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In 1919 the Société purchased the important Neolithic site of La Hougue Bie, excavating it in 1924 revealing a Neolithic chambered passage grave c.4000BC. The site was then restored and opened as a museum. The Sociéte flourished throughout the 20th century, notwithstanding the difficult years of the German military occ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Jersiaise |
Despite the severe hardships and lack of resources suffered by the island, the museum at Pier Rd remained open throughout the Occupation, but despite protestations La Hougue Bie museum was requisitioned for military purposes by the Nazi occupiers. Post-war the Société continued to grow and add to its collections to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Jersiaise |
This enabled the Société to concentrate on its core activities of research and publication. In 1990 the Société also entered into a working partnership with the National Trust for Jersey which its members had helped to found in 1937, to develop a country life museum at Hamptonne, St Lawrence, a late medieval farm with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Jersiaise |
The Société library contains much unique and important material about Jersey and comparative academic literature in the form of published works and manuscript documents including maps. The Société employs a professional librarian. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Jersiaise |
The Société Jersiaise Photographic Archive contains, as a result of the foresight of early members, by far the most important collection of historic photographic images of the island. A professional photographic archivist is employed by the Société to manage the collection of approximately 100,000 images dating from th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Jersiaise |
Now curated by Jersey Heritage the Société's extensive museum collections contain items on all aspects of Jersey life, in particular Jersey's archaeological heritage. This remains the only substantial collection of Jersey material and is continually expanded by purchase and donation of new pieces, most recently (as of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Jersiaise |
Notable members have included Dr Robert Ranulph Marett, the leading early evolutionary anthropologist, whose father Robert Pipon Marett was a founder member; Dr Arthur Mourant FRS a noted haematologist and George Reginald Balleine historian and clergyman. Geraint Jennings, writer and politician, is also a member. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Jersiaise |
The cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis is a pseudo-scientific claim that there have been recent, geologically rapid shifts in the axis of rotation of Earth, causing calamities such as floods and tectonic events or relatively rapid climate changes. There is evidence of precession and changes in axial tilt, but this chang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis |
A characteristic rate of true polar wander is 1° or less per million years. Between approximately 790 and 810 million years ago, when the supercontinent Rodinia existed, two geologically rapid phases of true polar wander may have occurred. In each of these, the magnetic poles of Earth shifted by approximately 55° due t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis |
The geographic poles are defined by the points on the surface of Earth that are intersected by the axis of rotation. The pole shift hypothesis describes a change in location of these poles with respect to the underlying surface – a phenomenon distinct from the changes in axial orientation with respect to the plane of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis |
In popular literature, many conjectures have been suggested involving very rapid polar shift. A slow shift in the poles would display the most minor alterations and no destruction. A more dramatic view assumes more rapid changes, with dramatic alterations of geography and localized areas of destruction due to earthquak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis |
An early mention of a shifting of Earth's axis can be found in an 1872 article entitled "Chronologie historique des Mexicains" by Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, a specialist in Mesoamerican codices who interpreted ancient Mexican myths as evidence for four periods of global cataclysms that had begun around 10,5... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis |
This disruption supposedly caused earthquakes, tsunamis, and the parting of the Red Sea. Further, he said near misses by Mars between 776 and 687 BCE also caused Earth's axis to change back and forth by ten degrees. Velikovsky cited historical records in support of his work, although his studies were generally ridicule... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis |
Several authors have offered pseudoscientific arguments for the hypothesis, including journalist and New Age enthusiast Ruth Shick Montgomery. Skeptics counter that these works combine speculation, the work of psychics, and modern folklore, while largely avoiding any effort at basic science by trying to disprove their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis |
Charles Hapgood is now perhaps the best remembered early proponent of the hypothesis that some climate changes and ice ages could be explained by large sudden shifts of the geographic poles. In his books The Earth's Shifting Crust (1958) (which includes a foreword by Albert Einstein) and Path of the Pole (1970), Hapgoo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis |
However, in his subsequent work The Path of the Pole, Hapgood conceded Einstein's point that the weight of the polar ice is insufficient to cause polar shift. Instead, Hapgood argued that causative forces must be located below the surface. Hapgood encouraged Canadian librarian Rand Flem-Ath to pursue scientific evidenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis |
The idea of earth crust displacement is featured in 2012, a 2009 film based on the 2012 phenomenon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis |
While there are reputable studies showing that true polar wander has occurred at various times in the past, the rates are much smaller (1° per million years or slower) than predicted by the pole shift hypothesis (up to 1° per thousand years). Analysis of the evidence does not lend credence to Hapgood's hypothesized rap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis |
Studia Hibernica is an annual academic journal for Irish studies, including a wide spectrum of Irish language and literature, history, etymology and toponomy, archaeology and folklore. It was originally published annually by St Patrick's College, Drumcondra, Dublin, and is now issued by Dublin City University, into whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studia_Hibernica |
Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) (Urdu: پاکستان اختیاریہ برائے ضابطہِ برقی ذرائع ابلاغ) is an independent and constitutionally established federal institution responsible for regulating and issuing channel licenses for establishment of the mass media culture, print and electronic media.Codified un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority |
The constitutional freedom of speech and press are highlighted in the Constitution of Pakistan. Under the Article 19 and Article 19A of Fundamental Rights in the Constitution of Pakistan. The Constitution grants PEMRA following powers: Improve the standards of information, education and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority |
Enlarge the choice available to the people of Pakistan in the media for news, current affairs, religious knowledge, art, culture, science, technology, economic development, social sector concerns, music, sports, drama and other subjects of public and national interest. Facilitate the devolution of responsibility and po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority |
The Authority is responsible for facilitating and regulating the establishment and operation of all private broadcast media and distribution services in Pakistan established for the purpose of international, national, provincial, district, and local or special target audience | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority |
The Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) was promoted by the government as an open media policy reform and was fortified with strong regulatory teeth. The establishment of PEMRA was initiated in 2000, during President Musharraf's term; through the formation of the Regulatory Authority for Media Broadc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority |
"It is a Bhatta (money extortion in Urdu) body that collects money from broadcasting operators in a legal way. Nothing more can be expected." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority |
notes media law activist and journalist Matiullah Jan.The PEMRA laws were utilized by the Musharraf regime in his attempts to tame the media. Some stations were shut down and some were under severe harassments using these laws. The 12-member authority was dominated by bureaucrats and ex-police officers - a phenomenon t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority |
However, media activists are still not comfortable with the composition of the 12-member committee where they highlight the need of a greater representation from the media itself. "Regulation of the TV and Radio should be through the participation and representation of the stake holders. What must happen is the restruc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority |
It is still full of bureaucrats and ex-policemen, so there you find lack of ownership." says Matiullah Jan.PEMRA's leadership agree to that the institution needs to be more engaged with its stakeholders. "It's a combination of regulator and the stakeholders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority |
Therefore, the chain is - Law/Regulator/Stakeholder," says Dr. Abdul Jabbar, the Executive Member of PEMRA.However, the present government is under pressure to amend or repeal these laws. Many media practitioners confirmed that the harsh use of the PEMRA laws during the Musharraf regime had not occurred during the past... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority |
Furthermore, the government is making some attempts to reintroduce some democratic norms in its media regulation reform. The Code of Conduct made by PEMRA has been subjected to criticism by the industry players and is now being reviewed by the government. The former Minister of Information has requested the Pakistani B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority |
Referring to the issue of Code of Conduct, Dr. Abdul Jabbar said that presently there are many Codes of Conduct, one by PFUJ, one by South Asia Free Media Association (SAFMA) and the broadcasters are in the process of formulating another. "The Government will not agree to any of these, most probably. But taking all the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority |
Then everybody has the ownership". He continued: "PEMRA will function - it will not be silenced or nullified. We will be the regulatory body. But the stakeholders will have a say in the Code of Conduct. That's what we call self-regulation." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority |
Mian Javed (Founding Chairman) Mr. Iftikhar Rashid (2nd Chairman) Mr. Mushtaq Malik (3rd Chairman) Dr. Abdul Jabbar (Acting Chairman) Mr. Rashid Ahmad (4th Chairman) Mr. Pervaiz Rathore (Acting Chairman) Mr. Kamaluddin Tipu (Acting Chairman) Mr. Absar Alam (5th Chairman) Mr. Muhammad Saleem Baig (6th Chairman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority |
A graphic organizer, also known as a knowledge map, concept map, story map, cognitive organizer, advance organizer, or concept diagram is a pedagogical tool that uses visual symbols to express knowledge and concepts through relationships between them. The main purpose of a graphic organizer is to provide a visual aid t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_organizer |
Graphic organizers have a history extending to the early 1960s. David Paul Ausubel was an American psychologist who coined the phrase "advance organizers" to refer to tools which bridge "the gap between what learners already know and what they have to learn at any given moment in their educational careers." Ausubel's a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_organizer |
Later the advance organizers were represented as paradigms, schematic representations, and diagrams as they took on more geometric shapes.In 1969, Richard F. Barron came up with a tree diagram that was referred to as a "structured overview." The diagram introduced new vocabulary and used spatial characteristics and lan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_organizer |
Various theories have been put forth to undergird the assimilation of knowledge through the use of graphic organizers. According to Ausubel's Subsumption Theory, when a learner connects new information to their own preexisting ideas, they absorb new information. By relating new information to prior knowledge, learners ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_organizer |
In applying the use of organizers to the assimilation theory, advance organizers facilitate prior knowledge to working memory as well as its active integration of received information. However, he warned that advance organizers are not beneficial if the tools do not ask the learner to actively incorporate new informati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_organizer |
The brain uses these patterns of thinking and behavior that are held in long-term memory to help people interpret the world around them. Piaget's theory is that a scheme is both a category of knowledge and the process of acquiring new knowledge. He believed that as people continually adapt to their environments, they t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_organizer |
In one study of 21 students on Individualized Education Plans, graphic organizers were used during the pre-writing process to gauge student achievement on the persuasive essay in a 10th grade writing classroom. Explicit instruction on how to fill out the organizer along with color coding sections and sufficient class t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_organizer |
One yearlong study of a 3rd and 5th grade California dual language classrooms found that through the use of graphic organizers, students increased higher-order thinking skills, enhanced vocabulary acquisition, and developed the academic language of science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_organizer |
Graphic organizers take many forms: Relational organizers Storyboard Fishbone - Ishikawa diagram Cause and effect web Chart T-Chart Category/classification organizers Concept mapping KWL tables Mind mapping Sequence organizers Chain Ladder - Story map Stairs - Topic map Compare contrast organizers Dashboard Venn diagra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_organizer |
A review study concluded that using graphic organizers improves student performance in the following areas: Retention Students remember information better and can better recall it when it is represented and learned both visually and verbally.Reading comprehension The use of graphic organizers helps improving the readin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_organizer |
In four studies on the effects of advance organizers on learning tasks, no significant difference was found from the control group who did not use organizers to learn as presented in a paper Richard F. Barron delivered to the Annual Meeting of the National Reading Conference in 1980. In that same study, Richard F. Barr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_organizer |
The Total Recordable Incident Rate is a US measure of occupational safety and health, useful for comparing working conditions in workplaces and industries. It is calculated by combining the actual number of safety incidents and total work hours of all employees with a standard employee group (100 employees working 40 h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Recordable_Incident_Rate |
In the philosophy of artificial intelligence, GOFAI ("Good old fashioned artificial intelligence") is classical symbolic AI, as opposed to other approaches, such as neural networks, situated robotics, narrow symbolic AI or neuro-symbolic AI. The term was coined by philosopher John Haugeland in his 1985 book Artificial ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOFAI |
Haugeland places GOFAI within the rationalist tradition in western philosophy, which holds that abstract reason is the "highest" faculty, that it is what separates man from the animals, and that it is the most essential part of our intelligence. This assumption is present in Plato and Aristotle, in Shakespeare, Hobbes,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOFAI |
Many observers, including philosophers, psychologists and the AI researchers themselves became convinced that they had captured the essential features of intelligence. This was not just hubris or speculation -- this was entailed by rationalism. If it was not true, then it brings into question a large part of the entire... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOFAI |
Critics and supporters of Haugeland's position, from philosophy, psychology or AI research, have found it difficult to define "GOFAI" precisely, and thus the literature contains a variety of interpretations. Drew McDermott, for example, finds Haugeland's description of GOFAI "incoherent" and argues that GOFAI is a "myt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOFAI |
The "symbols" he refers to are discrete physical things that are assigned a definite semantics -- like and . They do not refer to signals, or unidentified numbers, or matrixes of unidentified numbers, or the zeros and ones of digital machinery. Thus, Haugeland's GOFAI does not include "good old fashioned" techniques su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOFAI |
Russell and Norvig wrote, in reference to Dreyfus and Haugeland:The technology they criticized came to be called Good Old-Fashioned AI (GOFAI). GOFAI corresponds to the simplest logical agent design ... and we saw ... that it is indeed difficult to capture every contingency of appropriate behavior in a set of necessary... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOFAI |
A percept is the input that an intelligent agent is perceiving at any given moment. It is essentially the same concept as a percept in psychology, except that it is being perceived not by the brain but by the agent. A percept is detected by a sensor, often a camera, processed accordingly, and acted upon by an actuator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percept_(artificial_intelligence) |
Each percept is added to a "percept sequence", which is a complete history of each percept ever detected. The agent's action at any instant point may depend on the entire percept sequence up to that particular instant point. An intelligent agent chooses how to act not only based on the current percept, but the percept ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percept_(artificial_intelligence) |
Examples of percepts include inputs from touch sensors, cameras, infrared sensors, sonar, microphones, mice, and keyboards. A percept can also be a higher-level feature of the data, such as lines, depth, objects, faces, or gestures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percept_(artificial_intelligence) |
Manhattanization is a neologism coined to describe the construction of many tall or densely situated buildings, which transforms the appearance and character of a city to what is similar to Manhattan, the most densely populated borough of New York City. It was a pejorative word used by critics of the highrise buildings... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanization |
Another example is the high rise development in Toronto since 2007, as well as rapid development of skyscrapers in Hong Kong and Tokyo since the 1970s, eventually allowing Hong Kong to possess more skyscrapers than New York. The term has even been applied to many smaller US cities that have seen a large spike in downto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanization |
"Mainhattan" is a term referring to Frankfurt's skyline, especially that of its central business district, the Bankenviertel. The word is a portmanteau of Main, the river on which Frankfurt lies, and Manhattan, a reference to the inner city area's visually impressive high rises and skyscrapers, a special feature for a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanization |
The term "Manhattanization" has been used to describe the 2003–2008 boom of real estate developments in Miami that brought the construction of more than 50 high-rise buildings throughout the city. As conditions in Latin America destabilized, many of Latin America's elites sought refuge in the city, especially in the Br... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanization |
Along with the over ten thousand residential units added, the downtown area saw a revitalization and an increased prevalence of walking and public transport usage, similar to Manhattan. Miami is sometimes likened to a "southern Manhattan" not only for its high rises, but for its large financial district. Miami is now t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanization |
The term "Manhattanization" was initially used to describe the construction of large skyscrapers in San Francisco's Financial District in the 1970s. Since then, tall buildings have proliferated in San Francisco. This has expanded to the South of Market neighborhood. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanization |
From 2000 to 2018, more than 15 buildings taller than 30 stories were built. There are now over 160 buildings taller than 73 metres (240 ft). This is potentially worrisome as the area where most of the skyscrapers are located is on land with high potential for soil liquefaction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanization |
"Sanhattan" has been used as a portmanteau to describe the developed cluster of skyscrapers in Santiago, Chile. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanization |
Downtown Toronto has experienced a construction boom since 2007, primarily in its development of condominiums and other high rise residential towers. In one week of 2014, Toronto's city council approved 755 stories of new development in the city's downtown core. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanization |
The capital city of Colombia has seen skyscraper growth primarily concentrated in the Centro Internacional de Bogotá and Chapinero areas. Bogotá has undergone a revitalization plan that aims to position the Colombian capital as a major hub for international business in Latin America. Bogotá's El Dorado International Ai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanization |
The Arusha Cultural Heritage Centre is located in Arusha, Tanzania. It is a place where the past and present of the Tanzania's 120-plus tribes can be viewed in a single compound. The centre boasts of various carvings, gemstones, artifacts, clothing and books. The Centre has hosted the following World statesmen: Norway'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arusha_Cultural_Heritage_Centre |
Being lovestruck means having mental and physical symptoms associated with falling in love: "Love-struck ... means to be hit by love ... you are hit in your heart by the emotion of love".While being lovestruck has historically been viewed as a short-lived mental illness brought on by the intense changes associated with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovestruck |
The concept is associated with a set of metaphors attempting to convey the speed and intensity of falling in love by describing it as a physical process of falling or being struck. Alternately, falling in love is often described with reference to Cupid's arrow. Other sources, such as Tristram Shandy, describe the proce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovestruck |
The twentieth-century saw the concept of love-sickness reconceptualised by psychoanalysis. As early as 1915, Freud asked rhetorically, "Isn't what we mean by 'falling in love' a kind of sickness and craziness, an illusion, a blindness to what the loved person is really like?" Half a century later, in 1971, Hans Loewald... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovestruck |
A 2005 article by Frank Tallis suggested that being utterly romantically lovestruck should be taken more seriously by professionals. "For love-struck victims, the world appears altered. Replacing the flatness of ordinary experience is a fullness".According to Tallis, some of the symptom clusters shared with being loves... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovestruck |
Some who would "disagree with Frank Tallis's fundamental thesis that love should be seen as a mental illness ... concur that at the extreme and under certain circumstances love sickness can drive a person to despair".They would suggest however that "'disordered love' ... can be understood more clearly in terms of attac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovestruck |
The character of Romeo fits the archetype of a lovestruck youth that he has become the very model of Cupid himself. In Possession, the hero's ex quotes Robert Graves to her new lover: "Oh Love, be fed by apples while you may", echoing the Song of Solomon: "comfort me with apples: for I am sick of love". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovestruck |
In music, solfège (, French: ) or solfeggio (; Italian: ), also called sol-fa, solfa, solfeo, among many names, is a music education method used to teach aural skills, pitch and sight-reading of Western music. Solfège is a form of solmization, though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Syllables are assig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
Italian "solfeggio" and English/French "solfège" derive from the names of two of the syllables used: sol and fa.The generic term "solmization", referring to any system of denoting pitches of a musical scale by syllables, including those used in India and Japan as well as solfège, comes from French solmisation, from the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
In eleventh-century Italy, the music theorist Guido of Arezzo invented a notational system that named the six notes of the hexachord after the first syllable of each line of the Latin hymn "Ut queant laxis", the "Hymn to St. John the Baptist", yielding ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la. Each successive line of this hymn begins o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
They translate as: "Ut" was changed in the 1600s in Italy to the open syllable Do, at the suggestion of the musicologist Giovanni Battista Doni (based on the first syllable of his surname), and Si (from the initials for "Sancte Iohannes") was added to complete the diatonic scale. In Anglophone countries, "si" was chang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
“Ti" is used in tonic sol-fa (and in the famed American show tune "Do-Re-Mi"). Another theory from the 17th century suggests that the solfège syllables (do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti) might derive from the syllables of an Arabic solmization system درر مفصّلات Durar Mufaṣṣalāt ("Detailed Pearls") (dāl, rā', mīm, fā', ṣād,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
In the Elizabethan era, England and its related territories used only four of the syllables: mi, fa, sol, and la. "Mi" stood for modern ti, "fa" for modern do or ut, "sol" for modern re, and "la" for modern mi. Then, fa, sol and la would be repeated to also stand for their modern counterparts, resulting in the scale be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
This system was largely eliminated by the 19th century, but is still used in some shape note systems, which give each of the four syllables "fa", "sol", "la", and "mi" a different shape. An example of this type of solmization occurs in Shakespeare's King Lear, where in Act 1, Scene 2, Edmund exclaims to himself right a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
Solfège is still used for sight reading training. There are two main types: Movable do and Fixed do. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
In Movable do or tonic sol-fa, each syllable corresponds to a scale degree. This is analogous to the Guidonian practice of giving each degree of the hexachord a solfège name, and is mostly used in Germanic countries, Commonwealth countries, and the United States. One particularly important variant of movable do, but di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
In Italy, in 1972, Roberto Goitre wrote the famous method "Cantar leggendo", which has come to be used for choruses and for music for young children. The pedagogical advantage of the movable-Do system is its ability to assist in the theoretical understanding of music; because a tonic is established and then sung in com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
Movable do is frequently employed in Australia, China, Japan (with 5th being so, and 7th being si), Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States, Hong Kong, and English-speaking Canada. The movable do system is a fundamental element of the Kodály method used primarily in Hungary, but with a dedicated following worldw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
The solfège syllables used for movable do differ slightly from those used for fixed do, because the English variant of the basic syllables ("ti" instead of "si") is usually used, and chromatically altered syllables are usually included as well. If, at a certain point, the key of a piece modulates, then it is necessary ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
Passages in a minor key may be sol-faed in one of two ways in movable do: either starting on do (using "me", "le", and "te" for the lowered third, sixth, and seventh degrees, and "la" and "ti" for the raised sixth and seventh degrees), which is referred to as "do-based minor", or starting on la (using "fi" and "si" for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
In Fixed do, each syllable corresponds to the name of a note. This is analogous to the Romance system naming pitches after the solfège syllables, and is used in Romance and Slavic countries, among others, including Spanish-speaking countries. In the major Romance and Slavic languages, the syllables Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
This system is called fixed do and is used in Belgium, Brazil, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Romania, Latin American countries and in French-speaking Canada as well as countries such as Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria and Israel where non-Romance languages are spoken. In the United States, the fixed-do system is principall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
Several chromatic fixed-do Systems that have also been devised to account for chromatic notes, and even for double-sharp and double-flat variants. The Yehnian being the first 24-EDO solfège, proposed even quartertonal syllables while having no exceptions of its rules, and usability for both Si and Ti users. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
Movable Do corresponds to our psychological experience of normal tunes. If the song is sung a tone higher it is still perceived to be the same song, and the notes have the same relationship to each other, but in a fixed Do all the note names would be different. A movable Do emphasizes the musicality of the tune as the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
That is, without a prior analysis of the music, any movable-do system would inevitably need to be used like a fixed-do system anyway, thus causing confusion. With fixed-do, the musician learns to regard any syllable as the tonic, which does not force them to make an analysis as to which note is the tonic when ambiguity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
In comparison to the movable do system, which draws on short-term relative pitch skills involving comparison to a pitch identified as the tonic of the particular piece being performed, fixed do develops long-term relative pitch skills involving comparison to a pitch defined independently of its role in the piece, a pra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
Especially in the early stages of learning a piece, when the performer has yet to gain familiarity with the melodic line of the piece as expressed in relative terms, it may be necessary to mentally re-transpose the sheet music to restore the notes to concert pitch. However, because fixed do pedagogical system often inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
For example, when reading clarinets in B-flat written in treble clef, those trained in fixed do mentally substitute tenor clef. In comparison, those trained in moveable do may experience confusion in reading transposing instruments in context in a score, as it is necessary to ascertain the absolute sounding pitch comin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
A musician fluent in fixed do reading the parts in mezzo-soprano clef can ascertain the absolute pitches and use those to extrapolate function. Those trained in fixed-do will argue that their act is the analogue of reading aloud in a language. Just as one reads this very sentence without parsing it grammatically, so to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
Where the movable-do system requires constant real-time analysis of the tonality and modulations in the score, in fixed-do the musician uses knowledge of the changing tonality to understand for example that the pitch class c-natural is the supertonic in B-Flat major or minor, and the dominant when the music modulates t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
In the countries with fixed-do, these seven syllables (with Si replacing Ti) – rather than the letters C, D, E, F, G, A, and B – are used to name the notes of the C-Major scale. Here it would be said, for example, that Beethoven's Ninth Symphony (in D minor) is in "Re minor", and that its third movement (in B-flat majo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
Isaac Newton had associated the seven solfège syllables with the seven colours of the rainbow and surmised that each colour vibrated accordingly (a concept possibly related to the modern view of chromesthesia). Thus, red has the least amount of vibration while violet vibrates the most. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
The various possibilities to distinguish the notes acoustically, optically and by ways of speech and signs, made the solfège a possible syllabary for an International Auxiliary Language (IAL/LAI). This was, in the latter half of the 19th century, realised in the musical language Solresol. In The Sound of Music, the son... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
Maria sings it with the von Trapp children to teach them to sing the major scale. Ernie Kovacs' television show had a popular recurring sketch that became known as "The Nairobi Trio". The three characters wore long overcoats, bowler hats, and gorilla masks, and were performed by Ernie and two other rotating persons inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfège |
Semantic holism is a theory in the philosophy of language to the effect that a certain part of language, be it a term or a complete sentence, can only be understood through its relations to a (previously understood) larger segment of language. There is substantial controversy, however, as to exactly what the larger seg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
Since the use of a linguistic expression is only possible if the speaker who uses it understands its meaning, one of the central problems for analytic philosophers has always been the question of meaning. What is it? Where does it come from? How is it communicated? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism |
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