
Reactive inhibition appears to be related to the subthalamic nucleus (STN), particularly within the active inhibition of “overriding the behavior”. The STN is in charge of sending a signal to “inhibit thalamo-cortical activation”. Thus reaction then causes GABA driven inhibitory signals to be sent to the thalamus which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_inhibition |
A training system is a group or family of coursework that will achieve a stated series of training objectives. A training system typically employs a syllabus or similar document that specifies and outlines the coursework to be followed. A training system may also incorporate a training manual that may serve as a guide,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_system |
A training system typically mandates the use of specific teaching methods for coursework; the choice of the teaching methods to be used depends largely on the information or skill being taught and the aptitude and skills of the trainee. Specialized equipment is often used in training systems that are used to teach phys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_system |
Training systems are categorized in various ways. For example, military training systems are generally categorized as live, virtual, or constructive, according to the nature of the trainees' interaction with training equipment and each other. A "live" training system is one in which real people operate real equipment i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_system |
The Institut Européen d’archéologie Sous-Marine (IEASM) (English: European Institute for Underwater Archaeology) was founded in 1987 as a French non-profit organisation by President Franck Goddio. The organisation locates, explores, excavates and restores sunken sites. Further, the Instituto Europeo de Arqueologia Subm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Européen_d'Archéologie_Sous-Marine |
The European Institute of Underwater Archaeology (IEASM) works in close collaboration with the authorities of the countries in which it excavates and under their control. It calls on specialists in the fields of archaeology, history, conservation, restoration, geophysics, geology in its research, to study and publish i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Européen_d'Archéologie_Sous-Marine |
Prior to any archaeological excavation, IEASM carries out state-of-the-art geophysical surveys, which id then verified during excavation. This approach has led to several significant and historically important discoveries such as the display of the antic harbour of Alexandria or the city of Thonis-Heracleion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Européen_d'Archéologie_Sous-Marine |
The excavations benefit from a conservation-restoration unit on board the mission support boat, allowing the initial stages of object conservation to be carried out on site. Additional treatments, requiring heavier equipment, take place in local laboratories in collaboration with the institutions concerned. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Européen_d'Archéologie_Sous-Marine |
IEASM brings together a range of scientists and subject specialists to work on the excavations and to study the material uncovered. The studies are carried out by scientists participating in the excavations or entrusted to specialists. In 2003 the Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology (OCMA) was established in the Sch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Européen_d'Archéologie_Sous-Marine |
OCMA's mission is also to teach maritime archaeology at an undergraduate and graduate level and to organise conferences in maritime archaeology. To date, several doctoral students have obtained PhDs based on material from IEASM excavations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Européen_d'Archéologie_Sous-Marine |
The sustainability of the discoveries also depends on the dissemination of the results to the general public. The Institute and its partners are therefore involved in the publication of articles, general interest books, exhibitions such as The Treasure of San Diego" (1994–1998), "Sunken Treasures of Egypt" (2006–2009),... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Européen_d'Archéologie_Sous-Marine |
Governance is the process of making and enforcing decisions within an organization or society. It is the process of interactions through the laws, social norms, power (social and political) or language as structured in communication of an organized society over a social system (family, social group, formal or informal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
In lay terms, it could be described as the political processes that exist in and between formal institutions. A variety of entities (known generically as governing bodies) can govern. The most formal is a government, a body whose sole responsibility and authority is to make binding decisions in a given geopolitical sys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Other types of governing include an organization (such as a legal entity recognized as a legal entity by a government), a socio-political group (hierarchical political organization, tribe, violent group, family, identifiable religious suborg, etc.), or another, informal group of people. In business and outsourcing rela... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
As such, governance may take many forms, driven by many different motivations and with many different results. For instance, a government may operate as a democracy where citizens vote on who should govern and the public good is the goal, while a non-profit organization or a corporation may be governed by a small board... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
In addition, a variety of external actors without decision-making power can influence the process of governing. These include lobbies, think tanks, political parties, non-government organizations, community and media. Most institutions of higher education offer governance as an area of study, such as the Balsillie Scho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Like government, the word governance derives, ultimately, from the Greek verb kubernaein (meaning to steer, the metaphorical sense first being attested in Plato). Its occasional use in English to refer to the specific activity of ruling a country can be traced to early-modern England, when the phrase "governance of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Governance often refers to a particular level of governance associated with a type of organization (including public governance, global governance, non-profit governance, corporate governance, and project governance), a particular 'field' of governance associated with a type of activity or outcome (including environmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
In its most abstract sense, governance is a theoretical concept referring to the actions and processes by which stable practices and organizations arise and persist. These actions and processes may operate in formal and informal organizations of any size; and they may function for any purpose, good or evil, for profit ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Most theories of governance as process arose out of neoclassical economics. These theories build deductive models, based on the assumptions of modern economics, to show how rational actors may come to establish and sustain formal organizations, including firms and states, and informal organizations, such as networks an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
There is a distinction between the concepts of governance and politics. Politics involves processes by which a group of people (perhaps with divergent opinions or interests) reach collective decisions generally regarded as binding on the group, and enforced as common policy. Governance, on the other hand, conveys the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Such an argument continues to assume the possibility of the traditional separation between "politics" and "administration". Contemporary governance practice and theory sometimes questions this distinction, premising that both "governance" and "politics" involve aspects of power and accountability. In general terms, pub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Private governance occurs when non-governmental entities, including private organizations, dispute resolution organizations, or other third party groups, make rules and/or standards which have a binding effect on the "quality of life and opportunities of the larger public." Simply put, private—not public—entities are m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Global governance is defined as "the complex of formal and informal institutions, mechanisms, relationships, and processes between and among states, markets, citizens and organizations, both inter- and non-governmental, through which collective interests on the global plane are articulated, right and obligations are es... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
The Governance Analytical Framework (GAF) is a practical methodology for investigating governance processes, where various stakeholders interact and make decisions regarding collective issues, thus creating or reinforcing social norms and institutions. It is postulated that governance processes can be found in any soci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Nonprofit governance has a dual focus: achieving the organization's social mission and ensuring the organization is viable. Both responsibilities relate to fiduciary responsibility that a board of trustees (sometimes called directors, or Board, or Management Committee—the terms are interchangeable) has with respect to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Corporate organizations often use the word governance to describe both: The manner in which boards or their like direct a corporation The laws and customs (rules) applying to that directionCorporate governance consists of the set of processes, customs, policies, laws and institutions affecting the way people direct, ad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
The first documented use of the word "corporate governance" is by Richard Eells (1960, p. 108) to denote "the structure and functioning of the corporate polity". The "corporate government" concept itself is older and was already used in finance textbooks at the beginning of the 20th century (Becht, Bolton, Röell 2004). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Project governance is the management framework within which project decisions are made and outcomes of a project are realized. Its role is to provide a repeatable and robust system through which an organization can manage its capital investments—project governance handles tasks such as outlining the relationships betwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Governance in an environmental context may refer to: a concept in political ecology which promotes environmental policy that advocates for sustainable human activity (i.e. that governance should be based upon environmental principles). the processes of decision-making involved in the control and management of the envir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Land governance is concerned with issues of land ownership and tenure. It consists of the policies, processes and institutions by which decisions about the access to, use of and control over land are made, implemented and enforced; it is also about managing and reconciling competing claims on land. In developing countr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Security of land tenure is considered to contribute to poverty reduction and food security, since it can enable farmers to fully participate in the economy. Without recognized property rights, it is hard for small entrepreneurs, farmers included, to obtain credit or sell their business – hence the relevance of comprehe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
For instance, it has been argued that what is frequently called 'land grabbing', was partly made possible by the Washington Consensus-inspired liberalization of land markets in developing countries. Many land acquisition deals were perceived to have negative consequences, and this in turn led to initiatives to improve ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Landscape governance roughly refers to the rules, processes and institutions according to which decisions regarding the protection, management and planning of the landscape are made. Landscape governance differs from country to country according to the national context (e.g., political system, organization of public ad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
The current discourse about landscape governance calls for participatory and inclusive processes, that take into account the local realities (i.e. biophysical, cultural, social parameters), and the local needs and concerns of the multiple landscape agents; and effectively deal with cases of conflicting interests, ensur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
According to the WHO, "governance in the health sector refers to a wide range of steering and rule-making related functions carried out by governments/decisions makers as they seek to achieve national health policy objectives that are conducive to universal health coverage." A national health policy is a complex and dy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
For instance, in the European context, it was developed a health policy framework called Health 2020 as a result of the collaboration between State members in the region. It gives policy-makers a vision, a strategic path and a set of priorities to improve health, guaranteeing that it is more equitable and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
In the 21st century, global trends (e.g., changing population demographics and epidemiology, widening social inequalities, and a context of financial uncertainty) have influenced health system priorities and subsequently the setting of the health governance function. These trends have resulted in the emergence of joint... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Internet governance was defined by the World Summit on the Information Society as "the development and application by Governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
IT governance primarily deals with connections between business focus and IT management. The goal of clear governance is to assure that investment in IT generates business value and mitigates the risks that are associated with IT projects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Blockchains offer a novel way to enforce agreements and achieve cooperation and coordination. The main technical features of blockchains support transparency and traceability of records, information immutability and reliability, and autonomous enforcement of agreements. As such, blockchains will affect traditional form... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Regulatory governance reflects the emergence of decentered and mutually adaptive policy regimes which rests on regulation rather than service provision or taxing and spending. The term captures the tendency of policy regimes to deal with complexity with delegated system of rules. It is likely to appear in arenas and na... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Participatory governance focuses on deepening democratic engagement through the participation of citizens in the processes of governance with the state. The theoretical framework of participatory governance as a variant of governing can be dated back to the early 1990s when academics began to stress the need for citize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Government officials should also be responsive to this kind of engagement. In practice, participatory governance can supplement the roles of citizens as voters or as watchdogs through more direct forms of involvement.The role of citizens in participatory governance is to be afforded a form of state power as an elected ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Over the last two decades, the most rapidly growing form of participatory governance has been participatory budgeting. In 2004, the British Columbia Citizens Assembly was the first form of direct citizen engagement created to envision the provincial electoral system. Adopted by Brazil, participatory budgeting was used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
Both examples contributed to the discussion of increasing citizen engagement as a mechanism to increase the effectiveness, legitimacy, and social justice of democratic governance. Action through participatory governance impacts policy at the municipal level. An example is the use of municipal housing councils in Brazil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance |
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