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The evaluation theory relates to the systematic assessment of the worth or merit of some object. The attention theory takes into account possession in the mind including focalization and concentration of consciousness. In 1897, Triplett studied the effect on performance of having an audience. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Triplett's experiment had a simple design; a cyclist's performance when alone was compared with a cyclist's performance when racing against another cyclist. He found that the cyclist was slowest when he was only racing the clock and not another cyclist. He attributed these results to a competitive instinct which releas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Triplett's study started off a revolution of studies attempting to examine the theory that people's performance is influenced by the presence of others. In 1898, while studying the competitive nature of children, he found that children were much faster at completing their given activity (winding string) while they were... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
He theorized that the faster times were because the presence of others made individuals more competitive, and further research led Triplett to theorize that the presence of others increases individuals' performances in other noncompetitive situations as well. In 1924, Floyd Allport, coined the term social facilitation.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
He found that people performed better when in a group setting than when alone for the majority of tasks. However, at this time, social facilitation simply meant an "increase in response merely from the sight or sound of others making the same movement. "Hazel Markus of the University of Michigan conducted an experiment... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
A task that lacked a rubric structure and was likely to cause the subject to be apprehensive of how they would be evaluated was used. Performance times on the task of dressing and undressing in familiar and unfamiliar clothing were compared with subjects working alone, working in the presence of a passive inattentive p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
It was concluded that the presence of others is a sufficient condition for social facilitation and social interference effects. Therefore, the presence of an audience causes an individual to do better on a simple task or worse on a more complicated task. In a 2010 study, donation rates increased with the presence of ob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Firstly, the presence of others heightens an individual's physiological arousal only if the individual is performing a complex task. Moreover, the mere presence of others increases the speed of simple task performance and decrease the speed of complex task performance. Lastly, social facilitation effects are surprising... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
The major three approaches to social facilitation are the activation, evaluation, and attention theories. The activation theory describes how our arousal relates to social facilitation. The evaluation theory discusses how being assessed by an audience affects to social facilitation. The attention theory takes into acco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
In 1956, Robert Zajonc was trying to figure out why some studies showed people's performance being hindered by the presence of others rather than being made more accurate. He designed an experiment that would examine the performance of someone doing a simple vs. complex task in front of others. He found that, when peop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
However, what Zajonc found that was revolutionary in this time period was that, when people attempt to perform tasks which are more complex or with which they are not familiar, they complete it with less accuracy when in the presence of others than when they alone. Thus, social inhibition was born. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
In 1965, Robert Zajonc developed the stern activation theory, by proposing his generalized drive hypothesis for social facilitation. Zajonc's generalized drive hypothesis was the first theory that addressed why the presence of others increased performance sometimes yet decreased it at other times. He argued that the pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
For this reason, arousal improves performance on simple, or well-learned tasks, but impairs performance on complex, or not well-learned tasks. Zajonc's reasoning was based on the Yerkes-Dodson law, which holds that performance works like an inverse "U" function. This means that an individual's optimal drive is higher f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
The presence of other people further arouses us and increases our drive level, and so an individual's performance will be enhanced if a task is simple (because of the high levels of energy) but diminished if the task is complex. He tested his theories by having people complete word association tasks alone and again in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
The alertness hypothesis says that people are uncertain of how observers will act while in the presence of others, so they become more alert (because the performer will be uncertain about how the observers will act in the situation). It is this heightened alertness which causes them to perform better on tasks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
The monitoring hypothesis posits that social facilitation effects do not occur when the performer is familiar with the observers or the situation. This is because, in those cases, the performer knows how the observer will respond or how the situation will take place. Therefore, in such situations the performer's arousa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
The challenge and threat hypothesis states that people perform worse on complex tasks and better on simple tasks when in the presence of others because of the type of cardio-vascular response to the task. When performing a simple task in the presence of others, people show a normal cardiovascular response. However, whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
In 1968, Henchy and Glass proposed the evaluation approach to social facilitation. Their evaluation apprehension hypothesis states that it is not the mere presence of others that increases individual activation/arousal, but rather the fear of being evaluated by an audience. They studied the reactivity of male high scho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
In 1972, Nickolas Cottrell came up with Evaluation Apprehension Theory. This theory also explains the evaluative pressure as the source of increased productivity in presence of others rather than the arousal response identified by Zajonc. The theory assumes that people learn from experience that the source of most rewa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Self-presentation theory is another evaluation approach to social facilitation. The theory posits that social facilitation is a product of people's motivation to maintain positive self image or face in presence of others. This motivation leads people to behave in ways to form good impressions and therefore results in s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
A further extension of the evaluation approach is the learned drive hypothesis, which was developed by Cottrell, Wack, Sekerak, and Rittle, and states that activation only increases when actors feel that the audience is capable of evaluating their performance. In other words, it implies that the cause of evaluation app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
This theory suggests that activation increases when the audience or other competitors cause negative feelings, such as anxiety, in the actor. However, Good's development of evaluation apprehension takes the opposite approach, where he hypothesizes that activation increases when actors expect a positive evaluation.Becau... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Social orientation theory of social facilitation suggests that people differ in their orientation toward social situations and that these individual differences predicts who will show social facilitation or impairment in performance. The theory states that individuals with positive orientation are more likely to displa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
In the 1980s, explanations shifted from activation theories to attention theories, which imply that withdrawal from some things is necessary in order to deal effectively with others. Attention theories that explain social facilitation include the distraction-conflict hypothesis, the overload hypothesis, the feedback-lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
In his distraction-conflict theory, Robert Baron proposed that the level of performance on a task is predicted by the amount of distractions in the environment surrounding the task. The theory states distraction can be a source of social facilitation on simple tasks, as it can cause attentional conflict that can increa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
In Stroop task, participants are shown a color name word, printed in different color and the participants job is to provide the color of the word that the word is printed in. The reaction time is slower and more errors arise when the word and color of the word does not match. However, when the task is completed with ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
The overload hypothesis works according to the distraction-conflict hypothesis, saying that distracters do not lead to increased arousal, but rather to cognitive overload (when an individual is bombarded with excessive information in their working memory), and while in cognitive overload, individuals will do worse on c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
The feedback-loop model postulates that when people feel they are being observed, they focus attention on themselves. While in this state, individuals become aware of the differences between their actual behavior and anticipated behavior. So, by feedback-loop model, people do better in the presence of others because of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
The capacity model of social facilitation focuses on the role of types of information processing on performance in front of an audience, rather than the performance on different type of tasks (simple or complex) in front of an audience. The capacity model suggests that for tasks that require automatic information proce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
The self-presentation approach to social facilitation has two main theories: one regarding arousal or drive, and one without. The first theory argues that in the presence of an audience, individuals become concerned with self-presentation. The possible embarrassment that occurs with negative evaluation leads to activat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
If the task is easy, the individual will want to make him/herself appear even more competent by doing exceptionally well on the task. However, if the task is difficult, they will fear that they will present themselves as incompetent, which will in turn make them embarrassed, and further impede their performance.However... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
In 1898, Norman Triplett pioneered research on social facilitation by studying the competitive nature of children. In this study, each child was given a string and was told to wind it. He found that children performed much better while they were competing with one another, and further research led Triplett to theorize ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Prejudice is often considered as easily learned and performed response. Therefore, following the logic of Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation, prejudice then, is also likely to be socially facilitated. That is, individuals may be more likely to express prejudicial views in presence of others than in private. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
In 1994, De Castro demonstrated that social facilitation affects food intake by extending the time spent eating a meal. His results also showed that the presence of family and friends, in comparison with the presence of mere companions, increases food intake to a greater degree, possibly due to the "release of inhibito... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
De Castro attributes this to the time-extension model of social facilitation, as the time spent at a meal increased when the meal was a social occasion. These results suggest that the presence of other people at a meal increases intake by extending the time spent at the meal, probably as a result of social interaction,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
In 1920, when asked to write out as many words as possible in response to a given word, 93% of participants produced more words in the presence of another person than alone. However, when this study was replicated with individuals who stuttered when they spoke, 80% of the participants produced more words when alone rat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Twenty freshmen males, one sophomore male, and one junior male were used as the subjects. The small audience consisted of four to eight upper classmen and graduate students and was an equal number of men and women. Each observer practiced in the presence of the experimenter, and their learning curve was plotted each da... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
When the subject attained his maximum efficiency, the passive audience was brought in. Some of the subjects showed superior coordination when the audience was present. In June 1980, Forgas et al. conducted a field study of audience effects, looking at the performance of expert and novice squash players when observed by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Contrary to Zajonc's drive-arousal theory, it was found that the effect of an audience on performance did not differ significantly between novice and expert players. This indicates that the other factors, such as cognitive variables and players' interpretation of the audience's presence, also influence players' reactio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
When the observer moved closer to the pool table and continued to watch, skilled players' performance improved by 14% and the unskilled players' performance dropped by more than 30%.In 2007, Rosenbloom et al. studied archival data from Jerusalem in 2004 and found that the presence of an additional person in the car dur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
While completing the task, they were in the presence of an image of their favorite television personality (displayed on a computer screen) or an image of another character from the same show. When given the easy task, they wrote more words in the presence of their favorite character and when given the hard task, the fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Social facilitation in animals is when the performance of a behaviour by an animal increases the probability of other animals also engaging in that behaviour or increasing the intensity of the behaviour. In 1969, Zajonc, Heingartner, and Herman demonstrated that social facilitation occurs not only in humans, but also i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
This experiment lends support to the theory that physiological arousal resulting from the presence of others leads to similar social facilitation effects in animals as well.In 2009, Dindo, Whiten, and de Waal studied the effect of social facilitation in capuchin monkeys. The monkeys in this study were required to compl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Researchers have used electronic performance monitoring (EPM) to examine the effects of social facilitation. This trend had previously been limited to face-to-face or group settings, but electronic performance monitoring establishes the impact of social facilitation in a virtual sense. EPM is the utilization of informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
This topic is of substantial interest to those in the field of social psychology due to underlying mechanism at work; namely, the phenomenon of social facilitation. One study found that EPM did enhance productivity, but only in ways that are consistent with the effects of social facilitation. Employees working on a dat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Results indicated that EPM improved the performance of highly skilled workers, but interfered with the performance of those who were less skilled. Moreover, with the exception of those working in a cohesive group, monitoring was found to increase workers' feelings of stress and anxiety. On the other hand, participants ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Also, EPM was viewed more positively when workers were given the opportunity to participate in decisions regarding the use of the system. Results support that the effect of social facilitation is not just limited to the physical presence of others, but also extends to presence in a virtual sense as well.In 2009, Thomps... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Groups are formed in a variety of educational settings around the world. Some examples include a group of physics students completing a laboratory exercise, a team of touch rugby players, a set of high school prefects, a group of students formed to brainstorm ideas for energy saving techniques, and study groups. Some g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
These distractions can interfere during the early phases of learning, both in overt and covert practicing. In a study in which participants had to learn a list of words, they were too embarrassed to rehearse the material out aloud and as a consequence of this group pressure, their performance suffered.Zajonc suggested ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Contributing factors to the audience effect could include what kind of crowd is present, such as a supportive crowd (e.g., the crowd at a team's home ground) or a hostile crowd (e.g., the crowd when a team is playing an away game). Also, the proximity of the crowd or the size of the crowd could influence the result of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
From taking exams in a high school or college environment to performing in sporting events, people may perform better or fall short depending on the task's complexity. In many experiments, people display signs of social facilitation even in everyday tasks, such as driving. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
This effect can even be seen in animals, as displayed by Zajonc, Heingarter, and Herman's study on cockroaches.Business can also use social facilitation to their advantage, specifically in online auctions, which takes into the account the emergence of instant messaging and communication availability technologies. The i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Social facilitation's definition and explanations are not without controversy. Social psychologists first debate whether social facilitation in humans can be through mere presence, or whether it must be through evaluation. It was concluded that although the influence of the mere presence of others can be easily conceal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Further research and expansion of experiments and theories may begin to resolve, or further complicate, these issues.In light of certain weaknesses and inadequacies of drive theory explanation, social facilitation is argued to be in need for a more cognitive approach. A more cognitive model constructed in an expectancy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
While there is not much evidence presented by this controversy it is recommended that direction of future research should test this model.Furthermore, there is difficulty in determining which social facilitation approach is the most accurate. The biggest conflict comes between the activation (or mere presence) and eval... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facilitation |
Timelines of inventions display the development and progression of art, design, architecture, music and literature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
dates may be approximations 350,000 BCE – Paint was invented by early humans. Pigment and paint-grinding equipment was found in a cave at Twin Rivers near Lusaka, Zambia. 31,000 BCE – Representational painting was invented. Murals of stampeding bulls, cantering horses, red bears and woolly rhinoceros are found in the C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
22,000 BCE – Sculpture was invented by Paleolithic tribes, who created the female statuette called the Venus of Willendorf, found in near Willendorf, Austria. 4000 BCE – Papyrus, the precursor to paper, was invented by the Egyptians by pounding flat woven mats of reeds. 2500 BCE – Egyptian blue pigment was invented by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
500 BCE – Encaustic paints are invented by Greek artists by mixing colored pigments and wax. 450 BCE – Depicting the illusion of three-dimensional form on a two-dimensional surface was invented with the chiaroscuro painting technique that employs highlights and shadows. 250 BCE – Glassblowing was invented by Syrian cra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
105 – Paper was invented by Ts’ai Lun, a Chinese court official. 650 – Porcelain was invented by Chinese artists in the Tang dynasty as a fired mixture of kaolin (a clay) and petuntse (a feldspar). 1306 – A more naturalistic means of representational painting was invented by Giotto di Bondone using depth, perspective a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
15th century – A cupola, or dome which did not require a framework supporting its curves, was invented by Filippo Brunelleschi. To transport the large stones to the construction site, Brunelleschi invented a unique boat capable of moving heavy cargo upriver and was granted exclusive rights to use his boat to move heavy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
Perspective is a method for depicting the illusion of three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional surface. 1420 – The use of a single, consistent light source in painting with figures painted to appear three-dimensional was invented by the Italian artist Masaccio (Tommaso di Giovanni). See his 1427 painting, "Tribut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
1485 – Sfumato, a painting technique in which an atmospheric or blurry effect is created with minute transitions between color areas, was invented by Leonardo da Vinci. Sfumato is seen in Leonardo's "Virgin on the Rocks" and "Mona Lisa". 1503 – Surrealism was invented by Flemish artist Hieronymus Bosch with his triptyc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
1774 – Jasperware, a dense vitreous pottery that could be turned on a lathe, was invented by Josiah Wedgwood. 1800 - French artist Louis-Léopold Boilly's painting Un Trompe-l'œil introduces the term trompe-l'œil ("trick the eye"), applied to the technique that uses realistic imagery to create the optical illusion that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
1816 – a resolution contrast technique of painting and drawing was invented by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, who used it to depict faces in high resolution with the rest of the image in low resolution, as for example in his drawing "Mrs. Charles Badham". 1861 – The color photograph was invented by physicist James Cler... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
His "Le dejeuner sur l'herbe" presents four disconnected figures not looking at one another, lighted from different directions. Dejeuner sur l'herbe also has a disconnected background-to-foreground perspective that eliminates the middle ground. 1865 – Chromolithograph prints were invented by Jules Chéret. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
1872 – Serial photomontage, the precursor to motion pictures, was invented by Eadweard Muybridge and Étienne-Jules Marey by using multiple cameras to photograph moving objects. 1873 – Nonlinear horizon lines were invented by Édouard Manet, eliminating the horizon line in his 1874 painting "Boating". 1882 – Multiple-tim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
1884 – Pointillism was invented by Georges Seurat, who created entire paintings using small dots of pure, unmixed color. 1888 – A technique of portraying a subject from different perspectives and of distorting subject matter in painting was invented by Paul Cézanne. 1891 – A technique of unfreezing time in still images... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
He painted the cathedral at Rouen at 40 different times of the day, and he painted the same haystack at 20 different moments in a year. 1902- A technique of indeterminate time was invented in painting by Paul Cézanne in his painting "Mont Sainte-Victorie", in which the sources and direction of light are not discernible... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
1903 – The 3-D (three-dimensional) movie was invented by Auguste and Louis Lumière with their one-minute film "L’Arrivée du Train". 1904 – Fauvism was invented by Henri Matisse, Maurice de Vlaminck, André Derain and others. 1907 – A variety of special effects for film were invented by Georges Méliès in his film Tunneli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
1915 – The multistable image was invented by W. E. Hill, with his drawing "My Wife and My Mother-in-Law", an image that can present either a young woman or an older woman. 1908 to 1917 – Cubism was invented by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. In Cubist artworks, the subject, whether it be a figure or a still life, is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
Cubism revolutionized western art and influenced other art forms like music and literature. 1912 – Collage was invented by Picasso with his "Still Life with Chair Caning". Attaching a material from the real world that was not ever used in high art into a painting violated what was previously considered the integrity of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
Collage was a new process for making art, it was a new art form, and it expanded the definition of art. 1912 – The Construction was invented by Picasso when he created "Guitar" in 1912 by joining parts together. This additive image-making process was new to western sculpture, which was previously made using subtractive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
1917 – the Readymade was invented and exhibited by Marcel Duchamp with his work "The Fountain", an upturned urinal signed by the artist. The Readymade expanded the definition of art and of an artist. 1917 – De Stijl, a kind of art based on pure geometry, was invented by Theo van Doesburg. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
1926 – Science fiction movies were invented by Fritz Lang with his movie Metropolis, which incorporates dynamic visual and special effects. 1928 – Welded sculpture, a new medium, a new process and a new art form, was invented by Pablo Picasso and Julio Gonzalez, opening up the solid form of sculpture to negative space ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
1932 – The mobile was invented by Alexander Calder. 1936 – A device that greatly speeds up the process of making cartoons and enables them to appear more realistic was invented and patented by Walt Disney, who used it to create the classic Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
Refer to US Patent 2,201,689. 1947–50 – Painting was reinvented by Jackson Pollock, whose novel method of spontaneously dripping and splattering paint from a can onto unscratched canvas laid out on the floor brought about an expanded understanding of pure abstraction and of art. 1948 – The Glass House by the architect ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
1952 – Stain painting, in which liquid paint soaks and bleeds into the fabric of unprimed canvas, was invented by Joan Miró, James Brooks and Jackson Pollock, who influenced Helen Frankenthaler as seen in her painting "Mountains and Sea" of 1952. 1959 – The first public "happening" was produced by Allan Kaprow at the R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
Music has been expanded by invention over the course of thousands of years. Timeline - dates may be approximations 35,000 BCE - The first bone flutes were made in Germany. 8800 BCE - The first bone flutes which could play the standard pitch A6 were made in China. 5000 BCE - The first flutes were made in India out of wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
3000 BCE - The first string instrument, the guqin, was invented in China. 619 - The orchestra was invented in the Chinese royal courts with hundreds of musicians. 855 - Polyphonic music was invented. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
910 - The musical score was invented by the musician Hucbaldus. He also invented a staff that had an indefinite number of lines. 1025 - Musical notes were invented by Guido of Arezzo, named UT, RE, MI, FA, SO and LA. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
Later in the 16th century UT was changed to DO and TI was added. Lines/staves to space printed notes were also added. 1250 - Rounds, songs sung in harmony, were invented; the first known example is the song Sumer is icumen in. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
1607 - A tonal system that gave the recitative a more flexible accompaniment was invented, revolutionizing music in the first opera masterpiece, Orfeo, by Claudio Monteverdi, a composer, musician and singer. 1696 - The metronome, a device for beating time, was invented by Etienne Loulie, a musician, pedagogue and music... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
1829 - The accordion, a portable reed instrument, was invented by Damian. 1835 - The tuba proper was first patented by Prussian bandmaster Wilhelm Wieprecht and German instrument builder Johann Gottfried Moritz. 1841 - The saxophone was invented by Adolphe Sax, an instrument maker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
1880 - Tango music was invented by the Argentinians, combining African, Indian and Spanish rhythms. 1919 - The first electronic music instrument, the theremin, was invented by Lev Theremin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
It is played by moving one's hands near an antenna. 1922 - Muzak, engineered music without vocals, tempo changes or brass instruments, was invented by Brig. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
General George Owen Squier. 1932 - The first electric guitar, the Frying pan, was invented by George Beauchamp. 1953 - Rock and Roll was invented by the musician Bill Haley with Crazy Man Crazy, which combined guitars, saxophones, piano, bass and snare drums. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
Haley was imitating African American musicians such as Chuck Berry. 1957 - Computer-assisted musical composition was invented with the creation of Illiac Suite for String Quartet by scientists at the University of Illinois in Urbana. 1964 - The Moog Synthesizer was invented by Robert Moog. 1974 - The Chapman Stick was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
Literature has been reinvented throughout history as shown below: 1950 BC - The novel was invented with a narrative form. The first novel, Story of Sinuhe, is about a prince of Egypt who flees after a court killing, is saved in the desert by a Bedouin tribe, and marries the eldest daughter of a king. Some people see St... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
553 - Scandal literature was invented by Procopius in Anecdota. 808 - Copying written works by printing was invented by the Chinese, who created The Diamond Sutra, a seven-page paper scroll printed with woodblocks. 1022 - The romance novel was invented by Murasaki Shikibu, a Japanese noblewoman who wrote Genji the Shin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
2500 BCE - Theater was invented by Egyptian priests with their annual ritual the "Abydos Passion Play" about the God Osiris. The Ikhernofret hieroglyphic stone dating from 1868 BCE provides an account of the play by a participant listing eight acts. 2200 BCE - Mythic storytelling was invented by Sumerian priests with a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
450 BCE - Mime was invented by Sophron of Syracuse. 1597 - Opera was invented by Jacopo Peri with Dafne. Peri was an Italian composer and singer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
1780 - Bolero dance was invented by Sebastiano Carezo, a Spanish dancer. 1816 - Literary horror was invented by Mary Shelley, who wrote Frankenstein. 1833 - Minstrel shows were invented by Thomas Dartmouth "Daddy" Rice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
1843 - The mystery novel was invented by Edgar Allan Poe, who wrote "The Gold-Bug". 1843 - The photographically illustrated book was invented by Anna Atkins with her book British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions. 1857 - Writing in which the author conceals a single narrator's perspective and uses multiple other points of v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
1880 - Tango dance was invented by the Argentinians, combining African, Indian and Spanish rhythms. 1895 - The serial comic strip was invented by publisher Joseph Pulitzer with The Yellow Kid in the New World Newspaper. 1922 - Radio drama was invented when Eugene Walter's play The Wolf was broadcast by WGY, a station i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
WGY later created a radio show, The WGY Players, that presented radio adaptations of popular plays. 1993 - A system that allows the wearer of specially designed shoes to lean forward beyond his center of gravity and appear to defy gravity was invented and patented by Michael Jackson, Michael Bush and Dennis Tompkins. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
Michael Jackson used it in performances. Refer to US Patent No. 5,255,452. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_invention_in_the_arts |
The First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (Princess Royal's Volunteer Corps) (FANY (PRVC)) is a British independent all-female registered charity formed in 1907 and active in both nursing and intelligence work during the World Wars. Its members wear a military-style uniform, but it is not part of the Regular Army or Army Reserve;... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
It was formed as the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry in 1907 as a first aid link between the field hospitals and the front lines, and was given the 'yeomanry' name as its members were originally mounted on horseback. Unlike nursing organisations, the FANY saw themselves rescuing the wounded and giving first aid, similar to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
The original uniform was a scarlet tunic with white facings, a navy-blue riding skirt with three rows of white braid at the bottom and a hard-topped scarlet hat with black-leather peak. The uniform gradually became more practical and less flamboyant, including importantly, a divided skirt to allow public riding astride... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
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