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On the contrary in India, we find ourselves in all social matters total aliens when we cross the street and enter that part of the town where our Hindu fellow townsmen live. More substantially and influentially than Justice Rahim, or the historiography of British administrators, the poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal (187... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
On the contrary, there are two nations in the main: the Hindus and the Muslims, in India. The All-India Muslim League, in attempting to represent Indian Muslims, felt that the Muslims of the subcontinent were a distinct and separate nation from the Hindus. At first they demanded separate electorates, but when they opin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
The League demanded self-determination for Muslim-majority areas in the form of a sovereign state promising minorities equal rights and safeguards in these Muslim majority areas.Many scholars argue that the creation of Pakistan through the partition of India was orchestrated by an elite class of Muslims in colonial Ind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
descended in Delhi demonstrating against the proposed two-nation theory. A gathering of more than fifty thousand people from an unorganized sector was not usual at that time, so its importance should be duly recognized. The non-ashraf Muslims constituting a majority of Indian Muslims were opposed to partition but sadly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
The theory rested on the view that Muslim Indians and Hindu Indians were two separate nations due to being from different religious communities. It asserted that India was not a nation. It also asserted that Hindus and Muslims of the Indian subcontinent were each a nation, despite great variations in language, culture ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Theodore Beck, who played a major role in founding of the All-India Muslim League in 1906, was supportive of two-nation theory. Another British official includes Theodore Morison. Both Beck and Morison believed that parliamentary system of majority rule would be disadvantageous for the Muslims. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Bhai Parmanand while reading letters of Lala Lajpat Rai to him in 1909, had jotted an idea that "the territory beyond Sindh could be united with North-West Frontier Province into a great Musulman Kingdom. The Hindus of the region should come away, while at the same time the Musulmans in the rest of the country should g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
If there are compact Muslim communities in any other part of India, sufficiently large to form a province, they should be similarly constituted. But it should be distinctly understood that this is not a united India. It means a clear partition of India into a Muslim India and a non-Muslim India. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
The embryonic form of a two-nation theory was seen in Hindutva ideology since 1920s. Savarkar in 1937 during the 19th session of the Hindu Mahasabha in Ahmedabad supported two-nation theory. He said:- There are two antagonistic nations living side by side in India. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
India cannot be assumed today to be a unitarian and homogenous nation. On the contrary, there are two nations in the main: the Hindus and the Muslims, in India. Savarkar declared on August 15, 1943 in Nagpur: I have no quarrel with Mr Jinnah's two-nation theory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
We Hindus are a nation by ourselves and it is a historical fact that Hindus and Muslims are two nations. Savarkar saw Muslims in the Indian police and military to be "potential traitors". He advocated that India reduce the number of Muslims in the military, police and public service and ban Muslims from owning or worki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
In Muhammad Ali Jinnah's All India Muslim League presidential address delivered in Lahore, on March 22, 1940, he explained: It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Their aspect on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Mussalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for the governmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
We are a nation of hundred million and what is more, we are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportions, legal laws and moral codes, customs and calendar, history and tradition, and aptitude and ambiti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
In all these things, our outlook is not only fundamentally different but also opposed to Hindus. There is nothing in life that links us together. Our names, clothes, food, festivals, and rituals, all are different. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Our economic life, our educational ideas, treatment of women, attitude towards animals, and humanitarian considerations, all are very different. In May 1947, he took an entirely different approach when he told Mountbatten, who was in charge of British India's transition to independence: Your Excellency doesn't understa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Bengal is a nation. A man is a Punjabi or a Bengali first before he is a Hindu or a Muslim. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
If you give us those provinces you must, under no condition, partition them. You will destroy their viability and cause endless bloodshed and trouble. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Mountbatten replied: Yes, of course. A man is not only a Punjabi or a Bengali before he is a Muslim or Hindu, but he is an Indian before all else. What you're saying is the perfect, absolute answer I've been looking for. You've presented me the arguments to keep India united. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
The Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at staunchly supported Jinnah and his two-nation theory. Chaudary Zafarullah Khan, an Ahmadi leader, drafted the Lahore Resolution that separatist leaders interpreted as calling for the creation of Pakistan. Chaudary Zafarullah Khan was asked by Jinnah to represent the Muslim League to the Rad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
In his 1945 book Pakistan, Or the Partition of India, the Indian statesman, Buddhist and Dalit activist, Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, wrote a sub-chapter titled "If Muslims truly and deeply desire Pakistan, their choice ought to be accepted". Ambedkar's anti-Muslim rhetoric in his book was paradoxical, which in order to agr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
He asks whether Muslims in the army could be trusted to defend India in the event of Muslims invading India or in the case of a Muslim rebellion, as the bulk of the fighting forces available for the defence of India mostly came from areas which were to be included in Pakistan. "hom would the Indian Muslims in the army ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
According to him, the assumption that Hindus and Muslims could live under one state if they were distinct nations was but "an empty sermon, a mad project, to which no sane man would agree". In direct relation to the two-nation theory, he notably says in the book: The real explanation of this failure of Hindu-Muslim uni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
These form one deep river of discontent which, being regularly fed by these sources, keeps on mounting to a head and overflowing its ordinary channels. Any current of water flowing from another source, however pure, when it joins it, instead of altering the colour or diluting its strength becomes lost in the mainstream... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
So long as this silt keeps on accumulating and so long as this antagonism lasts, it is unnatural to expect this antipathy between Hindus and Muslims to give place to unity. According to Ambedkar, Hindu Nationalists naturally felt a resentment towards the assertion that Muslim India was a separate nation, because the Hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
The founder of the Barelvi movement, Ahmad Raza Khan, supported the Muslim League and Pakistan's demand, arguing that befriending 'unbelievers' was forbidden in Islam. Other Barelvi scholars opposed the partition of India and the League's demand to be seen as the only representative of Indian Muslims. Ahmad Raza Khan w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Shall the government grant you alone the country? This is not possible. Nor shall they alone be granted it, then you shall have to share, or you shall have to divide the country. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
In the event of the second, it is apparent that no Indian city is free from Muslim population, then upon those hundreds of thousands of Muslims you have implemented laws in opposition to your pure Sharīáh with your united effort and you shall be responsible for that...In the event of the first, shall the Hindus agree t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
May Allāh grant correct understanding! Āmīn." In 1946, the support of the Barelvi Ulama across India was formalized in support of Pakistan in order to give it religious legitimacy. Pir Jamaat Ali Shah, who claimed an extensive following in rural Northern Punjab and influential Muslims elsewhere, lent unequivocal suppor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
The case for Indo-Muslim identity was based on cultural grounds, understood as an ethnic Muslim identity as well as a clearly identifiable cultural history. In 1947, Dawn made a case for cultural nationalism based on art, literature, and way of life, and crucial to this claim of a nationhood separated from the majority... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
The state of India officially rejected the two-nation theory and chose to be a secular state, enshrining the concepts of religious pluralism and composite nationalism in its constitution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
The All India Azad Muslim Conference, which represented nationalist Muslims, gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for an independent and united India. The British government, however, sidelined this nationalist Muslim organization and came to see Jinnah, who advocated separatism, as the sole representat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, also known as the "Frontier Gandhi" or "Sarhadi Gandhi", was not convinced by the two-nation theory and wanted a single united India as a home for both Hindus and Muslims. He was from the North West Frontier Province of British India, now in present-day Pakistan. He believed that the partition ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Mahatma Gandhi was against the division of India on the basis of religion. He once wrote:I find no parallel in history for a body of converts and their descendants claiming to be a nation apart from the parent stock. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Maulana Sayyid Abul Kalam Azad was a member of the Indian National Congress and was known as a champion of Hindu-Muslim unity. He argued that Muslims were native to India and had made India their home. Cultural treasures of undivided India such as the Red Fort of Delhi to the Taj Mahal of Agra to the Badshahi Mosque of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
The two-nation theory and the partition of India were vehemently opposed by the vast majority of Deobandi Islamic religious scholars, being represented by the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind that supported both the All India Azad Muslim Conference and Indian National Congress. The principal of Darul Uloom Deoband, Maulana Hussain ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
He and other leading Deobandi ulama endorsed territorial nationalism, stating that Islam permitted it.Despite opposition from the leading Deobandi scholars, Ashraf Ali Thanvi and Mufti Muhammad Shafi instead tried to justify the two-nation theory and concept of Pakistan. The most decisive Deobandi refutation of Madani'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Similar debates on national identity existed within India at the linguistic, provincial and religious levels. While some argued that Indian Muslims were one nation, others argued they were not. Since the partition, the theory has been subjected to animated debates and different interpretations on several grounds. Mr. N... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Why did they live with and rule Hindus for centuries instead of giving them a separate state based on such a theory? Why did the two-nation theory emerge when Hindu rule became certain? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
All this can only be justified by an absurd sense of superiority claiming a divine birthright to rule others, which many Muslims do hold despite their dismal morals and progress today. To Indian nationalists, the British government intentionally divided India in order to keep the nation weak. According to Ambedkar, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
This was cited as a key reason for British control of the country: since Indians were not a nation, they were theoretically not capable of national self-government. While some Indian leaders insisted that Indians were one nation, others agreed that Indians were not yet a nation but there was "no reason why in the cours... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Indian historians such as Shashi Tharoor have claimed that the partition of India was a result of the divide-and-rule policies of the British colonial government initiated after Hindus and Muslims united together to fight against the British East India Company in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Some, such as Ambedkar arg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Muhammad Ali Jinnah considered the Pakistan movement to have started when the first Muslim put a foot in the Gateway of Islam.Many common Muslims criticized the two-nation theory as favoring only the elite class of Muslims, causing the deaths of over one million innocent people.In his memoirs entitled Pathway to Pakist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Mr. Rizwanullah put some awkward questions concerning the position of Muslims, who would be left over in India, their status and their future. I had never before found Mr. Jinnah so disconcerted as on that occasion, probably because he was realizing then quite vividly what was immediately in store for the Muslims. Find... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
I believe as a result of our farewell meeting, Mr. Jinnah took the earliest opportunity to bid goodbye to his two-nation theory in his speech on 11 August 1947 as the governor general-designate and President of the constituent assembly of Pakistan. In his August 11, 1947 speech, Jinnah had spoken of composite Pakistani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
"You may belong to any religion or caste or creed that has nothing to do with the business of the state." On the other hand, far from being an ideological point (transition from faith-based to composite nationalism), it was mainly tactical: Dilip Hiro says that "extracts of this speech were widely disseminated" in orde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
The subsequent partition of Pakistan itself into the present-day nations of Pakistan and Bangladesh was cited as proof both that Muslims did not constitute one nation and that religion alone was not a defining factor for nationhood. Some historians have claimed that the theory was a creation of a few Muslim intellectua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
The Pakistani scholar Tarek Fatah termed the two-nation theory "absurd".In his Dawn column Irfan Husain, a well-known political commentator, observed that it has now become an "impossible and exceedingly boring task of defending a defunct theory". However some Pakistanis, including a retired Pakistani brigadier, Shauka... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Muqtada Mansoor, a columnist for Express newspaper, has quoted Farooq Sattar, a prominent leader of the MQM, as saying that his party did not accept the two-nation theory. "Even if there was such a theory, it has sunk in the Bay of Bengal. "In 1973, there was a movement against the recognition of Bangladesh in Pakistan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Its main argument was that Bangladesh's recognition would negate the two-nation theory. However, Salman Sayyid says that 1971 is not so much the failure of the two-nation theory and the advent of a united Islamic polity despite ethnic and cultural difference, but more so the defeat of "a Westphalian-style nation-state,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
"Some Bangladesh academics have rejected the notion that 1971 erased the legitimacy of the two-nation theory as well, like Akhand Akhtar Hossain, who thus notes that, after independence, "Bengali ethnicity soon lost influence as a marker of identity for the country's majority population, their Muslim identity regaining... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
In this, they proved the British Viceroy Lord George Curzon (1899-1905) correct. His partition of Bengal in 1905 creating two provinces, one with a Muslim majority and the other with a Hindu majority, seems to have been confirmed by Bangladesh's emergence as a Muslim state. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
So one should not be carried away by the claim of the two-nation theory having been disproved." Dixit has narrated an anecdote. During Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's visit to Dhaka in July 1974, after Sheikh Mujibur Rahman went to Lahore to attend the Islamic summit in February 1974: "As the motorcade moved out, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Several ethnic and provincial leaders in Pakistan also began to use the term "nation" to describe their provinces and argued that their very existence was threatened by the concept of amalgamation into a Pakistani nation on the basis that Muslims were one nation. It has also been alleged that the idea that Islam is the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
A poll conducted by Gallup Pakistan in 2011 shows that an overwhelming majority (92%) of Pakistanis held the view that separation from India was justified in 1947. Pakistani commentators have contended that two nations did not necessarily imply two states, and the fact that Bangladesh did not merge into India after sep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
The emergence of a sense of identity that is pan-Islamic rather than Pakistani has been defended as consistent with the founding ideology of Pakistan and the concept that "Islam itself is a nationality," despite the commonly held notion of "nationality, to Muslims, is like idol worship." While some have emphasized that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
The state of India officially rejected the two-nation theory and chose to be a secular state, enshrining the concepts of religious pluralism and composite nationalism in its constitution. Constitutionally, India rejects the two-nation theory and regards Indian Muslims as equal citizens.Nevertheless, in post-independenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
From the Hindu nationalist perspective, this concedes the ethnic reality that Indian Muslims are "flesh of our flesh and blood of our blood" but still presses for an officially recognized equation of national and religious identity, i.e., that "an Indian is a Hindu. "The theory and the very existence of Pakistan has ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
With the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party and the attendant marginalisation of Muslims in India, some in Pakistan and Bangladesh have argued that Jinnah's views had been vindicated. They believe that the separation of the Muslim-majority areas into Pakistan has saved many Muslims from domination by the Hindu national... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical, physical, electrical, or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacturing of an item or items, usually carried out on a very large scale. Industrial processes are the key components of heavy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processes |
Certain chemical process yield important basic materials for society, e.g., (cement, steel, aluminum, and fertilizer). However, these chemical reactions contribute to climate change by emitting carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, through chemical reactions, as well as through the combustion of fossil fuels to generate th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processes |
Calcination – Limestone, which is largely composed of fossilized calcium carbonate (CaCO3), breaks down at high temperatures into useable calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide gas (CO2), which gets released as a by-product. This chemical reaction, called calcination, figures most prominently in creating cement (the pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processes |
Smelting – Inside a blast furnace, carbon monoxide (CO) is released by combusting coke (a high-carbon derivative of coal) and removes the undesired oxygen (O) within ores. CO2 is released as a by-product, carrying away the oxygen and leaving behind the desired pure metal. Most prominently, iron smelting is how steel (l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processes |
Hall–Héroult process – Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) is smelted with coke (C) in a high-temperature electrolysis reaction, yielding the desired pure aluminium (Al) and a mixture of CO and CO2.Al2O3(s) + 3 C(s) → 2 Al(s) + 3 CO(g) 2 Al2O3(s) + 3 C(s) → 4 Al(s) + 3 CO2(g) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processes |
Haber process – Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is separated, yielding ammonia (NH3), which is used to make all synthetic fertilizer. The Haber process uses a fossil carbon source, generally natural gas, to provide the CO for the water–gas shift reaction, yielding hydrogen (H2) and releasing CO2. The H2 is used to break the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processes |
Disinfection – chemical treatment to kill bacteria and viruses Pyroprocessing – using heat to chemically combine materials, such as in cement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processes |
The availability of electricity and its effect on materials gave rise to several processes for plating or separating metals. Electrolytic process – any process using electrolysis Electrophoretic deposition – electrolytic deposition of colloidal particles in a liquid medium Electropolishing – the reverse of electroplati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processes |
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) Laser cutting Machining – the mechanical cutting and shaping of metal which involves the loss of the material Oxy-fuel welding and cutting Plasma cutting Sawing Shearing Water-jet cutting – cutting materials using a very high-pressure jet of water | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processes |
Case-hardening, differential hardening, shot peening – creating a wear-resistant surface Casting – shaping of a liquid material by pouring it into moulds and letting it solidify Die cutting – A "forme" or "die" is pressed onto a flat material in order to cut, score, punch and otherwise shape the material Electric arc f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processes |
Basic oxygen steelmaking Bessemer process Blast furnace – produced cast iron Catalan forge, open hearth furnace, bloomery – produced wrought iron Cementation process Crucible steel Direct reduction – produced direct reduced iron Smelting – the process of using furnaces to produce steel, copper, etc. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processes |
The physical shaping of materials by forming their liquid form using a mould Blow molding as in plastic containers or in the glass container industry – making hollow objects by blowing them into a mould Casting, sand casting – the shaping of molten metal or plastics using a mould Compression molding Sintering, powder m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processes |
Many materials exist in an impure form. Purification or separation provides a usable product. Comminution – reduces the size of physical particles (it exists between crushing and grinding) Frasch process – for extracting molten sulfur from the ground Froth flotation, flotation process – separating minerals through flot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processes |
Distillation is the purification of volatile substances by evaporation and condensation Batch distillation Continuous distillation Fractional distillation, steam distillation, vacuum distillation Fractionating column Spinning cone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processes |
In additive manufacturing, material is progressively added to the piece until the desired shape and size are obtained. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) Photolithography Selective laser sintering (SLS) Stereolithography (SLA) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processes |
The nature of an organic molecule means it can be transformed at the molecular level to create a range of products. Alkylation – refining of crude oil Burton process – cracking of hydrocarbons Cracking (chemistry) – the generic term for breaking up the larger molecules Cumene process – making phenol and acetone from be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processes |
Aluminium – ( Hall-Héroult process, Deville process, Bayer process, Wöhler process) Ammonia, used in fertilizer – (Haber process) Bromine – (Dow process) Chlorine, used in chemicals – (chloralkali process, Weldon process, Hooker process) Fat – (rendering) Fertilizer – (nitrophosphate process) Glass – (Pilkington proces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processes |
15 Clerkenwell Close is a building in Islington, London, designed by architect Amin Taha with structural engineer Webb Yates Engineers, completed in 2017. The building's stone façade was controversial when it appeared, as it had not been fully detailed in the building's planning documents. Islington Council called for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Clerkenwell_Close |
Taha originally proposed a building with a bronze façade in 2012. Taha then replaced this design with one utilising bricks before settling on stone. During construction, Islington council indicated that the brick façade was the chosen one on its website, apparently due to an error. The council had received and approved... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Clerkenwell_Close |
Taha cites Alvar Aalto, Carlo Scarpa and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe as inspirations for the structure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Clerkenwell_Close |
The building has a load-bearing massive-precut stone exoskeleton, with visible fossils embedded in the limestone façade. The limestone was sourced from Normandy, and acts as a supportive "exoskeleton" for the building, meaning the outer area of the interior does not require columns or other supports; the core of the bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Clerkenwell_Close |
In the context of other massive-precut stone buildings which have typically used smooth-faced ashlars, 15 Clerkenwell Close introduced two innovations. First, the blocks are only dimensioned at the ends. This yields both a cost benefit, by reducing expensive dimension cuts, and a style benefit, leaving the rusticated s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Clerkenwell_Close |
To solve the city's requirement for water capture, the roof holds water in both tanks and a garden. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Clerkenwell_Close |
Ann Pembroke, of the Clerkenwell Green Preservation Society, said she was "appalled" by its aesthetic departure from the surrounding buildings, adding that "If you want to do something outrageous don't choose a medieval close to put it in." However, as Taha and others have pointed out, most of the buildings in the clos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Clerkenwell_Close |
When the Normans first came to England, they brought limestone across the sea, wrapped in wet rags to stop it calcifying and make it easier to carve. So we’re referencing the site’s history with the materials used.” In 2018, the building was nominated for the Carbuncle Cup, and was described as an "ugly fake fossil sto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Clerkenwell_Close |
In 2018 it won both a RIBA London Award and a RIBA National Award. In 2021, it was shortlisted for the Stirling Prize.Despite the council's hostility to 15 Clerkenwell, Groupwork's 168 Upper Street, also in Islington, was approved by the borough's planning committee.The building was featured as part of Taha's collabora... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Clerkenwell_Close |
Death and adjustment hypotheses (DAH) is a theory about death and dying that focuses on death anxiety and adjustment to death. It was presented by Mohammad Samir Hossain as an answer to the overwhelming anxiety and grief about death. In an attempt to find the resolution to death anxiety, predominantly the existential o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_adjustment_hypotheses |
The theory was first promoted in the book Quest for a New Death: Death and Adjustment Hypotheses in 2007. A second book with its elaboration, Human Immortality: Death and Adjustment Hypotheses Elaborated, was published in 2008. Both books were authored by Hossain. Later the journal Death Studies and Royal College of Ps... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_adjustment_hypotheses |
Hossain was intolerant to death himself. His childhood was terrified with the anticipatory thoughts of his parents' death. When his elder son Mohammad Seeyam Samir died, parallel to developing support for himself, Hossain decided to put forward his resolutions for death anxiety and grief through the scientific readersh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_adjustment_hypotheses |
His research works during and after that period gave birth to the articles and books that he later published promoting the theory and for sufferers of intense death anxiety. Hossain's works on the theory further flourished as his parents' terminal illnesses appeared and compelled him to adjust himself comprehensively t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_adjustment_hypotheses |
Factors behind the DAH are described in European Psychiatry, Volume 26, Supplement 1, Page 1727 in the following manner – "Viewed from a naturalistic and scientific perspective, death appears to represent the permanent cessation of human existence, contributing to the widespread experience of death anxiety. The present... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_adjustment_hypotheses |
Finding a common platform regarding the concept of death was the first step towards this work. Dr Hossain's finding was that without a common idea about death people will not be able to share the same remedy for death anxiety. There are many scientific approaches to the concept. For example, brain death, as practiced i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_adjustment_hypotheses |
Death anxiety is the central concern of DAH. It is the morbid, abnormal or persistent fear of one's own death or the process of his/her dying. One definition of death anxiety is a "feeling of dread, apprehension or solicitude (anxiety) when one thinks of the process of dying, or ceasing to ‘be’". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_adjustment_hypotheses |
It is also referred to as thanatophobia (fear of death), and is distinguished from necrophobia, which is a specific fear of dead or dying persons and/or things (i.e. others who are dead or dying, not one's own death or dying). DAH proposes that no one is free from this anxiety unless there is something significantly po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_adjustment_hypotheses |
It is apparent that Hossain's description of death anxiety in DAH actually overlaps the idea of existential death anxiety, which is the basic knowledge and awareness that life must end. However, DAH indicates 'existence' as the primary humane need and 'pleasure' as the secondary one. Therefore, DAH postulates, though e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_adjustment_hypotheses |
Hossain explained, as existence after death creates the scope for being judged and punished for the immoral deeds in life, most self-claimed believers pass through the denial of afterlife for their immorality in search of limitless materialistic pleasure. Therefore, one of the key propositions of DAH was the fact that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_adjustment_hypotheses |
As outlined very briefly in journal articles, DAH hypothesizes the following for optimum attitude towards death as well as to harmonize the adjustment problems in relation to the phenomenon: Death and Adjustment Hypotheses – One: In the absence of empirical evidence from science, to regard death to be not our absolute ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_adjustment_hypotheses |
A closed system drug transfer device or "CSTD" is a drug transfer device that mechanically prohibits the transfer of environmental contaminants into a system and the escape of hazardous drug or vapor concentrations outside the system. Open versus closed systems are commonly applied in medical devices to maintain the st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_drug_transfer_device |
Hazardous drugs are often used for patients with cancer. For example, chemotherapy agents are routinely used in the treatment of cancer. However, chemotherapy can be dangerous to a person even if they don't have cancer, as chemotherapy often indiscriminately affects both healthy and cancerous cells. For the healthcare ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_drug_transfer_device |
Investment and interests in CSTDs continue to grow over the past decade as concerns of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH), together with increased awareness of drug risks have pushed the market to explore better options for handling hazardous materials. A Cochrane review found "no evidence for or against adding CSTD ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_drug_transfer_device |
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