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On 27 October 1914, their offer of assistance as paramedics having been refused by the War Office, a party of six FANYs, including Lieutenants Franklin and McDougall, plus three trained nurses and two male orderlies, crossed to Calais. They were shortly followed by a privately funded motor ambulance. The Belgian Army w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
The role for the British was to transport the dead and dying from clearing stations to hospitals and hospital ships. This was followed by the formation of several convoys for the French Army, stationed in the southern sector of the Front, near Verdun. By the Armistice, the Corps had been awarded many decorations for br... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
Although a number of FANYs were injured while serving in France, there was only one death; Evelyn Fidgeon Shaw CdeG died while serving with the French and was buried by them with full military honours in Sézanne.McDougall wrote an anonymous 1917 account of her experiences Nursing Adventures: A FANY in France, retitled ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
Being independent and self financing, the FANY was not disbanded after the First World War, unlike the women's services. As a result of service in the general strike of 1926, when the name was briefly changed to Ambulance Car Corps (FANY), the Corps was finally recognised by the War Office and allowed to appear on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
In 1931 an independent unit of the Corps was set up in East Africa, known as The Women's Territorial Service (EA). This was the first overseas all-women unit to be formed. In 1937, wishing to move away completely from any assumed connection with formal nursing, the Corps became the Women's Transport Service (WTS (FANY)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
At the start of the war the FANY was led by Mary Baxter Ellis who had served with the Corps during the First World War. Helen Gwynne-Vaughan was the first Chief Controller of the newly formed Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). This was a role that Ellis had turned down as she preferred to lead the FANY. Ellis agreed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
This was agreed but Gwynne-Vaughan broke the agreement and forced the FANY/ATS to be absorbed into the territorial service. Ellis demurred, but won the agreement that these FANY/ATS would wear their FANY flash, a tradition dating back many years, with the chinstrap of their hats over the crown. An autonomous FANY HQ ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
These members were known as the ‘Free FANYs', and they wore their uniform as of right. One better known role of the FANY in the Second World War is their service with the Special Operations Executive. FANYs became involved in the SOE in 1940 through the friendship between Phyllis Bingham (secretary to the then Corps co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
The FANYs service began with their involvement in the highly secretive Auxiliary Units set up in 1940 as a stay-behind force in case of invasion. By the end of the war over 3,000 FANYs had served with SOE; as trainers, coders, signallers, forgers, dispatchers, and, most famously, as agents. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
Recruits were trained in one of four fields: Motor transport, wireless telegraphy, codes or general. They worked on coding and signals, acting as conductors for agents and providing administration and technical support for the Special Training Schools. Their work was top secret and often highly skilled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
Of the 50 women sent by SOE into France 39 were members of the FANY. Of these 39 women, 12 were murdered by the Nazis and one Corps member died in the field. Many decorations, of both the UK and other countries, were awarded to FANYs for their service and outstanding courage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
Among these, four of the highest UK decorations were the George Cross awarded to Odette Hallowes (who was incarcerated and tortured, but survived the war), Violette Szabo and Noor Inayat Khan (these latter two perishing in captivity and decorated posthumously). Nancy Wake's awards included the George Medal.Corps member... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
A section was attached to the Polish Army, based mainly in Linlithgow where they provided the Poles with uniforms, weapons, vehicles, equipment, food, administration services and drivers’ services. Corps members also provided the guard of honour at the funeral of General Wladyslaw Sikorski, who had gone up to Scotland ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
This section took women from all over the southern half of Africa. Other FANYs were attached to the British Red Cross, the American Ambulance Corps and the French Committee for the French Red Cross. In 1944 another large group were deployed to the Indian subcontinent and the Far East with South East Asia Command. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
Altogether over 6,000 FANYs served in the Second World War. Maud MacLellan, a FANY who served with the ATS during the war, taught the future Queen Elizabeth to drive. A memorial at St Paul's Church, Knightsbridge commemorates 52 named members who died on active service with the Corps in the First and Second World Wars,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
Below is a chart of WTS (FANY) ranks compared to the British Army. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
During the Cold War the FANY took on new roles including the provision of national communications support as part of 2 (National Communication) Signal Brigade. These were arrangements in place for ensuring the continuity of government in the event of a substantial attack on the United Kingdom. In such an eventuality, C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
The FANY was officially renamed the Princess Royal's Volunteer Corps in 1999, after being given permission by Anne, Princess Royal to use her title, and is now referred to as FANY (PRVC). The original name has greater recognition, and greater prominence even in official publications and on its website. The Princess Roy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
Most recently the Corps has been deployed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, serving at NHS Nightingale Hospital London, the North London and Westminster Coroners, City of London Police and the National Emergencies Trust Coronavirus Appeal. Members train every week, and are on call 24/7 to help in times of national ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
Members are trained in communications, first aid skills, map reading, navigation and orienteering, shooting, self-defence, survival techniques and advanced driving. Their working dress is similar to that of the modern British Army; on formal occasions they wear a uniform similar to historic female British Army Service ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry |
Human rights are moral principles or norms for certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected in municipal and international law. They are commonly understood as inalienable, fundamental rights "to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being" and which are "inherent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
They are regarded as requiring empathy and the rule of law and imposing an obligation on persons to respect the human rights of others, and it is generally considered that they should not be taken away except as a result of due process based on specific circumstances.The doctrine of human rights has been highly influen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The strong claims made by the doctrine of human rights continue to provoke considerable scepticism and debates about the content, nature and justifications of human rights to this day. The precise meaning of the term right is controversial and is the subject of continued philosophical debate; while there is consensus t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Ancient peoples did not have the same modern-day conception of universal human rights. The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of natural rights which appeared as part of the medieval natural law tradition that became prominent during the European Enlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The concept of human rights has, in some sense, existed for centuries, although peoples have not always thought of universal human rights in the same way humans do today.Among the oldest evidence of human rights is the Cyrus Cylinder dated from 6th Century BCE, it had rights like no slavery, worship of your own religio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
In Britain in 1689, the English Bill of Rights and the Scottish Claim of Right each made a range of oppressive governmental actions, illegal. Two major revolutions occurred during the 18th century, in the United States (1776) and in France (1789), leading to the United States Declaration of Independence and the French ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Philosophers such as Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill, and Hegel expanded on the theme of universality during the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison wrote in a newspaper called The Liberator that he was trying to enlist his readers in "the great cause of human rights", so the term human rights proba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
"Many groups and movements have managed to achieve profound social changes over the course of the 20th century in the name of human rights. In Western Europe and North America, labour unions brought about laws granting workers the right to strike, establishing minimum work conditions and forbidding or regulating child ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The women's rights movement succeeded in gaining for many women the right to vote. National liberation movements in many countries succeeded in driving out colonial powers. One of the most influential was Mahatma Gandhi's leadership of the Indian independence movement. Movements by long-oppressed racial and religious m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The League of Nations was established in 1919 at the negotiations over the Treaty of Versailles following the end of World War I. The League's goals included disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation, diplomacy and improving global welfare. Enshrine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a non-binding declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, partly in response to the events of World War II. The UDHR urges member states to promote a number of human, civil, economic and social rights, asserting these rights are part of the "fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The members of the Commission did not immediately agree on the form of such a bill of rights, and whether, or how, it should be enforced. The Commission proceeded to frame the UDHR and accompanying treaties, but the UDHR quickly became the priority. Canadian law professor John Humprey and French lawyer René Cassin were... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The document was structured by Cassin to include the basic principles of dignity, liberty, equality and brotherhood in the first two articles, followed successively by rights pertaining to individuals; rights of individuals in relation to each other and to groups; spiritual, public and political rights; and economic, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Some of the UDHR was researched and written by a committee of international experts on human rights, including representatives from all continents and all major religions, and drawing on consultation with leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi. The inclusion of both civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Though this principle was not opposed by any member states at the time of adoption (the declaration was adopted unanimously, with the abstention of the Soviet bloc, Apartheid South Africa and Saudi Arabia), this principle was later subject to significant challenges.On the issue of "universal", the declarations did not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
All tacitly realized that for their own discriminated-against minorities to acquire leverage on the basis of legally being able to claim enforcement of these wide-reaching rights would create pressures that would be political dynamite.The onset of the Cold War soon after the UDHR was conceived brought to the fore divis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
In 1966, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) were adopted by the United Nations, between them making the rights contained in the UDHR binding on all states. However, they came into force only in 1976, when they ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Numerous other treaties (pieces of legislation) have been offered at the international level. They are generally known as human rights instruments. Some of the most significant are: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (adopted 1948, entry into force: 1951) unhchr.ch Convention on the El... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Responsibility to protect refers to a doctrine for United Nations member states to intervene to protect populations from atrocities. It has been cited as justification in the use of recent military interventions. An example of an intervention that is often criticized is the 2011 military intervention in the First Libya... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Economic sanctions are often levied upon individuals or states who commit human rights violations. Sanctions are often criticized for its feature of collective punishment in hurting a country’s population economically in order dampen that population’s view of its government. It is also argued that, counterproductively,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Female genital mutilation and force-feeding of daughters is argued to be similarly driven in large part to increase their marriage prospects and thus their financial security by achieving certain idealized standards of beauty. In certain areas, girls requiring the experience of sexual initiation rites with men and pass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Human rights abuses are monitored by United Nations committees, national institutions and governments and by many independent non-governmental organizations, such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, World Organisation Against Torture, Freedom House, International Freedom of Expression Exchange and Anti-Slaver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Many examples of legal instruments at the international, regional and national level described below are designed to enforce laws securing human rights. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The United Nations (UN) is the only multilateral governmental agency with universally accepted international jurisdiction for universal human rights legislation. All UN organs have advisory roles to the United Nations Security Council and the United Nations Human Rights Council, and there are numerous committees within... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The UN Human Rights Council, created in 2005, has a mandate to investigate alleged human rights violations. 47 of the 193 UN member states sit on the council, elected by simple majority in a secret ballot of the United Nations General Assembly. Members serve a maximum of six years and may have their membership suspende... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
In addition to the political bodies whose mandate flows from the UN charter, the UN has set up a number of treaty-based bodies, comprising committees of independent experts who monitor compliance with human rights standards and norms flowing from the core international human rights treaties. They are supported by and a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The judgments, termed "views", are not legally binding. The member of the committee meets around three times a year to hold sessions The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights monitors the ICESCR and makes general comments on ratifying countries performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
It will have the power to receive complaints against the countries that opted into the Optional Protocol once it has come into force. It is important to note that unlike the other treaty bodies, the economic committee is not an autonomous body responsible to the treaty parties, but directly responsible to the Economic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Particular difficulties noted by commentators include: perceived vagueness of the principles of the treaty, relative lack of legal texts and decisions, ambivalence of many states in addressing economic, social and cultural rights, comparatively few non-governmental organisations focused on the area and problems with ob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
It issues warnings to attempt to prevent serious contraventions of the convention. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women monitors the CEDAW. It receives states' reports on their performance and comments on them, and can make judgments on complaints against countries which have opted into the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The Committee Against Torture monitors the CAT and receives states' reports on their performance every four years and comments on them. Its subcommittee may visit and inspect countries which have opted into the Optional Protocol. The Committee on the Rights of the Child monitors the CRC and makes comments on reports su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
It does not have the power to receive complaints. The Committee on Migrant Workers was established in 2004 and monitors the ICRMW and makes comments on reports submitted by states every five years. It will have the power to receive complaints of specific violations only once ten member states allow it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was established in 2008 to monitor the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. It has the power to receive complaints against the countries which have opted into the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
All States parties are obliged to submit reports to the committee on how the rights are being implemented. The Committee examines each report and addresses its concerns and recommendations to the State party in the form of "concluding observations".Each treaty body receives secretariat support from the Human Rights Cou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The Human Rights Committee usually holds its March session in New York City. The human rights enshrined in the UDHR, the Geneva Conventions and the various enforced treaties of the United Nations are enforceable in law. In practice, many rights are very difficult to legally enforce due to the absence of consensus on th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
There exist a number of internationally recognized organisations with worldwide mandate or jurisdiction over certain aspects of human rights: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the United Nations' primary judiciary body. It has worldwide jurisdiction. It is directed by the Security Council. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The ICJ settles disputes between nations. The ICJ does not have jurisdiction over individuals. The International Criminal Court (ICC) is the body responsible for investigating and punishing war crimes, and crimes against humanity when such occur within its jurisdiction, with a mandate to bring to justice perpetrators o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
A number of UN members have not joined the court and the ICC does not have jurisdiction over their citizens, and others have signed but not yet ratified the Rome Statute, which established the court.The ICC and other international courts (see Regional human rights below) exist to take action where the national legal sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
In over 110 countries, national human rights institutions (NHRIs) have been set up to protect, promote or monitor human rights with jurisdiction in a given country. Although not all NHRIs are compliant with the Paris Principles, the number and effect of these institutions is increasing. The Paris Principles were define... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of fifty-five African states. Established in 2001, the AU's purpose is to help secure Africa's democracy, human rights, and a sustainable economy, especially by bringing an end to intra-African conflict and creating an effective common market.The African Commissi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
In a July 2004 decision, the AU Assembly resolved that the future Court on Human and Peoples' Rights would be integrated with the African Court of Justice. The Court of Justice of the African Union is intended to be the "principal judicial organ of the Union" (Protocol of the Court of Justice of the African Union, Arti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Although it has not yet been established, it is intended to take over the duties of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, as well as act as the supreme court of the African Union, interpreting all necessary laws and treaties. The Protocol establishing the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights entere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The Organization of American States (OAS) is an international organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States. Its members are the thirty-five independent states of the Americas. Over the course of the 1990s, with the end of the Cold War, the return to democracy in Latin America, and the thrust toward gl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Along with the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, based in San José, Costa Rica, it is one of the bodies that comprise the inter-American system for the promotion and protection of human rights. The IACHR is a permanent body which meets in regular and special sessions several times a year to examine allegations of h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Its two main functions are thus adjudicatory and advisory. Under the former, it hears and rules on the specific cases of human rights violations referred to it. Under the latter, it issues opinions on matters of legal interpretation brought to its attention by other OAS bodies or member states. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
There are no Asia-wide organisations or conventions to promote or protect human rights. Countries vary widely in their approach to human rights and their record of human rights protection.The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The Council of Europe, founded in 1949, is the oldest organisation working for European integration. It is an international organisation with legal personality recognised under public international law and has observer status with the United Nations. The seat of the Council of Europe is in Strasbourg in France. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The Council of Europe is responsible for both the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights. These institutions bind the council's members to a code of human rights which, though strict, are more lenient than those of the United Nations charter on human rights. The council also promotes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Membership is open to all European states which seek European integration, accept the principle of the rule of law and are able and willing to guarantee democracy, fundamental human rights and freedoms.The Council of Europe is an organisation that is not part of the European Union, but the latter is expected to accede ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Several theoretical approaches have been advanced to explain how and why human rights become part of social expectations. One of the oldest Western philosophies on human rights is that they are a product of a natural law, stemming from different philosophical or religious grounds. Other theories hold that human rights ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Natural law theories base human rights on a "natural" moral, religious or even biological order which is independent of transitory human laws or traditions. Socrates and his philosophic heirs, Plato and Aristotle, posited the existence of natural justice or natural right (dikaion physikon, δικαιον φυσικον, Latin ius na... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
In the Seventeenth Century, Thomas Hobbes founded a contractualist theory of legal positivism on what all men could agree upon: what they sought (happiness) was subject to contention, but a broad consensus could form around what they feared (violent death at the hands of another). The natural law was how a rational hum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
In Hobbes' opinion, the only way natural law could prevail was for men to submit to the commands of the sovereign. In this lay the foundations of the theory of a social contract between the governed and the governor. Hugo Grotius based his philosophy of international law on natural law. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
He wrote that "even the will of an omnipotent being cannot change or abrogate" natural law, which "would maintain its objective validity even if we should assume the impossible, that there is no God or that he does not care for human affairs." (De iure belli ac pacis, Prolegomeni XI). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
This is the famous argument etiamsi daremus (non-esse Deum), that made natural law no longer dependent on theology. John Locke incorporated natural law into many of his theories and philosophy, especially in Two Treatises of Government. Locke turned Hobbes' prescription around, saying that if the ruler went against nat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The philosopher John Finnis argues that human rights are justifiable on the grounds of their instrumental value in creating the necessary conditions for human well-being. Interest theories highlight the duty to respect the rights of other individuals on grounds of self-interest: Human rights law, applied to a State's o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The most common categorization of human rights is to split them into civil and political rights, and economic, social and cultural rights. Civil and political rights are enshrined in articles 3 to 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the ICCPR. Economic, social and cultural rights are enshrined in art... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Similarly, without livelihoods and a working society, the public cannot assert or make use of civil or political rights (known as the full belly thesis). Although accepted by the signatories to the UDHR, most of them do not in practice give equal weight to the different types of rights. Western cultures have often give... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
For example, in the United States there is no universal access to healthcare free at the point of use. That is not to say that Western cultures have overlooked these rights entirely (the welfare states that exist in Western Europe are evidence of this). Similarly the ex Soviet bloc countries and Asian countries have te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Another categorization, offered by Karel Vasak, is that there are three generations of human rights: first-generation civil and political rights (right to life and political participation), second-generation economic, social and cultural rights (right to subsistence) and third-generation solidarity rights (right to pea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
This categorisation is at odds with the indivisibility of rights, as it implicitly states that some rights can exist without others. Prioritisation of rights for pragmatic reasons is however a widely accepted necessity. Human rights expert Philip Alston argues: If every possible human rights element is deemed to be ess... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
He, and others, urge caution with prioritisation of rights: ... the call for prioritizing is not to suggest that any obvious violations of rights can be ignored. Priorities, where necessary, should adhere to core concepts (such as reasonable attempts at progressive realization) and principles (such as non-discriminatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The term inalienable rights (or unalienable rights) refers to "a set of human rights that are fundamental, are not awarded by human power, and cannot be surrendered". The adherence to the principle of indivisibility by the international community was reaffirmed in 1995: All human rights are universal, indivisible and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights enshrines, by definition, rights that apply to all humans equally, whichever geographical location, state, race or culture they belong to. Proponents of cultural relativism suggest that human rights are not all universal, and indeed conflict with some cultures and threaten thei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
It is not mandated by any religion, but has become a tradition in many cultures. It is considered a violation of women's and girl's rights by much of the international community, and is outlawed in some countries. Universalism has been described by some as cultural, economic or political imperialism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
In particular, the concept of human rights is often claimed to be fundamentally rooted in a politically liberal outlook which, although generally accepted in Europe, Japan or North America, is not necessarily taken as standard elsewhere. For example, in 1981, the Iranian representative to the United Nations, Said Rajai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
This view is countered by Mahathir's former deputy: To say that freedom is Western or unAsian is to offend our traditions as well as our forefathers, who gave their lives in the struggle against tyranny and injustices. Singapore's opposition leader Chee Soon Juan also states that it is racist to assert that Asians do n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
This reflects the fact that the difficulty in judging universalism versus relativism lies in who is claiming to represent a particular culture. Although the argument between universalism and relativism is far from complete, it is an academic discussion in that all international human rights instruments adhere to the pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Universal jurisdiction is a controversial principle in international law whereby states claim criminal jurisdiction over persons whose alleged crimes were committed outside the boundaries of the prosecuting state, regardless of nationality, country of residence, or any other relation with the prosecuting country. The s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Companies, NGOs, political parties, informal groups, and individuals are known as non-State actors. Non-State actors can also commit human rights abuses, but are not subject to human rights law other than International Humanitarian Law, which applies to individuals. Multinational companies play an increasingly large ro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Multinational companies often view their primary responsibility as being to their shareholders, not to those affected by their actions. Such companies are often larger than the economies of the states in which they operate, and can wield significant economic and political power. No international treaties exist to speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Jean Ziegler, Special Rapporteur of the UN Commission on Human Rights on the right to food stated in a report in 2003: the growing power of transnational corporations and their extension of power through privatization, deregulation and the rolling back of the State also mean that it is now time to develop binding legal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
With the exception of non-derogable human rights (international conventions class the right to life, the right to be free from slavery, the right to be free from torture and the right to be free from retroactive application of penal laws as non-derogable), the UN recognises that human rights can be limited or even push... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Critics of the view that human rights are universal argue that human rights are a western concept that "emanate from a European, Judeo-Christian, and/or Enlightenment heritage (typically labeled Western) and cannot be enjoyed by other cultures that don't emulate the conditions and values of 'Western' societies. "Right-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Amnesty International (2004). Amnesty International Report. Amnesty International. ISBN 0862103541, 1887204407 Alston, Philip (2005). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
"Ships Passing in the Night: The Current State of the Human Rights and Development Debate seen through the Lens of the Millennium Development Goals". Human Rights Quarterly. 27 (3): 755–829. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
doi:10.1353/hrq.2005.0030. S2CID 145803790. Arnhart, Larry (1998). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Darwinian Natural Right: The Biological Ethics of Human Nature. SUNY Press. ISBN 0791436934. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
Ball, Olivia; Gready, Paul (2007). The No-Nonsense Guide to Human Rights. New Internationalist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
ISBN 978-1904456452. Beitz, Charles R. (2009). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights |
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