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It remains that new solutions to increasing safety of handling hazardous drugs have to be developed. Conceptually, through operating in a closed system, CSTDs should significantly reduce risks to nurses. However, the robustness of product design and extent of proper usage by nurses affects the efficacy of the CSTD in a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_drug_transfer_device |
The first FDA-approved CSTD was in 1998, called PhaSeal. Since that time, many other CSTD products have been developed in the United States. MD Anderson hospital was the first hospital in the United States to widely implement CSTD technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_drug_transfer_device |
The definition of a closed system drug transfer device was first published in an alert warning released by the American National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). This warning was issued in relation to studies that showed a correlation between working with or near hazardous drugs in a health care en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_drug_transfer_device |
NIOSH, in response to the need for a working model as to what a "closed system" and what a "closed system drug transfer device" was, provided the following definition: "A drug transfer device that mechanically prohibits the transfer of environmental contaminants into the system and the escape of the hazardous drug or v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_drug_transfer_device |
NIOSH considers the containment of vapor extremely important, such that in September 2015, NIOSH issued a Testing Protocol to assess the effectiveness of closed systems. NIOSH developed and tested five CSTDs to assess its "closeness". Two of the five CSTDs tested passed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_drug_transfer_device |
NIOSH (The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, US), recognized the importance of having a universal protocol for evaluating the performance of CSTDs (closed system transfer devices). CSTD performance means preventing the release of hazardous drugs in the form of vapor, aerosol or droplets. NIOSH issu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_drug_transfer_device |
The protocol listed nine proposed surrogates that are chemically and physically similar to hazardous drug molecules. Chemfort, Tevadaptor, PhaSeal and Equashield reduced the quantity of contamination between 5-60 fold. Relative to the needle and syringe, and results were below limit of quantitation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_drug_transfer_device |
The test results for the needle and syringe show the potential risk of drug release and contamination when a CSTD is not used for drug compounding the transfer. Chemoclave results are similar to those of needle and syringe, showing a significant level of contamination.The importance of this universal protocol is that i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_drug_transfer_device |
ISOPP, the International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners, splits the definition of a closed system into two different categories: "closed" in terms of microbiological contamination. This definition deals purely with introducing micro-organisms into a sterile product, and there is no consideration of the ster... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_drug_transfer_device |
Commercially available CSTD products include the following: PhaSeal (BD, US) Arisure (Yukon Medical, US) Tevadaptor (Simplivia Healthcare, Israel) Chemfort (Simplivia Healthcare, Israel) Halo (Corvida, US) ChemoClave (ICU Medical, US) ChemoLock (ICU Medical, US) Equashield II (Equashield, US) NeoShield (JMS, Japan & US... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_drug_transfer_device |
A Lay-Up process is a moulding process for composite materials, in which the final product is obtained by overlapping a specific number of different layers, usually made of continuous polymeric or ceramic fibres and a thermoset polymeric liquid matrix. It can be divided into Dry Lay-up and Wet Lay-Up, depending on whet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Up_process |
The main stages of the Lay-Up process are cutting, lamination and polymerization. Even though some of the production steps can be automated, this process is mainly manual (hence often referred to as the Hand Lay-Up process), leading to laminates with high production costs and low production rates with respect to other ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Up_process |
Cutting fabrics is the first stage of the Lay-Up process. Even though the fibres, in general, have high tensile strength, the shear strength is usually quite low, so they are fairly easy to cut. This process can be manual, semi-automatic or completely automatic. As far as cutting tools are concerned, the most common ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Up_process |
More automatized alternatives are die-cutting systems, which allow higher production rates to be reached while limiting overall costs, as they allow more layers of fabric to be cut simultaneously. These methods require different skills from the operator and provide different finish precisions, but they all are mechanic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Up_process |
There are also completely contact-free cutting techniques, such as laser cutting and water jet cutting, both usually embedded on CNC machines. The former is obtained through a convergent radiation beam which vaporizes the material underneath and uses pressurized gas to remove the volatile particles and the melted mater... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Up_process |
Both these methods share a common disadvantage which needs to be considered before choosing the cutting methods: the beams create high-temperature areas along the cut axes, in which the physical characteristics of the material can be altered significantly. During the cutting process, a fundamental parameter to be consi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Up_process |
Lamination of the fabrics is the second stage of the Lay-Up process. It is the procedure of overlapping all the layers in the correct order and with the correct orientation. In the case of Wet Lay-Up, the preparation of the resin is included in this operation, as the fabrics are not already impregnated. Lamination is u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Up_process |
The most important tool is the mould, which can be male or female depending on the application. It can be made of different materials, depending on the shrinkage and the thermal expansion coefficient of the composite material, the stiffness required, the surface finish needed, the draft angles and the bending angle. Fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Up_process |
If needed for surface finish, a layer of peel-ply may be added. Peel-plies are nylon films used to obtain a specific roughness of the surface on which they are applied, to protect them during storage and to trap volatile particles during polymerization. Then, all the fabric layers are overlapped following the instructi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Up_process |
Usually, intermediate compacting is performed every 4 or 5 layers, in order to let the air evacuate and to obtain a final product with better mechanical characteristics. After all the fabric layers have been put in the right position, another layer of peel-ply is applied on top, with the same purpose as the first one. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Up_process |
A sequence of other layers is added above it: the release film, which separates the laminate from the other layers but still allows the excess resin to pass through; the bleeder, whose main function is to absorb the excess resin; a barrier, to separate the bleeder from the breather; the breather, to distribute the vacu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Up_process |
An alternative is a semi-automatic - also called "mechanically assisted" - process, consisting of a machine which handles the layers, which are then applied on the mould by an operator. It is completely automatic if a machine, such as an automatic tape laying machine, can also place the layers in the right position and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Up_process |
Polymerization of the laminate is the third and final stage of the Lay-Up process. This phase is of utmost importance to obtain the required characteristics of the final product. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Up_process |
This process can be done at room temperature with just a vacuum pump, to control vacuum, with the aid of an industrial oven connected to a vacuum pump, to control temperature and vacuum, or with an autoclave, to control temperature, vacuum and also hydrostatic pressure. Polymerization in an autoclave is a technique whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Up_process |
Typically, the three cycles of temperature, pressure and vacuum are studied experimentally to obtain the best combination of the three parameters. Polymerization in an industrial oven is similar but without pressure control. It is less expensive and therefore used for all those laminates which do not need to have the v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Up_process |
Polymerization with matched-die moulding is used for plane or simple-geometry laminates and can include a vacuum pump and an electric or hydraulic heat source. It is made of a press with male and female moulds that close to form a gap with the shape of the component, the width of which is regulated to control the thick... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Up_process |
As Meola et al. pointed out in Infrared thermography in the evaluation of aerospace composite materials, "Several different types of defects may occur during the fabrication of composites, the most common being fibre/play misalignment, broken fibres, resin cracks or transversal ply cracks, voids, porosity, slag inclusi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Up_process |
The second is that composite materials have low thermal conductivity, which can cause heat accumulations and deformations. The last is that composite materials tend to delaminate when cut, therefore it is necessary to consider this when choosing a cutting method. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Up_process |
Gordon Park is a public park located in Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. A part of the Cleveland Public Parks District, the park opened in 1893 and is situated on 122 acres of land adjacent Lake Erie on the city's East Side. It is named in honor of philanthropist and industrialist William J. Gordon, who originall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Park,_Cleveland |
In 1978 the section of the park adjacent to the lakeshore was incorporated, along with five other individual recreational areas along the lake, into the larger state-funded district known as Cleveland Lakefront State Park. The Lakefront State Park headquarters are located in Gordon Park. In April 2013, Cleveland City C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Park,_Cleveland |
Gordon, one of the founders of the Cleveland Iron Mining Company, was responsible for initially landscaping the stretch of land, with the specific intention of bequeathing it to the City of Cleveland as a public recreation area. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Park,_Cleveland |
Archaeology is the study of human activity in the past, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data that they have left behind, which includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts (also known as eco-facts) and cultural landscapes (the archaeological record). The development o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
In Medieval India, the study of the past was recorded. In the Song Empire (960–1279) of Imperial China, Chinese scholar-officials unearthed, studied, and cataloged ancient artifacts, a native practice that continued into the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) before adoption of Western methods. The 15th and 16th centuries saw th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
The antiquarian movement shifted into nationalism as personal collections turned into national museums. It evolved into a much more systematic discipline in the late 19th century and became a widely used tool for historical and anthropological research in the 20th century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
During this time there were also significant advances in the technology used in the field. The OED first cites "archaeologist" from 1824; this soon took over as the usual term for one major branch of antiquarian activity. "Archaeology", from 1607 onwards, initially meant what we would call "ancient history" generally, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
Khaemweset, a son of ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II, was known for his keen interest in identifying and restoring monuments of Egypt's past, such as Djoser's step pyramid. This pyramid, having been built in the 27th century BCE, predated Khaemweset by approximately 1,400 years. Due to his activities, he is someti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
2200 BCE) was discovered and analysed by king Nabonidus of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, c. 550 BCE, who is thus known as the first archaeologist. Not only did he lead the first excavations which were to find the foundation deposits of the temples of Šamaš the sun god, the warrior goddess Anunitu (both located in Sippar),... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
He was also the first to date an archaeological artifact in his attempt to date Naram-Sin's temple during his search for it. Even though his estimate was inaccurate by about 1,500 years, it was still a very good one considering the lack of accurate dating technology.Early systemic investigation and historiography can b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
484 – c. 425 BCE). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
He was the first western scholar to systematically collect artifacts and test their accuracy. He was also the first to make a compelling narrative of the past. He is known for a set of nine books called the Histories, in which he wrote everything he could learn about different regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
He discussed the causes and consequences of the Greco-Persian Wars. He also explored the Nile and Delphi. However, scholars have found errors in his records and believe he probably did not go as far down the Nile as he claimed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
Archaeology later concerned itself with the antiquarianism movement. Antiquarians studied history with particular attention to ancient artifacts and manuscripts, as well as historical sites. They usually were wealthy people. They collected artifacts and displayed them in cabinets of curios. Antiquarianism also focused ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
During the Song Dynasty period (960–1279) in China, educated gentry became interested in the antiquarian pursuit of art collecting. Neo-Confucian scholar-officials were generally concerned with archaeological pursuits in order to revive the use of ancient Shang, Zhou, and Han relics in state rituals. This attitude was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
Although a distinct minority, there were others who took the discipline as seriously as Shen did. For instance, the official, historian, poet, and essayist Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072) compiled an analytical catalogue of ancient rubbings on stone and bronze. Zhao Mingcheng (1081–1129) stressed the importance of using ancient... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
The 12th century Indian scholar Kalhana's writings involved recording of local traditions, examining manuscripts, inscriptions, coins and architectures, which is described as one of the earliest traces of archaeology. One of his notable work is called Rajatarangini which was completed in c.1150 and is described as one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
In Europe, interest in the remains of Greco-Roman civilisation and the rediscovery of classical culture began in the Late Middle Ages. Despite the importance of antiquarian writing in the literature of ancient Rome, such as Livy's discussion of ancient monuments, scholars generally view antiquarianism as emerging only ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
Ciriaco traveled all around the Eastern Mediterranean, noting his archaeological discoveries in a day-book, Commentaria, that eventually filled six volumes. English antiquarians of the 16th century including John Leland and William Camden conducted topographical surveys of England's countryside, drawing, describing and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
In the late 18th to 19th century archaeology became a national endeavor as personal cabinets of curios turned into national museums. People were now being hired to go out and collect artifacts to make a nation's collection more grand and to show how far a nation's reach extends. For example, Giovanni Battista Belzoni w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
Among the first sites to undergo archaeological excavation were Stonehenge and other megalithic monuments in England. The first known excavations made at Stonehenge were conducted by William Harvey and Gilbert North in the early 17th century. Both Inigo Jones and the Duke of Buckingham also dug there shortly afterwards... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
John Aubrey was a pioneer archaeologist who recorded numerous megalithic and other field monuments in southern England. He also mapped the Avebury henge monument. He wrote Monumenta Britannica in the late 17th century as a survey of early urban and military sites, including Roman towns, "camps" (hillforts), and castles... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
He was also ahead of his time in the analysis of his findings. He attempted to chart the chronological stylistic evolution of handwriting, medieval architecture, costume, and shield shapes.William Stukeley was another antiquarian who contributed to the early development of archaeology in the early 18th century. He also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
He was one of the first to attempt to date the megaliths, arguing that they were a remnant of the pre-Roman druidic religion. Excavations were carried out in the ancient towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, both of which had been covered by ashes during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in the year 79. These excavations bega... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
In Herculaneum, the Theatre, the Basilica and the Villa of the Papyri were discovered in 1768. The discovery of entire towns, complete with utensils and even human shapes, as well the unearthing of ancient frescos, had much impact throughout Europe. A very influential figure in the development of the theoretical and sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
Winckelmann was a founder of scientific archaeology by first applying empirical categories of style on a large, systematic basis to the classical (Greek and Roman) history of art and architecture. His original approach was based on detailed empirical examinations of artefacts from which reasoned conclusions could be dr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
Although Jefferson's investigative methods were ahead of his time, they were primitive by today's standards. Napoleon's army carried out excavations during its Egyptian campaign, in 1798–1801, which also was the first major overseas archaeological expedition. The emperor took with him a force of 500 civilian scientists... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
The work of Jean-François Champollion in deciphering the Rosetta stone to discover the hidden meaning of hieroglyphics proved the key to the study of Egyptology.However, prior to the development of modern techniques excavations tended to be haphazard; the importance of concepts such as stratification and context were c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
The father of archaeological excavation was William Cunnington (1754–1810). He undertook excavations in Wiltshire from around 1798, in collaboration with his regular excavators Stephen and John Parker of Heytesbury. Cunnington's work was funded by a number of patrons, the wealthiest of whom was Richard Colt Hoare, who ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
The latter's site reports and descriptions were published by Hoare in a book entitled Ancient Historie of Wiltshire in 1810, a copy of which is kept at Stourhead. Cunnington made meticulous recordings of mainly neolithic and Bronze Age barrows, and the terms he used to categorise and describe them are still used by arc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
The idea of overlapping strata tracing back to successive periods was borrowed from the new geological and palaeontological work of scholars like William Smith, James Hutton and Charles Lyell. The application of stratigraphy to archaeology first took place with the excavations of prehistorical and Bronze Age sites. In ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
Another important development was the idea of deep time. Before this, people had the notion that the earth was quite young. James Ussher used the Old Testament and calculated that the origins of the world were on 23 October 4004 BCE (a Sunday). Later Jacques Boucher de Perthes (1788–1868) established a much deeper sens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
As late as the mid-19th century, archaeology was still regarded as an amateur pastime by scholars. Britain's large colonial empire provided a great opportunity for such 'amateurs' to unearth and study the antiquities of many other cultures. A major figure in the development of archaeology into a rigorous science was th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
His approach was highly methodical by the standards of the time, and he is widely regarded as the first scientific archaeologist. Influenced by the evolutionary writings of Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer, he arranged the artefacts typologically and (within types) chronologically. This style of arrangement, designed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
His most important methodological innovation was his insistence that all artefacts, not just beautiful or unique ones, be collected and catalogued. This focus on everyday objects as the key to understanding the past broke decisively with past archaeological practice, which had often verged on treasure hunting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
William Flinders Petrie is another man who may legitimately be called the Father of Archaeology. Petrie was the first to scientifically investigate the Great Pyramid in Egypt during the 1880s. Many hypothesis as to how the pyramids had been constructed had been proposed (such as by Charles Piazzi Smyth), but Petrie's e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
His painstaking recording and study of artefacts, both in Egypt and later in Palestine, laid down many of the ideas behind modern archaeological recording; he remarked that "I believe the true line of research lies in the noting and comparison of the smallest details." Petrie developed the system of dating layers based... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
The first stratigraphic excavation to reach wide popularity with the public was that of Hissarlik, on the site of ancient Troy, carried out by Heinrich Schliemann, Frank Calvert, Wilhelm Dörpfeld and Carl Blegen in the 1870s. These scholars distinguished nine successive cities, from prehistory to the Hellenistic period... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology |
The National Museum Institute of the History of Art, Conservation and Museology (NMIHACM) is an autonomous institute, a seat of higher education in the fields of History, Conservation and Museology under the Ministry of culture, Government of India. The institute is a deemed university and is located at Janpath, New De... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_Institute_of_the_History_of_Art,_Conservation_and_Museology |
The National Museum Institute of the History of Art, Conservation and Museology was established on 27 January 1989, under the Societies Registration Act by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India for providing facilities for advanced studies and research in the field of art and cultural heritage. The institute was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_Institute_of_the_History_of_Art,_Conservation_and_Museology |
The main objectives of NMI are set as: Providing for various courses of study, training and research in different branches of History of art, Museology, Conservation, etc. Collaborating with other national institutions dealing with cultural property, like the National Museum, Archaeological Survey of India, Anthropolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_Institute_of_the_History_of_Art,_Conservation_and_Museology |
The institute's functions are broadly divided into three areas and each area is managed by a dedicated department. History of Art: The Department of History of Art offers educational opportunities in Indian, Asian and Western Art. Conservation: The Department of Conservation is the platform of NMIHACM for imparting tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_Institute_of_the_History_of_Art,_Conservation_and_Museology |
NMIHACM undertakes various projects with regard to heritage conservation across the country; some of them are: Documentation of Intangible Cultural Heritage: Based on inventories in the Ladakh and Western Uttar Pradesh Region. A school-based project for establishing Museum Corners in schools of Nubra, Thangtse and Khal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_Institute_of_the_History_of_Art,_Conservation_and_Museology |
Documentation of Nine Masters: Digital documentation of the works of Nicholas Roerich, the Russian painter who lived in India. Museum Accessibility and Visitor Studies: A survey of the main art museums in India such as the National Museum, the National Gallery of Modern Art and the Handicrafts and Textile Museum. India... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_Institute_of_the_History_of_Art,_Conservation_and_Museology |
NMIHACM, through its Department of Museology, has organised several exhibitions, covering various topics under History and conservation. First Frames - In the Footsteps of Early Explorers: A month long photo exhibition on Western Himalayas, based on the explorations of Li Gotami, Lama Anagarika Govinda, and August Herm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_Institute_of_the_History_of_Art,_Conservation_and_Museology |
Astitav- a Search for Our Identity: Exhibition on monuments and their degradation in February 2008. Exhibition of the photo collections of J. Ph. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_Institute_of_the_History_of_Art,_Conservation_and_Museology |
Vogel, Kern Institute, Leiden in March 2008. Prabhava Photo and Object Exhibition on Indian art and ots foreign influences in 2004. Ehasas: Senses and Images: Exhibition for the visually impaired in November 2002. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_Institute_of_the_History_of_Art,_Conservation_and_Museology |
NMIHACM offers three courses at Masters level; MA in History of Arts, MA in Conservation and MA in Museology. All the three programs are two year full-time Masters courses and offer higher studies in the respective areas of study. A limited number of Government scholarships are available for all the courses.NMIHACM off... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_Institute_of_the_History_of_Art,_Conservation_and_Museology |
NMIHACM has access to a well stocked library maintained at National Museum Institute which is equipped with a fully automated digital library consisting of 68,014 slides, apart from the hard copy collections. Many journals subscribed by the library is also accessible to NMIHACM. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_Institute_of_the_History_of_Art,_Conservation_and_Museology |
Hardinge Park officially known as Shaheed Veer Kunwar Singh Azadi Park is a public park in the city of Patna built by British Raj in 1916. The park was initially named after Viceroy Charles Hardinge and was built in his honour as he was instrumental in the creation of Bihar as a separate province. It was built as Patna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardinge_Park |
The name was changed to Shaheed Veer Kunwar Singh Azadi Park post independence. The park also hosted a garden party for then Prince of Wales - Edward VIII - in 1921 on his visit to Patna. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardinge_Park |
The park completed its centenary in 2016. It is known as the old bus stand. Indian Railways is soon going to construct Suburban Rail Terminal at Hardinge Park which is barely 900 metres west from Patna Junction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardinge_Park |
On 28 September 1913, the Hardinge Memorial Committee was constituted by state authorities to design and set up a park in Patna. A deed of grant was signed between the Patna collector and the Hardinge Memorial Committee on 8 September 1915 for development of a public park as Hardinge Park to be maintained by the commit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardinge_Park |
At the opening of the Park Lt Governor had also unveiled a 5 tonne life-size bronze statue of Lord Hardinge. The statue was created by renowned British sculptor Herbert Hampton in London. After protests in late 1960s the statue was removed from the park and placed in Patna Museum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardinge_Park |
It was installed again in the 1990s on a platform in a corner of the Patna Museum's lawns. In late 2017, one of the last remnants of the British Raj-era landmark - the pedestal on which the Hardinge's iconic bronze statue once stood, was also demolished.The park was also the location of Garden party for then Prince of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardinge_Park |
The park is located on north of Hardinge Road and Delhi-Howrah railway line in east–west direction. It is spread over an area of 22 acres and is somewhat triangular in shape. The park is dotted with ornamental fountains and perpendicular pathways are present across the area of the park. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardinge_Park |
The park has not been well maintained by the government and is in a state of neglect. It was recently being used as a land fill and garbage dump by the municipal corporation. Bihar Government plans to redevelop the park as a model park. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardinge_Park |
The plan includes recreational facilities like toy train, musical fountains and a small boating space. Sporting facilities in its adjoining open area is also on the plan.Indian Railways is going to build four platforms on the Hardinge Park side of Patna junction to facilitate smooth running of mainline-electric-multipl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardinge_Park |
The classification of Indian cities is a ranking system used by the Government of India to allocate House Rent Allowance (HRA) to public servants employed in cities in India. HRA is also used by the Indian Revenue Service (IRS) to provide income tax exemptions. Cities are classified on the basis of their population, as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_Indian_cities |
Under the recommendation of the Seventh Central Pay Commission, the CCA classification was abolished in 2008. The earlier HRA classification of cities was changed from A-1 to X; A, B-1, and B-2 to Y; and C and unclassified cities to Z. X, Y, and Z are more commonly known as Tier-1, Tier-2, and Tier-3 cities, respective... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_Indian_cities |
The cities were classified as follows before the Sixth Central Pay Commission's recommendations were followed in 2008. This classification was initially based on the recommendations of the Fifth Central Pay Commission of India in 1997. Chennai, New Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai were classified as A-1 cities. City statuses... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_Indian_cities |
Hyderabad was upgraded from A to A-1 status on 31 August 2007, and the same with Bangalore on 21 September 2007. The CCA classification was abolished in 2008. Under the older HRA classification, most popular media and culture considered only A-1 cities to be metropolitan in nature, therefore India's "metros". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_Indian_cities |
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) classifies centres into six tiers based on population. The tables below show the classification. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_Indian_cities |
Academia Analitica is a learned society for the development of logic and analytic philosophy based in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was founded in 2007 at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Sarajevo. The society's founder and president is Nijaz Ibrulj (University of Sarajevo). The members of Academia Analitica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Analitica |
Citebase Search was an experimental, semi-autonomous citation index for free, online research literature created at the University of Southampton as part of the Open Citation Project. It harvested open access e-prints (most author self-archived) from OAI-PMH compliant archives, parses and links their references and ind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citebase |
Social facilitation is a social phenomenon in which being in the presence of others improves individual task performance. That is, people do better on tasks when they are with other people rather than when they are doing the task alone. Situations that elicit social facilitation include coaction, performing for an audi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Social facilitation has also been known to occur when performing a task in front of an audience, or during periods of observation, sometimes referred to as audience effects. For instance, during exercise Meumann (1904) found that when being watched, individuals could lift heavier weights compared to when they were not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
In an attempt to discover why these types of situations do not always trigger social facilitation, Robert Zajonc (1965) theorized that perhaps task complexity, or how simple versus complex a task is, could influence whether or not social facilitation occurs.Zajonc predicted that simple tasks would result in social faci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Tasks that elicit dominant responses are typically simpler, less effortful, and easier to perform compared to tasks eliciting non-dominant responses. Non-dominant responses are harder to carry out. In sum, simple tasks require dominant responses whereas complex tasks require non-dominant responses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
When performing tasks in groups then, simple tasks will be associated with social facilitation. However, complex tasks will not because the presence of others becomes distracting when attempting to elicit non-dominant responses that require more effort to use.Later research develops the idea of coaction, audience effec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Compared to their performance when alone, when in the presence of others they tend to perform better on simple or well-rehearsed tasks and worse on complex or new ones.The audience effect attempts to explain psychologically why the presence of an audience leads to people performing tasks better in some cases and worse ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Social facilitation can be defined as a tendency for individuals to perform differently when in the mere presence of others. Specifically, individuals perform better on simpler or well-rehearsed tasks and perform worse on complex or new ones. In relation to this, there are three main empirical relationships which are t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
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