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He was registered as an architect in Queensland in 1929 and opened his own practice in Maryborough in 1938. Boden also served in the Second World War as the architect for USA forces in Townsville.The firm of Zero Ziegler was founded in Bundaberg in 1902 as Ziegler and Sons. They provided many memorials throughout South East Queensland and are still operating as monumental masons.The pavilion was constructed at a cost of over £1000 which was raised in seven weeks by public subscription and fund raising by the Bundaberg General Hospital and the women of the Red Cross.Australia, and Queensland in particular, had few civic monuments before the First World War.
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The memorials erected in its wake became our first national monuments, recording the devastating impact of the war on a young nation. Australia lost 60,000 from a population of about 4 million, representing one in five of those who served. No previous or subsequent war has made such an impact on the nation.Even before the end of the war, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief.
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To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word "cenotaph", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means "empty tomb".Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead.
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Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. Such evidence is not readily obtainable from military records, or from state or national listings, where names are categorised alphabetically or by military unit.Australian war memorials are also valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time, not seen as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste. In Queensland, the soldier statue was the popular choice of memorial, whereas the obelisk predominated in the southern states, possibly a reflection of Queensland's larger working-class population and a lesser involvement of architects.Many of the First World War monuments have been updated to record local involvement in later conflicts, and some have fallen victim to unsympathetic re-location and repair.Although there are many different types of war memorials throughout Queensland, apart from honour boards, this is the only known one that honours the role of women in the First World War.
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The Memorial Pavilion is situated in a triangular shaped park planted with palm trees opposite the Bundaberg Base Hospital. The park is at the junction of two main streets in Bundaberg with the pavilion facing the corner.The pavilion itself is approximately 7 metres (23 ft) long and 4 metres (13 ft) wide and has white painted stucco walls and a terracotta tiled roof. All fours sides have arched openings with piers between. There are three openings on the long sides and two on the short sides.
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High on the exterior wall of the southern face is bronze lettering explaining the purpose of the pavilion.Internally, the pavilion has a concrete floor with two timber and iron park benches in the centre. Leaded marble plaques are located at the top of the interior walls. The first is an honour roll which lists the names of the local nursing sisters who served in the First and Second World Wars. The names of the two who died on service are identified with a leaded cross. The second marble plaque records the details of the commissioning and unveiling of the pavilion.
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Bundaberg War Nurses Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. War memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland's history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War.The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.
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This particular memorial is rare as the only war nurses memorial, other than honour boards, in Queensland and the only known one in Australia. It is also an uncommon example of a memorial still situated in its intact setting.The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. The monuments manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste in the inter-war period.
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Erected in 1949, the memorial at Bundaberg demonstrates the principal characteristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event. This is achieved through the use of appropriate materials and design elements.The place is important because of its aesthetic significance. The memorial and its setting are significant for their contribution to the aesthetic qualities of the townscape and creates a conspicuous landmark at the junction of two major streets.The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. It has a strong and continuing association with the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event and as the focal point for the remembrance of that event.The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history. It also has special association with the local firms and individuals involved in its erection including architect E H Boden, monumental masonry firm Zero Ziegler and Gardens Curator Mr Cunnington.
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This Wikipedia article was originally based on "The Queensland heritage register" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the "Queensland heritage register boundaries" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).
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The Escala Initiative now operates the programs of the Sustainable Preservation Initiative. It is focused on helping women entrepreneurs in developing countries build a better future for themselves, their families, and their communities. Through its 10-month formalized Business School and Capacity Building Program, ESCALA empowers women entrepreneurs to hurdle economic and social barriers as business owners. The comprehensive and proven curriculum teaches critical entrepreneurial and business skills through workshops and mentoring sessions that prepare students for success.
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All of the students have either started their own small business or plan to do so while enrolled in the program. They are engaged in a variety of industries such as textiles, food, and tourism. ESCALA presently works in Peru, Mexico, Tanzania, and Guatemala.
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SPI had focused its program around archaeological sites, but Escala has now expanded them to women and other marginalized entrepreneurs more broadly. According to Felix Salmon of Reuters, the program was about taking archaeological sites "in poor countries and making them generate cash for the locals — thereby giving them a real monetary incentive (rather than a high-minded lecture) aimed at preserving archeological treasures." In an article on job creation, Salmon cites the initiative as a model for maximum job creation through small investments: "In general, if you want to create the maximum number of jobs for the smallest amount of money, the best way of doing so is to provide catalytic capital which helps to give a small business the step-up it needs to sustain new jobs on a permanent basis".
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In a recent report, the Milken Institute called for the adoption of this model by the state of Israel in order to better protect that country's cultural heritage. Handeye Magazine, an international publication dedicated to culture and commerce, cites the organization as one that "continues to put 'people, not stones' at the forefront, placing equal or greater focus on economic and social investment as opposed to purely preservation." BigThink.com, a website that seeks to identify the "best thinking on the planet — the ideas that can help you think flexibly and act decisively in a multivariate world," featured SPI's paradigm for preservation and its success.
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Chemical coloring of metals is the process of changing the color of metal surfaces with different chemical solutions. The chemical coloring of metals can be split into three types: electroplating – coating the metal surface with another metal using electrolysis. patination – chemically reacting the metal surface to form a colored oxide or salt. anodizing – electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer, producing a porous surface which can accept organic or inorganic dyes easily. In the case of titanium, niobium, and stainless steel, the colour formed is dependent on the thickness of the oxide (which is determined by the anodizing voltage).Chemically coloring a metal is distinct from simply coating it using a method such as gilding or mercury silvering, because chemical coloring involves a chemical reaction, whereas simple coating does not.
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The processes of chemical coloring of metals are as old as metalworking technology. Some of the earliest-known examples of colored metal objects are about 5,000 years old. They are bronze casts with some silver-colored parts, which originate from the Anatolian region. Similar processes can be found on some ancient Egyptian copper sheets.
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Another example of early chemical coloring of metals is the Nebra sky disk, which has a green patina and gold inlays. An early example of black colored iron is the famous Celtic spearhead found in the River Thames and dated between 200 and 50 BC.Pliny the Elder mentioned the distinction between naturally occurring and artificial patina in the first century CE. Another ancient document about the chemical coloring of metals is the Leyden papyrus X (3rd century CE).
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Two important sources from the Middle Ages on chemically colored metals are the Mappae clavicula, which was dated between the 9th and 12th centuries, and Theophilus Presbyter's work De Diversis Artibus, which was dated to the 12th century. At the time of the Renaissance, the most significant documents were the Treatise on Goldsmithing and the Treatise on Sculpture by the famous Italian mannerist, sculptor and goldsmith Benvenuto Cellini. Patination is also briefly mentioned by Italian painter and writer Giorgio Vasari and by Pomponius Gauricus in his work De Sculptura 1504.
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André Felibien also briefly mentions some techniques for patination of bronze sculptures in his work Principes in 1699.The beginning of modern science-based chemical or electrochemical coloring of metals is marked by Leopoldo Nobili's (1784–1835) discovery of Nobilis colored rings in 1826. Leonhard Elsner, Alexander Watt, Antoine César Becquerel (1788–1878) and Rudolf Christian Böttger (1806–1881) are also important people in the early history of electrochemical coloring of metals.
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George Richards Elkington (1801–1865), known for his patent for the electroplating of silver and gold (1840), had patented at least one electrochemical metal coloring process ( his procedure was further elaborated and perfected by the American J.E. Stareck 1937. ).
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In the 19th century, the first manuals dedicated exclusively to the chemical coloring of metals were published. In 1868, Puscher reported on the application of multicolored or lustre patina based on sodium thiosulphate and lead acetate for the first time.Since the end of the 18th century, chemical coloring of metals has been a regular topic of various collections of chemical technology recipes, and from the mid-19th century onwards, this topic was included in most electroplating manuals and handbooks of goldsmiths and silversmiths. Great progress was made in the industrial application of chemical coloring of metals in the early 20th century.
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For example, around 1905, the first patents for black nickel (German patents DRP 183972 and DRP 201663) and black oxide (circa 1915–1922, German patents DRP 292603, DRP 357198, DRP 368548) were made. Between 1923 and 1927, the first UK patents relating to oxidised aluminium were published., and black chromium was developed in 1929 (German patent GP 607, 420). After the Second World War, there was a growing interest in green patinated copper sheets, which were intended primarily for architectural use.
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Technologies for anodic oxidation of titanium, and later niobium and tantalum, have evolved since the mid-1960s. Technology for the anodic oxidation of stainless steel was developed too in 1957. (patent US 2957812A).Now, the possibilities of using bacterial cultures in the patination of copper and iron are being investigated, and laser-induced staining of copper and its alloys, niobium, stainless steel, and chromium plated objects, are being tested.
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Chemical coloring of metals is primarily used in the manufacture of sculptures, jewelry, badges, medals, and decorations. It is also used in architecture, metallography, in the manufacture of metal furniture, and for military purposes as well as decorative vessels. It is used in the restoration and conservation of metals to some extent.
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The metal to color should be completely free from oxide and grease. Protective clothing, gloves and goggles should be used in a well-ventilated area or outdoors. Black for silver Items are immersed in a 2.5% solution of potassium or sodium sulfide, after the appearance of the color wash objects well and wax or varnish it.Green for copper and its alloys Paint or spray objects with a solution of 250 grams of ammonium carbonate / 250 grams of ammonium chloride / 1 litre of water, each layer is dried for 24 hours, after reaching the desired shade wax or lacquer it. As base color you can use brown or black patina for copper.
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If the amount of chlorides decreases the color will be more bluish-green if carbonate decreases more yellow-green.Black for copper Solution of sodium polysulfide 2.5%, items must be submerged in the solution after color developing, wash, dry and wax or varnish colored object.Brown for copper Items are boiled in at least 3-day-old water solution of 12% copper sulfate, after color being developed, the material is washed, dried and waxed or varnished.Black for iron Coat object with a very thin layer of linseed oil, then gradually heat it to 300–400 °C, repeat the procedure if necessary, this process can be used on any metal, which can be heated to the temperature mentioned (except lead, tin and its alloys).Brown for iron Use a 5% aqueous solution of ferric chloride. The object is coated with a solution, after 24 hours it is rubbed with coarse cloth or finest steel wool, the process is repeated at least three times, finally, the material should be wiped with a greasy rag.Gray for tin or pewter Use 20% aqueous solution of ferric chloride, it is necessary to immerse the objects in solution, dry and wax or varnish.Gray-black for zinc Use 20% aqueous solution of ferric chloride, the objects are immersed for 20 minutes, after the appearance of colour, objects should be washed, dried and waxed or varnished.Black for aluminum use boiling solution of 20 g ammonium molybdate and 5 g of sodium thiosulfate in a liter of water, immerse the objects, rinse, dry, wax or lacquer after the development of color.Lustre colours Use a solution of 280 g of sodium thiosulphate, 25 g of cupric acetate and 30 g of citric acid. It can be used on copper and its alloys, silver, nickel, iron, gold.
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The color depends on the duration of immersion, the sequence of colors on brass: Golden yellow-copper-purple-dark, blue-light, blue-chrome-nickel-red-grey, blue, and gray-black to iron or carbon steel. Variant for tin and pewter: 250 g sodium thiosulphate, 60 g copper acetate, 25 mL acetone, 1 L water, 45-85 °C, 1–20 minutes, gold -pink -blue - green. Variant for stainless steel: 100 g sodium thiosulphate, 10 g lead acetate, 12 g potassium sodium tartrate, 12 g copper sulfate, 1 lit water, 18-22 °C temperature of solution, 5–50 minutes, yellow, brown, red, green, blue, violet, object must be in contact with piece of copper 300 times smaller surface than surface of treated object.Different colors on titanium As a simple electrolyte, it is possible to use a 3% solution of trisodium phosphate, a cathode of stainless steel, object as anode.
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The color depends on voltage. Many other electrolytes can be used—even Coca-Cola. Straw yellow / 10V – violet / 29 V – blue / 30 V – blue green 45 V – light green / 55 V – purple-red / 75 V – grey / 110 V. It is mandatory that this process must be performed wearing rubber gloves (potentially dangerous voltage!
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).Various colors on stainless steel 18 Cr / 8 Ni 7.5 g of sodium dichromate, 1000 mL of sulfuric acid (1.24 g/cm3), lead cathodes, object as an anode, 70-90 °C temp, 0,06 A/dm2, voltage 1.3 V – colors depend on the duration of the procedure (5-50 min. ), brown, blue, reddish brown, yellow, green. According to Russian literature after processing items should be soaked in a solution of potassium bichromate (5-10%), 5–15 minutes, 70-90 °C temperature of the solution.
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According to one Chinese patent, treated objects can be then immersed in a hot diluted sodium silicate solution (1-5%,95-100 C,3-10 min.). Hexavalent chromates are carcinogenic and toxic, molybdate-based solutions are now being proposed as a substitute (for example molybdate 30-100g/H2SO4 10-18 g/manganese sulfate 0.5 g /1 litre water. 0.1 -20 A/dm2, 0.1–15 minutes).
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Hiorns, A. (1907). Metal Colouring and Bronzing. London: Macmillan and Co.
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OCLC 3757279. Kaup, W. J. (1914).
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Metal Coloring and Finishing. New York City: Industrial Press. Field, S.
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(1925). The Chemical Coloring of Metals and Allied Processes. London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.
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OCLC 2922065. Fishlock, D. (1962).
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Metal Colouring. Teddington: R. Draper. OCLC 3982659.
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Hughes, R.; Rowe, M. (1991). The Colouring, Bronzing and Patination of Metals (3rd ed.).
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London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 9780500015018. OCLC 24734412.
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LaNiece, S.; Craddock, P. (1993). Metal Plating and Patination: Cultural, Technical and Historical Developments.
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Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 9780750616119. OCLC 27336439.
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Young, R.D. (2000). Contemporary Patination (5th ed.).
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Escondido: Sculpt-Nouveau. ISBN 9780960374410. Kipper, P.
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(2003). Pátinas for Silicon Bronze (2nd ed.). Loveland: Path Publications.
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ISBN 9780964726901. OCLC 930605479. Sugimori, E.
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(2004). Japanese Patinas. Portland: Brynmorgen Press.
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ISBN 9781929565115. OCLC 62859653. Runfola, M.
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(2014). Patina: 300+ Coloration Effects for Jewelers & Metalsmiths. Loveland: Interveave Press. ISBN 9781620331392. OCLC 871436497.
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Verdurian (soa Sfahe, "the Speech") is a constructed language created by Mark Rosenfelder, first published in 1995 and hosted at his website, Zompist.com. Verdurian is a fictional language, which in Rosenfelder's constructed world is spoken in the nation of Verduria, on the planet Almea.Verdurian is the most-developed and best-known of the languages of Almea.
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Verdurian's phonology has eight vowels and twenty-one consonants. Among the most exotic of its sounds is the voiced uvular fricative (ʁ), which is transcribed as an R with a háček over it (Ř, ř). Verdurian also has its own alphabet. Verdurian has SVO word order, fusional morphology, and accusative morphosyntactic alignment.This language has two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural) and four cases (nominative, genitive, accusative and dative). There are 4 tenses (present, past, past anterior and future).
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The Verdurian alphabet is used to write several languages of the Cadhinorian Plain on the world of Almea, most notably Verdurian, but also (with some supplemental characters) Caizu, Kebreni, Ismaîn, Sarroc, and Flaidish. It derives from the ancient Cadhinorian alphabet (equivalent to the Verdurian capital letters), and this in turn derives from the alphabet of Cuzei. The Verdurian alphabet may be used to write both ancient languages, Cadhinor and Cuêzi.Verdurian is currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry (CSUR), which assigns code points in the Private Use Area. Verdurian code points are mapped to the range U+E200 to U+E26F. The eight “Aux” variant fonts of Kurinto (Kurinto Text Aux, Book Aux, Sans Aux, etc.) support the Verdurian alphabet.
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When Rosenfelder was a freshman in college, his dorm was next to that of a Dungeons & Dragons aficionado, one Chris Vargas. Vargas introduced Rosenfelder to the game, and Rosenfelder created the wilderness and also the languages for the game. All the players in Vargas and Rosenfelder's Dungeons & Dragons group were given Verdurian names.The language borrows words and grammar from various languages of Europe, but has been described as not resembling any one language.
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Many of the words were inspired directly by French or Russian. Others, such as "elir" for life, were a priori coinages by Rosenfelder. There are also words based on political humor, e.g. 'fanaticism' is sunmünmún and 'terror' is arhafát.
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In Rosenfelder's Almean universe, Verdurian is spoken by about 55 million people in the kingdom of Verduria, as well as nations nearby in Almea's Cadhinorian plain. Verdurian is a member of the Eastern language phylum. This derives from a proto-language called proto-Eastern, spoken by invaders of the Cadhinorian and Xurnese plains, about 4,000 years before the present time in Rosenfelder's universe. Some of the Eastern invaders were Cuzeian, while others were Cadhinorian.
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Cadhinorians picked up civilization from Cuzeians (who left behind such works as the Count of Years, showing the clear influence of Tolkien). The Cadhinorians spoke a classical language called Cadhinorian (its relationship to Verdurian is analogous to that of Latin to Spanish). After the fall of the Cadhinorian Empire, Cadhinorian developed into several daughter languages, among them Old Verdurian, which evolved later into Modern Verdurian. The fictional country of Verduria has an embassy in Linköping, Sweden.
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Out of all the languages of Almea, Verdurian is not only the best-developed but the most popular. Rosenfelder has translated texts from other languages into Verdurian and also published short stories and a newspaper in the language. He has also started a Verdurian course due to the requests of Verdurian aficionados, and the language was so popular as to inspire a Zompist.com spin-off Internet forum.
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Verdurian makes an appearance in the novel Gaits of Heaven, one of Susan Conant's "Dog Lover's Mysteries". The character Johanna does linguistic research with a feminist bent on grammatical gender "in Hebrew, Verdurian and various other languages in which verbs as well as nouns are masculine, feminine, or, in some instances, neuter".
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Proše mižu: --Žaneno, tan satenam mážula er gorat, kiei finta attróue so syel er tan lažecom brac, pro dy řo ažlädam fne soa pera almea Ekaiei. – From the story of the Tower of Babel.Translation: Then they said: "Come, let us build a town and a tower, whose top will reach the heavens; and let us get ourselves glory, so that we are not scattered across all the earth." So cuon er so ailuro eu druki. Cuon ride še slušir misotém ailurei.
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So ailuro e arašó rizuec.Translation: The dog and the cat are friends. The dog laughs at the cat's jokes. The cat is quite amusing. == References ==
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A swather (North America), or windrower (Australia and rest of world), is a farm implement that cuts hay or small grain crops and forms them into a windrow for drying. They may be self-propelled with an engine, or drawn by a tractor and power take-off powered. A swather uses a reciprocating sickle bar or rotating discs to sever the crop stems.
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The reel helps cut crop fall neatly onto a canvas or auger conveyor which deposits it into a windrow with stems aligned and supported above the ground by the stubble.A swather does the same task for hay crops as hand scything, cradling and swathing, or mowing and raking. Horizontal rollers behind the cutters may be used to crimp or condition the stems of hay crops to decrease drying time.For grains, as combines replaced threshing machines, the swather introduced an optional step in the harvesting process to provide for the drying time that binding formerly afforded. : 212–217 Swathing is still more common in the northern United States and Canada than regions with longer growing seasons where standing grain crops can be harvested directly by combines.
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Some modern crop varieties capable of rapid maturity have reduced the need for swathing grains even in the north.As well as accelerating drying of the ripe grain, windrowing the whole of the growing crop provides for a consistent ripening and dehydration of stalk and green weeds to assist in effective post threshing winnowing and separation of the grain and other material. Alternatively, chemical desiccation of weedy or irregularly ripe standing crops with glyphosate, paraquat or diquat has been used to enable direct combining.A swather is the mascot of sports teams at Hesston High School in Hesston, Kansas. Hesston is home to AGCO Corporation swather and combine harvester manufacturing plants.
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Persistent may refer to: Persistent data Persistent data structure Persistent identifier Persistent memory Persistent organic pollutant Persistent Systems, a technology company USS Persistent, three United States Navy ships
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Nachlass (German pronunciation: , older spelling Nachlaß) is a German word, used in academia to describe the collection of manuscripts, notes, correspondence, and so on left behind when a scholar dies. The word is a compound in German: nach means "after", and the verb lassen means "to leave". The plural can be either Nachlasse or (with Umlaut) Nachlässe. The word is not commonly used in English; and when it is, it is often italicized or printed in capitalized form to indicate its foreign provenance.
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The Nachlass of an important scholar is often placed in a research library or scholarly archive. Other workers in the scholar's area of specialization may obtain permission to comb through the Nachlass, seeking important unpublished scholarly contributions or biographical material. The content of a Nachlass can be catalogued, edited, and in some cases published in book form. Such publication is more difficult for a Nachlass that contains a great deal of material, such as that of Gottfried Leibniz.
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In such cases, it may not be financially possible to publish its entire contents. The Nachlass of Ludwig Wittgenstein, kept at the University of Bergen, has been digitized and published in compact disc format.Klagge and Nordmann note a conflict that faces an editor choosing what to publish draft material from a Nachlass: to understand a scholar (in this case Wittgenstein) "as he would want to be understood, we should focus on the works that came closest to passing muster with him." Yet publication of draft material may perhaps assist in a deeper understanding of the published versions, and also help understand the process whereby the scholar created his or her works.A much-debated question is whether the writings an author did not publish can be legitimately used, alongside those she herself published, to reconstruct her thought. Yet, as Huang (2019) has pointed out, the worries about the use of the Nachlass are unnecessary.
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Sometimes it is known what the original scholar's view was concerning what should be done with his or her Nachlass, and these views differ greatly. Near the end of his life Gottlob Frege wrote to his adopted son: Kleinen, 12 January 1925 Dear Alfred, Do not scorn my handwritten material. Even if all is not gold, there is gold in it nevertheless. I believe that some of it will one day be held in much greater esteem than now.
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See to it that nothing gets lost. With love, your father It is a large part of myself that I here bequeath to you.
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Frege's wishes probably went unfulfilled: his Nachlass, although duly archived in the library of the University of Münster, is believed to have been destroyed in 1945 by an Allied bombing raid during the Second World War. Even so, Frege's Nachlass survived in typewritten copies produced by Heinrich Scholz. The texts were edited and finally published in 1969.
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The philosopher Edmund Husserl developed a strong commitment to his Nachlass (which included about 40,000 pages of sketches) during the last years of his life, allowing his colleagues to sort and classify it. Bernet, Kern, and Marbach suggest that because Husserl had difficulty in putting his thoughts into a definitive, publishable form, he accordingly attached great importance to the survival of his notes. In fact, because Husserl was of Jewish ethnicity and died in Germany in the year 1938, his Nachlass only narrowly escaped destruction under the Nazi regime.Alfred North Whitehead, in contrast, asked that his Nachlass be destroyed, a wish that his widow carried out.
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According to Lowe (1982), Whitehead "idealized youth and wanted young thinkers to develop their own ideas, not spend their best years on a Nachlass." Gilbert Ryle likewise disapproved of scholars spending their time editing a Nachlass. According to Anthony Palmer, he "hated the Nachlass industry and thought that he had destroyed everything of his that he had not chosen to publish himself so that there would be no Ryle Nachlass."
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("One or two" papers (Palmer) did survive, however, and were published. )Henri Bergson's Nachlass was destroyed by his widow at his request. Lawlor and Moulard suggest that the destruction of Bergson's papers, by depriving later scholars of the stimulation of examining a Nachlass, actually affected his posthumous standing: "The lack of archival material is one reason why Bergson went out of favor during the second half of the Twentieth Century."
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Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716) left a Nachlass which contains over 200,000 pages of works in philosophy, theology, history, mathematics, science, politics, and physics in seven languages and remains largely unpublished today. Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) left a Nachlass that surprised other mathematicians, as it revealed that "he had gone quite a way to discovering non-Euclidean geometry." Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866) left notable mathematical problems, which remain unsolved, within his Nachlass. Marcus Du Sautoy writes:Most mathematicians passing through Göttingen take the time to visit the library to examine Riemann's famous unpublished scribblings, his Nachlass.
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Not only is it a moving experience to feel a bond with such an important figure in the history of mathematics, but the Nachlass still contains many unsolved mysteries, locked inside Riemann's illegible scribbles. It has become the Rosetta stone of mathematics. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) left a large Nachlass.
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From it, his sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche and his friend Heinrich Köselitz, (aka Peter Gast) compiled the text they called The Will to Power. Nietzsche's Nachlass has been translated into many languages, and an English translation is being published by Stanford University Press. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) left a Nachlass which played an important role as the basis for Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson's 1984 book The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory, which led to a huge scholarly contretemps, including a lawsuit.
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Robert Musil (1880–1942) has within his unfinished novel The Man Without Qualities a second volume, subtitled "Aus dem Nachlass", consisting primarily of miscellaneous notes and sketches, left incomplete at the time of Musil's death. This Nachlass, published posthumously by Musil's widow, is included in both the German and in translated English publications of the work. Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951) only published one book during his life. All others have been compiled from his Nachlass, which has been published by the University of Bergen.
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Use of the word in German is not limited to academic contexts. It is frequently used to refer to the entirety of a person's estate after they died, usually in the context of inheritance.
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A sachet is a small scented cloth bag filled with herbs, potpourri, or aromatic ingredients.>. "small perfumed bag," 1838, from Fr. sachet (12c.
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), dim. of sac (see sac). A reborrowing of a word that had been used 15c. in the sense "small bag, wallet." A sachet is also a small porous bag or packet containing a material intended to interact with its atmosphere; for example, desiccants are usually packed in sachets which are then placed in larger packages.
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During the Chinese Warring States period a scented sachet (xiangbao) was an ornament worn on the body and used to absorb sweat, repel insects and ward off evils. In medieval Europe the sachet was known as a "plague-bag".In various Indian cuisines, a "potli bag" is used to contain whole spices, so that they may be easily separated from the food after cooking. They are also used as fashion ornaments unto themselves.
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Chlormadinone acetate (CMA), sold under the brand names Belara, Gynorelle, Lutéran, and Prostal among others, is a progestin and antiandrogen medication which is used in birth control pills to prevent pregnancy, as a component of menopausal hormone therapy, in the treatment of gynecological disorders, and in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions like enlarged prostate and prostate cancer in men and acne and hirsutism in women. It is available both at a low dose in combination with an estrogen in birth control pills and, in a few countries like France and Japan, at low, moderate, and high doses alone for various indications. It is taken by mouth.Side effects of the combination of an estrogen and CMA include menstrual irregularities, headaches, nausea, breast tenderness, vaginal discharge, and others. At high dosages, CMA can cause sexual dysfunction, demasculinization, adrenal insufficiency, and changes in carbohydrate metabolism among other adverse effects.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate
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The drug is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It is also an antiandrogen, and hence is an antagonist of the androgen receptor, the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Due to its progestogenic activity, CMA has antigonadotropic effects.
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The medication has weak glucocorticoid activity and no other important hormonal activity.CMA was discovered in 1959 and was introduced for medical use in 1965. It may be considered a "first-generation" progestin. The medication was withdrawn in some countries in 1970 due to concerns about mammary toxicity observed in dogs, but this turned out not to apply to humans. CMA is available widely throughout the world in birth control pills, but is notably not marketed in any predominantly English-speaking countries. It is available alone in only a few countries, including France, Mexico, Japan, and South Korea.
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CMA is used at a low dose in combination with ethinylestradiol (EE), an estrogen, in combined birth control pills. It has also been used in the treatment of gynecological conditions including vaginal bleeding, oligomenorrhea, polymenorrhea, hypermenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, secondary amenorrhea, and endometriosis and in France (under the brand name Lutéran) in menopausal hormone therapy in combination with an estrogen. CMA is used at dosages of 1 to 2 mg/day in combined birth control pills and at dosages of 2 to 10 mg/day in the treatment of gynecological disorders. Combined birth control pills containing EE and CMA have been found to be useful in reducing androgen-dependent symptoms such as skin and hair conditions.
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Dosages of CMA of 15 to 20 mg/day have been found to improve hot flashes. High-dose CMA-only tablets are used as a form of progestogen-only birth control, although they are not specifically licensed as such.CMA has been widely used as a means of androgen deprivation therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in Japan and South Korea, but has seen little use for these indications elsewhere in the world. It is used at dosages of 50 to 100 mg/day in the treatment of prostate diseases.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate
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Similarly to cyproterone acetate (CPA), CMA shows a lower risk of hot flashes than gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRH analogues). The medication is the only other steroidal antiandrogen besides CPA that has been approved and used for the treatment of prostate cancer; megestrol acetate has also been researched, but has not been approved.CMA has also been found to be effective in the treatment of other androgen-dependent conditions such as acne, seborrhea, hirsutism, and pattern hair loss in women, similarly to CPA.
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It has been studied at moderate dosages of 4 to 12 mg/day in the treatment of precocious puberty in girls. It showed similar benefits as those of medroxyprogesterone acetate in these girls and was found to reduce, but not abolish premature development such as breast growth and menstruation. Only slight or no axillary hair growth was observed in the girls. CMA has also been used as a component of hormone therapy for transgender women, similarly to CPA and spironolactone, albeit mostly only in Japan.CMA has been used to prevent the testosterone flare at the start of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy in men with prostate cancer.
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CMA is available in the form of oral tablets at low doses (2 mg) in combination with EE in birth control pills (e.g., as Belara in Germany and Brazil), at low to moderate doses (2, 5, 10, 25 mg) alone (e.g., as Lutéran in France and Lutoral in Mexico), and at high doses (50 mg) alone (e.g., as Prostal in Japan and Prostal-L in South Korea).
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Contraindications of combined birth control pills, such as those containing EE and CMA, include known or suspected pregnancy, lactation and breastfeeding, a history of or known susceptibility to thromboembolism, cholestasis (but not liver cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis), and breast cancer among others. CMA is a teratogen in animals and may have the potential to cause fetal harm, such as feminization of male fetuses among other defects.
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The most common side effects of birth control pills containing EE and low-dose CMA have been found to include menstrual abnormalities, headache (37%), nausea (23%), breast tenderness (22%), and vaginal discharge (19%) among others. These formulations do not adversely affect sexual desire or function in women and show little or no risk of depression, mood swings, or weight gain. High-dosage CMA is associated with sexual dysfunction (e.g., reduced libido, erectile dysfunction), reduced body hair, adrenal insufficiency, and alterations in carbohydrate metabolism.
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Conversely, it does not share adverse effects of estrogens such as breast discomfort and gynecomastia. CMA does not increase the risk of venous thromboembolism. There is a case report of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis with CMA.
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Similarly to other progestins but in contrast to progesterone, CMA has been found to significantly increase the risk of breast cancer when used in combination with an estrogen in menopausal hormone therapy. No abnormalities in liver function tests have been observed in women taking combined birth control pills containing CMA or CPA. Unlike CPA, high-dosage CMA does not seem to be associated with hepatotoxicity.Similarly to megestrol acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate, CMA appears to show less potential for liver genotoxicity and carcinogenicity than CPA in bioassays.
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This seems to be related to the lack of the C1α,2α methylene group of CPA in these steroids. A case of hepatocellular carcinoma has been reported in a woman taking a birth control pill containing CMA. However, the incidence of liver tumors in women in association with CMA-containing birth control pills appears to be similar to that for birth control pills containing other progestins.
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CMA has been studied in men with advanced prostate cancer at massive dosages of 1,000 to 2,000 mg/day orally and 100 to 500 mg/day via intramuscular injection, without serious adverse effects or toxicity described.
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As CMA does not inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes, it may have a lower risk of drug interactions than 19-nortestosterone progestins.
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CMA has progestogenic activity, antigonadotropic effects, antiandrogenic activity, and weak glucocorticoid activity.
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CMA is a progestogen, or an agonist of the progesterone receptor. It is highly potent in its progestogenic activity, with about 330 times the potency of progesterone in the Clauberg test and about 2,000 to 10,000 times the oral potency of progesterone in the McPhail assay. For comparison, the potencies of medroxyprogesterone acetate and CPA in the Clauberg assay were about 330- and 1,000-fold that of progesterone, respectively.
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The progestogenic activity of CMA is responsible for its functional antigonadotropic and antiestrogenic effects and for its contraceptive effects. The oral ovulation-inhibiting dosage of CMA in women is 1.5 to 4 mg/day and its endometrial transformation dosage is 25 mg/cycle. In one study of ovulation inhibition, CMA was 68% effective at 1 mg/day, 85% effective at 2 mg/day, and 100% effective at 4 mg/day. The effective dosage of CMA as a progestogen-only pill for contraception is 0.5 mg/day. Inhibition of ovulation is incomplete at this dosage and contraceptive effects are instead mainly achieved via progestogenic changes in the endometrium and cervix.In rabbit bioassays, PR activation was similar for CMA and its major active metabolites 3α-hydroxychlormadinone acetate (3α-OH-CMA) and 3β-hydroxychlormadinone acetate (3β-OH-CMA).
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Due to its progestogenic activity, CMA has antigonadotropic effects, and hence can inhibit the secretion of the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland. As a result, CMA suppresses ovulation and gonadal sex hormone production and can strongly decrease circulating testosterone and estradiol levels at sufficiently high dosages. The medication at a dosage of 50 mg/day has been found to suppress testosterone levels by about 76 to 85% (to approximately 50–100 ng/dL) and estradiol levels by about 55 to 59% (to approximately 7–8 pg/mL) in men with BPH. As such, CMA has powerful functional antiandrogenic and antiestrogenic effects via its antigonadotropic effects.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate
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CMA is a potent antiandrogen, or antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR), with about 30 to 40% of the affinity of CPA for the receptor and about 20% of the antiandrogenic potency of CPA in animals. Like other progestins with antiandrogenic activity such as CPA, megestrol acetate, and spironolactone, but unlike nonsteroidal antiandrogens such as flutamide and bicalutamide, CMA is not a silent antagonist of the AR but rather a weak partial agonist with the capacity to activate the receptor in the absence of more efficacious agonists such as testosterone. In rabbit bioassays, AR antagonism was similar for CMA and 3α-OH-CMA but lower for 3β-OH-CMA. Both the antigonadotropic and antiandrogenic actions of CMA are thought to be involved in its effectiveness in the treatment of prostate cancer.When low-dose CMA is combined with EE, as in combined birth control pills, the antiandrogenic activity of CMA is reinforced, due to a large increase in sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels and consequent fall in free testosterone levels induced by EE. Unlike 19-nortestosterone progestins like levonorgestrel, CMA does not antagonize the EE-induced increase in SHBG levels.
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Similarly to other 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives such as CPA, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and megestrol acetate, CMA has weak affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor (comparable to that of progesterone) and weak glucocorticoid activity, and has the potential to cause adrenal insufficiency upon abrupt discontinuation at sufficient dosages. However, the medication shows significant glucocorticoid activity only at dosages much higher than those present in birth control pills. In rabbit bioassays, GR activation was highest for CMA but less for 3α-OH-CMA and not observed with 3β-OH-CMA (suggesting that it may, in contrast, be a lower efficacy partial agonist or antagonist of the GR). CMA has no affinity for the estrogen or mineralocorticoid receptors and has no estrogenic or antimineralocorticoid activity.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate
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