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The particular objective of the Lingua 2 programme is "to help raise the standards in language teaching and learning by ensuring the availability of sufficient high quality language learning instruments and tools for assessing linguistic skills acquired. Lingua 2 will encourage both the development of new tools and a w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_Explorer |
Complementary to this programme and to support the objectives, the Council of Europe has produced a European-wide curriculum entitled The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. This document provides a detailed model for describing and scaling language use and the different kinds of knowledge and skills ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_Explorer |
There are countless internet sites that call themselves "grammars" of a certain language. Many of these online grammars are text-based reproductions of traditional descriptive print grammars which expect the student to sit in front of a computer screen and read as they would read a grammar book. These grammars view gra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_Explorer |
None of these online grammars are structured to take advantage of the many benefits of multimedia and of the internet while successfully avoiding the inherent pitfalls of that medium. Furthermore, none of them are structured with the Basic User (as defined in the Common European Framework of Reference) in mind. Additio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_Explorer |
They do not support a syllabus such as Waystage, pitch themselves at a clearly defined level (A2) or help students to prepare for a recognized European Language Certificate. Grammar Explorer was created to address the missing pedagogical link between grammar as rule system and the needs of the language learner. This is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_Explorer |
The pedagogical concept underlying Grammar Explorer is firmly rooted in Constructivism (learning theory), cognitive psychology and recent findings of the neurosciences with regard to learning. It, therefore, fulfils the criteria laid down in The Common European Framework of Reference: The materials are multi-purpose, f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_Explorer |
Within the structure of the grammar, learners are able to enter into a non-linear process of negotiation with grammatical material that requires and encourages the use of basic cognitive and meta-cognitive strategies such as inferencing, grouping and recombination. It is through this process of exploration and negotiat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_Explorer |
Grammar Explorer aims to seriously use a constructivist approach for developing web-based language learning material. It will, therefore, fill the gap created on the one hand through the influence of the neurosciences on language teaching methodology and on the other hand through the persistent adherence of all previou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_Explorer |
Grammar Explorer is arranged in a modular way. The modules are arranged in alphabetical order rather than according to the structure of the grammar. In this respect Grammar Explorer is more like a dictionary. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_Explorer |
This is a clear indication that Grammar Explorer has adopted what the neurosciences have argued for some time, that our memory tends to store semantically, especially at the level of the Basic User. Furthermore, the neurosciences clearly support Michael Lewis’s didactic approach to language acquisition/learning that ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_Explorer |
Wahkohtowin is a Cree word which denotes the interconnected nature of relationships, communities, and natural systems. Its literal meaning is "kinship", but it is often used to refer to Cree law, or Cree codes of conduct. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahkohtowin |
In the Cree language, nêhiyaw wiyasowêwina literally translates to "Cree laws", but law is almost invariably referred to as wahkohtowin, which means "kinship", in reference to an individual's relationship with, and responsibilities within, the systems of which the individual is a part. As such, "wahkohtowin" is an impe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahkohtowin |
Understandings about wahkohtowin may have sacred origins, may come from positivistic rules, or may come from observations about the natural environment. Knowledge from these sources is then processed through deliberation, ceremony, and storytelling. Cree law lives on primarily through stories, which are among the most ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahkohtowin |
The most recurrent theme within wahkohtowin is the circle. Wahkohtowin connotes interconnectedness, so circles are used as symbols to represent the way in which every element of a system is part of the whole. This reaffirms unity under the Creator and within the community, and represents the continuum of life. Wahkohto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahkohtowin |
For example, the most foundational circle-metaphor describes the four kinds of human beings; when one understands one's identity in this circle, then one accepts the responsibilities which accompany that identity. Envisioned as a series of concentric circles, children (the most treasured and precious) are placed at the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahkohtowin |
Women, the nurturers and protectors, are third, and men, who are responsible for safety, constitute the outermost circle.Another important circle metaphor in the Cree worldview represents one's personal identity. The innermost level represents the individual, followed by the family, the community, and the nation, respe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahkohtowin |
The Scheele Award (Scheelepriset) is a scientific award given by the Swedish Apotekarsocieteten, an organisation mainly consisting of pharmacists. The award is given to commemorate the pharmacist and chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786) and has been appointed since 1961, in the beginning annually but later biannual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheele_Award |
The Final Days is a humorous short film produced by the White House to screen at the White House Correspondents' Association annual dinner in April 2000. It stars then-President of the United States Bill Clinton as himself. The film was designed by officials of the outgoing Clinton administration to neutralize media po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Days_(2000_film) |
The Final Days is a comedic look at Clinton's last days in the White House as he approached lame duck status. In it, he is shown "roaming the halls of an empty White House like a lost 222-pound puppy in search of a purpose". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Days_(2000_film) |
The idea for the film came from Clinton's joke writer Mark Katz who had observed that a dominant media narrative in the late days of the 2000 election was that the incumbent president, whose wife was campaigning for U.S. Senate while national attention was focused on the presidential contest between Al Gore and George ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Days_(2000_film) |
In a 2007 analysis of rhetorical humor in American political communication, Michael Andrew Phillips-Anderson argued that the film satirized, not Clinton, but rather the media who had suggested the president had advanced to lame duck status. By showing Clinton involved in mundane tasks that would be extraordinary for a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Days_(2000_film) |
The Final Days was filmed in and around the White House. Ultimately, several sequences shot by director Philip Rosenthal were not incorporated into the film, including one showing a crossword puzzle-playing Clinton phoning Vladimir Putin on the Moscow–Washington hotline (also known as the "red phone") to ask "what's a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Days_(2000_film) |
The Final Days starred Bill Clinton as himself, with cameo appearances by a number of journalists and U.S. government officials, including: Helen Thomas, Madeleine Albright, Sam Donaldson, and Al Gore. Kevin Spacey also makes a brief appearance, as himself, retrieving the Academy Award he won at that year's Oscars for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Days_(2000_film) |
The film's debuted at the White House Correspondents' Dinner held at the Washington Hilton on April 29, 2000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Days_(2000_film) |
The Final Days was well received by those attending the dinner. It was downloaded more than 200,000 times in the week following its debut, described by Entertainment Weekly as having gone "viral".Some criticized the film, however. Susan Silver, a staff writer for The Mary Tyler Moore Show and The Bob Newhart Show, pred... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Days_(2000_film) |
Saxon math, developed by John Saxon (1923–1996), is a teaching method for incremental learning of mathematics created in the 1980s. It involves teaching a new mathematical concept every day and constantly reviewing old concepts. Early editions were deprecated for providing very few opportunities to practice the new mat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_math |
It uses a steady review of all previous material, with a focus on students who struggle with retaining the math they previously learned. However, it has sometimes been criticized for its heavy emphasis on rote rather than conceptual learning.The Saxon Math 1 to Algebra 1/2 (the equivalent of a Pre-Algebra book) curricu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_math |
This daily cycle is interrupted for tests and additional topics. From Algebra 1/2 on, the higher level books remove the mental math problems and incorporate testing more frequently. Saxon Publishers has also published a phonics and spelling curriculum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_math |
This curriculum, authored by Lorna Simmons and first published in 2005, follows the same incremental principles as the Saxon Math curriculum. The Saxon math program has a specific set of products to support homeschoolers, including solution keys and ready-made tests, which makes it popular among some homeschool familie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_math |
In some reviews, such as ones performed by the nonprofit curriculum rating site EdReports.org, Saxon Math is ranked poorly because it is not aligned with the Common Core State Standards Initiative. That initiative, which has been adopted by most U.S. states, is an important factor in determining which curricula are use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_math |
Amphetamine and methamphetamine are central nervous system stimulants used to treat a variety of conditions. When used recreationally, they are colloquially known as "speed" or sometimes “crank”. Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu, who named it phenylisopropylamine. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Methamphetamine was synthesized from ephedrine in 1893 by Nagayoshi. Neither drug had a pharmacological use until 1934, when Smith, Kline & French began selling amphetamine as an inhaler under the trade name Benzedrine for congestion.During World War II, amphetamine and methamphetamine were used extensively by Allied a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
During the early 1970s in the United States, amphetamine was initially classified as a schedule III controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act, but then became a schedule II controlled substance under the Psychotropic Substances Act. Despite strict government controls, amphetamine and methamphetamine have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist, Lazăr Edeleanu, who named the drug phenylisopropylamine. This concoction was one of a series of compounds related to the plant derivative ephedrine, which had been isolated from the Chinese ephedra plant that same year by Nagai Nagayoshi. Shortly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
The sympathomimetic properties of amphetamine were unknown until 1927, when pioneer psychopharmacologist Gordon Alles independently resynthesized it and tested it on himself while searching for an artificial replacement for ephedrine. At the time, Alles referred to the amphetamine compound as Benzedrine, a term derived... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
One of the first attempts at using amphetamine in a scientific study was done by M. Nathanson, a Los Angeles physician, in 1935. He studied the subjective effects of amphetamine in 55 hospital workers who were each given 20 mg of Benzedrine. The two most commonly reported drug effects were "a sense of well being and a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
In the 1950s, there was a rise in the legal prescription of methamphetamine to the American public. Methamphetamine constituted half of the amphetamine salts for the original formulation for the diet drug Obetrol. Methamphetamine was also marketed for sinus inflammation or for non-medicinal purposes as "pep pills" or "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
A thriving black market in pep pills among long-haul truck drivers in the 1950s and 1960s, linked to long drive times and intense competitive pressures within the industry, contributed to federal efforts by the late 1960s to curtail non-medical use of the substance.Also in the 1950s, the Japanese Ministry of Health ban... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
A notable part of the 1960s mod subculture in the UK was recreational amphetamine use, which was used to fuel all-night dances at clubs like Manchester's Twisted Wheel. Newspaper reports described dancers emerging from clubs at 5 a.m. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
with dilated pupils. Mods used the drug for stimulation and alertness, which they viewed as different from the intoxication caused by alcohol and other drugs. Dr. Andrew Wilson argues that for a significant minority, "amphetamines symbolised the smart, on-the-ball, cool image" and that they sought "stimulation not into... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Wilson argues that the significance of amphetamines to the mod culture was similar to that of LSD and cannabis within the subsequent hippie counterculture. Dick Hebdige argues that mods used amphetamines to extend their leisure time into the early hours of the morning and as a way of bridging the gap between their host... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
under the Controlled Substances Act in 1971. That same year, the United Nations enacted the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and amphetamine became a schedule II controlled substance, a highly restrictive category under the treaty. By the 1990s, roughly 180 state parties were signatories to the treaty and consequ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Beginning in the 1990s in the United States, the production of methamphetamine in users' own homes for personal use became popular as well.In 1997 and 1998, researchers at Texas A&M University claimed to have found amphetamine and methamphetamine in the foliage of two Acacia species native to Texas, A. berlandieri and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
In 2006, the MLB banned the use of amphetamine. The ban is enforced through periodic drug-testing. However, the MLB has received some criticism because the punitive consequences for amphetamine use are dramatically less severe than for anabolic steroid use, with the first offense bringing only a warning and further tes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
One of the earliest uses of amphetamine and methamphetamine was during World War II, when they were used by Axis and Allied forces.As early as 1919, Akira Ogata synthesized methamphetamine via reduction of ephedrine using red phosphorus and iodine. Later, the chemists Hauschild and Dobke from the German pharmaceutical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Adolf Hitler is rumored to have begun using amphetamine occasionally after 1937, and to have become addicted to it in late 1942; although this is disputed by historians who argue he was suffering from health issues.It was widely distributed across German military ranks and divisions, from elite forces to tank crews and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Use continued albeit closely monitored. In the military, Pervitin was discouraged during combat due to its negative side effects, it was more commonly abused behind the front lines. Despite the new controls, authorities observed that Pervitin consumption rose rapidly, and so did civilian production, from about seven an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
As a rule, military production was about half of civilian production. These numbers can be misleading as Nazi Germany had a population of over 80 million during the war, individuals acquired only small numbers of doses at a time and were required to report usage to the authorities.In Japan, methamphetamine was sold und... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
As with the rest of the world at the time, the side effects of methamphetamine were not well studied, and regulation was not seen as necessary. In the 1940s and 1950s, the drug was widely administered to Japanese industrial workers to increase their productivity. In Finland, Pervitin was colloquially known as höökipulv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Its use was essentially restricted to special forces, especially to long-range commandos. Amphetamine was also given to Allied bomber pilots during World War II to sustain them by fighting off fatigue and enhancing focus during long flights. During the Persian Gulf War, amphetamine became the drug of choice for America... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Air Force pilots. The Tarnak Farm incident during the War in Afghanistan (2001-21), in which an American F-16 pilot killed several friendly Canadian soldiers on the ground, was blamed by the pilot on his use of amphetamine. A nonjudicial (UCMJ Article 15) U.S. Air Force hearing rejected the pilot's claim.Due to ampheta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
AMC's Breaking Bad, a crime drama series revolving around the large-scale illicit production of methamphetamine, has been lauded by critics and audiences alike for its realist approach to the portrayal of the international drug trade. It has also been called a "contemporary western" by series creator Vince Gilligan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
The writers and poets of the Beat Generation used amphetamine extensively, mainly under the racemic Benzedrine brand name. Jack Kerouac was a particularly avid user of amphetamine, which was said to provide him with the stamina needed to work on his novels for extended periods of time.In 1965, beat writer Allen Ginsber... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
One afternoon about three days ago showed up at my door with no warning, and loaded about forty pounds of supplies into the room: two cases of Mexican beer, four quarts of gin, a dozen grapefruits, and enough speed to alter the outcome of six Super Bowls. ... Meanwhile, with the final chapter still unwritten and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
In the second part of Hubert Selby Jr. 's 1964 novel Last Exit to Brooklyn The Queen Is Dead, Georgette, a transgender prostitute, dies of a drug overdose after the benzedrine-driven party. Also, Hubert Selby Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
's 1978 novel Requiem for a Dream involves one of the main characters, a widowed mother named Sara Goldfarb, getting prescribed amphetamine diet pills in order to lose weight. As she waits for a call back from the casting company for her dream TV show appearance, she slowly gets more addicted to the pills. She eventual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
These scenes were portrayed in the 2000 adaptation of the same name, where Sara is played by Ellen Burstyn.Scottish author Irvine Welsh often portrays drug use in his novels, though in one of his journalism works he comments on how drugs (including amphetamine) have become part of consumerism and how his novels Trainsp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Both writers used amphetamines themselves while writing the aforementioned books. Boyle appeared to have abused Adderall to the point of psychosis and was at one point; heavily addicted. A publisher of Tyrant Books called it “one of the most personally honest books ever written” where she documented this difficult peri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
The northern soul and mod subcultures in England were known for their characteristic amphetamine use. Their concerts generally involved people taking amphetamines to keep dancing all night. DJ Roger Eagle got out of the northern soul scene, saying: "All they wanted was fast-tempo black dance music... too blocked on am... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
"Many rock songs have been written about amphetamine. For example, in the track entitled "St. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Ides Heaven" from singer/songwriter, Elliott Smith's self-titled album. "Semi Charmed Life" by Third Eye Blind explicitly references methamphetamine as does "Geek Stink Breath" by Green Day. Other examples include the song "Amphetamine" by Alternative rock band Everclear, "Amphetamine" by Three Souls in My Mind, "20 Do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Amphetamine has influenced the aesthetics of many rock and roll bands (especially in the garage rock, mod R&B, death rock, punk/hardcore, gothic rock and extreme metal genres). Hüsker Dü, Jesus and Mary Chain and The Who were keen amphetamine users in their early existences. The Beatles were said to be extensive users ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Hollywood Undead references the negative effects of substituted amphetamines in the song "City" from their album Swan Songs. The Red Hot Chili Peppers mentioned Benzedrine in their song ‘Wet Sand’ from the album Stadium Arcadium. Primus's songs "On the Tweek Again" and "Those Damned Blue-Collar Tweekers" directly refer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Land Speed Record is an allusion to Hüsker Dü's amphetamine use. Amphetamine was widely abused in the 1980s underground punk-rock scene. Punk-rock band NOFX have incorporated references to amphetamines and other stimulants, the two most obvious being the song "Three on Speed" from the Surfer 8-inch LP (in reference to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
The Rolling Stones referenced the drug in their song "Can't You Hear Me Knocking" on the album Sticky Fingers ("Y'all got cocaine eyes / Yeah, ya got speed-freak jive now"). Lou Reed refers explicitly to the drug on his album Berlin, in the song "How Do You Think It Feels?". Reed's band The Velvet Underground, a creati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
The Pulp song "Sorted for E's & Wizz" refers to British slang terms for ecstasy and amphetamines. English gothic rock band The Sisters of Mercy refers to the drug in their song "Amphetamine Logic" from their first album, First and Last and Always, and their singer Andrew Eldritch is associated with amphetamine use. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Bob Dylan's song "Just Like a Woman" includes the line "her fog, her amphetamine, and her pearls." Many rock and roll bands have named themselves after amphetamine and the drug slang and drug culture surrounding it. For example, Mod revivalists The Purple Hearts named themselves after the amphetamine tablets popular wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
The Amphetameanies, a ska-punk band, are also named after amphetamine, but hint at its effects in their musical style. Dexys Midnight Runners, of number-one hit "Come On Eileen", are named after "dexies", a slang term for the amphetamine Dexedrine. Motörhead derived their name from the song of the same name by Ian "Lem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Producer David O. Selznick, an amphetamine user, would often dictate long and rambling memos to his directors under the influence of amphetamine. The documentary Shadowing The Third Man relates that Selznick introduced The Third Man director Carol Reed to the use of amphetamine, which allowed Reed to bring the picture ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Perhaps the most notable example of this is Paul Erdős, one of the most prolific and successful mathematicians in human history. He took amphetamine and methylphenidate occasionally throughout his early career. He began taking them daily at age 58, when a doctor prescribed them to him to allay the depression associated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Erdős took amphetamine despite the concern of his friends, one of whom (Ron Graham) bet him $500 that he could not stop taking the drug for a month. Erdős won the bet, but complained:You've showed me I'm not an addict. But I didn't get any work done. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
I'd get up in the morning and stare at a blank piece of paper. I'd have no ideas, just like an ordinary person. You've set mathematics back a month. He then promptly resumed his amphetamine use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Adderall use in the video gaming industry has been receiving more and more attention in recent years. Many gamers have admitted to using it and have claimed that it has become a very widespread issue. Some gamers have even claimed that pills are regularly sold at professional tournaments. Adderall is peculiarly well su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
As one StarCraft player wrote in 2011 on the game's official forums: "Adderall is basically a stimpack for gamers. "The Electronic Sports League said that it would test players for performance-enhancing drugs starting at a tournament in August 2015. ESL said it would work with two international agencies – the same ones... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
"We want to create a level playing field for all competitors and maintain the integrity of the sport," said James Lampkin, vice president of professional gaming at ESL. In addition to the ESL, Major League Gaming has spoken up. Bruce Dugan, a spokesman for Major League Gaming, said that the organization's policies proh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Non-medical use of amphetamines in higher education has seen a large increase in popularity. College and other higher education students have reported using amphetamines for many different purposes such as partying, self medication, and the most common being studying. Since amphetamine use is illicit in most countries,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Both amphetamine and methamphetamine are used recreationally as euphoriants and aphrodisiacs, with methamphetamine being the more common recreational drug due to precursor availability and relative ease to manufacture. According to a National Geographic TV documentary on methamphetamine, "an entire subculture known as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Slang terms for methamphetamine, especially common among illicit users, are numerous and vary from region to region. Some names are crystal meth, meth, speed, crystal, ice, shards, shabu or shaboo, side, glass, gak, jib, crank, batu, tweak, piko, rock, tina, fast, pep, yaba, and cold. Terms vary by region, subculture, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Vint, Russian for "a screw", refers to a very impure homemade form of methamphetamine in Russia. In Thailand and Myanmar, ya ba pills have many slang terms, "WY", such as "Athee" (Burmese for fruit), and "88". In Sweden tjack is a common slang term. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Inhalation (informally, "smoking") of free base forms of amphetamine and methamphetamine is the fastest route of administration, although drug injection (i.e. intravenous administration) results in the quickest rise in blood concentration. This is followed by suppository, insufflation, and oral administration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Crystal methamphetamine (most commonly, colloquially known as "crystal meth" or "ice") and free base forms of amphetamine are sufficiently volatile substances and this allows them to be vaporized by high heat (i.e. using a lighter) and the fumes are inhaled (or "smoked") from glass paraphernalia known as base pipes (mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
The National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2016 by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare revealed that smoking is an increasingly favored route of administration among methamphetamine users in Australia. The National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2019 suggests overall rates of methamphetamine use have declin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Drug injection via intravenous administration, intramuscular administration, or subcutaneous administration carries relatively greater risks than other methods of administration. The doses used by recreational intravenous users vary widely, with a range of 1–200 times the doses used therapeutically (i.e., up to several... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
As with the injection of any drug, if a group of users share a common needle without sterilization procedures, blood-borne diseases, such as HIV or hepatitis, can be transmitted.A 2017 study involving fifty six female clients were interviewed by Nicholas E. Goeders of Louisiana State University suggests that the subjec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Crystal methamphetamine and salts of amphetamine are sometimes powdered and insufflated by recreational users, which results in a fairly rapid uptake of the drug through the nasal epithelium; with regular use, amphetamine or methamphetamine insufflation slowly damages and eventually destroys the nasal septum due to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Rectal administration and intravaginal administration are less-popular drug routes in the community with comparatively little research into their effects. Information on their use is largely anecdotal with reports of increased sexual pleasure and the effects of the drug lasting longer, though as methamphetamine is cent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Methamphetamine is most structurally similar to amphetamine. Synthesis is relatively simple, but entails risk with flammable and corrosive chemicals, particularly the solvents used in extraction and purification. The six major routes of production begin with either phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) or with one of the isomeric c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
This was once the preferred method of production by motorcycle gangs in California, until DEA restrictions on the chemicals made the process difficult. Pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, phenylacetone, and phenylacetic acid are currently DEA list I and acetic anhydride is list II on the DEA list of chemicals subject to regula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
The methamphetamine produced by this method is racemic, consisting partly of the less-desired levomethamphetamine isomer, though separation of the two enantiomeric forms through selective recrystallization of the tartrate salt can occur in order to isolate the more active dextromethamphetamine.The alternative Leuckart ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Though dating back to the discovery of the drug, the Nagai route did not become popular among illicit manufacturers until c.1982, and comprised 20% of production in Michigan in 2002. It involves red phosphorus and hydrogen iodide (also known as hydroiodic acid or iohydroic acid). (The hydrogen iodide is replaced by iod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
The hydrogen iodide is used to reduce either ephedrine or pseudoephedrine to methamphetamine. On heating, the precursor is rapidly iodinated by the hydrogen iodide to form iodoephedrine. The phosphorus assists in the second step, by consuming iodine to form phosphorus triiodide (which decomposes in water to phosphorous... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Because hydrogen iodide exists in a chemical equilibrium with iodine and hydrogen, the phosphorus reaction shifts the balance toward hydrogen production when iodine is consumed (see Le Châtelier's principle). In Australia, criminal groups have been known to substitute "red" phosphorus with either hypophosphorous acid o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
The reaction can also create toxic, flammable white phosphorus waste. Methamphetamine produced in this way is usually more than 95% pure.The conceptually similar Emde route involves reduction of ephedrine to chloroephedrine using thionyl chloride (SOCl2), followed by catalytic hydrogenation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
The catalysts for this reaction are palladium or platinum. The Rosenmund route also uses hydrogen gas and a palladium catalyst poisoned with barium sulfate (Rosenmund reduction), but uses perchloric acid instead of thionyl chloride.The Birch reduction, also called the "Nazi method", became popular in the mid-to-late 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
The reaction is allowed to stand until the ammonia evaporates. However, the Birch reduction is dangerous because the alkali metal and ammonia are both extremely reactive, and the temperature of liquid ammonia makes it susceptible to explosive boiling when reactants are added. It has been the most popular method in Midw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
because of the ready availability of liquid ammonia fertilizer in farming regions.In recent years, a simplified "Shake 'n Bake" one-pot synthesis has become more popular. The method is suitable for such small batches that pseudoephedrine restrictions are less effective, it uses chemicals that are easier to obtain (thou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
It involves placing crushed pseudoephedrine tablets into a nonpressurized container containing ammonium nitrate, water, and a hydrophobic solvent such as Coleman fuel or automotive starting fluid, to which lye and lithium (from lithium batteries) is added. The container needs to be "burped" periodically to prevent fail... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Short-term exposure to high concentrations of chemical vapors that exist in black-market methamphetamine laboratories can cause severe health problems and death. Exposure to these substances can occur from volatile air emissions, spills, fires, and explosions. Such methamphetamine labs are sometimes discovered when eme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Ingredients involved in synthesizing methamphetamine products illicitly (and seldom amphetamine as well) may be carcinogens, flammable, prone to react violently and explode with great force, or corrosive, as well as the compounds used to synthesize the aforementioned ingredients. Methamphetamine cooks, their families, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
In Japan, methamphetamine seizures are usually white crystals of high purity, but contain impurities that vary according to the means of production, and are sometimes adulterated. Diagnostic impurities are the naphthalenes 1-benzyl-methylnaphthalene and 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenylnaphthalene, arising in the Nagai and Leuckar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
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