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-3646291394492263644	when does the stock market open in hong kong	[ "8\n\n09:30", "8\n\n09:30", "09:15" ]	{ "0": "List of stock exchange trading hours - wikipedia List of stock exchange trading hours Jump to : navigation , search This list of times needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of opening and closing times for stock and futures exchanges worldwide . It includes a partial list of stock exchanges and the corresponding times the exchange opens and closes , along with the time zone within which the exchange is located World exchanges Time zone Local time UTC Name ID Country City Zone Δ DST Open Close Lunch Open Close Lunch New Zealand Stock Market NZSX New Zealand Wellington NZST + 12 Sep -- Apr 10 : 00 16 : 45 No 22 : 00 05 : 00 No Australian Securities Exchange ASX Australia Sydney AEST + 10 Oct -- Apr 10 : 00 16 : 00 No 00 : 00 06 : 00 No Tokyo Stock Exchange TSE Japan Tokyo JST + 9 09 : 00 15 : 00 11 : 30 -- 12 : 30 00 : 00 06 : 00 02 : 30 -- 03 : 30 Korea Stock Exchange KRX South Korea Busan & Seoul KST + 9 09 : 00 15 : 30 No 00 : 00 06 : 00 No Bursa Malaysia MYX Malaysia Kuala Lumpur MYT + 8 09 : 00", "1": "17 : 00 12 : 30 -- 14 : 30 01 : 00 09 : 00 04 : 30 -- 06 : 30 Singapore Exchange SGX Singapore Singapore SGT + 8 09 : 00 17 : 00 12 : 00 -- 13 : 00 01 : 00 09 : 00 Yes Taiwan Stock Exchange TWSE Taiwan ( Republic of China ) Taipei CST + 8 09 : 00 13 : 30 No 01 : 00 05 : 30 No Hong Kong Futures Exchange HKFE Hong Kong Hong Kong HKT + 8 09 : 15 16 : 00 12 : 00 -- 13 : 00 01 : 15 08 : 00 04 : 00 -- 05 : 00 Hong Kong Stock Exchange HKEX Hong Kong Hong Kong HKT + 8 09 : 30 16 : 00 12 : 00 -- 13 : 00 01 : 30 08 : 00 04 : 00 -- 05 : 00 Shanghai Stock Exchange SSE China Shanghai CST + 8 09 : 30 15 : 00 11 : 30 -- 13 : 00 01 : 30 07 : 00 03 : 30 -- 05 : 00 Shenzhen Stock Exchange SZSE China Shenzhen CST + 8 09 : 30 15 : 00 11 : 30 -- 13 : 00 01 : 30 07 :", "2": "00 03 : 30 -- 05 : 00 Philippine Stock Exchange PSE Philippines Manila PHT + 8 09 : 30 15 : 30 12 : 00 -- 13 : 30 01 : 30 07 : 30 04 : 00 -- 05 : 30 Indonesia Stock Exchange IDX Indonesia Jakarta WIB + 7 09 : 00 16 : 00 Yes 02 : 00 09 : 00 Yes Hochiminh Stock Exchange HOSE Vietnam Hochiminh ICT + 7 09 : 00 14 : 45 11 : 30 -- 13 : 00 02 : 00 07 : 45 04 : 30 -- 06 : 00 Hanoi Stock Exchange HNX Vietnam Hanoi ICT + 7 09 : 00 14 : 45 11 : 30 -- 13 : 00 02 : 00 07 : 45 04 : 30 -- 06 : 00 Stock Exchange of Thailand SET Thailand Bangkok ICT + 7 10 : 00 16 : 30 12 : 30 -- 14 : 30 03 : 00 09 : 30 05 : 30 -- 07 : 30 Chittagong Stock Exchange CSE Bangladesh Chittagong BST + 6 10 : 30 14 : 30 No 04 : 30 08 : 30 No Dhaka Stock Exchange DSE Bangladesh Dhaka BST +", "3": "6 10 : 30 14 : 30 No 04 : 30 08 : 30 No Bombay Stock Exchange BSE India Mumbai IST + 5.5 09 : 15 15 : 30 No 03 : 45 10 : 00 No National Stock Exchange of India NSE India Mumbai IST + 5.5 09 : 15 15 : 30 No 03 : 45 10 : 00 No Colombo Stock Exchange CSE Sri Lanka Colombo SLST + 5.5 09 : 30 14 : 30 No 04 : 00 09 : 00 No Pakistan Stock Exchange PSX Pakistan Karachi PKT + 5 09 : 30 15 : 30 No 04 : 30 10 : 30 No Tehran Stock Exchange TSE Iran Tehran IRST + 3.5 09 : 00 12 : 30 No 05 : 30 09 : 00 No Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange DSE Tanzania Dar es Salaam EAT + 3 08 : 00 17 : 00 No 05 : 00 14 : 00 No Moscow Exchange MOEX Russia Moscow MSK + 3 10 : 00 18 : 45 No 07 : 00 15 : 45 No Saudi Stock Exchange TADAWUL Saudi Arabia Riyadh AST + 3 10 : 00 15 : 00 No 07 : 00 12 : 00 No Nairobi Securities Exchange NSE", "4": "Kenya Nairobi UTC + 3 09 : 30 15 : 00 No 06 : 30 12 : 00 No Helsinki Stock Exchange OMX Finland Helsinki EET + 2 Mar -- Oct 10 : 00 18 : 30 No 08 : 00 16 : 30 No Ukrainian Exchange UX Ukraine Kiev EET + 2 Mar -- Oct 10 : 00 17 : 30 No 08 : 00 15 : 30 No Riga Stock Exchange OMXR Latvia Riga EET + 2 Mar -- Oct 10 : 00 16 : 00 No 08 : 00 14 : 00 No Tallinn Stock Exchange OMXT Estonia Tallinn EET + 2 Mar -- Oct 10 : 00 16 : 00 No 08 : 00 14 : 00 No NASDAQ OMX Vilnius OMXV Lithuania Vilnius EET + 2 Mar -- Oct 10 : 00 16 : 00 No 08 : 00 14 : 00 No Amman Stock Exchange ASE Jordan Amman EET + 2 Mar -- Oct 10 : 00 12 : 00 No 08 : 00 10 : 00 No Tel Aviv Stock Exchange TASE Israel Tel Aviv IST + 2 Mar -- Oct 09 : 00 17 : 30 No 07 :", "5": "00 15 : 30 No Beirut Stock Exchange BSE Lebanon Beirut EET + 2 Mar -- Oct 09 : 30 12 : 30 No 07 : 30 10 : 30 No Johannesburg Stock Exchange JSE South Africa Johannesburg SAST + 2 09 : 00 17 : 00 No 07 : 00 15 : 00 No Borsa Istanbul ISE Turkey Istanbul TRT + 3 09 : 30 17 : 30 12 : 30 -- 14 : 00 07 : 30 15 : 30 10 : 30 -- 12 : 00 Frankfurt Stock Exchange ( Xetra ) FSX Germany Frankfurt CET + 1 Mar -- Oct 08 : 00 20 : 00 No 07 : 00 19 : 00 No Eurex Exchange EUREX Germany Eschborn CET + 1 Mar -- Oct 08 : 00 22 : 00 No 07 : 00 21 : 00 No Warsaw Stock Exchange GPW Poland Warsaw CET + 1 Mar -- Oct 09 : 00 17 : 00 No 08 : 00 16 : 00 No Wiener Börse AG VSE Austria Vienna CET + 1 Mar -- Oct 08 : 55 17 : 35 No 07 : 55 16 : 35 No Budapest Stock Exchange", "6": "BSE Hungary Budapest CET + 1 Mar -- Oct 09 : 00 17 : 00 No 08 : 00 16 : 00 No Euronext Paris EPA France Paris CET + 1 Mar -- Oct 09 : 00 17 : 30 No 08 : 00 16 : 30 No Swiss Exchange SIX Switzerland Zurich CET + 1 Mar -- Oct 09 : 00 17 : 30 No 08 : 00 16 : 30 No Berne eXchange BX Switzerland Berne CET + 1 Mar -- Oct 09 : 00 16 : 30 No 08 : 00 15 : 30 No Spanish Stock Exchange BME Spain Madrid CET + 1 Mar -- Oct 09 : 00 17 : 30 No 08 : 00 16 : 30 No Milan Stock Exchange MTA Italy Milan CET + 1 Mar -- Oct 09 : 00 17 : 35 No 08 : 00 16 : 35 No Euronext Amsterdam AMS Netherlands Amsterdam CET + 1 Mar -- Oct 09 : 00 17 : 40 No 08 : 00 16 : 40 No Luxembourg Stock Exchange LuxSE Luxembourg Luxembourg City CET + 1 Mar -- Oct 09 : 00 17 : 35 No 08 : 00 16 :", "7": "35 No Stockholm Stock Exchange OMX Sweden Stockholm CET + 1 Mar -- Oct 09 : 00 17 : 30 No 08 : 00 16 : 30 No Oslo Stock Exchange OSE Norway Oslo CET + 1 Mar -- Oct 09 : 00 16 : 30 No 08 : 00 15 : 30 No Copenhagen Stock Exchange CSE Denmark Copenhagen CET + 1 Mar -- Oct 09 : 00 17 : 00 No 08 : 00 16 : 00 No Malta Stock Exchange MSE Malta Valletta CET + 1 Mar -- Oct 09 : 30 12 : 30 No 08 : 30 11 : 30 No Nigerian Stock Exchange NSE Nigeria Lagos WAT + 1 10 : 00 16 : 00 No 09 : 00 15 : 00 No London Stock Exchange LSE United Kingdom London GMT + 0 Mar -- Oct 08 : 00 16 : 30 No 08 : 00 16 : 30 No Euronext Lisbon PSI Portugal Lisbon GMT 08 : 00 16 : 30 No 08 : 00 16 : 30 No Irish Stock Exchange ISE Ireland Dublin GMT + 0 Mar -- Oct 08 : 00 16 : 30 No 08 : 00", "8": "16 : 30 No Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo Bovespa Brazil São Paulo BRT − 3 Oct -- Feb 10 : 00 17 : 30 No 13 : 00 20 : 00 No Buenos Aires Stock Exchange BCBA Argentina Buenos Aires ART − 3 11 : 00 17 : 00 No 14 : 00 20 : 00 No New York Stock Exchange NYSE United States New York EST − 5 Mar -- Nov 09 : 30 16 : 00 No 14 : 30 21 : 00 No NASDAQ NASDAQ United States New York EST − 5 Mar -- Nov 09 : 30 16 : 00 No 14 : 30 21 : 00 No Toronto Stock Exchange TSX Canada Toronto EST − 5 Mar -- Nov 09 : 30 16 : 00 No 14 : 30 21 : 00 No Mexican Stock Exchange BMV Mexico Mexico City CST − 6 Apr -- Oct 08 : 30 15 : 00 No 14 : 30 21 : 00 No Jamaica Stock Exchange JSE Jamaica Kingston EST − 5 09 : 00 13 : 00 No 14 : 00 17 : 00 No Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sorted by 1 ) UTC Open , 2 ) Time zone ,", "9": "and 3 ) market cap , starting with the first exchange to open Monday morning . Jump up ^ Time zones subdivided into 3 columns : 1 ) Zone = time zone acronym , 2 ) Δ = standard time differential from UTC in hours + hyperlink to current local time , and 3 ) DST = approximate time frame ( start - end ) that daylight saving time is in effect . Jump up ^ UTC times ( which are the same as GMT ) will fluctuate for each exchange based on changes resulting from daylight saving time . ^ Jump up to : Chinese stock market opening and closing hours are subjective to market performance . End of 2014 trading hours dropped to ~ 5 mins on some days . Jump up ^ FSX Trading Hours : Automatic Xetra trading runs from 09 : 00 to 17 : 30 ( CET ) with closing auction from 17 : 30 - 17 : 35 , floor brokers ' trading times are from 8 : 00 to 20 : 00 ( CET ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What are the trading hours for TSE - listed products ? '' . FAQ - General . Tokyo Stock Exchange . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Trading hours for most TSE - listed securities is 9 : 00 - 15 : 00 with a break from 11 : 30 - 12 : 30 . Certain bond securities trade only in the afternoon session , and some other securities have different schedules for acceptance and execution of orders . Jump up ^ From 13 November 2017 , there will be a mid-day trading break from 1200h to 1300h , during which orders will not be matched . Therefore , continuous trading will be divided into two sessions : a morning session from 0900h to 1200h and an afternoon session from 1300h to 1700h . http://www.sgx.com/wps/portal/sgxweb/home/trading/securities/trading_hours_calendar Jump up ^ `` Trading Hours '' . HKEX . HKEX . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Trading is conducted on Monday to Friday ( excluding public holidays ) at the following times .", "10": "Jump up ^ https://www.bseindia.com/markets/equity/session_timings.aspx Jump up ^ https://www.nseindia.com/global/content/market_timings_holidays/market_timings_holidays.htm Jump up ^ `` Trading Hours '' . Trading is conducted on Monday to Friday ( excluding public holidays ) at the following times . Jump up ^ `` Trading hours of the BETa Market '' . Jump up ^ `` Borza Ta Malta '' . Jump up ^ `` NYSE : HOLIDAYS AND TRADING HOURS '' . Jump up ^ `` NASDAQ Trading Schedule '' . Jump up ^ `` JSE : HOLIDAYS AND TRADING HOURS '' .", "11": "Financial markets Types of markets Primary market Secondary market Third market Fourth market Types of stocks Common stock Golden share Preferred stock Restricted stock Tracking stock Share capital Authorised capital Issued shares Shares outstanding Treasury stock Participants Broker - dealer Day trader Floor broker Floor trader Investor Market maker Proprietary trader Quantitative analyst Regulator Stock trader Exchanges Electronic communication network List of stock exchanges Trading hours Multilateral trading facility Over-the - counter Stock valuation Alpha Arbitrage pricing theory Beta Bid -- ask spread Book value Capital asset pricing model Capital market line Dividend discount model Dividend yield Earnings per share Earnings yield Net asset value Security characteristic line Security market line T - model Trading theories and strategies Algorithmic trading Buy and hold Contrarian investing Day trading Dollar cost averaging Efficient - market hypothesis Fundamental analysis Growth stock Market timing Modern portfolio theory Momentum investing Mosaic theory Pairs trade Post-modern portfolio theory Random walk hypothesis Sector rotation Style investing Swing trading Technical analysis Trend following Value investing Related terms Block trade Cross listing Dark pool Dividend Dual - listed company DuPont analysis Efficient frontier Flight - to - quality Haircut Initial public offering Long Margin Market anomaly Market capitalization Market depth Market manipulation Market trend Mean reversion Momentum Open outcry Position Public float Public offering Rally Returns - based style analysis Reverse stock split Share repurchase Short selling Slippage Speculation Stock dilution Stock market index Stock split Trade Uptick rule Volatility Voting interest Yield Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_stock_exchange_trading_hours&oldid=838334359 '' Categories : Stock exchanges Working time Finance lists Lists of stock exchanges Share trading Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia தமிழ் ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 10 : 46 .", "12": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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9187994979510737197	who's the model on let's make a deal	[ "Tiffany Adams Coyne", "Tiffany Adams Coyne", "Tiffany Adams Coyne", "Tiffany Adams Coyne", "Tiffany Adams Coyne" ]	{ "0": "Tiffany Coyne - wikipedia Tiffany Coyne Jump to : navigation , search Tiffany Lynn Adams Coyne Tiffany Lynn Adams ( 1982 - 05 - 06 ) May 6 , 1982 ( age 35 ) Layton , Utah , United States Nationality American Citizenship United States Occupation Game show model Spouse ( s ) Chris Coyne Children Scarlett Rose Coyne ( b . 1 August 2013 ) Modeling information Hair color Blonde Tiffany Adams Coyne ( born May 6 , 1982 ) is an American model and dancer . She is the model on Let 's Make a Deal , having replaced Alison Fiori in 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 1.1 Personal life 2 References 3 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Tiffany Lynn Adams was born in Layton , Utah on May 6 , 1982 . She has two sisters , five step - sisters and two step - brothers . When she was three years old she started dancing , focusing on jazz , hip hop , and ballet dancing . As a youth , her family moved a lot because her mother `` liked to build houses . '' The family lived near Hill Air Force Base for a while . She went to middle school and one year of high school in West Haven , Utah . She completed her high school education at Northridge High School in Layton after the family moved back to the town . She was on the dance squad at nearby Fremont High School . After graduating from high school in 2000 she was a performer for two seasons with the America First Jazz Dancers for the Utah Jazz . During that time , she also taught dance classes locally . After working for the Jazz , she performed internationally on a cruise ship , including in Denmark , Sweden , Russia , and Norway . She relocated to Las Vegas , Nevada and performed in Jubilee ! , Fashionistas , and Sirens of TI . She also appeared in informercials . Let 's Make a Deal relaunched in 2009 in Las Vegas . Coyne auditioned multiple times and was hired . She kept working at in the Sirens of TI as a back up plan in case Let 's Make a Deal ended .", "1": "She taped two episodes a day of Let 's Make a Deal and then worked at Sirens of TI at night . Deal moved to Los Angeles and Coyne would drive back and forth five days a week to work on both shows . She relocated to Los Angeles to start season two of Deal . Her role as a model at Deal has been described as `` to make prizes look better by her mere presence . '' To improve her improv skills while working with Wayne Brady and Jonathan Mangum , she took improv classes . She was on maternity leave for much of the first half of the 2013 - 14 season , and returned to taping September 2014 . Upon relocating to Los Angeles , Coyne played herself in The Bold and the Beautiful , was a stand in model for The Price Is Right , and modeled for United Airlines and Chase Bank . Personal life ( edit ) Her father is of German descent , and her mother is of Hungarian descent . She is married to Chris Coyne , whom she met while working on a cruise ship . They live in Los Angeles , California . Their first child , Scarlett Rose , was born in August , 2013. Their son , Carter Liam Coyne was born in February 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lowell , Lindsley . `` Let 's Make a Deal Model on Motherhood '' . GalTime . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Becky . `` Tiffany Coyne the real deal '' . Hers . Utah : Standard - Examiner . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiffany Coyne '' . Let 's Make a Deal . CBS . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Leon , Anya ; Monica Rizzo . `` Tiffany Coyne Welcomes Daughter Scarlett Rose '' . Moms & Babies . People . Retrieved 16 October 2013 .", "2": "External links ( edit ) Tiffany Coyne on Instagram Tiffany Coyne on IMDb ( hide ) Utah Jazz Founded in 1974 Played in New Orleans ( 1974 -- 79 ) Based in Salt Lake City , Utah Franchise Franchise Summer League 1974 Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Records Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas Loyola Field House New Orleans Municipal Auditorium Louisiana Superdome Salt Palace Vivint Smart Home Arena Personnel Checketts Gardner Rigby G League affiliate Salt Lake City Stars Administration Owner : Jazz Basketball Investors , Inc.", "3": "( represented by Gail Miller , widow of Larry H. Miller ) President : Steve Starks Executive VP , Basketball Operations : Kevin O'Connor General Manager : Dennis Lindsey Head coach : Quin Snyder Retired numbers 7 9 12 14 32 35 53 1223 Hot Rod Hundley ( Microphone ) Hall of Famers Pete Maravich Adrian Dantley John Stockton Jerry Sloan Hot Rod Hundley Karl Malone Western Conference Championships ( 2 ) 1997 1998 Division titles ( 9 ) 1984 1997 1998 2000 2007 2008 2017 Rivals Houston Rockets Culture and lore Jazz Bear Dan Roberts Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals Celtic Pride Tiffany Coyne `` Kill Gil , Volumes I & II '' ( The Simpsons episode ) Media TV AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain ( current ) KJZZ - TV ( former ) Radio Radio Network KZNS - AM KZNS - FM Announcers Craig Bolerjack Matt Harpring David Locke Ron Boone Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiffany_Coyne&oldid=827730223 '' Categories : Let 's Make a Deal Living people Female models from Utah Game show models American female dancers American dancers People from Layton , Utah Utah Jazz People from Los Angeles 1982 births Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 11 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5078709962400196312	what mlb teams did deion sanders play for	[ "New York Yankees (1989–1990)", "Atlanta Braves (1991–1994)", "Cincinnati Reds (1994–1995)", "San Francisco Giants (1995)", "Cincinnati Reds (1997, 2001)", "New York Yankees, the Atlanta Braves, the Cincinnati Reds and the San Francisco Giants", "New York Yankees", "Atlanta Braves", "Cincinnati Reds", "San Francisco Giants", "Cincinnati Reds", "New York Yankees", "Atlanta Braves", "Cincinnati Reds", "San Francisco Giants", "New York Yankees", "Atlanta Braves", "Cincinnati Reds", "San Francisco Giants" ]	{ "0": "Deion Sanders - wikipedia Deion Sanders Jump to : navigation , search Deion Sanders Sanders in 2011 No. 21 , 37 Position : Cornerback Born : ( 1967 - 08 - 09 ) August 9 , 1967 ( age 50 ) Fort Myers , Florida Height : 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) Weight : 198 lb ( 90 kg ) Career information High school : North Fort Myers ( FL ) College : Florida State NFL Draft : 1989 / Round : 1 / Pick : 5 Career history Atlanta Falcons ( 1989 -- 1993 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1994 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Washington Redskins ( 2000 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Career highlights and awards 2 × Super Bowl champion ( XXIX , XXX ) 8 × Pro Bowl ( 1991 -- 1994 , 1996 -- 1999 ) 8 × First - team All - Pro ( 1991 -- 1994 , 1996 -- 1999 ) NFL Defensive Player of the Year ( 1994 ) NFL 1990s All - Decade Team Atlanta Falcons Ring of Honor Jim Thorpe Award ( 1988 ) 2 × Unanimous All - American ( 1987 , 1988 ) Florida State Seminoles No. 2 retired Career NFL statistics Interceptions : 53 Defensive touchdowns : 10 Return touchdowns : 9 Receptions : 60 Receiving yards : 784 Receiving touchdowns : 3 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR Pro Football Hall of Fame College Football Hall of Fame Deion Luywnn Sanders Sr. ( / ˈdiːɒn / ; born August 9 , 1967 ) , nicknamed `` Primetime '' , is a former American football and baseball player who works as an analyst for CBS Sports and the NFL Network . He is currently the offensive coordinator at Trinity Christian - Cedar Hill high school where his sons go to school .", "1": "He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011 . Sanders played football primarily at cornerback , but also as a kick returner , punt returner , and occasionally wide receiver . He played in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Atlanta Falcons , the San Francisco 49ers , the Dallas Cowboys , the Washington Redskins and the Baltimore Ravens , winning the Super Bowl with both the 49ers and the Cowboys . An outfielder in baseball , he played professionally for the New York Yankees , the Atlanta Braves , the Cincinnati Reds and the San Francisco Giants , and participated in the 1992 World Series with the Braves . He attended Florida State University , where he was recognized as a two - time All - American in football , and also played baseball and ran track . Sanders founded the Prime Prep Academy charter school in 2012 and has coached at the school . The school was closed January 30 , 2015 , due to financial insolvency . In 2014 , he debuted his new show , the Deion Family Playbook . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 High school 1.2 College career 2 Professional baseball career 3 Professional football career 3.1 Draft and Atlanta Falcons 3.2 San Francisco 49ers 3.3 Dallas Cowboys 3.4 Washington Redskins 3.5 Baltimore Ravens 4 Legacy 5 Media appearances and pop culture fame 6 Other business and entertainment ventures 7 Discography 8 Personal life 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Early life ( edit ) High school ( edit ) Sanders was born in Fort Myers , Florida . He attended North Fort Myers High School in North Fort Myers , and was a letterman and All - State honoree in football , basketball and baseball . In 1985 , Sanders was named to the Florida High School Association All - Century Team which selected the top 33 players in the 100 - year history of high school football in the state . The Kansas City Royals selected Sanders out of North Fort Myers High School in the sixth round of the 1985 Major League Baseball draft . He did not sign with the Royals .", "2": "College career ( edit ) Sanders at Florida State Sanders enrolled at Florida State University and played three sports for the Florida State Seminoles : football , baseball , and track . Beginning his freshman year , he started in the Seminoles ' secondary , played outfield for the baseball team that finished fifth in the nation , and helped lead the track and field team to a conference championship . Under head coach Bobby Bowden , Sanders was a two - time consensus All - American cornerback in 1987 and 1988 , and a third team All - American in 1986 , intercepting 14 passes in his career , including three in bowl games , and managed to return one interception 100 yards for a touchdown breaking Fred Biletnikoff 's interception return record by one yard . He won the Jim Thorpe Award in 1988 . He was also a standout punt returner for Florida State , leading the nation in 1988 with his punt return average , and breaking the school 's record for career punt return yards . Sanders made an interception with 5 seconds left to seal Florida State 's 13 - 7 win over Auburn in the 1989 Sugar Bowl , during the 1988 postseason . Based on those accolades , his jersey at Florida State , # 2 , was retired in 1995 . He finished his career with 126 punt returns for 1,429 yards . Bowden would later state that Sanders was his `` measuring stick for athletic ability '' . While playing baseball under head coach Mike Martin at Florida State , Sanders hit . 331 in 1986 ; he was known more for base stealing , compiling 27 stolen bases in 1987 . Sanders once played the first game of a baseball doubleheader , ran a leg of a 4 × 100 relay , then returned to play another baseball game . Professional baseball career ( edit ) Deion Sanders Left fielder / Center fielder Born : ( 1967 - 08 - 09 ) August 9 , 1967 ( age 50 ) Fort Myers , Florida Batted : Left Threw : Left MLB debut May 31 , 1989 , for the New York Yankees Last MLB appearance June 14 , 2001 , for the Cincinnati Reds MLB statistics Batting average .", "3": "263 Hits 558 Home runs 39 Stolen bases 186 Teams New York Yankees ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Atlanta Braves ( 1991 -- 1994 ) Cincinnati Reds ( 1994 -- 1995 ) San Francisco Giants ( 1995 ) Cincinnati Reds ( 1997 , 2001 ) Career highlights and awards NL Triples champion ( 1992 ) Sanders played a nine - year , part - time baseball career , playing left and center field in 641 games with 4 teams . He was originally drafted by the Kansas City Royals in the 6th round of the 1985 draft , but did not sign with them . The New York Yankees selected Sanders in the 30th round of the 1988 Major League Baseball draft , and he signed with the team on June 22 . He opened the 1989 season with the Albany - Colonie Yankees of the Class AA Eastern League . Though he planned to leave the Yankees in July to attend NFL training camp , he became embroiled in a contract dispute with the Falcons , and used the Yankees as leverage . He received a promotion to the major leagues , and spent the summer with the Columbus Clippers of the Class AAA International League . He made his major league baseball debut on May 31 , 1989 . Sanders made the Yankees ' Opening Day roster for the 1990 season . On May 22 , 1990 , Sanders became involved in a dispute with Chicago White Sox ' catcher Carlton Fisk . Sanders started by stepping up to the plate with one out and a runner on third , drawing a dollar sign in the dirt before the pitch and then failed to run to first base after hitting a routine pop fly to shortstop , trotting back to the dugout instead . The Yankee fans booed , and Fisk told Sanders to `` run the fucking ball out '' and called Sanders a `` piece of shit . '' Later in the game , Sanders told Fisk that `` the days of slavery are over . '' Fisk was furious . `` He comes up and wants to make it a racial issue , there 's no racial issue involved . There is a right way and a wrong way to play this game . ''", "4": "By mid-July , Sanders expressed that he was unsure if he would remain with the Yankees or report to NFL training camp for the upcoming NFL season . He requested a $1 million salary for the 1991 season , and the Yankees ended negotiations on a contract extension with Sanders . He left the team , finishing the 1990 season with a . 158 batting average and three home runs in 57 games . In September 1990 , the Yankees placed Sanders on waivers with the intention of giving him his release , as Yankees ' general manager Gene Michael said that Sanders ' football career was stunting his baseball development . Sanders later signed with the Atlanta Braves for the 1991 MLB season . On July 31 , Sanders hit a key three - run homer to spark a comeback win against the Pittsburgh Pirates during the Braves ' run to the National League West Division title . However , he had to leave the Braves the very next day to report to the Atlanta Falcons because of a clause in his NFL contract and missed the postseason . Before the 1992 season , Sanders reworked his NFL deal whereby he still reported to the Falcons for training camp in August , but was allowed to rejoin the Braves for the postseason . During his most productive year in the majors , the 1992 season , he hit . 304 for the team , stole 26 bases , and led the NL with 14 triples in 97 games . During the 1989 season , he hit a major league home run and scored a touchdown in the NFL in the same week , the only player ever to do so . Sanders is also the only man to play in both a Super Bowl and a World Series . Sanders batting for the Braves in 1993 . In four games of the 1992 World Series , Sanders batted . 533 with 4 runs , 8 hits , 2 doubles , and 1 RBI while playing with a broken bone in his foot . Despite Sanders 's performance , the Braves ultimately lost to the Toronto Blue Jays in six games . In Game 3 , he narrowly avoided being a victim of what would have been only the second triple play in World Series history ( following Bill Wambsganss 's unassisted triple play in 1920 ) .", "5": "With Sanders on second base and Terry Pendleton on first , David Justice hit a deep fly ball to center field that Blue Jays center fielder Devon White unexpectedly caught with a leaping effort . Pendleton passed Sanders on the bases for the second out , but umpire Bob Davidson called Sanders safe after he scampered back to second base . Replays showed that Toronto third baseman Kelly Gruber tagged him on the heel before he returned to second . In 1997 , Sanders finished 2nd in the NL with 56 stolen bases in 115 games while with the Cincinnati Reds before leaving baseball for three years . Sanders returned to the Reds in 2001 , but was released after playing in only 29 games and batting just . 173 . Following his release from the Reds he signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays triple - A affiliate , Syracuse Chiefs . Sanders was hitting . 252 for Syracuse before the Washington Redskins found a loophole in his contract which compelled him to return to the Redskins . His football contract had been negotiated to allow for Sanders to play both baseball and football , but the terms of the contract stated that Sanders could miss NFL training camp and the first few games of the season only if he were playing Major League Baseball . Since he was not then on an MLB roster , Sanders had to leave Syracuse and return to the Redskins so he would not violate his NFL contract . But before arriving at training camp , Sanders informed Redskins personnel he was retiring from professional baseball . In his final professional baseball game , Sanders hit a solo home run and an RBI single in Syracuse 's 12 - 6 win over the Toledo Mud Hens . As those in MLB and the NFL urged Sanders to concentrate on only one sport , he would often explain , `` football is my wife and baseball is my mistress . '' Professional football career ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Draft and Atlanta Falcons ( edit ) At the 1989 NFL Scouting Combine , Sanders ran a 4.27 second 40 - yard dash .", "6": "He was the fifth pick overall in the 1989 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons , where he played until 1993 . Despite fumbling ( and recovering ) his first NFL punt ( which was re-kicked on a penalty ) , Sanders ran for a touchdown on his second attempt of his first game . During his time in Atlanta , he intercepted 24 passes ( including a career - high 7 in 1993 ) , three of which he returned for touchdowns . In 1992 , he also led the league in kickoff return yards ( 1,067 ) , yards per return ( 26.7 ) and return touchdowns ( 2 ) . On October 11 , 1992 , Sanders played in a Falcons game in Miami and then flew to Pittsburgh , hoping to play in the Braves ' League Championship Series game against the Pirates that evening and become the first athlete to play in two professional leagues in the same day . Sanders ultimately did not , however , appear in the baseball game that night . Over his five years with the Falcons , Sanders scored ten touchdowns ( three defensive , three kick returns , two punt returns , and two receptions ) . San Francisco 49ers ( edit ) After five seasons Sanders signed on to play the 1994 season with the San Francisco 49ers , where he had arguably his best season as a professional football player , recording six interceptions and returning them for an NFL best and a then - NFL record 303 yards and three touchdowns . Two of his interceptions were returned for a gain of at least 90 yards , making him the first player to do this in NFL history . On October 16 , 1994 , Sanders made his dramatic return to the Georgia Dome in a 49er uniform . After getting into a scuffle with his former Falcon teammate Andre Rison , Sanders intercepted a pass from quarterback Jeff George and returned it 93 yards while mockingly staring down the entire Falcons sideline before high - stepping into the end zone . Sanders was later voted the 1994 NFL Defensive Player of the Year and recorded an interception in the 49ers 49 -- 26 victory over the San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX , earning him his first championship ring . Dallas Cowboys ( edit ) Following his successful season with the 49ers , Sanders , along with his agent Eugene Parker , courted numerous teams in need of a cornerback .", "7": "The several teams in the `` Deion Sweepstakes '' , as it was called by the media , were the Philadelphia Eagles , Oakland Raiders , Miami Dolphins , New Orleans Saints , San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys , who had lost their starting cornerback Kevin Smith to injury for the rest of the season . On September 9 , 1995 ( which fell in Week 2 of that NFL season ) , Sanders signed a lucrative contract with the Dallas Cowboys ( seven years , $35 million with a $12.999 million signing bonus , because owner Jerry Jones was superstitious of the number 13 ) , essentially making him , at the time , the highest - paid defensive player in the NFL . Sanders later stated in his book Power , Money & Sex : How Success Almost Ruined My Life that the Oakland Raiders offered him more money than any other team , but he chose to play in Dallas for more time on the offensive side of the ball , a chance to win back - to - back Super Bowls , and because of his friendship with Cowboys wide receiver Michael Irvin . Arthroscopic surgery kept him sidelined until his debut in Week 9 , which was once again in Atlanta against the Falcons ; the Cowboys won , 28 - 13 . He went on to help the Cowboys win their third title in four years in Super Bowl XXX against the Pittsburgh Steelers , where he returned a punt for 11 yards and caught a 47 - yard reception on offense , setting up Dallas ' first touchdown of the game and a 27 -- 17 victory . Sanders played four more seasons with Dallas , earning Pro Bowl selection in all of them . On June 2 , 2000 , he was released in a salary cap move . Washington Redskins ( edit ) Soon after being released by the Cowboys , the Washington Redskins and Daniel Snyder signed Sanders to a hefty $56 million , 7 - year contract . At the end of the 2000 season and an above - average statistical year , Sanders abruptly retired after only playing one year with the Redskins . Baltimore Ravens ( edit ) In 2004 , Sanders announced that he was going to end his retirement , after being lured back to football by Ravens cornerback Corey Fuller , linebacker Ray Lewis and best friend Joe Zorovich . A major reason for doing so was to play with Ray Lewis .", "8": "He signed a 1 - year deal with the Baltimore Ravens to be a nickelback . Sanders chose to wear the number 37 , which matched his age at the time , to preemptively let people know that he was well aware of his relative senior status as an NFL player ( additionally , the number 21 , used by Sanders throughout his career , was already being worn by Ravens Pro Bowl cornerback Chris McAlister ) . Against the Buffalo Bills in Week 7 of 2004 , Sanders scored his ninth career interception return touchdown , moving him into a tie for second place with Ken Houston and Aeneas Williams , and behind Rod Woodson ( with 12 ) for all - time in the statistical category . Sanders in 2008 . In January 2006 , after playing two seasons as a corner and safety for Baltimore in which the Ravens did not qualify for the postseason , Sanders once again retired from the NFL and became an analyst for the NFL Network . Legacy ( edit ) During his 14 - year NFL career , Sanders was a perennial All - Pro and one of the strongest pass defenders ever . He was known for being a relatively poor tackler and he was not much of a factor in run support . Sanders also occasionally lined up with his team 's offense . During the 1996 season , Sanders skipped the baseball season , concentrating on football , and attended the first NFL training camp of his career to better familiarize himself with the nuances of the wide receiver position . He became only the second two - way starter ( after the Cardinals ' Roy Green ) in the NFL since Chuck Bednarik for the first half of the season due . Sanders is the only man to play in both a Super Bowl and a World Series , to hit an MLB home run and score an NFL touchdown in the same week , and to have both a reception and an interception in the Super Bowl . He is one of two players to score an NFL touchdown six different ways . During his career , Sanders intercepted 53 passes for 1,331 yards ( a 25.1 yards per return average ) , recovered four fumbles for 15 yards , returned 155 kickoffs for 3,523 yards , gained 2,199 yards on 212 punt returns , and caught 60 passes for 784 yards .", "9": "Sanders amassed 7,838 all - purpose yards and scored 22 touchdowns : nine interception returns , six punt returns , three kickoff returns , three receiving , and one fumble recovery . His 19 defensive and return touchdowns was an NFL record ( now held by Devin Hester with 20 return touchdowns ) . In the postseason , Sanders added 5 more interceptions , as well as 3 receptions for 95 yards , 4 carries for 39 yards , and two touchdowns ( one rushing and one receiving ) . He was selected to eight Pro Bowls and won the NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award in 1994 . College Football News named Sanders # 8 in its list of 100 Greatest College Football Players of All - Time . The Sporting News named Sanders # 37 in their Top 100 Football Players of the Century released in 1999 . ESPN named Sanders # 74 in its list of the 100 Great Athletes of the Century released in 1999 . NFL.com named Sanders # 34 on NFL 's Top 100 list released in late 2010 On November 11 , 2010 , Sanders was inducted into the Atlanta Falcons ' Ring of Honor . On February 5 , 2011 , Sanders was announced as a Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee in his first year of eligibility . On May 17 , 2011 , Sanders was announced as a College Football Hall of Fame inductee . On August 6 , 2011 , Sanders was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Sanders also had a rushing TD in the playoffs ( against the Philadelphia Eagles in January 1996 ) . This makes him ( including post season ) one of only two players in NFL history ( Bill Dudley being the other ) to score a touchdown six different ways ( interception return , punt return , kickoff return , receiving , rushing , and a fumble recovery ) . On February 6 , 2011 , at Super Bowl XLV in Arlington , Texas , Sanders performed the pre-game coin toss . Sanders did not attend classes or take final exams during the fall semester of his senior year at Florida State , yet played in the Sugar Bowl against Auburn .", "10": "This caused the Florida State Legislature to create the ' Deion Sanders rule ' , whereby a football athlete at any state university could not play in a bowl game if he failed to successfully complete the previous semester . In 1995 , he signed with the Dallas Cowboys for a minimum yearly base salary and a nearly $13 million signing bonus in an attempt to circumvent the NFL 's salary cap . This caused the NFL to institute its own ' Deion Sanders rule ' whereby a prorated portion of a player 's signing bonus counted against the salary cap . Media appearances and pop culture Fame ( edit ) See also : Leon Sandcastle Sanders became known for sporting a `` do - rag '' or bandana and for his high - stepping into the end zone followed by his touchdown dance celebrations . At the end of his Hall of Fame speech , he put a bandana on his bust . His `` Prime Time '' nickname was given to him by a friend and high - school teammate , Florida Gators defensive back Richard Fain . The two played pickup basketball games together during the prime time television hour , and Sanders ' athletic display during those games earned him the nickname . His other nickname is `` Neon Deion '' . Following his first Super Bowl victory with the San Francisco 49ers , Sanders hosted Saturday Night Live , broadcast on February 18 , 1995 . In January 1995 , Sanders became the official spokesman of the Sega Sports line of video games . Sanders has also appeared in television commercials for such companies as Nike , Pepsi , Burger King , Pizza Hut , and American Express . These included a Road Runner Pepsi ad , with Sanders as Wile E. Coyote , and a Pizza Hut commercial in which he appeared with Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones . He also makes a cameo as himself in the film Celtic Pride . Sanders , known for his custom - made showy suits and flashy jewelry , frequently capitalized on his image . On December 26 , 1994 , Sanders released Prime Time , a rap album on Bust It Records ( MC Hammer 's label , of whom Sanders is a friend ) that featured the singles `` Must Be the Money '' and `` Prime Time Keeps on Tickin ' '' . The album was universally panned by critics , and despite Sanders ' fame , neither the album nor its singles charted in the Top 40 .", "11": "Sanders also appeared in Hammer 's `` Too Legit to Quit '' music video , and his alter - ego `` Prime Time '' showed up in Hammer 's `` Pumps and a Bump '' video . Hammer , a big sports fan , had launched a new enterprise during his career called Roll Wit It Entertainment & Sports Management and boasted such clients as Evander Holyfield , Deion Sanders and Reggie Brooks . In 1995 , Hammer released `` Straight to My Feet '' ( with Deion Sanders ) from the Street Fighter soundtrack ( released in December 1994 ) . The song charted # 57 in the UK . After retiring from the NFL , Sanders worked as a pre-game commentator for CBS ' The NFL Today until 2004 , when contract negotiations failed . Sanders turned down a 30 % salary increase demanding to be paid $2.5 million , the highest of any NFL TV analyst . He was replaced by Shannon Sharpe . During Sanders ' run , he participated in several sketches . The first was `` Primetime and 21st '' , a mock street corner where Sanders ( not yet a regular panelist ) would give his opinions . Another was his `` Sanders Claus '' persona , one of numerous sketches that involved young kids in football jerseys , representing NFL players , receiving a sarcastic gift from Sanders . Deion actually debuted as `` Sanders Claus '' in a set of Nike commercials . Sanders still takes presents at Christmas time to local children 's hospitals in his area dressed as `` Sanders Claus '' . Sanders as an NFL Network analyst in 2008 . Sanders frequently made guest appearances on ESPN , especially on the ESPN Radio Dallas affiliate , and briefly hosted a show called The New American Sportsman . He also hosted the 2002 Miss USA pageant . Sanders also was co-host of the 2004 GMA Music Awards broadcast , taped in late April 2004 , and slated for air on UPN in May 2004 . When negotiations with fellow Viacom property CBS failed ( see above ) two weeks before the broadcast , and he signed a deal with ESPN , UPN promptly canceled the broadcast , and the show aired on the i Network in December 2004 ( both UPN and CBS are now owned by CBS Corporation ) . Sanders works at NFL Network as an analyst on a number of the network 's shows .", "12": "Prior to the Sunday night game , Sanders , alongside host Rich Eisen and Steve Mariucci , breaks down all the action from the afternoon games on NFL GameDay . At the conclusion of all the action on Sunday , Sanders , Mariucci , Michael Irvin and host Fran Charles recap the day 's action with highlights , analysis and postgame interviews . For the 2010 season , Sanders joined Eisen , Mariucci and Marshall Faulk on the road for Thursday Night Kickoff presented by Lexus , NFL Network 's two - hour pregame show leading into Thursday Night Football . The group broadcasts live from the stadium two hours prior to all eight live Thursday Night Football games and returns for the Sprint halftime show and Kay Jewelers postgame show . Sanders also has a segment called `` Let 's Go Primetime '' on NFL Network . In 2008 , Sanders and his wife starred in the reality show Deion & Pilar : Prime Time Love , centering on them and their five children living in the small town of Prosper , Texas . Sanders appeared as himself in the fourth season of The League , playing a prospective buyer of Andre 's apartment . In 2014 , Sanders was featured in an episode of Running Wild with Bear Grylls , where he and Grylls hiked in the desert of southern Utah for two days , rappelling down canyon walls and later climbing up a mesa . Sanders served as an alumni captain for Team Sanders in the 2014 Pro Bowl . In 2014 , he rejoined CBS Sports as a studio analyst for Thursday games only . He still works for the NFL Network on Sundays . Sanders and his girlfriend Tracey Edmonds were featured together on an episode of Tiny House Nation that first aired on January 21 , 2017 . Other business and Entertainment ventures ( edit ) In addition to his sports career , Sanders also had a career in music as a rapper . He released his debut album , Prime Time , through Hammer 's Bust It Records label via Capitol Records , in 1994 . Sanders moved on to other ventures after his retirement . In 2003 , Sanders took interest in Devin Hester , a return specialist from Miami . Sanders mentored Hester , counseling and advising him during various points of his collegiate career . The Chicago Bears drafted Hester in the second round of the 2006 NFL Draft .", "13": "Since then , Hester has broken the record for the most total returns for touchdowns in NFL history with 15 punt returns and 5 kick off returns . Hester has cited Sanders as one of his major inspirations and idols , and thanked him for his training and advice . Hester , also known as `` Anytime '' , occasionally performs Sanders ' signature touchdown dance and high - steps in homage to his mentor . Sanders also tried to adopt a high school running back , Noel Devine , who was one of the top recruits in 2007 . Sanders was advised against this , but responded , `` He does n't have parents ; they died . God put this young man in my heart . This is not about sports . This is about a kid 's life . '' He now mentors Devine , and was a factor in Devine 's extended wait to sign a letter - of - intent to West Virginia University . Devine eventually signed to play football for the Mountaineers . Sanders has also been a mentor to Oakland Raiders wide receiver Michael Crabtree , as well as Dallas Cowboys wide receiver , Dez Bryant . In January 2004 , Sanders was hired as an assistant coach to the Dallas Fury , a women 's professional basketball team in the National Women 's Basketball League , even though Sanders had never played organized basketball either in college or the professional level . On September 2 , 2005 , in response to the after - effects of Hurricane Katrina , Sanders challenged all professional athletes in the four major sports to donate $1,000 each to relief efforts , hoping to raise between $1.5 and $3 million total . Sanders said `` Through unity , we can touch thousands ... I have friends and relatives that feel this pain . Help in any way you can . '' In April 2006 , Sanders became an owner of the Austin Wranglers , an Arena Football League team . Sanders has occasionally served as a celebrity spokesperson , such as representing Monitronics , a security system firm , at an industry conference in the spring of 2010 . In 2012 , he co-founded Prime Prep Academy , a grouping of charter schools in Texas . The school was plagued by ethical , legal , and financial issues , and closed on January 30 , 2015 , due to financial insolvency .", "14": "Discography ( edit ) Year Album Chart Positions US Hip - Hop US Heatseekers 1994 Prime Time 70 14 2005 The Encore Remix -- -- `` -- '' denotes the album failed to chart or not released Personal life ( edit ) Sanders has been married twice -- to Carolyn Chambers ( 1989 -- 1998 ) , with whom he has two children ( Deion Jr. and Deiondra ) , and Pilar Biggers - Sanders ( 1999 -- 2013 ) with whom he has three children ( Shilo , Shelomi Golenzer and Shedeur ) . Sanders , along with J.M. Black , published his autobiography , Power , Money & Sex : How Success Almost Ruined My Life . World Publishing 1998 . The book was inspired after he began counseling with Bishop T.D. Jakes . He notes his agent Eugene E. Parker as another person who influenced his life . He appeared with his family on the NBC show Celebrity Family Feud which premiered on June 24 , 2008 . On September 22 , 2011 , he served Pilar Biggers - Sanders with divorce papers . He then backed away from the story and denied he and Pilar would be divorcing . By December 17 , 2011 , he had followed through with filing for divorce . On March 12 , 2013 , he was awarded primary custody of his two sons , Shilo and Shedeur , and Pilar was awarded primary custody of their daughter Shelomi . However , one week later , a judge awarded custody of Shelomi to him as well . During the divorce battle , Pilar made several accusations of abuse against him on social media and in interviews , leading him to file a Defamation of Character lawsuit against her . In 2015 , he seemed to have won when the court awarded him a $2.2 million judgment against his ex-wife in the case . However , in August , 2017 , on appeal the case went against him . Sanders is presented as a devout Christian speaker with a fee range of $30,001 - $50,000 . He has been in a relationship with Tracey Edmonds since 2012 . Sanders has made an effort to coach at several different stops .", "15": "His first being with the charter school Prime Prep Academy in 2012 which he helped found , but was later fired as the coach after a school staffer alleged Sanders assaulted the staffer . Sanders denied the claim and the charter school later shut down in 2015 due to financial mismanagement . In 2015 , Sanders was named the CEO of FOCUS Academies and granted the head coaching position at the Triple A Academy where Sanders led them to face his alma mater North Fort Myers high school in Florida and featured a key matchup between several ranked recruits. . On August 17 , 2017 it was announced by CBS Sports that Deion Sanders would be switching coaching positions at a new high school to become the offensive coordinator at Trinity Christian - Cedar Hill high school in Cedar Hill , Texas . The move was significant for Sanders as both his sons play at the high school . Sanders will serve on the staff as offensive coordinator under former Dallas Cowboy Aveion Cason . See also ( edit ) Biography portal National Football League portal Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders List of athletes who played in Major League Baseball and the National Football League Leon Sandcastle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Skiver , Kevin . `` Deion Sanders is switching to offense to coach his sons in high school '' . CBSSports . CBS Sports . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Mosier , Jeff ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Prime Prep Academy troubles continue after closing '' . Dallasnews.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders Fired By His Own School , Again '' . ThePostGame . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deion enough to njoyed ' Prime ' moments on diamond '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Florida State Football Guide '' . Issuu.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ S.L. Price ( August 25 , 1997 ) . `` Cut Off From the Herd '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Classic - Prime Time '' . www.espn.com .", "16": "Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Football Flash No Flash In Pan '' . The New York Times . May 18 , 1989 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SPORTS PEOPLE -- FOOTBALL -- Sanders N.F.L. Bound -- NYTimes.com '' . The New York Times . April 14 , 1989 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SPORTS PEOPLE -- FOOTBALL -- Deion Sanders ' Fed Up ' -- NYTimes.com '' . The New York Times . August 29 , 1989 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sanders Dives Into Prime Time as He Makes Yankee Debut '' . The New York Times . June 1 , 1989 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees , Sanders Have a Parting '' . The New York Times . July 31 , 1990 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kass , John . When it comes to heart , truth hurts Sanders . Chicago Tribune . January 30 , 2011 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Joe . Fisk 's Outburst at Sanders Was One for Yankee Pride . Newsday . May 24 , 1990 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Forum Clip : `` Carlton Fisk on Deion Sanders '' Archived August 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Forum Channel . February 2005 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Is Sanders Staying ? He 's Puzzled '' . The New York Times . July 18 , 1990 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees , Sanders Have a Parting '' . The New York Times . July 31 , 1990 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BASEBALL -- Deion Sanders Placed On Waivers by Yanks -- NYTimes.com '' . The New York Times .", "17": "September 25 , 1990 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ESPN Classic -- Where Sanders goes , teams win '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Series champ speaks about tomahawks and triple plays '' Archived November 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Western Wheel , August 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Deion 's contract presents major dilemma '' . USA Today . July 27 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Chronicle '' . Sanders knows Bo 's woes . Jump up ^ `` Prime 's Time : The True Story of Deion 's Mythical 40 - Yard Dash '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hessler , Warner ( April 23 , 1989 ) . `` NFL General Managers Moan About Another Diluted Draft '' . Daily Press . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Draft History '' . Football.about.com . June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` October 11 , 1992 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 5 , Braves at Pirates '' . Baseball-Reference.com . October 11 , 1992 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taking Big Hacks In Free Agency Can Produce Foul Balls '' . DallasCowboys.com . March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Make Deion Free Man '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . June 3 , 2000 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How $100 Million Becomes $62.2 Million '' . The Washington Post . June 2000 . Jump up ^ Brandt , Gil . `` Ten things you did n't know about Deion Sanders '' . NFL . National Football League . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders HOF Speech '' . Video Entry .", "18": "Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kallestad , Brent . `` Deion Changes the Rules Again : Pro football : This time , however , it 's for better education of athletes with new standards in Florida '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Videos : 2011 HOF : Deion Sanders '' . Nfl.com . August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frohman , Jimmy . `` 11 Most Awesome NFL Player Nicknames '' . Phactual . Phactual , LLC . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CES ProNews Flashes ! '' . GamePro . IDG ( 68 ) : 156 . March 1995 . Jump up ^ Ebony -- Google Books . Books.google.com . October 1990 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' The League '' 12.12. 12 ( TV Episode 2012 ) `` . IMDb . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Running Wild with Bear Grylis -- Deion Sanders '' . NBC . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Pro Bowl features new format for NFL all - star game '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deion Sanders Goes Tiny '' . FYI , . A & E Television Networks , LLC . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot episode is prime - time '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Hester wins second straight player of week award '' . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Devin Hester '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : Where Sanders goes , teams win '' . Espn.go.com . August 9 , 1967 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Prime Time joins Wranglers -- ArenaFootball.com -- The Official Web site of the Arena Football League AFL Archived January 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine .", "19": "Jump up ^ The Street . `` Monitronics Welcomes NFL Stars At ISC West '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders Files for Divorce from Wife , Pilar '' . Essence.com . Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders -- WINS Child Custody War with Estranged Wife Pilar Sanders '' . tmz.com . March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pilar Sanders In Tears Over Visitation Schedule Of Her Children '' . RumorFix -- The Anti Tabloid . Jump up ^ Gabrielle McMillen . `` Deion Sanders wins $2.2 million in defamation lawsuit against ex-wife '' . Sporting News . Jump up ^ http://balleralert.com/profiles/blogs/pilar-sanders-prevails-defamation-case-deion-sanders/ Jump up ^ https://www.christianspeakers360.com/speaker/deion-sanders.php Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders Talks Relationship With Tracey Edmonds : ' Every Night Is A Date Night ' '' . xonecole . xonecole.com . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Mitch . `` Deion Sanders to bring Triple A Academy football team to his alma mater , North Fort Meyers '' . Max Preps . Max Preps . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Skiver , Kevin . `` Deion Sanders is switching to offense to coach his sons in high school '' . CBSSports . CBS Sports . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Deion Sanders Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deion Sanders . Official website Career statistics and player information from Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Career statistics and player information from Pro-Football - Reference Databasefootball.com Baltimore Ravens profile ( archived from 2005 ) Deion Sanders on IMDb Deion Sanders -- awards , championships , and honors Jim Thorpe Award winners 1986 : Everett 1987 : Blades & Dixon", "20": "1988 : Sanders 1989 : Carrier 1990 : Lewis 1991 : Buckley 1992 : Figures 1993 : Langham 1994 : Hudson 1995 : Myers 1996 : Wright 1997 : Woodson 1998 : Winfield 1999 : Carter 2000 : Fletcher 2001 : Williams 2002 : Newman 2003 : Strait 2004 : Rogers 2005 : Huff 2006 : Ross 2007 : Cason 2008 : Jenkins 2009 : Berry 2010 : Peterson 2011 : Claiborne 2012 : Banks 2013 : Dennard 2014 : Holliman 2015 : King 2016 : Jackson 2017 : Fitzpatrick 1987 College Football All - America Team consensus selections Offense QB Don McPherson RB Lorenzo White RB Craig Heyward WR Tim Brown WR Wendell Davis TE Keith Jackson OL Mark Hutson OL Dave Cadigan OL John Elliott OL Randall McDaniel C Nacho Albergamo Defense DL Daniel Stubbs DL Chad Hennings DL Tracy Rocker DL Ted Gregory DL John Roper LB Chris Spielman LB Aundray Bruce LB Dante Jones DB Bennie Blades DB Deion Sanders DB Rickey Dixon DB Chuck Cecil Special teams PK David Treadwell P Tom Tupa 1988 College Football All - America Team consensus selections Offense QB Steve Walsh & Troy Aikman RB Barry Sanders RB Anthony Thompson RB Tim Worley WR Jason Phillips WR Hart Lee", "21": "Dykes TE Marv Cook OL Tony Mandarich OL Anthony Phillips OL Mike Utley OL Mark Stepnoski C Jake Young C John Vitale Defense DL Mark Messner DL Tracy Rocker DL Wayne Martin DL Frank Stams DL Bill Hawkins LB Derrick Thomas LB Broderick Thomas LB Mike Stonebreaker DB Deion Sanders DB Donnell Woolford DB Louis Oliver DB Darryl Henley Special teams PK Kendall Trainor P Keith English FWAA 1969 -- 1994 Quarter - century All - America Team Offense : QB John Elway RB Tony Dorsett RB Herschel Walker WR Jerry Rice WR Anthony Carter TE Keith Jackson G John Hannah G Dean Steinkuhler T Jerry Sisemore T Bill Fralic C Dave Rimington Defense : DE Jack Youngblood DE Lee Roy Selmon DT Steve Emtman DT Randy White OLB Hugh Green OLB Lawrence Taylor MLB Mike Singletary CB Deion Sanders CB Jack Tatum SS Kenny Easley FS Ronnie Lott Special Teams P Ray Guy PK Tony Franklin KR Johnny Rodgers 1989 NFL draft first - round selections Troy Aikman Tony Mandarich Barry Sanders Derrick Thomas Deion Sanders Broderick Thomas Tim Worley Burt Grossman Sammie Smith Eric Hill Donnell Woolford Trace Armstrong Eric Metcalf Jeff Lageman Andy Heck Hart Lee Dykes Joe Wolf Brian Williams Wayne Martin Steve Atwater Bill Hawkins Andre Rison David Williams Tom Ricketts Louis", "22": "Oliver Cleveland Gary Shawn Collins Keith DeLong Atlanta Falcons first - round draft picks Nobis Johnson Humphrey Kunz Small Profit Ellis Bartkowski Bean Bryant Faumuina Kenn D. Smith J. Miller Butler Riggs Pitts Bryan Fralic Casillas Green C. Miller Bruce Sanders Collins Broussard Pickens Pritchard Whitfield T. Smith Kennedy Bush Booker Brooking Kerney Vick Duckett Hall Jenkins White Anderson Ryan Baker Jerry Weatherspoon Jones Trufant Matthews Beasley Neal McKinley Ridley Atlanta Falcons 1989 NFL draft selections Deion Sanders Shawn Collins Ralph Norwood Keith Jones Troy Sadowski Undra Johnson Paul Singer Chris Dunn Greg Paterra Tony Bowick Associated Press NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award winners 1971 : Page 1972 : Greene 1973 : Anderson 1974 : Greene 1975 : Blount 1976 : Lambert 1977 : Martin 1978 : Gradishar 1979 : Selmon 1980 : Hayes 1981 : Taylor 1982 : Taylor 1983 : Betters 1984 : Easley 1985 : Singletary 1986 : Taylor 1987 : White 1988 : Singletary 1989 : Millard 1990 : Smith 1991 : Swilling 1992 : Kennedy 1993 : R. Woodson 1994 : D. Sanders 1995 : Paup 1996 : Smith 1997 : Stubblefield 1998 : White 1999 : Sapp 2000 : Lewis 2001 : Strahan 2002 : Brooks 2003 : Lewis 2004 : Reed 2005 : Urlacher 2006 : Taylor 2007 : B.", "23": "Sanders 2008 : Harrison 2009 : C. Woodson 2010 : Polamalu 2011 : Suggs 2012 : Watt 2013 : Kuechly 2014 : Watt 2015 : Watt 2016 : Mack 2017 : Donald San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XXIX champions 4 Doug Brien 8 Steve Young ( MVP ) 10 Klaus Wilmsmeyer 14 Bill Musgrave 18 Elvis Grbac 20 Derek Loville 21 Deion Sanders 22 Tyronne Drakeford 25 Eric Davis 27 Adam Walker 28 Dana Hall 32 Ricky Watters 33 Dedrick Dodge 35 Dexter Carter 36 Merton Hanks 40 William Floyd 41 Toi Cook 43 Marc Logan 45 Adrian Hardy 46 Tim McDonald 50 Gary Plummer 51 Ken Norton Jr . 53 Tony Peterson 54 Lee Woodall 55 Kevin Mitchell 57 Rickey Jackson 58 Todd Kelly 61 Jesse Sapolu 63 Derrick Deese 64 Ralph Tamm 65 Harry Boatswain 66 Bart Oates 67 Chris Dalman 69 Rod Milstead 71 Charles Mann 72 Mark Thomas 74 Steve Wallace 75 Frank Pollack 77 Brian Bollinger 79 Harris Barton 80 Jerry Rice 81 Ed McCaffrey 82 John Taylor 84 Brent Jones 85 Ted Popson 86 Brett Carolan 88 Nate Singleton 90 Darin Jordan 91 Rhett Hall 92 Troy Wilson 94 Dana Stubblefield 95 Richard Dent 96 Dennis Brown 97 Bryant Young 98 Antonio Goss 99 Tim Harris Head coach : George Seifert Coaches : Dwaine Board Neal Dahlen Tom Holmoe Carl Jackson Larry Kirksey Gary Kubiak Alan Lowry", "24": "John Marshall Bobb McKittrick Bill McPherson Brian Pariani Bo Pelini Ray Rhodes Mike Shanahan Mike Solari Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XXX champions 8 Troy Aikman 10 Jon Baker 11 Wade Wilson 17 Jason Garrett 18 Chris Boniol 19 John Jett 20 Sherman Williams 21 Deion Sanders 22 Emmitt Smith 23 Robert Bailey 24 Larry Brown ( MVP ) 25 Scott Case 26 Kevin Smith 27 Greg Tremble 28 Darren Woodson 29 Alundis Brice 31 Brock Marion 36 Dominique Ross 38 David Lang 40 Bill Bates 42 Charlie Williams 43 Greg Briggs 47 Clayton Holmes 48 Daryl Johnston 52 Jim Schwantz 53 Ray Donaldson 54 Darryl Hardy 54 Anthony Fieldings 55 Robert Jones 56 Reggie Barnes 58 Dixon Edwards 59 Darrin Smith 60 Derek Kennard 61 Nate Newton 65 Ron Stone 67 Russell Maryland 68 Michael Batiste 69 George Hegamin 70 Dale Hellestrae 71 Mark Tuinei 73 Larry Allen 78 Leon Lett 79 Erik Williams 81 Ed Hervey 82 Cory Fleming 83 Kendell Watkins 84 Jay Novacek 85 Kevin Williams 86 Eric Bjornson 87 Billy Davis 88 Michael Irvin 90 Oscar Sturgis 91 Darren Benson 92 Tony Tolbert 94 Charles Haley 95 Chad Hennings 96 Shante Carver 98 Godfrey Myles 99 Hurvin McCormack Head coach : Barry Switzer Coaches : Hubbard Alexander", "25": "Joe Avezzano Craig Boller Joe Brodsky Dave Campo Jim Eddy Robert Ford Steve Hoffman Hudson Houck Ernie Zampese Mike Zimmer NFL 's 1990s All - Decade Team Brett Favre John Elway Barry Sanders Emmitt Smith Terrell Davis Thurman Thomas Cris Carter Jerry Rice Tim Brown Michael Irvin Shannon Sharpe Ben Coates Willie Roaf Gary Zimmerman Tony Boselli Richmond Webb Bruce Matthews Randall McDaniel Larry Allen Steve Wisniewski Dermontti Dawson Mark Stepnoski Bruce Smith Reggie White Chris Doleman Neil Smith Cortez Kennedy John Randle Warren Sapp Bryant Young Kevin Greene Junior Seau Derrick Thomas Cornelius Bennett Hardy Nickerson Levon Kirkland Deion Sanders Rod Woodson Darrell Green Aeneas Williams Steve Atwater LeRoy Butler Carnell Lake Ronnie Lott Darren Bennett Sean Landeta Morten Andersen Gary Anderson Mel Gray Michael Bates Bill Parcells Marv Levy Atlanta Falcons Ring of Honor inductees William Andrews Steve Bartkowski Tommy Nobis Deion Sanders Jessie Tuggle Jeff Van Note Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 2011 Richard Dent Marshall Faulk Chris Hanburger Les Richter Ed Sabol Deion Sanders Shannon Sharpe Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Quarterbacks Pre-modern era Baugh Clark", "26": "Conzelman Driscoll Friedman Herber Luckman A. Parker Modern era Aikman Blanda Bradshaw L. Dawson Elway Favre Fouts Graham Griese Jurgensen J. Kelly Layne Marino Montana Moon Namath Stabler Starr Staubach Tarkenton Tittle Unitas Van Brocklin Warner Waterfield Young Running backs Pre-modern era Battles Canadeo Dudley Grange Guyon Hinkle Lambeau Leemans McAfee McNally Nagurski Nevers Pollard Strong Thorpe Van Buren Modern era M. Allen Bettis J. Brown Campbell Csonka T. Davis Dickerson Dorsett Faulk Gifford Harris Hornung J.H.", "27": "Johnson L. Kelly F. Little Martin Matson McElhenny Moore Motley Payton Perry Riggins B. Sanders Sayers Simpson E. Smith Jim Taylor T. Thomas Tomlinson Trippi Walker Wide receivers / ends Pre-modern era Badgro Chamberlin Flaherty Halas Hewitt Hutson Millner Modern era Alworth Berry Biletnikoff T. Brown Carter Fears Harrison Hayes Hirsch Irvin Joiner Largent Lavelli Lofton Maynard McDonald Mitchell Monk Moss Owens Pihos Reed Rice Stallworth Swann C. Taylor Warfield Tight ends Casper Ditka Mackey Newsome C. Sanders Sharpe J. Smith Winslow Offensive linemen L. Allen B. Brown R. Brown Creekmur D. Dawson DeLamielleure Dierdorf Gatski Gregg Grimm Hannah Hickerson S. Jones W. Jones Kramer Langer L. Little Mack Matthews McCormack McDaniel Mix Munchak Muñoz Ogden Otto Pace J. Parker Ringo Roaf Shaw Shell Shields Slater St. Clair Stanfel Stephenson Tingelhoff Upshaw Webster Wright Yary Zimmerman Pre-modern era two - way players Edwards Fortmann Healey Hein Henry Hubbard Kiesling Kinard Lyman Michalske Musso Owen Stydahar Trafton Turner Wojciechowicz Defensive linemen Atkins Bethea Buchanan Culp W. Davis Dean Dent Doleman Donovan Eller Ford J. Greene Haley Hampton Humphrey D. Jones Jordan Kennedy Lilly Long Marchetti Nomellini Olsen Page Randle Robustelli Sapp Selmon B. Smith Stautner Strahan Ja .", "28": "Taylor Weinmeister Ra . White Re . White Willis Youngblood Linebackers Bednarik Bo . Bell Brazile Brooks Buoniconti Butkus Carson Connor George K. Greene Ham Hanburger Hendricks Huff Jackson Lambert Lanier Lewis Nitschke Richter Robinson Schmidt Seau Singletary L. Taylor D. Thomas Tippett Urlacher Wilcox Defensive backs Adderley Barney Blount W. Brown Butler Christiansen Dawkins Easley Green Haynes Houston J. Johnson Krause Lane Lary LeBeau Lott Renfro D. Sanders E. Thomas Tunnell Wehrli Williams L. Wilson Wood Woodson Placekickers and punters Andersen Groza Guy Stenerud Coaches G. Allen P. Brown Chamberlin Conzelman Dungy Ewbank Flaherty Gibbs Gillman Grant Halas Lambeau Landry Levy Lombardi Madden Neale Noll Owen Parcells Shula Stram Walsh Contributors Beathard Be .", "29": "Bell Bidwill Carr A. Davis DeBartolo Finks Halas Hunt J. Jones Lambeau T. Mara W. Mara Marshall Polian Ray Reeves A. Rooney D. Rooney Rozelle Sabol Schramm R. Wilson Wolf NFL Network On - air talent Current Kay Adams Brian Baldinger Judy Battista Brian Billick Tiffany Blackmon Kyle Brandt Albert Breer Bucky Brooks Nate Burleson Charley Casserly Cris Collinsworth Erin Coscarelli Stacey Dales Dave Dameshek Charles Davis Terrell Davis Jamie Dukes Rich Eisen Heath Evans Michael Fabiano Marshall Faulk Alex Flanagan Akbar Gbaja - Biamila Jay Glazer Rebecca Haarlow Scott Hanson Elliot Harrison Michael Irvin Daniel Jeremiah Kimberly Jones Maurice Jones - Drew Aditi Kinkhabwala Andrea Kremer Rhett Lewis Steve Mariucci Mike Mayock Willie McGinest Randy Moss Jim Nantz Adam Rank Ian Rapoport Lindsay Rhodes Tony Romo Deion Sanders Peter Schrager Sterling Sharpe Andrew Siciliano Jane Slater Jason Smith Matt Smith Melissa Stark Amber Theoharis Mike Tirico Kurt Warner Solomon Wilcots Ari Wolfe Cole Wright Steve Wyche Former Jennifer Allen Marcus Allen Bobby Beathard Michelle Beisner Paul Burmeister Fran Charles Jeff Darlington Butch Davis Spero Dedes Dennis Green Kara Henderson Derrin Horton Seth Joyner Lincoln Kennedy Jason La Canfora Michael Lombardi Mike Martz Jim E. Mora Brad Nessler Ken Norton Jr .", "30": "Bob Papa Glenn Parker Bill Patrick Mike Pereira Molly Qerim Dan Reeves Warren Sapp Danyelle Sargent Adam Schefter Darren Sharper Emmitt Smith Tom Waddle Rod Woodson Nicole Zaloumis Programs Current America 's Game : The Super Bowl Champions A Football Life Good Morning Football NFL Classics NFL GameDay NFL RedZone NFL Replay NFL Scoreboard NFL Top 10 NFL Top 100 NFL Total Access Path to the Draft Thursday Night Football Former College Football Now College Scoreboard Football America NFL AM NFL Cheerleader Playoffs NFL Films Game of the Week NFL HQ Point After Put Up Your Dukes Thursday Night Football on CBS , Fox ,", "31": "NBC and NFL Network Pregame Michael Strahan Terry Bradshaw Howie Long Secondary Rich Eisen Steve Mariucci Michael Irvin Game coverage Joe Buck Thom Brennaman during MLB Playoffs Troy Aikman Erin Andrews Former Bryant Gumbel Dick Vermeil Tom Hammond Scott Hanson Adam Schefter Warren Sapp Bob Papa Matt Millen Joe Theismann Fran Charles Jim Mora Kara Henderson Sterling Sharpe Kurt Warner Jay Glazer Brad Nessler Mike Mayock Alex Flanagan Phil Simms Al Michaels Bob Costas Marshall Faulk James Brown Bill Cowher Deion Sanders Liam McHugh Tony Dungy Rodney Harrison Jim Nantz Tony Romo Tracy Wolfson Mike Tirico Cris Collinsworth Heather Cox Notable broadcasts Bills Toronto Series World Bowl 2007 New England Patriots -- New York Giants game `` The Miracle in Motown '' The NFL Today team Current James Brown ( host ) Bill Cowher ( analyst ) Phil Simms ( analyst -- Sundays ) Nate Burleson ( analyst -- Sundays ) Boomer Esiason ( analyst -- Sundays ) Deion Sanders ( analyst -- Thursdays ) Jason La Canfora ( NFL insider ) Jim Rome ( contributor ) Former Marcus Allen Terry Bradshaw Dick Butkus Charlsie Cantey Charley Casserly Irv Cross Randy Cross Mike Ditka Phyllis George Jerry Glanville Tony Gonzalez Greg Gumbel Craig James Brent Jones Jayne Kennedy Michael Lombardi Dan Marino Will McDonough Brent Musburger Jim Nantz Pat O'Brien Bart Scott George Seifert Shannon Sharpe Jimmy `` The Greek '' Snyder Lesley Visser CBS Sports NFL on CBS The NFL Today List of NFL Today personalities VIAF : 1673250 LCCN : n92120072 MusicBrainz : dacabb3a - 5238 - 4e7b - 8c37 - 0aeff48cadf2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "32": "php?title=Deion_Sanders&oldid=837546942 '' Categories : 1967 births African - American baseball players African - American players of American football Albany - Colonie Yankees players All - American college football players American football cornerbacks American football return specialists American football wide receivers Arena Football League executives Atlanta Braves players Atlanta Falcons players Baltimore Ravens players Baseball players from Florida Chattanooga Lookouts players Christians from Florida Christians from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Cincinnati Reds players College Football Hall of Fame inductees Columbus Clippers players Dallas Cowboys players Florida State Seminoles baseball players Florida State Seminoles football players Florida State University alumni Fort Lauderdale Yankees players Gulf Coast Yankees players Living people Louisville RiverBats players Major League Baseball center fielders Major League Baseball left fielders National Conference Pro Bowl players National Football League announcers New York Yankees players Participants in American reality television series People from Mount Pleasant , New York People from Prosper , Texas Players of American football from Florida Players of American football from Georgia ( U.S.", "33": "state ) Players of American football from New York ( state ) Players of American football from Texas Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Richmond Braves players San Francisco 49ers players San Francisco Giants players Sportspeople from Atlanta Sportspeople from Fort Myers , Florida Sportspeople from the New York metropolitan area Super Bowl champions Syracuse SkyChiefs players Washington Redskins players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from February 2015 NFL player missing current team parameter Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 BLP articles lacking sources from July 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Français Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 14 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4910305402988079742	how much money did the film titanic make	[ "$2.187 billion", "$2.18 billion", "$2.18 billion", "$2.18 billion" ]	{ "0": "Titanic ( 1997 film ) - wikipedia Titanic ( 1997 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Titanic Theatrical release poster Directed by James Cameron Produced by James Cameron Jon Landau Written by James Cameron Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Kate Winslet Billy Zane Kathy Bates Frances Fisher Bernard Hill Jonathan Hyde Danny Nucci David Warner Bill Paxton Music by James Horner Cinematography Russell Carpenter Edited by Conrad Buff James Cameron Richard A. Harris Production company Paramount Pictures 20th Century Fox Lightstorm Entertainment Distributed by Paramount Pictures ( North America ) 20th Century Fox ( International ) Release date November 1 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 01 ) ( Tokyo ) December 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 12 - 19 ) ( United States ) Running time 195 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 million Box office $2.187 billion Titanic is a 1997 American epic romance - disaster film directed , written , co-produced and co-edited by James Cameron . A fictionalized account of the sinking of the RMS Titanic , it stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet as members of different social classes who fall in love aboard the ship during its ill - fated maiden voyage . Cameron 's inspiration for the film came from his fascination with shipwrecks ; he felt a love story interspersed with the human loss would be essential to convey the emotional impact of the disaster . Production began in 1995 , when Cameron shot footage of the actual Titanic wreck . The modern scenes on the research vessel were shot on board the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh , which Cameron had used as a base when filming the wreck . Scale models , computer - generated imagery , and a reconstruction of the Titanic built at Baja Studios , at Playas de Rosarito in Baja California were used to re-create the sinking . The film was partially funded by Paramount Pictures and 20th Century Fox . It was the most expensive film ever made at the time , with a production budget of $200 million .", "1": "Upon its release on December 19 , 1997 , Titanic achieved critical and commercial success . Nominated for 14 Academy Awards , it tied All About Eve ( 1950 ) for the most Oscar nominations , and won 11 , including the awards for Best Picture and Best Director , tying Ben Hur ( 1959 ) for the most Oscars won by a single film . With an initial worldwide gross of over $1.84 billion , Titanic was the first film to reach the billion - dollar mark . It remained the highest - grossing film of all time until Cameron 's Avatar surpassed it in 2010 . A 3D version of Titanic , released on April 4 , 2012 to commemorate the centennial of the sinking , earned it an additional $343.6 million worldwide , pushing the film 's worldwide total to $2.18 billion and making it the second film to gross more than $2 billion worldwide ( after Avatar ) . In 2017 , the film was re-released for its 20th anniversary and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Fictional characters 2.2 Historical characters 2.3 Cameos 3 Pre-production 3.1 Writing and inspiration 3.2 Scale modeling 4 Production 5 Post-production 5.1 Effects 5.2 Editing 5.3 Music and soundtrack 6 Release 6.1 Initial screening 6.2 Box office 6.2. 1 Initial theatrical run 6.2. 2 Commercial analysis 6.3 Critical reception 6.4 Accolades 6.5 Home media 6.6 3D conversion 7 Titanic Live 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot In 1996 , treasure hunter Brock Lovett and his team aboard the research vessel Akademik Mstislav Keldysh search the wreck of RMS Titanic for a necklace with a rare diamond , the Heart of the Ocean . They recover a safe containing a drawing of a young woman wearing only the necklace dated April 14 , 1912 , the day the ship struck the iceberg .", "2": "Rose Dawson Calvert , the woman in the drawing , is brought aboard Keldysh and tells Lovett of her experiences aboard Titanic . In 1912 Southampton , 17 - year - old first - class passenger Rose DeWitt Bukater , her fiancé Cal Hockley , and her mother Ruth board the luxurious Titanic . Ruth emphasizes that Rose 's marriage will resolve their family 's financial problems and retain their high - class persona . Distraught over the engagement , Rose considers suicide by jumping from the stern ; Jack Dawson , a penniless artist , intervenes and discourages her . Discovered with Jack , Rose tells a concerned Cal that she was peering over the edge and Jack saved her from falling . When Cal becomes indifferent , she suggests to him that Jack deserves a reward . He invites Jack to dine with them in first class the following night . Jack and Rose develop a tentative friendship , despite Cal and Ruth being wary of him . Following dinner , Rose secretly joins Jack at a party in third class . Aware of Cal and Ruth 's disapproval , Rose rebuffs Jack 's advances , but realizes she prefers him over Cal . After rendezvousing on the bow at sunset , Rose takes Jack to her state room ; at her request , Jack sketches Rose posing nude wearing Cal 's engagement present , the Heart of the Ocean necklace . They evade Cal 's bodyguard , Mr. Lovejoy , and have sex in an automobile inside the cargo hold . On the forward deck , they witness a collision with an iceberg and overhear the officers and designer discussing its seriousness . Cal discovers Jack 's sketch of Rose and an insulting note from her in his safe along with the necklace . When Jack and Rose attempt to inform Cal of the collision , Lovejoy slips the necklace into Jack 's pocket and he and Cal accuse him of theft . Jack is arrested , taken to the master - at - arms ' office , and handcuffed to a pipe . Cal puts the necklace in his own coat pocket . With the ship sinking , Rose flees Cal and her mother , who has boarded a lifeboat , and frees Jack . On the boat deck , Cal and Jack encourage her to board a lifeboat ; Cal claims he can get himself and Jack off safely . After Rose boards one , Cal tells Jack the arrangement is only for himself .", "3": "As her boat lowers , Rose decides that she can not leave Jack and jumps back on board . Cal takes his bodyguard 's pistol and chases Rose and Jack into the flooding first - class dining saloon . After using up his ammunition , Cal realizes he gave his coat and consequently the necklace to Rose . He later boards a collapsible lifeboat by carrying a lost child . After braving several obstacles , Jack and Rose return to the boat deck . The lifeboats have departed and passengers are falling to their deaths as the stern rises out of the water . The ship breaks in half , lifting the stern into the air . Jack and Rose ride it into the ocean and he helps her onto a wooden panel only buoyant enough for one person . He assures her that she will die an old woman , warm in her bed . Jack dies of hypothermia but Rose is saved . With Rose hiding from Cal en route , the RMS Carpathia takes the survivors to New York City where Rose gives her name as Rose Dawson . She later finds out Cal committed suicide after losing all his money in the 1929 Wall Street crash . Back in the present , Lovett decides to abandon his search after hearing Rose 's story . Alone on the stern of Keldysh , Rose takes out the Heart of the Ocean -- in her possession all along -- and drops it into the sea over the wreck site . While she is seemingly asleep or has died in her bed , photos on her dresser depict a life of freedom and adventure inspired by the life she wanted to live with Jack . A young Rose reunites with Jack at the Titanic 's Grand Staircase , applauded by those who died . Cast Fictional characters Leonardo DiCaprio ( top , pictured in 2014 ) , who portrayed Jack Dawson , and Kate Winslet ( pictured in 2011 ) , who portrayed Rose DeWitt Bukater . Leonardo DiCaprio as Jack Dawson : Cameron said he needed the cast to feel as though they were really on the Titanic , to relive its liveliness , and `` to take that energy and give it to Jack , ( ... ) an artist who is able to have his heart soar '' . Jack is portrayed as an itinerant , poor orphan from Chippewa Falls , Wisconsin , who has toured numerous places in the world , including Paris .", "4": "He wins two tickets onto the RMS Titanic in a poker game and travels as a third - class passenger with his friend Fabrizio . He is attracted to Rose at first sight and meets her when she contemplates throwing herself off the stern of the ship . Her fiancé 's `` reward '' , an invitation to dine with them the next evening , enables Jack to mix with the first - class passengers for a night . When casting the role , various established actors , including Matthew McConaughey , Chris O'Donnell , Billy Crudup , and Stephen Dorff , were considered , but Cameron felt that a few of the actors were too old for the part of a 20 - year - old . Tom Cruise was interested in portraying the character , but his asking price was too much for the studio to consider . Cameron considered Jared Leto for the role , but Leto refused to audition . DiCaprio , 21 years old at the time , was brought to Cameron 's attention by casting director Mali Finn . Initially , he did not want to portray the character and refused to read his first romantic scene on the set ( see below ) . Cameron said , `` He read it once , then started goofing around , and I could never get him to focus on it again . But for one split second , a shaft of light came down from the heavens and lit up the forest . '' Cameron strongly believed in DiCaprio 's acting ability and told him , `` Look , I 'm not going to make this guy brooding and neurotic . I 'm not going to give him a tic and a limp and all the things you want . '' Cameron rather envisioned the character as a James Stewart type . Although Jack Dawson was a fictional character , in Fairview Cemetery in Halifax , Nova Scotia , where 121 victims are buried , there is a grave labeled `` J. Dawson '' . The real J. Dawson was Joseph Dawson , who shoveled coal in the bowels of the ship . `` It was n't until after the movie came out that we found out that there was a J. Dawson gravestone , '' said the film 's producer , Jon Landau , in an interview .", "5": "Kate Winslet as Rose DeWitt Bukater : Cameron said Winslet `` had the thing that you look for '' and that there was `` a quality in her face , in her eyes , '' that he `` just knew people would be ready to go the distance with her '' . Rose is a 17 - year - old girl , originally from Philadelphia , who is forced into an engagement to 30 - year - old Cal Hockley so she and her mother , Ruth , can maintain their high - class status after her father 's death had left the family debt - ridden . Rose boards the RMS Titanic with Cal and Ruth , as a first - class passenger , and meets Jack . Winslet said of her character , `` She has got a lot to give , and she 's got a very open heart . And she wants to explore and adventure the world , but she ( feels ) that 's not going to happen . '' Gwyneth Paltrow , Winona Ryder , Claire Danes , Gabrielle Anwar , and Reese Witherspoon had been considered for the role . When they turned it down , 20 - year - old Winslet campaigned heavily for the role . She sent Cameron daily notes from England , which led Cameron to invite her to Hollywood for auditions . As with DiCaprio , casting director Mali Finn originally brought her to Cameron 's attention . When looking for a Rose , Cameron described the character as `` an Audrey Hepburn type '' and was initially uncertain about casting Winslet even after her screen test impressed him . After she screen tested with DiCaprio , Winslet was so thoroughly impressed with him , that she whispered to Cameron , `` He 's great . Even if you do n't pick me , pick him . '' Winslet sent Cameron a single rose with a card signed , `` From Your Rose '' , and lobbied him by phone . `` You do n't understand ! '' she pleaded one day when she reached him by mobile phone in his Humvee . `` I am Rose ! I do n't know why you 're even seeing anyone else ! '' Her persistence , as well as her talent , eventually convinced him to cast her in the role . Billy Zane as Caledon Nathan `` Cal '' Hockley : Cal is Rose 's 30 - year - old fiancé .", "6": "He is arrogant and snobbish , and the heir to a Pittsburgh steel fortune . He becomes increasingly embarrassed by , jealous of , and cruel about Rose 's relationship with Jack . The part was originally offered to Matthew McConaughey , and Rob Lowe has also gone on the record as having pursued it . Frances Fisher as Ruth DeWitt Bukater : Rose 's widowed mother , who arranges her daughter 's engagement to Cal to maintain her family 's high - society status . She loves her daughter but believes that social position is more important than having a loving marriage . She scorns Jack , even though he saved her daughter 's life . Gloria Stuart as Rose Dawson Calvert : Rose narrates the film in a modern - day framing device . Cameron stated , `` In order to see the present and the past , I decided to create a fictional survivor who is ( close to ) 101 years , and she connects us in a way through history . '' The 100 - year - old Rose gives Lovett information regarding the `` Heart of the Ocean '' after he discovers a nude drawing of her in the wreck . She tells the story of her time aboard the ship , mentioning Jack for the first time since the sinking . At 87 , Stuart had to be made up to look older for the role . Of casting Stuart , Cameron stated , `` My casting director found her . She was sent out on a mission to find retired actresses from the Golden Age of the thirties and forties . '' Cameron said that he did not know who Stuart was , and Fay Wray was also considered for the role . `` But ( Stuart ) was just so into it , and so lucid , and had such a great spirit . And I saw the connection between her spirit and ( Winslet 's ) spirit , '' stated Cameron . `` I saw this joie de vivre in both of them , that I thought the audience would be able to make that cognitive leap that it 's the same person . '' Stuart died on September 26 , 2010 , at age 100 , approximately the same age elder Rose was in the film . Bill Paxton as Brock Lovett : A treasure hunter looking for the `` Heart of the Ocean '' in the wreck of the Titanic in the present . Time and funding for his expedition are running out .", "7": "He later reflects at the film 's conclusion that , despite thinking about Titanic for three years , he has never understood it until he hears Rose 's story . Suzy Amis as Lizzy Calvert : Rose 's granddaughter , who accompanies her when she visits Lovett on the ship and learns her grandmother 's true identity and romantic past with Jack Dawson . Danny Nucci as Fabrizio De Rossi : Jack 's Italian best friend , who boards the RMS Titanic with him after Jack wins two tickets in a poker game . Fabrizio does not board a lifeboat when the Titanic sinks and is killed when one of the ship 's funnels breaks and crashes into the water . David Warner as Spicer Lovejoy : An ex-Pinkerton constable , Lovejoy is Cal 's English valet and bodyguard , who keeps an eye on Rose and is suspicious about the circumstances surrounding Jack 's rescue of her . He dies when the Titanic splits in half , causing him to fall into a massive opening . Warner had appeared in the 1979 TV miniseries S.O.S. Titanic . Jason Barry as Thomas `` Tommy '' Ryan : An Irish third - class passenger who befriends Jack and Fabrizio . Tommy is killed when he is accidentally pushed forward and shot by a panicked First Officer Murdoch . Historical characters Although not intended to be an entirely accurate depiction of events , the film includes portrayals of several historical figures : The real Margaret Brown ( right ) giving Captain Arthur Henry Rostron an award for his service in the rescue of Titanic 's surviving passengers . Kathy Bates as Margaret `` Molly '' Brown : Brown is looked down upon by other first - class women , including Ruth , as `` vulgar '' and `` new money '' . She is friendly to Jack and lends him a tuxedo ( bought for her son ) when he is invited to dinner in the first - class dining saloon . Despite Brown being a real person , Cameron decided not to portray her real - life actions . Molly Brown was dubbed `` The Unsinkable Molly Brown '' by historians because she , with the support of other women , commandeered Lifeboat 6 from Quartermaster Robert Hichens . Some aspects of this altercation are portrayed in Cameron 's film .", "8": "Victor Garber as Thomas Andrews : The ship 's builder , Andrews is portrayed as a very kind and pleasant man who is modest about his grand achievement . After the collision , he tries to convince the others , particularly Ismay , that it is a `` mathematical certainty '' that the ship will sink . He is depicted during the sinking of the ship as standing next to the clock in the first - class smoking room , lamenting his failure to build a strong and safe ship . Although this has become one of the most famous legends of the sinking of the Titanic , this story , which was published in a 1912 book ( Thomas Andrews : Shipbuilder ) and therefore perpetuated , came from John Stewart , a steward on the ship who in fact left the ship in boat no. 15 at approximately 1 : 40 a.m. There were testimonies of sightings of Andrews after that moment . It appears that Andrews stayed in the smoking room for some time to gather his thoughts , then he continued assisting with the evacuation . Another reported sighting was of Andrews frantically throwing deck chairs into the ocean for passengers to use as floating devices . Andrews was last seen leaving the ship at the last moment . Bernard Hill as Captain Edward John Smith : Smith planned to make the Titanic his final voyage before retiring . He retreats into the wheelhouse on the bridge as the ship sinks , dying when the windows implode from the water whilst he clings to the ship 's wheel . There are conflicting accounts as to whether he died in this manner or later froze to death in the water near the capsized collapsible lifeboat `` B '' . Jonathan Hyde as J. Bruce Ismay : Ismay is portrayed as a rich , ignorant upper - class man . In the film , he uses his position as White Star Line managing director to influence Captain Smith to go faster with the prospect of an earlier arrival in New York and favorable press attention ; while this action appears in popular portrayals of the disaster , it is unsupported by evidence . After the collision , he struggles to comprehend that his `` unsinkable '' ship is doomed . Ismay later boards Collapsible C ( one of the last lifeboats to leave the ship ) just before it is lowered . He was branded a coward by the press and public for surviving the disaster while many women and children had drowned .", "9": "Eric Braeden as John Jacob Astor IV : A first - class passenger whom Rose ( correctly ) calls the richest man on the ship . The film depicts Astor and his 18 - year - old wife Madeleine ( Charlotte Chatton ) as being introduced to Jack by Rose in the first - class dining saloon . During the introduction , Astor asks if Jack is connected to the `` Boston Dawsons '' , a question Jack neatly deflects by saying that he is instead affiliated with the Chippewa Falls Dawsons . Astor is last seen as the Grand Staircase glass dome implodes and water surges in . Bernard Fox as Colonel Archibald Gracie IV : The film depicts Gracie making a comment to Cal that `` women and machinery do n't mix '' , and congratulating Jack for saving Rose from falling off the ship , though he is unaware that it was a suicide attempt . Fox had portrayed Frederick Fleet in the 1958 film A Night to Remember . Michael Ensign as Benjamin Guggenheim : A mining magnate traveling in first - class . He shows off his French mistress Madame Aubert ( Fannie Brett ) to his fellow passengers while his wife and three daughters wait for him at home . When Jack joins the other first - class passengers for dinner after his rescue of Rose , Guggenheim refers to him as a `` bohemian '' . He is seen in the flooding Grand Staircase during the sinking , saying he is prepared to go down as a gentleman . Jonathan Evans - Jones as Wallace Hartley : The ship 's bandmaster and violinist who plays uplifting music with his colleagues on the boat deck as the ship sinks . As the final plunge begins , he leads the band in a final performance of Nearer , My God , to Thee , to the tune of Bethany , and dies in the sinking . Mark Lindsay Chapman as Chief Officer Henry Wilde : The ship 's chief officer , who lets Cal on board a lifeboat because he has a child in his arms . Before he dies , he tries to get the boats to return to the sinking site to rescue passengers by blowing his whistle . After he freezes to death , Rose uses his whistle to attract the attention of Fifth Officer Lowe , which leads to her rescue .", "10": "Ewan Stewart as First Officer William Murdoch : The officer who is put in charge of the bridge on the night the ship struck the iceberg . During a rush for the lifeboats , Murdoch shoots Tommy Ryan as well as another passenger in a momentary panic , then commits suicide out of guilt . When Murdoch 's nephew Scott saw the film , he objected to his uncle 's portrayal as damaging to Murdoch 's heroic reputation . A few months later , Fox vice-president Scott Neeson went to Dalbeattie , Scotland , where Murdoch lived , to deliver a personal apology , and also presented a £ 5000 donation to Dalbeattie High School to boost the school 's William Murdoch Memorial Prize . Cameron apologized on the DVD commentary , but stated that there were officers who fired gunshots to enforce the `` women and children first '' policy . According to Cameron , his depiction of Murdoch is that of an `` honorable man , '' not of a man `` gone bad '' or of a `` cowardly murderer . '' He added , `` I 'm not sure you 'd find that same sense of responsibility and total devotion to duty today . This guy had half of his lifeboats launched before his counterpart on the port side had even launched one . That says something about character and heroism . '' Jonathan Phillips as Second Officer Charles Lightoller . The film depicts Lightoller informing Captain Smith that it will be difficult to see icebergs without breaking water . He is seen brandishing a gun and threatening to use it to keep order . He can be seen on top of Collapsible B when the first funnel collapses . Lightoller was the most senior officer to have survived the disaster . Simon Crane as Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall : The officer in charge of firing flares and manning Lifeboat 2 during the sinking . He is shown on the bridge wings helping the seamen firing the flares . Ioan Gruffudd as Fifth Officer Harold Lowe : The ship 's only officer to lead a lifeboat to retrieve survivors of the sinking from the icy waters . The film depicts Lowe rescuing Rose . Edward Fletcher as Sixth Officer James Moody : The ship 's only junior officer to have died in the sinking . The film depicts Moody admitting Jack and Fabrizio onto the ship only moments before it departs from Southampton . Moody is later shown following Mr.", "11": "Murdoch 's orders to put the ship to full speed ahead , and informs First Officer Murdoch about the iceberg . He is last seen clinging to one of the davits on the starboard side after having unsuccessfully attempted to launch collapsible A . James Lancaster as Father Thomas Byles : Second - class passenger Father Byles , a Catholic priest from England , is portrayed praying and consoling passengers during the ship 's final moments . Lew Palter and Elsa Raven as Isidor Straus and Ida Straus : Isidor is a former owner of R.H. Macy and Company , a former congressman from New York , and a member of the New York and New Jersey Bridge Commission . During the sinking , his wife Ida is offered a place in a lifeboat , but refuses , saying that she will honor her wedding pledge by staying with Isidor . They are last seen lying on their bed embracing each other as water fills their stateroom . Martin Jarvis as Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon : A Scottish baronet who is rescued in Lifeboat 1 . Lifeboats 1 and 2 were emergency boats with a capacity of 40 . Situated at the forward end of the boat deck , these were kept ready to launch in case of a person falling overboard . On the night of the disaster , Lifeboat 1 was the fourth to be launched , with 12 people aboard , including Duff - Gordon , his wife and her secretary . The baronet was much criticized for his conduct during the incident . It was suggested that he had boarded the emergency boat in violation of the `` women and children first '' policy and that the boat had failed to return to rescue those struggling in the water . He offered five pounds to each of the lifeboat 's crew , which those critical of his conduct viewed as a bribe . The Duff - Gordons at the time ( and his wife 's secretary in a letter written at the time and rediscovered in 2007 ) stated that there had been no women or children waiting to board in the vicinity of the launching of their boat , and there is confirmation that lifeboat 1 of the Titanic was almost empty and that First Officer William Murdoch was apparently glad to offer Duff - Gordon and his wife and her secretary a place ( simply to fill it ) after they had asked if they could get on .", "12": "Duff - Gordon denied that his offer of money to the lifeboat crew represented a bribe . The British Board of Trade 's inquiry into the disaster accepted Duff - Gordon 's denial of bribing the crew , but maintained that , if the emergency boat had rowed towards the people who were in the water , it might very well have been able to rescue some of them . Rosalind Ayres as Lady Duff - Gordon : A world - famous fashion designer and Sir Cosmo 's wife . She is rescued in Lifeboat 1 with her husband . She and her husband never lived down rumors that they had forbidden the lifeboat 's crew to return to the wreck site in case they would be swamped . Rochelle Rose as Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes : The Countess is shown to be friendly with Cal and the DeWitt Bukaters . Despite being of a higher status in society than Sir Cosmo and Lady Duff - Gordon , she is kind , and helps row the boat and even looks after the steerage passengers . Scott G. Anderson as Frederick Fleet : The lookout who saw the iceberg . Fleet escapes the sinking ship aboard Lifeboat 6 . Paul Brightwell as Quartermaster Robert Hichens : One of the ship 's six quartermasters and at the ship 's wheel at the time of collision . He is in charge of lifeboat 6 . He refuses to go back and pick up survivors after the sinking and eventually the boat is commandeered by Molly Brown . Martin East as Reginald Lee : The other lookout in the crow 's nest . He survives the sinking . Gregory Cooke as Jack Phillips : Senior wireless operator on board the Titanic whom Captain Smith ordered to send the distress signal . Craig Kelly as Harold Bride : Junior wireless operator on board the Titanic . Liam Tuohy as Chief Baker Charles Joughin : The baker appears in the film on top of the railing with Jack and Rose as the ship sinks , drinking brandy from a flask . According to the real Joughin 's testimony , he rode the ship down and stepped into the water without getting his hair wet . He also admitted to hardly feeling the cold , most likely thanks to alcohol .", "13": "Terry Forrestal as Chief Engineer Joseph G. Bell : Bell and his men worked until the last minute to keep the lights and the power on in order for distress signals to get out . Bell and all of the engineers died in the bowels of the Titanic . Cameos Several crew members of the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh appear in the film , including Anatoly Sagalevich , creator and pilot of the MIR self - propelled Deep Submergence Vehicle . Anders Falk , who filmed a documentary about the film 's sets for the Titanic Historical Society , makes a cameo appearance in the film as a Swedish immigrant whom Jack Dawson meets when he enters his cabin ; Edward Kamuda and Karen Kamuda , then President and Vice President of the Society who served as film consultants , were cast as extras in the film . Pre-production Writing and inspiration `` The story could not have been written better ... The juxtaposition of rich and poor , the gender roles played out unto death ( women first ) , the stoicism and nobility of a bygone age , the magnificence of the great ship matched in scale only by the folly of the men who drove her hell - bent through the darkness . And above all the lesson : that life is uncertain , the future unknowable ... the unthinkable possible . '' -- James Cameron James Cameron had a fascination with shipwrecks , and , for him , the RMS Titanic was `` the Mount Everest of shipwrecks . '' He was almost past the point in his life when he felt he could consider an undersea expedition , but said he still had `` a mental restlessness '' to live the life he had turned away from when he switched from the sciences to the arts in college . So when an IMAX film was made from footage shot of the wreck itself , he decided to seek Hollywood funding to `` pay for an expedition and do the same thing . '' It was `` not because I particularly wanted to make the movie , '' Cameron said . `` I wanted to dive to the shipwreck . '' Cameron wrote a scriptment for a Titanic film , met with 20th Century Fox executives including Peter Chernin , and pitched it as `` Romeo and Juliet on the Titanic '' . Cameron stated , `` They were like , ' Oooooohkaaaaaay -- a three - hour romantic epic ?", "14": "Sure , that 's just what we want . Is there a little bit of Terminator in that ? Any Harrier jets , shoot - outs , or car chases ? ' I said , ' No , no , no . It 's not like that . ' '' The studio was dubious about the idea 's commercial prospects , but , hoping for a long - term relationship with Cameron , they gave him a greenlight . Director , writer and producer James Cameron Cameron convinced Fox to promote the film based on the publicity afforded by shooting the Titanic wreck itself , and organized several dives to the site over a period of two years . `` My pitch on that had to be a little more detailed , '' said Cameron . `` So I said , ' Look , we 've got to do this whole opening where they 're exploring the Titanic and they find the diamond , so we 're going to have all these shots of the ship . '' Cameron stated , `` Now , we can either do them with elaborate models and motion control shots and CG and all that , which will cost X amount of money -- or we can spend X plus 30 per cent and actually go shoot it at the real wreck . '' The crew shot at the real wreck in the Atlantic Ocean twelve times in 1995 and actually spent more time with the ship than its passengers . At that depth , with a water pressure of 6,000 pounds per square inch , `` one small flaw in the vessel 's superstructure would mean instant death for all on board . '' Not only were the dives high - risk , but adverse conditions prevented Cameron from getting the high quality footage that he wanted . During one dive , one of the submersibles collided with Titanic 's hull , damaging both sub and ship and leaving fragments of the submersible 's propeller shroud scattered around the superstructure . The external bulkhead of Captain Smith 's quarters collapsed , exposing the interior . The area around the entrance to the Grand Staircase was also damaged . Descending to the actual site made both Cameron and crew want `` to live up to that level of reality ... But there was another level of reaction coming away from the real wreck , which was that it was n't just a story , it was n't just a drama , '' he said . `` It was an event that happened to real people who really died .", "15": "Working around the wreck for so much time , you get such a strong sense of the profound sadness and injustice of it , and the message of it . '' Cameron stated , `` You think , ' There probably are n't going to be many filmmakers who go to Titanic . There may never be another one -- maybe a documentarian . '' Due to this , he felt `` a great mantle of responsibility to convey the emotional message of it -- to do that part of it right , too '' . After filming the underwater shots , Cameron began writing the screenplay . He wanted to honor the people who died during the sinking , so he spent six months researching all of the Titanic 's crew and passengers . `` I read everything I could . I created an extremely detailed timeline of the ship 's few days and a very detailed timeline of the last night of its life , '' he said . `` And I worked within that to write the script , and I got some historical experts to analyze what I 'd written and comment on it , and I adjusted it . '' He paid meticulous attention to detail , even including a scene depicting the Californian 's role in Titanic 's demise , though this was later cut ( see below ) . From the beginning of the shoot , they had `` a very clear picture '' of what happened on the ship that night . `` I had a library that filled one whole wall of my writing office with Titanic stuff , because I wanted it to be right , especially if we were going to dive to the ship , '' he said . `` That set the bar higher in a way -- it elevated the movie in a sense . We wanted this to be a definitive visualization of this moment in history as if you 'd gone back in a time machine and shot it . '' Cameron felt the Titanic sinking was `` like a great novel that really happened '' , but that the event had become a mere morality tale ; the film would give audiences the experience of living the history . The treasure hunter Brock Lovett represented those who never connected with the human element of the tragedy , while the blossoming romance of Jack and Rose , Cameron believed , would be the most engaging part of the story : when their love is finally destroyed , the audience would mourn the loss . He said : `` All my films are love stories , but in Titanic I finally got the balance right . It 's not a disaster film .", "16": "It 's a love story with a fastidious overlay of real history . '' Cameron framed the romance with the elderly Rose to make the intervening years palpable and poignant . While Winslet and Stuart stated their belief that , instead of being asleep in her bed , the character dies at the end of the film , Cameron said that he would rather not reveal what he intended with the ending because `` ( t ) he answer has to be something you supply personally ; individually . '' Scale modeling The reconstruction of the RMS Titanic . The blueprints were supplied by the original ship 's builder and Cameron tried to make the ship as detailed and accurate as possible . Harland and Wolff , the RMS Titanic 's builders , opened their private archives to the crew , sharing blueprints that were thought lost . For the ship 's interiors , production designer Peter Lamont 's team looked for artifacts from the era . The newness of the ship meant every prop had to be made from scratch . Fox acquired 40 acres of waterfront south of Playas de Rosarito in Mexico , and began building a new studio on May 31 , 1996 . A horizon tank of seventeen million gallons was built for the exterior of the reconstructed ship , providing 270 degrees of ocean view . The ship was built to full scale , but Lamont removed redundant sections on the superstructure and forward well deck for the ship to fit in the tank , with the remaining sections filled with digital models . The lifeboats and funnels were shrunken by ten percent . The boat deck and A-deck were working sets , but the rest of the ship was just steel plating . Within was a fifty - foot lifting platform for the ship to tilt during the sinking sequences . Towering above was a 162 - foot - tall ( 49 m ) tower crane on 600 feet ( 180 m ) of rail track , acting as a combined construction , lighting , and camera platform . The sets representing the interior rooms of the Titanic were reproduced exactly as originally built , using photographs and plans from the Titanic 's builders . The Grand Staircase , which features prominently in the film , was recreated to a high standard of authenticity , though it was widened 30 % compared to the original and reinforced with steel girders .", "17": "Craftsmen from Mexico and Britain sculpted the ornate paneling and plaster - work based on Titanic 's ' original designs . The carpeting , upholstery , individual pieces of furniture , light fixtures , chairs , cutlery and crockery with the White Star Line crest on each piece were among the objects recreated according to original designs . Cameron additionally hired two Titanic historians , Don Lynch and Ken Marschall , to authenticate the historical detail in the film . Production Principal photography for Titanic began in July 1996 at Dartmouth , Nova Scotia , with the filming of the modern day expedition scenes aboard the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh . In September 1996 , the production moved to the newly built Fox Baja Studios in Rosarito , Mexico , where a full scale RMS Titanic had been constructed . The poop deck was built on a hinge which could rise from zero to 90 degrees in a few seconds , just as the ship 's stern rose during the sinking . For the safety of the stuntmen , many props were made of foam rubber . By November 15 , the boarding scenes were being shot . Cameron chose to build his RMS Titanic on the starboard side as a study of weather data revealed it was a prevailing north - to - south wind which blew the funnel smoke aft . This posed a problem for shooting the ship 's departure from Southampton , as it was docked on its port side . Implementation of written directions , as well as props and costumes , had to be reversed ; for example , if someone walked to their right in the script , they had to walk left during shooting . In post-production , the film was flipped to the correct direction . A full - time etiquette coach was hired to instruct the cast in the manners of the upper class gentility in 1912 . Despite this , several critics picked up on anachronisms in the film , not least involving the two main stars . Close - up shot of Cameron 's nude sketch of Rose wearing the `` Heart of the Ocean '' . The associated nude scene was one of the first scenes shot , as the main set was not yet ready . Cameron sketched Jack 's nude portrait of Rose for a scene which he feels has the backdrop of repression . `` You know what it means for her , the freedom she must be feeling .", "18": "It 's kind of exhilarating for that reason , '' he said . The nude scene was DiCaprio and Winslet 's first scene together . `` It was n't by any kind of design , although I could n't have designed it better . There 's a nervousness and an energy and a hesitance in them , '' Cameron stated . `` They had rehearsed together , but they had n't shot anything together . If I 'd had a choice , I probably would have preferred to put it deeper into the body of the shoot . '' Cameron said he and his crew `` were just trying to find things to shoot '' because the big set `` was n't ready for months , so we were scrambling around trying to fill in anything we could get to shoot . '' After seeing the scene on film , Cameron felt it worked out considerably well . Other times on the set were not as smooth . The shoot was an arduous experience that `` cemented Cameron 's formidable reputation as ' the scariest man in Hollywood ' . He became known as an uncompromising , hard - charging perfectionist '' and a `` 300 - decibel screamer , a modern - day Captain Bligh with a megaphone and walkie - talkie , swooping down into people 's faces on a 162ft crane '' . Winslet chipped a bone in her elbow during filming and had been worried that she would drown in the 17m - gallon water tank the ship was to be sunk in . `` There were times when I was genuinely frightened of him . Jim has a temper like you would n't believe , '' she said . `` ' God damn it ! ' he would yell at some poor crew member , ' that 's exactly what I did n't want ! ' '' Her co-star , Bill Paxton , was familiar with Cameron 's work ethic from his earlier experience with him . `` There were a lot of people on the set . Jim is not one of those guys who has the time to win hearts and minds , '' he said . The crew felt Cameron had an evil alter ego and so nicknamed him `` Mij '' ( Jim spelt backwards ) . In response to the criticism , Cameron stated , `` Film - making is war . A great battle between business and aesthetics . ''", "19": "During the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh shoot in Canada , an angry crew member put the dissociative drug PCP into the soup that Cameron and various others ate one night in Dartmouth , Nova Scotia . It sent more than 50 people to the hospital , including actor Bill Paxton . `` There were people just rolling around , completely out of it . Some of them said they were seeing streaks and psychedelics , '' said actor Lewis Abernathy . Cameron managed to vomit before the drug took a full hold . Abernathy was shocked at the way he looked . `` One eye was completely red , like the Terminator eye . A pupil , no iris , beet red . The other eye looked like he 'd been sniffing glue since he was four . '' The person behind the poisoning was never caught . The filming schedule was intended to last 138 days but grew to 160 . Many cast members came down with colds , flu , or kidney infections after spending hours in cold water , including Winslet . In the end , she decided she would not work with Cameron again unless she earned `` a lot of money '' . Several others left the production , and three stuntmen broke their bones , but the Screen Actors Guild decided , following an investigation , that nothing was inherently unsafe about the set . Additionally , DiCaprio said there was no point when he felt he was in danger during filming . Cameron believed in a passionate work ethic and never apologized for the way he ran his sets , although he acknowledged : I 'm demanding , and I 'm demanding on my crew . In terms of being kind of militaresque , I think there 's an element of that in dealing with thousands of extras and big logistics and keeping people safe . I think you have to have a fairly strict methodology in dealing with a large number of people . The costs of filming Titanic eventually began to mount and finally reached $200 million , a bit over $1 million per minute of screen time . Fox executives panicked and suggested an hour of specific cuts from the three - hour film . They argued the extended length would mean fewer showings , thus less revenue , even though long epics are more likely to help directors win Oscars . Cameron refused , telling Fox , `` You want to cut my movie ?", "20": "You 're going to have to fire me ! You want to fire me ? You 're going to have to kill me ! '' The executives did not want to start over , because it would mean the loss of their entire investment , but they also initially rejected Cameron 's offer of forfeiting his share of the profits as an empty gesture , as they predicted profits would be unlikely . Cameron explained forfeiting his share as complex . `` ... the short version is that the film cost proportionally much more than T2 and True Lies . Those films went up seven or eight percent from the initial budget . Titanic also had a large budget to begin with , but it went up a lot more , '' he said . `` As the producer and director , I take responsibility for the studio that 's writing the checks , so I made it less painful for them . I did that on two different occasions . They did n't force me to do it ; they were glad that I did . '' Post-production Effects Cameron wanted to push the boundary of special effects with his film , and enlisted Digital Domain to continue the developments in digital technology which the director pioneered while working on The Abyss and Terminator 2 : Judgment Day . Many previous films about the RMS Titanic shot water in slow motion , which did not look wholly convincing . Cameron encouraged his crew to shoot their 45 - foot - long ( 14 m ) miniature of the ship as if `` we 're making a commercial for the White Star Line '' . Afterwards , digital water and smoke were added , as were extras captured on a motion capture stage . Visual effects supervisor Rob Legato scanned the faces of many actors , including himself and his children , for the digital extras and stuntmen . There was also a 65 - foot - long ( 20 m ) model of the ship 's stern that could break in two repeatedly , the only miniature to be used in water . For scenes set in the ship 's engines , footage of the SS Jeremiah O'Brien 's engines were composited with miniature support frames , and actors shot against a greenscreen . In order to save money , the first - class lounge was a miniature set incorporated into a greenscreen backdrop behind the actors .", "21": "The miniature of the Lounge would later be crushed to simulate the destruction of the room and a scale model of a First - Class corridor flooded with jets of water while the camera pans out . Unlike previous Titanic films , Cameron 's retelling of the disaster showed the ship breaking into two pieces before sinking entirely . The scenes were an account of the moment 's most likely outcome . Cameron 's film was the second Titanic film to show the ship breaking in half ; the first was the eponymous 1996 television miniseries . An enclosed 5,000,000 - US - gallon ( 19,000,000 L ) tank was used for sinking interiors , in which the entire set could be tilted into the water . In order to sink the Grand Staircase , 90,000 US gallons ( 340,000 L ) of water were dumped into the set as it was lowered into the tank . Unexpectedly , the waterfall ripped the staircase from its steel - reinforced foundations , although no one was hurt . The 744 - foot - long ( 227 m ) exterior of the RMS Titanic had its first half lowered into the tank , but as the heaviest part of the ship it acted as a shock absorber against the water ; to get the set into the water , Cameron had much of the set emptied and even smashed some of the promenade windows himself . After submerging the dining saloon , three days were spent shooting Lovett 's ROV traversing the wreck in the present . The post-sinking scenes in the freezing Atlantic were shot in a 350,000 - US - gallon ( 1,300,000 L ) tank , where the frozen corpses were created by applying on actors a powder that crystallized when exposed to water , and wax was coated on hair and clothes . The climactic scene , which features the breakup of the ship directly before it sinks as well as its final plunge to the bottom of the Atlantic , involved a tilting full - sized set , 150 extras , and 100 stunt performers . Cameron criticized previous Titanic films for depicting the liner 's final plunge as a graceful slide underwater . He `` wanted to depict it as the terrifyingly chaotic event that it really was '' .", "22": "When carrying out the sequence , people needed to fall off the increasingly tilting deck , plunging hundreds of feet below and bouncing off of railings and propellers on the way down . A few attempts to film this sequence with stunt people resulted in some minor injuries , and Cameron halted the more dangerous stunts . The risks were eventually minimized `` by using computer generated people for the dangerous falls '' . Editing There was one `` crucial historical fact '' Cameron chose to omit from the film -- the SS Californian was close to the Titanic the night she sank but had turned off its radio for the night , did not hear her crew 's SOS calls , and did not respond to their distress flares . `` Yes , the ( SS ) Californian . That was n't a compromise to mainstream filmmaking . That was really more about emphasis , creating an emotional truth to the film , '' stated Cameron . He said there were aspects of retelling the sinking that seemed important in pre - and post-production , but turned out to be less important as the film evolved . `` The story of the Californian was in there ; we even shot a scene of them switching off their Marconi radio set , '' said Cameron . `` But I took it out . It was a clean cut , because it focuses you back onto that world . If Titanic is powerful as a metaphor , as a microcosm , for the end of the world in a sense , then that world must be self - contained . '' During the first assembly cut , Cameron altered the planned ending , which had given resolution to Brock Lovett 's story . In the original version of the ending , Brock and Lizzy see the elderly Rose at the stern of the boat and fear she is going to commit suicide . Rose then reveals that she had the `` Heart of the Ocean '' diamond all along but never sold it , in order to live on her own without Cal 's money . She tells Brock that life is priceless and throws the diamond into the ocean , after allowing him to hold it . After accepting that treasure is worthless , Brock laughs at his stupidity . Rose then goes back to her cabin to sleep , whereupon the film ends in the same way as the final version .", "23": "In the editing room , Cameron decided that by this point , the audience would no longer be interested in Brock Lovett and cut the resolution to his story , so that Rose is alone when she drops the diamond . He also did not want to disrupt the audience 's melancholy after the Titanic 's sinking . The version used for the first test screening featured a fight between Jack and Lovejoy which takes place after Jack and Rose escape into the flooded dining saloon , but the test audiences disliked it . The scene was written to give the film more suspense , and featured Cal ( falsely ) offering to give Lovejoy , his valet , the `` Heart of the Ocean '' if he can get it from Jack and Rose . Lovejoy goes after the pair in the sinking first - class dining room . Just as they are about to escape him , Lovejoy notices Rose 's hand slap the water as it slips off the table behind which she is hiding . In revenge for framing him for the `` theft '' of the necklace , Jack attacks him and smashes his head against a glass window , which explains the gash on Lovejoy 's head that can be seen when he dies in the completed version of the film . In their reactions to the scene , test audiences said it would be unrealistic to risk one 's life for wealth , and Cameron cut it for this reason , as well as for timing and pacing reasons . Many other scenes were cut for similar reasons . Music and soundtrack Main articles : Titanic : Music from the Motion Picture and Back to Titanic Excerpt from `` Hymn to the Sea '' Featuring the vocals of Sissel Kyrkjebø , this is a recurring somber theme that is associated with the tragic elements of Titanic Problems playing this file ? See media help . The soundtrack album for Titanic was composed by James Horner . For the vocals heard throughout the film , subsequently described by Earle Hitchner of The Wall Street Journal as `` evocative '' , Horner chose Norwegian singer Sissel Kyrkjebø , commonly known as `` Sissel '' . Horner knew Sissel from her album Innerst i sjelen , and he particularly liked how she sang `` Eg veit i himmerik ei borg '' ( `` I Know in Heaven There Is a Castle '' ) .", "24": "He had tried twenty - five or thirty singers before he finally chose Sissel as the voice to create specific moods within the film . Horner additionally wrote the song `` My Heart Will Go On '' in secret with Will Jennings because Cameron did not want any songs with singing in the film . Céline Dion agreed to record a demo with the persuasion of her husband René Angélil . Horner waited until Cameron was in an appropriate mood before presenting him with the song . After playing it several times , Cameron declared his approval , although worried that he would have been criticized for `` going commercial at the end of the movie '' . Cameron also wanted to appease anxious studio executives and `` saw that a hit song from his movie could only be a positive factor in guaranteeing its completion '' . Release Initial screening 20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures co-financed Titanic , with Paramount handling the North American distribution and Fox handling the international release . They expected Cameron to complete the film for a release on July 2 , 1997 . The film was to be released on this date `` in order to exploit the lucrative summer season ticket sales when blockbuster films usually do better '' . In April , Cameron said the film 's special effects were too complicated and that releasing the film for summer would not be possible . With production delays , Paramount pushed back the release date to December 19 , 1997 . `` This fueled speculation that the film itself was a disaster . '' A preview screening in Minneapolis on July 14 `` generated positive reviews '' and `` ( c ) hatter on the internet was responsible for more favorable word of mouth about the ( film ) '' . This eventually led to more positive media coverage . The film premiered on November 1 , 1997 , at the Tokyo International Film Festival , where reaction was described as `` tepid '' by The New York Times . Positive reviews started to appear back in the United States ; the official Hollywood premiere occurred on December 14 , 1997 , where `` the big movie stars who attended the opening were enthusiastically gushing about the film to the world media '' . Box Office Including revenue from the 2012 and 2017 reissues , Titanic earned $659.4 million in North America and $1.528 billion in other countries , for a worldwide total of $2.187 billion .", "25": "It became the highest - grossing film of all time worldwide in 1998 , and remained so for twelve years , until Avatar ( 2009 ) , also written and directed by Cameron , surpassed it in 2010 . On March 1 , 1998 , it became the first film to earn more than $1 billion worldwide and on the weekend April 13 -- 15 , 2012 -- a century after the original vessel 's foundering , Titanic became the second film to cross the $2 billion threshold during its 3D re-release . Box Office Mojo estimates that Titanic is the fifth highest - grossing film of all time in North America when adjusting for ticket price inflation . The site also estimates that the film sold over 128 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . Initial theatrical run The film received steady attendance after opening in North America on Friday , December 19 , 1997 . By the end of that same weekend , theaters were beginning to sell out . The film earned $8,658,814 on its opening day and $28,638,131 over the opening weekend from 2,674 theaters , averaging to about $10,710 per venue , and ranking number one at the box office , ahead of the eighteenth James Bond film , Tomorrow Never Dies . By New Year 's Day , Titanic had made over $120 million , had increased in popularity and theaters continued to sell out . Its highest grossing single day was Saturday , February 14 , 1998 , on which it earned $13,048,711 , more than eight weeks after its North American debut . It stayed at number one for 15 consecutive weeks in North America , a record for any film . The film stayed in theaters in North America for almost 10 months before finally closing on Thursday , October 1 , 1998 with a final domestic gross of $600,788,188 . Outside North America , the film made double its North American gross , generating $1,242,413,080 and accumulating a grand total of $1,843,201,268 worldwide from its initial theatrical run . Commercial analysis Before Titanic 's release , various film critics predicted the film would be a significant disappointment at the box office , especially due to it being the most expensive film ever made at the time .", "26": "When it was shown to the press in autumn of 1997 , `` it was with massive forebodings '' since the `` people in charge of the screenings believed they were on the verge of losing their jobs -- because of this great albatross of a picture on which , finally , two studios had to combine to share the great load of its making '' . Cameron also thought he was `` headed for disaster '' at one point during filming . `` We labored the last six months on Titanic in the absolute knowledge that the studio would lose $100 million . It was a certainty , '' he stated . As the film neared release , `` particular venom was spat at Cameron for what was seen as his hubris and monumental extravagance '' . A film critic for the Los Angeles Times wrote that `` Cameron 's overweening pride has come close to capsizing this project '' and that the film was `` a hackneyed , completely derivative copy of old Hollywood romances '' . `` It 's hard to forget the director on the stage of the Shrine Auditorium in LA , exultant , pumping a golden Oscar statuette into the air and shouting : ' I 'm the king of the world ! ' As everyone knew , that was the most famous line in Titanic , exclaimed by Leonardo DiCaprio 's character as he leaned into the wind on the prow of the doomed vessel . Cameron 's incantation of the line was a giant ' eff off ' , in front of a television audience approaching a billion , to all the naysayers , especially those sitting right in front of him . '' -- Christopher Goodwin of The Times on Cameron 's response to Titanic 's criticism When the film became a success , with an unprecedented box office performance , it was credited for being a love story that captured its viewers ' emotions . The film was playing on 3,200 screens ten weeks after it opened , and out of its fifteen straight weeks on top of the charts , jumped 43 % in total sales in its ninth week of release . It earned over $20 million a week for ten weeks , and after 14 weeks was still bringing in more than $1 million a week . 20th Century Fox estimated that seven percent of American teenage girls had seen Titanic twice by its fifth week .", "27": "Although young women who saw the film several times , and subsequently caused `` Leo - Mania '' , were often credited with having primarily propelled the film to its all - time box office record , other reports have attributed the film 's success to positive word of mouth and repeat viewership due to the love story combined with the ground - breaking special effects . The film 's impact on men has also been especially credited . Now considered one of the films that `` make men cry '' , MSNBC 's Ian Hodder stated that men admire Jack 's sense of adventure , stowing away on a steamship bound for America . `` We cheer as he courts a girl who was out of his league . We admire how he suggests nude modeling as an excuse to get naked . So when ( the tragic ending happens ) , an uncontrollable flood of tears sinks our composure , '' he said . Titanic 's ability to make men cry was briefly parodied in the 2009 film Zombieland , where character Tallahassee ( Woody Harrelson ) , when recalling the death of his young son , states : `` I have n't cried like that since Titanic . '' In 2010 , the BBC analyzed the stigma over men crying during Titanic and films in general . `` Middle - aged men are not ' supposed ' to cry during movies , '' stated Finlo Rohrer of the website , citing the ending of Titanic as having generated such tears , adding that `` men , if they have felt weepy during ( this film ) , have often tried to be surreptitious about it . '' Professor Mary Beth Oliver , of Penn State University , stated , `` For many men , there is a great deal of pressure to avoid expression of ' female ' emotions like sadness and fear . From a very young age , males are taught that it is inappropriate to cry , and these lessons are often accompanied by a great deal of ridicule when the lessons are n't followed . '' Rohrer said , `` Indeed , some men who might sneer at the idea of crying during Titanic will readily admit to becoming choked up during Saving Private Ryan or Platoon . '' For men in general , `` the idea of sacrifice for a ' brother ' is a more suitable source of emotion '' .", "28": "Scott Meslow of The Atlantic stated while Titanic initially seems to need no defense , given its success , it is considered a film `` for 15 - year - old girls '' by its main detractors . He argued that dismissing Titanic as fodder for 15 - year - old girls fails to consider the film 's accomplishment : `` that ( this ) grandiose , 3 + hour historical romantic drama is a film for everyone -- including teenage boys . '' Meslow stated that despite the film being ranked high by males under the age of 18 , matching the ratings for teenage boy - targeted films like Iron Man , it is common for boys and men to deny liking Titanic . He acknowledged his own rejection of the film as a child while secretly loving it . `` It 's this collection of elements -- the history , the romance , the action -- that made ( and continues to make ) Titanic an irresistible proposition for audiences of all ages across the globe , '' he stated . `` Titanic has flaws , but for all its legacy , it 's better than its middlebrow reputation would have you believe . It 's a great movie for 15 - year - old girls , but that does n't mean it 's not a great movie for everyone else too . '' Quotes in the film aided its popularity . Titanic 's catchphrase `` I 'm the king of the world ! '' became one of the film industry 's more popular quotations . According to Richard Harris , a psychology professor at Kansas State University , who studied why people like to cite films in social situations , using film quotations in everyday conversation is similar to telling a joke and a way to form solidarity with others . `` People are doing it to feel good about themselves , to make others laugh , to make themselves laugh '' , he said . Cameron explained the film 's success as having significantly benefited from the experience of sharing . `` When people have an experience that 's very powerful in the movie theatre , they want to go share it . They want to grab their friend and bring them , so that they can enjoy it , '' he said . `` They want to be the person to bring them the news that this is something worth having in their life . That 's how Titanic worked . '' Media Awareness Network stated , `` The normal repeat viewing rate for a blockbuster theatrical film is about 5 % .", "29": "The repeat rate for Titanic was over 20 % . '' The box office receipts `` were even more impressive '' when factoring in `` the film 's 3 - hour - and - 14 - minute length meant that it could only be shown three times a day compared to a normal movie 's four showings '' . In response to this , `` ( m ) any theatres started midnight showings and were rewarded with full houses until almost 3 : 30 am '' . Titanic held the record for box office gross for twelve years . Cameron 's follow - up film , Avatar , was considered the first film with a genuine chance at surpassing its worldwide gross , and did so in 2010 . Various explanations for why the film was able to successfully challenge Titanic were given . For one , `` Two - thirds of Titanic 's haul was earned overseas , and Avatar ( tracked ) similarly ... Avatar opened in 106 markets globally and was no . 1 in all of them '' and the markets `` such as Russia , where Titanic saw modest receipts in 1997 and 1998 , are white - hot today '' with `` more screens and moviegoers '' than ever before . Brandon Gray , president of Box Office Mojo , said that while Avatar may beat Titanic 's revenue record , the film is unlikely to surpass Titanic in attendance . `` Ticket prices were about $3 cheaper in the late 1990s . '' In December 2009 , Cameron had stated , `` I do n't think it 's realistic to try to topple Titanic off its perch . Some pretty good movies have come out in the last few years . Titanic just struck some kind of chord . '' In a January 2010 interview , he gave a different take on the matter once Avatar 's performance was easier to predict . `` It 's gon na happen . It 's just a matter of time , '' he said . Author Alexandra Keller , when analyzing Titanic 's success , stated that scholars could agree that the film 's popularity `` appears dependent on contemporary culture , on perceptions of history , on patterns of consumerism and globalization , as well as on those elements experienced filmgoers conventionally expect of juggernaut film events in the 1990s -- awesome screen spectacle , expansive action , and , more rarely seen , engaging characters and epic drama . ''", "30": "Critical reception Titanic garnered mainly positive reviews from film critics , and was positively reviewed by audiences and scholars , who commented on the film 's cultural , historical and political impacts . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 88 % based on 178 reviews , with a rating average of 8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A mostly unqualified triumph for Cameron , who offers a dizzying blend of spectacular visuals and old - fashioned melodrama . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating to reviews , the film has a score of 74 based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorably reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 60 films in the history of the service to earn the score . With regard to the film 's overall design , Roger Ebert stated , `` It is flawlessly crafted , intelligently constructed , strongly acted , and spellbinding ... Movies like this are not merely difficult to make at all , but almost impossible to make well . '' He credited the `` technical difficulties '' with being `` so daunting that it 's a wonder when the filmmakers are also able to bring the drama and history into proportion '' and `` found ( himself ) convinced by both the story and the sad saga '' . He named it his ninth best film of 1997 . On the television program Siskel & Ebert , the film received `` two thumbs up '' and was praised for its accuracy in recreating the ship 's sinking ; Ebert described the film as `` a glorious Hollywood epic '' and `` well worth the wait , '' and Gene Siskel found Leonardo DiCaprio `` captivating '' . James Berardinelli stated , `` Meticulous in detail , yet vast in scope and intent , Titanic is the kind of epic motion picture event that has become a rarity . You do n't just watch Titanic , you experience it . '' It was named his second best film of 1997 .", "31": "Almar Haflidason of the BBC wrote that `` the sinking of the great ship is no secret , yet for many exceeded expectations in sheer scale and tragedy '' and that `` when you consider that ( the film ) tops a bum - numbing three - hour running time , then you have a truly impressive feat of entertainment achieved by Cameron '' . Joseph McBride of Boxoffice Magazine concluded , `` To describe Titanic as the greatest disaster movie ever made is to sell it short . James Cameron 's recreation of the 1912 sinking of the ' unsinkable ' liner is one of the most magnificent pieces of serious popular entertainment ever to emanate from Hollywood . '' The romantic and emotionally charged aspects of the film were equally praised . Andrew L. Urban of Urban Cinefile said , `` You will walk out of Titanic not talking about budget or running time , but of its enormous emotive power , big as the engines of the ship itself , determined as its giant propellers to gouge into your heart , and as lasting as the love story that propels it . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly described the film as , `` A lush and terrifying spectacle of romantic doom . Writer - director James Cameron has restaged the defining catastrophe of the early 20th century on a human scale of such purified yearning and dread that he touches the deepest levels of popular moviemaking . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times commented that `` Cameron 's magnificent Titanic is the first spectacle in decades that honestly invites comparison to Gone With the Wind . '' Richard Corliss of Time magazine , on the other hand , wrote a mostly negative review , criticizing the lack of interesting emotional elements . Some reviewers felt that the story and dialogue were weak , while the visuals were spectacular . Kenneth Turan 's review in the Los Angeles Times was particularly scathing . Dismissing the emotive elements , he stated , `` What really brings on the tears is Cameron 's insistence that writing this kind of movie is within his abilities . Not only is it not , it is not even close . '' , and later claimed that the only reason that the film won Oscars was because of its box office total .", "32": "Barbara Shulgasser of The San Francisco Examiner gave Titanic one star out of four , citing a friend as saying , `` The number of times in this unbelievably badly written script that the two ( lead characters ) refer to each other by name was an indication of just how dramatically the script lacked anything more interesting for the actors to say . '' Also , filmmaker Robert Altman called it `` the most dreadful piece of work I 've ever seen in my entire life '' . In his 2012 study of the lives of the passengers on the Titanic , historian Richard Davenport - Hines said , `` Cameron 's film diabolized rich Americans and educated English , anathematizing their emotional restraint , good tailoring , punctilious manners and grammatical training , while it made romantic heroes of the poor Irish and the unlettered '' . Titanic suffered backlash in addition to its success . In 2003 , the film topped a poll of `` Best Film Endings '' , and yet it also topped a poll by Film 2003 as `` the worst movie of all time '' . The British film magazine Empire reduced their rating of the film from the maximum five stars and an enthusiastic review , to four stars with a less positive review in a later edition , to accommodate its readers ' tastes , who wanted to disassociate themselves from the hype surrounding the film , and the reported activities of its fans , such as those attending multiple screenings . In addition to this , positive and negative parodies and other such spoofs of the film abounded and were circulated on the internet , often inspiring passionate responses from fans of various opinions of the film . Benjamin Willcock of DVDActive.com did not understand the backlash or the passionate hatred for the film . `` What really irks me ... , '' he said , `` are those who make nasty stabs at those who do love it . '' Willcock stated , `` I obviously do n't have anything against those who dislike Titanic , but those few who make you feel small and pathetic for doing so ( and they do exist , trust me ) are way beyond my understanding and sympathy . '' Cameron responded to the backlash , and Kenneth Turan 's review in particular . `` Titanic is not a film that is sucking people in with flashy hype and spitting them out onto the street feeling let down and ripped off , '' he stated .", "33": "`` They are returning again and again to repeat an experience that is taking a 3 - hour and 14 - minute chunk out of their lives , and dragging others with them , so they can share the emotion . '' Cameron emphasized people from all ages ( ranging from 8 to 80 ) and from all backgrounds were `` celebrating their own essential humanity '' by seeing it . He described the script as earnest and straightforward , and said it intentionally `` incorporates universals of human experience and emotion that are timeless -- and familiar because they reflect our basic emotional fabric '' and that the film was able to succeed in this way by dealing with archetypes . He did not see it as pandering . `` Turan mistakes archetype for cliche , '' he said . `` I do n't share his view that the best scripts are only the ones that explore the perimeter of human experience , or flashily pirouette their witty and cynical dialogue for our admiration . '' Empire eventually reinstated its original five star rating of the film , commenting , `` It should be no surprise then that it became fashionable to bash James Cameron 's Titanic at approximately the same time it became clear that this was the planet 's favourite film . Ever . '' In 2017 , on the 20th anniversary of its release , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Accolades Main article : List of accolades received by Titanic Titanic began its awards sweep starting with the Golden Globes , winning four , namely Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Director , Best Original Score , and Best Original Song . Kate Winslet and Gloria Stuart were also nominees . It won the ACE `` Eddie '' Award , ASC Award , Art Directors Guild Award , Cinema Audio Society Awards , Screen Actors Guild Award ( Best Supporting Actress for Gloria Stuart ) , The Directors Guild of America Award , and Broadcast Film Critics Association Award ( Best Director for James Cameron ) , and The Producer Guild of America Award . It was also nominated for ten BAFTA awards , including Best Film and Best Director ; it failed to win any .", "34": "The film garnered fourteen Academy Award nominations , tying the record set in 1950 by Joseph L. Mankiewicz 's All About Eve and won eleven : Best Picture ( the second film about the Titanic to win that award , after 1933 's Cavalcade ) , Best Director , Best Art Direction , Best Cinematography , Best Visual Effects , Best Film Editing , Best Costume Design , Best Sound ( Gary Rydstrom , Tom Johnson , Gary Summers , Mark Ulano ) , Best Sound Effects Editing , Best Original Dramatic Score , Best Original Song . Kate Winslet , Gloria Stuart and the make - up artists were the three nominees that did not win . James Cameron 's original screenplay and Leonardo DiCaprio were not nominees . It was the second film to receive eleven Academy Awards , after Ben - Hur . The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King would also match this record in 2004 . Titanic won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Original Song , as well as three Grammy Awards for Record of the Year , Song of the Year , and Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television . The film 's soundtrack became the best - selling primarily orchestral soundtrack of all time , and became a worldwide success , spending sixteen weeks at number - one in the United States , and was certified diamond for over eleven million copies sold in the United States alone . The soundtrack also became the best - selling album of 1998 in the U.S. `` My Heart Will Go On '' won the Grammy Awards for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television . The film also won Best Male Performance for Leonardo DiCaprio and Best Movie at the MTV Movie Awards , Best Film at the People 's Choice Awards , and Favorite Movie at the 1998 Kids ' Choice Awards . It won various awards outside the United States , including the Awards of the Japanese Academy as the Best Foreign Film of the Year . Titanic eventually won nearly ninety awards and had an additional forty - seven nominations from various award - giving bodies around the world . Additionally , the book about the making of the film was at the top of The New York Times ' bestseller list for several weeks , `` the first time that such a tie - in book had achieved this status '' .", "35": "Since its release , Titanic has appeared on the American Film Institute 's award - winning 100 Years ... series . So far , it has ranked on the following six lists : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Rank Source Notes Thrills 25 A list of the top 100 thrilling films in American cinema , compiled in 2001 . Passions 37 A list of the top 100 love stories in American cinema , compiled in 2002 . Songs 14 A list of the top 100 songs in American cinema , compiled in 2004 . Titanic ranked 14th for Céline Dion 's `` My Heart Will Go On '' . Movie quotes 100 A list of the top 100 film quotations in American cinema , compiled in 2005 . Titanic ranked 100th for Jack Dawson 's yell of `` I 'm the king of the world ! '' Movies 83 A 2007 ( 10th anniversary ) edition of 1997 's list of the 100 best films of the past century . Titanic was not eligible when the original list was released . AFI 's 10 Top 10 6 The 2008 poll consisted of the top ten films in ten different genres . Titanic ranked as the sixth best epic film . Home media Titanic was released worldwide in widescreen and pan and scan formats on VHS and laserdisc on September 1 , 1998 . The VHS was also made available in a deluxe boxed gift set with a mounted filmstrip and six lithograph prints from the movie . A DVD version was released on August 31 , 1999 in a widescreen - only ( non-anamorphic ) single - disc edition with no special features other than a theatrical trailer . Cameron stated at the time that he intended to release a special edition with extra features later . This release became the best - selling DVD of 1999 and early 2000 , becoming the first DVD ever to sell one million copies . At the time , fewer than 5 % of all U.S. homes had a DVD player .", "36": "`` When we released the original Titanic DVD , the industry was much smaller , and bonus features were not the standard they are now , '' said Meagan Burrows , Paramount 's president of domestic home entertainment , which made the film 's DVD performance even more impressive . Titanic was re-released to DVD on October 25 , 2005 when a three - disc Special Collector 's Edition was made available in the United States and Canada . This edition contained a newly restored transfer of the film , as well as various special features . The two - disc edition was marketed as the Special Edition , and featured the first two discs of the three - disc set , only PAL - enabled . A four - disc edition , marketed as the Deluxe Collector 's Edition , was also released on November 7 , 2005 . Available only in the United Kingdom , a limited 5 - disc set of the film , under the title Deluxe Limited Edition , was released with only 10,000 copies manufactured . The fifth disc contains Cameron 's documentary Ghosts of the Abyss , which was distributed by Walt Disney Pictures . Unlike the individual release of Ghosts of the Abyss , which contained two discs , only the first disc was included in the set . Titanic was released on Blu - ray as a single disc variant and a 2 disc version featuring special features on September 10 , 2012 . A 4 Disc Blu - ray 3D version was released the same day . A limited Collector 's Edition box set including the Blu - ray 3D , 2D Blu - ray , DVD , a digital copy and a variety of souvenirs was also released exclusively to Amazon.com and other international retailers . With regard to television broadcasts , the film airs occasionally across the United States on networks such as TNT . To permit the scene where Jack draws the nude portrait of Rose to be shown on network and specialty cable channels , in addition to minor cuts , the sheer , see - through robe worn by Winslet was digitally painted black . Turner Classic Movies also began to show the film , specifically during the days leading up to the 82nd Academy Awards . 3D conversion A 2012 re-release , also known as Titanic in 3D , was created by re-mastering the original to 4K resolution and post-converting to stereoscopic 3D format .", "37": "The Titanic 3D version took 60 weeks and $18 million to produce , including the 4K restoration . The 3D conversion was performed by Stereo D and Sony with Slam Content 's Panther Records remastering the soundtrack . Digital 2D and in 2D IMAX versions were also struck from the new 4K master created in the process . For the 3D release , Cameron opened up the Super 35 film and expanded the image of the film into a new aspect ratio , from 2 : 35 : 1 to 1 : 78 : 1 , allowing the viewer to see more image on the top and bottom of the screen . The only scene entirely redone for the re-release was Rose 's view of the night sky at sea , on the morning of April 15 , 1912 . The scene was replaced with an accurate view of the night - sky star pattern , including the Milky Way , adjusted for the location in the North Atlantic Ocean in April 1912 . The change was prompted by astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson , who had criticized the scene for showing an unrealistic star pattern . He agreed to send film director Cameron a corrected view of the sky , which was the basis of the new scene . An accurate view of the Milky Way was used to replace Rose 's view of the moonless night sky at sea , as in this photo from Paranal Observatory . The view was adjusted to match the North Atlantic at 4 : 20 am on April 15 , 1912 . The 3D version of Titanic premiered at the Royal Albert Hall in London on March 27 , 2012 , with James Cameron and Kate Winslet in attendance , and entered general release on April 4 , 2012 , six days shy of the centenary of RMS Titanic embarking on her maiden voyage . Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers rated the reissue 3.5 stars out of 4 , explaining he found it `` pretty damn dazzling '' . He said , `` The 3D intensifies Titanic . You are there . Caught up like never before in an intimate epic that earns its place in the movie time capsule . '' Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Owen Gleiberman gave the film an A grade .", "38": "He wrote , `` For once , the visuals in a 3 - D movie do n't look darkened or distracting . They look sensationally crisp and alive . '' Richard Corliss of Time who was very critical in 1997 remained in the same mood , `` I had pretty much the same reaction : fitfully awed , mostly water - logged . '' In regards to the 3D effects , he noted the `` careful conversion to 3D lends volume and impact to certain moments ... ( but ) in separating the foreground and background of each scene , the converters have carved the visual field into discrete , not organic , levels . '' Ann Hornaday for The Washington Post found herself asking `` whether the film 's twin values of humanism and spectacle are enhanced by Cameron 's 3 - D conversion , and the answer to that is : They are n't . '' She further added that the `` 3 - D conversion creates distance where there should be intimacy , not to mention odd moments in framing and composition . '' The film grossed an estimated $4.7 million on the first day of its re-release in North America ( including midnight preview showings ) and went on to make $17.3 million over the weekend , finishing in third place . Outside North America it earned $35.2 million finishing second , and improved on its performance the following weekend by topping the box office with $98.9 million . China has proven to be its most successful territory where it earned $11.6 million on its opening day , going on to earn a record - breaking $67 million in its opening week and taking more money in the process than it did in the entirety of its original theatrical run . The reissue ultimately earned $343.4 million worldwide , with $145 million coming from China and $57.8 million from Canada and United States . The 3D conversion of the film was also released in the 4DX format in selected international territories , which allows the audience to experience the film 's environment using motion , wind , fog , lighting and scent - based special effects . For the 20th anniversary of the film , Titanic was re-released in cinemas in Dolby Vision ( in both 2D and 3D ) for one week beginning December 1 , 2017 .", "39": "Titanic Live Titanic Live was a live performance of James Horner 's original score by a 130 - piece orchestra , choir and Celtic musicians , accompanying a showing of the film . In April 2015 , Titanic Live premiered at the Royal Albert Hall , London , where the 2012 3D re-release had premiered . The Express said it was `` An absolute triumph , Titanic Live brought the film to life in a beautiful new way . '' See also List of Academy Award records Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Notes Jump up ^ Although the Titanic hit the iceberg on April 14 , it did not sink until the following day . References ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Film & TV Database . British Film Institute . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TITANIC ( 12 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 14 , 1997 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Diane ( April 20 , 2007 ) . `` Big - budget bang - ups '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2009 . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wyatt , Justin ; Vlesmas , Katherine ( 1999 ) . `` The Drama of Recoupment : On the Mass Media Negotiation of Titanic '' : 29 -- 45 . In Sandler & Studlar ( 1999 ) . ^ Jump up to : Welkos , Robert W. ( February 11 , 1998 ) . `` The $200 - Million Lesson of ' Titanic ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2009 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Dusten ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` James Cameron And ' MythBusters ' Prove That Jack Had To Die '' . Inquisitr .", "40": "Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : James Cameron ( 2005 ) . Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . The big ambiguity here is ' is she alive and dreaming ' or ' is she dead and on her way to Titanic heaven ? ' I 'll never tell . Of course , I know what we intended ... The answer has to be something you supply personally ; individually . ^ Jump up to : `` Heart of the Ocean : The Making of Titanic . THE BEST OF '' . 1997 -- 1998 . ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic . Man overboard ! After a production as lavish and pricey as the doomed ship itself , James Cameron finally unveils his epic film . But will it be unsinkable ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . November 7 , 1997 . pp. 1 -- 7 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Cameron 's Titanic '' . Media Awareness Network . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Crudup : `` Titanic '' Would 've Sunk My Life `` . Internet Movie Database . June 22 , 2000 . Retrieved June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Is Thankful He Did n't Get Titanic Role '' . Internet Movie Database . August 25 , 1998 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo DiCaprio or Kate Winslet : Which ' Titanic ' Star Has the Better Career ? '' . The Daily Beast . The Newsweek Daily Beast Company . April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic : Visiting The Grave Of The Real J. Dawson In Halifax '' . Huffington Post . April 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Misses .", "41": "Nicole Kidman in `` The Reader '' ? Gwyneth Paltrow aboard `` Titanic '' ? How some of the biggest names in Hollywood lost out on some of its biggest roles `` . Forbes . February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Titanic ' Casting : What Other Stars Were Considered For James Cameron 's Masterpiece ? '' . Huffington Post . June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warrington , Ruby ( November 29 , 2009 ) . `` Claire Danes : the secretive starlet '' . The Times . London . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Why Rob Lowe Left Brothers & Sisters & The West Wing '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Schultz , Rick . `` James Cameron tells the astonishing story of Titanic , his breathtaking labor of love '' . industrycentral.net . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Titanic ' star Gloria Stuart dies '' . Variety . September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Five Titanic myths spread by films '' . BBC News . April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barczewski , Stephanie L. ( 2004 ) . Titanic : A Night Remembered . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 434 - 8 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : ON A SEA OF GLASS : THE LIFE & LOSS OF THE RMS TITANIC '' by Tad Fitch , J. Kent Layton & Bill Wormstedt . Amberley Books , March 2012 . pp 321 - 323 Jump up ^ Ballard , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Beesley , Lawrence ( 1912 ) . The Loss of the S.S. Titanic . London : Heinemann . p. 56 .", "42": "Jump up ^ Howells ( 1999 : 31 ) . Jump up ^ Jack , Ian ( September 26 , 1999 ) . `` Further , my god , from thee '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Bevil , J ( October 1999 ) . `` And the Band Played On '' . Southwest Regional Chapter of the American Musicological Society , Rice University . Houston . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nephew angered by tarnishing of Titanic hero '' . BBC News . January 24 , 1998 . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic makers say sorry '' . BBC News . April 15 , 1998 . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ James Cameron ( 2005 ) . Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ James Cameron 's Titanic , p. 129 . Jump up ^ British Wreck Commissioner 's Enquiry : Report . `` Account of the Saving and Rescue of those who Survived : Conduct of Sir Cosmo Duff Gordon and Mr Ismay '' . Retrieved 8 / 23 / 12 at : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Nigel ( May 2 , 2007 ) . `` Letter clears ' blackguard of the Titanic ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lynch , pp. 183 -- 185 Jump up ^ `` Sir Cosmo and Lady Duff Gordon at the Titanic Inquiry , '' The Sketch , May 22 , 1912 Jump up ^ `` Conduct of Sir Cosmo - Duff Gordon and Mr. Ismay '' . Titanic Inquiry Project . Retrieved January 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry : Day 6 '' . Titanic Inquiry Project . 1999 .", "43": "Retrieved August 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ed W. Marsh ( 1998 ) . James Cameron 's Titanic . London : Boxtree . pp. 3 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Jon ( 2012 - 04 - 08 ) . `` A Titanic Obsession '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Anders Falk ( 2005 ) . Titanic Ship 's Tour ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Marsh and Kirkland , pp. v -- xiii ^ Jump up to : `` James Cameron : Playboy Interview '' . Playboy . December 2009 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Realf , Maria . `` An audience with James Cameron . The filmmaker discusses his movies to date and reveals the motivations '' . Eyeforfilm.co.uk . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bilmes , Alex ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` James Cameron is a genial raconteur and self - effacing man , says Alex Bilmes '' . GQ . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : James Cameron ( 2005 ) . Deep Dive Presentation ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1999 ) . Titanic : A Journey Through Time . Sparkford , Somerset : Patrick Stephens . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 575 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Jon Landau , Kate Winslet , Gloria Stuart , Victor Garber ( 2005 ) . Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Beverly Fortune ( October 11 , 1999 ) . `` Wheel of Fortune '' . Lexington Herald - Leader .", "44": "That was one of the first questions pitched to 89 - year - old actress Gloria Stuart at a book signing Wednesday night at Joseph - Beth Booksellers ( ... ) ' Yes , Old Rose died . ' ^ Jump up to : Marsh and Kirkland , pp. 36 -- 38 Jump up ^ Ed W. Marsh ( 1997 ) . James Cameron 's Titanic . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Ed W. Marsh ( 1997 ) . James Cameron 's Titanic . p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Ed W. Marsh ( 2005 ) . Construction Timelapse ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Marsh and Kirkland , pp. 130 -- 142 Jump up ^ Marsh and Kirkland , pp. 52 -- 54 Jump up ^ `` Quite a bit of the dialogue is peppered by vulgarities and colloquialisms that seem inappropriate to the period and place , but again seem aimed directly to the sensibilities of young American viewers . '' McCarthy , Todd ( November 3 , 1997 ) . `` '' Titanic '' review by Todd McCarthy `` . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic 's very slow leak '' . The Washington Post . March 25 , 1999 . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Godwin , Christopher ( November 8 , 2008 ) . `` James Cameron : From Titanic to Avatar '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` PCP - laced chowder derails Titanic filming '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 13 , 1996 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Gumbel ( January 11 , 2007 ) . `` Lights , cameras , blockbuster : The return of James Cameron '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved February 5 , 2008 .", "45": "Jump up ^ `` Leonardo DiCaprio Interviewed by Joe Leydon for `` Titanic '' `` . YouTube . June 11 , 2008 . Retrieved August 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Sarah ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) . `` The Insane True Story Of How `` Titanic '' Got Made `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Marsh and Kirkland , pp. 147 -- 154 Jump up ^ Marsh and Kirkland , p. 65 Jump up ^ VFX Shot Breakdown ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2005 . Jump up ^ VFX How To For First Class Lounge ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2005 . Jump up ^ VFX How To Flood A First Class Corridor ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2005 . Jump up ^ Marsh and Kirkland , pp. 161 -- 168 Jump up ^ James Cameron ( 2005 ) . Alternate Ending Commentary ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : James Cameron ( 2005 ) . Deleted scene commentaries ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Hitchner , Earle ( March 12 , 1998 ) . `` In Titanic 's Wake : A Voice to Remember ... '' The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Parisi , p. 195 Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard ( April 21 , 1997 ) . `` Hollywood Braces for Likely Delay Of ' Titanic ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic ( 1997 ) - Release Info - IMDb '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big in Japan : ' Titanics premiere '' . Entertainment Weekly . November 14 , 1997 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Stephanie ( November 4 , 1997 ) . `` Arts Abroad ; Harrison Ford 's Not in ' Titanic ' ? Well , No Matter ! '' .", "46": "The New York Times . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cameron does it again as ' Avatar ' surpasses ' Titanic ' '' . Newsday . February 3 , 2010 . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Titanic and the Making of James Cameron : The Inside Story of the Three - Year ... - Paula Parisi - Google Books Jump up ^ `` Titanic sinks competitors without a trace '' . BBC News . February 25 , 1998 . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic becomes second ever film to take $2 billion '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic ( 1997 ) -- Daily Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic ( 1997 ) -- Weekend Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BEST RANKING MOVIES by Weekend Rank , 1982 -- Present '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic ( 1997 ) -- Release Summary '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic ( 1997 ) -- Overseas Total '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Billion Dollar film club '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . August 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Jason ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` Love story that won the heart of the Academy : The love story that stole the world 's hearts '' . BBC News .", "47": "Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Thomson , David ( December 10 , 2007 ) . `` Titanic achievement at the box office '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Willcock , Benjamin . `` Benjamin Willcock takes a look at the long - awaited special edition of Titanic '' . dvdactive.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ditzian , Eric ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` Will ' Avatar ' Top James Cameron 's ' Titanic ' Box - Office Record ? '' . MTV . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita M. ( 1998 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Was Leonardo Robbed ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Anne - Marie ( January 26 , 1998 ) . `` Riding the Wave '' . People . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Hodder , Ian ( March 6 , 2007 ) . `` Sniff , sniff ... 7 movies that make guys cry '' . MSNBC . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rohrer , Finlo ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` A new type of tear - jerker '' . BBC News . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Over the years misty eyes have been generated by the death of Bambi 's mother , the killing of the kestrel in Kes , the ending of Titanic , or Jenny 's death in Love Story . ^ Jump up to : Meslow , Scott ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Boys Can Love ' Titanic , ' Too '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Loder , Kurt ( October 2 , 2009 ) .", "48": "`` Woody Harrelson brings the laughs in a high - spirited monster mow - down '' . MTV . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Pawlowski , A ( March 9 , 2009 ) . `` You talkin ' to me ? Film quotes stir passion '' . CNN . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Jason ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` CNN 's Jason Carroll interviews director James Cameron about his new film `` Avatar . '' ( Video . ) `` . CNN . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2009 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Levin , Josh ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Here Come the Cats With Human Boobs . Is Avatar destined to flop ? '' . Slate . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Britt , Russ ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` Can Cameron break his own box - office record ? ' Avatar ' unprecedented in staying power , international sales '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jacks , Brian ( January 16 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : James Cameron Says ' Avatar ' Will Beat ' Titanic ' To Become Biggest Of All Time '' . MTV . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ball , Sarah ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` How ' Avatar ' Can Beat ' Titanic ' '' . Newsweek . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Alexandra Keller ( 2014 ) . James Cameron . Routledge . pp. 73 -- 76 . ISBN 1134700210 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 .", "49": "Jump up ^ Robert A. Rosenstone ( 2007 ) . Lights , Camera , History : Portraying the Past in Film . Texas A&M University Press . pp. 115 -- 117 . ISBN 160344503X . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : David S. Kidder , Noah D. Oppenheim ( 2008 ) . The Intellectual Devotional Modern Culture : Revive Your Mind , Complete Your Education , and Converse Confidently with the Culturati . Rodale , Inc. p. 361 . ISBN 1605297933 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Titanic reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( December 19 , 1997 ) . `` Titanic Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1997 ) Roger Ebert '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ DuPree , Don ( director ) . `` Best of 97 '' ( January 3 , 1998 ) . Television : Siskel & Ebert . Burbank : Buena Vista Television . Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Siskel and Ebert Titanic ( 1997 ) Review '' . At the Movies . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` A Film Review by James Berardinelli '' . Reelviews.net . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` James Berardinelli Top 10 of 1997 '' . Reelviews.net . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Almar Haflidason ( August 2007 ) . `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) Critical Debates '' . Chicago Sun - Times .", "50": "Archived from the original on March 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( December 16 , 2009 ) . `` Total Recall : James Cameron Movies . We take a look at the career of the visionary director of Avatar '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( December 8 , 1997 ) . `` Down , Down To A Watery Grave '' . Time . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Turan ( December 19 , 1997 ) . `` Titanic '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2007 . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lubin , pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Barbara Shulgasser ( December 19 , 1997 ) . `` Talk about disasters '' . The San Francisco Examiner . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( March 23 , 2002 ) . `` Altman : Titanic Worst Movie Ever '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved December 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Davenport - Hines , Richard ( 2012 ) . Titanic Lives : Migrants and Millionaires , Conmen and Crew . UK : HarperCollins . Jump up ^ `` Titanic voted ' best ' film ending '' . BBC News . October 15 , 2003 . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic sinks in worst film poll '' . BBC News . November 5 , 2003 . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , John - Paul ( October 2005 ) . `` Reviewing Symbolic Capital '' . M / C Journal : A Journal of Media and Culture . 8 ( 5 ) . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Clash of the Titanic '' . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 .", "51": "Jump up ^ `` He 's Mad as Hell at Turan . James Cameron Gets the Last Word on Our Critic 's ' Titanic ' '' . Los Angeles Times . March 28 , 1998 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adam Smith . `` Review of Titanic '' . Bauer Consumer Media . Retrieved August 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 National Film Registry Is More Than a ' Field of Dreams ' '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic sweeps Golden Globes '' . BBC News . January 19 , 1998 . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 55th Golden Globe Awards '' . BBC . January 17 , 1998 . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic Awards and Nominations '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Can Anything Stop the Raising of Titanic on March 23 ? '' . The New York Observer . February 22 , 1998 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 70th Academy Awards ( 1998 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners Search - 1998 - 41st Annual Grammy Awards '' . The Recording Academy . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 41st Annual GRAMMY Awards '' . The Recording Academy . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum -- July 28 , 2009 '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard 200 : 1998 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2008 .", "52": "Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's official PDF of the 1998 and 2007 rankings ( registration required ) '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Top Ten Epic '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Titanic ( VHS ) ( 1997 ) . ISBN 0 - 7921 - 5171 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Arnold , Thomas K ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Special editions go full steam ahead '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Titanic , Imports , 2013 - 09 - 17 , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ Cameron , James ( 2012 - 09 - 10 ) , Titanic , Paramount , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ `` Titanic ( 1997 ) - Financial Information '' . Jump up ^ Cameron , James ( 2012 - 09 - 10 ) , Titanic Collector 's Edition , Paramount , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ `` Titanic '' . Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 .", "53": "Jump up ^ `` Turner Classic Movies ' Annual 31 DAYS OF OSCAR ( R ) To Go Full Circle with Special 360 ° Edition in February '' . Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic ( 1997 ) - IMDb '' , IMDb.com , 2012 , webpage : IM120338 . Jump up ^ `` Coming in 60 weeks : ' Titanic ' in 3D version '' . The Times of India . October 30 , 2011 . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the 3 - D Conversion of ' Titanic ' '' . The New York Times . March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Slam Content - crunchbase '' . www.crunchbase.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` A Preview of James Cameron 's Titanic 3D Rerelease '' . ComingSoon.net ( CraveOnline ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Liebman , Martin ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Titanic 3D Blu - ray Review : A classic film earns a stunning 3D conversion '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Ian ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Titanic ' Accuracy Tightened by Neil deGrassee Tyson '' . Discovery News . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic : Kate Winslet and James Cameron at 3D premiere '' . BBC News . 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet , James Cameron at Titanic 3D premiere '' . Yahoo ! News . March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Official Movie Site '' . Paramount Pictures . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Semigran , Ali ( February 8 , 2012 ) .", "54": "`` ' Titanic ' in 3 - D to set sail two days earlier '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Pictures , Twentieth Century Fox and Lightstorm Entertainment to Set Sail Again with James Cameron 's Oscar - Winning `` Titanic '' with a Worldwide 3D Re-release on April 6 , 2012 '' ( Press release ) . Paramount Pictures . May 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` Movie Reviews - Titanic 3D '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Titanic 3D Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Titanic , TIME and Me '' . Time . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Titanic 3 - D ' review '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' Titanic 3D ' leaves port with $4.4 million on Wednesday , so was the 3 - D conversion worth it ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Hunger Games ' Three - peats , Passes $300 Million Over Easter '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Titanic 3D ' Ca n't Stop ' Wrath ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 .", "55": "^ Jump up to : `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Titanic 3D ' Opens to Record - Setting $67 Million in China '' . Box Office Mojo. April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Titanic 3D ' Has Huge Opening Day in China '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic 3D ( 2012 ) -- International Box Office results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilchrist , Todd ( 4 April 2012 ) . `` ' Titanic ' Fans Get to Go Down with the Ship in ' 4DX ' - The Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( 4 April 2012 ) . `` ' Titanic 4DX ' : Foreign audiences to smell , feel ship 's sinking '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TITANIC to be Re-released in 4DX TM '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire. 3 April 2012 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron 's ' Titanic ' Floats Again In 2D & 3D December Rerelease '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Live - The Event - Titanic Live '' . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Live sets sail for the Royal Albert Hall - Entertainment Focus '' . www.entertainment-focus.com . Jump up ^ Britt , Hannah ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Titanic Live brings the famous film to life at The Royal Albert Hall '' . Further reading Frakes , Randall ( 1998 ) . Titanic : James Cameron 's Illustrated Screenplay . New York : Harper . ISBN 0 - 06 - 095307 - 1 . Cameron , Stephen ( 1998 ) .", "56": "Titanic : Belfast 's Own . Ireland : Wolfhound Press . ISBN 0 - 86327 - 685 - 7 . Mireille Majoor ; James Cameron ( 2003 ) . Titanic : Ghosts of the Abyss . New York : Scholastic . ISBN 1 - 895892 - 31 - 7 . Molony , Senan ( 2005 ) . Titanic : A Primary Source History . Canada : Gareth Stevens . ISBN 0 - 8368 - 5980 - 4 . Marsh , Ed W. ; Kirkland , Douglas ( 1998 ) . James Cameron 's Titanic . London : Boxtree . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 2404 - 2 . Parisi , Paula ( 1998 ) . Titanic and the Making of James Cameron . London : Orion . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 1799 - X . Sandler , Kevin S. ; Studlar , Gaylyn , eds. ( 1999 ) . Titanic : Anatomy of a Blockbuster . Piscataway , NJ : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2669 - 0 . Ballard , Robert ( 1987 ) . The Discovery of the Titanic . Canada : Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 0 - 446 - 67174 - 6 . Lynch , Donald ( 1992 ) . Titanic : An Illustrated History . New York : Madison Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6401 - 0 . Lubin , David M. ( 1999 ) . `` Titanic '' ( BFI Modern Classics ) . London : BFI Publishing . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 760 - 2 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Titanic ( 1997 film ) .", "57": "Wikiquote has quotations related to : Titanic ( 1997 film ) Official website Titanic on IMDb Titanic at the TCM Movie Database Titanic at AllMovie Titanic at Rotten Tomatoes Titanic at Metacritic Titanic at Box Office Mojo Titanic at The Numbers Screenplay of Titanic at imsdb.com/scripts RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Animals aboard Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. 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Norris Williams Last living survivors Lillian Asplund Ruth Becker Alden Caldwell Millvina Dean Edith Haisman Eva Hart Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Michel Marcel Navratil Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Beatrice Sandström Barbara West Other Allison family Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. )", "59": "Popular culture Books Futility , or the Wreck of the Titan ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Tentacolino ( 2004 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Celine Dion song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( 2018 ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS RMS Carpathia RMS", "60": "Olympic HMHS Britannic Robert Ballard Replica Titanic Titanic II James Cameron Filmography Films directed Feature Piranha II : The Spawning ( 1981 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) The Abyss ( 1989 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) True Lies ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Avatar 2 ( 2020 ) Avatar 3 ( 2021 ) Short Xenogenesis ( 1978 ) T2 3 - D : Battle Across Time ( 1996 ) Documentaries Expedition : Bismarck ( 2002 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Aliens of the Deep ( 2005 ) Written only Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Strange Days ( 1995 ) Alita : Battle Angel ( 2018 ) Produced only Strange Days ( 1995 ) Solaris ( 2002 ) Alita : Battle Angel ( 2018 ) Related articles Lightstorm Entertainment Dark Angel Deepsea Challenger Pristimantis jamescameroni Empire Award for Best Film Braveheart ( 1996 ) Se7en ( 1997 ) Men in Black ( 1998 ) Titanic ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Bourne Supremacy", "61": "( 2005 ) King Kong ( 2006 ) Casino Royale ( 2007 ) The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2008 ) The Dark Knight ( 2009 ) Avatar ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Skyfall ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Interstellar ( 2015 ) The Revenant ( 2016 ) Rogue One ( 2017 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs.", "62": "Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! 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( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave / Gravity ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) The Big Short ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Film Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2009 , retired ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Nurse Betty ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Juno ( 2007 ) Happy - Go - Lucky ( 2008 ) Nine ( 2009 ) Motion Picture Drama ( 1996 -- 2009 ,", "69": "retired ) Fargo ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Thin Red Line ( 1998 ) The Insider ( 1999 ) Traffic ( 2000 ) In the Bedroom ( 2001 ) Far from Heaven ( 2002 ) In America ( 2003 ) Hotel Rwanda ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) Motion Picture ( 2010 -- present ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) La La Land / Manchester by the Sea ( 2016 ) VIAF : 181971987 LCCN : n98012170 GND : 4499849 - 1 SUDOC : 050291661 BNF : cb135090389 ( data ) BNE : XX4215298 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titanic_(1997_film)&oldid=819461469 '' Categories : 1997 films English - language films Sea adventure films 1990s adventure films 1990s disaster films 1990s romantic drama films 2012 3D films 20th Century Fox films American 3D films American adventure drama films American disaster films American epic films American films American romantic drama films Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Best Film Empire Award winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Drama films based on actual events Films scored by James Horner Films about RMS Titanic Films about social class Films about survivors of seafaring accidents or incidents Films directed by James Cameron Films set in 1912 Films set in 1996 Films set on ships Films shot in Mexico Films shot", "70": "in Nova Scotia Films shot in Vancouver Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award IMAX films Lightstorm Entertainment films Love stories Murder - suicide in films Paramount Pictures films Romance films based on actual events Romantic epic films Screenplays by James Cameron Seafaring films based on actual events Survival films Titanic ( 1997 film ) 3D re-releases Films set in Newfoundland and Labrador Epic films based on actual events Historical romance films United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote", "71": "Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски /", "72": "srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 14 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1963413909579563796	what's with the ashes on ash wednesday	[ "reminds worshippers of their sinfulness and mortality and thus, implicitly, of their need to repent in time" ]	{ "0": "Ash Wednesday - wikipedia Ash Wednesday Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the day of fasting . For other uses , see Ash Wednesday ( disambiguation ) . Ash Wednesday A cross of ashes / dust on a worshiper 's forehead Observed by Many Western Christians Observances Holy Mass , Service of worship , Divine Service , Divine Liturgy Placing of ashes on the head Date Wednesday in seventh week before Easter 2017 date March 1 2018 date February 14 2019 date March 6 2020 date February 26 Frequency Annual Related to Shrove Tuesday / Mardi Gras Carnival Lent Easter Ash Wednesday is a Christian holy day of prayer , fasting and repentance . It is preceded by Shrove Tuesday and falls on the first day of Lent , the six weeks of penitence before Easter . Ash Wednesday is observed by many Western Christians , including Anglicans , Lutherans , Old Catholics , Methodists , Presbyterians , Roman Catholics , and some Baptists . Ash Wednesday derives its name from the placing of repentance ashes on the foreheads of participants to either the words `` Repent , and believe in the Gospel '' or the dictum `` Remember that you are dust , and to dust you shall return . '' The ashes may be prepared by burning palm leaves from the previous year 's Palm Sunday celebrations . Because it is the first day of Lent , many Christians , on Ash Wednesday , often begin marking a Lenten calendar , praying a Lenten daily devotional , and abstaining from a luxury that they will not partake in until Easter Sunday arrives . Contents ( hide ) 1 Observances 1.1 Fasting and abstinence 1.2 Ashes 1.2.", "1": "1 Ashes to Go 1.3 Commination Office 1.4 Low church ceremonies 1.5 Regional customs 2 Biblical significance of ashes 3 Christian use of ashes 4 Lent 5 Dates 6 Observing churches 7 National No Smoking Day 8 Notes 9 References Observances ( edit ) Fasting and abstinence ( edit ) Jesus Tempted in the Wilderness ( Jésus tenté dans le désert ) , James Tissot , Brooklyn Museum Many Christian denominations emphasize fasting , as well as abstinence during the season of Lent and in particular , on its first day , Ash Wednesday . The First Council of Nicæa spoke of Lent as a period of fasting for forty days , in preparation for Eastertide . In many places , Christians historically abstained from food for a whole day until the evening , and at sunset , Western Christians traditionally broke the Lenten fast , which is often known as the Black Fast . In India and Pakistan , many Christians continue this practice of fasting until sunset on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , with some fasting in this manner throughout the whole season of Lent . In the Roman Catholic Church , Ash Wednesday is observed by fasting , abstinence from meat , and repentance -- a day of contemplating one 's transgressions . On Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , Roman Catholics between the ages of 18 and 59 ( whose health enables them to do so ) are permitted to consume only one full meal , which may be supplemented by two smaller meals , which together should not equal the full meal . Some Catholics will go beyond the minimum obligations demanded by the Church and undertake a complete fast or a bread and water fast until sunset . Ash Wednesday and Good Friday are also days of abstinence from meat ( mammals and fowl ) , as are all Fridays during Lent . Some Roman Catholics continue fasting throughout Lent , as was the Church 's traditional requirement , concluding only after the celebration of the Easter Vigil . Where the Ambrosian Rite is observed , the day of fasting and abstinence is postponed to the first Friday in the Ambrosian Lent , nine days later . Many Lutheran parishes teach communicants to fast on Ash Wednesday , with some people choosing to continue doing so throughout the entire season of Lent , especially on Good Friday .", "2": "A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent recommends the Lutheran guideline to `` Fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday with only one simple meal during the day , usually without meat '' . In the Anglican Communion , the entire forty days of Lent are designated days of fasting and abstinence in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer , with the Traditional Saint Augustine 's Prayer Book : A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion defining `` Fasting , usually meaning not more than a light breakfast , one full meal , and one half meal , on the forty days of Lent . '' The same text defines abstinence as refraining from flesh meat on all Fridays of the Church Year , except for those during Christmastide . The historic Methodist homilies regarding the Sermon on the Mount stress the importance of the Lenten fast , which begins on Ash Wednesday . The United Methodist Church therefore states that : There is a strong biblical base for fasting , particularly during the 40 days of Lent leading to the celebration of Easter . Jesus , as part of his spiritual preparation , went into the wilderness and fasted 40 days and 40 nights , according to the Gospels . Rev. Jacqui King , the minister of Nu Faith Community United Methodist Church in Houston explained the philosophy of fasting during Lent as `` I 'm not skipping a meal because in place of that meal I 'm actually dining with God '' . The Reformed Church in America describes Ash Wednesday as a day `` focused on prayer , fasting , and repentance . '' The liturgy for Ash Wednesday thus contains the following `` Invitation to Observe a Lenten Discipline '' read by the presider : We begin this holy season by acknowledging our need for repentance and our need for the love and forgiveness shown to us in Jesus Christ . I invite you , therefore , in the name of Christ , to observe a Holy Lent , by self - examination and penitence , by prayer and fasting , by practicing works of love , and by reading and reflecting on God 's Holy Word . Many of the Churches in the Reformed tradition retained the Lenten fast in its entirety , although it was made voluntary , rather than obligatory . Ashes ( edit ) A priest marks a cross of ashes on a worshipper 's forehead , the prevailing form in English - speaking countries .", "3": "Ashes are ceremonially placed on the heads of Christians on Ash Wednesday , either by being sprinkled over their heads or , in English - speaking countries , more often by being marked on their foreheads as a visible cross . The words ( based on Genesis 3 : 19 ) used traditionally to accompany this gesture are , `` Memento , homo , quia pulvis es , et in pulverem reverteris . '' ( `` Remember , man , that thou art dust , and to dust thou shalt return . '' ) This custom is credited to Pope Gregory I the Great ( c. 540 -- 604 ) . In the 1969 revision of the Roman Rite , an alternative formula ( based on Mark 1 : 15 ) was introduced and given first place `` Repent , and believe in the Gospel '' and the older formula was translated as `` Remember that you are dust , and to dust you shall return . '' The old formula , based on the words spoken to Adam and Eve after their sin , reminds worshippers of their sinfulness and mortality and thus , implicitly , of their need to repent in time . The newer formula makes explicit what was only implicit in the old . Various manners of placing the ashes on worshippers ' heads are in use within the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church , the two most common being to use the ashes to make a cross on the forehead and sprinkling the ashes over the crown of the head . Originally , the ashes were strewn over men 's heads , but , probably because women had their heads covered in church , were placed on the foreheads of women . In the Catholic Church the manner of imposing ashes depends largely on local custom , since no fixed rule has been laid down . Although the account of Ælfric of Eynsham shows that in about the year 1000 the ashes were `` strewn '' on the head , the marking of the forehead is the method that now prevails in English - speaking countries and is the only one envisaged in the Occasional Offices of the Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea , a publication described as `` noticeably Anglo - Catholic in character '' . In its ritual of `` Blessing of Ashes '' , this states that `` the ashes are blessed at the beginning of the Eucharist ; and after they have been blessed they are placed on the forehead of the clergy and people . ''", "4": "The Ash Wednesday ritual of the Church of England , Mother Church of the Anglican Communion , contains `` The Imposition of Ashes '' in its Ash Wednesday liturgy . On Ash Wednesday , the Pope , the Bishop of Rome , traditionally takes part in a penitential procession from the Church of Saint Anselm to the Basilica of Santa Sabina , where , in accordance with the custom in Italy and many other countries , ashes are sprinkled on his head , not smudged on his forehead , and he places ashes on the heads of others in the same way . A woman receives a cross of ashes on Ash Wednesday outside an Episcopal church The Anglican ritual , used in Papua New Guinea states that , after the blessing of the ashes , `` the priest marks his own forehead and then the foreheads of the servers and congregation who come and kneel , or stand , where they normally receive the Blessed Sacrament . '' The corresponding Catholic ritual in the Roman Missal for celebration within Mass merely states : `` Then the Priest places ashes on the head of those present who come to him , and says to each one ... '' Pre-1970 editions had much more elaborate instructions about the order in which the participants were to receive the ashes , but again without any indication of the form of placing the ashes on the head . The 1969 revision of the Roman Rite inserted into the Mass the solemn ceremony of blessing ashes and placing them on heads , but also explicitly envisaged a similar solemn ceremony outside of Mass . The Book of Blessings contains a simple rite . While the solemn rite would normally be carried out within a church building , the simple rite could appropriately be used almost anywhere . While only a priest or deacon may bless the ashes , laypeople may do the placing of the ashes on a person 's head . Even in the solemn rite , lay men or women may assist the priest in distributing the ashes . In addition , laypeople take blessed ashes left over after the collective ceremony and place them on the head of the sick or of others who are unable to attend the blessing . ( In 2014 , Anglican Liverpool Cathedral likewise offered to impose ashes within the church without a solemn ceremony . )", "5": "In addition , those who attend such Catholic services , whether in a church or elsewhere , traditionally take blessed ashes home with them to place on the heads of other members of the family , and it is recommended to have envelopes available to facilitate this practice . At home the ashes are then placed with little or no ceremony . Unlike its discipline regarding sacraments , the Catholic Church does not exclude from receiving sacramentals , such as the placing of ashes on the head , those who are not Catholics and perhaps not even baptized . Even those who have been excommunicated and are therefore forbidden to celebrate sacramentals are not forbidden to receive them . After describing the blessing , the rite of Blessing and Distribution of Ashes ( within Mass ) states : `` Then the Priest places ashes on the heads of all those present who come to him . '' The Catholic Church does not limit distribution of blessed ashes to within church buildings and has suggested the holding of celebrations in shopping centres , nursing homes , and factories . Such celebrations presume preparation of an appropriate area and include readings from Scripture ( at least one ) and prayers , and are somewhat shorter if the ashes are already blessed . The Catholic Church and the Methodist Church say that the ashes should be those of palm branches blessed at the previous year 's Palm Sunday service , while a Church of England publication says they `` may be made '' from the burnt palm crosses of the previous year . These sources do not speak of adding anything to the ashes other than , for the Catholic liturgy , a sprinkling with holy water when blessing them . An Anglican website speaks of mixing the ashes with a small amount of holy water or olive oil as a fixative . Where ashes are placed on the head by smudging the forehead with a sign of the cross , many Christians choose to keep the mark visible throughout the day . The churches have not imposed this as an obligatory rule , and the ashes may even be wiped off immediately after receiving them ; but some Christian leaders , such as Lutheran pastor Richard P. Bucher and Catholic bishop Kieran Conry , recommend it as a public profession of faith . Morgan Guyton , a Methodist pastor and leader in the Red - Letter Christian movement , encourages Christians to wear their ashed cross throughout the day as an exercise of religious freedom .", "6": "Ashes to Go ( edit ) Two Anglican priests distribute ashes to passerby in the American city of Boca Raton as part of the Ashes to Go movement Since 2007 , some members of major Christian Churches , including Anglicans , Catholics , Lutherans , and Methodists , have participated in the Ashes to Go program , in which clergy go outside of their churches to public places , such as downtowns , sidewalks and train stations , to distribute ashes to passersby , even to people waiting in their cars for a stoplight to change . The Anglican priest Emily Mellott of Calvary Church in Lombard took up the idea and turned it into a movement , stated that the practice was also an act of evangelism . Anglicans and Catholics in parts of the United Kingdom such as Sunderland , are offering Ashes to Go together : Marc Lyden - Smith , the priest of Saint Mary 's Church , stated that the ecumenical effort is a `` tremendous witness in our city , with Catholics and Anglicans working together to start the season of Lent , perhaps reminding those who have fallen away from the Church , or have never been before , that the Christian faith is alive and active in Sunderland . '' The Catholic Student Association of Kent State University , based at the University Parish Newman Center , offered ashes to university students who were going through the Student Center of that institution in 2012 , and Douglas Clark of St. Matthew 's Roman Catholic Church in Statesboro , among others , have participated in Ashes to Go . On Ash Wednesday 2017 , Father Paddy Mooney , the priest of St Patrick 's Roman Catholic Church in the Irish town of Glenamaddy , set up an Ashes to Go station through which commuters could drive and receive ashes from their car ; the parish church also had `` drive - through prayers during Lent with people submitting requests into a box left in the church grounds without having to leave their car '' . Reverend Trey Hall , pastor of Urban Village United Methodist Church , stated that when his local church offered ashes in Chicago `` nearly 300 people received ashes -- including two people who were waiting in their car for a stoplight to change . '' In 2013 , churches not only in the United States , but also at least one church each in the United Kingdom , Canada and South Africa , participated in Ashes to Go .", "7": "Outside of their church building , Saint Stephen Martyr Lutheran Church in Canton offered Ashes to Go for `` believers whose schedules make it difficult to attend a traditional service '' in 2016 . In the United States itself 34 states and the District of Columbia had at least one church taking part . Most of these churches ( parishes ) were Episcopal , but there were also several Methodist churches , as well as Presbyterian and Catholic churches . Commination Office ( edit ) The chancel of Palmer Memorial Episcopal Church on Ash Wednesday 2015 ( the veiled altar cross and purple paraments are customary during Lent ) Robin Knowles Wallace states that the traditional Ash Wednesday church service includes Psalm 51 ( the Miserere ) , prayers of confession and the sign of ashes . No single one of the traditional services contains all of these elements . The Anglican church 's traditional Ash Wednesday service , titled A Commination , contains the first two elements , but not the third . On the other hand , the Catholic Church 's traditional service has the blessing and distribution of ashes but , while prayers of confession and recitation of Psalm 51 ( the first psalm at Lauds on all penitential days , including Ash Wednesday ) are a part of its general traditional Ash Wednesday liturgy , they are not associated specifically with the rite of blessing the ashes . The rite of blessing has acquired an untraditional weak association with that particular psalm only since 1970 , when it was inserted into the celebration of Mass , at which a few verses of Psalm 51 are used as a responsorial psalm . Coincidentally , it was only about the same time that in some areas Anglicanism resumed the rite of ashes . In the mid-16th century , the first Book of Common Prayer removed the ceremony of the ashes from the liturgy of the Church of England and replaced it with what would later be called the Commination Office . In that 1549 edition , the rite was headed : `` The First Day of Lent : Commonly Called Ash - Wednesday '' . The ashes ceremony was not forbidden , but was not included in the church 's official liturgy . Its place was taken by reading biblical curses of God against sinners , to each of which the people were directed to respond with Amen .", "8": "The text of the `` Commination or Denouncing of God 's Anger and Judgments against Sinners '' begins : `` In the primitive Church there was a godly discipline , that , at the beginning of Lent , such persons as stood convicted of notorious sin were put to open penance , and punished in this world , that their souls might be saved in the day of the Lord ; and that others , admonished by their example , might be the more afraid to offend . Instead whereof , until the said discipline may be restored again , ( which is much to be wished , ) it is thought good that at this time ( in the presence of you all ) should be read the general sentences of God 's cursing against impenitent sinners '' . In line with this , Joseph Hooper Maude wrote that the establishment of The Commination was due to a desire of the reformers `` to restore the primitive practice of public penance in church '' . He further stated that `` the sentences of the greater excommunication '' within The Commination corresponded to those used in the ancient Church . The Anglican Church 's Ash Wednesday liturgy , he wrote , also traditionally included the Miserere , which , along with `` what follows '' in the rest of the service ( lesser Litany , Lord 's Prayer , three prayers for pardon and final blessing ) , `` was taken from the Sarum services for Ash Wednesday '' . From the Sarum Rite practice in England the service took Psalm 51 and some prayers that in the Sarum Missal accompanied the blessing and distribution of ashes . In the Sarum Rite , the Miserere psalm was one of the seven penitential psalms that were recited at the beginning of the ceremony . In the 20th century , the Episcopal Church introduced three prayers from the Sarum Rite and omitted the Commination Office from its liturgy . Low Church Ceremonies ( edit ) In some of the low church traditions , other practices are sometimes added or substituted , as other ways of symbolizing the confession and penitence of the day . For example , in one common variation , small cards are distributed to the congregation on which people are invited to write a sin they wish to confess . These small cards are brought forth to the altar table where they are burned .", "9": "Regional customs ( edit ) In Victorian era , theatres refrained from presenting costumed shows on Ash Wednesday , so they provided other entertainment , as mandated by the Church of England ( Anglican Church ) . Also , `` in Iceland , on Ash Wednesday children pin small bags of ashes on the back of some unsuspecting person '' . Biblical significance of ashes ( edit ) Ashes were used in ancient times to express grief . When Tamar was raped by her half - brother , `` she sprinkled ashes on her head , tore her robe , and with her face buried in her hands went away crying '' ( 2 Samuel 13 : 19 ) . The gesture was also used to express sorrow for sins and faults . In Job 42 : 3 -- 6 , Job says to God : `` I have heard of thee by the hearing of the ear : but now mine eye seeth thee . Wherefore I abhor myself , and repent in dust and ashes . '' The prophet Jeremiah calls for repentance by saying : `` O daughter of my people , gird on sackcloth , roll in the ashes '' ( Jer 6 : 26 ) . The prophet Daniel recounted pleading to God : `` I turned to the Lord God , pleading in earnest prayer , with fasting , sackcloth and ashes '' ( Daniel 9 : 3 ) . Just prior to the New Testament period , the rebels fighting for Jewish independence , the Maccabees , prepared for battle using ashes : `` That day they fasted and wore sackcloth ; they sprinkled ashes on their heads and tore their clothes '' ( 1 Maccabees 3 : 47 ; see also 4 : 39 ) . Examples of the practice among Jews are found in several other books of the Bible , including Numbers 19 : 9 , 19 : 17 , Jonah 3 : 6 , Book of Esther 4 : 1 , and Hebrews 9 : 13 . Jesus is quoted as speaking of the practice in Matthew 11 : 21 and Luke 10 : 13 : `` If the mighty works done in you had been done in Tyre and Sidon , they would have repented long ago ( sitting ) in sackcloth and ashes . ''", "10": "Christian use of ashes ( edit ) An 1881 Polish painting of a Roman Catholic priest sprinkling ashes on the heads of worshippers , the form prevailing in , for instance , Italy , Spain , and parts of Latin America Christians continued the practice of using ashes as an external sign of repentance . Tertullian ( c. 160 -- c. 225 ) said that confession of sin should be accompanied by lying in sackcloth and ashes . The historian Eusebius ( c. 260 / 265 -- 339 / 340 ) recounts how a repentant apostate covered himself with ashes when begging Pope Zephyrinus to readmit him to communion . John W. Fenton writes that `` by the end of the 10th century , it was customary in Western Europe ( but not yet in Rome ) for all the faithful to receive ashes on the first day of the Lenten fast . In 1091 , this custom was then ordered by Pope Urban II at the council of Benevento to be extended to the church in Rome . Not long after that , the name of the day was referred to in the liturgical books as `` Feria Quarta Cinerum '' ( i.e. , Ash Wednesday ) . '' The public penance that grave sinners underwent before being admitted to Holy Communion just before Easter lasted throughout Lent , on the first day of which they were sprinkled with ashes and dressed in sackcloth . When , towards the end of the first millennium , the discipline of public penance was dropped , the beginning of Lent , seen as a general penitential season , was marked by sprinkling ashes on the heads of all . This practice is found in the Gregorian Sacramentary of the late 8th century . About two centuries later , Ælfric of Eynsham , an Anglo - Saxon abbot , wrote of the rite of strewing ashes on heads at the start of Lent . A Lutheran pastor distributes ashes to a communicant during a Divine Service The article on Ash Wednesday in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica says that , after the Protestant Reformation , the ashes ceremony was not forbidden in the Church of England , a statement that may explain the research by Blair Meeks that the Anglican tradition `` never lapsed in this observance '' .", "11": "It was even prescribed under King Henry VIII in 1538 and under King Edward VI in 1550 , but it fell out of use in many areas after 1600 . In 1536 , the Ten Articles issued by authority of Henry VIII commended `` the observance of various rites and ceremonies as good and laudable , such as clerical vestments , sprinkling of holy water , bearing of candles on Candlemas - day , giving of ashes on Ash - Wednesday '' . After Henry 's death in January 1547 , Thomas Cranmer , within the same year , `` procured an order from the Council to forbid the carrying of candles on Candlemas - day , and the use of ashes on Ash - Wednesday , and of palms on Palm - Sunday , as superstitious ceremonies '' , an order that was issued only for the ecclesiastical province of Canterbury , of which Cranmer was archbishop . The Church Cyclopædia states that the `` English office had adapted the very old Salisbury service for Ash - Wednesday , prefacing it with an address and a recital of the curses of Mount Ebal , and then with an exhortation uses the older service very nearly as it stood . '' The new Commination Office had no blessing of ashes and therefore , in England as a whole , `` soon after the Reformation , the use of ashes was discontinued as a ' vain show ' and Ash Wednesday then became only a day of marked solemnity , with a memorial of its original character in a reading of the curses denounced against impenitent sinners '' . The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America , in the 19th century , observed Ash Wednesday : `` as a day of fasting and humiliation , wherein we are publicly to confess our sins , meekly to implore God 's mercy and forgiveness , and humbly to intercede for the continuance of his favour '' . In the 20th century , the Book of Common Prayer provided prayers for the imposition of ashes .", "12": "An Episcopal priest has an Ashes to Go station for commuters at the Metro - North Railroad in the American state of Connecticut Monte Canfield and Blair Meeks state that after the Protestant Reformation , Anglicans and Lutherans kept the rite of blessing and distributing ashes to the faithful on Ash Wednesday , and that the Protestant denominations that did not keep it encouraged its use `` during and after the ecumenical era that resulted in the Vatican II proclamations '' . Jack Kingsbury and Russell F. Anderson likewise state that the practice was continued among some Anglicans and Lutherans . On the other hand , Edward Traill Horn wrote : `` The ceremony of the distribution of the ashes was not retained by the reformers , whether Lutheran , Anglican or Reformed '' , although these denominations honored Ash Wednesday as the first day of Lent . Frank Senn , a liturgical scholar , has been quoted as saying : `` How and why the use of ashes fell out of Lutheran use is difficult to discern from the sources ... ( C ) hurch orders do n't specifically say not to use ashes ; they simply stopped giving direction for blessing and distributing them and eventually the pastors just stopped doing it . '' As part of the liturgical revival ushered in by the ecumenical movement , the practice was encouraged in Protestant churches , including the Methodist Church . It has also been adopted by Anabaptist and Reformed churches and some less liturgical denominations . The Eastern Orthodox churches generally do not observe Ash Wednesday , although in recent times , the creation of the Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate has led to the observance of Ash Wednesday among Western Orthodox parishes . In this tradition , ashes `` may be distributed outside of the mass or any liturgical service '' although `` commonly the faithful receive their ashes immediately before the Ash Wednesday mass '' . In Orthodoxy , historically , `` serious public sinners in the East also donned sackcloth , including those who made the Great Fast a major theme of their entire lives such as hermits and desert - dwellers . '' Byzantine Catholics , although in the United States use `` the same Gregorian calendar as the Roman Catholic rite '' , do not practice the distribution of ashes as it is `` not part of their ancient tradition '' .", "13": "In the Ambrosian Rite , ashes are blessed and placed on the heads of the faithful not on the day that elsewhere is called Ash Wednesday , but at the end of Mass on the following Sunday , which in that rite inaugurates Lent , with the fast traditionally beginning on Monday , the first weekday of the Ambrosian Lent . Lent ( edit ) Ash Wednesday by Carl Spitzweg : the end of Carnival Ash Wednesday marks the start of a 40 - day period which is an allusion to the separation of Jesus in the desert to fast and pray . During this time he was tempted . Matthew 4 : 1 -- 11 , Mark 1 : 12 -- 13 , and Luke 4 : 1 -- 13 . While not specifically instituted in the Bible text , the 40 - day period of repentance is also analogous to the 40 days during which Moses repented and fasted in response to the making of the Golden calf. ( Exo. 34 : 27 -- 28 ) ( Jews today follow a 40 - day period of repenting in preparation for and during the High Holy Days from Rosh Chodesh Elul to Yom Kippur . ) Dates ( edit ) Ash Wednesday is exactly 46 days before Easter Sunday , a moveable feast based on the cycles of the moon . The earliest date Ash Wednesday can occur is 4 February ( which is only possible during a common year with Easter on 22 March ) , which happened in 1598 , 1693 , 1761 and 1818 and will next occur in 2285 . The latest date Ash Wednesday can occur is 10 March ( when Easter Day falls on 25 April ) which occurred in 1666 , 1734 , 1886 and 1943 and will next occur in 2038 . Ash Wednesday has never occurred on Leap Year Day ( 29 February ) , and it will not occur as such until 2096 . The only other years of the third millennium that will have Ash Wednesday on 29 February are 2468 , 2688 , 2840 and 2992 . ( Ash Wednesday falls on 29 February only if Easter is on 15 April in a leap year starting on a Sunday . )", "14": "Observing churches ( edit ) A Methodist minister distributing ashes to confirmands kneeling at the chancel rails Ash Wednesday in 2016 A Lutheran clergyman distributes ashes during the Holy Mass at Nazareth Evangelical Lutheran Church in Cedar Falls , Iowa on Ash Wednesday ( 2017 ) These Christian Churches are among those that mark Ash Wednesday with a particular liturgy or service . African Methodist Episcopal Church African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church Anglican Communion Church of England Church of North India Church of South India Episcopal Church ( United States ) Anglican Continuum Traditional Anglican Communion Anglican Catholic Church Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) Christian Methodist Episcopal Church Some congregations of the Church of the Nazarene Community of Christ Ecclesia Gnostica Evangelical Covenant Church Independent Catholic denominations Liberal Catholic Church Old Catholic Church Lutheran Churches Church of Sweden Some Mennonite congregations Methodist Church in Great Britain Metropolitan Community Churches Moravian Church Reformed churches ( Presbyterian , United Church of Christ , etc . ) Roman Catholic Church United Church of Christ Congregations United Methodist Church Wesleyan Church The Eastern Orthodox Church does not , in general , observe Ash Wednesday ; instead , Orthodox Great Lent begins on Clean Monday . There are , however , a relatively small number of Orthodox Christians who follow the Western Rite ; these do observe Ash Wednesday , although often on a different day from the previously mentioned denominations , as its date is determined from the Orthodox calculation of Pascha , which may be as much as a month later than the Western observance of Easter . National no Smoking day ( edit ) In the Republic of Ireland , Ash Wednesday is National No Smoking Day . The date was chosen because quitting smoking ties in with giving up luxury for Lent . In the United Kingdom No Smoking Day was held for the first time on Ash Wednesday 1984 but is now fixed as the second Wednesday in March . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Not all Catholics observe Ash Wednesday . Eastern Catholic Churches , who do not count Holy Week as part of Lent , begin the penitential season on Clean Monday , the Monday before Ash Wednesday , and Catholics who follow the Ambrosian Rite begin it on the First Sunday in Lent .", "15": "Ashes are blessed and ceremonially distributed at the start of Lent throughout the Latin Church and in the Maronite Catholic Church and the Syro - Malabar Catholic Church . In the Ambrosian Rite , this is done at the end of the Sunday Mass or on the following day ( see Il Sussidiario , Giorno delle Ceneri : Cos'è il rito delle Ceneri Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . & Sapere , Perché il Carnevale ambrosiano si festeggia in ritardo rispetto al resto d'Italia ? Archived 24 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Liturgical Calendar '' . Reformed Church in America . 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Walker , Katie ( 7 March 2011 ) . `` Shrove Tuesday inspires unique church traditions '' . Daily American Reporter . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Koonse , Emma ( 5 March 2014 ) . `` Ash Wednesday Today , Christians Observe First Day of Lent '' . The Christian Post . Archived from the original on 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Although some denominations do not practice the application of ashes to the forehead as a mark of public commitment on Ash Wednesday , those that do include Catholics , Anglicans , Lutherans , Methodists , Presbyterians , and some Baptist followers . Jump up ^ `` The Roman Missal ( Third Typical Edition , Chapel Edition ) '' . Archived from the original on 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ International Journal of Religious Education , Volume 27 . National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. 1950 . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Gassmann , Günther ; Oldenburg , Mark W. ( 10 October 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism . Scarecrow Press . p. 229 . ISBN 9780810874824 . The Council of Nicea ( 325 ) mentions for the first time Lent as a period of 40 days of fasting in preparation for Easter .", "16": "access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cléir , Síle de ( 5 October 2017 ) . Popular Catholicism in 20th - Century Ireland : Locality , Identity and Culture . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 101 . ISBN 9781350020603 . Catherine Bell outlines the details of fasting and abstinence in a historical context , stating that the Advent fast was usually less severe than that carried out in Lent , which originally involved just one meal a day , not to be eaten until after sunset . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Guéranger , Prosper ; Fromage , Lucien ( 1912 ) . The Liturgical Year : Lent . Burns , Oates & Washbourne . p. 8 . St. Benedict 's rule prescribed a great many fasts , over and above the ecclesiastical fast of Lent ; but it made this great distinction between the two : that whilst Lent obliged the monks , as well as the rest of the faithful , to abstain from food till sunset , these monastic fasts allowed the repast to be taken at the hour of None . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Some Christians observe Lenten fast the Islamic way '' . Union of Catholic Asian News . 27 February 2002 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ 1983 Code of Canon Law , canon 1251 Jump up ^ 1917 Code of Canon Law , canon 1252 § § 2 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : `` Il Tempo di Quaresima nel rito Ambrosiano '' ( The time of Lent in the Ambrosian rite ) ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . Parrocchia S. Giovanna Antida Thouret . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 .", "17": "Il rito di Imposizione delle ceneri andrebbe celebrato il Lunedì della prima settimana di Quaresima , ma da sempre viene celebrato al termine delle Messe della prima domenica di Quaresima ... I venerdì di Quaresima sono di magro , ed il venerdì che segue la I Domenica di Quaresima è anche di digiuno . Jump up ^ Hatch , Jane M. ( 1978 ) . The American Book of Days . Wilson . p. 163 . ISBN 9780824205935 . Special religious services are held on Ash Wednesday by the Church of England , and in the United States by Episcopal , Lutheran , and some other Protestant churches . The Episcopal Church prescribes no rules concerning fasting on Ash Wednesday , which is carried out according to members ' personal wishes ; however , it recommends a measure of fasting and abstinence as a suitable means of marking the day with proper devotion . Among Lutherans as well , there are no set rules for fasting , although some local congregations may advocate this form of penitence in varying degrees . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gassmann , Günther ; Oldenburg , Mark W. ( 10 October 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism . Scarecrow Press . p. 229 . ISBN 9780810874824 . In many Lutheran churches , the Sundays during the Lenten season are called by the first word of their respective Latin Introitus ( with the exception of Palm / Passion Sunday ) : Invocavit , Reminiscere , Oculi , Laetare , and Judica . Many Lutheran church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of the Lenten fast , and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene , earnest attitude . Special days of eucharistic communion were set aside on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pfatteicher , Philip H. ( 1990 ) . Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship : Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context . Augsburg Fortress Publishers . pp. 223 -- 244 , 260 . ISBN 9780800603922 .", "18": "The Good Friday fast became the principal fast in the calendar , and even after the Reformation in Germany many Lutherans who observed no other fast scrupulously kept Good Friday with strict fasting . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jacobs , Henry Eyster ; Haas , John Augustus William ( 1899 ) . The Lutheran Cyclopedia . Scribner . p. 110 . By many Lutherans Good Friday is observed as a strict fast . The lessons on Ash Wednesday emphasize the proper idea of the fast . The Sundays in Lent receive their names from the first words of their Introits in the Latin service , Invocavit , Reminiscere , Oculi , Lcetare , Judica . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Weitzel , Thomas L. ( 1978 ) . `` A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent '' ( PDF ) . Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Colin ( 22 October 2015 ) . Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 256 . ISBN 9781442250161 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Gavitt , Loren Nichols ( 1991 ) . Traditional Saint Augustine 's Prayer Book : A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion . Holy Cross Publications . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Abraham , William J. ; Kirby , James E. ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies . Oxford University Press . pp. 257 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 160743 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` What does The United Methodist Church say about fasting ? '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Kathrin ( 2010 ) . `` Lent : A Time to Fast and Pray '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ash Wednesday '' . Reformed Church in America .", "19": "2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh ( 1911 ) . The Encyclopaedia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature and General Information . Encyclopaedia Britannica . p. 428 . The Lenten fast was retained at the Reformation in some of the reformed Churches , and is still observed in the Anglican and Lutheran communions . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : ZENIT Staff . `` Laypeople Distributing Ashes '' . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Ted ( August 2008 ) . `` The Beginning of Lent '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ The biblical text does not have the words `` remember that '' , nor the vocative noun `` homo '' ( human being ) that is included in the pre-1970 Latin version of the formula . ^ Jump up to : Richard P. Bucher , `` The History and Meaning of Ash Wednesday '' Archived 13 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McNamara , Edward . `` Ashes and How to Impose Them '' . ZENIT News Agency . Archived from the original on 17 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Lives of the Saints : `` We read in the books both in the Old Law and in the New that the men who repented of their sins bestrewed themselves with ashes and clothed their bodies with sackcloth . Now let us do this little at the beginning of our Lent that we strew ashes upon our heads to signify that we ought to repent of our sins during the Lenten fast . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Ash Wednesday Blessing of Ashes '' . Occasional Office . Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea . Archived from the original on 14 February 2018 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Church of England , Lent Material Archived 29 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , p.", "20": "230 Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday : Pope Francis Celebrates at Santa Sabina '' . Order of preachers . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roman Missal , Ash Wednesday Jump up ^ Tridentine Roman Missal , `` Feria IV Cinerum '' ^ Jump up to : `` Responses to frequently asked questions regarding Lenten practices '' . Catholics United for the Faith . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cathedral offers visitors ' Ashes to Go ' this Ash Wednesday '' . Liverpool Cathedral ( Anglican ) . 27 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bernd Biege . `` Ash Wednesday in Ireland : End of the Good Times , Start of Lent '' . About.com Travel . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Website of the ( ( Roman Catholic Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin . ) Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 1331 § 1 2 ° Archived 29 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Order for the Blessing and Distribution of Ashes Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ford , Penny . `` Lent 101 '' . Upper Room Ministries . Archived from the original on 23 February 2007 . On what we now call Palm Sunday , Jesus rode a donkey into Jerusalem while people waved palms and cheered him on . Less than a week later , Jesus was killed . The palms that were waved in joy became ashes of sorrow . We get ashes for Ash Wednesday by saving the palms from Palm Sunday , burning them , and mixing them with a little water ( like tears ) . It 's symbolic . Jump up ^ `` Lent and Easter '' . The Diocese of London . 17 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2006 . Ash Wednesday marks the first day of Lent , the period of forty days before Easter .", "21": "It is so called because of the Church 's tradition of making the sign of the cross on people 's foreheads , as a sign of penitence and of Christian witness . The ash is made by burning palm crosses from the previous year and is usually mixed with a little holy water or oil . Jump up ^ Scott P. Richert . `` Should Catholics Keep Their Ashes on All Ash Wednesday ? '' . About.com Religion & Spirituality . Archived from the original on 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Akin , Jimmy . `` 9 things to know and share about Ash Wednesday '' . National Catholic Register . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . There is no rule about this . It is a matter of personal decision based on the individual 's own inclinations and circumstances . Jump up ^ Bucher , Richard P . `` The History and Meaning of Ash Wednesday '' . Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Many Christians choose to leave the ashes on their forehead for the remainder of the day , not to be showy and boastful ( see Matthew 6 : 16 -- 18 ) . Rather , they do it as a witness that all people are sinners in need of repentance AND that through Jesus all sins are forgiven through faith . Jump up ^ Arco , Anna ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` Do n't rub off your ashes , urges bishop '' . The Catholic Herald . Catholic Herald . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Catholics should try not to rub their ashes off after Ash Wednesday Mass , an English bishop has said . Bishop Kieran Conry of Arundel and Brighton , who heads the department of evangelization and catechesis , urged Catholics across Britain to wear `` the outward sign of our inward sorrow for our sins and for our commitment to Jesus as Our Lord and Savior '' . He said : `` The wearing of the ashes provides us with a wonderful opportunity to share with people how important our faith is to us and to point them to the cross of Christ .", "22": "I invite you where possible to attend a morning or lunchtime Mass . Jump up ^ Guyton , Morgan ( 21 February 2012 ) . `` Like Religious Freedom ? Wear Ashes on Wednesday ! '' . Red Letter Christians . Archived from the original on 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . I strongly believe that wearing ashes on our foreheads on Ash Wednesday is the best way to 1 ) assert our religious freedom as citizens and 2 ) remember that our call as Christians is to be witnesses first and foremost . ^ Jump up to : `` Catholics and Anglicans to distribute ashes to shoppers in Sunderland city centre '' . The Catholic Herald . 4 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2016 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . On Wednesday St Mary 's Catholic church and Sunderland Minster , an Anglican church , will be working together to offer `` Ashes to Go '' -- a new approach to a centuries - old Christian tradition . Jump up ^ Grossman , Cathy Lynn . `` Episcopal priests offer ' Ashes to Go ' as Ash Wednesday begins Lent '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Dubbed Ashes to Go , it 's a contemporary spin on the Ash Wednesday practice followed chiefly in Episcopal , Anglican , Catholic and Lutheran denominations . Jump up ^ Banks , Adelle M. ( 5 March 2014 ) . `` ' Ashes to Go ' meets commuters in Washington , D.C. '' Religion News Service . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Bishop Mariann Edgar Budde , leader of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington , and members of St. Paul 's Parish in Washington , D.C. , imposed ashes on commuters and other passers - by on Ash Wednesday ( 5 March ) near the Foggy Bottom Metro station in the nation 's capital . ^ Jump up to : `` Got ashes ? Chicago church takes Lent to the streets '' . The United Methodist Church . 27 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 .", "23": "Jump up ^ `` About Ashes to Go '' . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Cathy Lynn . `` Episcopal priests offer ' Ashes to Go ' as Ash Wednesday begins Lent '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Anyone can accept the ashes although , Mellott says , non-Christians tend not to seek them . Still , she says , `` if anyone does , we view it as an act of evangelism , and we make it clear this is a part of the Christian tradition . '' Jump up ^ Anthony Ezzo ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` Students make time to get ashes '' . TV2 . Kent Wired . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Loretta . `` A modern way to begin the Lenten season '' . Statesboro Herald . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Ministers participating in Ashes to Go include the Rev. Dan Lewis from First Presbyterian Church , the Rev. Joan Kilian from Trinity Episcopal Church , the Rev. Bill Bagwell and the Rev. Jonathan Smith from Pittman Park United Methodist Church , the Rev. Douglas Clark of St. Matthew 's Roman Catholic Church , and the Rev. James Byrd , from St. Andrew 's Chapel Church . Jump up ^ `` Catholics Who Ca n't Make it to Church can Get ' Ashes to Go ' '' . KFBK News and Radio . 5 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Some Catholics who could n't make it to church this morning got their `` Ashes on the Go . '' Father Tony Prandini with Good Shepherd Catholic Parish was conducting Ash Wednesday rituals -- marking foreheads -- outside of the State Capitol . Jump up ^ Farley , Harry ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` # AshesToGo At Start Of Lent As Clergy Offer Commuters ' Ash n ' Dash ' '' . Christian Today . Archived from the original on 1 March 2017 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 .", "24": "Commuters can drive in the gate of St Patrick 's Church , in Glenmady , receive ashes from their car and drive out the other side . ' We looked at the situation on the ground . People and families are on the move all the time , ' parish priest Father Paddy Mooney told the Irish Catholic . ' It 's about meeting people where they are . ' The same church will also offer drive - through prayers during Lent with people submitting requests into a box left in the church grounds without having to leave their car . Jump up ^ `` What Is ' Ashes To Go ' ? Where To Get ' ATG ' In New York '' . International Business Times . 4 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . In 2012 , that initiative , `` Ashes to Go , '' caught on nationally , and a year later the idea went international , with churches in the United Kingdom , Canada and South Africa also practicing the easy penitence method . Jump up ^ Coffey , Tim ( 10 February 2016 ) . `` Jackson Township church offers ' Ashes to Go ' '' . WKYC . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where to find Ashes to Go This Year '' . Ashes to Go . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Robin Knowles ( 1 October 2010 ) . The Christian Year : A Guide for Worship and Preaching . Abingdon Press . p. 49 . ISBN 9781426731303 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . The service for Ash Wednesday has traditionally included Psalm 51 , prayers of confession and the sign of ashes , often in the shape of a cross . Jump up ^ Mant , Richard ( 1825 ) .", "25": "The Book of Common Prayer : And Administration of the Sacraments , and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church , According to the Use of the United Church of England and Ireland : Together with the Psalter Or Psalms of David , Pointed as They are to be Sung Or Said in Churches ; and the Form and Manner of Making , Ordaining , and Consecrating of Bishops , Priests , and Deacons ; and the Thirty - nine Articles of Religion : with Notes Explanatory , Practical and Historical , from Approved Writers of the Church of England . W. Baxter . p. 510 . ^ Jump up to : Sylvia A. Sweeney , An Ecofeminist Perspective on Ash Wednesday and Lent Archived 20 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ( Peter Lang 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 43310739 - 9 ) , pp. 107 -- 110 Jump up ^ `` The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer : A Worldwide Survey '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Mant , Richard ( 1825 ) . The Book of Common Prayer : And Administration of the Sacraments , and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church , According to the Use of the United Church of England and Ireland : Together with the Psalter Or Psalms of David , Pointed as They are to be Sung Or Said in Churches ; and the Form and Manner of Making , Ordaining , and Consecrating of Bishops , Priests , and Deacons ; and the Thirty - nine Articles of Religion : with Notes Explanatory , Practical and Historical , from Approved Writers of the Church of England . Oxford : W. Baxter . p. 506 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Ash Wednesday '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 734 . Jump up ^ John Brand , Sir Henry Ellis , James Orchard Halliwell - Phillipps , Observations on the Popular Antiquities of Great Britain ( Bell & Daldy , 1873 ) , vol. 1 , p.", "26": "98 Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Commination '' Archived 8 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . in Elizabeth A. Livingstone ( editor ) , The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( Oxford University Press 2013 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19965962 - 3 ) Jump up ^ Full text at the website of the Church of England Archived 13 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Maude , Joseph Hooper ( 1901 ) . The History of the Book of Common Prayer . E.S. Gorham . p. 110 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . The Commination . This service was composed in 1549 . In the ancient services there was nothing that corresponded at all nearly to the first part of this service , except the sentences of the greater excommunication , which were commonly read in parish churches three or four times a year . Some of the reformers were very anxious to restore the primitive practice of public penance in church , which was indeed occasionally practiced , at least until the latter part of the eighteenth century , and they put forward this service as a sort of substitute . The Miserere and most of what follows was taken from the Sarum services for Ash Wednesday . Jump up ^ Bernard Reynolds , Handbook to the Book of Common Prayer Archived 20 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ( Рипол Классик ISBN 978 - 58 - 7386158 - 3 ) , p. 431 Jump up ^ `` The Sarum Missal in English '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ashes on Ash Wednesday ? '' . The United Methodist Church . Archived from the original on 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Foulkes , Richard . Church and Stage in Victorian Britain . Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Lacy , Terry G. ( 2000 ) . Ring of Seasons : Iceland -- Its Culture and History . University of Michigan Press . p. 109 .", "27": "ISBN 9780472086610 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , On Repentance , chapter 9 Archived 17 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` CHURCH FATHERS : Church History , Book V ( Eusebius ) '' . Archived from the original on 28 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fenton , John W ( 2013 ) . `` Orthodox Ash Wednesday '' . Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate . Archived from the original on 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fr . Saunders '' . Archived from the original on 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The Lives of the Saints : https://archive.org/details/aelfricslivesof01aelf . ^ Jump up to : Meeks , Blair Gilmer ( 2003 ) . Season of Ash and Fire : Prayers and Liturgies for Lent and Easter . Abingdon Press . p. 107 . ISBN 9780687044542 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . In recent years Christians from the Reformed branch of the Protestant tradition have begun to recover a practice that dates in the Western church at least to the tenth century . That is to begin Lent on the Wednesday before the First Sunday in Lent with a service of repentance and commitment , including the imposition of ashes . The Lutheran and Anglican traditions , of course , never lapsed in this observance , and the liturgical reforms of Vatican II have made Roman Catholic prayers and rubrics more accessible to other traditions through ecumenical dialogues . Jump up ^ Schaff , Philip ( 1877 ) . A History of the Creeds of Christendom . London : Hodder and Stoughton . p. 612 . Jump up ^ Joseph Towers , British Biography ( Goadby 1766 ) , vol. 2 , p. 275 Archived 4 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine .", "28": "Jump up ^ John Strype , Memorials of Thomas Cranmer ( London , Chiswell 1694 ) , p. 159 Archived 6 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ John Foxe , John Milner , Ingram Cobbin , Foxe 's Book of Martyrs ( Knight and Son 1856 ) , p. 500 Archived 1 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Benton , Angelo Ames ( 1883 ) . The Church Cyclopaedia : A Dictionary of Church Doctrine , History , Organization , and Ritual , and Containing Original Articles on Special Topics , Written Expressly for this Work by Bishops , Presbyters , and Laymen ; Designed Especially for the Use of the Laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America . L.R. Hamersly . p. 163 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert Chambers , The Book of Days ( 1862 ) , p. 240 Archived 22 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Andrew Fowler , Episcopal Church , An Exposition of the Book of Common Prayer , and Administration of the Sacraments ( 1805 ) , p. 119 Archived 6 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church : Together with the Psalter Or Psalms of David According to the Use of the Episcopal Church . Church Publishing , Inc. 1979 . p. 265 . ISBN 9780898690613 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Monte Canfield ( 20 February 2009 ) . `` Ash Wednesday : What is it About ? '' . Salon . Archived from the original on 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . After the Reformation most Protestant church denominations , while recognizing Ash Wednesday as a holy day , did not engage in the imposition of ashes .", "29": "Many Anglican , Episcopal and some Lutheran churches did continue the rite but it was mostly reserved for use in the Roman Catholic Church . During and after the ecumenical era that resulted in the Vatican II proclamations , many of the Protestant denominations encouraged a liturgical revival in their churches and the Ash Wednesday imposition of ashes was encouraged . Jump up ^ Kingsbury , Jack D. ; Pennington , Chester ( 11 December 1980 ) . Lent . Fortress Press . ISBN 9780800640934 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . The imposition of ashes symbolizes the penitential nature of the season of Lent . While this custom is still observed in the Roman Catholic church , and in some Lutheran and Anglican parishes , it has not been retained in Reformed churches . Jump up ^ Anderson , Russell F. ( 1996 ) . Lectionary Preaching Workbook . CSS Publishing . p. 104 . ISBN 9780788008214 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Ashes are a traditional symbol of penitence and remorse . The practice of imposing ashes on the first day of Lent continues to this day in the church of Rome as well as in many Lutheran and Episcopalian quarters . Jump up ^ Edward Traill Horn , The Christian Year ( Muhlenberg Press 1957 ) , p. 106 Archived 17 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ashes on Ash Wednesday '' . Gloria Christi Lutheran Church . 12 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ William P. Lazarus , Mark Sullivan ( 31 January 2011 ) . Comparative Religion For Dummies . For Dummies . p. 98 . ISBN 9781118052273 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . This is the day Lent begins . Christians go to church to pray and have a cross drawn in ashes on their foreheads .", "30": "The ashes draw on an ancient tradition and represent repentance before God . The holiday is part of Roman Catholic , Lutheran , Methodist , and Episcopalian liturgies , among others . Jump up ^ The United Methodist Church website : `` When did United Methodists start the `` imposition of ashes '' on Ash Wednesday ? '' retrieved 1 March 2014 `` While many think of actions such as the imposition of ashes , signing with the cross , footwashing , and the use of incense as something that only Roman Catholics or high church Episcopalians do , there has been a move among Protestant churches , including United Methodists to recover these more multisensory ways of worship . '' Jump up ^ Baptists mark Ash Wednesday Jeff Brumley Archived 22 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . 13 February 2013 While long associated with Catholic and various liturgical Protestant denominations , its observance has spread in recent years to traditions known more for avoiding liturgical seasons than embracing them . Jump up ^ Ash Wednesday . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014 . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Roman , Alexander . `` on Fasting '' . Ukrainian Orthodoxy . Archived from the original on 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Lou ( 12 March 2009 ) . `` Lenten practices differ for Byzantine Catholics '' . The Catholic Standard and Times . Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Il Rito Ambrosiano '' ( in Italian ) . Parrocchie.it . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . la Quaresima inizia la domenica successiva al `` mercoledì delle ceneri '' con l'imposizione delle ceneri al termine della Messa festiva ... Una delle pecularità di questo rito , con profili non soltanto strettamente religiosi , è l'inizio della Quaresima , che non parte dal Mercoledì delle Ceneri , ma dalla domenica immediatamente successiva .", "31": "Jump up ^ `` Ambrosian Liturgy and Rite '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 2012 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Dipippo , Gregory ( 16 February 2014 ) . `` Septuagesima in the Ambrosian Rite '' . New Liturgical Movement . Archived from the original on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . The Ambrosian Rite still to this day has no Ash Wednesday ; it is therefore Quinquagesima that forms the prelude to Lent , properly so - called , which the Roman Rite has in Ash Wednesday and the ferias `` post Cineres '' . Jump up ^ `` Lent with Jesus in the desert to fight the spirit of evil '' . Asia News.it. 3 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2009 . Turning to the gospel of the day , which is about Jesus ' 40 days in the desert , `` where he overcame the temptations of Satan '' ( cfr Mk 1 : 12 -- 13 ) , Pope Benedict XVI exhorted Christians to follow `` their Teacher and Lord to face together with Him ' the struggle against the spirit of evil ' . '' He said : `` The desert is rather an eloquent metaphor of the human condition . '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cultural Resources : Ash Wednesday '' . The African American Lectionary . Archived from the original on 7 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anglicans Observe Ash Wednesday '' . Anglican Communion News Service . 5 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday '' . The Church of England . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Member Church -- North India '' . Anglican Communion .", "32": "Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Member Church -- South India '' . Anglican Communion . Archived from the original on 27 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday '' . Episcopal Church . 5 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Sturdy , Rob ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` Ash Wednesday : An Anglican Tradition ? '' . The Ridley Institute . Archived from the original on 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday '' . Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett , David L. ; Taylor , Barbara Brown ( 12 October 2009 ) . Feasting on the Word : Year C , Volume 2 : Lent through Eastertide . Presbyterian Publishing Corporation . p. 22 . ISBN 9781611641189 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Jethani , Skye ( 5 March 2014 ) . `` March 5 , 2014 -- Ash Wednesday '' ( PDF ) . Patchogue Church of the Nazarene . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday Ideas '' . Community of Christ . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lectionary of the Ecclesia Gnostica '' . gnosis.org . Archived from the original on 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` First Day of Lent , Ash Wednesday '' . The Evangelical Covenant Church of Canada . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Abp .", "33": "Wynn ( 6 February 2011 ) . A Catechism of the Liberal Catholic Church ( 4th ed . ) . BookBaby . p. 53 . ISBN 9781609849306 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cabie , Honor Blanco ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Ash Wednesday ushers in time of remorse '' . Manila Standard . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Askonsdag '' ( in Swedish ) . Church of Sweden . Archived from the original on 2 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahlgrim , Ryan ( 13 February 2018 ) . `` ' Remember that you are dust ' '' . Mennonite World Review . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Harader , Joanna ( 18 February 2015 ) . `` Preparing to enter Lent -- thoughts on Ash Wednesday '' . Mennonite World Review . Archived from the original on 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday '' . The Methodist Church . 14 February 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday 2018 Worship Resources '' . Metropolitan Community Churches . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lent for Everyone : Matthew , Year A : A Daily Devotional '' . Moravian Church in North America . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Moravian Women 's Association ( March 2017 ) . `` Lent around the world '' ( PDF ) . The Moravian Church British Province . Jump up ^ Scanlon , Leslie ( 7 February 2005 ) . `` Ash Wednesday : What do Presbyterians do ? '' . The Presbyterian Outlook . Archived from the original on 22 April 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/events/day.dir.html/2018/2/14.html Jump up ^ Blain , Susan A.", "34": "`` Lent -- Ash Wednesday '' . United Church of Christ . Archived from the original on 3 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Sleeth , Nancy ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` How do you observe Lent ? '' . The Wesleyan Church . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Written Answers . -- Cigarette Smoking '' . Dáil Éireann. 18 February 1997 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Chronic long - term costs of COPD Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Dr Jarlath Healy , Irish Medical Times , 2008 Jump up ^ Ban on smoking in cars gets Minister 's support Archived 11 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Alison Healy , The Irish Times , 2009 Jump up ^ 20 % of smokers light up around their children every day Archived 25 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Claire O'Sullivan , Irish Examiner , 2006 Jump up ^ The History of No Smoking Day Archived 30 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , No Smoking Day website Jump up ^ FAQ : When is No Smoking Day 2010 ? Archived 7 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine.", "35": ", No Smoking Day website Liturgical year of the Catholic Church Based on the General Roman Calendar ( 1969 ) Advent Advent Sunday Immaculate Conception ^ Gaudete Sunday ( O Antiphons ) Christmastide Christmas ( Nativity of Jesus ) ^ Holy Family Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God ^ Epiphany ^ Baptism of the Lord Ordinary Time I Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) Feast of the Annunciation ( Carnival ) Lent Ash Wednesday Saint Joseph 's Day ^ Laetare Sunday Holy Week : Palm Sunday , Holy Wednesday , Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Chrism ) Paschal Triduum Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Lord 's Supper ) Good Friday Liturgy of the Word , Adoration of the Cross , Holy Communion Holy Saturday Easter Vigil Eastertide Easter Sunday : Resurrection of Jesus Octave of Easter ( Divine Mercy Sunday ) Feast of the Ascension ^ Pentecost Ordinary Time II Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi ^ Sacred Heart Visitation of Mary Saint John the Baptist Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ^ Transfiguration of Jesus Assumption of Mary ^ Nativity of Mary Feast of the Cross All Saints ' Day ^ All Souls ' Day Presentation of Mary Feast of Christ the King Legend ^ = Holy days of obligation ( 10 ) Catholicism portal See also : Computus Liturgical colours Solemnity Older calendars : General Roman Calendar of 1960 General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII of 1950 General Roman Calendar of 1954 Tridentine Calendar Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr .", "36": "Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. 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Portals Access related topics Christianity portal Holidays portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata GND : 4275831 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ash_Wednesday&oldid=830825344 '' Categories : February observances Lent March observances Wednesday Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from February 2018 Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia", "40": "Wikiquote Alemannisch Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Sardu Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 吴语粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 61 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 04 : 34 . 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-3585052652603050644	where was the 3/5 compromise originally stated in the constitution	[ "Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3", "Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3", "Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3", "Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3", "Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3" ]	{ "0": "Three - Fifths Compromise - wikipedia Three - Fifths Compromise Jump to : navigation , search The Three - Fifths Compromise was a compromise reached among state delegates during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention . Whether , and if so , how , slaves would be counted when determining a state 's total population for legislative representation and taxing purposes was important , as this population number would then be used to determine the number of seats that the state would have in the United States House of Representatives for the next ten years . The compromise solution was to count 3 out of every 5 slaves as a person for this purpose . Its effect was to give the southern states a third more seats in Congress and a third more electoral votes than if slaves had been ignored , but fewer than if slaves and free persons had been counted equally , thus allowing the slaveholder interests to largely dominate the government of the United States until 1861 . The compromise was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman . Contents ( hide ) 1 Enactment 2 Impact before the Civil War 3 After the Civil War 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography Enactment ( edit ) Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Child soldiers Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Wage slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Child soldiers Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S.", "1": "Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Malta Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Colonization Liberia Sierra Leone Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Emancipation Day The Convention had unanimously accepted the principle that representation in the House of Representatives would be in proportion to the relative state populations . However , since slaves could not vote , leaders in slave states would thus have the benefit of increased representation in the House and the Electoral College .", "2": "Delegates opposed to slavery proposed that only free inhabitants of each state be counted for apportionment purposes , while delegates supportive of slavery , on the other hand , opposed the proposal , wanting slaves to count in their actual numbers . The compromise that was finally agreed upon -- of counting `` all other persons '' as only three - fifths of their actual numbers -- reduced the representation of the slave states relative to the original proposals , but improved it over the Northern position . An inducement for slave states to accept the Compromise was its tie to taxation in the same ratio , so that the burden of taxation on the slave states was also reduced . The Three - Fifths Compromise is found in Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 of the United States Constitution , which reads : Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union , according to their respective Numbers , which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons , including those bound to Service for a Term of Years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three fifths of all other Persons . The three - fifths ratio originated with a 1783 amendment proposed to the Articles of Confederation . The amendment was to have changed the basis for determining the wealth of each state , and hence its tax obligations , from real estate to population , as a measure of ability to produce wealth . The proposal by a committee of the Congress had suggested that taxes `` shall be supplied by the several colonies in proportion to the number of inhabitants of every age , sex , and quality , except Indians not paying taxes '' . The South immediately objected to this formula since it would include slaves , who were viewed primarily as property , in calculating the amount of taxes to be paid . As Thomas Jefferson wrote in his notes on the debates , the southern states would be taxed `` according to their numbers and their wealth conjunctly , while the northern would be taxed on numbers only '' . After proposed compromises of one - half by Benjamin Harrison of Virginia and three - fourths by several New Englanders failed to gain sufficient support , Congress finally settled on the three - fifths ratio proposed by James Madison . But this amendment ultimately failed , falling two states short of the unanimous approval required for amending the Articles of Confederation ( only New Hampshire and New York were opposed ) .", "3": "A contentious issue at the 1787 Constitutional Convention was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress or would instead be considered property and , as such , not be considered for purposes of representation . Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation , but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population . Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation , but not in determining representation . The proposed ratio was , however , a ready solution to the impasse that arose during the Constitutional Convention . In that situation , the alignment of the contending forces was the reverse of what had obtained under the Articles of Confederation . In amending the Articles , the North wanted slaves to count for more than the South did because the objective was to determine taxes paid by the states to the federal government . In the Constitutional Convention , the more important issue was representation in Congress , so the South wanted slaves to count for more than the North did . Much has been said of the impropriety of representing men who have no will of their own ... They are men , though degraded to the condition of slavery . They are persons known to the municipal laws of the states which they inhabit , as well as to the laws of nature . But representation and taxation go together ... Would it be just to impose a singular burden , without conferring some adequate advantage ? -- Alexander Hamilton Impact before the Civil War ( edit ) The Three - Fifths Compromise gave a disproportionate representation of slave states in the House of Representatives relative to the voters in free states until the American Civil War . In 1793 , for example , Southern slave states had 47 of the 105 members but would have had 33 , had seats been assigned based on free populations . In 1812 , slave states had 76 out of 143 instead of the 59 they would have had ; in 1833 , 98 out of 240 instead of 73 . As a result , Southern states had disproportionate influence on the presidency , the speakership of the House , and the Supreme Court in the period prior to the Civil War .", "4": "Along with this must be considered the number of slave and free states , which remained mostly equal until 1850 , safeguarding the Southern bloc in the Senate as well as Electoral College votes . Historian Garry Wills has postulated that without the additional slave state votes , Jefferson would have lost the presidential election of 1800 . Also , `` slavery would have been excluded from Missouri ... Jackson 's Indian removal policy would have failed ... the Wilmot Proviso would have banned slavery in territories won from Mexico ... the Kansas - Nebraska bill would have failed . '' While the Three - Fifths Compromise could be seen to favor Southern states because of their large slave populations , for example , the Connecticut Compromise tended to favor the Northern states ( which were generally smaller ) . Support for the new Constitution rested on the balance of these sectional interests . After the Civil War ( edit ) Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) later superseded Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 and explicitly repealed the compromise . It provides that `` representatives shall be apportioned ... counting the whole number of persons in each State , excluding Indians not taxed . '' A later provision of the same clause reduced the Congressional representation of states who denied the right to vote to adult male citizens , but this provision was never effectively enforced . ( The Thirteenth Amendment , passed in 1865 , had already eliminated almost all persons from the original clause 's jurisdiction by banning slavery ; the only remaining persons subject to it were those sentenced for a crime to penal servitude , which the amendment excluded from the ban . ) After the Reconstruction Era came to an end in 1877 , however , the former slave states subverted the objective of these changes by using various strategies to disenfranchise their black citizens , while obtaining the benefit of apportionment of representatives on the basis of the total populations . These measures effectively gave white Southerners even greater voting power than they had in the antebellum era , inflating the number of Southern Democrats in the House of Representatives as well as the number of votes they could exercise in the Electoral College in the election of the president . The disenfranchisement of black citizens eventually attracted the attention of Congress , and in 1900 some members proposed stripping the South of seats , related to the number of people who were barred from voting .", "5": "In the end , Congress did not act to change apportionment , largely because of the power of the Southern bloc . The Southern bloc comprised Southern Democrats voted into office by white voters and constituted a powerful voting bloc in Congress until the 1960s . Their representatives , re-elected repeatedly by one - party states , controlled numerous chairmanships of important committees in both houses on the basis of seniority , giving them control over rules , budgets and important patronage projects , among other issues . Their power allowed them to defeat federal legislation against racial violence and abuses in the South . See also ( edit ) United States portal Section 127 of the Australian Constitution , excluding Aboriginal people from the census for purposes of determining allocation of seats in Parliament ; repealed in 1967 . Slave Trade Acts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` We Hold These Truths to be Self - evident ; '' An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Roots of Racism & slavery in America Kenneth N. Addison ; Introduction p. xxii Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman , `` How The Proslavery Constitution Led To The Civil War '' , Rutgers Law Journal Volume 43 Fall / Winter 2013 Number 3 , p405 Jump up ^ Wills pg. 51 Jump up ^ Hannis Taylor ( 1911 ) . The Origin and Growth of the American Constitution : An Historical Treatise . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 131 . Jump up ^ Wills pp. 51 -- 52 Jump up ^ Wills pg 53 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Elliot , ed. ( 1866 ) . The Debates In The Several State Conventions On The Adoption Of The Federal Constitution , As Recommended By The General Convention At Philadelphia , In 1787 . J.B. Lippincott & Co . Washington : Taylor & Maury . p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : Wills pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Banning , Lance ( August 31 , 2004 ) . `` Three - Fifths Historian '' . The Claremont Institute . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Walter ( January 1 , 2006 ) . `` Fourteenth Amendment '' . Encyclopedia of African - American Culture and History .", "6": "-- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Committee At Odds on Reapportionment , The New York Times , December 20 , 1900 , accessed March 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ Richard H. Pildes , `` Democracy , Anti-Democracy , and the Canon '' , Constitutional Commentary , Vol. 17 , 2000 , p. 10 , accessed 10 Mar 2008 Bibliography ( edit ) Wills , Garry ( 2003 ) . `` Negro President '' : Jefferson and the Slave Power . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 34398 - 9 . Walton , Hanes , Jr. ; Smith , Robert C. ( 2006 ) . American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Pearson Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 29237 - 5 . Wiencek , Henry ( 2004 ) . An Imperfect God : George Washington , His Slaves , and the Creation of America . New York : Farrar , Straus , and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 52951 - 5 . Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment", "7": "Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of", "8": "Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-Fifths_Compromise&oldid=835856485 '' Categories : Drafting of the United States Constitution Slavery in the United States History of African - American civil rights History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) 1787 in the United States 1787 in American politics Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 05 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4588672668957238844	at what temp does water turn to steam	[ "100 °C (212 °F)", "100 °C (212 °F)" ]	{ "0": "Steam - wikipedia Steam Jump to : navigation , search This article is about water as a gas . For the video game digital distribution platform , see Steam ( software ) . For other uses , see Steam ( disambiguation ) . Liquid phase eruption of Castle Geyser in Yellowstone Park A temperature - versus - entropy diagram for steam A Mollier enthalpy - versus - entropy diagram for steam Steam is water in the gas phase , which is formed when water boils . Steam is invisible ; however , `` steam '' often refers to wet steam , the visible mist or aerosol of water droplets formed as this water vapour condenses . At lower pressures , such as in the upper atmosphere or at the top of high mountains , water boils at a lower temperature than the nominal 100 ° C ( 212 ° F ) at standard pressure . If heated further it becomes superheated steam . The enthalpy of vaporization is the energy required to turn water into the gaseous form when it increases in volume by 1,700 times at standard temperature and pressure ; this change in volume can be converted into mechanical work by steam engines such as reciprocating piston type engines and steam turbines , which are a sub-group of steam engines . Piston type steam engines played a central role to the Industrial Revolution and modern steam turbines are used to generate more than 80 % of the world 's electricity . If liquid water comes in contact with a very hot surface or depressurizes quickly below its vapor pressure , it can create a steam explosion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of steam and conversions 2 Uses 2.1 Agricultural 2.2 Domestic 2.3 Electricity generation ( and cogeneration ) 2.4 Energy storage 2.5 Lifting gas 2.6 Mechanical effort 2.7 Sterilization 2.8 Steam in piping 2.9 Wood treatment 2.10 Concrete treatment 2.11 Cleaning 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Types of steam and conversions ( edit ) Steam is traditionally created by heating a boiler via burning coal and other fuels , but it is also possible to create steam with solar energy . Water vapor that includes water droplets is described as wet steam .", "1": "As wet steam is heated further , the droplets evaporate , and at a high enough temperature ( which depends on the pressure ) all of the water evaporates and the system is in vapor -- liquid equilibrium . Superheated steam is steam at a temperature higher than its boiling point for the pressure , which only occurs where all liquid water has evaporated or has been removed from the system . Steam tables contain thermodynamic data for water / steam and are often used by engineers and scientists in design and operation of equipment where thermodynamic cycles involving steam are used . Additionally , thermodynamic phase diagrams for water / steam , such as a temperature - entropy diagram or a Mollier diagram shown in this article , may be useful . Steam charts are also used for analysing thermodynamic cycles . enthalpy - entropy ( h-s ) diagram for steam pressure - enthalpy ( p-h ) diagram for steam temperature - entropy ( T-s ) diagram for steam Uses ( edit ) Agricultural ( edit ) In agriculture , steam is used for soil sterilization to avoid the use of harmful chemical agents and increase soil health . Domestic ( edit ) Steam 's capacity to transfer heat is also used in the home : for cooking vegetables , steam cleaning of fabric , carpets and flooring , and for heating buildings . In each case , water is heated in a boiler , and the steam carries the energy to a target object . Steam is also used in ironing clothes to add enough humidity with the heat to take wrinkles out and put intentional creases into the clothing . Electricity generation ( and cogeneration ) ( edit ) About 90 % of all electricity is generated using steam as the working fluid , nearly all by steam turbines . In electric generation , steam is typically condensed at the end of its expansion cycle , and returned to the boiler for re-use . However , in cogeneration , steam is piped into buildings through a district heating system to provide heat energy after its use in the electric generation cycle . The world 's biggest steam generation system is the New York City steam system , which pumps steam into 100,000 buildings in Manhattan from seven cogeneration plants . Energy storage ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "2": "( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fireless steam locomotive Despite the resemblance to a boiler , note the lack of a chimney and also how the cylinders are at the cab end , not the chimney end . In other industrial applications steam is used for energy storage , which is introduced and extracted by heat transfer , usually through pipes . Steam is a capacious reservoir for thermal energy because of water 's high heat of vaporization . Fireless steam locomotives were steam locomotives that operated from a supply of steam stored on board in a large tank resembling a conventional locomotive 's boiler . This tank was filled by process steam , as is available in many sorts of large factory , such as paper mills . The locomotive 's propulsion used pistons and connecting rods , as for a typical steam locomotive . These locomotives were mostly used in places where there was a risk of fire from a boiler 's firebox , but were also used in factories that simply had a plentiful supply of steam to spare . Lifting gas ( edit ) Owing to its low molecular mass , steam is an effective lifting gas , providing approximately 60 % as much lift as helium and twice as much as hot air . It is not flammable , unlike hydrogen , and is cheap and abundant , unlike helium . The required heat , however , leads to condensation problems and requires an insulated envelope . These factors have limited its use thus far to mostly demonstration projects . Mechanical effort ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Steam engines and steam turbines use the expansion of steam to drive a piston or turbine to perform mechanical work . The ability to return condensed steam as water - liquid to the boiler at high pressure with relatively little expenditure of pumping power is important . Condensation of steam to water often occurs at the low - pressure end of a steam turbine , since this maximizes the energy efficiency , but such wet - steam conditions must be limited to avoid excessive turbine blade erosion . Engineers use an idealised thermodynamic cycle , the Rankine cycle , to model the behavior of steam engines .", "3": "Steam turbines are often used in the production of electricity . Sterilization ( edit ) An autoclave , which uses steam under pressure , is used in microbiology laboratories and similar environments for sterilization . Steam , especially dry ( highly superheated ) steam , may be used for antimicrobial cleaning even to the levels of sterilization . Steam is a non-toxic antimicrobial agent . Steam in piping ( edit ) Steam is used in piping for utility lines . It is also used in jacketing and tracing of piping to maintain the uniform temperature in pipelines and vessels . Wood treatment ( edit ) Steam is used in the process of wood bending , killing insects and increasing plasticity . Concrete treatment ( edit ) Steam is used to accentuate drying especially in prefabricates . Care should be taken since concrete produces heat during hydration and additional heat from the steam could be detrimental to hardening reaction processes of the concrete . Cleaning ( edit ) Used in cleaning of fibers and other materials , sometimes in preparation for painting . Steam is also useful in melting hardened grease and oil residues , so it is useful in cleaning kitchen floors and equipment and internal combustion engines and parts . Among the advantages of using steam versus a hot water spray are the facts that steam can operate at higher temperatures and it uses substantially less water per minute . See also ( edit ) Electrification Food steamer or steam cooker Geyser -- geothermally - generated steam IAPWS -- an association that maintains international - standard correlations for the thermodynamic properties of steam , including IAPWS - IF97 ( for use in industrial simulation and modelling ) and IAPWS - 95 ( a general purpose and scientific correlation ) . Industrial Revolution Live steam Mass production Nuclear power -- and power plants use steam to generate electricity Oxyhydrogen Psychrometrics -- moist air / vapor mixtures , humidity and air conditioning Steam locomotive Steamed References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Robert A. ; Phelan , Patrick E. ; Adrian , Ronald J. ; Gunawan , Andrey ; Otanicar , Todd P. ( 2012 ) . `` Characterization of light - induced , volumetric steam generation in nanofluids '' . International Journal of Thermal Sciences . 56 : 1 -- 11 .", "4": "doi : 10.1016 / j. ijthermalsci. 2012.01. 012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Robert A. ; Phelan , Patrick E. ; Otanicar , Todd P. ; Walker , Chad A. ; Nguyen , Monica ; Trimble , Steven ; Prasher , Ravi ( 2011 ) . `` Applicability of nanofluids in high flux solar collectors '' . Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy . 3 ( 2 ) : 023104 . doi : 10.1063 / 1.3571565 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Robert A. ; Phelan , Patrick E. ; Otanicar , Todd ; Adrian , Ronald J. ; Prasher , Ravi S. ( 2009 ) . `` Vapor generation in a nanoparticle liquid suspension using a focused , continuous laser '' . Applied Physics Letters. 95 ( 16 ) : 161907 . Bibcode : 2009ApPhL ... 95p1907T . doi : 10.1063 / 1.3250174 . Jump up ^ Singh , R Paul ( 2001 ) . Introduction to Food Engineering . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 646384 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Superheated Steam '' . Spirax - Sarco Engineering . Jump up ^ Malhotra , Ashok ( 2012 ) . Steam Property Tables : Thermodynamic and Transport Properties . ISBN 978 - 1 - 479 - 23026 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wiser , Wendell H. ( 2000 ) . `` Energy Source Contributions to Electric Power Generation '' . Energy resources : occurrence , production , conversion , use . Birkhäuser . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 98744 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bevelhymer , Carl ( November 10 , 2003 ) . `` Steam '' . Gotham Gazette . Jump up ^ `` Steam Balloon JBFA Article '' .", "5": "Jump up ^ EP Patent Publication 2,091,572 Jump up ^ Song , Liyan ; Wu , Jianfeng ; Xi , Chuanwu ( 2012 ) . `` Biofilms on environmental surfaces : Evaluation of the disinfection efficacy of a novel steam vapor system '' . American Journal of Infection Control . 40 ( 10 ) : 926 -- 30 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajic. 2011.11. 013 . PMID 22418602 . Jump up ^ `` Why Steam ? '' . Sioux Corporation Website . Sioux Corporation . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Steam . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Water vapor . Look up steam in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Steam .", "6": "Steam Tables & Charts by National Institute of Standards and Technology , NIST Wikiversity has steam tables with figures and Matlab code ( hide ) Water Overviews Outline Data Model Properties States Liquid Ice Vapor Steam Forms Deuterium - depleted Semiheavy Heavy Tritiated Hydronium On Earth Cycle Distribution Hydrosphere Hydrology Hydrobiology Origin Pollution Resources management policy Supply Portal Commons Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam&oldid=822166880 '' Categories : Forms of water Water in gas Steam power Gases Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2013 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from September 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Diné bizaad فارسی Gàidhlig हिन्दी Hrvatski Íslenska עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kreyòl ayisyen Limburgs Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Scots Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe اردو 粵語中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 20 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.", "7": ", a non-profit organization . 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1636956235349274030	when does it's a wonderful life comes on	[ "Christmas season" ]	{ "0": "It 's a Wonderful Life - wikipedia It 's a Wonderful Life Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see It 's a Wonderful Life ( disambiguation ) . It 's a Wonderful Life Theatrical release poster Directed by Frank Capra Produced by Frank Capra Screenplay by Frances Goodrich Albert Hackett Jo Swerling Frank Capra Based on `` The Greatest Gift '' by Philip Van Doren Stern Starring James Stewart Donna Reed Lionel Barrymore Henry Travers Music by Dimitri Tiomkin Cinematography Joseph Walker Edited by William Hornbeck Production company Liberty Films Distributed by RKO Radio Pictures Release date December 20 , 1946 ( 1946 - 12 - 20 ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3.18 million Box office $3,300,000 It 's a Wonderful Life is a 1946 American Christmas fantasy comedy - drama film produced and directed by Frank Capra , based on the short story and booklet The Greatest Gift , which Philip Van Doren Stern wrote in 1939 and published privately in 1945 . The film stars James Stewart as George Bailey , a man who has given up his dreams in order to help others , and whose imminent suicide on Christmas Eve brings about the intervention of his guardian angel , Clarence Odbody ( Henry Travers ) . Clarence shows George all the lives he has touched and how different life in his community of Bedford Falls would be like if he had never been born . Despite initially performing poorly at the box office because of stiff competition at the time of its release , the film has become regarded as a classic and is a staple of Christmas television around the world . The film is considered one of the most loved films in American cinema and has become traditional viewing during the Christmas season . Theatrically , the film 's break - even point was $6.3 million , approximately twice the production cost , a figure it never came close to achieving in its initial release .", "1": "An appraisal in 2006 reported : `` Although it was not the complete box office failure that today everyone believes ... it was initially a major disappointment and confirmed , at least to the studios , that Capra was no longer capable of turning out the populist features that made his films the must - see , money - making events they once were . '' It 's a Wonderful Life is considered one of the most critically acclaimed films ever made . It was nominated for five Academy Awards including Best Picture and has been recognized by the American Film Institute as one of the 100 best American films ever made , placing number 11 on its initial 1998 greatest movie list , number 20 on its revised 2007 greatest movie list and placing number one on its list of the most inspirational American films of all time . Capra revealed that this was his personal favorite among the films he directed and that he screened it for his family every Christmas season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Background 3.2 Filming 4 Reception 5 Awards and honors 6 Release 6.1 Ownership and copyright issues 6.1. 1 Ancillary rights 6.1. 2 Colorization 6.2 Home media 6.2. 1 VHS 6.2. 2 Technological first : CD - ROM 6.2. 3 DVD and Blu - ray 7 Adaptations in other media 8 Potential sequel 9 Popular culture 9.1 Antecedent 9.2 Spin - offs 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Citations 11.2 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot ( edit ) Donna Reed as Mary Bailey and James Stewart as George Bailey On Christmas Eve 1945 , in Bedford Falls , New York , George Bailey is suicidal . Prayers for him reach Heaven , where Clarence Odbody , Angel 2nd Class , is assigned to save George , in return for which he will earn his angel wings . To prepare him for his mission , Clarence is shown flashbacks of George 's life .", "2": "The first is from 1919 , when 12 - year - old George saves his younger brother Harry from drowning at a frozen lake ; George loses his hearing in one ear as a result . At his after - school job , George realizes that the druggist , Mr. Gower -- distraught over his son 's death from the flu -- has accidentally added poison to a child 's prescription , and intervenes to stop it from causing harm . In 1928 , George plans to leave on a world tour and then attend college . At Harry 's high - school graduation party , he is reintroduced to Mary Hatch , who has had a crush on him from childhood . Their walk home is interrupted by news that George 's father , Peter , has died of a stroke . George postpones his travel so he can sort out the family business , Bailey Brothers ' Building and Loan . Henry F. Potter , the richest man in town , wishes to dissolve the Building and Loan to eliminate it as a competitor . The board of directors votes to keep the Building and Loan open , on condition that George stay to run it ( along with his absent - minded uncle Billy ) . George gives his college tuition to Harry on the condition that Harry take over the Building and Loan when he returns . Four years later , Harry returns from college with a job offer from his father - in - law . George tells Harry to take the job and he will keep running the Building and Loan . George and Mary get married . On their way to their honeymoon , they witness a run on the bank and use their honeymoon savings to keep the Building and Loan solvent until the bank reopens . Eventually , George establishes Bailey Park , a housing development with small houses financed by the Building and Loan , so that people can own their own homes rather than paying rent to live in Potter 's overpriced slums . Potter attempts to lure George into becoming his assistant , offering him $20,000 ( equivalent to $270,000 in 2017 ) a year ; George is momentarily tempted , but rebukes him . During World War II , George is ineligible for service because of his bad ear . Harry becomes a Navy pilot and earns the Medal of Honor by shooting down a kamikaze plane headed for a troop transport .", "3": "On Christmas Eve morning 1945 , as the town prepares a hero 's welcome for Harry , Uncle Billy manages to misplace $8000 of the Building and Loan 's cash ( equivalent to $110,000 in 2017 ) . When a bank examiner arrives to review the Building and Loan 's records , George realizes that criminal charges are possible ; he berates Uncle Billy , then goes home and takes out his frustration on his family . He soon apologizes to his wife and children , then leaves . George with his guardian angel Clarence George desperately appeals to Potter for a loan . When George offers his life insurance policy as collateral , Potter says George is worth more dead than alive and phones the police to have him arrested . George gets drunk at a local bar and is involved in a fight before he leaves and goes to a nearby bridge , thinking of suicide . The film 's narrative catches up to the time of the opening scene . Before he can jump , Clarence dives into the river just before George does , causing George to rescue Clarence rather than killing himself . George does not believe Clarence 's subsequent claim that he is George 's guardian angel . When George says he wishes he had never been born , Clarence decides to grant his wish and show George an alternate timeline in which he never existed . Bedford Falls is named Pottersville and is a less congenial place . Mr. Gower has recently been released from prison for manslaughter , because George was not there to stop him from putting poison in the pills . The Building and Loan has closed down , as George never took over after Peter 's passing . George 's mother does not recognize him ; she reveals that Uncle Billy was institutionalized after the collapse of the Building and Loan . In the cemetery where Bailey Park would have been , George discovers the grave of his brother . Clarence tells him all the soldiers on the transport died , as Harry was never there to save them , because George had never saved Harry from drowning . Mary , who works at the library , never married ; when George says he is her husband , she screams for the police , causing George to flee and the local policeman to give chase . George , now convinced that Clarence is really his guardian angel , runs back to the bridge and begs for his life back ; the alternate timeline changes back to the original reality . George runs home to await his arrest .", "4": "Mary and Uncle Billy arrive , having rallied the townspeople , who donate more than enough to cover the missing $8,000 and for Potter 's warrant to be torn up . Harry arrives and toasts George calling him `` The richest man in town '' . A bell on the Christmas tree rings , and his daughter recalls a story that says the sound means that an angel has just earned his wings , signifying Clarence 's promotion . Cast ( edit ) Credited cast James Stewart as George Bailey Donna Reed as Mary Hatch Bailey Henry Travers as Clarence Odbody Lionel Barrymore as Mr. Henry F. Potter Thomas Mitchell as Uncle Billy Bailey Beulah Bondi as Ma Bailey Frank Faylen as Ernie Bishop , the cab driver Ward Bond as Bert , the cop Gloria Grahame as Violet Bick H.B. Warner as Mr. Emil Gower Todd Karns as Harry Bailey Samuel S. Hinds as father Peter `` Pop '' Bailey Lillian Randolph as Annie , maid Frank Albertson as Sam Wainwright Virginia Patton as Ruth Dakin Bailey , Harry 's wife Mary Treen as Cousin Tilly , employee Charles Williams as Cousin Eustace , employee Sarah Edwards as Mrs. Hatch , Mary 's mother William Edmunds as Mr. Giuseppe Martini Argentina Brunetti as Mrs. Martini Bobby Anderson as Little George Bailey Ronnie Ralph as Little Sam Wainwright Jean Gale as Little Mary Hatch Ray Walker as Joe Jeanine Ann Roose as Little Violet Bick George Nokes as Little Harry Bailey Danny Mummert as Little Marty Hatch Sheldon Leonard as Nick , the bartender Frank Hagney as Potter 's mute aide Charles Lane as Potter 's rent collector Larry Simms as Pete Bailey Carol Coomes ( AKA Carol Coombs ) as Janie Bailey Jimmy Hawkins as Tommy Bailey Karolyn Grimes as Zuzu Bailey Uncredited cast Charles Halton as Mr. Carter , bank examiner J. Farrell MacDonald as the man whose great - grandfather planted the tree that George drives into Harry Holman as Mr.", "5": "Partridge , High School principal Harold Landon as Marty Hatch , Mary 's brother Carl `` Alfalfa '' Switzer as Freddie ( Mary 's annoying high school suitor ) Mark Roberts as Mickey ( student with the key to open up pool ) Max Wagner as Cashier / Bouncer at Nick 's Bar Dick Elliott as fat man on porch Tom Fadden as Bridge Caretaker Stanley Andrews as Mr. Welch , teacher 's husband Al Bridge as Sheriff with arrest warrant Ellen Corby as Miss Davis Marian Carr as Jane Wainwright , Sam 's wife Adriana Caselotti as the singer in Martini 's Bar Joseph Granby as Angel Joseph ( voice ) Moroni Olsen as the Senior Angel ( voice ) George Bailey ( James Stewart ) , Mary Bailey ( Donna Reed ) and their youngest daughter Zuzu ( Karolyn Grimes ) . The contention that James Stewart is often referred to as Capra 's only choice to play George Bailey is disputed by film historian Stephen Cox , who indicates that `` Henry Fonda was in the running . '' Cary Grant was also considered for the role when RKO still had the rights to the film , before they were sold to Capra . Although it was stated that Jean Arthur , Ann Dvorak and Ginger Rogers were all considered for the role of Mary before Donna Reed won the part , this list is also disputed by Cox as he indicates that Jean Arthur was first offered the part but had to turn it down for a prior commitment on Broadway before Capra turned to Olivia de Havilland , Martha Scott and Ann Dvorak . Ginger Rogers was offered the female lead , but turned it down because she considered it `` too bland '' . In Chapter 26 of her autobiography Ginger : My Story , she questioned her decision by asking her readers : `` Foolish , you say ? '' A long list of actors were considered for the role of Potter ( originally named Herbert Potter ) : Edward Arnold , Charles Bickford , Edgar Buchanan , Louis Calhern , Victor Jory , Raymond Massey , Vincent Price and even Thomas Mitchell . However , Lionel Barrymore , who eventually won the role , was a famous Ebenezer Scrooge in radio dramatizations of A Christmas Carol at the time and was a natural choice for the role .", "6": "Barrymore had also worked with Capra and Stewart on his 1938 Best Picture Oscar winner , You Ca n't Take It with You . H.B. Warner , who was cast as the drugstore owner Mr. Gower , actually studied medicine before going into acting . He was also in some of Capra 's other films , including Mr. Deeds Goes to Town , Lost Horizon , You Ca n't Take It with You , and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington . In the silent era , he had played the role of Jesus Christ in Cecil B. DeMille 's The King of Kings ( 1927 ) . The name Gower came from Capra 's employer Columbia Pictures , which had been located on Gower Street for many years . Also on Gower Street was a drugstore that was a favorite for the studio 's employees . Charles Williams , who was cast as Eustace Bailey , and Mary Treen , who was cast as Matilda `` Tilly '' Bailey , were both B - list actors , as they both had appeared in 90 films each before filming It 's a Wonderful Life . Jimmy the raven ( Uncle Billy 's pet ) appeared in You Ca n't Take It with You and each subsequent Capra film . Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Director Frank Capra The original story `` The Greatest Gift '' was written by Philip Van Doren Stern in November 1939 . After being unsuccessful in getting the story published , he decided to make it into a Christmas card , and mailed 200 copies to family and friends in December 1943 . The story came to the attention of RKO producer David Hempstead , who showed it to Cary Grant 's Hollywood agent , and in April 1944 , RKO Pictures bought the rights to the story for $10,000 , hoping to turn the story into a vehicle for Grant . RKO created three unsatisfactory scripts before shelving the planned movie , and Grant went on to make another Christmas movie staple , The Bishop 's Wife . At the suggestion of RKO studio chief Charles Koerner , Frank Capra read `` The Greatest Gift '' and immediately saw its potential .", "7": "RKO , anxious to unload the project , in 1945 sold the rights to Capra 's production company , Liberty Films , which had a nine - film distribution agreement with RKO , for $10,000 , and threw in the three scripts for free . Capra , along with writers Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett , with Jo Swerling , Michael Wilson , and Dorothy Parker brought in to `` polish '' the script , turned the story and what was worth using from the three scripts into a screenplay that Capra would rename It 's a Wonderful Life . The script underwent many revisions throughout pre-production and during filming . Final screenplay credit went to Goodrich , Hackett and Capra , with `` additional scenes '' by Jo Swerling . Seneca Falls , New York claims that when Frank Capra visited their town in 1945 , he was inspired to model Bedford Falls after it . The town has an annual `` It 's a Wonderful Life festival '' in December . In mid-2009 , The Hotel Clarence opened in Seneca Falls , named for George Bailey 's guardian angel . On December 10 , 2010 , the `` It 's a Wonderful Life '' Museum opened in Seneca Falls , with Karolyn Grimes , who played Zuzu in the movie , cutting the ribbon . Philip Van Doren Stern said in a 1946 interview , `` Incidentally , the movie takes place in Westchester County . Actually , the town I had in mind was Califon , N.J. '' The historic iron bridge in Califon is similar to the bridge that George Bailey considered jumping from in the movie . Both James Stewart ( from Indiana , Pennsylvania ) and Donna Reed ( from Denison , Iowa ) came from small towns . Stewart 's father ran a small hardware store where James worked for years . Reed demonstrated her rural roots by winning an impromptu bet with Lionel Barrymore when he challenged her to milk a cow on set . Ending scene of the film Filming ( edit ) Capra produced the film with his independent but ephemeral motion picture production company Liberty Films .", "8": "It 's a Wonderful Life was shot at RKO Radio Pictures Studio in Culver City , California , and the 89 acre RKO movie ranch in Encino , where `` Bedford Falls '' consisted of Art Director Max Ree 's Oscar - winning sets originally designed for the 1931 epic film Cimarron that covered 4 acres ( 1.6 ha ) , assembled from three separate parts , with a main street stretching 300 yards ( three city blocks ) , with 75 stores and buildings , and a residential neighborhood . For It 's a Wonderful Life Capra built a working bank set , added a tree - lined center parkway , and planted 20 full grown oak trees to existing sets . Pigeons , cats , and dogs were allowed to roam the mammoth set to give the `` town '' a lived - in feel . Due to the requirement to film in an `` alternate universe '' setting as well as during different seasons , the set was extremely adaptable . RKO created `` chemical snow '' for the film to avoid the need for dubbed dialogue when actors walked across an earlier movie snow that was made of crushed cornflakes . Filming started on April 15 , 1946 and ended on July 27 , 1946 , exactly on deadline for the 90 - day principal photography schedule . RKO 's movie ranch in Encino , a filming location of Bedford Falls , was razed in 1954 . There are only two surviving locations from the film . The first is the swimming pool that was unveiled during the famous dance scene where George courts Mary . It is located in the gymnasium at Beverly Hills High School and is still in operation as of 2013 . The second is the `` Martini home '' in La Cañada Flintridge , California . During filming , in the scene where Uncle Billy gets drunk at Harry and Ruth 's welcome home / newlyweds ' party , George points him in the right direction home . As the camera focuses on George , smiling at his uncle staggering away , a crash is heard in the distance and Uncle Billy yells , `` I 'm all right ! I 'm all right ! '' Equipment on the set had actually been accidentally knocked over ; Capra left in Thomas Mitchell 's impromptu ad lib ( although the `` crashing '' noise was augmented with added sound effects ) .", "9": "Dimitri Tiomkin had written `` Death Telegram '' and `` Gower 's Deliverance '' for the drugstore scenes , but in the editing room Capra elected to go with no music for those scenes . Those changes , along with others , led to a falling out between Tiomkin and Capra . Tiomkin had worked on a lot of Capra 's previous films , and was saddened that Capra decided to have the music pared or toned down , moved , or cut entirely . He felt as though his work was being seen as a mere suggestion . In his autobiography Please Do n't Hate Me , he said of the incident , `` an all around scissors job '' . Young George ( Bobby Anderson ) with Violet and Mary in Mr. Gower 's drugstore The products and advertisements featured in Mr. Gower 's drugstore include Coca - Cola , Paterson tobacco pipes , La Unica cigars , Camel cigarettes , Lucky Strike cigarettes , Chesterfield cigarettes , Sweet Caporal cigarettes ( with a sign that says `` Ask Dad he knows '' that plays a role in the plot ) , Vaseline hair tonic , Penetro cough syrup , Pepto - Bismol , Bayer Aspirin ( `` for colds and influenza '' ) , and The Saturday Evening Post . In an earlier draft of the script , the scene where George saves his brother Harry as a child was different . The scene had the boys playing ice hockey on the river ( which is on Potter 's property ) as Potter watches with disdain . George shoots the puck , but it goes astray and breaks the `` No Trespassing '' sign and lands in Potter 's yard . Potter becomes irate , and the gardener releases the attack dogs , which causes the boys to flee . Harry falls in the ice , and George saves him with the same results . Another scene that was in an earlier version of the script had young George visiting his father at his work . After George tells off Mr. Potter and closes the door , he considers asking Uncle Billy about his drugstore dilemma . Billy is talking on the phone to the bank examiner , and lights his cigar and throws his match in the wastebasket .", "10": "This scene explains that Tilly ( short for Matilda ) and Eustace are both his cousins ( not Billy 's kids though ) , and Tilly is on the phone with her friend Martha and says , `` Potter 's here , the bank examiner 's coming . It 's a day of judgment . '' As George is about to interrupt Tilly on the phone , Billy cries for help and Tilly runs in and puts the fire out with a pot of coffee . George decides he is probably better off dealing with the situation by himself . Capra had filmed a number of sequences that were subsequently cut , the only remnants remaining being rare stills that have been unearthed . A number of alternative endings were considered , with Capra 's first script having Bailey falling to his knees reciting `` The Lord 's Prayer '' ( the script also called for an opening scene with the townspeople in prayer ) . Feeling that an overly religious tone did not have the emotional impact of the family and friends rushing to rescue George Bailey , the closing scenes were rewritten . Reception ( edit ) George and Mary dancing near the crack at the high school party It 's a Wonderful Life premiered at the Globe Theatre in New York on December 20 , 1946 , to mixed reviews . While Capra thought the contemporary critical reviews were either universally negative , or at best dismissive , Time said , `` It 's a Wonderful Life is a pretty wonderful movie . It has only one formidable rival ( Goldwyn 's The Best Years of Our Lives ) as Hollywood 's best picture of the year . Director Capra 's inventiveness , humor and affection for human beings keep it glowing with life and excitement . '' Bosley Crowther , writing for The New York Times , complimented some of the actors , including Stewart and Reed , but concluded that `` the weakness of this picture , from this reviewer 's point of view , is the sentimentality of it -- its illusory concept of life . Mr. Capra 's nice people are charming , his small town is a quite beguiling place and his pattern for solving problems is most optimistic and facile . But somehow they all resemble theatrical attitudes rather than average realities . ''", "11": "The film , which went into general release on January 7 , 1947 , placed 26th ( $3.3 million ) in box office revenues for 1947 ( out of more than 400 features released ) , one place ahead of another Christmas film , Miracle on 34th Street . The film was supposed to be released in January 1947 , but was moved up to December 1946 to make it eligible for the 1946 Academy Awards . This move was seen as worse for the film , as 1947 did not have quite the stiff competition as 1946 . If it had entered the 1947 Awards , its biggest competition would have been Miracle on 34th Street . The number one grossing movie of 1947 , The Best Years of Our Lives , made $11.5 million . The film recorded a loss of $525,000 at the box office for RKO . On May 26 , 1947 , the FBI issued a memo stating , `` With regard to the picture ' It 's a Wonderful Life , ' ( redacted ) stated in substance that the film represented rather obvious attempts to discredit bankers by casting Lionel Barrymore as a ' scrooge - type ' so that he would be the most hated man in the picture . This , according to these sources , is a common trick used by Communists . ( In ) addition , ( redacted ) stated that , in his opinion , this picture deliberately maligned the upper class , attempting to show the people who had money were mean and despicable characters . '' Mr. Potter ( Lionel Barrymore ) was placed in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains as No. 6 of villains , while George Bailey was voted No. 9 of heroes . In 1990 , It 's a Wonderful Life was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry . In 2002 , Britain 's Channel 4 ranked It 's a Wonderful Life as the seventh greatest film ever made in its poll `` The 100 Greatest Films '' . In June 2008 , AFI revealed its 10 Top 10 , the best ten films in ten `` classic '' American film genres , after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community .", "12": "It 's a Wonderful Life was acknowledged as the third - best film in the fantasy genre . Somewhat more iconoclastic views of the film and its content are occasionally expressed . In 1947 , film critic Manny Farber wrote , `` To make his points ( Capra ) always takes an easy , simple - minded path that does n't give much credit to the intelligence of the audience '' , and adds that there are only a `` few unsentimental moments here and there . '' Wendell Jamieson , in a 2008 article for The New York Times which was generally positive in its analysis of the film , noted that far from being simply a sweet sentimental story , it `` is a terrifying , asphyxiating story about growing up and relinquishing your dreams , of seeing your father driven to the grave before his time , of living among bitter , small - minded people . It is a story of being trapped , of compromising , of watching others move ahead and away , of becoming so filled with rage that you verbally abuse your children , their teacher and your oppressively perfect wife . '' In a 2010 Salon.com piece , Richard Cohen described It 's a Wonderful Life as `` the most terrifying Hollywood film ever made '' . In the `` Pottersville '' sequence , he wrote , George is not seeing the world that would exist had he never been born , but rather ' the world as it does exist , in his time and also in our own . '' Nine years earlier , another Salon writer , Gary Kamiya , had expressed the opposing view that `` Pottersville rocks ! , '' adding , `` The gauzy , Currier - and - Ives veil Capra drapes over Bedford Falls has prevented viewers from grasping what a tiresome and , frankly , toxic environment it is ... We all live in Pottersville now . '' George and Mary watch their future home The film 's elevation to the status of a beloved classic came decades after its initial release , when it became a television staple during Christmas season in the late 1970s . This came as a welcome surprise to Frank Capra and others involved with its production . `` It 's the damnedest thing I 've ever seen , '' Capra told The Wall Street Journal in 1984 .", "13": "`` The film has a life of its own now , and I can look at it like I had nothing to do with it . I 'm like a parent whose kid grows up to be president . I 'm proud ... but it 's the kid who did the work . I did n't even think of it as a Christmas story when I first ran across it . I just liked the idea . '' In a 1946 interview , Capra described the film 's theme as `` the individual 's belief in himself '' and that he made it `` to combat a modern trend toward atheism '' . The film 's positive reception has continued into the present , and review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes currently reports a 94 % `` Certified Fresh '' approval rating . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The holiday classic to define all holiday classics , It 's a Wonderful Life is one of a handful of films worth an annual viewing . '' Awards and honors ( edit ) Prior to the Los Angeles release of It 's a Wonderful Life , Liberty Films mounted an extensive promotional campaign that included a daily advertisement highlighting one of the film 's players , along with comments from reviewers . Jimmy Starr wrote , `` If I were an Oscar , I 'd elope with It 's a Wonderful Life lock , stock and barrel on the night of the Academy Awards '' . The New York Daily Times published an editorial that declared the film and James Stewart 's performance to be worthy of Academy Award consideration . It 's a Wonderful Life received five Academy Award nominations : Award Result Nominee / Winner Best Picture Nominated Frank Capra Winner was Samuel Goldwyn -- The Best Years of Our Lives Best Director Nominated Frank Capra Winner was William Wyler -- The Best Years of Our Lives Best Actor Nominated James Stewart Winner was Fredric March -- The Best Years of Our Lives Best Film Editing Nominated William Hornbeck Winner was Daniel Mandell -- The Best Years of Our Lives Best Sound Recording Nominated John Aalberg Winner was John P. Livadary -- The Jolson Story Technical Achievement Award Won Russell Shearman and RKO Radio Studio Special Effects Dept . For the development of a new method of simulating falling snow on motion picture sets .", "14": "It 's a Wonderful Life won just the one Academy Award , in the Technical Achievement category for developing a new method of creating artificial snow . Before It 's a Wonderful Life , fake movie snow was mostly made from cornflakes painted white . And it was so loud when stepped on that any snow - filled scenes with dialogue had to be re-dubbed afterwards . RKO studio 's head of special effects , Russell Sherman , developed a new compound , utilizing water , soap flakes , foamite and sugar . The Best Years of Our Lives , a drama about servicemen attempting to return to their pre-World War II lives , won most of the awards that year , including four of the five for which It 's a Wonderful Life was nominated . ( The award for `` Best Sound Recording '' was won by The Jolson Story . ) The Best Years of Our Lives was also an outstanding commercial success , ultimately becoming the highest - grossing film of the decade , in contrast to the more modest initial box office returns of It 's a Wonderful Life . It 's a Wonderful Life received a Golden Globe Award : Award Result Winner Best Director Won Frank Capra Capra won the `` Best Motion Picture Director '' award from the Golden Globes , and a `` CEC Award '' from the Cinema Writers Circle in Spain , for Mejor Película Extranjera ( Best Foreign Film ) . Jimmy Hawkins won a `` Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award '' from the Young Artist Awards in 1994 ; the award recognized his role as Tommy Bailey as igniting his career , which lasted until the mid-1960s . American Film Institute lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- 11 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- 8 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Mr. Potter -- No. 6 Villain George Bailey -- No. 9 Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Buffalo Gal ( Wo n't You Come Out Tonight ) '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` What is it you want , Mary ? What do you want ? You want the moon ?", "15": "Just say the word , and I 'll throw a lasso around it and pull it down . '' -- Nominated `` To my big brother George , the richest man in town ! '' -- Nominated `` Look , Daddy . Teacher says , ' Every time a bell rings an angel gets his wings . ' '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- No. 1 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- No. 20 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 3 Fantasy Film Release ( edit ) Ownership and copyright issues ( edit ) Ancillary rights ( edit ) George with Mary in It 's a Wonderful Life Liberty Films was purchased by Paramount Pictures , and remained a subsidiary until 1951 . In 1955 , M. & A. Alexander purchased the movie . This included key rights to the original television syndication , the original nitrate film elements , the music score , and the film rights to the story on which the film is based , `` The Greatest Gift '' . National Telefilm Associates ( NTA ) took over the rights to the film soon thereafter . A clerical error at NTA prevented the copyright from being renewed properly in 1974 . Despite the lapsed copyright , television stations that aired it still had to pay royalties because -- though the film 's images had entered the public domain -- the film 's story was still protected as a derivative work of the published story The Greatest Gift , whose copyright Philip Van Doren Stern had properly renewed in 1971 . The film became a perennial holiday favorite in the 1980s , possibly due to its repeated showings each holiday season on hundreds of local television stations . It was mentioned during the deliberations on the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 . In 1993 , Republic Pictures , which was the successor to NTA , relied on the 1990 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Stewart v. Abend ( which involved another Stewart film , Rear Window ) to enforce its claim to the copyright . While the film 's copyright had not been renewed , Republic still owned the film rights to `` The Greatest Gift '' ; thus the plaintiffs were able to argue its status as a derivative work of a work still under copyright .", "16": "NBC , since 1996 , is licensed to show the film on U.S. network television , and traditionally shows it twice during the holidays , with one showing on Christmas Eve . Paramount ( via parent company Viacom 's 1998 acquisition of Republic 's then - parent , Spelling Entertainment ) once again has distribution rights for the first time since 1955 . Due to all the above actions , this is one of the few RKO films not controlled by Turner Entertainment / Warner Bros. in the USA . It is also one of two Capra films Paramount owns despite not having originally released it -- the other is Broadway Bill ( originally from Columbia , remade by Paramount as Riding High in 1950 ) . Colorization ( edit ) Director Capra met with Wilson Markle about having Colorization , Inc. , colorize It 's a Wonderful Life based on an enthusiastic response to the colorization of Topper from actor Cary Grant . The company 's art director Brian Holmes prepared 10 minutes of colorized footage from It 's a Wonderful Life for Capra to view , which resulted in Capra signing a contract with Colorization , Inc. , and his `` enthusiastic agree ( ment ) to pay half the $260,000 cost of colorizing the movie and to share any profits '' and giving `` preliminary approval to making similar color versions of two of his other black - and - white films , Meet John Doe ( 1941 ) and Lady for a Day ( 1933 ) '' . However , the film was believed to be in the public domain at the time , and as a result Markle and Holmes responded by returning Capra 's initial investment , eliminating his financial participation , and refusing outright to allow the director to exercise artistic control over the colorization of his films , leading Capra to join in the campaign against the process . Three colorized versions have been produced . The first was released by Hal Roach Studios in 1986 . The second was authorized and produced by the film 's permanent owner , Republic Pictures , in 1989 . Both Capra and Stewart took a critical stand on the colorized editions . The Hal Roach color version was re-released in 1989 to VHS through the cooperation of Video Treasures .", "17": "A third colorized version was produced by Legend Films and released on DVD in 2007 with the approval of Capra 's estate . Home media ( edit ) VHS ( edit ) Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s , when the film was still under public domain status , It 's A Wonderful Life was released on VHS by a variety of home video companies . Among the companies that released the film on home video before Republic Pictures stepped in were Meda Video ( which would later become Media Home Entertainment ) , Kartes Video Communications ( under its Video Film Classics label ) , GoodTimes Home Video and Video Treasures ( now Anchor Bay Entertainment ) . After Republic reclaimed the rights to the film , all unofficial VHS copies of the film in print were destroyed . Artisan Entertainment ( under license from Republic ) took over home video rights in the mid-1990s . Artisan was later sold to Lions Gate Entertainment , which continued to hold US home video rights until late 2005 when they reverted to Paramount , who also owns video rights throughout Region 4 ( Latin America and Australia ) and in France . Video rights in the rest of the world are held by different companies ; for example , the UK rights are with Universal Studios . Technological first : CD - ROM ( edit ) In 1993 , due in part to the confusion of the ownership and copyright issues , Kinesoft Development , with the support of Republic Pictures , released It 's a Wonderful Life as one of the first commercial feature - length films on CD - ROM for the Windows PC ( Windows 3.1 ) . Predating commercial DVDs by several years , it included such features as the ability to follow along with the complete shooting script as the film was playing . Given the state of video playback on the PC at the time of its release , It 's a Wonderful Life for Windows represented another first , as the longest running video on a computer . Prior to its release , Windows could only play back approx . 32,000 frames of video , or about 35 minutes at 15 frames per second . Working with Microsoft , Kinesoft was able to enhance the video features of Windows to allow for the complete playback of the entire film -- all of this on a PC with a 486SX processor and only 8 MB of RAM .", "18": "Computer Gaming World said in April 1994 that , `` The picture quality still has a way to go before it reaches television standards , '' but was `` ... a noble effort '' that would `` please fans of the film . '' DVD and Blu - ray ( edit ) The film has seen multiple DVD releases since the availability of the DVD format . In the autumn of 2001 , Republic issued the movie twice , once in August , and again with different packaging in September of that same year . On October 31 , 2006 , Paramount released a newly restored `` 60th Anniversary Edition '' . On November 13 , 2007 , Paramount released a two - disc `` special edition '' DVD of the film that contained both the original theatrical black - and - white version , and a new , third colorized version , produced by Legend Films using the latest colorization technology . On November 3 , 2009 , Paramount released a DVD version with a `` Collector 's Edition '' ornament , and a Blu - ray edition . Adaptations in other media ( edit ) The film was twice adapted for radio in 1947 , first on Lux Radio Theater ( March 10 ) and then on The Screen Guild Theater ( December 29 ) , then again on the Screen Guild Theater broadcast of March 15 , 1951 . James Stewart and Donna Reed reprised their roles for all three radio productions . Stewart also starred in the May 8 , 1949 radio adaptation presented on the Screen Director 's Playhouse . A musical stage adaptation of the film , titled A Wonderful Life , was written by Sheldon Harnick and Joe Raposo . This version was first performed at the University of Michigan in 1986 , but a planned professional production was stalled by legal wrangling with the estate of Philip Van Doren Stern . It was eventually performed in Washington , D.C. by Arena Stage in 1991 , and had revivals in the 21st century , including a staged concert version in New York City in 2005 and several productions by regional theatres . Another musical stage adaptation of the film , titled It 's a Wonderful Life -- The Musical , was written by Bruce Greer and Keith Ferguson . This version premiered at the Majestic Theatre , Dallas , Texas in 1998 . It was an annual Christmas show at the theatre for five years .", "19": "It has since been performed at venues all around the United States . The film was also adapted into a play in two acts by James W. Rodgers . It was first performed on December 15 , 1993 at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School . The play opens with George Bailey contemplating suicide and then goes back through major moments in his life . Many of the scenes from the movie are only alluded to or mentioned in the play rather than actually dramatized . For example , in the opening scene Clarence just mentions George having saved his brother Harry after the latter had fallen through the ice . It 's a Wonderful Life : A Live Radio Play , a stage adaptation presented as a 1940s radio show , was adapted by Joe Landry and has been produced around the United States since 1997 . The script is published by Playscripts , Inc . In 1997 , PBS aired Merry Christmas , George Bailey , taped from a live performance of the 1947 Lux Radio Theatre script at the Pasadena Playhouse . The presentation , which benefited the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation , featured an all - star cast including Bill Pullman as George , Nathan Lane as Clarence , Martin Landau as Mr. Potter , Penelope Ann Miller as Mary , and Sally Field as Mother Bailey . Philip Grecian 's 2006 radio play based on the film It 's a Wonderful Life is a faithful adaptation , now in its third incarnation , that has been performed numerous times by local theatres in Canada . In a June 2011 interview , John McDaniel told Saint Louis Magazine , `` I 'm in the throes of writing a musical version ... right now , working with Kathie Lee Gifford , who 's doing the lyrics . I find we 're mostly writing to character : Is it George , or the old guy who runs the bank ? What do they want , what are they trying to do , what is the mood of that -- is it staccato , are they agitated , is it a ballad ? '' The Last Temptation of Clarence Odbody is a novel written by John Pierson . The novel imagines the future lives of various characters if George had not survived his jump into the river .", "20": "Potential Sequel ( edit ) Karolyn Grimes as Zuzu Bailey A purported sequel was in development for a 2015 release , and was to be called It 's a Wonderful Life : The Rest of the Story . It was to be written by Bob Farnsworth and Martha Bolton and follow the angel of George Bailey 's daughter Zuzu ( played once again by Karolyn Grimes ) , as she teaches Bailey 's evil grandson how different the world would have been if he had never been born . Producers were considering directors and hoped to shoot the film with a $25 -- $35 million budget in Louisiana early in 2014 . The film had been announced as being produced by Star Partners and Hummingbird Productions , neither of which are affiliated with Paramount , owners of the original film ( Farnsworth claimed that It 's a Wonderful Life was in the public domain ) . Later , a Paramount spokesperson claimed that they were not granting permission to make the film , `` To date , these individuals have not obtained any of the necessary rights , and we would take all appropriate steps to protect those rights , '' the spokesperson said . No further developmental plans have since arisen . Popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It 's a Wonderful Life has been popularized in modern cultural references in many of the mainstream media . Due to the proliferation of these references , a few examples will suffice to illustrate the film 's impact . The Sesame Street Muppets characters Bert and Ernie share their names with the cop and the taxicab driver in the film . Longtime Muppets writer and puppeteer Jerry Juhl said he believed there was no connection and that this was a coincidence . The episode Elmo Saves Christmas ( 1996 ) , which featured a clip from the film , pokes fun at the persistent reports of a connection , having them look at each other in disbelief as George calls Bert and Ernie by name . The film is parodied in the Season 6 Christmas Special of the MTV animated television series Beavis and Butt - Head .", "21": "Entitled It 's a Miserable Life , a guardian angel appears to Butt - Head and shows him what life in Highland would be like if he were never born . Stephen Jay Gould 's book Wonderful Life : The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History takes its main title from the film . The book proposes that the evolution of life , rewound and replayed multiple times , would yield a different world each time , just as life without George Bailey is Pottersville , not Bedford Falls . In It 's a Hopeful Life , the Christmas 2011 episode of Raising Hope , Jimmy dreams how life for his family would have been had his daughter Hope not been born , including separation for his parents , prostitution for Sabrina and accidental death for Maw Maw , the `` Clarence '' of this story . The episode 's climax has Jimmy running down the main street , shouting `` Merry Christmas , movie house ! '' In an odd coincidence , this is the second time Cloris Leachman has played the angel , having previously starred as Clara in the 1977 TV remake It Happened One Christmas . In an episode of Mork & Mindy , after Mork disrupts one of Mindy 's dates , he has Orson show what Mindy ( and her family 's ) lives would have been had he not been a part of it . After seeing how their lives turned out , Mork begs Orson to return him to the real world . When Mindy recognizes him again , he exclaims , `` Oh , it 's a wonderful life ! '' It 's a Wonderful Life features prominently in the literature versions of the TV series of Red Dwarf by Grant Naylor , most notably the books Red Dwarf : Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers and Better Than Life . In Infinity , during his five - week love affair with Kristine Kochanski , it is revealed that It 's a Wonderful Life is the favorite film of Dave Lister . In the third and last part of the book , named Back to Earth ( later used as the title for the Easter special return of Red Dwarf ) , under the influence of the Better Than Life game , Lister ends up living in an exact replica of 1940s Bedford Falls , eternally stuck on Christmas Eve , and is even known to the townsfolk as `` George '' .", "22": "He also encounters a selection of the more notable supporting characters from the film , and references to film events and locations . In the beginning of the second book , Better Than Life , Lister 's Bedford Falls is destroyed by Arnold Rimmer , whose mental state has become erratic . Unable to cope with good things happening to him , his mind begins to destroy the life of everyone around him , resulting in Bedford Falls altering to more closely resemble Pottersville . Antecedent ( edit ) In a 1997 review , film historian James Berardinelli commented on the parallels between this film and the classic Charles Dickens tale A Christmas Carol . In both stories , a man revisits his life and potential death ( or non-existence ) with the help of supernatural agents , culminating in a joyous epiphany and a renewed view of his life . Spin - offs ( edit ) The film was remade as the 1977 television movie It Happened One Christmas . Lionel Chetwynd based the screenplay on the original Van Doren Stern short story and the 1946 screenplay . This remake employed gender - reversal , with Marlo Thomas as the protagonist Mary Bailey , Wayne Rogers as George Hatch , and Cloris Leachman as the angel Clara Oddbody . Leachman received her second Emmy nomination for this role . In a significant departure from his earlier roles , Orson Welles was cast as Mr. Potter . Following initial positive reviews , the made - for - television film was rebroadcast twice in 1978 and 1979 , but has not been shown since on national re-broadcasts , nor issued in home media . In 1991 , another made - for - television film called Clarence starred Robert Carradine in a new tale of the helpful angel . See also ( edit ) Mr. Destiny a 1990 film The Family Man a 2000 film Alternate universe in filmdom Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. ( a legal case partially relating to another example of an out of copyright adaption of a work still under copyright ) Zu Zu Ginger Snaps List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The original budget had been set at $3 million .", "23": "Jump up ^ Adriana Caselotti was the voice of `` Snow White '' in the Disney classic . Jump up ^ It was not a true `` Christmas card '' but rather , a 24 - page pamphlet . Jump up ^ The project went through many hands , including Howard Hughes ' , who reportedly was interested . Jump up ^ Capra claimed the script was purchased for $50,000.00 . Jump up ^ Photographs of parts of the RKO set can be seen on retroweb.com . Jump up ^ `` Mugging Main Street '' was reprinted in Farber on Film , Library of America , 2009 , pp. 307 -- 309 . Jump up ^ Capra 's re-editing of the original score by Dimitri Tiomkin was restored to the Tiomkin version by Willard Carroll in the 1980s and released on a CD in 1988 . Jump up ^ The United States copyright of `` The Greatest Gift '' will expire in 2038 , 95 years after its publication . Jump up ^ Voyager Company 's Hard Day 's Night , released in May 1993 , slightly predated the Kinesoft product . It was originally advertised as an Audio CD . Jump up ^ Note the spelling difference for `` Oddbody '' . Jump up ^ Welles signed on for projects like this in the 1970s so he could fund his own projects including F for Fake , the unfinished The Other Side of the Wind and his documentary , Filming Othello . Jump up ^ Local televisions stations do occasionally replay the movie . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cox 2003 , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Willian 2006 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 YEARS ... 100 MOVIES 10TH ANNIVERSARY EDITION '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Wonderful Life '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2006 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 YEARS ... 100 CHEERS '' . American Film Institute .", "24": "Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Appearance at University of Chicago Law School Films , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dr. Jeanine Roose < < Missouri Cherry Blossom Festival Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cox 2003 , pp. 38 -- 39 , 42 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Liz . `` '' One of America 's Favorite Christmas Movies Has a Wonderful Life of Its Own : 72 Percent of Viewers are Younger Than the Movie `` '' . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved December 17 , 2006 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Blockbuster Inc . Retrieved : August 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cox 2003 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wood , Jennifer M. `` 25 Wonderful Facts About It 's a Wonderful Life . '' Mental Floss . December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Willian 2006 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Willian 2006 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Willian 2006 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Cox 2003 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Ervin , Kathleen A. `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' Archived February 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Failure Magazine ( n.d. ) . Retrieved : June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cox 2003 , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Heyboer , Kelly ( December 24 , 2017 ) . `` The surprising Jersey roots of ' It 's a Wonderful Life ' '' . NJ.com .", "25": "Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tempest in Hollywood '' . The New York Times , April 23 , 1944 , p . X3 . ^ Jump up to : Weems , Eric . Frank Capra online Archived January 19 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved : June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cox 2003 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Capra 1971 , p. 376 . Jump up ^ Cox 2003 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Goodrich et al. 1986 , pp. 135 , 200 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Joan Barone . `` Seneca Falls : It 's a ' Wonderful ' town '' . The Buffalo News , November 16 , 2008 . Retrieved : December 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pacheco , Manny . `` It 's a Wonderful Life Museum opens '' Archived January 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... redroom.com , December 11 , 2010 . Retrieved : December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Heyboer , Kelly ( December 24 , 2017 ) . `` It 's New Jersey 's wonderful story '' . The Star - Ledger . Jump up ^ Willian 2006 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` RetroWeb Image Gallery Bison Archives RKO Ranch photograph collection '' . Retroweb.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The RetroWeb Image Gallery '' . Retroweb.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RetroWeb Image Gallery It 's A Wonderful Life '' . Retroweb.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cox 2003 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ `` Residential Sets '' . retroweb.com . Retrieved : December 29 . 2011 . Jump up ^ Wayne , Gary . `` Hollywood on Location : the ' 40s '' Archived January 24 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... seeing-stars.com .", "26": "Retrieved : August 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Willian 2006 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Willian 2006 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Willian 2006 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Cox 2003 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Cahill 2006 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Dirks . Tim . `` Review '' . filmsite.org . Retrieved : August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jones , Robert L. `` It Was A Wonderful Life '' . Archived 5 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine . objectivistcenter.org . Retrieved : August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Capra 1971 , pp. 372 -- 373 . Jump up ^ `` New Picture '' . Time , December 23 , 1946 . Retrieved : June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley . `` ' It 's a Wonderful Life ' , Screen in Review '' . The New York Times , December 23 , 1946 . Retrieved : June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures ( online database ) . Jump up ^ Richard Jewell & Vernon Harbin , The RKO Story . New Rochelle , New York : Arlington House , 1982 . p215 Jump up ^ Chen , Will ( December 24 , 2006 ) . `` FBI Considered `` It 's A Wonderful Life '' Communist Propaganda `` . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodtimes , Johnny ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` '' It 's a Wonderful Life '' Is Communist Propaganda `` . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eschner , Kat ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Weird Story of the FBI and ' It 's a Wonderful Life ' `` . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Complete National Film Registry Listing '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 .", "27": "Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Films of All Time '' . www.filmsite.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres '' . American Film Institute via ComingSoon.net , June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved : June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Fantasy '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved : June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Farber , Manny . `` Mugging Main Street '' . The New Republic , January 6 , 1947 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Wendell . `` Wonderful ? Sorry , George , It 's a Pitiful , Dreadful Life '' . The New York Times , December 18 , 2008 . Retrieved : December 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Richard . `` It 's a Wonderful Life '' : The most terrifying movie ever `` . Salon.com , December 24 , 2010 . Retrieved : January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kamiya , Gary . `` All hail Pottersville ! '' Salon.com , December 22 , 2001 . Retrieved : January 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cox 2003 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiley and Bona 1987 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` The 19th Academy Awards ( 1947 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved : August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hickman , Matt ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` 6 things you probably did n't know about ' It 's a Wonderful Life ' '' . mnn.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Liszewski , Andrew . `` Hollywood Invented a New Type Of Fake Snow To Film It 's a Wonderful Life '' . Gizmodo.com .", "28": "Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Finler 1988 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Flick , A.J. `` So Long , Jimmy '' . classicmovies.org . Retrieved : August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Afi.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Afi.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cox 2003 , pp. 12 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Cox 2003 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ U.S. Copyright Office , Catalog of Copyright Entries , New Series , Renewals sections in the 1973 -- 1974 volumes . ^ Jump up to : Cox 2003 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ `` Renewal Registrations , p. 1614 '' . Catalog of Copyright Entries , January -- June 1971 , U.S. Copyright Office . Retrieved : November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Copyright Term Extension Act of 1995 : Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary , United States Senate , One Hundred Fourth Congress , first session , on S. 483 ... September 20 , 1995 . By United States . Congress . Senate . Committee on the Judiciary , United States . Published by U.S.G.P.O. , 1997 , pp. 16 , 73 , 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 054351 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notes for ' It 's a Wonderful Life ' '' . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . TCM Movie Database , 2010 . Retrieved : November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Alsdorf , Matt . Slate.com : `` Why Wonderful Life Comes but Once a Year '' . slate.com , December 21 , 1999 . Retrieved : September 10 , 2009 .", "29": "^ Jump up to : Edgerton , Gary R . `` The Germans Wore Gray , You Wore Blue '' . Journal of Popular Film and Television , Winter 2000 . Retrieved : October 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` It 's a Wonderful Life '' . Chicago Sun - Times , January 1 , 1999 . Retrieved : February 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty . `` ABC 'S OF CD : Delivering the Future '' . ew.com via Entertainment Weekly , 2009 . Retrieved : May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Taking A Peek '' . Computer Gaming World . March 1994 . pp. 174 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Edwards , James . `` Peter Sills : Developer BIO '' . mobygames.com , 2009 . Retrieved : May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Invasion Of The Data Stashers '' . Computer Gaming World . April 1994 . pp. 20 -- 42 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Wonderful Life -- The Musical '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ Rodgers 1994 , p.i. Jump up ^ `` Merry Christmas , George Bailey reviews '' . Blainebaggett.wordpress.com . July 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jang , Howard . `` Introducing ... ' It 's a Wonderful Life ' '' Archived February 19 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... artsclub.com , October 23 , 2009 . Retrieved : December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cooperman , Jeanette . `` Meet John McDaniel , Director of Opera Theatre of Saint Louis '' . St. Louis Magazine , June 2011 . Retrieved : July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Last Temptation of Clarence Odbody amazon.com , Retrieved : May 6 , 2012 .", "30": "Jump up ^ `` Sequel to Frank Capra 's ' It 's a Wonderful Life ' Aiming for 2015 Release ( UPDATED ) -- / Film '' . Slashfilm.com . November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Threatens Legal Action Over ' It 's a Wonderful Life ' Sequel Plan '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Jon . `` A Few Tiny Errors '' . The San Francisco Chronicle January 3 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Review '' . reelviews.net . Retrieved : November 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Webb , Chad . `` Missing : It Happened One Christmas '' . 411mania.com , 2010 . Retrieved : August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Price , Michael H. `` ' Life ' gets even more wonderful two generations later '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram , December 14 , 1991 . Retrieved : July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sharbutt , Jay . `` Angel of 1946 film comes to cable : ' Clarence ' gives modern twist to ' It 's a Wonderful Life ' theme '' . The Free Lance - Star , December 11 , 1990 . Retrieved : July 31 , 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Barker , Martin and Thomas Austin . `` Films , Audiences and Analyses '' . From Antz To Titanic : Reinventing Film Analysis . London : Pluto Press , 2000 , pp. 15 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 7453 - 1584 - 4 . Cahill , Marie . It 's a Wonderful Life . East Bridgewater , Massachusetts : World Publications Group , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57215 - 459 - 9 . Capra , Frank . Frank Capra , The Name Above the Title : An Autobiography . New York : The Macmillan Company , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80771 - 8 . Cox , Stephen .", "31": "It 's a Wonderful Life : A Memory Book . Nashville , Tennessee : Cumberland House , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 58182 - 337 - 1 . Eliot , Mark . Jimmy Stewart : A Biography . New York : Random House , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 5221 - 1 . Finler , Joel W . The Hollywood Story : Everything You Always Wanted to Know About the American Movie Business But Did n't Know Where to Look . London : Pyramid Books , 1988 . ISBN 1 - 85510 - 009 - 6 . Goodrich , Francis , Albert Hackett and Frank Capra . It 's a Wonderful Life : The Complete Script in its Original Form . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 43911 - 3 . Jones , Ken D. , Arthur F. McClure and Alfred E. Twomey . The Films of James Stewart . New York : Castle Books , 1970 . McBride , Joseph . Frank Capra : The Catastrophe of Success . New York : Touchstone Books , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 79788 - 3 . Michael , Paul , ed . The Great Movie Book : A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference Guide to the Best - loved Films of the Sound Era . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice - Hall Inc. , 1980 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 363663 - 1 . Rodgers , James W. It 's a Wonderful Life : A Play in Two Acts . Woodstock , Illinois : Dramatic Publishing , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 87129 - 432 - X . Walters , James . `` Reclaiming the Real : It 's a Wonderful Life ( Frank Capra , 1946 ) '' . Alternative Worlds in Hollywood Cinema . Bristol UK : Intellect Ltd , 2008 , pp. 115 -- 134 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84150 - 202 - 1 . Wiley , Mason and Damien Bona .", "32": "Inside Oscar : The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards . New York : Ballantine Books , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 34453 - 7 . Willian , Michael . The Essential It 's a Wonderful Life : A Scene - by - Scene Guide to the Classic Film , 2nd ed . Chicago : Chicago Review Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 636 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Stewart , Jimmy . `` Jimmy Stewart Remembers ' It 's a Wonderful Life ' '' . 1977 . MyMerryChristmas.com , 2012 . Web . January 9 , 2012 . Cox , Stephen . `` On a Wing and a Prayer '' . Los Angeles Times December 23 , 2006 : E-1 . Web . January 9 , 2012 . Sullivan , Daniel J. `` Sentimental Hogwash ? : On Capra 's It 's a Wonderful Life '' , Humanitas ( 2005 ) 18.1 -- 2 : 115 -- 140 . Web . January 9 , 2012 . Kamiya , Gary . `` All hail Pottersville ! '' Salon December 22 , 2001 . Web . January 9 , 2012 . Daven Hiskey ( December 23 , 2011 ) . `` It 's a Wonderful Life was Based on a `` Christmas Card '' Short Story by Philip Van Doren Stern `` . TodayIFoundOut.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to It 's a Wonderful Life .", "33": "Wikiquote has quotations related to : It 's a Wonderful Life It 's a Wonderful Life on IMDb It 's a Wonderful Life at Rotten Tomatoes It 's a Wonderful Life at AllMovie The Making of It 's A Wonderful Life Frank Capra Online at Eeweems.com Dimitri Tiomkin and It 's A Wonderful Life at AmericanMusicPreservation.com Philip Van Doren Stern , The Greatest Gift , publicly available 1st edition of authenticated reproduction , at sendaframe.com Streaming audio It 's a Wonderful Life on Lux Radio Theater : March 10 , 1947 It 's a Wonderful Life on Screen Directors Playhouse : May 8 , 1949 It 's a Wonderful Life Characters George Bailey Mary Hatch Mr. Potter Clarence Odbody Related Bedford Falls The Greatest Gift A Wonderful Life It Happened One Christmas Clarence It 's a Meaningful Life Philip Van Doren Stern Frank Capra Filmography Feature films directed Fultah Fisher 's Boarding House The Strong Man Long Pants For the Love of Mike That Certain Thing So This Is Love ? The Matinee Idol The Way of the Strong Say It with Sables The Power of the Press Submarine The Younger Generation The Donovan Affair Flight Ladies of Leisure Rain or Shine Dirigible The Miracle Woman Platinum Blonde Forbidden American Madness The Bitter Tea of General Yen Lady for a Day It Happened One Night Broadway Bill Mr. Deeds Goes to Town Lost Horizon You Ca n't Take It with You Mr.", "34": "Smith Goes to Washington Meet John Doe Arsenic and Old Lace It 's a Wonderful Life State of the Union Riding High Here Comes the Groom A Hole in the Head Pocketful of Miracles Why We Fight series Prelude to War The Nazis Strike Divide and Conquer The Battle of Britain The Battle of Russia The Battle of China War Comes to America Other works Know Your Enemy : Japan Here Is Germany Tunisian Victory Your Job in Germany Two Down and One to Go The Negro Soldier The Army -- Navy Screen Magazine The Fallbrook Story The Bell Laboratory Science Series Our Mr. Sun Hemo the Magnificent Rendezvous in Space Related Bibliography Liberty Films Frank Capra Jr.", "35": "( son ) Five Came Back ( 2017 documentary ) Jo Swerling Screenwriting Humor Risk ( 1921 ) Ladies of Leisure ( 1930 ) Madonna of the Streets ( 1930 ) Dirigible ( 1931 ) The Miracle Woman ( 1931 ) Platinum Blonde ( 1931 ) Forbidden ( 1932 ) Behind the Mask ( 1932 ) Love Affair ( 1932 ) Attorney for the Defense ( 1932 ) The Defense Rests ( 1934 ) Lady by Choice ( 1934 ) Once to Every Woman ( 1934 ) Love Me Forever ( 1935 ) The Whole Town 's Talking ( 1935 ) Pennies from Heaven ( 1936 ) Double Wedding ( 1937 ) Made for Each Other ( 1939 ) The Real Glory ( 1939 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) The Westerner ( 1940 ) Blood and Sand ( 1941 ) Confirm or Deny ( 1941 ) The Pride of the Yankees ( 1942 ) Crash Dive ( 1943 ) Lifeboat ( 1944 ) Leave Her to Heaven ( 1945 ) It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) Thunder in the East ( 1952 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The Big Bankroll ( 1961 ) Other Guys and Dolls Family Peter Swerling ( son ) Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St.", "36": "Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs.", "37": "Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St.", "38": "Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_a_Wonderful_Life&oldid=820263661 '' Categories : 1946 films English - language films 1940s fantasy films 1940s romantic drama films American black - and - white films American Christmas films American fantasy films American films American romantic drama films Films directed by Frank Capra Films about angels Films about banking Films about wish fulfillment Films based on short fiction Films set in New York ( state ) Films set in the 1910s Films set in the 1920s Films set in the", "39": "1930s Films shot in California Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe Liberty Films films RKO Pictures films United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - 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-4826242047055818326	what does the phrase tippecanoe and tyler too mean	[ "Whig candidates William Henry Harrison (the \"hero of Tippecanoe\") and John Tyler" ]	{ "0": "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too - wikipedia Tippecanoe and Tyler Too Jump to : navigation , search A score of the song as published by G.E. Blake of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . `` Tippecanoe and Tyler Too '' , originally published as `` Tip and Ty '' , was a popular and influential campaign song of the Whig Party 's colorful Log Cabin Campaign in the 1840 United States presidential election . Its lyrics sang the praises of Whig candidates William Henry Harrison ( the `` hero of Tippecanoe '' ) and John Tyler , while denigrating incumbent Democrat Martin Van Buren . Folk music critic Irwin Silber wrote that the song `` firmly established the power of singing as a campaign device '' in the United States , and that this and the other songs of 1840 represent a `` Great Divide '' in the development of American campaign music . The North American Review at the time even remarked that the song was , `` in the political canvas of 1840 what the ' Marseillaise ' was to the French Revolution . It sang Harrison into the presidency . '' Today , however , the slogan Tippecanoe and Tyler Too is better remembered than the song itself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Lyrics 3 Modern recordings 4 References 5 External links Origin ( edit ) A campaign banner with the `` Tip and Ty '' slogan , derived from the song . The song was written by Alexander Coffman Ross , a jeweler of Zanesville , Ohio , in 1840 , to the music of the minstrelsy song , `` Little Pigs '' . He first performed it at a Whig meeting in Zanesville , and it came to national attention when , traveling on a business trip , he introduced it to a Whig rally in New York . Ross apparently never copyrighted the song . `` Little Pigs '' itself is not well documented , but the available evidence suggests that there was a substantial adaptation of the score for `` Tip and Ty '' . A historical society in Madison , Wisconsin , claimed that a local , the young nephew of future U.S. Supreme Court justice Levi Woodbury , wrote the first verses of the song and that its premiere performance at a Whig rally came at the suggestion of Woodbury himself .", "1": "Woodbury was , however , by all accounts a Democrat , not a Whig , and was in fact serving as Secretary of the Treasury under Martin Van Buren at the time . There were many variations on the song published at the time , especially ones with new verses . It has been called a `` satirical , expandable text that permitted , nay urged , singers to add their own lines '' . Lyrics ( edit ) Tip and Ty What 's the cause of this commotion , motion , motion , Our country through ? It is the ball a-rolling on For Tippecanoe and Tyler too . For Tippecanoe and Tyler too . And with them we 'll beat little Van , Van , Van , Van is a used up man . And with them we 'll beat little Van . First verse and chorus Ross 's version has twelve verses and a rousing chorus . There is repeated reference to rolling balls and constant motion , and rolling `` great canvas balls '' became a physical prop in the campaign pageantry , alongside the better - known log cabins and hard cider barrels . The song 's appeal has been compared to that of a great pop novelty song , as against the relative seriousness of most campaign songs . Martin Van Buren is derided as `` Little Van '' and `` Little Matty '' and his supporters as `` Vanjacks '' . These are contrasted with the rustic virtues of Harrison and the inevitability of his victory throughout the states . The refrain For Tippecanoe and Tyler too is highly euphonious : it exhibits a triple alliteration , an internal rhyme , and nearly forms an iambic tetrameter . Modern Recordings ( edit ) Abbreviated version First verse and chorus . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Full version All twelve verses . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The song was part of the 1968 Off - Broadway musical How to Steal an Election and its cast album , with music and lyrics adapted by folk singer Oscar Brand .", "2": "The song has been recorded in a traditional form multiple times : in 1960 by Broadway veteran Howard Da Silva on the album `` Politics and Poker - Songs to Get Elected By '' released by Monitor Records ( New York ) , in 1978 by Peter Janovsky on the album Winners and Losers : Campaign Songs from the Critical Elections in American History , Vol. 1 for Folkways Records , and in 1999 by Oscar Brand on the album Presidential Campaign Songs : 1789 -- 1996 for Smithsonian Folkways Recordings , the successor label to Folkways Records . The band They Might Be Giants recorded an alternative rock version of the song for the 2004 compilation album Future Soundtrack for America , using a three verse lyric as adapted by Oscar Brand ( from the first , eighth and second verses in Ross 's original ) . Appropriately enough , the compilation was a benefit album for political causes relating to that year 's election . John Flansburgh of They Might be Giants has remarked on the song 's historical success as `` the ' Rock Around the Clock ' of campaign songs '' and `` the ' I Want to Hold Your Hand ' of campaign songs . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Silber , Irwin ( 1971 ) . Songs America Voted By . Harrisburg , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books . Jump up ^ As cited in Silber . ^ Jump up to : Schrader , Arthur ( 2001 ) . `` Singing SHEAR History : A Commentary and Music Sampler '' . Journal of the Early Republic . Jump up ^ Historic Madison Inc . ( Feb. 19 , 2007 ) `` Historic Madison : Tippecanoe and Tyler , Too '' . The Capital Times . Jump up ^ Forest Hill Cemetery : A Biographical Guide to the Ordinary and the Famous Who Shaped Madison and the World , 2002 ( reference to book content ) Jump up ^ White , Andrew Dickson ( 1911 ) . The Autobiography of Andrew Dickson White , Vol. 1 , online Jump up ^ Braiker , Brian ( 14 July 2004 ) . `` They Might Be Onto Something '' . Newsweek . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeckell , Barry A. `` Billboard News '' .", "3": "Billboard . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2006 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Works related to Tippecanoe and Tyler too at Wikisource Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tippecanoe_and_Tyler_Too&oldid=827275621 '' Categories : 1840 in the United States United States presidential election , 1840 1840 songs Political party songs Whig Party ( United States ) American political catchphrases William Henry Harrison John Tyler Martin Van Buren They Might Be Giants songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 19 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5608421991404219229	where does the last name hansen come from	[ "Denmark", "Norway", "the Faroe Islands", "the North German federal states of Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg", "Scandinavian", "Scandinavian", "a Scandinavian patronymic surname, meaning son of Hans" ]	{ "0": "Hansen ( surname ) - wikipedia Hansen ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search Hansen or Hanssen ( Danish pronunciation : ( ˈhænsn̩ ) ) is a Scandinavian patronymic surname , meaning son of Hans . As of 2008 , it is the third most common surname in Denmark , shared by 4.3 % of the population . As of 2000 , Hansen is the single most common surname in Norway , not counting spelling variations such as Hanssen , which are also quite common . In the Faroe Islands Hansen is the second most common surname , while in the North German federal states of Schleswig - Holstein and Hamburg Hansen is the third and fifth most common surname , respectively . In Sweden the parallel form is Hansson . The frequent occurrences of Hansen as a surname outside Denmark , Norway and Schleswig - Holstein is due to immigration , though Nordic immigrants to English - speaking countries often anglicised their names to Hanson in order to accommodate English orthographic rules . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable people 1.1 Arts and entertainment 1.2 Politics 1.3 Science 1.4 Sport 1.5 Other 2 References 3 See also Notable people ( edit ) Notable people with the surname include : Arts and entertainment ( edit ) Aime Hansen ( born 1962 ) , Estonian poet , writer , and artist Al Hansen ( 1927 -- 1995 ) , American artist Andrew Hansen ( 1974 -- ) , Australian comedian Anna Hansen , Canadian chef Asta Hansen ( 1914 -- 1962 ) , Danish stage and film actress Beck Hansen , also known as Beck ( 1970 -- ) , American musician , songwriter Betsy Hansen ( dates unknown ) , woman who charged actor Errol Flynn with statutory rape in 1942 B. Andreas Bull - Hansen ( 1972 -- ) , Norwegian fantasy writer and former championship weightlifter Carl G.O.", "1": "Hansen ( 1871 -- 1960 ) , Norwegian - American journalist , musician and author Carl William Hansen ( 1872 -- 1936 ) , Danish author Chris Hansen , American journalist Christian Frederik Hansen ( 1756 -- 1845 ) , Danish architect Constantin Hansen ( 1804 -- 1880 ) , Danish artist Courtney Hansen ( contemporary ) , American model and television personality C. & V. Hansen ( 1906 -- 2001 & 1900 -- 1992 ) , Danish comics authors Dinah - Jane Hansen ( born 1996 ) , Singer of Female American group Fifth Harmony David Hansen ( actor ) ( contemporary ) , actor , director , and playwright Derek Hansen ( contemporary ) , Australian writer Erhardine Adolphine Hansen ( 1815 -- 1893 ) , Danish actress Erik Hansen ( 1927 -- 2016 ) , Danish architect Erik Fosnes Hansen ( 1965 -- ) , Norwegian author Gunnar Hansen ( 1947 -- 2015 ) , Icelandic - American actor Ib Hansen , pseudonym of Austrian poet H.C.", "2": "Artmann ( 1921 -- 2000 ) Henriette Hansen , Norwegian ballerina , singer and actor Joachim Hansen ( actor ) ( 1930 -- ) , German actor Johannes Hansen ( sculptor ) ( 1903 -- 1995 ) , Danish sculptor Joseph Hansen ( writer ) ( 1923 -- 2004 ) , author Joseph Hansen ( dancer ) ( 1842 -- 1907 ) , Belgian dancer Kai Hansen ( 1963 -- ) , German power metal musician Liane Hansen ( contemporary ) , American radio journalist and radio show host Lisa M. Hansen an American producer , actress , assistant director , and writer Mary Hansen ( 1966 -- 2002 ) , Australian guitarist and singer Max Hansen ( tenor ) ( 1897 -- 1961 ) , Danish singer Peter Hansen ( actor ) ( 1921 -- 2017 ) , American actor Ron Hansen ( novelist ) ( 1947 -- ) , American novelist , essayist , and professor Politics ( edit ) Ann Hansen ( contemporary ) , Canadian anarchist and bomber Bernie Hansen ( contemporary ) , American politician in Chicago politics Clifford Hansen ( 1912 -- 2009 ) , American politician from Wyoming Colin Hansen ( contemporary ) , Canadian politician from British Columbia Connor Hansen , American jurist from Wisconsin Dave Hansen ( 1947 -- ) , American politician from Wisconsin Eva Kjer Hansen ( 1964 -- ) , Danish politician Flemming Hansen ( politician ) ( 1939 -- ) , Danish politician George V. Hansen ( 1930 -- ) , American politician from Idaho Glenna Hansen ( 1956 -- ) , Canadian Inuvialuit politician H.C.", "3": "Hansen ( 1906 -- 1960 ) , Danish Prime Minister ( 1955 -- 1960 ) James V. Hansen ( 1932 -- ) , American politician from Utah Joseph Hansen ( socialist ) ( 1910 -- 1979 ) , American Trotskyist and leader of the American Socialist Workers Party Merle Hansen ( 1919 -- ) , American farmer , Founder of the North American Farm Alliance Peter Hansen ( UN ) ( 1941 -- ) , Danish UN official Robert W. Hansen , American jurist from Wisconsin Ron Hansen ( politician ) ( 1943 -- ) , Canadian politician from Ontario Stephanie Hansen ( 1961 -- ) , American politician from Delaware Urban Hansen ( 1908 -- 1986 ) , Danish politician Science ( edit ) Alvin Harvey Hansen ( 1887 -- 1975 ) American economist Emil Christian Hansen ( 1842 -- 1910 ) , Danish fermentation physiologist Gerhard Armauer Hansen ( 1841 -- 1912 ) , Norwegian physician , discover of the cause of leprosy Hans Jacob Hansen ( 1855 -- 1936 ) , Danish zoologist James E. Hansen ( 1941 -- ) , American climatologist Julie Vinter Hansen ( 1890 -- 1960 ) , Danish astronomer Per Brinch Hansen ( 1938 -- 2007 ) , Danish computer scientist Peter Andreas Hansen ( 1795 -- 1874 ) , Danish astronomer Thomas Blom Hansen ( born 22 January 1958 ) , Danish anthropologist W.W. Hansen ( 1909 -- 1949 ) , American physicist Sport ( edit ) Abraham Løkin Hansen ( 1959 -- ) , Faroese footballer ( né Hansen ) Adam Hansen ( 1981 -- ) , Australian road cyclist Adrian Hansen ( born 1971 ) , South African squash player Alan Hansen ( 1955 -- ) , Scottish footballer Ashia Hansen ( 1971 -- ) , British athlete , Olympic contestant Bob Hansen ( 1961 -- ) , American basketballer Brendan Hansen ( 1981 -- ) , American swimmer Craig Hansen ( 1983 -- ) , American professional baseball player Curt Hansen ( chess player ) ( 1964 -- ) ,", "4": "Danish chess grand master Dale Hansen ( 1948 -- ) , American sportscaster Dave Hansen ( baseball player ) , American baseball player Einar Hansen , Faroese soccer player Eric Hansen , Canadian chess player Erika Hansen ( 1970 -- ) , American swimmer Fred Hansen ( 1940 -- ) , 1964 Olympic Gold medalist and world record pole vaulter Jan Knobelauch Hansen ( 1971 -- ) , Danish athlete , Olympic contestant Jannik Hansen ( born 1986 ) , Danish Ice Hockey Player Joachim Hansen ( MMA ) ( 1979 -- ) , Norwegian Mixed martial artist Joan Hansen ( 1958 -- ) , American long - distance runner John Hansen ( footballer born 1924 ) , Danish footballer John Hansen ( footballer born 1950 ) , Scottish footballer Johnny Hansen ( footballer born 1943 ) , Danish footballer Kevin Hansen ( volleyball ) ( 1982 -- ) , American indoor volleyball player Martin Lundgaard Hansen ( 1972 -- ) , Danish badminton player , Olympic contestant Niels Jørgen Hansen , Danish darts player Nikolaj Hansen ( 1987 -- ) , Danish footballer Paul Snow - Hansen , New Zealand sailor Per Joar Hansen ( 1965 -- ) , Norwegian football coach Phil Hansen ( American football ) ( born 1968 ) , American former football player Rasmus Grønborg Hansen , Danish football ( soccer ) player Rick Hansen ( 1957 -- ) , Canadian paraplegic athlete and humanitarian Ron Hansen ( baseball ) ( 1938 -- ) , American professional baseball player Søren Hansen ( 1974 -- ) , Danish professional golfer Stan Hansen ( 1949 -- ) , American professional wrestler Sune Berg Hansen , Danish chess player Travis Hansen , American Basketball Player Trine Hansen ( 1973 -- ) , Danish rower Other ( edit ) Annika Hansen a fictional character from Star Trek : Voyager better known as Seven of Nine Elaine Tuttle Hansen ( contemporary ) , president of Bates College Georg Emil Hansen ( 1833 -- 1891 ) , Danish photographer Georg Hansen ( 1904 -- 1944 ) , German army officer Gesa Hansen ( born 1981 ) ,", "5": "German - Danish designer Gus Hansen ( 1974 -- ) , Danish professional poker player Helmer Hanssen ( 1870 -- 1956 ) , Norwegian polar explorer John Hansen ( judge ) ( 1945 -- ) , retired New Zealand judge Lars Peter Hansen ( 1952 -- ) , American economist and econometrician Matthew Hansen , Canadian screenwriter , author and editor Max Hansen ( SS officer ) ( 1908 -- 1990 ) Monica Hansen , Norwegian model Percy Howard Hansen ( 1890 -- 1951 ) , Danish recipient of the Victoria Cross Robert Hanssen ( 1944 -- ) , American FBI agent convicted of spying for Russia Sig Hansen ( 1966 -- ) , American Captain of the Seattle - based crab fishing boat Northwestern , featured in the documentary Deadliest Catch Theodore Marcus Hansen ( 1886 -- 1973 ) , Danish - American pastor , theologian , and churchman Theophil Freiherr von Hansen ( 1813 -- 1891 ) , Danish - Austrian architect References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Navne - Danmarks Statistik '' . dst.dk . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Navn '' . SSB . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Verteilung des Namens `` Hansen '' in Deutschland `` . verwandt.de . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Danskernes Navne -- University of Copenhagen - Name Research Section '' . danskernesnavne.navneforskning.ku.dk . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . See also ( edit ) Hansen ( disambiguation ) Hanson ( surname ) Henson Surname list This page lists people with the surname Hansen . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link .", "6": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansen_(surname)&oldid=838457787 '' Categories : Surnames Germanic - language surnames Danish - language surnames Norwegian - language surnames Lists of people sharing a surname Patronymic surnames Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Føroyskt Íslenska Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Norsk Русский Scots Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 03 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2577140274301537828	what is the symbol for christmas in brazil	[ "Christmas Tree", "Nativity scene" ]	{ "0": "Christmas traditions - wikipedia Christmas traditions Jump to : navigation , search Christmas tree Christmas traditions vary from country to country . Christmas celebrations for many nations include the installing and lighting of Christmas trees , the hanging of Advent wreaths , Christmas stockings , candy canes , and the creation of Nativity scenes depicting the birth of Jesus Christ . Christmas carols may be sung and stories told about such figures as the Baby Jesus , St Nicholas , Santa Claus , Father Christmas , Christkind or Grandfather Frost . The sending and exchange of Christmas card greetings , observance of fasting and special religious observances such as a midnight Mass or Vespers on Christmas Eve , the burning of a Yule log , and the giving and receiving of presents . Along with Easter , Christmas is one of the most important periods on the Christian calendar , and is often closely connected to other holidays at this time of year , such as Advent , the Feast of the Immaculate Conception , St Nicholas Day , St. Stephen 's Day , New Year 's , and the Feast of the Epiphany . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographical variation 1.1 Africa 1.1. 1 Ethiopia and Eritrea 1.1. 2 Nigeria 1.1. 3 South Africa 1.2 Asia 1.2. 1 East Asia 1.2. 1.1 China 1.2. 1.1. 1 Hong Kong 1.2. 1.1. 2 Macau 1.2. 1.2 Japan 1.2. 1.3 South Korea 1.2. 2 South Asia 1.2. 2.1 India 1.2. 2.2 Pakistan 1.2. 3 Southeast Asia 1.2. 3.1 Brunei 1.2. 3.2 Indonesia 1.2. 3.3 Malaysia 1.2. 3.4 Philippines 1.2. 3.5 Singapore 1.2. 3.6 Vietnam 1.2. 4 Southwest Asia -- Eastern Mediterranean 1.2. 4.1 Armenia 1.2.", "1": "4.2 Assyrians 1.2. 4.3 Lebanon 1.3 The Americas 1.3. 1 North America 1.3. 1.1 Canada 1.3. 1.2 Mexico 1.3. 1.3 United States 1.3. 2 Central America 1.3. 2.1 El Salvador 1.3. 2.2 Guatemala 1.3. 3 South America 1.3. 3.1 Brazil 1.3. 3.2 Colombia 1.3. 3.3 Venezuela 1.3. 4 Caribbean 1.3. 4.1 Bahamas 1.3. 4.2 Cuba 1.3. 4.3 Jamaica 1.4 Europe 1.4. 1 Central Europe 1.4. 1.1 Austria and Germany 1.4. 1.1. 1 Austria 1.4. 1.1. 2 Germany 1.4. 1.2 Czech Republic and Slovakia 1.4. 1.3 Hungary 1.4. 1.4 Poland 1.4. 1.5 Romania and Moldova 1.4. 2 Eastern Europe 1.4. 2.1 Georgia 1.4. 2.2 Russia 1.4. 2.3 Ukraine 1.4. 3 Northern Europe 1.4. 3.1 Denmark 1.4. 3.2 Estonia 1.4. 3.3 Finland 1.4. 3.4 Iceland 1.4. 3.5 Norway 1.4. 3.6 Sweden 1.4. 4 Southern Europe 1.4. 4.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia 1.4. 4.2 Bulgaria 1.4. 4.3 Greece and Cyprus 1.4. 4.4 Italy 1.4. 4.5 Malta 1.4.", "2": "4.6 Portugal 1.4. 4.7 Serbia and Montenegro 1.4. 4.8 Spain 1.4. 5 Western Europe 1.4. 5.1 France 1.4. 5.2 United Kingdom 1.4. 5.2. 1 Wales 1.4. 5.2. 2 Scotland 1.4. 5.3 Ireland 1.4. 5.4 Netherlands and Flanders 1.5 Oceania 1.5. 1 Australia 1.5. 2 New Zealand 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Geographical variation ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) Further information : Christianity in Africa Ethiopia and Eritrea ( edit ) Christmas Day is a public holiday in Eritrea that is celebrated on January 7 or on 27 Tahsas of the Ethiopian calendar . Christmas is called Ledet ( ልደት ) in Eritrea or Gena ( ገና ) in Ethiopia . Many people who are Christian in the two countries fast for 40 days ( it is called fast of the prophets ) . They then head to church at dawn on Christmas morning . On Christmas Day , there will be colorful musical celebrations which involve the priests dressed in their best robes performing rituals , including dancing and playing drums and other instruments . Early in the morning at dawn , everyone dresses in white and head to the nearby church . Late in the afternoon there will be the traditional game of Gena , a kind of hockey . According to an Ethiopian legend , the game was being played by the shepherds who were tending their flocks on the night that Jesus was born . The game is attended by the leader of the community . A prize is awarded to the winner of the Gena game . Most Ethiopians don a traditional Shamma , a thin , white cotton wrap with brightly colored stripes across the ends. The holiday is followed up by the three - day festival Timkat starting on January 19 and celebrating the baptism of Jesus Christ .", "3": "Nigeria ( edit ) Christmas Day is a public holiday in Nigeria which is always marked by the emptying of towns and cities as Nigerians that have been successful returning to their ancestral villages to be with family and to bless those less fortunate . As the towns and cities empty , people jam the West African markets to buy and transport live chickens , goats and cows that will be needed for the Christmas meals . On Christmas Eve , traditional meals are prepared according to the traditions of each region . Nigerians as a whole tend to prepare various meats in large quantities . In the south , a dish called Jollof rice is served with stews of various meats along with boiled beans and fried plantains ; in the north , Rice and Stew as well as Tuwon Shinkafa , a rice pudding served with various meat stews , is preferred . In the North several local desserts are also made which is hardly ever found in other parts of Nigeria . An alternative in both regions ( but more favored in the south ) is a pepper soup with fish , goat , or beef which may also be served with Fufu ( pounded yam ) . Served with this food are an array of mainly alcoholic drinks such as the traditional palm wine or various local and imported beers and wines ; children and women may be served locally - made soft - drink equivalents instead . Gift giving in Nigeria often involves money and the flow of gifts from the more fortunate to the less fortunate . After the `` successful '' visitors have come from their towns , cities , and even overseas , they are given time to settle in . Afterwards , local relatives begin approaching them asking for assistance of some kind , whether financial or not . Financial donations and elaborately wrapped gifts may be given out at lavish parties , weddings , and ceremonies ; sometimes the money is scattered in the air to be grabbed by the others or stuck onto the sweaty foreheads of those dancing . Religion in Nigeria is about equally divided between Christians and Muslims . There are occasional outbreaks of religious conflict . The Islamic sect Boko Haram has attacked Christian churches with bombings on Christmas 2011 . South Africa ( edit ) Christmas in South Africa is a public holiday celebrated on December 25 . Many European traditions are maintained despite the distance from Europe . Christmas trees are set up in homes and the children are given presents in their stockings .", "4": "Traditional ' fir ' Christmas trees are popular and children leave a stocking out for Santa Claus on Christmas Eve . The gift bearer is Santa Claus on Christmas Eve . The Christmas meal is mince pies , turkey , roast beef or a barbecue outdoors . The meal is finished with Christmas Pudding . Christmas crackers are used to make noise . Despite Christmas occurring at the height of the Southern Hemisphere summer , wintery motifs common to the Northern Hemisphere are popular . Asia ( edit ) East Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) Christmas 2012 in China In China , December 25 is not a legal holiday . However , it is still designated as a public holiday in China 's special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau , both former colonies of Western powers with nominal Christian cultural heritage . In the mainland , the small percentage of Chinese citizens who consider themselves Christians unofficially , and usually privately , observe Christmas . Many other individuals celebrate Christmas - like festivities even though they do not consider themselves Christians . Many customs , including sending cards , exchanging gifts , and hanging stockings are very similar to Western celebrations . Commercial Christmas decorations , signs , and other symbolic items have become increasingly prevalent during the month of December in large urban centres of mainland China , reflecting a cultural interest in this Western phenomenon , and , sometimes , retail marketing campaigns as well . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , where Christmas is a public holiday , many buildings facing Victoria Harbour will be decorated with Christmas lights . Christmas trees are found in major malls and other public buildings , and in some homes as well , despite the small living area . Catholics in Hong Kong can attend Christmas Mass . Macau ( edit ) Christmas is a public holiday in Macau . Its traditions are mostly influenced by the Portuguese since the territory was a colony of Portugal until December 20 , 1999 . Casinos in Macau remain open on Christmas Day . Christmas masses in Macau 's Catholic churches are held in either Chinese or Portuguese . Japan ( edit ) Santa Claus in Kobe , Japan Encouraged by commerce , the secular celebration of Christmas is popular in Japan , though Christmas is not a national holiday . Gifts are sometimes exchanged .", "5": "Christmas parties are held around Christmas Day ; Japanese Christmas cake , a white sponge cake covered with cream and decorated with strawberries , is often consumed and Stollen cake , either imported or made locally , is widely available . Christmas lights decorate cities , and Christmas trees adorn living areas and malls . Christmas Eve has become a holiday for couples to spend time together and exchange gifts . A successful advertising campaign in the 1970s made eating at KFC around Christmas a national custom . Its chicken meals are so popular during the season that stores take reservations months in advance . Christmas lights in Tokyo The first recorded Christmas in Japan was a Mass held by Jesuit Missionaries in Yamaguchi Prefecture in 1552 . Some believe that unrecorded celebrations were held before this date , starting in 1549 when Saint Francis Xavier arrived in Japan . Christianity was banned throughout Japan in 1612 . However , a small enclave of Kakure Kirishitan ( `` hidden Christians '' ) continued to practice underground over the next 250 years . Christianity in Japan along with Christmas reemerged in the Meiji period . Influenced by America , Christmas parties were held and presents were exchanged . The practice slowly spread , but its proximity to the New Year 's celebrations makes it a smaller focus of attention . During World War II , all celebrations , especially American , were suppressed . From the 1960s , with an expanding economy , and influenced by American TV , Christmas became popular . Many songs and TV series present Christmas as romantic , for example `` Last Christmas '' by Exile . The birthday of the current emperor , Akihito , on December 23 is a national holiday . Businesses soon close for the New Year 's holidays , reopening after January 3 . South Korea ( edit ) Christmas is a public holiday in South Korea . As Christmas is totally banned in North Korea , South Koreans living near the DMZ are not allowed to put an outdoor Christmas tree or decorations . South Asia ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "6": "( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) India ( edit ) Christmas decorations for sale Being a British colony until 1947 , many British traditions stayed on in India . Christmas is a state holiday in India , although Christianity in India is a minority with only 2.3 % ( of 1.237 Billion ) of the population . Most of the Christians , especially Catholics in India attend the midnight mass . Many Christian houses in India decorate Christmas cribs , hang brightly lit stars outside their houses and distribute sweets and cakes to their neighbors . In many of the schools that are run by the Christian missionaries , the children actively participate in Christmas programs . Also in many non-religious schools , there is tradition of Christmas celebration . Christmas is also increasingly celebrated by other religions in India . Christmas is known as `` Badaa Din '' ( Big Day ) in North and North - West India and people plant trees on this day . Pakistan ( edit ) Christmas Tree at Pakistan Monument Night view Christianity in Pakistan constitutes the second largest religious minority community in Pakistan after Hindus . The total number of Christians is approximately 2,800,000 in 2008 , or 1.6 % of the population . Of these , approximately half are Roman Catholic and half Protestant . Christians celebrate Christmas by going from house to house singing carols , and in return the family offers something to the choir . Mostly the money collected from such carols is used for charity works or is given to the church . Their homes are decorated with local Christmas handicrafts while artificial stars signifying the Star of Bethlehem are hung on rooftops . Christmas celebrations are also popular with the urban middle class in the country with hotels , cafes , restaurants and theme parks hosting festivities and special events . Southeast Asia ( edit ) Brunei ( edit ) As of December 22 , 2015 , Christmas is totally banned in Brunei ( but for its expatriate and local Christian community , it is still celebrated as usual privately amongst themselves ) , which includes putting up Christmas trees , singing Christmas carols , Nativity plays , festive greeting , and even dressing as Santa Claus . About 20 percent of the population are non-Muslims and anyone caught will face up to five years in jail .", "7": "Before the Sharia law was passed in 2014 , non-Muslim expats were free to celebrate Christmas in Brunei . Indonesia ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in Indonesia Christmas Tree in Senayan City , Jakarta , Indonesia The Christmas in Indonesia ( locally known as Natal , from the Portuguese word for Christmas ) , is one of many public holidays in Indonesia which approximately 16.5 million Protestants and 6.9 million Roman Catholics , celebrated with various traditions throughout the country . In the provinces with majority or significantly of Christian ( Protestants and Catholics ) such as North Sumatra , Jakarta , West Kalimantan , Central Kalimantan , North Kalimantan , North Sulawesi , West Sulawesi , Central Sulawesi , East Nusa Tenggara , Maluku , the whole Papua Island , and cities like Surabaya , Tangerang , Batam , Bandung , etc. , the Christmas season is filled with ceremonies , festival , and local foods . In big cities , many shopping centres , offices , some roads , and other commercial places are mostly decorated with Christmas stuff such as plastic Christmas trees and Sinterklas ( derived from the Dutch word Sinterklaas ) and its reindeers . Most local television channels will broadcast Christmas musical concerts and annual national Christmas celebrations like concerts and Christmas shows which are held by the government . Like other countries , on Christmas Eve , people will go to church for Misa and will go to church again the next morning , and exchanging gifts is a usual tradition for Christians in Indonesia . In addition to traditional foods , generally every Christmas Day is filled with cookies , like nastar ( pineapple tart ) , kastengel ( from Dutch word kasteengel ) , or ' putri salju ' . Malaysia ( edit ) Main article : Christianity in Malaysia Colourful Christmas greetings in Malaysia Although Christmas is a public holiday in Malaysia , much of the public celebration is commercial in nature and has no overt religious overtones . Occasionally , Christian activist groups do buy newspaper advertorials on Christmas or Easter but this is largely only allowed in English newspapers and permission is not given every year . The advertorials themselves are usually indirect statements . There has been controversy over whether or not the national government has exerted pressure on Malaysian Christians not to use Christian religious symbols and hymns that specifically mention Jesus Christ .", "8": "Philippines ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in the Philippines Parols are an iconic display in the Philippines during its long Christmas season Christmas in the Philippines , one of two predominantly Catholic countries in Asia ( the other one being East Timor ) , is one of the biggest holidays on the calendar and is widely celebrated . The country has earned the distinction of celebrating the world 's longest Christmas season , with Christmas carols heard as early as September 1 when the `` Ber Months '' season kicks off traditionally . The season is officially ushered in by the nine - day dawn Masses that start on December 16 . Known as the Misas de Aguinaldo ( Gift Masses ) or Misa de Gallo ( Rooster 's Mass ) in the traditional Spanish , these Masses are more popularly known in Tagalog as the Simbang Gabi , and are held in Catholic parishes and chapels nationwide . Usually , aside from the already legal holidays which are Rizal Day ( December 30 ) and New Year 's Eve ( December 31 ) , other days in close proximity such as Christmas Eve ( December 24 ) , Niños Inocentes ( December 28 ) , and the Epiphany ( traditionally , January 6 but now on the first Sunday of January ) are also declared non-working days . As in many East Asian countries , secular Christmas displays are common both in business establishments and in public , including lights , Christmas trees , depictions of Santa Claus despite the tropical climate , and Christmas greetings in various foreign languages and various Philippine languages . Occasionally such displays are left in place even in summer for example the parol representing the `` Star of Bethlehem '' which led the Three Kings to the newborn Baby Jesus . The University of Santo Tomas main building illuminating the nights of December 2007 For Filipinos , Christmas Eve ( Tagalog : Bisperas ng Pasko ; Spanish : Víspera del Día de Navidad ) on December 24 is celebrated with the Midnight Mass , and immediately after , the much - anticipated Noche Buena -- the traditional Christmas Eve feast .", "9": "Family members dine together around 12 midnight on traditional Nochebuena fare , which may include : queso de bola ( English : `` ball of cheese '' ; this is actually edam cheese ) , tsokolate ( a hot chocolate drink ) , and jamón ( Christmas ham ) , lechón , roast chicken or turkey , pasta , relleno ( stuffed bangus or chicken ) , pan de sal , and various desserts including cakes and the ubiquitous fruit salad . Some would also open presents at this time . On December 31 , New Year 's Eve ( Tagalog : Bisperas ng Bagong Taon ; Spanish : Víspera del Año Nuevo ) , Filipino families gather for the Media Noche or midnight meal -- a feast that is also supposed to symbolize their hopes for a prosperous New Year . In spite of the campaign against firecrackers , many Filipinos still see these as the traditional means to greet the New Year . The loud noises and sounds of merrymaking are also supposed to drive away bad spirits . Safer methods of merrymaking include banging on pots and pans and blowing on car horns . Folk beliefs also include encouraging children to jump at the stroke of midnight in the belief that they will grow up tall , displaying circular fruit and wearing clothes with dots and other circular designs to symbolize money , eating twelve grapes at 12 midnight for good luck in the twelve months of the year , and opening windows and doors during the first day of the New Year to let in good luck . Christmas officially ends on the Feast of the Three Kings ( Tres Reyes in Spanish or Tatlong Hari in Tagalog ) , also known as the Feast of the Epiphany ( Spanish : Fiesta de Epifanía ) . The Feast of the Three Kings was traditionally commemorated on January 6 but is now celebrated on the first Sunday after the New Year . Some children leave their shoes out , in the belief that the Three Kings will leave gifts like candy or money inside . But the celebrations do not end there , since 2011 , as mandated by the Catholic Church , they are on the second Sunday of January in honor of the Lord Jesus 's baptism in the Jordan ( the Solemnity of the Lord 's Baptism or in Spanish Solemnidad de Bautismo del Señor ) .", "10": "The final salvo of these celebrations is marked by the feast of the Black Nazarene every January 9 in Manila and Cagayan de Oro , but can also , due to the celebrations in honor of the Santo Niño in the third and fourth Sundays of January in some places , can even extend till the final weeks of that month . Singapore ( edit ) Christmas in Singapore Christmas is a public holiday in Singapore that is widely celebrated . The Christmas season is also a popular period for shopping centres and businesses to conduct year - end sales , and will offer discounts and promotions that tie in with the festivities . The famous Singaporean shopping belt Orchard Road , as well as the Marina Bay area will feature lights and other decorations from early November till early January ( the 2014 part is November 14 , 2014 all the way until January 5 , 2015 ) . The Christmas light - up and decorated shopping malls along Orchard Road often attract numerous visitors , locals and tourists alike . Other than the light - up , other activities such as caroling , concerts and parades can also be experienced in Orchard Road . In addition , companies in Singapore usually arrange gift exchange programs on the last working day before Christmas . Vietnam ( edit ) Christmas is not a national holiday but is becoming increasingly popular in Vietnam . The ever - wealthier Vietnamese are embracing Christmas precisely because of its non-religious glamor and commercial appeal . Locals also are more exposed to Western culture , though their style of celebrating Christmas might seem unrecognizable to some Westerners . Vietnamese may be more accepting of corporate influence because for many , Christmas was never based on personal values to begin with . It 's not a time to have dinner at home with family and show thanks for one another . Instead , it 's a time to go out on the town , shop , and take pictures with friends in front of colorful displays , especially on December 24 . Southwest Asia -- Eastern mediterranean ( edit ) Armenia ( edit ) Armenians usually celebrate Christmas on January 6 . The reason for this unusual date emerges from ancient history . `` In the fourth century Roman Catholic Church , officials established the date of Christmas as December 25th . ''", "11": "Before that time , Armenians celebrated Christmas ( surb tsnunt , Սուրբ Ծնունդ , meaning `` Holy Birth '' ) on January 6 as a public holiday in Armenia . It also coincides with the Epiphany . The Armenians denied the new Roman mandate regarding Christmas , and continued to celebrate both the Nativity and Jesus ' baptism on January 6 . When the Gregorian calendar was implemented in 1582 , the Armenians rejected the reformed calendar and remained following the Julian Calendar . But today , only Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem still uses the Julian Calendar . Since the Julian calendar is thirteen days ahead of the Gregorian Calendar , when the Armenians of Jerusalem celebrate Christmas on January 6 according to the Julian calendar the Gregorian calendar counts the day as January 19 . Traditionally , Armenians fast during the week leading up to Christmas avoiding all meat , eggs , and dairy products . Devout Armenians may even refrain from food for the three days leading up to the Christmas Eve , in order to receive the Eucharist on a `` pure '' stomach . Christmas Eve is particularly rich in traditions . Families gather for the Christmas Eve dinner ( khetum , Խթում ) , which generally consists of : rice , fish , nevik ( նուիկ , a vegetable dish of green chard and chick peas ) , and yogurt / wheat soup ( tanabur , թանապուր ) . Dessert includes dried fruits and nuts , including rojik , which consists of whole shelled walnuts threaded on a string and encased in grape jelly , bastukh ( a paper - like confection of grape jelly , cornstarch , and flour ) , etc . This lighter menu is designed to ease the stomach off the week - long fast and prepare it for the rather more substantial Christmas Day dinner . Children take presents of fruits , nuts , and other candies to older relatives .", "12": "`` On the eve of the Feast of the Nativity and Theophany of The Lord Jesus Christ , the Jrakalouyts Divine Liturgy ( the lighting of the lamps service ) is celebrated in honor of the manifestation of Jesus as the Son of God ( theophany ) '' In addition to the Christmas tree ( tonatsar , Տօնածառ ) , Armenians ( particularly in the Middle East ) also erect the Nativity scene . Christmas in the Armenian tradition is a purely religious affair . Santa Claus does not visit the nice Armenian children on Christmas , but rather on New Year 's Eve . The idea of Santa Claus existed before the Soviet Union and he was named kaghand papik ( Կաղանդ Պապիկ ) , but the Soviet Union had a great impact even on Santa Claus . Now he goes by the more secular name of Grandfather Winter ( dzmerr papik , Ձմեռ Պապիկ ) . Assyrians ( edit ) Traditional ceremony during an Assyrian Christmas celebration in Alqosh , northern Iraq The Assyrians , the indigenous people of northwestern Iran , northern Iraq , northeastern Syria , and southeastern Turkey that belong to the Assyrian Church of the East , Ancient Church of the East , Syriac Orthodox Church , and Chaldean Catholic Church today celebrate Christmas on December 25 . Assyrians colloquially call Christmas Eda Zora , meaning `` little holiday . '' It is officially called Eda d'Yalde which means `` birthday holiday . '' Traditionally , Assyrians fast ( sawma ) from December 1 until Christmas Day . In Iraq , for instance , on Christmas Eve , Assyrian families congregate outside of their house and hold lighted candles while a child reads aloud the nativity story . Then they all sing psalms over a bonfire made of thorn bushes . Folklore says that if the thorns burn to ashes , the family will have good luck . After the fire has been reduced to ashes , the family members will jump three times over the ashes and make a wish .", "13": "The next day , on Christmas , `` as another bonfire burns in the churchyard , the bishops lead the service while carrying a figure of the baby Jesus . He blesses one person with a touch . That person touches the next person and the touch passes around until all have felt the touch of peace . '' Many Assyrians will attend the Shaharta , or midnight vigil before Christmas . On Christmas Day , when families gather together after the Shaharta or morning mass , raza d'mowlada d'maran , the fast is broken by eating traditional Assyrian foods such as pacha / reesh - aqle ( meaning `` from the head to the tail '' ) , which is a boiled soup made of sheep or cow intestines , tongue , stomach , legs , and spices or harissa , a porridge made of ground wheat and chicken ( both dishes are prepared usually overnight ) . These two dishes are only made twice a year : on Christmas and Easter . Traditional desserts eaten after the main course include Killeche , a date and walnut - stuffed cookie , and Kadeh , another stuffed pastry . After the feast is finished , Assyrians will visit the houses of family and friends to exchange Christmas greetings , saying , `` Eedokhon breekha , '' meaning `` May your feast be blessed . '' There , the host will serve tea , Turkish coffee , and Killeche and Kadeh to guests . Although Christmas is celebrated in a much more religious fashion , in recent years , families put up a small Christmas tree in the house . Lebanon ( edit ) Christmas is an official holiday in Lebanon . Lebanese celebrate Christmas on December 25 , except for Armenian Lebanese who celebrate Christmas on January 6 which is also an official holiday in Lebanon . Lebanese families come together and butcher a sheep for a Christmas Eve feast , in honor of the birth of The Shepherd Jesus Christ . On that night the head of the house passes around a piece of coal representing the sins before Christ . After the piece of coal has been passed around it is then set on fire . After Dinner , Christian Lebanese attend midnight mass . Santa Claus is known by the French , Papa Noël . Gifts are either dropped off at church or Papa Noël makes a personal appearance at the home .", "14": "The americas ( edit ) North America ( edit ) Christmas is observed widely on December 25 . Governments recognizing the holiday include those of : the United States , where it is a federal holiday for federal employees and a legal holiday in the respective States ; Canada , where it is a nationwide statutory holiday ; Mexico , where it is also a nationwide statutory holiday ; and several others . Canada ( edit ) Christmas in Ottawa , Canada In the Canadian provinces where English is the predominant language , Christmas traditions are largely similar to those of the United States , with some lingering influences from the United Kingdom and newer traditions brought by immigrants from other European countries . Mince pies , plum pudding , and Christmas cake are traditionally served as Christmas dinner desserts , following the traditional meal of roast turkey , stuffing , potatoes , and winter vegetables . Christmas table crackers are not uncommon and , in some parts of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia , Christmas traditions include mummers . North American influences on Christmas are evident in the hanging of stockings on Christmas Eve , to be filled by Santa Claus . However , Canadian children believe that the home of Santa Claus is located at the North Pole , in Canada , and , through Canada Post , address thousands of letters to Santa Claus each year , using the postal code designation H0H 0H0 . Decorated Christmas trees , either fresh cut or artificial , were introduced to Canada in 1781 , originally by German soldiers stationed in Quebec during the American Revolution , and are now common in private homes and commercial spaces throughout most of Canada . As Canada is a cold , dark country in winter , lights are often put up in public places and on commercial and residential buildings in November and December . Many communities have celebrations that include light events , such as the Cavalcade of Lights Festival in Toronto , the Montreal Christmas Fireworks , or the Bright Nights in Stanley Park , Vancouver . A national program , Christmas Lights Across Canada , illuminates Ottawa , the national capital , and the 13 provincial and territorial capitals . In the province of Quebec , Christmas traditions include réveillon , Père Noël ( `` Father Christmas '' ) , and the bûche de Noël ( Yule log ) , among many others . A traditional dish for the réveillon is tourtière , a savoury meat pie , and gifts are opened during réveillon , often following Midnight Mass .", "15": "Boxing Day at the Toronto Eaton Centre in downtown Toronto , Canada The Royal Christmas Message from the Canadian monarch is televised nationwide in Canada , the occasion being an observance which unites Canadians with citizens of the other Commonwealth countries worldwide . The observation of Boxing Day on the day following Christmas Day is a tradition practiced in Canada , as it is in many other Anglophone countries , although not in the United States . In Canada , Boxing Day is a day ( or the beginning of a few days ) of deeply discounted sale prices at retail stores which attract large numbers of shoppers in search of bargains . Mexico ( edit ) See also : Christmas in Mexico Christmas is a statutory holiday in Mexico and workers can have the day off with pay . Mexico 's Christmas is filled with over 30 traditions found only within Mexican Christmas . Over nine days , groups of townspeople go from door to door in a fashion of when the parents of the unborn baby Jesus Christ looked for shelter to pass the night when they arrived at Bethlehem , and are periodically called inside homes to participate in the breaking of a candy - filled piñata . Mexican Christmas festivities start on December 12 , with the feast of La Guadalupana ( Virgin of Guadalupe ) , and end on January 6 , with the Epiphany . Since the 1990s , Mexican society has embraced a new concept linking several celebrations around Christmas season into what is known as the Guadalupe - Reyes Marathon . At midnight on Christmas , many families place the figure of baby Jesus in their nacimientos ( Nativity scenes ) , as the symbolic representation of Christmas as a whole . In the center and south of Mexico , children receive gifts on Christmas Eve and on January 6 , they celebrate the Feast of the Epiphany , when , according to tradition , the Three Wise Men ( 3 Wizard Kings ) brought gifts to Bethlehem for Jesus Christ . Santa Claus ( or Santa Clos , as he 's known in Mexico ) is who brings the children their gifts , but traditionally the Three Wise Men will fill the children 's shoes with candies , oranges , tangerines , nuts , and sugar cane , and sometimes money or gold . For the Three Wise Men gave Baby Jesus Gold for his future . United States ( edit ) Further information : Christmas in the post-war United States U.S.", "16": "Army Service members celebrating Christmas Eve while stationed abroad at Victory Base Complex , Iraq , December 24 , 2008 Christmas at Rockefeller Center , New York City Christmas in California Christmas is a widely celebrated festive holiday in the United States , and Christmas Day is officially recognized as a federal holiday by the US Government . The Christmas and holiday season begins around the end of November with a major shopping kickoff on Black Friday , the day after the U.S. holiday of Thanksgiving , though Christmas decorations and music playing in stores sometimes extend into the period between Halloween and Thanksgiving . Many schools and businesses are closed during the period between Christmas and the New Year 's Day holiday , which is a time commonly used to spend time with family and close friends , return unwanted gifts at stores , and shop after - Christmas sales . Most decorations are taken down by New Years or Epiphany . Other observances considered part of the season ( and potentially included in non-denominational holiday greetings like `` Happy Holidays '' ) include Hanukkah , Yule , Epiphany , Kwanzaa , and winter solstice celebrations . The interior and exterior of houses are decorated during the weeks leading up to Christmas Eve . Christmas tree farms in the United States and Canada provide families with trees for their homes , many opting for artificial ones , but some for real ones . The Christmas tree usually stands centrally in the home , decorated with ornaments , tinsel , and lights , with an angel or a star symbolizing the Star of Bethlehem at the top . Santa Claus hands gifts to children Christmas Eve is popularly described as `` the night before Christmas '' in the poem actually titled `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' . Better known as Santa Claus , he is said to visit homes while children are sleeping during the night before Christmas morning . The fireplaces in many homes have been replaced by electric fireplaces , but the yule log has remained a tradition . Christmas stockings are hung on the mantelpiece for Santa Claus to fill with little gifts ( `` stocking stuffers '' ) . It is tradition throughout the United States for children to leave a glass of milk and plate of Christmas cookies for Santa Claus nearby . Presents the family will exchange are wrapped and placed near the tree , including presents to be given to pets . Friends exchange wrapped presents and tell each other not to open presents before Christmas .", "17": "Grandparents , aunts and uncles , cousins , siblings and occasionally guests from out of town are entertained in the home or else visited . Wrapped presents are most commonly opened on the morning of Christmas Day ; however , some families choose to open all or some of their presents on Christmas Eve , depending on evolving family traditions , logistics , and the age of the children involved ; for example , adults might open their presents on Christmas Eve and minor children on Christmas morning , or everyone might open their gifts on Christmas morning . Others follow the tradition of opening family - exchanged gifts on Christmas Eve night , followed by opening of the presents Santa brought on Christmas morning . Children are normally allowed to play with their new toys and games afterwards . The traditional Christmas dinner usually features either roasted turkey with stuffing ( sometimes called dressing ) , ham , or roast beef . Potatoes , squash , roasted vegetables and cranberry sauce are served along with tonics and sherries . A variety of sweet pastry and egg nog sprinkled with cinnamon and nutmeg are served in the United States . Certain dishes such as casseroles and desserts are prepared with a family recipe ( usually kept a secret ) . Sometimes , families also partake in a religious tradition , such as the consumption of a Christmas wafer in Christian families of European ancestry . Fruits , nuts , cheeses and chocolates are enjoyed as snacks . Other traditions include a special church service on the Sunday before Christmas and Midnight Mass on Christmas Eve . Candlelight services are held earlier in the evening for families with children . A re-enactment of the Nativity of Jesus called a Nativity play is another tradition . Christmas - related tourist attractions , such as the Rockefeller Center Christmas tree and elaborate animated department store Christmas windows in New York City are heavily visited by tourists from all over the world . Christmas music can be heard in the background . The Mormon Tabernacle Choir is one whose annual carol singing is well - recognized ; another example is the Boys choir heard singing `` Christmas Time Is Here '' , a song featured in the animated television special A Charlie Brown Christmas . Christmas symphony orchestra and choral presentation such as Handel 's Messiah and performances of The Nutcracker ballet are attended . Local radio stations may temporarily switch format to play exclusively Christmas music , some going to an all - Christmas format as early as mid-October .", "18": "A few television stations broadcast a Yule Log without interruption for several hours . News broadcasts and talk shows feature Christmas - themed segments , emphasizing fellowship and goodwill among neighbors . Of particular note is the observance of Christmas for military families of soldiers and sailors serving abroad , on both sides of the Canada -- U.S. border . The Los Angeles Lakers have made it a tradition , since they relocated from Minneapolis prior to the 1960 - 61 NBA season , to have a home game on Christmas . As of 2015 , the NBA now schedules five games on Christmas , usually including classic rivalry games as well as a rematch of the previous season 's NBA Finals . Central America ( edit ) El Salvador ( edit ) Christmas for El Salvador still carries a strong meaning that brings families together . Despite the business on the streets and the red , green and white colors flooding the environment , Salvadoran people try to honor the true meaning of Christmas , the birth of Jesús . In El Salvador children celebrate Christmas by playing with firecrackers , fountains , such as the small volcancitos ( `` little volcanos '' ) and sparklers , estrellitas ( `` little stars '' ) . Teenagers and young adults display bigger fireworks or Roman Candles . Families also have parties in which they dance and eat . Santa Claus is known for appearing in TV and print ads , but people ask children if they already wrote a letter to little baby Jesus . Traditional Salvadoran Christmas dishes are sauteed turkey sandwiches in a baguette with lettuce and radishes , Salvadoran Tamales , and sweet bread for dessert . Drinks include hot chocolate , pineapple juice , Salvadoran horchata , Cherry Salvadoran horchata , and coffee . At 12 : 00 a.m. on December 25 everyone gathers around the Christmas tree and opens their presents . Guatemala ( edit ) On Christmas in Guatemala , people dress up in an ornamental hat , called a Puritina , and dance in a line . As with much of the country 's culture , the celebration includes Spanish and Mayan elements . South America ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) São Paulo 's Christmas Tree and water fountains at Ibirapuera Park Christmas Day on December 25 is a national holiday in Brazil .", "19": "But because Brazil lies in the Southern Hemisphere , Brazilians celebrate Christmas in the summer . In the small cities in the entire country , as well as in the largest cities , like São Paulo , Rio de Janeiro , Recife , Salvador , Fortaleza , Curitiba , Porto Alegre , Brasília , Manaus , Belém , Natal and Belo Horizonte , the celebrations resemble in many ways the traditions in Europe and North America , with the Christmas tree , the exchanging of gifts and Christmas cards , the decoration of houses and buildings with electric lights and the nativity scene . Despite the warm tropical summer weather , some incongruences such as decorations with themes of winter and snow are not uncommon . In some cities like Guarapuava , there are decoration contests , when judges go to houses to look at the decorations , inside or outside of the house , and decide the most beautiful house . Christmas Eve is the most important day . Unlike in the North American and Anglo - Saxon tradition , Christmas takes action mainly near midnight , usually with big family dinners , opening of gifts and the celebration of the `` Missa do Galo '' ( the rooster 's mass ) in churches throughout the nation . Many Brazilians decorate their homes with a Christmas Tree , there is no rule , the parents can decorate it by themselves as a surprise to the kids , or they can do it together . In addition to the Christmas tree , many families set up a Nativity scene as the main decoration . Nativity scenes are very popular in Brazil , and can be seen everywhere including churches and popular places around the town . Like many other countries , Christmas dinner in Brazil is normally served late in the evening on Christmas Eve around 10 or 11 p.m. The meal often includes farofa stuffing , assortments of fruit , fried cod , and roast turkey with a dessert called `` rabanada '' . Along with their meals , Brazilians typically drink champagne , wine , and fruit punch . Typically after they eat , many Brazilians attend a Midnight Mass service or watch the Pope 's television broadcast celebration of `` Midnight Mass in Rome '' with family and friends . Colombia ( edit ) Medellín River during the Lighting of Medellin Christmas is a public holiday in Colombia and is primarily a religious celebration . Presents are brought by El Niño Jesus / Niño Dios ( Baby Jesus ) .", "20": "While Christmas decorations may be put up as early as the beginning of November , the unofficial start of Colombian Christmas festivities takes place on December 7 , Día de las Velitas , or `` Day of the Candles . '' At night , the streets , sidewalks , balconies , porches , and driveways are decorated with candles and paper lanterns , which illuminate cities and towns in a yellow glow to honor the Immaculate Conception on the following day , December 8 . In many cities , and even in small rural towns , neighborhoods get together and decorate their whole neighborhood or street , turning streets into virtual `` tunnels of light . '' Many radio stations and local organizations hold contests for the best display of lights , making the competition for the best light show a serious event . The city of Medellín has become a popular tourist destination during the holiday season because of its Christmas lights . Activities such as musical events and firework displays are planned by cities and held during this time . Individually launched fireworks were a common item during the Christmas season in Colombia , often going on at any time of the day in many cities . However , a recent ban has decreased the individual use of fireworks , and now only cities or towns are able to hold firework displays . December 16 is the first day of the Christmas Novena , a devotion consisting of prayer said on nine successive days , the last one held on Christmas Eve . The Novena is promoted by the Catholic Church as a staple of Christmas , and is very similar to the posadas celebrated in Mexico . It is a call for an understanding of the religious meaning of Christmas , and a way to counter the commercialism of the Christmas season . Individual traditions concerning the Novena may vary , but most families set up a `` pesebre '' ( manger scene ) , sing religious Christmas carols called villancicos accompanied by tambourines , bells , and other simple percussion instruments , and read verses from the Bible as well as an interpretation which may change from year to year . Novenas serve as beautiful religious gatherings as well as learning environments for young children since kids have a central and active role in the celebration of the Novenas ( they read prayers , sing , and play instruments guided by their family ) .", "21": "From December 16 to 24 , games called `` aguinaldos '' are played after having made a `` pinky promise '' deciding the prize for the winner and the punishment for the loser . The games include `` Hablar y no contestar '' ( Talk but do n't answer ) , `` Dé pero no reciben '' ( Give but do n't receive ) , `` Pajita en boca '' ( Straw in the mouth ) , `` Tres pies '' ( Three feet ) , `` Beso robado '' ( Stolen kisses ) , and `` Si y al no '' ( Yes or no ) . Churches offer dawn and nightly masses during the nine days of the novena , culminating with the Misa de Gallo ( Rooster 's Mass ) on Christmas Eve at midnight . Christmas Eve is the most important day of Christmas in Colombia . Families and friends get together to pray the last Novena and wait until midnight to open the presents , parties are held until sunrise on Christmas Day , kids stay up late playing with their new presents , and fireworks fill the skies . Families gather around meals , music , and singing . Because Christmas Eve is the most important day , little occurs on December 25 . Families join Christmas Day mass although it is not nearly as festive as Christmas Eve . The `` Dia de los Santos Inocentes '' , or the Day of the Innocents , falls in the Christmas season , on December 28 . The day commemorates the innocent infants ( called the innocent ones ) who were said to have been killed by King Herod in fear of the power of the newborn baby , Jesus . January 6 , the day of the Revelation of the Magi ( Epiphany ) , is called `` Reyes Magos '' ( from The Three Magi ) , used to be a day of gift giving , but is celebrated less now since gifts are given mostly around Christmas Eve today . Some families still give presents , and it is also the day when godparents give Christmas presents . Venezuela ( edit ) Different moments of Paradura del Niño , Venezuelan tradition celebrated on February 2 In Venezuela , Christmas is celebrated as a religious occasion . As in Colombia , the presents are brought by `` El Niño Jesus '' ( Baby Jesus ) instead of `` Papá Noél '' ( Santa Claus ) , that still has an important role during this season .", "22": "The unofficial start of the Christmas festivities is after the celebrations of `` Feria de la Chinita '' , the second half of November . The origin of this festival is the cult to Virgin Mary of Chiquinquirá , when various religious activities , processions , and music in the typical `` Gaita style '' to honor `` La Chinita '' ( nickname of this Virgin ) . This event takes place in the Zulia Region , specifically in Maracaibo ( the regional capital ) . After this , other cities join in the festivities and many activities take place including musical events and firework displays . In many cities , small rural towns and neighborhoods get together for the `` patinatas '' night festivals where children go and play with skateboards , roller blades and bicycles . These events are usually sponsored by the local church , where neighbors organize themselves and sell typical Christmas food , hot chocolate , hallaca , cookies , etc . Also still in some neighborhoods there is the `` Parranda '' where people go from one house to house with music and Christmas songs . The singers stops at neighbors ' houses to get some food and drinks . Also in the Venezuelan Andes there is the same tradition of this kind of event but they carry an image of `` baby Jesus '' and this is called `` Paradura del Niño . '' Children write request letters to Baby Jesus . The presents are sent by Baby Jesus at midnight , and most people have a party , which goes on until sunrise . Caribbean ( edit ) Bahamas ( edit ) Junkanoo festivals are held from Christmas Day morning until sunrise on December 27 after Boxing Day and held again on New Year 's Day . It is a carnival featuring parading bands in colorful costumes , singing , dancing , and decorations . Bahamian Christmas foods include black cake , imported apples , pepper pot , pickled onions and ham . Drinks like ginger - beer , sorrel , mauby , and sweet potato fly are served on Christmas . Cuba ( edit ) Cuba had a long tradition of celebrating Christmas . Families used to gather at the dining table , and used to go to mass after dinner . The Communist Regime led by Fidel Castro abolished the paid Christmas holiday in 1969 , citing that workers were needed to continue the sugar harvest .", "23": "In 1998 , the Regime declared December 25 a leisure day , as requested by Pope John Paul II as a condition to visit the country . It is a one - day public holiday and it is celebrated only in the evening . Jamaica ( edit ) Radio stations play Christmas carols as early as October , reggae style and some international . Jamaicans paint their houses and hang new curtains for Christmas . Pepper lights , the local name for Christmas lights , go up even on trees . Junkanoo or John Canoe is a traditional Christmas celebration in Jamaica , influenced by African ancestors . This includes street dancing and a great parade through the streets with Jamaicans dressed in colorful masquerade costumes in which masks are worn . The traditional Jamaican Christmas meal includes ackee , saltfish , breadfruit , fried plantains , boiled bananas , freshly squeezed fruit juice and tea for breakfast ; chicken , curried goat , stewed oxtail , rice and gungo peas for dinner . For dessert , sorrel drink and a Jamaican rum fruitcake along with red wine are served in many homes . Many people attend church for Christmas Eve or Christmas morning worship service . Some British Christmas traditions have stayed in Jamaica , like Father Christmas , roast beef or lamb dinners , Boxing Day , etc . Europe ( edit ) Central Europe ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Christmas wreath In countries of Central Europe ( for this purpose , roughly defined as the German - speaking countries of Germany , Austria and Switzerland as well as the Czech Republic , Poland , Slovakia , Slovenia , Hungary and possibly other places ) the main celebration date for the general public is Christmas Eve ( December 24 ) . The day is usually a fasting day ; in some places children are told they 'll see a golden pig if they hold fast until after dinner . When the evening comes preparation of Christmas Dinner starts . Traditions concerning dinner vary from region to region , for example , in Poland , Czech Republic , and Slovakia , the prevailing meal is fried carp with potato salad and fish ( or cabbage ) soup .", "24": "However , in some places the tradition is porridge with mushrooms ( a modest dish ) , and elsewhere the dinner is exceptionally rich , with up to 12 dishes . This in fact reveals that when Christmas comes around all the kids get presents from neighbours and house guest . Even the house pet got a little something to gnaw on . After the dinner comes the time for gifts . Children usually find their gifts under the Christmas Tree , with name stickers . An interesting example of complicated history of the region is the `` fight '' between Christmas beings . During communism , when countries of Central Europe were under Soviet influence , communist authorities strongly pushed Russian traditional Ded Moroz ( `` Grandfather Frost '' ) in the place of Little Jesus won . Now Santa Claus is attacking , by means of advertising and Hollywood film production . Many people , Christians as well as people with just a Christian background , go to Roman Catholic midnight mass celebration . Other common attributes of Christmas in Central Europe include Christmas trees , mistletoe , Christmas garlands , and Bethlehem cribs . In many areas of Central Europe , St. Nicholas ( Hungarian : Mikulás , Czech : Mikuláš , Polish : Mikołaj , Slovak : Mikuláš , Slovene : Miklavž ) , or Santa Claus , does not come for Christmas . He visits families earlier , on the dawn of St. Nicholas Day on December 6 , and for the well - behaved children he has presents and candy - bags to put into their well polished shoes that were set in the windows the previous evening . Although he neither parks his sleigh on rooftops nor climbs chimneys , his visits are usually accompanied by a diabolic - looking servant named Krampusz ( in Austria , Slovenia , and Croatia : Krampus , in Czech and Slovak regions he is simply `` čert '' , i.e. devil , without any name ) who gives golden coloured birches for so called badly behaved children . Actually all children get both gifts and golden birches ( Hungarian : virgács ) in their shoes , no matter how they behaved themselves .", "25": "Austria and Germany ( edit ) Main article : Weihnachten Austrian Advent bowl In some German - speaking communities , in the German - speaking Europe ; particularly in Catholic regions of western and southern Germany , Switzerland , Austria , South Tyrol and Liechtenstein , as well as in other Catholic regions of Central Europe , the Christkind ( literally `` Christ child '' ) brings the presents on the evening of December 24 ( Holy Evening or Heiliger Abend ) . The Christkind is invisible ; thus he is never seen by anyone . However , he rings a bell just before he leaves in order to let children know that the Christmas tree and the presents are ready . It is a tradition to lavishly decorate a Christmas tree in the days directly before Christmas or on the morning of Christmas Eve . On late Christmas Eve , after the bell rings , the tree is shown to the children and presents are exchanged . In Protestant churches , there is a service in the late afternoon intended to immediately precede the Christmas Eve meal and the exchanging of gifts . This service , called Christvesper , consists most often of scriptural readings , the Christmas Gospel from Luke 2 , a Krippenspiel ( nativity play ) , favourite Christmas carols and festive music for organ and choirs . In some regions the tradition of Quempas singing is still popular . Some Lutheran churches also celebrate a candlelight service at midnight besides the Christmas Vespers in the afternoon or early evening . Many Catholic churches also have a first Mass of Christmas , called Christmette , on `` Heiliger Abend '' about 4 p.m. for the children and parents to attend before the families return home for their meal . The crib is a very important part of the celebrations in Catholic areas especially Bavaria . Austria ( edit ) Christmas market in front of the town hall in Vienna , Austria In the largely Catholic Austria , Christmas markets are a long - standing tradition . In Vienna , for instance , the market is held in the large square in front of City Hall . Innsbruck opens its romantic Christmas market in the narrow medieval square at the foot of the Golden Roof . In Salzburg , the Christmas market takes over the square in front of the Cathedral with its picturesque stalls , while the tree vendors occupy Residenzplatz on the side of the huge Cathedral . However almost every small town has its own Christmas market .", "26": "In Austria , Christmas trees play a very important part of Christmas celebrations . Every town sets up its own huge tree on the main square all decorated with candles , ornaments and candies and frequently there will be an extra one , adorned with bread crumbs , for the birds . In families the tree is decorated with gold and silver ornaments or stars made out of straw , sweets and candy wrapped in tinfoil , gilded nuts , etc . The feast of St Nicholas marks the beginning of Christmas in Austria . On Christmas Eve ( December 24 ) the tree is lit for the first time and the whole family gathers to sing Christmas carols like `` Silent Night , Holy Night '' . Gifts that are placed under the tree are opened after dinner on Christmas Eve . Austrian Christmas tradition has it that it is the Christ Child himself who decorates the Christmas tree on Christmas Eve and brings the children their Christmas presents , and it is to him that their letters and wish lists are addressed in the weeks before Christmas . The Christmas Eve dinner is the main event of the night often served with fried carp . The famous sachertorte and different kinds of chocolates are served as dessert . The Austrians also have special crescent shaped cookies served during Christmas time . Germany ( edit ) Christmas star Old Bavarian crib found in St Mang Basilica , Füssen , Bavaria Christmas tree in Berlin , Germany Traditional Miner 's figures as Christmas light bearers In Germany Christmas traditions vary by region . Till the reformation Saint Nicholas ' Day , December 6 , Saint Nicholas was the main provider of Christmas presents . Nikolaus still puts goodies in children 's shoes on that day . Sometimes St. Nicholas visits children in kindergarten , schools or at public events . They have to recite a short poem or sing a song in order to get sweets or a small gift . `` Knecht Ruprecht '' ( the servant Ruprecht ) -- dressed in dark clothes with devil - like traits ( usually noted as a long , bright red tongue and with a stick or a small whip in the hand ) -- sometimes accompanies St. Nicholas . His duty is to punish those children who have n't behaved during the year . Usually he does n't have much to do . He merely stands near St. Nicholas as a warning to be good and polite .", "27": "Nikolaus as well for some Glühwein for adults , there are some traditions connected with local firefighters , riders associations and church congregations . The Sorbs , a minority in Saxony and parts of Brandenbuerg with a language similar to Polish , have some specific traditions . E.g. in Jänschwalde , the Bescherkind Janšojski bog ( `` presents kid '' ) is visiting the neighbors , a girl dressed in local costume and veil and goes around with two companions at the Wednesday before Christmas . It provides smaller presents like sweets , similar to the Nikolaus and provides blessings , stays however silent . Another tradition in Saxony is related to the Wooden toymaking in the Ore Mountains , especially Seiffen provides Christmas related decorations like Christmas pyramid and toys around the year . Christmas letters may be addressed e.g. to Engelskirchen ( Angel 's church ) or Himmelpforten ( Heaven 's gate ) or some other in municipalities with matching names . After privatization , Deutsche Post kept the tradition of dedicated Christmas offices , one in each state , answering letters and requests from children . Currently the actual Christmas gift - giving ( German : `` Bescherung '' ) usually takes place on Christmas Eve . This tradition was introduced by Reformator , Martin Luther , as he as of the opinion that one should put the emphasis on Christ 's birth and not on a saint 's day and do away with the connotation that gifts have to be earned by good behavior . The gifts should be seen as a symbol for the gift of God 's grace in Christ . This tradition quickly became common in predominantly Catholic regions as well . Gifts may be brought by the Weihnachtsmann ( translation , `` Christmas man '' ) , who resembles either St. Nicholas or the American Santa Claus , or by Christkindl , a sprite - like child who may or may not represent the baby Jesus . Till 1930 , there was sort of south north divide between the realms of southern and silesian Christkind and Nordic Weihnachtsmann . After the gifts are opened the children often stay up as late as they like , often till the early hours of the morning . The Christmas Tree is first put up and decorated on the morning of the 24th . The gifts are then placed under the tree .", "28": "Christmas services in the church serve as well to exchange greetings with neighbors and friends . After an evening meal one of the parents usually goes into the room where the tree is standing , lights the candles and rings a little bell . Then the children are allowed to go into the candlelit room . In many families it is still a custom to sing Christmas songs around the tree before opening up the presents . Some families attend a midnight church service `` Christmette '' after the evening meal and gift - giving . The culinary feast either takes place at supper on Christmas Eve or on the first day of Christmas . Traditions vary from region to region ; carp is eaten in many parts of the country . Potato salad with frankfurter or wiener - sausages is popular in some families . Another simple meal which some families favor , especially in regions where Christmas Eve still has the character of a fast day , is vegetable or pea soup . In some regions , especially in Schleswig - Holstein where Danish influence is noticeable , a roasted duck or goose filled with plums , apples and raisins is family tradition . In other regions , especially in Mecklenburg and Pomerania , many families prefer kale with boiled potatoes , special sausages and ham . Many families have developed new traditions for themselves and eat such meals as meat fondue or raclette . In almost all families in all parts of Germany you find a wide variety of Christmas cookies baked according to recipes typical for the family and the region . `` Lüttenweihnachten '' describes the hunting and forestry custom of providing a Christmas tree with food decorated for animals . Czech Republic and Slovakia ( edit ) Old Town Square in Prague , Czech Republic -- Christmastime Main article : Czech Christmas Mass Christmas Eve ( December 24 ) is celebrated as Štědrý den / Štedrý deň , which means `` Generous Day '' , when the gifts are given in the evening . The December 25 and 26 are Public holidays in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia , but Vánoce / Vianoce ( Christmas ) , is most commonly associated with the 24th . According to tradition , gifts are brought by Ježíšek / Ježiško , or `` baby Jesus '' .", "29": "Fish soup and breaded roasted carp with special homemade potato salad are a traditional dish for the dinner . In Slovakia , before eating , everyone exchanges Christmas greetings with each other by sharing a piece of Christmas wafer ( Oblátky ) with honey and walnuts . Traditional dinner depends on region , but common Christmas dinner is cabbage soup ( Kapustnica ) or lentil soup and breaded roasted carp with special homemade potato salad or hand made gnocchi with poppy ( šúľanky s makom ) . The gifts are surreptitiously placed under the Christmas tree ( usually a spruce or pine and lately fir ) , usually just before or during dinner . Children have to wait for the ringing of a Christmas bell ( one of the decorations on the Christmas tree ) -- the sign that Ježíšek / Ježiško ( little Jesus ) has just passed by -- to run for the presents . That happens at the end of their Christmas dinner . There is a rich tradition of hard baked Christmas sweets ( Cukroví / vianočné koláče ) . Other Czech and Slovak Christmas traditions involve predictions for the future . Apples are always cut crosswise : if a perfect star appears in the core , the next year will be successful , distorted star means a bad year or illness , while a cross may suggest death . Girls throw shoes over their shoulders -- if the toe points to the door , the girl will get married soon . Another tradition requires pouring some molten lead into water and guessing a message from its shapes . In Catholic Slovakia , the tradition of Jasličkári involves young men dressed as shepherds or angels visiting their neighbors and presenting recitations and songs about the story of the birth of Jesus . Hungary ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in Hungary The Christmas and gift - giving season starts relatively early compared to other cultures , with the Santa - like figure , or Hungarian version of Saint Nicholas , Mikulás ( or Szent Miklós ) traditionally visiting the homes of Hungarian children on the night of December 5 , on the eve of Saint Nicholas Feast Day , December 6 . Although the role of gift - giver on Christmas Day itself is assigned to the Christ Child , on the night before St.", "30": "Nicholas Day Hungarian children traditionally place a boot on their windowsill waiting for Mikulás to come by and fill it with treats . In Hungary , celebrations begin with Christmas tree decoration and gift packaging during daytime on December 24 , then comes a family dinner with traditional Christmas meals . In some parts of Hungary , a traditional supper called fish soup halászlé is served at Christmas Eve meal , although it is also consumed at other times of the year . The day is otherwise a fast - day . Kürtőskalács in Budapest In the evening ( Christmas Eve , in Hungarian : Szenteste ) the Angel or the Little ( Baby ) Jesus ( Hungarian : Kisjézus or Jézuska ) delivers the presents . This is the most intimate moment of Christmas , featuring warmly lit Christmas tree and candles , soft Christmas music , family singing of Christmas or religious songs and gift pack openings . There is also a popular folk custom during December and especially on Christmas Eve , in which children or adults present the birth of Jesus . The custom is called ' playing Bethlehem ' ( Hungarian : Betlehemezés ) , and it is an acting performance , where the ' actors ' are wearing costumes , and telling stories about the three kings , the shepherds , Mary , Joseph and of course the birth of the Holy Child . A Christmas crib and a church are used as the scene . The actors go from house to house , and they receive gifts for their performance . Poland ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in Poland Traditional Polish Wigilia meal Polish Opłatki ( Christmas Wafer ) in a basket Carollers walk from house to house receiving treats along the way In the largely Roman Catholic Poland , Christmas Eve begins with a day of fasting and then a night of feasting . The traditional Christmas meal is known as Wigilia ( `` The Vigil '' ) , and being invited to attend a Wigilia dinner with a family is considered a high honour . On the night of Christmas Eve , the appearance of the first star in the sky is watched for , in remembrance of the Star of Bethlehem , that it has been given an affectionate name of `` the little star '' or Gwiazdka ( the female counterpart of St. Nicholas ) .", "31": "On that evening , children watch the sky anxiously hoping to be the first to cry out , `` The star has come ! '' After the first star appearance is declared , the family members sit down to a dinner table . According to tradition , bits of hay are spread beneath the tablecloth as a reminder that Christ was born in a manger . Others partake in the practice of placing money under the table cloth for each guest , in order to wish for prosperity in the coming year . The dinner contains twelve dishes , one for each Apostle . In many homes , an extra place setting is set . The empty setting is symbolically left at the table for a lonely wanderer who may be in need of food , an angel , the Baby Jesus or the Holy Spirit should appear to share the feast . Before eating , everyone exchanges Christmas greetings with each other . The supper begins with the breaking of the opłatek . By sharing a piece of Christmas wafer ( Opłatki ) , when everyone at the table breaks off a piece and eats it as a symbol of their unity with Christ . The opłatek is usually blessed by the presiding Bishop , and stamped with a religious image , such as the nativity scene , they then share a piece with each family member . A tradition exists among some families to serve twelve different dishes at Wigilia symbolizing the Twelve Apostles , or perhaps , an odd number of dishes for good luck ( usually five , seven , or nine ) . Some practice the superstition that an even number of people must be seated around the table . A traditional Wigilia supper in Poland includes fried carp and barszcz ( beetroot soup ) with uszka ( translated as `` little ears '' , also known as meatless ravioli ) . The most common dishes are fish soup , with potato salad , pierogi , gołąbki filled with kasza , pickled herring and fruit kompot . Carp provides a main component of the Christmas Eve meal across Poland ; carp fillet , carp in aspic etc . Universal Polish Christmas foods are pierogi as well as some herring dishes , herring fillets , herring in aspic and for dessert , makowiec or noodles with poppy seed . Often , there is a compote of dry fruits for a drink . etc .", "32": "Dishes beside fish are usually cabbage - , forest mushroom - ( like boletus ) and poppyseed - based , with herring being very important . After supper the Star Man arrives attended by the Star Boys . They are dressed as Wise Men or animals or other figures . The Star Man examines the children in their catechism and rewards them with small presents if they do well , even if they need a bit of coaching . The Star Boys sing carols and are given a treat for their help . The feast begins with the appearance of the first star . The meal is followed by the exchange of gifts . The remainder of the evening is given to stories and songs around the Christmas tree . In some areas of the country , children are taught that `` The Little Star '' brings the gifts . As presents are unwrapped , carollers may walk from house to house receiving treats along the way . Christmas Eve ends with Pasterka , the Midnight Mass at the local church . The tradition commemorates the arrival of the Three Wise Men to Bethlehem and their paying of respect and bearing witness to the new born Messiah . The custom of Christmas night liturgy was introduced in the Christian churches after the second half of the 5th century . In Poland that custom arrived together with the coming of Christianity . The next day ( December 25 ) begins with the early morning mass followed by daytime masses . According to scripture , the Christmas Day masses are interchangeable allowing for greater flexibility in choosing the religious services by individual parishioners . The following day is often spent visiting friends . The giftbearer varies . In some regions it is Święty Mikołaj ( Saint Nicholas ) , in others Święty Mikołaj gives his gifts on December 6 and the giftbringer of the Christmas Eve is Gwiazdor ( `` star man '' ) , Aniołek ( `` little angel '' ) or Dzieciątko ( `` baby Jesus '' ) . Romania and Moldova ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in Romania Christmas market in Sibiu , Romania Christmas ( Romanian : Crăciun ) in Romania is on December 25 and is generally considered the second most important religious Romanian holiday after Easter . In Moldova , although Christmas is celebrated on December 25 like in Romania , January 7 is also recognized as an official holiday .", "33": "Celebrations begin with the decoration of the Christmas tree during daytime on December 24 , and in the evening ( Christmas Eve , in Romanian : Ajunul Crăciunului ) Moş Crăciun ( Father Christmas ) delivers the presents . The singing of carols is a very important part of Romanian Christmas festivities . On the first day of Christmas , many carolers walk through the streets of the towns and villages , holding a star made of cardboard and paper on which are depicted various scenes from the Bible . Romanian tradition has the smallest children going from house to house , singing carols and reciting poems and legends during the whole Christmas season . The leader of the group carries with him a star made of wood , covered with metal foil and decorated with bells and coloured ribbons . An image of the Nativity is painted on the star 's centre , and this piece of handiwork is attached to the end of a broom or other long stick . Romanian food served during the holidays is a hearty multi-coursed meal , most of which consists of pork ( organs , muscle , and fat ) . This is mainly a symbolic gesture for St. Ignatius of Antioch . Eastern Europe ( edit ) Since the 1880s , the Christmas customs of the Eastern Slavic countries have included a similar character known as Ded Moroz ( `` Grandfather Frost '' ) . According to legend , he travels in a magical sanki -- a decorated sleigh drawn by reindeer ( or three white horses ) . With his young , blond assistant Snegurochka ( the `` Snow Maiden '' , said to be his granddaughter ) at his side , he visits homes and gives gifts to good children ( not true for former Yugoslavian countries ) . He only delivers presents to children while they are asleep , and unlike Santa , he does not travel down chimneys , coming instead to the front door of children 's homes . It is traditional for children to leave food for Ded Moroz . This Ded Moroz ( in Russia , Ded Moroz ) is not identified nor in any way associated with Saint Nicholas of Myra ( feast day , December 6 ) , who is very widely revered in Eastern Europe for his clerical and charitable works as a bishop .", "34": "In all likelihood , Ded Moroz is actually in Slavic tradition like Santa Claus , any connection to the original saint having long since disappeared . Georgia ( edit ) Children at the Alilo march in the streets of Tbilisi On calendars in Georgia , Christmas ( Georgian : შობა , shoba ) is celebrated on January 7 ( December 25 on the Julian calendar ) . It is traditional in Georgia to go on Alilo ( a modified pronunciation of Alleluia ) , a mass walk in the streets , dressed in special clothing to celebrate and congratulate each other . Most members of the Alilo march are children and they are given sweets by the adults . The Alilo carols vary across the provinces of Georgia . In most songs these words are used : `` ოცდახუთსა დეკემბერსა , ქრისტე იშვა ბეთლემსაო ' '' ( otsdakhutsa dekembersa qriste ishva betlemsao ) -- `` on 25th December Christ was born in Bethlehem '' . A local variant of the Christmas tree , called Chichilaki , is made of soft wooden material with curled branches . Sometimes it is hazelnut branch which is carved into a Tree of Life - like shape and decorated with fruits and sweets . The Western custom of a Christmas tree ( nadzvis khe ) is also popular and has been imported through Russia . The Georgian equivalent of `` Santa Claus '' is known as tovlis papa ( or tovlis babua in western Georgian dialects ) , literally meaning a `` Grandfather snow '' , and is traditionally portrayed with long white beard , dressed in national costume `` chokha '' and wearing a fur cloak `` nabadi '' . Russia ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in Russia New Year decorations in Nizhny Novgorod As in some other Eastern Orthodox countries , and due to the 13 - day difference between the newer Gregorian , and older Julian Calendars , Christmas is celebrated on January 7 .", "35": "Unlike its Western counterparts , Christmas is mainly a religious event in Russia . On Christmas Eve ( January 6 ) , there are several long services , including the Royal Hours and Vespers combined with the Divine Liturgy . The family will then return home for the traditional Christmas Eve `` Holy Supper '' , which consists of 12 dishes , one to honor each of the Twelve Apostles . Devout families will then return to church for the `` всеночная '' All Night Vigil . Then again , on Christmas Morning , for the `` заутренняя '' Divine Liturgy of the Nativity . Since 1992 Christmas has become a national holiday in Russia , as part of the ten - day holiday at the start of every new year . During the Soviet period , religious celebrations were discouraged by the officially atheist state . Christmas tree and related celebrations were gradually eradicated after the October Revolution . In 1935 , in a surprising turn of state politics , the Christmas tradition was adopted as part of the secular New Year celebration . These include the decoration of a tree , or `` ёлка '' ( spruce ) , festive decorations and family gatherings , the visit by gift - giving `` Ded Moroz '' ( Дед Мороз `` Grandfather Frost '' ) and his granddaughter , `` Snegurochka '' ( Снегурочка `` The Snowmaiden '' ) . Many of these were brought to Russia by Peter the Great after his Western travels in the late 17th century . Ukraine ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in Ukraine Twelve - dish Christmas Eve supper , Ukraine Sviata Vecheria or `` Holy Supper '' is the central tradition of the Christmas Eve celebrations in Ukrainian homes and takes place in most parts of the country on January 6 . In Western Ukraine , especially in Carpathian Ruthenia , due to historical multi-culturism , Christmas can be observed twice -- on December 25 and January 7 , often irrespective of whether the family belongs to Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church , the ( Roman ) Catholic Church , one of the Ukrainian Orthodox Churches , or one of the Protestant denominations . The Western Ukrainian tradition of two Christmas celebrations , since 2017 , are also celebrated nationwide as well .", "36": "When the children see the first star in the eastern evening sky , which symbolizes the trek of the Three Wise Men , the Sviata Vechera may begin . In farming communities the head of the household now brings in a sheaf of wheat called the didukh which represents the importance of the ancient and rich wheat crops of Ukraine , the staff of life through the centuries . Didukh means literally `` grandfather spirit '' so it symbolizes the family 's ancestors . In city homes a few stalks of golden wheat in a vase are often used to decorate the table . The dinner table sometimes has a few wisps of hay on the embroidered table cloth as a reminder of the manger in Bethlehem . A prayer is said and the father says the traditional Christmas greeting , `` Chrystos rodyvsya ! '' which is translated to `` Christ is born ! '' , which is answered by the family with `` Slavite Yoho ! '' which means `` Let us glorify him ! '' . In some families the Old Slavic form `` Сhrystos rozhdayetsya ! '' is used . At the end of the Sviata Vechera the family often sings Ukrainian Christmas Carols . In many communities the old Ukrainian tradition of caroling is carried on by groups of young people and members of organizations and churches calling at homes and collecting donations . Traditionally , Christmas Day opens for Ukrainian families with attendance in church services ( Mass , worship service or Divine Liturgy ) . Ukrainian churches offer services starting before midnight on Christmas Eve and on Christmas morning . Christmas supper , without Lenten restrictions , does not have as many traditions connected with it as Sviata Vechera . The old tradition in Ukraine of giving gifts to children on St. Nicholas Day , December 19 , has generally been replaced by the Christmas date and it is the Father Frost who visits all the children in a sleigh pulled by only three reindeer . ( In Western Ukraine the St. Nicholas Day is marked there on December 6 . ) Northern Europe ( edit ) This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style .", "37": "( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In much of Northern Europe Christmas is celebrated on December 24 and is referred to as Jul ( see Yule ) , while December 25 is a relaxed day for visiting relatives . `` Yule '' may come from the Norse word hweol , jól , meaning wheel , and Old English géol . The Norse believed that the sun was a great wheel of fire that rolled towards and then away from the earth . Denmark ( edit ) Main article : Jul ( Denmark ) Traditional Danish Christmas dinner Danes celebrate on December 24 , which is referred to as Juleaften ( literally `` Yule evening '' ) . An evening meal with the family consists of either roast pork , roast duck or roast goose and eaten with potatoes , plenty of gravy , and red cabbage or finely chopped kale boiled in butter . Also caramelized potatoes is an important part of the Dane 's Christmas dinner . For dessert rice pudding is traditionally served -- composed largely of whipped cream and accompanied by lashings of black cherry sauce . The rice pudding also contains chopped peeled almonds , and a single whole peeled almond . Whoever finds the whole almond will have good luck for the coming year , and the lucky finder is entitled to a small gift , Mandelgave . After the meal is complete , the family gathers around the Christmas tree and sings Christmas songs and hymns while holding hands and dancing in circles , and may even tour the house , still holding hands and singing . When the singing is complete , traditions vary . In some traditions , the family will select one child to hand out the presents . All children take turns handing out presents in other traditions . Alternatively `` Santa Claus '' , the Julemanden , will appear at the door in full costume with a large sack of presents over his shoulder . He will then distribute the presents , with the assistance of any children present , to their recipients . He should be offered suitable drink to keep him warm and cheerful on his onward journey , but do not expect loquacity -- utterances are normally limited to loud and hearty laughs . Meanwhile , the presents are opened and this is followed by more snacks , candy , chips and , sometimes , a traditional Christmas drink called Gløgg .", "38": "The Danish are somewhat famous for their Julefrokost , literally meaning `` Christmas lunch '' , which includes various traditional Danish dishes , potentially accompanied by beer and Snaps . These Julefrokoster are popular and held within families , as well as by companies and other social groups . They would traditionally have taken place leading up to Christmas , but due to time constraints and stress during the Christmas month they are nowadays commonly held during November and January as well . The family Julefrokoster however are normally held on Christmas Day and / or The Second day of Christmas ( December 26 ) . Advent calendar Another more recent Danish tradition is the concept of television Julekalendere , special Christmas - themed , advent calendar - type television programmes with a daily episode shown on each of the first 24 days of December , thus culminating on Juleaften . Several television stations produce their own , most , but not all of which are targeted at child viewers . Some of the television advent calendars become extremely popular and go on to be reprised in subsequent years . In Denmark , Santa Claus is known as Julemanden ( literally `` the Yule Man '' ) and is said to arrive in a sleigh drawn by reindeer , with presents for the children . He is assisted with his Yuletide chores by elves known as julenisser ( or simply nisser ) , who are traditionally believed to live in attics , barns or similar places . In some traditions , to maintain the favour and protection of these nisser , children leave out saucers of milk or rice pudding or other treats for them and are delighted to find the food gone on Christmas morning . Estonia ( edit ) Christmas Santas In the weeks preceding Christmas or jõulud , children place a slipper in their windows and receive a piece of candy or some other sweets from visiting elves ( päkapikud ) . Estonians celebrate Christmas on December 24 , which is referred to as jõululaupäev ( `` Christmas Saturday '' ) and is by act of Parliament a public holiday in Estonia . Each year on this day , the President of Estonia declares the Christmas Peace and attends a Christmas service . The tradition was initiated by the order of Queen Christina of Sweden in the 17th century .", "39": "Estonian children are visited by jõuluvana ( `` Santa Claus '' ) on Christmas Eve , and must sing songs or recite Christmas poems before receiving their gifts . The evening meal typically includes pork with sauerkraut or Estonian sauerkraut ( mulgikapsad ) , baked potatoes , white and blood sausage , potato salad with red beet , and pāté . For dessert , Estonians eat gingerbread ( piparkoogid ) and marzipan . The most highly regarded drinks during this time have been beer and mulled wine or glögi and hõõgvein ( `` glowing wine '' ) . Estonians leave the leftover food from Christmas dinner on the table overnight , in hopes that the spirits of family , friends , and loved ones will visit and also have something to eat . It is also customary to visit graveyards and leave candles for the deceased . December 25 or jõulupüha is a relaxed day for visiting relatives . Finland ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in Finland Christmas presents and a tree in Finland Christmas ham Christmas is an extensively prepared celebration centering on the family and home , although it has a religious dimension also . The Christmas season starts from December or even in late November , when shops began advertising potential Christmas gifts . Christmas decorations and songs become more prominent as Christmas nears , and children count days to Christmas with Advent calendars . Schools and some other places have the day before Christmas Eve ( aatonaatto , December 23 ) as a holiday , but at the latest on the Christmas Eve ( jouluaatto , December 24 ) , shops close early and stay closed until December 26 . The main Christmas festivities are held on Christmas Eve on December 24 , while Christmas Day ( joulupäivä ) and the following day ( Tapaninpäivä , `` St. Stephen 's Day '' ) are mandatory public holidays in Finland Schools continue holidays up to the New Year . The Declaration of Christmas Peace has been a tradition in Finland from the Middle Ages every year , except in 1939 due to the Winter War . It is a custom in many towns and cities . The most famous one of these declarations is on the Old Great Square of Turku , the former capital of Finland , at noon on Christmas Eve .", "40": "It is broadcast on Finnish radio ( since 1935 ) and television , and nowadays also in some foreign countries . The declaration ceremony begins with the hymn Jumala ompi linnamme ( Martin Luther 's A Mighty Fortress Is Our God ) by a band of the Finnish Navy and a male choir and continues with the Declaration of Christmas Peace read from a parchment roll , in both Finnish and Swedish , the country 's two official languages : Tomorrow , God willing , is the most gracious feast of the birth of our Lord and Saviour , and therefore a general Christmas peace is hereby declared , and all persons are directed to observe this holiday with due reverence and otherwise quietly and peacefully to conduct themselves , for whosoever breaks this peace and disturbs the Christmas holiday by any unlawful or improper conduct shall be liable , under aggravating circumstances , to whatever penalty is prescribed by law and decree for each particular offence or misdemeanour . Finally , all citizens are wished a joyous Christmas holiday . The ceremony ends with trumpets playing the Finnish national anthem Maamme and Porilaisten marssi , with the crowd usually singing when the band plays Maamme . Recently , there is also a declaration of Christmas peace for forest animals in many cities and municipalities , so there is no hunting during Christmas . It is traditional in Finland to bring candles to the graves of loved ones on Christmas Eve and All Saints Day . Finnish people clean their homes well before Christmas and prepare special treats for the festive season . A sheaf of grain , nuts and seeds are tied on a pole , which is placed in the garden for the birds to feed on . Spruce trees are cut or bought from a market and taken to homes on or a few days before Christmas Eve and are decorated . Candles are lit on the Christmas tree , which is traditionally decorated using apples and other fruit , candies , paper flags , cotton and tinsel , in addition to Christmas ornaments such as stars or baubles . Actual candles are no longer used , being replaced by incandescent or LED lamps . A star symbolizing the Star of Bethlehem is placed at the top of the tree . Just before the Christmas festivities begin , people usually take a Christmas sauna . The tradition is very old ; unlike on normal days , when one would go to the sauna in the evening , on Christmas Eve it is done before sunset .", "41": "This tradition is based on a pre-20th century belief that the spirits of the dead return and have a sauna at the usual sauna hours . Afterwards , they dress up in clean clothes for the Christmas dinner or joulupöytä , which is usually served between 5pm and 7pm , or traditionally with the appearance of the first star in the sky . The most traditional dish of the Finnish Christmas dinner is probably Christmas Ham , roast suckling pig or a roasted fresh ham , but some may prefer alternatives like turkey . Several sorts of casseroles , like rutabaga , carrot and potato casserole are traditional , and are almost always exclusively served on Christmas . Other traditional Christmas dishes include boiled codfish ( soaked beforehand in a lye solution for a week to soften it ) served snowy white and fluffy , pickled herring and vegetables . Prune jam pastries , plum or mixed fruit soup , rice porridge with cinnamon , sugar and cold milk , and sweets like chocolate are popular desserts . Christmas gifts are usually exchanged after Christmas Eve dinner . Children do not hang up stockings in Finland but Joulupukki visits the household , maybe with a tonttu to help him distribute the presents . Christmas Day services begin early at six in the morning and people visit families and reunions are arranged on this day . Boxing Day , or tapaninpäivä ( St. Stephen 's Day ) is traditionally set aside for driving around the village ( tapaninajot ) , to counterbalance the solemn and family - oriented part of Christmas . Iceland ( edit ) Main article : Jól ( Iceland ) The Christmas or Yule ( Jól in Icelandic ) celebration in Iceland starts four Sundays before Christmas proper , which begins on December 24 ( Advent ) and ends thirteen days later on January 6 . Traditionally , one candle is lit each Sunday until four candles are lit on the 24th . At 6 : 00 pm Church bells ring to start the Christmas celebration . The religiously observant and / or traditional Icelanders will attend mass at this time while the secular Icelanders will begin their holiday meal immediately . After the meal is finished , they open gifts and spend the evening together . In Iceland people over the Yule holidays most often eat Most popular dishes are smoked lamb , ptarmigan and turkey .", "42": "Pork is also very popular . Thirteen days before December 24 the Yule Lads children will leave their shoes by the window so that the Yule Lads can leave small gifts in their shoes . The Yule Lads are the sons of two trolls living in the Icelandic mountains . Each of the Yule Lads is known for a different kind of mischief ( for example slamming doors , stealing meat , stealing milk or eating the candles ) . The Yule Lads traditionally wear early Icelandic wool clothing but are now known for the more recognizable red and white suit . Each home typically sets up a Christmas tree indoors in the living room with most decorating it on December 11 . In addition to the decorations , presents are put underneath the tree . It is also a tradition in many homes to boil skate on the 23rd . The day is called Saint Thorlak Mass ( Þorláksmessa ) . During the holiday season , it is traditional for families to work together to bake small cookies to serve or give to guests . Most common are thin gingerbread cookies which are decorated in many different colors of glaze . Many families also follow the tradition of making Laufabrauð ( Leafbread ) , which is a flat thin bread that is cut out using a special tool and folding technique . The end of year is divided between two days -- the Old Year 's Day ( Gamlársdagur ) and the New Year 's Day ( Nýársdagur ) . At the night of the former and morning of the latter Icelanders shoot up fireworks blowing the old year away and welcoming the new one . Thirteen days after the 24th Icelanders say goodbye to the Yule Lads and other mystical creatures such as elves and trolls . There are bonfires held throughout the country while the elves , Yule Lads , and Icelanders dance together before saying goodbye until the next Christmas . Norway ( edit ) Main article : Jul ( Norway ) Christmas tree with a candle Christmas gifts The major day of celebration in Norway , as in most of Northern Europe , is December 24 . Although it is legally a regular workday until 16 : 00 , most stores close early . Church bells chime in the Christmas holiday between 17 : 00 and 18 : 00 .", "43": "In some families the Christmas story from Luke 2 will be read from the old family Bible . The main Christmas meal is served in the evening . Common main dishes include pork rib , `` pinnekjøtt '' ( pieces of lamb rib steamed on a grid of birch wood ) . Many people also eat `` lutefisk '' or fresh , poached cod . Rice porridge is also popular ( but most commonly served as an early lunch rather than for the main Christmas dinner ) , an almond is often hidden in the porridge , and the person who finds it wins a treat or small gift . In some parts of Norway it is common to place porridge outside ( in a barn , outhouse or even in the forest ) to please `` Nissen '' . In many families , where the parents grew up with different traditions , two different main dishes are served to please everyone . If children are present ( and they have behaved well the last year ) , `` Julenissen '' ( Santa Claus ) pays a visit , otherwise gifts are stored under the Christmas tree . For a lot of Norwegians , especially families , television is an important part of the earlier hours of Christmas Eve . Many Norwegians do not feel the Christmas spirit until they have watched the Czech - German fairy tale Three Nuts for Cinderella ( Norwegian title : Tre nøtter til Askepott ) , the Disney Christmas cavalcade From All of Us to All of You the Norwegian fairytale movie Reisen til Julestjernen or the comedy sketch Dinner for One . Attending one of the many stage productions of Putti Plutti Pott and Santa 's Beard is also a very popular tradition . December 25 is a very quiet and relaxed day . Church services are well attended . The old tradition of a very early morning service before breakfast has been replaced in most areas by a service in the later morning . Afterward many families get together for a large festive meal . December 26 is also a day of many festivities . Cinemas , night clubs and bars are full , and there are lots of private gatherings and parties , where all kinds of traditional Christmas cookies and sweets are enjoyed . Fatty , tasty dinners are also part of it . The time between Boxing Day and New Year 's Eve is called romjul .", "44": "During this time children in some parts of Norway dress up as `` nisser '' and go `` Julebukk '' -- `` Christmas goat '' -- in their neighbourhoods and sing Christmas carols to receive treats , much the same way as in the American Halloween . January 6 ( 13th day of Christmas ) is commonly regarded as the end of Christmas , while some end Christmas on the 20th day , and some even at Candlemas . Sweden ( edit ) Main article : Jul ( Sweden ) Traditional julbord , or Christmas table Saint Lucy 's Day 2006 Christmas market with Christmas tree in Stockholm Julbock , a giant Christmas goat at the Gävle town market , Sweden The pre-Christian holiday of Yule , or jól , was the most important holiday in Scandinavia and Northern Europe . Originally the observance of the winter solstice , and the rebirth of the sun , it brought about many practices that remain in the Advent and Christmas celebrations today . The Yule season was a time for feasting , drinking , gift - giving , and gatherings , but also the season of awareness and fear of the forces of the dark . Swedish Christmas celebrations begin with the first of Advent . Saint Lucy 's Day ( locally known as Luciadagen ) which is the first major Christmas celebration before Christmas itself . The eldest daughter arising early and wearing her Lucy garb of white robe , red sash , and a wire crown covered with whortleberry - twigs with nine lighted candles fastened in it awakens the family , singing `` Santa Lucia '' , serving them coffee and saffron buns ( St. Lucia buns ) , thus ushering in the Christmas season . Schools elect a Lucia and her maids among the students and a national Lucia is elected on national television from regional winners . The regional Lucias will visit shopping malls , old people 's homes and churches , singing and handing out pepparkakor gingerbread cookies . Boys take part in the procession as well , playing different roles associated with Christmas . Some may be dressed in the same kind of white robe , but with a cone - shaped hat decorated with golden stars , called stjärngossar ( star boys ) ; some may be dressed up as `` tomtenissar '' , carrying lanterns ; and some may be dressed up as gingerbread men .", "45": "They participate in the singing and also have a song or two of their own , usually Staffan Stalledräng , which tells the story about Saint Stephen , the first Christian martyr , caring for his five horses . Electric candles and glowing stars are placed in almost every window in the month of December in Sweden . Although December 25 ( juldagen ) is a Swedish public holiday , December 24 is the day when Santa Claus Jultomte ( or simply Tomte ) brings the presents . Although not a public holiday , Christmas Eve is a de facto holiday in the sense that most workplaces are closed , and those who work , for instance in shops or care homes , get extra wages as a compensation . ( See also : Public holidays in Sweden for further explanation of this concept . ) The Jultomte was originally a small invisible Christmas house gnome or dwarf from the Nordic mythology , who watched over the house and its inhabitants . An old superstition still calls for feeding the Tomte on Christmas Eve with a small bowl of porridge . If a bowl of porridge is not laid out for him somewhere in or outside the house , he will bring bad luck to everyone in the house the next year . The modern `` Tomten '' , nowadays is a version of Santa Claus in red cloth and white beard , except that he does n't enter the house through the chimney , but knocks on the door and asks `` finns det några snälla barn här ? '' ( `` are there any nice children here ? '' ) Christmas is , as everywhere else , an occasion celebrated with food . Almost all Swedish families celebrate on December 24 with a Christmas table , called Christmas smörgåsbord ( julbord ) , a display of several Christmas food items . Almost all julbord has Christmas ham , ( julskinka ) accompanied by other Christmas dishes , such as small meatballs , pickled herring , spareribs , small hot dogs , lutfisk , pork sausage , salmon , Janssons frestelse ( potato casserole with anchovy ) , and rice pudding . The Christmas julbord is served with julmust and beverage like mulled wine , Christmas beer or snaps . A Scandinavian speciality is the glögg ( mulled and spiced wine with almonds and raisins ) , which is served hot in small cups .", "46": "The different dishes of the julbord may vary throughout Sweden , from South to North . Businesses traditionally invite their employees to a julbord dinner or lunch the weeks before Christmas , and people go out privately to restaurants which also customarily offer julbord during December . Examples of candies and treats associated with Christmas are marzipan , toffee , knäck ( quite similar to butterscotch ) , nuts and fruits : figs , chocolate , dates and oranges decorated with cloves . Television also plays a big role , many families watch the Disney Christmas special Kalle Anka och hans vänner önskar God Jul ( From All of Us to All of You ) , Karl Bertil Jonssons julafton ( animated short ) , or a re-run of the Svensson , Svensson episode God Jul ! ( Merry Christmas ) on the TV channel SVT1 . After the julbord on December 24 , the presents are distributed , either by Jultomten or a family member , and usually from a sack or from under the Christmas tree where they have been lying all day or for several days . Around Christmas people hang oranges decorated with cloves in the window or place it on the table . Many Swedes still adhere to the tradition that each present should have a rhyme written on the wrapping paper , to hint at the contents without revealing them . In older days a yule goat was an alternative to Jultomten , nowadays it is used as an ornament , ranging from sizes of 10 cm to huge constructions like the giant straw Christmas Gävle goat , famous for frequently being vandalised or burnt down . If one has two families to celebrate Christmas with , it is common that one of the families move their celebrations to Christmas Day or the day before Christmas Eve ( commonly referred to as little Christmas Eve ) . After December 24 , the Christmas celebrations have more or less come to an end . Some people attend the julottan , an early morning church service on December 25 . This particular service was the main service of Christmas historically -- nowadays , the Midnight Mass has become increasingly popular . Others attend a simpler service called Christmas Prayer in the afternoon of Christmas Eve ; however , many Swedes do not attend church at all during Christmas as the country is very secular . Even so , most families do set up a Julkrubba ( Christmas Crib ) .", "47": "On January 13 ( locally known as knutdagen or tjugondag knut , English = twentiethday Christmas ) , 20 days after Christmas , the Christmas celebrations come to an end and all Christmas decorations are removed . Southern Europe ( edit ) Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia ( edit ) Croatian wheat grass , planted on St. Lucy 's , used for Christmas candles This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia , Christmas ( Croatian : Božić , Slovene : Božič ) is celebrated mainly as a religious holiday . The festivities begin on Saint Nicholas 's Day on December 6 ( in Slovenia ) or St. Lucy 's on December 13 depending on what region ( in Croatia ) . St. Lucy or St. Nicholas brings children presents , and St. Nicholas is said to be accompanied by Krampus who steals away the presents of bad children . This `` anti-Santa '' is said to have one cloven hoof , a handful of heavy chains , and a sack on his back to collect naughty children . In Croatia on St. Lucy 's , families will plant wheat seeds in a bowl of shallow water , which will grow several inches by Christmas and are then tied together with a red , blue and white ribbon called trobojnica ' . On Christmas Eve ( Croatian : Badnjak , Slovene : Sveti večer ( holy eve ) ) , three candles representing the Trinity are lit and placed in the middle of the wheat , the glow symbolizes the soul of each person . On this day , the tree is decorated , the home is decked with greenery and the women already beginning to prepare the Christmas meal . They also bake special types of bread : one is round inscribed with a cross on top known as the cesnica , another is made with honey , nuts and dried fruit called the Christmas Eve Bread ( Croatian : Badnji Kruh , Slovene : Božični kruh ) .", "48": "In many villages , straw ( which symbolizes Christ 's birth in the manger ) is spread around the floors of the home for the Christmas Eve dinner . As is customary with Catholic people , meat is not consumed in Croatia , while in Slovenia it is . Instead of meat in Croatia and with other food in Slovenia , salad and fish is served , many choosing to eat the Dalmatian specialty bakalar , dried cod fish . The family then sprinkle holy water on their Yule log ( badnjak ) which they light and watch . In villages , the badnjak is freshly cut that very morning by the father of the household while reciting traditional prayers . At the end of the meal , a piece of the cesnica is cut and dipped in wine and used to sprinkle on the candles to extinguish them , while reciting the Trinitarian formula ( `` In the name of the Father , the Son , and the Holy Spirit . Amen '' ) . Many families will go to a midnight mass on Christmas Eve and often another on Christmas Day . It is common for Christmas presents to be placed under the tree , to suggest that the Angel or the Baby Jesus ( Mali Isus ) leaves them there while others are attending midnight mass . Presents are opened after the mass . Christmas is a day of celebrating with family ; a large feast is prepared and traditional foods such as stuffed cabbage , turkey , pot roast , pita and smoked meat are served , along with various desserts such as fritule , potica ( especially in Slovenia ) , strudel , and cookies . Slovenes are also visited by another one of their trije dobri možje ( three good guys ) , who bring presents in December : Saint Nicholas , Santa Claus and Dedek Mraz ( `` Grandfather Frost '' ) . Families mostly celebrate New Year 's Eve at home with extended family members , friends , and sometimes neighbours . Women prepare cabbage sarma , which they will eat on January 1 to symbolize good fortune , and steak tartare , which they eat on New Year 's Eve on toast with butter . At midnight , people go outdoors to watch fireworks , while Dedek Mraz leaves presents under the tree . Epiphany on January 6 marks the end of the Christmas season .", "49": "Bulgaria ( edit ) TZUM department store at Christmastime , Sofia , Bulgaria In Bulgaria , Christmas ( Bulgarian : Коледа , Koleda or more formally Рождество Христово , Rozhdestvo Hristovo , `` Nativity of Jesus '' ) is celebrated on December 25 and is preceded by Christmas Eve ( Бъдни вечер , Badni vecher ) . Traditionally , Christmas Eve would be the climax of the Nativity Fast , and thus only an odd number of lenten dishes are presented on that evening . The table is usually not cleared after the dinner and until the next morning , to leave some food for the holy spirits -- a custom which probably comes from pagan pre-Christian times . On that day , a Bulgarian budnik is set alight . On Christmas , however , meat dishes are already allowed and are typically served . Among the Bulgarian Christmas traditions is koleduvane , which involves boy carolers ( коледари , koledari ) visiting the neighbouring houses starting at midnight on Christmas Eve , wishing health , wealth and happiness . Another custom is the baking of a traditional round loaf ( пита , pita ) . The pita is broken into pieces by the head of the family and a piece is given to each family member , a valuable possession , and a piece for God . A coin is hidden inside the pita and whoever gets the coin , he or she will have luck , health , and prosperity in the coming year . As in other countries , a Christmas tree is typically set up and the entire house is decorated . The local name of Santa Claus is Dyado Koleda ( Дядо Коледа , `` Grandfather Christmas '' ) , with Dyado Mraz ( Дядо Мраз , `` Grandfather Frost '' ) being a similar Russian - imported character lacking the Christian connotations and thus popular during the Communist rule . However , it has been largely forgotten after 1989 , when Dyado Koleda again returned as the more popular figure . Greece and cyprus ( edit ) Christmas tree at Syntagma Square , Athens , Greece The festive period lasts from November 30 to January 6 ( Epiphany ) on the Greek calendar . December 25 and 26 is a public holiday in Greece .", "50": "In Greek , Christmas is known as Christougena ( Χριστούγεννα ) and people wish Merry Christmas to each other saying Kala Christougenna ( Καλά Χριστούγεννα ) . Most families set up Christmas trees and shops have decorations and lights . Presents are placed under the Christmas tree and are opened on January 1 , St Basil 's Day . In Greek tradition , Basil 's ( of Caesarea ) name was given to Father Christmas and is supposed to visit children and give presents on January 1 ( when Basil 's memory is celebrated ) , unlike other European traditions , where this person is Saint Nicholas and comes every Christmas . Carol singing is another tradition on Christmas and New Year 's Eve . The Christmas meal usually includes lamb or pork and desserts such as kourabies ( κουραμπιές ) and melomakarona ( μελομακάρονα ) . Other Christmas and new year foods include ' Baklava ' ( sweet pastry ) , Kataifi ( pastry ) , Theeples ( a kind of fried pastry ) . Small honeycakes Christmas Eve on December 24 and 23 housewives make the Christmas cake with a cross in the middle and avgokouloures which are subsequently offered to the elderly and children . Children singing carols from house to house either before or on Christmas Day . People go to church early the morning of Christmas on December 25 . Christmas morning after church there is the practice to become the `` pork batches , '' served with wine to open the appetite , and `` thick , '' done by Eve , which is boiled pork with plenty of lemon that is left to clot overnight . The pork - food is in the hallmark of Greek Christmas . In many Greek cities and ports like Thessaloniki , Volos , Patra , the Greek Islands etc. , it is decorated the traditional Christmas boat . And in many central squares of the country a big Christmas tree , where many of the Christmas festivals take place .", "51": "Some of the Christmas Festivals in Greece are `` Ρουγκατσάρια '' Rugatsariα , where all the residents of the city of Kastoria are delivered in a separate Dionysian revelry , with the accompaniment of folk melodies bodies all traditional musical sounds of the area . This ancient habit , whose origin is lost in time . In Mani there are beliefs about demonic and other supernatural beings , who come from the Twelve Days of Christ as the Epiphany . These are the goblins and say that they are the descendants God Pan or Satyrs , who jumped from the mythology in the Christian life . Italy ( edit ) Christmas decorations in Milan , Italy Panettone in Italy Pizzelle , Christmas waffles in a loose stack The Feast of the Immaculate Conception ( Italian Festa dell'Immacolata Concezione ) on December 8 is a national holiday in Italy . Christmas decorations , including the presepe ( nativity scene ) , as well as the Christmas tree , are usually put up on this day . Some modern takes on this holiday involve them hanging vultures to symbolize the cleaning of their spirits . Saint Lucy 's Day ( Italian : Giorno di Santa Lucia ) is celebrated as a Catholic holiday in Sicily and Northern regions of Italy on the supposed Shortest day of the year which is December 13 . Saint Lucy is the patron saint of the city of Syracuse better known as Santa Lucia as she is called in the traditional Neapolitan song . Evening candlelight processions called the parade of light are conducted and are followed by the Feast of St. Lucy . Sicilians pay tribute to a miracle performed by St Lucy during a famine in 1582 . At that time , she brought a flotilla of grain - bearing ships to starving Sicily , whose citizens cooked and ate the wheat without taking time to grind it into flour . Thus , on St. Lucy 's Day , Sicilians do not eat anything made with wheat flour . Instead they eat cooked wheat called cuccia .", "52": "Christmas is celebrated in Italy in a similar fashion to other Western European countries , with a strong emphasis given to the Christian meaning of the holiday and its celebration by the Catholic Church , also reinforced by the still widespread tradition of setting up the presepe , a tradition initiated by Saint Francis of Assisi . It is quite common to attend midnight mass on Christmas Eve and practice the custom not to eat any meat . The dinner traditionally consists of seafood , with the Feast of the Seven Fishes , followed by typical Italian Christmas sweets , such as pandoro , panettone , torrone , panforte , struffoli , caggionetti , Monte Bianco or others , depending on the regional cuisine . Christmas on the 25th is celebrated with a family lunch , consisting of different types of meat dishes , cheese and local sweets . The ancient Christmas festival called Ndocciata is celebrated on December 8 and Christmas Eve in Agnone , Molise , with a parade of torches leading up to the `` Bonfire of Brotherhood '' . On Christmas Eve , in the squares of many towns of the eastern Sicily , a big bonfire , U Zuccu , is lit to warm the Baby Jesus . Traditions regarding the exchanging of gifts vary from region to region , as this might take place either on Christmas Eve or on Christmas Day . Presents for children are left underneath the Christmas tree either by Santa Claus ( called Babbo Natale ) or , according to older traditions , by Baby Jesus himself . In some regions children receive gifts earlier ( at St. Lucy 's Day ) or later ( on Epiphany ) . December 26 , ( St. Stephen 's Day , in Italian Giorno di Santo Stefano ) , is also a public holiday in Italy . Festivities extend to the end of the year and then to the Epiphany . On January 6 ( Epiphany , in Italian Epifania ) decorations are usually taken down , and in some areas female puppets are burned on a pire ( called `` falò '' ) , to symbolize , along with the end of the Christmas period , the death of the old year and the beginning of a new one . While gifts are now given at Christmas by an American style Santa Claus as well , Italy holds fast to its tradition of native gift - givers .", "53": "On the eve of the 6th , la Befana , the good Epiphany witch , is thought to ride the night skies on broomstick , bringing good children gifts and sweets , and bad ones charcoal or bags of ashes . In other areas it is the Three Wise Men who bring gifts , especially oranges symbolizing gold , and chocolate symbolizing their kisses to good children . In some municipalities , most famously in Milan , the custom of the `` Corteo dei Re Magi '' ( Three Kings Procession ) is elaboratedly celebrated with a parade welcoming the Wise Men , and the passing out of sweets . In other places , such as Treviso the day is celebrated with bonfires , the sparks of which are said to predict the future of the new year . Malta ( edit ) See also : Christmas Eve Procession Christmas ( Maltese : Il - Milied ) in Malta is mostly secular , with a number of Christian - related themes . Midnight Masses are popular amng the older generations , and Christmas processions take place on Christmas Eve with a statue of the baby Jesus in towns and villages , led by the Society of Christian Doctrine . A public holiday in Malta , Christmas Day is celebrated on December 25 . Christmas lunch usually consists of turkey served with potatoes and vegetables ( Malta is a former British colony ) . The island has adopted other popular secular customs and traditions such as the Christmas tree and Father Christmas . Presents are normally generally exchanged either on Christmas Eve or on Christmas Day . A local seasonal food is the `` Qaghaq ta ' l - Ghasel '' ( Honey Ring ) . These Maltese Christmas sweets are eaten as a dessert during the Christmas season but can also be purchased all year round . Christmas cribs are a popular and are seen in most homes . Another Christmas tradition is the planting of common vetch seeds in flat - bottomed pots . They are planted around the beginning of December , normally placed on white cotton and watered every day whilst being kept in the dark all the time . They are usually taken out just before Christmas , and resemble long white spaghetti - like strands of leaves ( since they would have grown in the dark ) . Portugal ( edit ) Christmas decorations in Braga Christmas , an official holiday in Portugal , is widely celebrated and is associated with family gatherings .", "54": "People who have moved to the main cities , like Lisbon or Porto , or even those who have emigrated to other countries , still travel to their home towns and villages to spend Christmas Eve with their families . After the Missa do galo ( Rooster 's Mass ) that celebrates the birth of Christ , families gather around the Consoada , the late supper held on Christmas Eve . The traditional dish is bacalhau com todos ( dried codfish boiled with vegetables ) , although , in northern Portugal , the bacalhau is often replaced by octopus . The Christmas dinner usually ends with fatias douradas ( golden slices ) , filhoses and sonhos ( dreams ) , all desserts based on fried flour or fried bread . Another traditional cake is the king cake served on Epiphany . Nowadays , although Santa Claus ( Pai Natal ) is more popular , in some regions people still believe that it is the Menino Jesus ( Baby Jesus ) who brings presents to children . Serbia and Montenegro ( edit ) Serbian Orthodox Christmas bread Main articles : Serbian Christmas traditions and Badnjak ( Serbian ) In Serbia and Montenegro , Christmas ( Serbian : Божић , Božić or more formally Рождество Христово , Rozhdestvo Hristovo , `` Nativity of Christ '' ) is celebrated for three consecutive days , beginning with Christmas Day . The Serbian Orthodox Church uses the traditional Julian calendar , per which Christmas Day ( December 25 ) falls on January 7 . This day is called the first day of Christmas , and the following two are accordingly called the second , and the third day of Christmas . During this festive time , one is to greet another person with `` Christ is Born , '' which should be responded to with `` Truly He is Born . '' The Serbian name for Christmas is Božić ( Cyrillic : Божић , pronounced ( boʒitɕ ) ) , which means the young or little God . This holiday surpasses all the others celebrated by Serbs , with respect to the diversity of applied folk customs and rituals . These may vary from region to region , some of them having modern versions adapted to the contemporary way of living . The ideal environment to carry them out fully is the traditional multi-generation country household .", "55": "In the morning of Christmas Eve a young , straight oak tree is selected and felled by the head of the household . A log is cut from it and is referred to as the badnjak . In the evening , the badnjak is ceremoniously put on the domestic fire that burns on the house 's fireplace called ognjište , whose hearth is without a vertical surround . The burning of the badnjak is accompanied by prayers to God so that the coming year may bring much happiness , love , luck , riches , and food . Since most houses today have no ognjište on which to burn a badnjak , it is symbolically represented by several leaved oak twigs . For the convenience of people who live in towns and cities , they can be bought at marketplaces or received in churches . The dinner on this day is festive , copious and diverse in foods , although it is prepared in accordance with the rules of fasting . Groups of young people go from house to house of their village or neighbourhood , congratulating each other , singing , and making performances ; this continues through the next three days . The Serbs also take a bundle of straw into the house and spread it over the floor , and then put walnuts on it . Before the table is served for the Christmas Eve dinner , it is strewn with a thin layer of straw and covered with a white cloth . The head of household makes the Sign of the Cross , lights a candle , and censes the whole house . The family members sit down at the table , but before tucking in they all rise and a man or boy among them says a prayer , or they together sing the Troparion of the Nativity . After the dinner young people visit their friends , a group of whom may gather at the house of one of them . Christmas and other songs are sung , while the elderly narrate stories from the olden times . On Christmas Day , the celebration is announced at dawn by church bells and by shooting . A big importance is given to the first visit a family receives that day . People expect that it will summon prosperity and well - being for their household in the ensuing year ; this visit is often pre-arranged . Christmas dinner is the most celebratory meal a family has during a year . A special , festive loaf of bread is baked for this occasion .", "56": "The main course is roast pork of a pig which they cook whole by rotating it impaled on a wooden spit close to an open fire . Even though gift - giving is not necessarily a part of the tradition , a Santa Claus inspired character called Božić Bata ( translated as Christmas friend ) sometimes takes his during gift giving , as Santa Claus is more traditionally connected to New Years celebrations . Gift - giving is , nevertheless , connected with the celebrations , being traditionally done on the three consecutive Sundays that immediately precede it . Children , women , and men , respectively , are the set gift - givers on these three days . Since the early 1990s , the Serbian Orthodox Church has , together with local communities , organized public celebrations on Christmas Eve . The course of these celebrations can be typically divided into three parts : the preparation , the ritual , and the festivity . The preparation consists of going and cutting down the tree to be used as the badnjak , taking it to the church yard , and preparing drink and food for the assembled parishioners . The ritual includes Vespers , placing the badnjak on the open fire built in the church yard , blessing or consecrating the badnjak , and an appropriate program with songs and recitals . In some parishes they build the fire on which to burn the badnjak not in the church yard but at some other suitable location in their town or village . The festivity consists of getting together around the fire and socializing . Each particular celebration , however , has its own specificities which reflect traditions of the local community , and other local factors . In Serbia , Montenegro and Macedonia Christmas is celebrated on January 7 . This is a result of their Eastern Orthodox churches marking Christmas Day based on the Julian calendar , which is now 13 days behind the internationally used Gregorian calendar . Spain ( edit ) Avinguda Portal de l'Àngel , at Christmas time , Barcelona , Spain Christmas and St Stephen 's Day are officially recognized holidays in Spain . In most of Spain , the Christmas period , referred to as `` Navidad '' , lasts from Christmas Eve referred to as `` Nochebuena '' or `` the Good Night . '' on December 24 to Epiphany on January 6 . Many homes and most churches display a Nativity scene , a Christmas tree , or both .", "57": "The pesebre ( nativity scene ) is present in many homes , schools and stores . On the 26th , Sant Esteve ( Saint Stephen ) is celebrated with a family gathering . A large family dinner is celebrated on Christmas Eve ( Nochebuena ) and can last until 6 o'clock in the morning . There is a wide variety of typical foods one might find on plates across Spain on this particular night , and each region has its own distinct specialities . It is particularly common , however , to start the meal with a seafood dish such as prawns or salmon , followed by a bowl of hot , homemade soup . The main meal will commonly consist of roast lamb , or seafood , such as cod or shellfish . For dessert , there is quite a spread of delicacies , among them are turrón , a dessert made of honey , egg and almonds that is Arabic in origin . Special dishes and desserts include Mariscos y Pescado ( shellfish and fish ) , marzipan , Pavo Trufado de Navidad ( turkey with truffles ) , and polvorones ( shortbread made of almonds , flour and sugar ) . Even though there is still the traditional Misa del Gallo at midnight , few Spaniards continue to follow the old custom of attending . Children usually receive one or two presents on Christmas Day ( December 25 ) , brought by `` Papá Noel '' ( Father Noel ) , which is a non-traditional imitation of the American Santa Claus , but in some regions there are other more traditional characters , for example , the Olentzero in the Basque Country . There is a special Christmas dance called the Jota which has been performed for centuries in Spain during Christmas . On December 31 ( Nochevieja ) there is also a large family feast . Some young people go out in `` cotillón '' , a very big feast in bars and pubs and the drink and dance until January 1 morning , when they have churros with chocolate for breakfast . On January 5 a huge parade ( La Cabalgata or cavalcade ) welcomes the Three Kings to the city . Children put their shoes in the window on January 5 in the hope that the Three Wise Men will deliver them presents .", "58": "Western Europe ( edit ) France ( edit ) Christmas decorations along the Champs - Élysées in Paris , France Christmas in France ( Noël on the French calendar ) is celebrated mainly in a religious manner , though secular ways of celebrating the occasion also exist , such as Christmas decorations and carols . Children do not hang Christmas stockings but put their shoes by the fireplace or under the Christmas tree so Père Noël ( Father Christmas or Santa Claus ) can give them gifts ( a practice also among French - speaking Switzerland ) . Some families also attend midnight mass and decorate their homes with Nativity Scenes depicting the birth of Jesus . Additional Santons ( little saints ) may be added in the nativity scenes . In France and in other French - speaking areas ( see French Canada ) , a long family dinner , called a réveillon , is held on Christmas Eve . The name of this dinner is based on the word réveil ( meaning `` waking '' ) , because participation involves staying awake until midnight and beyond . Réveillon is generally of an exceptional or luxurious nature . Appetizers may include lobster , oysters , escargots or foie gras , etc . One traditional dish is turkey with chestnuts . Réveillons in Quebec will often include some variety of tourtière . Dessert may consist of a bûche de Noël . In Provence , the tradition of the 13 desserts is followed , almost invariably including : pompe à l'huile ( a flavoured bread ) , dates , etc . Quality wine is usually consumed at such dinners , often with champagne or similar sparkling wines as a conclusion . Christmas carols may also be sung . United Kingdom ( edit ) Christmas Tree and carolers at Trafalgar Square in London In the United Kingdom Christmas decorations are put up in shops and town centres from early November . Many towns and cities have a public event involving a local or regional celebrity to mark the switching on of Christmas lights . Decorations in people 's homes are commonly put up from early December , traditionally including a Christmas tree , cards , and lights both inside and outside the home . Every year , Norway donates a giant Christmas tree for the British to raise in Trafalgar Square as a thank you for helping during the Second World War .", "59": "Christmas carolers at Trafalgar Square in London sing around the tree on various evenings up until Christmas Eve and Christmas decorations are traditionally left up until the evening of January 5 ( the night before Epiphany ) ; it is considered bad luck to have Christmas decorations up after this date . In practice , many Christmas traditions , such as the playing of Christmas music , largely stop after Christmas Day . Mince pies are traditionally sold during the festive season and are a popular food for Christmas . It is common in many UK households for children and adults to put up advent calendars in their homes , which may either contain chocolates or Christmas scenes behind their doors . A common feature of the Christmas season is the Nativity play which is practiced in most primary and some secondary schools across the UK . This practice is becoming less common , and Christmas pantomimes may be performed instead . Midnight Mass is also celebrated by Anglicans , Catholics , and other denominations , and services take place in nearly all Church of England parishes on Christmas Eve . On Christmas Eve , presents are supposedly delivered in stockings and under the Christmas tree by Father Christmas , who previously had been something like The Ghost of Christmas Present in Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol ( 1843 ) , but who has now become mainly conflated with Santa Claus . The two names are now used interchangeably and are equally known to British people , though some distinctive features still remain . Many families tell their children stories about Father Christmas and his reindeer . One tradition is to put out a plate of carrots for the reindeer , and mince pies and sherry for Father Christmas to help him on his way . The majority of families open their presents on the morning of Christmas Day , the Royal family being a notable exception , as they open their gifts on Christmas Eve , following German tradition introduced by the Hanoverians . Queen Victoria as a child made note of it in her diary for Christmas Eve 1832 ; the delighted 13 - year - old princess wrote , `` After dinner ... we then went into the drawing - room near the dining - room ... There were two large round tables on which were placed two trees hung with lights and sugar ornaments . All the presents being placed round the trees ... '' .", "60": "Since the first commercial Christmas card was produced in London in 1843 , cards are sent in the weeks leading up to Christmas , many of which contain the English festive greeting Merry Christmas . On Christmas Day , a public holiday in the United Kingdom , nearly the whole population has the day off to be with their family and friends , so they can gather round for a traditional Christmas dinner , traditionally comprising a turkey with cranberries , brussels sprouts , parsnips , Yorkshire pudding and roast potatoes , quite like the Sunday roast , and followed by a Christmas pudding . During the meal , Christmas crackers , containing toys , jokes , and a paper hat are pulled . Attendance at a Christmas Day church service has become less popular in modern times , with fewer than 3 million now attending a Christmas Day Church of England service . Watching the Queen 's Speech on TV is a tradition that can be important in some households on Christmas Day , typically averaging 7 million viewers on TV , though it is declining in popularity , and 2 million listeners via radio . Christmas lights on Regent Street , London The Celebration of Boxing Day , on the day after Christmas Day , is a tradition practiced in the UK . It is a bank holiday , and if it happens to fall on a weekend then a special Bank Holiday Monday will occur . Also , depending on the day of the week , it is often a day when football matches are played in the professional leagues and many people go to watch their team play . Other traditions include carol singing -- many carols are sung by children on people 's doorsteps and by professional choirs -- and sending Christmas cards . In public , there are decorations and lights in most shops , especially in town centres , and even in Indian and Chinese restaurants . Churches and cathedrals across the country hold masses , with many people going to midnight mass or a service on Christmas morning . Even though church attendance has been falling over the decades some people who do not go to church often think it is still important to go at Christmas , so Church attendance increases . Most theatres have a tradition of putting on a Christmas pantomime for children . The pantomime stories are traditionally based on popular children 's stories such as Little Red Riding Hood and Aladdin , rather than being directly concerned with Christmas as such , although there is sometimes a link .", "61": "Television is widely watched : for many television channels , Christmas Day is the most important day of the year in terms of ratings . Public transport and vital transport services are closed - down on Christmas day ( December 25 ) and remain closed for essential maintenance work until New Year . The Christmas wind - down starts early , with last trains running out of the major cities as early as 19 : 00 on December 24 . Bus , night bus , and underground services are also unavailable from about 21 : 00 hours . Individual transport companies start make announcement from as early as October , and while one train operating company may choose to run no trains on Boxing Day another may run a limited Saturday service but totally close major stations . In England , telling ghost stories , local legends , and other strange , bizarre , and fantastic `` winter stories '' ( as Charles Dickens -- author of A Christmas Carol - termed them ) is a centuries - old tradition , to which William Shakespeare contributed with The Winter 's Tale ( 1623 ) but which was well known even before Shakespeare 's time . ( In contrast , the Ireland , Scotland , and the USA favor Halloween as a time for telling ghostly tales . ) Colin Fleming details other contributors to this tradition in the Paris Review . Wales ( edit ) Wales has a tradition of singing caneuon plygain which is done on the week before Christmas day . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in Scotland Christmas fairground ride Christmas in Scotland was traditionally observed very quietly , because the Church of Scotland -- a Presbyterian Church -- for various reasons never placed much emphasis on the Christmas festival ; although in Catholic areas people would attend Midnight Mass or early morning Mass before going to work . This tradition derives from the Church of Scotland 's origins including St Columba 's monastic tradition , under which every day is God 's day and there is none more special than another . ( Thus Good Friday is not an official public holiday in Scotland . ) ; the Kirk and the state being closely linked in Scotland during the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period . Christmas Day was commonly a normal working day in Scotland until the 1960s , and even into the 1970s in some areas . The New Year 's Eve festivity , Hogmanay , was by far the largest celebration in Scotland .", "62": "The gift - giving , public holidays and feasting associated with mid-winter were traditionally held between December 11 and January 6 . However , since the 1980s , the fading of the Church 's influence and the increased influences from the rest of the UK and elsewhere , Christmas and its related festivities are now nearly on a par with Hogmanay and `` Ne'erday '' . The capital city of Edinburgh now has a traditional German Christmas market from late November until Christmas Eve and on the first Sunday in Advent a nativity scene is blessed by the Cardinal Archbishop in the main square . On Christmas Day , people sometimes make big bonfires and dance around them to the playing of bagpipes . Bannock cakes made of oatmeal are traditionally eaten at Christmas . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in Ireland Christmas market Christmas high jinks , Omagh Christmas market Christmas in Ireland is the largest celebration on the calendar in Ireland and lasts from December 24 to January 6 , although many view December 8 as being the start of the season ; and schools used to close on this day , making it a traditional Christmas shopping time , this is no longer compulsory and many stay open . Almost the entire workforce is finished by lunchtime on Christmas Eve , or often a few days beforehand . Christmas Day and St. Stephen 's Day are public holidays , and many people do not return to work until after New Year 's Day . Irish people spend more and more money each year on celebrating Christmas . In 2006 , the total amount spent in Ireland to celebrate Christmas was € 16 billion , which averages at approximately € 4,000 for every single person in the country . Church nativity scene It is extremely popular on Christmas Eve to go for `` the Christmas drink '' in the local pub , where regular punters are usually offered a Christmas drink . Many neighbours and friends attend each other 's houses for Christmas drinks and parties on the days leading up to and after Christmas Day . Although religious devotion in Ireland today is considerably less than it used to be , there are huge attendances at religious services for Christmas Day , with Midnight Mass a popular choice . Most families arrange for their deceased relatives to be prayed for at these Masses as it is a time of remembering the dead in Ireland . It is traditional to decorate graves at Christmas with a wreath made of holly and ivy .", "63": "Even in the most undevout of homes in Ireland the traditional crib takes centre stage along with the Christmas tree as part of the family 's decorations . Some people light candles to signify symbolic hospitality for Mary and Joseph . Therefore , it is usual to see a white candle , or candle set , placed in several windows around people 's homes . The candle was a way of saying there was room for Jesus 's parents in these homes even if there was none in Bethlehem . It is traditional to leave a mince pie and a bottle or a glass of Guinness for Santa Claus along with a carrot for Rudolph on Christmas Eve . Santa Claus , often known in Ireland simply as Santy or Daidí na Nollag in Irish , brings presents to children in Ireland , which are opened on Christmas morning . Family and friends also give each other gifts at Christmas . The traditional Christmas dinner consists of turkey or goose and ham with a selection of vegetables and a variety of potatoes , as potatoes still act as a staple food in Ireland despite the popularisation of staples such as rice and pasta . Dessert is a very rich selection of Christmas pudding , Christmas cake , and mince pies with equally rich sauces such as brandy butter . Christmas celebrations in Ireland finish with the celebration of Little Christmas also known as Oíche Nollaig na mBan in Irish on January 6 . This festival , which coincides with Epiphany , is also known as Women 's Christmas in Cork & Kerry . Netherlands and Flanders ( edit ) Christmas traditions in the Netherlands are almost the same as the ones in Dutch speaking parts of Belgium ( Flanders ) . The Dutch recognize two days of Christmas as public holidays in the Netherlands , calling December 25 Eerste Kerstdag ( `` first Christmas day '' ) and December 26 Tweede Kerstdag ( `` second Christmas day '' ) . In families , it is customary to spend these days with either side of the family . In Catholic parts of the country , it used to be common to attend Christmas Eve midnight mass ; this custom is upheld , but mostly by the elder generation and by fewer people every year . Christmas Eve is these days a rather normal evening without any special gatherings or meals . On Christmas Day , throughout both Flanders and the Netherlands elaborated meals are prepared by the host or together as a family .", "64": "Also meals of which every participant / guest is preparing one dish are very common . The week before Christmas is important to the retail trade , because this is the biggest sales week in the country . Christmas songs are heard everywhere . The cities of Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague and Eindhoven are the busiest cities in terms of entertainment on Christmas Day . Many people do not exchange gifts on Christmas , since this is already done during a separate holiday ( Sinterklaas ) a few weeks before Christmas . In Twente people will blow the mid-winter horns around Christmas . The Christmas season wraps up after the new year with Epiphany , or `` Driekoningen '' . On January 6 children especially in the north of the Netherlands dress up as the Three Wise Men and travel in groups of three carrying lanterns , re-enacting the Epiphany and singing traditional songs for their hosts . In return they are rewarded with cakes and sweets . This practice is less common south of the great rivers . In the south and east of the Netherlands it is common practice to burn the Christmas trees of the community on a big pile on January 6 to celebrate the end of Christmas and the start of the new year . Oceania ( edit ) See also : Christmas in Australia and New Zealand Australia ( edit ) The Christmas Belles performing at Melbourne Crown atrium In Australia , as with all of the Southern Hemisphere , Christmas occurs during the height of the summer season . Christmas Day and Boxing Day ( December 25 -- 26 ) are recognized as national public holidays in Australia , and workers are therefore entitled to a day off with pay . The Australian traditions and decorations are quite similar to those of the United Kingdom and North America , and similar wintry iconography is commonplace . This means a red fur - coated Santa Claus riding a sleigh , carols such as Jingle Bells , and various snow - covered Christmas scenes on Christmas cards and decorations appear in the middle of summer . As novelties , some Australian songwriters and authors have occasionally depicted Santa in `` Australian '' - style clothing including an Akubra hat , with warm - weather clothing and thongs , and riding in a ute pulled by kangaroos , ( e.g. Six White Boomers by Rolf Harris ) but these depictions have not replaced mainstream iconography .", "65": "New Zealand ( edit ) The December - flowering pōhutukawa ( Metrosideros excelsa ) , an often - used Christmas symbol in New Zealand Christmas Day and Boxing Day are both statutory holidays in New Zealand . While Boxing Day is a standard statutory holiday , Christmas Day is one of the three - and - a-half days of the year where all but the most essential businesses and services must close . Many of New Zealand 's Christmas traditions are similar to those of Australia in that they are a mix of United Kingdom and North American traditions conducted in summer . New Zealand celebrates Christmas with mainly traditional northern hemisphere winter imagery , mixed with local imagery . The Pōhutukawa ( Metrosideros excelsa ) , which produces large crimson flowers in December , is an often used symbol for Christmas in New Zealand , and subsequently the pōhutukawa has become known as the New Zealand Christmas tree . Unlike the United Kingdom 's ' Father Christmas ' or ' Saint Nick ' , New Zealand uses the name ' Santa ' . 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Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` From All of Us to All of You '' . IMDb . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` From All of Us to All of You '' . IMDb . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Stahl ( December 22 , 2009 ) .", "72": "`` Nordic Quack : Sweden 's bizarre tradition of watching Donald Duck cartoons on Christmas Eve '' . Slate . At 3 o'clock in the afternoon , you ca n't to do anything else , because Sweden is closed Jump up ^ `` With food , drink and candles , Sweden embraces Christmas '' . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2009 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How is Christmas Celebrated Around the World '' . CardStore.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian Christmas '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria 's Christmas Traditions '' . Aboutcom . Jump up ^ `` Christmas in bulgaria '' . Indobase . Jump up ^ `` Christmas in Italy '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org . October 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of Christmas Traditions -- Italy '' . Buzzle.com . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2009 . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Caggionetti , Calgionetti , Caggiunitt at Christmas Time '' . Life in Abruzzo . December 22 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Food : Italian Christmas Eve Fish Dinner '' . Sicilian Culture . December 25 , 2002 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nino Modugno Il mondo magico della notte delle streghe . Credenze e rituali che accompagnano il 24 giugno Hermes Edizioni , 2005 ISBN 88 - 7938 - 273 - X Jump up ^ `` U zuccu 2017 di Acireale -- Local Festivals , Sicily -- Folclore '' . Folclore.it .", "73": "December 20 , 2011 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas traditions in Italy '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Traditional Bonfires of Veneto in winter solstice northeast italy winter solstice fires treviso traditions of veneto '' . Trevisoinfo.com . January 5 , 2008 . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Steves , Rick . `` Rick Steves ' Europe : Epiphany in Europe : Sweetness to share '' . RickSteves.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Italy . Google Books . January 1 , 2004 . ISBN 9781860111136 . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hymns of the Feast '' . Feast of the Nativity of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ . Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Traditions in Spain , '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christmas . World Book Encyclopedia 2003 edition . Volume Ch . P. 531 Jump up ^ `` Christmas '' World Book Encyclopedia 2003 edition . The french word for Christmas is noel Volume `` Ch '' P. 530 Jump up ^ `` Réveillon '' . VirtualMuseum.ca . December 1 , 1995 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2001 . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` British Christmas : introduction , food , customs '' . Woodlands-Junior.Kent.sch.uk . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas dinner '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Project Britain Christmas '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The girlhood of Queen Victoria : a selection from Her Majesty 's diaries . Longmans , Green & Co. / University of Wisconsin . 1912 . p. 61 .", "74": "Jump up ^ Buday , György & Buday , George ( 1992 ) . The history of the Christmas card . Omnigraphics . p. 8 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Davis , Karen ( 2001 ) . More than a meal : the turkey in history , myth , ritual , and reality . Lantern Books . Jump up ^ `` Christmas pudding : Icons of England '' . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2009 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kimpton , Peter ( 2005 ) . Tom Smith 's Christmas crackers : an illustrated history . Tempus . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 3164 - 1 . Jump up ^ Owen , Peter ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Church of England statistics '' . Thinking Anglicans . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BARB viewing figures '' . Barb.co.uk . December 11 , 2011 . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Queen 's speech flops with worst viewing figures '' . Scotsman.com . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Maev ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Rail passengers face less than merry Christmas with travel disruptions '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas in London 2016 : Essential Information '' . visitlondon.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas and New Year Timetable 2016 - 2017 '' ( PDF ) . South West Trains . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas and New Year 2016 - 7 Southeastern '' . www.southeasternrailway.co.uk . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Jeffrey ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` Telling ghost stories is a lost tradition on Christmas Eve '' . Deseret News . Jump up ^ Johnston , Derek ( December 15 , 2014 ) .", "75": "`` Why ghosts haunt England at Christmas but steer clear of America '' . The Conversation . Jump up ^ Fleming , Colin ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` Ghosts on the Nog : The great English tradition of Christmas ghost stories '' . The Paris Review . Jump up ^ `` Welsh Christmas Carols -- The Plygain Tradition '' , AllAboutWales.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Scottish Christmas '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ross , Anthony ( Autumn 1959 ) . `` Reformation and Repression '' . The Innes Review . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . 10 : 338 -- 381 . doi : 10.3366 / inr. 1959.10. 2.338 . ISSN 0020 - 157X . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christmas in Scotland : Christmas Around the World . World Book . 2001 . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7166 - 0860 - 8 . Jump up ^ Houston , Rab ; Houston , Robert Allan ( 2008 ) . Scotland : a very short introduction . Very short introductions. 197 . Oxford University Press . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 923079 - 2 . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Traditional German Christmas Market '' Archived December 13 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Edinburgh 's Christmas . Retrieved during the pre-festive season 2011 Jump up ^ Black , Rebecca . `` News Ireland Irish News Paper Free News Stories Online from The Irish Independent Newspaper -- Independent.ie '' . Unison.ie . Retrieved December 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Christmas Traditions '' . ChristmasinDublin.com . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2003 . Retrieved December 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas in Holland / The Netherlands '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Christmas city '' .", "76": "Mornington Peninsula Kids . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas events Melbourne '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pohutukawa trees '' . Ministry of Culture and Heritage ( New Zealand ) . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Rae , Simon ( 1996 ) The Faber Book of Christmas . London : Faber & Faber ISBN 0 - 571 - 17440 - X Restad , Penne L. ( 1995 ) Christmas in America : a history . New York : Oxford University Press ISBN 0 - 19 - 509300 - 3 Tabori , Lena , ed. ( 1999 ) The Little Big Book of Christmas . New York : William Morrow ISBN 0 - 688 - 17414 - 0 External links ( edit ) Media related to Christmas by country at Wikimedia Commons Jennifer Eremeeva , `` And so , is this Christmas ? '' Russia Now , December 15 , 2010 . 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-6762654750812139940	who sings she's like the wind lyrics	[ "Patrick Swayze", "Patrick Swayze", "Wendy Fraser" ]	{ "0": "She 's Like the Wind - wikipedia She 's Like the Wind Jump to : navigation , search `` She 's Like the Wind '' Single by Patrick Swayze from the album Dirty Dancing Soundtrack B - side `` Maurice Williams & The Zodiacs - Stay '' Released Format 7 '' single , 12 '' maxi , CD single , Cassette single Recorded November 1986 Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 49 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Patrick Swayze , Stacy Widelitz Producer ( s ) Michael Lloyd `` She 's Like the Wind '' is a 1987 power ballad from the film Dirty Dancing , performed by Patrick Swayze . Though Swayze is the primary vocalist on the single , it was billed as being performed by `` Patrick Swayze featuring Wendy Fraser '' ; Fraser is heard throughout much of the song , specifically in the final chorus . The single reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Adult Contemporary chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 History 2.1 Music video 3 Releases 3.1 Track listing 4 Chart position 5 Lumidee 5.1 Background 5.2 Music video 5.3 Track listing 5.4 Charts 6 Other versions 7 References Production ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Swayze and Stacy Widelitz co-wrote the song in 1984 . It was originally intended for the soundtrack of Grandview , U.S.A. and was meant to be about Jamie Lee Curtis ' character in the film . However , the song was not used in that film . During production of Dirty Dancing in 1987 , Swayze played the demo for producer Linda Gottlieb and director Emile Ardolino . They loved it and passed it on to Jimmy Ienner and Bob Feiden , the soundtrack 's executive producers . It was recorded for the soundtrack in November 1986 , with Michael Lloyd producing .", "1": "The song , like the film in which it was featured , was a success , reaching number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on Adult Contemporary , and was a hit around the world . It is still in circulation on radio . The soundtrack album was number one for 19 weeks . History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Swayze co-wrote and performed two tracks on the soundtrack to the film Road House ( 1989 ) , plus he co-wrote and performed a duet with Larry Gatlin for the film Next of Kin ( 1989 ) . Music video ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The music video in black and white features clips from the movie Dirty Dancing . The video can be seen on the Ultimate Dirty Dancing DVD . Releases ( edit ) The song was released commercially on 7 '' vinyl in many countries , with a 3 - track 12 '' maxi single and 2 - track cassette also produced . CD singles were a relatively new format , however ; a 2 and 3 - track 5 '' CD and Japanese mini CD single were commercially released . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl single - US No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` She 's Like the Wind '' P. Swayze , S. Widelitz 3 : 49 2 . `` Stay '' Maurice Williams 1 : 34 CD single - France No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` She 's Like the Wind '' P. Swayze , S. Widelitz 3 : 49 2 . `` Stay '' Maurice Williams 1 : 34 Cassette single - US No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 .", "2": "`` She 's Like the Wind '' P. Swayze , S. Widelitz 3 : 49 2 . `` Stay '' Maurice Williams 1 : 34 Chart position ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 6 Austrian Singles Chart 15 Dutch Mega Top 100 13 German Singles Chart 14 Irish Singles Chart New Zealand Singles Chart 27 Norwegian Singles Chart 7 South African Singles Chart 13 Swedish Singles Chart 8 Swiss Singles Chart 23 UK Singles Chart 17 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks Chart ( 1992 / 93 ) Peak position French SNEP Singles Chart 7 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Swiss Singles Chart 67 Preceded by `` Seasons Change '' by Exposé Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single ( Patrick Swayze version ) February 27 , 1988 Succeeded by `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' by Rick Astley `` '' She 's Like The Wind `` '' Single by Lumidee featuring Tony Sunshine from the album Unexpected Released April 3 , 2007 Format Digital download , CD single Recorded 2006 - 2007 Label TVT Producer ( s ) J. Marty , T.C. Love Lumidee singles chronology `` Dance ! '' ( 2006 ) `` '' She 's Like The Wind `` '' ( 2007 ) `` Crazy '' ( 2007 ) `` Dance ! '' ( 2006 ) `` '' ' She 's Like The Wind '' ( 2007 ) `` Crazy '' ( 2007 ) Lumidee ( edit ) `` She 's Like the Wind '' is a cover recorded by American recording artists Lumidee and Tony Sunshine for Lumidee 's second album , Unexpected ( 2007 ) . It was released as the lead single from Unexpected in the U.S. and Europe on April 3 , 2007 .", "3": "Background ( edit ) According to Lumidee , the idea to record a remake of Patrick Swayze 's 1987 song `` She 's Like The Wind '' was inspired by her European label when she recommended a collaboration with fellow New York recording artist Tony Sunshine . She also said , `` We 'd been talking about working together but had n't been able to . But he loved the idea of doing something with this song . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video for this version was directed by Dayo . Track listing ( edit ) `` She 's Like The Wind ( Radio Edit ) '' - 4 : 17 `` She 's Like The Wind ( Spanglish Version ) '' - 3 : 53 `` She 's Like The Wind ( Instrumental ) '' - 4 : 18 `` She 's Like The Wind ( A Capella ) '' - 4 : 15 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 22 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 43 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 75 Other versions ( edit ) The song was later covered by Vibekingz featuring Maliq , Phonkillaz ( 2002 ) , and Patrick Nuo , and in 2007 by Lumidee featuring Tony Sunshine , released on Lumidee 's album Unexpected . The Vibekingz version reached # 2 on Germany 's pop charts in 2006 , and stayed in the top ten for two months . The version by Lumidee received widespread airplay in the United States , reaching the top 20 . Tony Sunshine sings the original part by Swayze , while Lumidee raps with original verses related to the theme of the song . A mashup song and video of `` She 's Like the Wind '' with `` Minimal '' by Pet Shop Boys has been a featured video on YouTube . Girls Aloud covered `` She 's Like the Wind '' in the Dirty Dancing Medley on their The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits Tour ; it was Kimberley Walsh 's solo .", "4": "Ultrabeat covered the song on their 2008 album , Discolights : The Album . Jan Wayne covered it on his album Back Again . Performed as a tribute to Patrick Swayze on Season 9 Dancing with the Stars Result Show by Dmitry Chaplin and Chelsie Hightower . John Sage covered the song as a single release in 2013 . Boston artist Michael Spaulding also covered the song for his new album released in 2013 . The song is briefly used in a scene of the 2009 movie ( 500 ) Days of Summer . Swaytrick released their She 's Like the Wind ( Club Mixes ) album in 2014 . Besides the original Swaytrick versions the album features summery house remixes by The Moodshapers . Urban Zouk Music Producer Jay Bee did a bootleg remix of the song in 2015 . Calum Scott performed a version used in the 2017 TV movie version of Dirty Dancing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McNelis , Tim . `` Dancing in the Nostalgia Factory : Anachronistic Music in Dirty Dancing '' . In The Time of Our Lives : Dirty Dancing and Popular Culture . Eds . Yannis Tzioumakis & Siân Lincoln . Detroit : Wayne State University Press , 2013 . P. 250 . Jump up ^ Naish , Stephen Lee ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` Deconstructing Dirty Dancing '' . John Hunt Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 238 .", "5": "Jump up ^ Patrick Swayze -- She 's Like The Wind 7 '' US vinyl single Jump up ^ Patrick Swayze -- She 's Like The Wind CD single - France Jump up ^ `` She 's Like the Wind '' ( 1 ) ( Retrieved October 5 , 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : `` She 's Like the Wind '' , in various singles charts Lescharts.com ( Retrieved January 12 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ German Singles Chart Charts-surfer.de ( Retrieved January 12 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie ( Retrieved January 12 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ South African Singles Chart ( 2 ) ( Retrieved 4 December 2013 ) Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com ( Retrieved January 12 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Billboard allmusic.com ( Retrieved January 12 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Acahrts.us Jump up ^ ( Posted : March 26 , 2007 ) Elena del Valle , Puerto Rican singer Lumidee launches second album in April 2007 hispanicmpr.com . Poyeen Publishing . Retrieved 10 - 31 - 2010 . Jump up ^ ( Posted : March 24 , 2007 ) Gail Mitchell , `` R&B singer Lumidee rejects one - hit - wonder tag '' reuters.com . Retrieved 1 - 31 - 2010 . Jump up ^ Lumidee , `` She 's Like The Wind '' ( Feat . Tony Sunshine ) - Music videos Archived 2009 - 04 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . BET.com . Retrieved 10 - 31 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Lumidee feat . Tony Sunshine -- She 's Like The Wind '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Lumidee feat . Tony Sunshine -- She 's Like The Wind '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Lumidee feat . Tony Sunshine -- She 's Like The Wind '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Lumidee Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard .", "6": "Jump up ^ `` Lumidee Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Lumidee Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . ( hide ) Lumidee Studio albums Almost Famous ( 2003 ) Unexpected ( 2007 ) Singles `` Never Leave You ( Uh Oooh , Uh Oooh ) '' `` Crashin ' a Party '' `` She 's Like The Wind '' `` Crazy '' `` Feel Like Makin ' Love '' `` Could Be Anything '' Featured Singles `` Die Besten Tage Sind Gezählt '' `` From Spanish Harlem To Geneva '' `` Siéntelo '' `` Más Maíz '' `` Dance ! '' `` Do n't Sweat That ( Whistle Song ) '' `` Ring My Bell '' `` Let Go '' `` Kandi '' `` Dale Mami '' Related Topics Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She%27s_Like_the_Wind&oldid=817735885 '' Categories : 1987 singles 1992 singles 2007 singles Patrick Swayze songs Lumidee songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs from Dirty Dancing 1980s ballads Rock ballads American soft rock songs TVT Records singles 1987 songs RCA Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2014 Track listings with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Español Français Italiano Português Русский ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 07 : 33 .", "7": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-3640066593401557276	where does the this is us family live	[ "Pittsburgh", "Pittsburgh" ]	{ "0": "This Is Us ( TV series ) - wikipedia This Is Us ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This Is Us Genre Drama Family drama Created by Dan Fogelman Starring Milo Ventimiglia Mandy Moore Sterling K. Brown Chrissy Metz Justin Hartley Susan Kelechi Watson Chris Sullivan Ron Cephas Jones Jon Huertas Alexandra Breckenridge Niles Fitch Logan Shroyer Hannah Zeile Mackenzie Hancsicsak Parker Bates Eris Baker Faithe Herman Lonnie Chavis Composer ( s ) Siddhartha Khosla Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 36 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Fogelman Jess Rosenthal Donald Todd Ken Olin Charlie Gogolak John Requa Glenn Ficarra Isaac Aptaker Elizabeth Berger Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Rhode Island Ave . Productions Zaftig Films 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network NBC Original release September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) -- present External links Website This Is Us is an American family drama television series created by Dan Fogelman that premiered on NBC on September 20 , 2016 . The series stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , Ron Cephas Jones , Jon Huertas , Alexandra Breckenridge , Niles Fitch , Logan Shroyer , Hannah Zeile , Mackenzie Hancsicsak , Parker Bates , Lonnie Chavis , Eris Baker , and Faithe Herman . The program details the lives and families of two parents , and their three children born on the same day as their father 's birthday . This Is Us is filmed in Los Angeles .", "1": "The series has received positive reviews and has been nominated for Best Television Series -- Drama at the 74th Golden Globe Awards and Best Drama Series at the 7th Critics ' Choice Awards , as well as being chosen as a Top Television Program by the American Film Institute . Sterling K. Brown has received an Emmy , a Golden Globe , a Critics ' Choice Award , and an NAACP Image Award for his acting in the series . Mandy Moore and Chrissy Metz received Golden Globe nominations for Best Supporting Actress . In 2017 , the series received ten Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , with Brown winning for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . On September 27 , 2016 , NBC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . In January 2017 , NBC renewed the series for two additional seasons of 18 episodes each . The second season premiered on September 26 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Commitment to Diversity 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Episodes 4.1 Series overview 4.2 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 4.3 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Ratings 6.3 Accolades 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows the lives of siblings Kevin , Kate , and Randall ( known as the `` Big Three '' ) , and their parents Jack and Rebecca Pearson . It takes place in the present and using flashbacks , at various times in the past . Kevin and Kate are the two surviving members of a triplet pregnancy , born six weeks premature on Jack 's 36th birthday in 1980 ; their brother is stillborn . Believing they were meant to have three children , Jack and Rebecca , who are white , decide to adopt Randall , a black child born the same day and brought to the same hospital after his biological father abandoned him at a fire station . Jack dies when his children are 17 .", "2": "Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present ( 2016 -- 2018 , contemporaneous with airing ) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past ; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods . Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c. 1980 both before and after their babies ' birth , or on the family when the Big Three are children ( at least ages 8 -- 10 ) or adolescents ; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh , where the Big Three are born and raised . Various other time periods and locations have also served a settings . As adults , Kate lives in Los Angeles , Randall and his family are in New Jersey , and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City . Commitment to diversity ( edit ) Fogelman intentionally recruited behind - the - scenes talent that would reflect the diversity of his cast , with the goal of bringing greater authenticity to the dialog and storylines . These include black directors Regina King and George Tillman , Jr. and black female writers Kay Oyegun and Jas Waters ( part of a 30 % black core writing staff that far outpaces the industry standard of 5 % ) . In addition , Fogelman 's sister Deborah , whose struggles with weight were one of the initial inspirations for the show , serves as a consultant . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of This Is Us characters Main cast members ( L -- R ) Jones , Watson , Brown , Ventimiglia , Moore , Hartley , Metz , and Sullivan at PaleyFest 2017 Main ( edit ) Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson : Rebecca 's husband , and Kate , Kevin , and Randall 's father . Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson ( née Malone ) : Jack 's wife , and Kate , Kevin , and Randall 's mother . Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson : Jack and Rebecca 's adopted son , and Kate and Kevin 's brother . Also played by Niles Fitch ( ages 15 -- 17 ) and Lonnie Chavis ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson : Jack and Rebecca 's daughter , and Kevin and Randall 's sister .", "3": "Also played by Hannah Zeile ( ages 15 -- 17 ) and Mackenzie Hancsicsak ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson : Jack and Rebecca 's son , and Kate and Randall 's brother . Also played by Logan Shroyer ( ages 15 -- 17 ) and Parker Bates ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson : Randall 's wife , and mother of Tess and Annie . Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon : Kate 's husband . Ron Cephas Jones as William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill : Randall 's biological father . Also played by Jermel Nakia as a young adult . Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas : Jack 's best friend and Rebecca 's second husband . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie : Kate 's childhood best friend as well as Kevin 's childhood love and ex-wife . Also played by Amanda Leighton ( ages 15 -- 17 ) and Sophia Coto ( age 10 ) . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Eris Baker as Tess Pearson : Randall and Beth 's older daughter . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson : Randall and Beth 's younger daughter . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Recurring ( edit ) Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski ( aka Dr. K ) : An elderly widower , who delivers Kate and Kevin . Janet Montgomery as Olivia Maine : Kevin 's former stage partner and ex-girlfriend . Milana Vayntrub as Sloane Sandburg : Kevin 's stage partner and ex-girlfriend . Ryan Michelle Bathe as Yvette : A family friend of the Pearsons . Denis O'Hare as Jesse : William 's friend and former romantic partner . Adam Bartley as Duke : The stable worker at the weight - loss camp Kate attends . Jill Johnson as Laurie : A member of Toby and Kate 's weight - loss support group . Jermel Nakia as young adult William H.", "4": "`` Shakespeare '' Hill Lyric Ross as Deja : Randall and Beth 's foster child . Debra Jo Rupp as Linda : A social worker who works with Randall and Beth when they foster Deja . Caitlin Thompson as Madison : Kate 's group 's resident thin member . Joy Brunson as Shauna : Deja 's mother , who first works against Beth and Randall having Deja , then abruptly leaves her with them . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Avg . viewership ( inc . DVR ) ( in millions ) 18 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 6 14.70 18 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) TBA TBA Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : This Is Us ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.", "5": "viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 1AZC01 10.07 `` The Big Three '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) 1AZC02 8.75 `` Kyle '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 1AZC03 9.87 `` The Pool '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman & Donald Todd October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 1AZC04 9.71 5 5 `` The Game Plan '' George Tillman Joe Lawson October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 1AZC05 8.68 6 6 `` Career Days '' Craig Zisk Bekah Brunstetter November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 1AZC06 8.48 7 7 `` The Best Washing Machine in the World '' Silas Howard K.J.", "6": "Steinberg November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 1AZC07 9.50 8 8 `` Pilgrim Rick '' Sarah Pia Anderson Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 1AZC08 9.00 9 9 `` The Trip '' Uta Briesewitz Vera Herbert November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 1AZC09 10.53 10 10 `` Last Christmas '' Helen Hunt Donald Todd December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 1AZC10 10.95 11 11 `` The Right Thing to Do '' Timothy Busfield Aurin Squire January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) 1AZC11 10.48 12 12 `` The Big Day '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman & Laura Kenar January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 1AZC12 9.59 13 13 `` Three Sentences '' Chris Koch Joe Lawson & Bekah Brunstetter January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) 1AZC13 9.63 14 14 `` I Call Marriage '' George Tillman Jr .", "7": "Kay Oyegun February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 1AZC14 9.57 15 15 `` Jack Pearson 's Son '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 1AZC15 9.03 16 16 `` Memphis '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 1AZC16 9.35 17 17 `` What Now ? '' Wendey Stanzler K.J. Steinberg & Vera Herbert March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 1AZC17 11.15 18 18 `` Moonshadow '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman & Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 1AZC18 12.84 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : This Is Us ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.", "8": "viewers ( millions ) 19 `` A Father 's Advice '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 2AZC01 12.94 20 `` A Manny - Splendored Thing '' John Fortenberry Dan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 2AZC02 11.06 21 `` Déjà Vu '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 2AZC03 11.02 22 `` Still There '' Ken Olin Vera Herbert October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 2AZC04 10.65 23 5 `` Brothers '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Tyler Bensinger October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 2AZC05 10.60 24 6 `` The 20 's '' Regina King Don Roos October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 2AZC06 8.43 25 7 `` The Most Disappointed Man '' Chris Koch Kay Oyegun November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 2AZC07 9.89 26 8 `` Number One '' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 2AZC08 10.05 27 9 `` Number Two '' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg & Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 2AZC09 9.", "9": "34 28 10 `` Number Three '' Ken Olin Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 2AZC10 10.94 29 11 `` The Fifth Wheel '' Chris Koch Vera Herbert January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 2AZC11 9.65 30 12 `` Clooney '' Zetna Fuentes Bekah Brunstetter January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 2AZC12 9.82 31 13 `` That 'll Be the Day '' Uta Briesewitz Kay Oyegun & Don Roos January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 2AZC13 9.37 32 14 `` Super Bowl Sunday '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman February 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) 2AZC14 26.97 33 15 `` The Car '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 2AZC15 10.13 34 16 `` Vegas , Baby '' Joanna Kerns Laura Kenar February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 2AZC16 9.74 35 17 `` This Big , Amazing , Beautiful Life '' Rebecca Asher Kay Oyegun March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 2AZC17 8.90 36 18 `` The Wedding '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 2AZC18 10.94 Release ( edit ) In May 2017 ,", "10": "Hulu acquired the SVOD rights to new and past episodes of the series to air exclusively on Hulu , in addition to NBC.com and the NBC app . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 89 % approval rating for the first season with an average rating of 7.72 / 10 based on 63 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Featuring full - tilt heartstring - tugging family drama , This Is Us will provide a suitable surrogate for those who have felt a void in their lives since Parenthood went off the air . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the season a score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Season 2 received a 94 % approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes based on 17 reviews . Entertainment Weekly gave the first few episodes of This Is Us a rating of B , calling it `` a refreshing respite from the relational violence and pessimism that marks the other buzz soaps that have bubbled forth from a culture of divisiveness '' . Moreover , they praised all the actors , specifically Sterling K. Brown , for being able to navigate `` his scenes with such intelligence , authenticity , and charisma '' . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg .", "11": "viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Tuesday 10 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 2 , 11 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 3 -- 10 , 12 -- 18 ) 18 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 10.07 March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 12.84 2016 -- 17 6 14.70 4.6 / 16 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 13 , 15 -- 18 ) Sunday 10 : 30 pm ( 14 ) 18 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 12.94 March 13 , 2018 10.94 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 African - American Critics Association Awards Top Ten TV Show This Is Us Won American Film Institute Awards TV Program of the Year This Is Us Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Most Exciting New Series This Is Us Won 2017 ACE Eddie Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Commercial Television David L. Bertman ( for `` Pilot '' ) Won Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Bernard Telsey , Tiffany Little Canfield Nominated Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Brian Tyree Henry Nominated Gerald McRaney Won Denis O'Hare Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Zoe Hay , Heather Plott , Elizabeth Hoel - Chang , Judith Lynn Staats , John Damiani Nominated Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K.", "12": "Brown Won Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Ron Cephas Jones Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Chrissy Metz Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Chrissy Metz Nominated Mandy Moore Nominated Best Television Series -- Drama This Is Us Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Outstanding Music Supervision -- Television Jennifer Pyken Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Actor in a Show Mandy Moore Nominated Show of the Year This Is Us Nominated Tearjerker Milo Ventimiglia and Lonnie Chavis ( Jack and Randall at Karate ) Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Won Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated Peabody Awards Entertainment and Children 's programs This Is Us Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Actor in a New TV Series Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Favorite Actress in a New TV Series Mandy Moore Nominated Favorite New TV Drama This Is Us Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Seoul International Drama Awards Best Director Dan Fogelman Nominated Grand Prize This Is Us Won Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Breakout Star Chrissy Metz Nominated Choice TV Actor : Drama Sterling K. Brown Nominated Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Choice TV Show : Drama This Is Us Nominated Television Critics Association Awards Individual Achievement in Drama Sterling K. Brown Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama This Is Us Nominated Outstanding New Program This Is Us Won Program of the Year This Is Us Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Episodic Drama Vera Herbert ( for `` The Trip '' ) Won New Series This Is Us Nominated 2018 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K.", "13": "Brown Won Best Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Chrissy Metz Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Sterling K. Brown Won Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Chrissy Metz Nominated Best Television Series -- Drama This Is Us Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama Jennifer Pyken Nominated Best Song / Recording Created for Television `` We Can Always Come Back To This '' Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Susan Kelechi Watson Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series Vera Herbert ( for `` Still Here '' ) Nominated Satellite Awards Best Musical Or Comedy Series This Is Us Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series This Is Us Won Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 2017 , Hala Bahmet , Marina Ray and Elinor Bardach were nominated for Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie . The nomination was rescinded after it was determined that the submitted episode `` Moonshadow '' was primarily set in the 1970s , violating the TV Academy 's rule that `` more than 50 percent '' of the episode must be contemporary ( within 25 years of the air date ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bianco , Robert ( September 20 , 2016 ) , `` Review : ' This is Us ' is heartfelt ( if sweet - toothed ) family drama '' , USA Today , archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/tv-radio/2017/07/12/This-Is-Us-returns-to-Pittsburgh-in-spirit/stories/201707120146 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 27 , 2016 ) .", "14": "`` ' This Is Us ' Gets Full - Season Order At NBC For Total Of 18 Episodes '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us Renewed for Seasons 2 and 3 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Black Writers Make Up Just 4.8 Percent of TV Writers ' Rooms -- Study '' . Jump up ^ `` IMDB : This is Us '' . Jump up ^ `` On Set With This is Us '' . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Alexandra Breckenridge , & Jon Huertas Upped To Series Regulars For Season 2 Of NBC Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Scream Queens ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) .", "15": "`` ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up , ' Chicago Fire , ' ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , final World Series numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' Chicago Fire , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' adjusts up , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .", "16": "Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' ' The Wall , ' ' This Is Us , ' FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' Tough Mudder ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) .", "17": "`` ' The Flash , ' ' NCIS , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) .", "18": "`` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) .", "19": "`` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Final numbers for Super Bowl LII and ' This Is Us ' : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us : Hulu acquires streaming rights to all episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 1 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 .", "20": "Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` This Is Us : EW Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2016 -- Honorees '' . American Film Institute . December 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards : HBO Leads 22 Nominations '' . Indie Wire . November 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Scott ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Emmys : ' This Is Us ' Nomination Revoked ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 69th Primetime Emmys Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 13 July 2017 .", "21": "Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Golden Globes : People v. O.J. , Night Manager , This Is Us , black - ish Lead Early TV Nominees '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations List -- ' This Is Us , ' ' Stranger Things ' '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinane , Ruth ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Beyonce leads the pack of 2017 NAACP Image Award Nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Dan ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` The Peabody Awards Pretty Much Nailed Their List Of TV Nominees '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CNN , Lisa Respers France . `` ' Manchester by the Sea ' leads film SAG Award nominations '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' This is Us ' Wins Grand Prize at Seoul Int'l Drama Awards '' . KBS World . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 .", "22": "Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( 5 August 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aiello , McKenna ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Awards 2017 Winners : The Complete List '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix , FX 's ' Feud ' Lead Critics ' Choice TV Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sufjan Stevens , ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Girls ' Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees '' . Variety . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` SAG Awards Analysis : ' Three Billboards ' Rebounds From PGA Loss , But Oscar Race Still Too Close To Call ; NBC 's ' This Is Us ' Shakes Things Up On TV Side '' . Deadline .", "23": "Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website This Is Us on IMDb Preceded by 24 : Legacy 2017 Super Bowl lead - out program This Is Us 2018 Succeeded by TBA 2019 NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) A.P. Bio ( since 2018 ) Better Late Than Never ( since 2016 ) The Blacklist ( since 2013 ) Blindspot ( since 2015 ) The Brave ( since 2017 ) Champions ( since 2018 ) Chicago Fire ( since 2012 ) Chicago Med ( since 2015 ) Chicago P.D. ( since 2014 ) Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Ellen 's Game of Games ( since 2017 ) Genius Junior ( since 2018 ) Good Girls ( since 2018 ) The Good Place ( since 2016 ) Great News ( since 2017 ) Hollywood Game Night ( since 2013 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( since 1999 ) Law & Order True Crime ( since 2017 ) Little Big Shots ( since 2016 ) Marlon ( since 2017 ) Midnight , Texas ( since 2017 ) Rise ( since 2018 ) Running Wild with Bear Grylls ( since 2014 ) Shades of Blue ( since 2016 ) Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge ( since 2016 ) Superstore ( since 2015 ) Taken ( since 2017 ) This Is Us ( since 2016 ) Timeless ( since 2016 ) Trial & Error ( since 2017 ) The Voice ( since 2011 ) The Wall ( since 2016 ) Weekend Update Summer Edition ( since 2017 ) Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 ;", "24": "since 2017 ) World of Dance ( since 2017 ) Daytime Days of Our Lives ( since 1965 ) Late night 1st Look ( since 2008 ) Last Call with Carson Daly ( since 2002 ) Late Night with Seth Meyers ( since 2014 ) Open House ( since 2008 ) Open House NYC ( since 2012 ) Saturday Night Live ( since 1975 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( since 2014 ) News Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Early Today ( since 1999 ) Meet the Press ( since 1947 ) Megyn Kelly Today ( since 2017 ) NBC Nightly News ( since 1970 ) Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly ( since 2017 ) Today ( since 1952 ) Sports NBC Golf NASCAR on NBC NFL on NBC Football Night in America NBC Sunday Night Football NHL on NBC Notre Dame Football on NBC Olympics on NBC Premier Boxing Champions Tennis on NBC Thoroughbred Racing on NBC Saturday morning The More You Know Upcoming Making It ( 2018 ) Reverie ( 2018 ) The Awesome Show ( TBA ) The Gilded Age ( TBA ) The Titan Games ( TBA ) People 's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Drama Eight Is Enough ( 1978 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 1979 ) Hart to Hart ( 1980 ) Magnum , P.I. ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) St. Elsewhere ( 1983 ) Hotel ( 1984 ) Miami Vice ( 1985 ) Dynasty II : The Colbys ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) Thirtysomething ( 1988 ) China Beach ( 1989 ) Rescue 911 ( 1990 ) Equal Justice ( 1991 ) Homefront ( 1992 ) Melrose Place ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Murder One ( 1996 ) Millennium ( 1997 ) Brooklyn South ( 1998 ) L.A.", "25": "Doctors ( 1999 ) Providence ( 2000 ) Dark Angel ( 2001 ) Alias ( 2002 ) CSI : Miami ( 2003 ) Joan of Arcadia ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Prison Break ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Moonlight ( 2008 ) The Mentalist ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2011 ) Person of Interest ( 2012 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2013 ) Reign ( 2014 ) The Flash ( 2015 ) Supergirl ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey ,", "26": "series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 M.B. Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard 2017 : This Is Us , season 1 / season 2 Baker Breckenridge S.K. Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Ventimiglia Watson Zeile Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) TCA Award for Outstanding New Program Ally McBeal ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) Gilmore Girls ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) Boomtown ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) My Name is Earl ( 2006 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) True Blood ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) The Americans ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2014 ) Better Call Saul ( 2015 ) Mr.", "27": "Robot ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_Us_(TV_series)&oldid=837826138 '' Categories : 2016 American television series debuts 2010s American drama television series American LGBT - related television shows English - language television programs NBC network shows Nonlinear narrative television series Serial drama television series Television series about families Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series set in the 1980s Television shows set in Los Angeles Television shows set in New Jersey Television shows set in New York City Television shows set in Pittsburgh This Is Us ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 08 : 18 . 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-4546405080702371934	when was the term prime minister first used	[ "1624", "in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole", "18th century" ]	{ "0": "Prime minister - wikipedia Prime minister Jump to : navigation , search most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system Prime ministers of the Nordic countries in 2014 . Part of the Politics series on Executive government Head of state Monarch Supreme leader President President of the Council of State Government Head of government Chancellor Chief executive Chief minister First minister Premier Prime minister President of the Council of Ministers Cabinet Cabinet collective responsibility Ministry Minister Secretary Other Governor Mayor Systems Monarchy ( Constitutional ) Republic ( Parliamentary ) Directorial Parliamentary ( Westminster ) Semi-parliamentary ( simul simul ) Semi-presidential ( cohabitational ) Presidential Lists National leaders National governments Heads of state and government Politics portal A prime minister , also known as a premier , is the head of a cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government , often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system . In many systems , the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet , and allocates posts to members within the government . In most systems , the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet . In a minority of systems , notably in semi-presidential systems of government , a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state . In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system , the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch . In such systems , the head of state or the head of state 's official representative ( often the monarch , president , or governor - general ) usually holds a largely ceremonial position , although often with reserve powers . The prime minister is often , but not always , a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature . In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers ( known as the royal prerogative ) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament . As well as being head of government , a prime minister may have other roles or posts -- the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , for example , is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service .", "1": "Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts . For example , during the Second World War , Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence ( although there was then no Ministry of Defence ) and in the current cabinet of Israel , Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as Minister of Communications , Foreign Affairs , Regional Cooperation , Economy and Interior . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 Development 2.3 Modern usage 3 In republics and in monarchies 4 Entry into office 5 Constitutional basis for the Position in Countries 6 Exit from office 7 Titles 8 Organisational structure 9 Description of the role 10 Lists of prime ministers 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading Etymology ( edit ) The term prime minister in its French form , premier ministre , is attested in 17th Century sources referring to Cardinal Richelieu after he was named to head the royal council in 1624 . The title was however informal and used alongside the equally informal principal ministre d'État ( `` chief minister of the state '' ) more as a job description . After 1661 , Louis XIV and his descendants refused to allow one of their ministers to be more important than the others , so the term was not in use . The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole . During the whole of the 18th Century , Britain was involved in a prolonged conflict with France , periodically bursting into all - out war , and Britons took outspoken pride in their `` Liberty '' as contrasted to the `` Tyranny '' of French Absolute Monarchy ; therefore , being implicitly compared with Richelieu was no compliment to Walpole . Over time , however , the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century . History ( edit ) See also : History of Parliamentarism Origins ( edit ) Further information : Chief Minister of England and Chief minister of France The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government .", "2": "Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII ; William Cecil , Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I ; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne . These ministers held a variety of formal posts , but were commonly known as `` the minister '' , the `` chief minister '' , the `` first minister '' and finally the `` prime minister '' . The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch . Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office , they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power . Although there was a cabinet , it was appointed entirely by the monarch , and the monarch usually presided over its meetings . When the monarch grew tired of a first minister , he or she could be dismissed , or worse : Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour . Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful . Late in Anne 's reign , for example , the Tory ministers Harley and Viscount Bolingbroke shared power . Development ( edit ) The prime ministers of five members of the Commonwealth of Nations at the 1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference . In the mid 17th century , after the English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) , Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689 . The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government . It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge . A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne . George spoke no English , spent much of his time at his home in Hanover , and had neither knowledge of , nor interest in , the details of English government . In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king 's first minister would become the de facto head of the government . From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole , who held office for twenty - one years . Walpole chaired cabinet meetings , appointed all the other ministers , dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters .", "3": "Under Walpole , the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed . Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king , and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy , all ministers must defend it in public , or resign . As a later prime minister , Lord Melbourne , said , `` It matters not what we say , gentlemen , so long as we all say the same thing . '' Walpole always denied that he was `` prime minister '' , and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution . George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch , but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary . The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger ( 1783 -- 1801 ) , combined with the mental illness of George III , consolidated the power of the post . The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905 . The prestige of British institutions in the 19th century and the growth of the British Empire saw the British model of cabinet government , headed by a prime minister , widely copied , both in other European countries and in British colonial territories as they developed self - government . In some places alternative titles such as `` premier '' , `` chief minister '' , `` first minister of state '' , `` president of the council '' or `` chancellor '' were adopted , but the essentials of the office were the same . Modern usage ( edit ) By the late 20th century , the majority of the world 's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister , holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president . The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America modelled on the U.S. system , in which the president directly exercises executive authority . Bahrain 's prime minister , Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970 , making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister .", "4": "In republics and in monarchies ( edit ) The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies ( such as Belgium , Denmark , Japan , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Norway , Malaysia , Morocco , Spain , Sweden , Thailand , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom ) , and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official ( such as Finland , the Czech Republic , France , Greece , Hungary , India , Indonesia ( 1945 - 1959 ) , Ireland , Pakistan , Portugal , Montenegro , Croatia , Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia and Turkey ) . See also `` First Minister '' , `` Premier '' , `` Chief Minister '' , `` Chancellor '' , `` Taoiseach '' , `` Statsminister '' and `` Secretary of State '' : alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to , or translated as , `` prime minister '' . This contrasts with the presidential system , in which the president ( or equivalent ) is both the head of state and the head of the government . In some presidential and all semi-presidential systems , such as those of France , Russia or South Korea , the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service . The head of government of the People 's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) is also appointed by the president , but requires no approval by the legislature . Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either , but the parliament may force the resignation of the government . In these systems , it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president . When it arises , such a state of affairs is usually referred to as ( political ) cohabitation . Entry into office ( edit ) In parliamentary systems a prime minister may enter into office by several means . The head of state appoints a prime minister , of their personal choice : Example : France , where the President has the power to appoint the Prime Minister of their choice , though the National Assembly can force a government to resign , they can not nominate or appoint a new candidate .", "5": "While in practice most prime ministers under the Westminster system ( including Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Malaysia , India and the United Kingdom ) are the leaders of the largest party or coalition in parliament , technically the appointment of the prime minister is a prerogative exercised by the head of state . The head of state appoints a prime minister who has a set timescale within which they must gain a vote of confidence : Example : Italy , Romania , Thailand The head of state appoints a prime minister from among the members of Parliament , who then has a set timescale within which they must form a cabinet , and receive the confidence of Parliament after presenting the Cabinet Composition and Legislative Program to Parliament : Example : Israel The head of state appoints the leader of the political party with the majority of the seats in the Parliament as Prime Minister , if no party has a majority then the leader of the party with a plurality of seats is given an exploratory mandate to receive the confidence of the parliament within three days , if this is not possible then the leader of the party with the second highest seat number is given the exploratory mandate , if this fails then the leader of the third largest party is given it and so on : Example : Greece , see Prime Minister of Greece The head of state nominates a candidate for prime minister who is then submitted to parliament for approval before appointment as prime minister : Example : Spain , where the King sends a nomination to parliament for approval . Also Germany where under the German Basic Law ( constitution ) the Bundestag votes on a candidate nominated by the federal president . In the Philippines under the 1973 Constitution as amended after martial law , the Prime Minister was elected by the Batasang Pambansâ ( Legislature ) upon nomination by the President . In these cases , parliament can choose another candidate who then would be appointed by the head of state ( or , in the case of the Philippines , outright elect that candidate ) . Parliament nominates a candidate who the head of state is then constitutionally obliged to appoint as prime minister : Example : Ireland , where the President appoints the Taoiseach on the nomination of Dáil Éireann . Also Japan .", "6": "Election by the Legislature : Example : The Philippines under the unamended 1973 Constitution , where the prime minister was supposed to be elected by the Batasang Pambansâ ; these provisions were never used because the Philippines was under martial law at the time . Also Vanuatu . Direct election by popular vote : Example : Israel , 1996 -- 2001 , where the prime minister was elected in a general election , with no regard to political affiliation . Nomination by a state office holder other than the head of state or his / her representative : Example : Under the modern Swedish Instrument of Government , the power to appoint someone to form a government has been moved from the monarch to the Speaker of Parliament and the parliament itself . The speaker nominates a candidate , who is then elected to prime minister ( statsminister ) by the parliament if an absolute majority of the members of parliament does not vote no ( i.e. he can be elected even if more MP :s vote no than yes ) . Constitutional basis for the position in countries ( edit ) John A. Macdonald ( 1815 -- 1891 ) , first Canadian prime minister . The position , power and status of prime ministers differ depending on the age of the constitution . Australia 's constitution makes no mention of a Prime Minister of Australia and the office only exists by convention , based on the British model . Bangladesh 's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister , and also details the process of his / her appointment and dismissal . The People 's Republic of China constitution set a premier just one place below the National People 's Congress in China . Premier read as ( Simplified Chinese : 总理 ; pinyin : Zŏnglĭ ) in Chinese . Canada 's constitution , being a ' mixed ' or hybrid constitution ( a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified ) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister , with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by `` convention '' . In the Constitution Act , 1982 , passing reference to a `` Prime Minister of Canada '' is added , though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers .", "7": "Czech Republic 's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic , and also details the process of his / her appointment and dismissal . France 's constitution ( 1958 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of France . Germany 's Basic Law ( 1949 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the federal chancellor . Greece 's constitution ( 1975 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Greece . Hungary 's constitution ( 2012 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Hungary . India 's constitution ( 1950 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of India . In India , the Prime Ministerial candidate must be a member of parliament either Lok Sabha ( Lower House ) or Rajya Sabha ( Upper House ) . No parliamentary vote takes place on who is forming a government . Ireland 's constitution ( 1937 ) , provides for the office of Taoiseach in detail , listing powers , functions and duties . Italy 's constitution ( 1948 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the President of the Council of Ministers . Japan 's constitution ( 1946 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Japan . The Republic of Korea 's constitution ( 1987 ) sections 86 - 87 list the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea . Malta 's constitution ( 1964 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Malta . Malaysia 's constitution ( 1957 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Malaysia . Norway 's constitution ( 1814 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Norway Pakistan 's constitution ( 1973 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Pakistan . Spain 's constitution ( 1978 ) regulates the appointment , dismissal , powers , functions and duties of the President of the Government . Thailand 's constitution ( 1932 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Thailand . Taiwan 's constitution ( 1946 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the President of the Executive Yuan .", "8": "The United Kingdom 's constitution , being uncodified and largely unwritten , makes no mention of a prime minister . Though it had de facto existed for centuries , its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century . Accordingly , it is often said `` not to exist '' , indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case . The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office , either First Lord of the Treasury ( office in commission ) , or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer ( the last of whom was Balfour in 1905 ) . : However as the government will have to outline its legislative programme to parliament in , for example , the Speech from the Throne , the speech is sometimes used to test parliamentary support . A defeat of the Speech is taken to mean a loss of confidence and so requires either a new draft , resignation , or a request for a dissolution of parliament . Until the early 20th century governments when defeated in a general election remained in power until their Speech from the Throne was defeated and then resigned . No government has done so for one hundred years , though Edward Heath in 1974 did delay his resignation while he explored whether he could form a government with Liberal party support . In such systems unwritten ( and unenforceable ) constitutional conventions often outline the order in which people are asked to form a government . If the prime minister resigns after a general election , the monarch usually asks the leader of the opposition to form a government . Where however a resignation occurs during a parliament session ( unless the government has itself collapsed ) the monarch will ask another member of the government to form a government . While previously the monarch had some leeway in whom to ask , all British political parties now elect their leaders ( until 1965 the Conservatives chose their leader by informal consultation ) . The last time the monarch had a choice over the appointment occurred in 1963 when the Earl of Home was asked to become Prime Minister ahead of Rab Butler . During the period between the time it is clear that the incumbent government has been defeated at a general election , and the actual swearing - in of the new prime minister by the monarch , governor - general , or president , that person is referred to as the `` prime minister - elect '' or `` prime minister - designate '' .", "9": "Neither term is strictly correct from a constitutional point of view , but they have wide acceptance . In a situation in which a ruling party elects or appoints a new leader , the incoming leader will usually be referred as `` prime minister - in - waiting '' . An example or this situation was in 2016 in the United Kingdom when Theresa May was elected leader of the Conservative Party while David Cameron was still prime minister . Ukraine 's constitution ( 1996 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Ukraine . Exit from office ( edit ) Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments . For example , Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion , in 1979 . She remained continuously in power until 1990 , though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet . Some states , however , do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament . Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally ' renominated ' after every general election . ( Some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution , which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office , without the requirement of a renomination , unless s / he has clearly lost the general election . ) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament . In parliamentary systems , governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament ( though a small minority of parliaments , by giving a right to block supply to upper houses , in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses , though in reality upper houses , even when they have the power , rarely exercise it ) . Where they lose a vote of confidence , have a motion of no confidence passed against them , or where they lose supply , most constitutional systems require either : a letter of resignation or a request for parliamentary dissolution . The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate . However , in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution , requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government .", "10": "In most modern parliamentary systems , the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution . Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet . In the United Kingdom , for example , the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918 . Prior to then , it was the entire government that made the request . Similarly , though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request , the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council ( the then name for the Irish cabinet ) . In Australia , the Prime Minister is expected to step down if s / he loses the majority support of his / her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott , Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd . Titles ( edit ) In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach ( which is rendered into English as prime minister ) , and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning `` head of the government '' . In many cases , though commonly used , `` prime minister '' is not the official title of the office - holder ; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government ( Presidente del Gobierno ) . Other common forms include president of the council of ministers ( for example in Italy , Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri ) , President of the Executive Council , or Minister - President . In the Nordic countries the prime minister is called Statsminister , meaning `` Minister of State '' . In federations , the head of government of subnational entities such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier , chief minister , governor or minister - president . The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government `` prime minister '' ( sometimes modified to the equivalent term of `` premier '' ) except in the cases where the head of state and head of government are fused into one position , usually a presidency , regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country . The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria , whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor ; Monaco , whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State ; and Vatican City , for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State .", "11": "In the case of Ireland , the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers . A stand - out case is the President of Iran , who is not actually a head of state , but the head of the government of Iran . He is referred to as `` president '' in both the Persian and English languages . In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president . In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position , for example in the Prime Minister of Canada . In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable , however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty 's Most Honourable Privy Council . In the UK , where devolved government is in place , the leaders of the Scottish , Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister . Between 1921 and 1972 , when Northern Ireland was a Majority Rule Parliament the head of government would be known as the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland.In India , the Prime Minister is referred to as Pradhan Mantri , meaning `` prime minister '' . In Pakistan , the prime minister is referred to as Wazir - e-Azam , meaning `` Grand Vizier '' . Organisational structure ( edit ) Main article : Cabinet department The Prime Minister 's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries , it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom . Some Prime Minister 's office do include the role of Cabinet . In other countries , it is called the Prime Minister 's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia . In Israel , the Prime Minister 's executive office is officially titled the `` Prime Minister 's Office '' in English , but the original Hebrew term can also be translated as the Prime Minister 's Ministry . Description of the role ( edit ) Wilfried Martens , who served as Prime Minister of Belgium , described his role as follows : First of all the Prime Minister must listen a lot , and when deep disagreements occur , he must suggest a solution to the matter . This can be done in different ways .", "12": "Sometimes during the discussion , I note the elements of the problem and think of a proposal I can formulate to the Council ( cabinet ) , the Secretary taking notes . The Ministers then insist on changing game ages . The Prime Minister can also make a proposal which leaves enough room for amendments in order to keep the current discussion on the right tracks . When a solution must be found in order to reach a consensus , he can force one or two Ministers to join or resign . Lists of prime ministers ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of current prime ministers . Countries with prime ministers ( blue ) and those that formerly had that position ( dark red ) . The following table groups the list of past and present prime ministers and details information available in those lists . Government List starts Parties shown Term given by years or dates Incumbent Abkhazia 1995 - dates Beslan Bartsits Afghanistan 1927 - years Abdullah Abdullah Albania ( List ) 1912 - years Edi Rama Algeria 1962 yes years Ahmed Ouyahia Andorra 1982 - years Antoni Martí Angola - dates ( Post abolished ) Anguilla 1976 yes dates Victor Banks Antigua and Barbuda 1981 - years Gaston Browne Argentina 1993 yes dates Marcos Peña Armenia 1918 yes dates Karen Karapetyan ( acting ) Artsakh 1992 no dates ( Post abolished ) Aruba 1986 - dates Evelyn Wever - Croes Australia ( List ) 1901 yes dates Malcolm Turnbull Austria 1918 yes years", "13": "Sebastian Kurz Azerbaijan 1918 yes dates Novruz Mammadov Bahamas 1967 - dates Hubert Minnis Bahrain 1970 - years Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa Bangladesh 1971 yes dates Sheikh Hasina Barbados 1954 yes dates Freundel Stuart Belarus 1919 - dates Andrei Kobyakov Belgium 1831 yes dates Charles Michel Belize 1973 yes years Dean Barrow Benin 1957 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Bermuda 1968 yes dates Edward David Burt Bhutan 1952 - dates Tshering Tobgay Bosnia and Herzegovina 1943 - dates Denis Zvizdić Botswana 1965 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Brazil 1847 yes dates ( Post abolished ) British Virgin Islands 1967 yes dates Orlando Smith Brunei 1984 no dates Hassanal Bolkiah Bulgaria 1879 yes dates Boyko Borisov Burkina Faso 1971 - dates Paul Kaba Thieba Burundi 1961 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Cambodia 1945 - years Hun Sen Cameroon 1960 - dates Philémon Yang Canada ( List ) 1867 yes", "14": "dates Justin Trudeau Cape Verde - dates Ulisses Correia e Silva Cayman Islands 1992 yes dates Alden McLaughlin Central African Republic 1958 - dates Simplice Sarandji Chad 1978 - dates Albert Pahimi Padacké People 's Republic of China ( List ) 1949 - dates Li Keqiang Comoros 1957 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Congo ( Brazzaville ) 1957 yes dates Clément Mouamba Congo ( Kinshasa ) ( List ) 1960 yes dates Bruno Tshibala Cook Islands 1965 yes dates Henry Puna Côte d'Ivoire ( Ivory Coast ) 1957 yes dates Amadou Gon Coulibaly Croatia 1939 - dates Andrej Plenković Cuba 1940 - dates Raúl Castro Curaçao - dates Eugene Rhuggenaath Northern Cyprus yes dates Tufan Erhürman Czech Republic 1993 - years Andrej Babiš Denmark ( List ) 1848 - years Lars Løkke Rasmussen Djibouti 1977 - dates Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed Dominica 1960 - dates Roosevelt Skerrit East Timor 2002 - dates Mari Alkatiri Egypt ( List )", "15": "1878 - years Sherif Ismail Equatorial Guinea 1963 - dates Francisco Pascual Obama Asue Estonia 1918 - dates Jüri Ratas Ethiopia 1942 yes dates Abiy Ahmed Faroe Islands 1946 - years Aksel V. Johannesen Fiji 1966 - dates Frank Bainimarama Finland 1917 yes years Juha Sipilä France ( List ) 1589 - years Édouard Philippe Gabon 1957 yes dates Emmanuel Issoze - Ngondet The Gambia 1961 - dates ( Post abolished ) Georgia 1918 yes dates Giorgi Kvirikashvili Germany ( List ) 1871 / 1949 yes dates Angela Merkel Ghana 1957 - dates ( Post abolished ) Gibraltar 1964 yes dates Fabian Picardo Greece ( List ) 1833 - dates Alexis Tsipras Greenland 1979 - years Kim Kielsen Grenada 1954 - years Keith Mitchell Guernsey 2007 - dates Gavin St Pier Guinea 1972 - dates Mamady Youla Guinea - Bissau 1973 - dates Aristides Gomes Guyana 1953 - dates Moses Nagamootoo", "16": "Haiti - dates Jack Guy Lafontant Hungary ( List ) 1848 - dates Viktor Orbán Iceland 1904 - dates Katrín Jakobsdóttir India ( List ) 1947 yes dates Narendra Modi Indonesia 1945 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Iran ( List ) 1824 - years ( Post abolished ) Iraq 1920 - years Haider al - Abadi Ireland 1937 yes dates Leo Varadkar Israel ( List ) 1948 - years Benjamin Netanyahu Italy ( List ) 1861 - years Paolo Gentiloni Jamaica 1959 - years Andrew Holness Japan ( List ) 1885 - dates Shinzō Abe Jersey 2005 - dates Ian Gorst Jordan 1944 - dates Hani Al - Mulki Kazakhstan 1920 - years Bakhytzhan Sagintayev Kenya 1963 - dates ( Post abolished ) North Korea 1948 - years Pak Pong - ju South Korea ( List ) 1948 - years Lee Nak - yeon Kosovo 1945 yes dates Ramush Haradinaj Kuwait 1962 yes dates Sheikh Jaber Al - Mubarak Al - Hamad Al - Sabah Kyrgyzstan 1924 - dates", "17": "Muhammetkaliy Abulgaziyev Laos 1941 - years Thongloun Sisoulith Latvia 1918 yes dates Māris Kučinskis Lebanon 1926 - dates Saad Hariri Lesotho 1965 yes dates Tom Thabane Libya 1951 - dates Abdullah al - Thani / Fayez al - Sarraj Liechtenstein 1921 yes dates Adrian Hasler Lithuania 1918 yes dates Saulius Skvernelis Luxembourg 1959 - years Xavier Bettel Macedonia 1943 yes dates Zoran Zaev Madagascar 1833 - dates Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana Malawi 1963 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Malaysia 1957 yes years Najib Razak Mali 1957 yes dates Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga Malta 1921 yes years Joseph Muscat Isle of Man 1986 - years Howard Quayle Mauritania 1957 yes dates Yahya Ould Hademine Mauritius 1961 yes dates Pravind Jugnauth Moldova 1990 - dates Pavel Filip Monaco 1911 n / a dates Serge Telle Mongolia 1912 yes dates Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh", "18": "Montenegro 1879 yes dates Duško Marković Montserrat 1960 yes dates Donaldson Romeo Morocco 1955 yes years Saadeddine Othmani Mozambique yes dates Carlos Agostinho do Rosário Myanmar ( Burma ) 1948 yes dates Aung San Suu Kyi Namibia 1990 yes dates Saara Kuugongelwa Nepal 1953 - dates Khadga Prasad Oli Netherlands ( List ) 1848 yes dates Mark Rutte New Zealand ( List ) 1856 yes dates Jacinda Ardern Newfoundland 1855 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Niger 1958 yes dates Brigi Rafini Nigeria 1960 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Niue - dates Sir Toke Talagi Norfolk Island 1896 2015 dates ( Post abolished ) Norway 1814 yes years Erna Solberg Pakistan ( List ) 1947 yes dates Shahid Khaqan Abbasi Palestinian National Authority 2003 yes dates Rami Hamdallah Papua New Guinea yes years Peter O'Neill Peru yes dates César Villanueva Philippines 1899 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Poland ( List ) 1918 - dates Mateusz", "19": "Morawiecki Portugal ( List ) 1834 yes dates António Costa Qatar 1970 - dates Sheikh Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani Romania 1862 - years Viorica Dăncilă Russia ( List ) 1864 / 1905 yes dates Dmitry Medvedev Rwanda 1960 yes dates Édouard Ngirente Saint Kitts and Nevis 1960 - dates Timothy Harris Saint Lucia 1960 - dates Allen Chastanet Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1956 - dates Ralph Gonsalves Samoa 1875 yes dates Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi São Tomé and Principe yes dates Patrice Trovoada Saudi Arabia 1953 no dates Salman Senegal 1957 yes dates Mohamed Dionne Serbia 1805 yes years Ana Brnabić Seychelles 1970 yes years ( Post abolished ) Sierra Leone 1954 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Singapore 1959 - dates Lee Hsien Loong Sint Maarten - dates Leona Marlin - Romeo Slovakia 1993 - dates Peter Pellegrini Slovenia 1943 yes years Miro Cerar Solomon Islands 1949 yes dates Rick", "20": "Houenipwela Somalia 1949 yes dates Hassan Ali Khayre South Africa 1910 - dates ( Post abolished ) South Ossetia 1991 - dates Erik Pukhayev Spain ( List ) 1705 yes years Mariano Rajoy Sri Lanka ( List ) 1948 - dates Ranil Wickremesinghe Sudan 1952 yes dates Bakri Hassan Saleh Suriname 1949 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Swaziland 1967 - years Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini Sweden ( List ) 1876 yes years Stefan Löfven Syria 1920 - dates Imad Khamis Taiwan ( Republic of China ) ( List ) 1911 - dates William Lai Tajikistan 1924 - dates Kokhir Rasulzoda Tanzania 1960 yes dates Kassim Majaliwa Thailand ( List ) 1932 yes dates Prayut Chan - o - cha Togo 1956 yes dates Komi Sélom Klassou Tokelau 1992 - dates Afega Gaualofa Tonga 1876 - years ʻAkilisi Pōhiva Transnistria 2012 yes dates Aleksandr Martynov Trinidad and Tobago 1956 - dates Keith Rowley Tunisia", "21": "1969 - dates Youssef Chahed Turkey ( List ) 1920 yes dates Binali Yıldırım Turkmenistan 1924 - dates ( Post abolished ) Turks and Caicos Islands 1976 yes dates Sharlene Cartwright - Robinson Tuvalu n / a dates Enele Sopoaga Uganda 1961 yes dates Ruhakana Rugunda Ukraine ( List ) 1917 - dates Volodymyr Groysman United Arab Emirates 1971 - years Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum United Kingdom ( List ) 1721 yes dates Theresa May Uruguay No List ( post established 1919 ) - - ( post abolished ) Uzbekistan 1924 - dates Abdulla Aripov Vanuatu 1980 yes dates Charlot Salwai Vatican 1644 - years Cardinal Pietro Parolin Vietnam 1976 yes dates Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Yemen 1990 yes years Ahmed Obeid bin Daghr Western Sahara 1976 no years Abdelkader Taleb Oumar Zambia 1964 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Zimbabwe 1923 - dates ( Post abolished ) See also ( edit ) Chancellor Chief Minister Governor - General Head of government Head of state Monarch President Prime ministerial government", "22": "Lists List of current heads of state and government List of democracy and election - related topics References ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ Contrary to popular perception , the two posts are separate and need not be held by the one person . The last prime minister not to be First Lord of the Treasury was Lord Salisbury at the turn of the 20th century . 10 Downing Street is actually the First Lord 's residence , not the Prime Minister 's . As Salisbury was not First Lord , he had to live elsewhere as prime minister . Jump up ^ Testament Politique du Cardinal Duc de Richelieu , Premier Ministre de France sous le Règne de Louïs XIII Jump up ^ Ancien Régime in Encyclopédie Larousse ( `` Après 1661 , Louis XIV impose une nouvelle formule , qui joue à la fois sur les ministres et sur les conseils , sans accepter la primauté d'un ministre . '' ) Jump up ^ `` Oxford English Dictionary '' . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's unwritten constitution '' . British Library . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . The key landmark is the Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown ... The Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch 's prerogatives , providing for the regular meeting of Parliament , free elections to the Commons , free speech in parliamentary debates , and some basic human rights , most famously freedom from ' cruel or unusual punishment ' . Jump up ^ Dr Andrew Blick and Professor George Jones -- No 10 guest historian series , Prime Ministers and No. 10 ( 1 January 2012 ) . `` The Institution of Prime Minister '' . Government of the United Kingdom : History of Government Blog . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Byrum E. ( 2015 ) ( 1955 ) .", "23": "`` The Historical Development of the Office of Prime Minister '' . Office of the Prime Minister . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9781400878260 . Jump up ^ Seidle , F. Leslie ; Docherty , David C. ( 2003 ) . Reforming parliamentary democracy . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 9780773525085 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Douglas M. ; Reisman , W. Michael ( 2008 ) . The Historical Foundations of World Order . Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 571 . ISBN 9047423933 . Jump up ^ Fieldhouse , David ; Madden , Frederick ( 1990 ) . Settler self - government , 1840 - 1900 : the development of representative and responsible government ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . New York : Greenwood Press . p. xxi . ISBN 9780313273261 . Jump up ^ Julian Go ( 2007 ) . `` A Globalizing Constitutionalism ? , Views from the Postcolony , 1945 - 2000 '' . In Arjomand , Saïd Amir . Constitutionalism and political reconstruction . Brill . pp. 92 -- 94 . ISBN 9004151745 . Jump up ^ `` How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World '' . University of Cambridge . 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Although the roles of the Spanish head of government coincide with the definition of a ' prime minister ' , in Spain the position is in fact referred to as ' the Presidency of the Government ' Jump up ^ `` Privy Council Members '' . The Privy Council Office . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 19 Sep 2009 .", "24": "Further reading ( edit ) Andrew Blick and George Jones , Premiership : the development , nature and power of the office of the British Prime Minister ( Imprint Academic , Exeter , 2010 ) Michael Foley , The British Presidency ( Manchester University Press , Manchester , 2000 ) Peter Hennessy , The Prime Minister : The office and its holders since 1945 ( Penguin , London , 2001 ) Paul Langford , Prime Ministers and Parliaments : the long view , Walpole to Blair , The Annual History of Parliament Lecture , 2005 , Parliamentary History , 25 ( 2006 ) Brian Carroll , Australia 's Prime Ministers : From Barton to Howard ( Rosenberg Publishing , 2004 ) James Manor , Nehru to the Nineties : The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India ( C. Hurst & Co. 1994 ) Jagdish Chandra Sharma , Indian Prime Ministership : A Comprehensive Study ( Concept Publishing Company , 2002 ) Titles used for heads of government Chancellor Chief executive Chief minister Federal Council ( collective head of government ) First minister ( and deputy First Minister ) Minister - president Premier President President of the Executive Council President of the Council of Ministers President of the government Prime minister State Elder Statsminister Taoiseach Prime minister Prime Ministers by country Abkhazia Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Armenia Artsakh Aruba Australia Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Bermuda Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo ( Kinshasa ) Cook Islands Croatia Cuba Curaçao Northern Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica East Timor", "25": "Egypt Equatorial Guinea Estonia Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France Ghana Georgia Greece Greenland Grenada Guinea Guyana Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya North Korea South Korea Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malaysia Malta Mauritius Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Myanmar ( Burma ) Nagorno - Karabakh Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Niue Norway Pakistan Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa São Tomé and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Singapore Sint Maarten Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Ossetia Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Swaziland Sweden Syria Taiwan ( Republic of China ) Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkmenistan Turkey Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vietnam Yemen Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Common types of government ministers and ministries Leadership President Vice-President Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister Office of the President Cabinet department / Office of the Prime Minister Defence / Foreign Affairs / Public Safety Defence ( list ) Foreign /", "26": "External Affairs ( list ) International development Public Security / Internal Security / Homeland Security Immigration Economics / Infrastructure Commerce / Trade Communications Finance / Treasury ( list ) Industry Public Works / Infrastructure Transport Environment / Natural resources Agriculture Climate change Energy Environment ( list ) Fisheries Forestry Irrigation Land management Mining Natural resources Petroleum / Oil Water resources Social Education ( List ) Culture Health Information Interior / Internal Affairs / Home Affairs ( list ) Justice / Law Labour Religion Science ( and Technology ) Sports Tourism Minister without portfolio Ministries by portfolio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime_minister&oldid=838419930 '' Categories : Prime ministers Heads of government Titles Government ministers Positions of authority 17th - century neologisms Hidden categories : Articles with short description Articles containing Irish - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu", "27": "Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lingála Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ", "28": "नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Nouormand Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Tetun ไทย Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語中文 93 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 22 : 06 . 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3653635084331615973	who won the mens single ice skating 2018	[ "Yuzuru Hanyu", "Yuzuru Hanyu", "Yuzuru Hanyu", "Yuzuru Hanyu", "Yuzuru Hanyu", "Shoma Uno", "Javier Fernández" ]	{ "0": "Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's singles - wikipedia Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's singles Jump to : navigation , search Men 's singles at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games Venue Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung , South Korea Dates 16 -- 17 February Competitors 30 from 21 nations Winning score 317.85 Medalists 01 ! Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 02 ! Shoma Uno Japan 03 ! Javier Fernández Spain ← 2014 2022 → Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics Qualification Singles men ladies Pairs mixed Ice dancing mixed Team event mixed The men 's single figure skating competition of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held on 16 and 17 February 2018 at the Gangneung Ice Arena in Gangneung , South Korea . The short program was held on 16 February and the free skating was held on 17 February . This medal event was the 1000th medal event in the history of the Winter Olympic Games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Qualification 3 Schedule 4 Results 4.1 Short program 4.2 Free skating 4.3 Overall 5 References Summary ( edit ) With his victory at the 2018 Winter Olympics , Yuzuru Hanyu became the first male figure skater to win two consecutive gold medals after Dick Button , who did so in 1952 . Fellow countryman Shoma Uno won the silver medal , and Spain 's Javier Fernández won the bronze medal . Fernández won Spain 's first figure skating medal and fourth medal at the Winter Olympics . After the short program , Hanyu , Fernández , Uno , and Jin Boyang were first , second , third , and fourth respectively . Nathan Chen , originally one of the favorites for the podium , skated an uncharacteristically poor short program that placed him at 17th , but fought back to win the free skating with a score of 215.08 -- 8.91 points above the second place free skating by Hanyu . He ended up fifth overall .", "1": "In the free program , Jin Boyang overtook Chen by less than a point overall , and placed fourth . In the victory ceremony , the medals were presented by Tsunekazu Takeda , member of the International Olympic Committee , accompanied by Alexander Lakernik , ISU Figure Skating Vice President . Vincent Zhou landed the first quadruple lutz at the Olympics . Nathan Chen became the first to ever land six quads , five clean . He also landed the first quadruple flip at the Olympics . With these jumps he holds the new record for highest free skating technical score . For complete list of figure skating records , see list of highest scores in figure skating . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification A total of 30 skaters qualified to compete for the event , with each country allowed to only enter a maximum of three . 24 quotas were handed out during the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships and the remaining six were given out at the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy . Each country decided the entry of its teams , and athletes winning the quota were not necessarily granted the right to compete . All athletes competing must have met the minimum total elements score , which does not include component scores . For the short program this was 25.00 and the free skating 45.00 . Schedule ( edit ) All times are ( UTC + 9 ) . Date Time Round 16 February 10 : 00 Short program 17 February 10 : 00 Free skating Results ( edit ) Short program ( edit ) The short program was held on 16 February 2018 . Pl . Name Nation TSS TES PCS SS TR PE CH IN Ded StN Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 111.68 63.18 48.50 9.71 9.43 9.86 9.75 9.75 0.00 25 Javier Fernández Spain 107.58 59.79 47.79 9.36 9.36 9.71 9.68 9.68 0.", "2": "00 29 Shoma Uno Japan 104.17 58.13 46.04 9.29 9.00 9.25 9.29 9.21 0.00 28 Jin Boyang China 103.32 60.27 43.05 8.79 8.29 8.82 8.54 8.61 0.00 30 5 Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 98.98 56.98 42.00 8.43 8.11 8.50 8.50 8.46 0.00 20 6 Patrick Chan Canada 90.01 45.08 45.93 9.36 9.07 9.00 9.29 9.21 -- 1.00 21 7 Adam Rippon United States 87.95 44.48 43.47 8.57 8.43 8.86 8.68 8.93 0.00 19 8 Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 86.69 43.84 43.85 8.96 8.54 8.64 8.82 8.89 -- 1.00 27 9 Michal Březina Czech Republic 85.15 44.34 40.81 8.25 7.89 8.25 8.21 8.21 0.00 13 10 Keegan Messing Canada 85.11 45.50 40.61 8.04 7.96 8.07 8.29 8.25 − 1.00 12 11 Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 84.74 44.17 40.", "3": "57 7.96 7.89 8.25 8.18 8.29 0.00 17 12 Vincent Zhou United States 84.53 48.50 36.03 7.39 6.96 7.11 7.32 7.25 0.00 13 Oleksii Bychenko Israel 84.13 43.63 40.50 7.93 7.71 8.36 8.18 8.32 0.00 23 14 Misha Ge Uzbekistan 83.90 41.75 42.15 8.18 8.18 8.54 8.46 8.79 0.00 16 15 Cha Jun - hwan South Korea 83.43 43.79 39.64 7.93 7.68 8.07 8.00 7.96 0.00 14 16 Brendan Kerry Australia 83.06 45.49 37.57 7.57 7.36 7.61 7.57 7.46 0.00 10 17 Nathan Chen United States 82.27 41.39 41.88 8.46 8.32 8.14 8.57 8.39 -- 1.00 26 18 Daniel Samohin Israel 80.69 43.29 38.40 7.79 7.29 7.79 7.71 7.82 -- 1.00 18 19 Yan Han China 80.63 40.99 40.64 8.46 8.07 7.86 8.18 8.07 − 1.", "4": "00 8 20 Keiji Tanaka Japan 80.05 40.30 40.75 8.36 7.86 8.07 8.21 8.25 -- 1.00 22 21 Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 79.52 39.34 41.18 8.25 8.00 8.18 8.39 8.36 -- 1.00 24 22 Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 76.56 40.88 36.68 7.46 7.11 7.32 7.43 7.36 − 1.00 11 23 Matteo Rizzo Italy 75.63 39.23 36.40 7.29 7.11 7.29 7.39 7.32 0.00 5 24 Paul Fentz Germany 74.73 37.71 37.02 7.46 7.25 7.46 7.46 7.39 0.00 15 Did not advance to free skating 25 Julian Yee Malaysia 73.58 38.37 35.21 7.07 6.82 7.11 7.14 7.07 0.00 9 26 Chafik Besseghier France 72.10 38.41 33.69 6.79 6.29 6.89 6.86 6.86 0.00 27 Denis Ten Kazakhstan 70.12 30.77 39.35 8.11 7.82 7.46 8.07 7.89 0.00 28 Michael Christian Martinez Philippines 55.56 26.", "5": "04 29.52 5.96 5.64 5.96 6.00 5.96 0.00 6 29 Felipe Montoya Spain 52.41 22.59 30.82 6.25 6.07 6.00 6.25 6.25 − 1.00 30 Yaroslav Paniot Ukraine 46.58 18.68 29.90 6.43 5.79 5.61 6.21 5.86 − 2.00 7 Notes : WR - World record TSS - Total Segment Score ; TES - Technical Element Score ; PCS - Program Component Score SS - Skating Skills ; TR - Transitions ; PE - Performance / Execution CH - Choreography ; IN - Interpretation ; Ded - Deduction ; StN - Starting Number Free skating ( edit ) The free skating was held on 17 February 2018 . Pl . Name Nation TSS TES PCS SS TR PE CH IN Ded StN Nathan Chen United States 215.08 127.64 87.44 8.82 8.32 9.04 8.79 8.75 0.00 9 Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 206.17 109.55 96.62 9.71 9.50 9.64 9.71 9.75 0.00 22 Shoma Uno Japan 202.73 111.01 92.72 9.36 9.07 9.25 9.32 9.36 -- 1.00 24 Javier Fernández Spain 197.66 101.52 96.14 9.46 9.43 9.64 9.79 9.75 0.", "6": "00 23 5 Jin Boyang China 194.45 109.69 85.76 8.71 8.21 8.64 8.68 8.64 -- 1.00 20 6 Vincent Zhou United States 192.16 112.24 79.92 8.04 7.71 8.25 7.96 8.00 0.00 15 7 Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 177.56 91.62 87.94 9.00 8.64 8.68 8.86 8.72 -- 2.00 16 8 Patrick Chan Canada 173.42 81.56 91.86 9.32 9.14 8.66 9.29 9.32 0.00 21 9 Oleksii Bychenko Israel 172.88 89.08 83.80 8.39 8.04 8.61 8.43 8.43 0.00 7 10 Adam Rippon United States 171.41 84.47 86.94 8.75 8.54 8.68 8.71 8.79 0.00 18 11 Daniel Samohin Israel 170.75 89.03 81.72 8.32 7.75 8.32 8.18 8.29 0.00 8 12 Keegan Messing Canada 170.32 84.88 85.44 8.50 8.29 8.61 8.61 8.71 0.00 14 13 Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 168.53 85.39 85.", "7": "13 8.64 8.39 8.32 8.61 8.61 -- 2.00 19 14 Cha Jun - hwan South Korea 165.16 84.94 81.22 8.21 7.86 8.25 8.11 8.18 -- 1.00 13 15 Keiji Tanaka Japan 164.78 85.64 81.14 8.36 7.89 8.00 8.18 8.14 -- 2.00 5 16 Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 164.21 81.79 82.42 8.25 7.96 8.36 8.25 8.39 0.00 13 17 Misha Ge Uzbekistan 161.04 74.96 86.08 8.46 8.36 8.54 8.75 8.93 0.00 10 18 Michal Březina Czech Republic 160.92 76.58 84.34 8.57 8.21 8.39 8.57 8.43 0.00 17 19 Matteo Rizzo Italy 156.78 80.86 75.92 7.64 7.32 7.79 7.64 7.57 0.00 20 Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 155.06 76.42 80.64 8.14 7.86 7.96 8.18 8.18 -- 2.00 21 Brendan Kerry Australia 150.75 73.33 77.42 7.96 7.54 7.68 7.82 7.", "8": "71 0.00 12 22 Paul Fentz Germany 139.82 66.98 72.84 7.50 7.14 7.14 7.39 7.25 0.00 23 Yan Han China 132.38 53.80 79.58 8.56 7.82 7.57 8.04 8.00 -- 1.00 24 Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 128.01 63.35 70.66 7.34 6.86 6.68 7.32 7.04 -- 6.00 6 Notes : TSS - Total Segment Score ; TES - Technical Element Score ; PCS - Program Component Score SS - Skating Skills ; TR - Transitions ; PE - Performance / Execution CH - Choreography ; IN - Interpretation ; Ded - Deduction ; StN - Starting Number Overall ( edit ) The skaters were ranked according to their overall score . Rank Name Nation TP SP FS 01 ! Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 317.85 111.68 206.17 02 ! Shoma Uno Japan 306.90 104.17 202.73 03 ! Javier Fernández Spain 305.24 107.58 197.66 Jin Boyang China 297.77 103.32 194.45 5 5 Nathan Chen United States 297.35 82.27 17 215.08 6 Vincent Zhou United States 276.69 84.53 12 192.16 6 7 Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 267.51 98.98 5 168.53 13 8 Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 264.25 86.69 8 177.", "9": "56 7 9 Patrick Chan Canada 263.43 90.01 6 173.42 8 10 Adam Rippon United States 259.36 87.95 7 171.41 10 11 Oleksii Bychenko Israel 257.01 84.13 13 172.88 9 12 Keegan Messing Canada 255.43 85.11 10 170.32 12 13 Daniel Samohin Israel 251.44 80.69 18 170.75 11 14 Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 248.95 84.74 11 164.21 16 15 Cha Jun - hwan South Korea 248.59 83.43 15 165.16 14 16 Michal Březina Czech Republic 246.07 85.15 9 160.92 18 17 Misha Ge Uzbekistan 244.94 83.90 14 161.04 17 18 Keiji Tanaka Japan 244.83 80.05 20 164.78 15 19 Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 234.58 79.52 21 155.06 20 20 Brendan Kerry Australia 233.81 83.06 16 150.75 21 21 Matteo Rizzo Italy 232.41 75.63 23 156.78 19 22 Paul Fentz Germany 214.55 74.73 24 139.82 22 23 Yan Han China 213.01 80.63 19 132.38 23 24 Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 204.57 76.", "10": "56 22 128.01 24 Did not advance to free skating 25 Julian Yee Malaysia 73.58 25 26 Chafik Besseghier France 72.10 26 27 Denis Ten Kazakhstan 70.12 27 28 Michael Christian Martinez Philippines 55.56 28 29 Felipe Montoya Spain 52.41 29 30 Yaroslav Paniot Ukraine 46.58 30 TP - Total points ; SP - Short program ; FS - Free skating References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Venues '' . www.pyeongchang2018.com/ . Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Start list ^ Jump up to : `` Schedule '' . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hanyu edges out YOG star for skating gold '' . olympic.org. 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Chen Makes Olympic History With 6 Quad Jumps '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Bests '' . www.isuresults.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Qualification Systems for XXIII Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 , Figure skating '' . International Skating Union ( ISU ) . 17 May 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extract from ISU Communication 2097 '' . www.iceskating.org.uk/ . National Ice Skating Association ( UK ) . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater : Figure Skating Men 's Short Program Results '' ( PDF ) . International Skating Union ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater : Figure Skating Men 's Free Skating Results '' ( PDF ) .", "11": "International Skating Union ( PDF ) . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater : Figure Skating Men 's Total Results '' . International Skating Union . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Olympic champions in figure skating -- Men 's singles 1908 : Ulrich Salchow ( SWE ) 1920 : Gillis Grafström ( SWE ) 1924 : Gillis Grafström ( SWE ) 1928 : Gillis Grafström ( SWE ) 1932 : Karl Schäfer ( AUT ) 1936 : Karl Schäfer ( AUT ) 1948 : Dick Button ( USA ) 1952 : Dick Button ( USA ) 1956 : Hayes Alan Jenkins ( USA ) 1960 : David Jenkins ( USA ) 1964 : Manfred Schnelldorfer ( EUA ) 1968 : Wolfgang Schwarz ( AUT ) 1972 : Ondrej Nepela ( TCH ) 1976 : John Curry ( GBR ) 1980 : Robin Cousins ( GBR ) 1984 : Scott Hamilton ( USA ) 1988 : Brian Boitano ( USA ) 1992 : Viktor Petrenko ( EUN ) 1994 : Alexei Urmanov ( RUS ) 1998 : Ilia Kulik ( RUS ) 2002 : Alexei Yagudin ( RUS ) 2006 : Evgeni Plushenko ( RUS ) 2010 : Evan Lysacek ( USA ) 2014 : Yuzuru Hanyu ( JPN ) 2018 : Yuzuru Hanyu ( JPN ) Record scores in figure skating Combined total ( Total ) Short program ( SP ) Free skating ( FS ) Short dance ( SD ) Free dance ( FD ) Juniors ( J ) Men Total : Yuzuru Hanyu 330.43 SP : Yuzuru Hanyu 112.72 FS : Yuzuru Hanyu 223.20 Total ( J ) : Vincent Zhou 258.11 SP ( J ) : Shoma Uno 84.", "12": "87 FS ( J ) : Vincent Zhou 179.24 Ladies Total : Evgenia Medvedeva 241.31 SP : Alina Zagitova 82.92 FS : Evgenia Medvedeva 160.46 Total ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 225.52 SP ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 73.25 FS ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 153.49 Pairs Total : Aliona Savchenko / Bruno Massot 245.84 SP : Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov 84.17 FS : Savchenko / Massot 162.86 Total ( J ) : Anna Dušková / Martin Bidař 181.82 SP ( J ) : Amina Atakhanova / Ilia Spiridonov 64.79 FS ( J ) : Sui Wenjing / Han Cong 118.54 Ice dance Total : Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron 207.20 SD : Papadakis / Cizeron 83.73 FD : Papadakis / Cizeron 123.47 Total ( J ) : Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons 164.83 SD ( J ) : R. Parsons / M. Parsons 67.88 FD ( J ) : R. Parsons / M. Parsons 97.54 See also Progression of record scores Record technical and component scores Highest technical element scores Highest program component scores See also ( J ) Record junior scores Progression of record scores ( J ) Record technical and component scores ( J ) Highest technical element scores ( J ) Highest program component scores ( J ) 2017 -- 18 figure skating season Olympics Qualification Men 's singles Ladies ' singles Pair skating Ice dancing Team event ISU Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships World Junior Championships World Championships ISU Grand Prix Rostelecom Cup Skate Canada International Cup of China NHK Trophy Internationaux de France Skate America Grand Prix Final ISU Challenger Series U.S.", "13": "Classic Lombardia Trophy Autumn Classic Ondrej Nepela Trophy Nebelhorn Trophy Finlandia Trophy Minsk - Arena Ice Star Warsaw Cup Tallinn Trophy Golden Spin of Zagreb Junior internationals ISU Junior Grand Prix Junior Grand Prix Final National championships Canada China Germany Japan Russia South Korea United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figure_skating_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_ -- _Men % 27s_singles&oldid = 833477722 '' Categories : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics Men 's events at the 2018 Winter Olympics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 20 : 06 . 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1752863520343060530	where was foo fighters one of these days video filmed	[ "their June 2011 Milton Keynes performances, Australian and New Zealand tour" ]	{ "0": "These Days ( Foo Fighters song ) - wikipedia These Days ( Foo Fighters song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` These Days '' Single by Foo Fighters from the album Wasting Light Released November 1 , 2011 Format digital download Genre Alternative rock , post-grunge Length 4 : 58 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Dave Grohl , Taylor Hawkins , Nate Mendel , Chris Shiflett , Pat Smear Producer ( s ) Butch Vig Foo Fighters singles chronology `` Arlandria '' ( 2011 ) `` These Days '' ( 2011 ) `` Bridge Burning '' ( 2012 ) `` Arlandria '' ( 2011 ) `` These Days '' ( 2011 ) `` Bridge Burning '' ( 2012 ) Music video These Days on YouTube `` These Days '' is the third single , ( fourth in the UK ) , from the American rock band Foo Fighters ' seventh studio album Wasting Light . It was written by Dave Grohl and co-produced by Butch Vig . Dave Grohl has stated that it is his favourite song that he has ever written . On August 18 , 2012 , the Foo Fighters performed `` These Days '' at Pukkelpop , as a tribute to the people who died or were injured there a year earlier , due to a violent thunderstorm that raged over the festival grounds . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Reception 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Certifications 4 References 5 External links Music video ( edit ) The official video was released on January 30 , 2012 . The video featured live shots from their June 2011 Milton Keynes performances , Australian and New Zealand tour . It was directed by Wayne Isham . Reception ( edit ) The writers of Rolling Stone magazine named it the fourth best single of the year . As of April 9 , 2012 `` These Days '' spent sixteen weeks on the Australian Singles Chart , and was certified gold in Australia .", "1": "Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 -- 12 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 60 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 10 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 63 Canada Rock ( Billboard ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) 37 Poland ( LP3 ) 26 UK Rock and Metal ( Official Charts Company ) 19 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 11 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 sales figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Radio Industry News , Music Industry Updates , Arbitron Ratings , Music News and more ! '' . FMQB . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Foo Fighters - These Days nme.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foo Fighters - These Days loud wire.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Watch the new Foo Fighters video , `` These Days '' AUX New Music Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Singles of 2011 : Foo Fighters , ' These Days ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pandora Archive '' ( PDF ) . Pandora.nla.gov.au. April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Accreditations - 2012 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Foo Fighters -- These Days '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters Chart History ( Canada Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 .", "2": "Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters - Mexican Ingles Airplay search results '' . billboard.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THESE DAYS '' . Polskie Radio . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rock & Metal Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2012 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 20 October 2012 .", "3": "External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Foo Fighters Dave Grohl Nate Mendel Pat Smear Taylor Hawkins Chris Shiflett Rami Jaffee William Goldsmith Franz Stahl Studio albums Foo Fighters The Colour and the Shape There Is Nothing Left to Lose One by One In Your Honor Echoes , Silence , Patience & Grace Wasting Light Sonic Highways Concrete and Gold EPs Five Songs and a Cover Songs from the Laundry Room Saint Cecilia Live albums Skin and Bones Compilations Greatest Hits Medium Rare Media Everywhere but Home Skin and Bones Live at Wembley Stadium Foo Fighters : Back and Forth Foo Fighters : Sonic Highways Singles `` This Is a Call '' `` I 'll Stick Around '' `` For All the Cows '' `` Big Me '' `` Exhausted '' `` Alone + Easy Target '' `` Monkey Wrench '' `` Everlong '' `` My Hero '' `` Walking After You '' `` Learn to Fly '' `` Stacked Actors '' `` Generator '' `` Breakout '' `` Next Year '' `` The One '' `` All My Life '' `` Times Like These '' `` Low '' `` Have It All '' `` Best of You '' `` DOA '' `` Resolve '' `` No Way Back '' / `` Cold Day in the Sun '' `` Miracle '' `` The Pretender '' `` Long Road to Ruin '' `` Cheer Up , Boys ( Your Make Up Is Running ) '' `` Let It Die '' `` Wheels '' `` Rope '' `` White Limo '' `` Walk '' `` Arlandria '' `` These Days '' `` Bridge Burning '' `` Something from Nothing '' `` The Feast and the Famine '' `` Congregation '' `` What Did I Do ? / God as My Witness '' `` Outside '' `` Saint Cecilia '' `` Run '' `` The Sky Is a Neighborhood '' Other songs `` Friend of a Friend '' `` Marigold '' `` The Line '' Concert tours Foo Fighters live performances Sonic Highways World Tour Concrete and Gold Tour Associated acts Nirvana Late !", "4": "Tenacious D Sunny Day Real Estate The Germs Scream Probot Killing Joke Queens of the Stone Age Nine Inch Nails Taylor Hawkins and the Coattail Riders The Fire Theft Jackson United Me First and the Gimme Gimmes No Use for a Name Them Crooked Vultures The Birds of Satan The Wallflowers Related Discography Songs Awards and nominations Members 24 Hours of Foo Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=These_Days_(Foo_Fighters_song)&oldid=820984427 '' Categories : Foo Fighters songs 2011 singles Music videos directed by Wayne Isham Song recordings produced by Butch Vig Songs written by Dave Grohl Songs written by Pat Smear Songs written by Taylor Hawkins Songs written by Nate Mendel Songs written by Chris Shiflett Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadarock Singlechart usages for UKrock Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego Italiano Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 19 : 24 . About Wikipedia", "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 1, 4, 2, 3, 0 ]	[ 1, 4, 2, 3, 0 ]
-8943432852681116531	what is cain and abel software used for	[ "password recovery", "recover many kinds of passwords using methods such as network packet sniffing, cracking various password hashes by using methods such as dictionary attacks, brute force and cryptanalysis attacks", "password recovery", "password recovery", "password recovery" ]	{ "0": "Cain and Abel ( software ) - Wikipedia Cain and Abel ( software ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with CAINE Linux in the List of digital forensics tools . This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cain and Abel Developer ( s ) Massimiliano Montoro Stable release 4.9. 56 / April 7 , 2014 ; 4 years ago ( 2014 - 04 - 07 ) Operating system Microsoft Windows Type password cracking License Freeware Website www.oxid.it/cain.html Cain and Abel ( often abbreviated to Cain ) is a password recovery tool for Microsoft Windows . It can recover many kinds of passwords using methods such as network packet sniffing , cracking various password hashes by using methods such as dictionary attacks , brute force and cryptanalysis attacks . Cryptanalysis attacks are done via rainbow tables which can be generated with the winrtgen. exe program provided with Cain and Abel . Cain and Abel is maintained by Massimiliano Montoro and Sean Babcock .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 2 Status with virus scanners 3 See also 4 External links Features ( edit ) WEP cracking Speeding up packet capture speed by wireless packet injection Ability to record VoIP conversations Decoding scrambled passwords Calculating hashes Traceroute Revealing password boxes Uncovering cached passwords Dumping protected storage passwords ARP spoofing IP to MAC Address resolver Network Password Sniffer LSA secret dumper Ability to crack : LM & NTLM hashes NTLMv2 hashes Microsoft Cache hashes Microsoft Windows PWL files Cisco IOS - MD5 hashes Cisco PIX - MD5 hashes APOP - MD5 hashes CRAM - MD5 MD5 hashes OSPF - MD5 hashes RIPv2 MD5 hashes VRRP - HMAC hashes Virtual Network Computing ( VNC ) Triple DES MD2 hashes MD4 hashes MD5 hashes SHA - 1 hashes SHA - 2 hashes RIPEMD - 160 hashes Kerberos 5 hashes RADIUS shared key hashes IKE PSK hashes MSSQL hashes MySQL hashes Oracle and SIP hashes Status with virus scanners ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some virus scanners ( and browsers , e.g. Chrome 20.0. 1132.47 ) detect Cain and Abel as malware . Avast ! detects it as `` Win32 : Cain - B ( Tool ) '' and classifies it as `` Other potentially dangerous program '' , while Microsoft Security Essentials detects it as `` Win32 / Cain ! 4_9_14 '' and classifies it as `` Tool : This program has potentially unwanted behavior . '' Even if Cain 's install directory , as well as the word `` Cain '' , are added to Avast 's exclude list , the real - time scanner has been known to stop Cain from functioning . However , the latest version of Avast no longer blocks Cain .", "2": "See also ( edit ) Black - hat hacker White - hat hacker Hacker ( computer security ) Password cracking Aircrack - ng Crack DaveGrohl Hashcat John the Ripper L0phtCrack Ophcrack RainbowCrack External links ( edit ) Official website Interview with Massimiliano Montoro , creator of Cain & Abel ( hide ) Password cracking software Crack Cain DaveGrohl Hashcat John the Ripper L0phtCrack Ophcrack RainbowCrack Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cain_and_Abel_(software)&oldid=790963733 '' Categories : Windows - only freeware Password cracking software Windows security software Network analyzers Windows network - related software Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2017 , at 06 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "3": null, "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 1, 0, 2 ]	[ 0, 1, 2 ]
3562729819386821776	what is the name of governor of maharashtra	[ "Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao", "Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao", "Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao", "Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao", "Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao" ]	{ "0": "List of governors of Maharashtra - wikipedia List of governors of Maharashtra Jump to : navigation , search Governor of Maharashtra Incumbent Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao since 30 August 2014 Style His Excellency Residence Main : Raj Bhavan ( Mumbai ) Additional : Raj Bhavan ( Nagpur ) ; Raj Bhavan ( Pune ) & Raj Bhavan ( Mahabaleshwar ) Appointer President of India Term length Five Years Inaugural holder John Colville , PC , GCIE Formation 15 August 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 08 - 15 ) The Governor of Maharashtra is the Executive Head of the State of Maharashtra . The Constitution of India confers the executive powers of the State to the Governor and the Governor exercises all powers on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Powers and duties ( Functions ) 2 Governors of Maharashtra 3 See also 4 References Powers and duties ( functions ) ( edit ) The Governor appoints many top authorities as follows : Advocate General of Maharashtra . Lokayukta and Upa Lokayukta . State Election Commissioner Chairman and Members of the Maharashtra Administrative Tribunal . Chairman and Members of the Maharashtra State Human Rights Commission . Chairman and Members of the Maharashtra Public Service Commission ( MPSC ) . Chairmen and Members of the 3 Development Boards . Sheriff of Mumbai . State Chief Information Commissioner .", "1": "Governors of Maharashtra ( edit ) This is a list of governors of the erstwhile Bombay State and Maharashtra : # Name Took Office Left Office John Colville , PC , GCIE 1943 1948 Raja Sir Maharaj Singh , CIE 1948 1952 Sir Girija Shankar Bajpai , KCSI , KBE , CIE 1952 1954 Dr Harekrushna Mahatab 1955 1956 Sri Prakasa 1956 1962 6 Dr P. Subbarayan 17 April 1962 6 October 1962 7 Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit 28 November 1962 18 October 1964 8 Dr PV Cherian 14 November 1964 8 November 1969 9 Ali Yavar Jung 26 February 1970 11 December 1976 10 Sri Sadiq Ali 30 April 1977 3 November 1980 11 Air Chief Marshal OP Mehra 3 November 1980 5 March 1982 12 Air Chief Marshal IH Latif 6 March 1982 16 April 1985 13 Kona Prabhakara Rao 31 May 1985 2 April 1986 14 Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma 3 April 1986 2 September 1987 15 Kasu Brahmananda Reddy 20 February 1988 18 January 1990 16 Dr. C Subramaniam 15 February 1990 9 January 1993 17 Dr. P.C. Alexander 12 January 1993 13 July 2002 18 Mohammed Fazal 10 October 2002 5 December 2004 19 S.M. Krishna 12 December 2004 5 March 2008 20 S.C.", "2": "Jamir 9 March 2008 22 January 2010 21 Kateekal Sankaranarayanan 22 January 2010 24 August 2014 22 Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao 30 August 2014 Present See also ( edit ) Government of Maharashtra Governors of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Governor - Information under RTI Act '' ( PDF ) . p. 1 . Retrieved 16 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Governors '' . Rajbhavan , Government of Maharashtra . Archived from the original on 6 February 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Lists of governors , lieutenant governors and administrators of Indian states and union territories ( and current incumbents ) Andaman and Nicobar Devendra Kumar Joshi Andhra Pradesh E.S.L. Narasimhan Arunachal Pradesh B.D. Mishra Assam Jagdish Mukhi Bihar Satya Pal Malik Chandigarh V.P. Singh Badnore Chhattisgarh Balram Das Tandon Dadra and Nagar Haveli Praful Khoda Patel Daman and Diu Praful Khoda Patel Delhi Anil Baijal Goa Mridula Sinha Gujarat Om Prakash Kohli Haryana Kaptan Singh Solanki Himachal Pradesh Acharya Dev Vrat Jammu and Kashmir Narinder Nath Vohra Jharkhand Draupadi Murmu Karnataka Vajubhai Vala Kerala P. Sathasivam Lakshadweep Farooq Khan Madhya Pradesh Anandiben Patel Maharashtra C. Vidyasagar Rao Manipur Najma Heptulla Meghalaya Ganga Prasad Mizoram Nirbhay Sharma Nagaland Padmanabha Acharya Odisha Satya Pal Malik Puducherry Kiran Bedi Punjab V.P.", "3": "Singh Badnore Rajasthan Kalyan Singh Sikkim Shriniwas Patil Tamil Nadu Banwarilal Purohit Telangana E.S.L. Narasimhan Tripura Tathagata Roy Uttar Pradesh Ram Naik Uttarakhand Krishan Kant Paul West Bengal Keshari Nath Tripathi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_governors_of_Maharashtra&oldid=834314363 '' Categories : Lists of governors of Indian states Governors of Maharashtra Maharashtra - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मराठी Nederlands தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 01 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2040762149245803825	what channel is abc on in phoenix arizona	[ "15", "15", "15" ]	{ "0": "List of television stations in Arizona - wikipedia List of television stations in Arizona Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of broadcast television stations serving cities in the U.S. state of Arizona Contents ( hide ) 1 Full - power stations 1.1 Defunct full - power stations 2 LPTV stations 3 Translators 4 See also Full - power stations ( edit ) VC refers to the station 's PSIP virtual channel . RF refers to the station 's physical RF channel . Area served City of license VC RF Callsign Network Notes Bullhead City ~ Laughlin NV 34 32 KMCC Tuff TV TheCoolTV on 34.2 Douglas Douglas 36 KFTU - DT UniMas Univision on 3.2 Flagstaff Flagstaff 22 KNAZ - TV NBC Satellite of KPNX ch. 12 Mesa / Phoenix Flagstaff Flagstaff 13 13 KFPH - DT UniMas UNI ( KTVW - DT simulcast ) on 13.2 Holbrook Holbrook 11 11 KDTP Daystar Kingman Kingman 6 19 KMOH - TV America Teve Phoenix Phoenix 24 KTVK Ind . Comet on 3.2 , Weather on 3.3 Phoenix Phoenix 5 17 KPHO - TV CBS Cozi TV on 5.2 Phoenix Prescott 7 7 KAZT - TV Ind . MeTV on 7.2 , HSN on 7.3 , Charge !", "1": "on 7.4 Phoenix Phoenix 8 8 KAET PBS EightLife on 8.2 , World on 8.3 , PBS Kids on 8.4 , KBAQ Radio on 8.5 Phoenix Phoenix 10 10 KSAZ - TV Fox Light TV on 10.4 Heroes & Icons on 10.2 ; Mobile / handheld feed Phoenix Mesa 12 12 KPNX NBC Weather on 12.2 , Justice Network on 12.3 ; Mobile / handheld feed Phoenix Phoenix 15 15 KNXV - TV ABC Antenna TV on 15.2 , Laff on 15.3 Phoenix Phoenix 21 20 KPAZ - TV TBN Church Channel on 21.2 , JUCE TV / Smile of a Child on 21.3 , Enlace on 21.4 , TBN Salsa on 21.5 Phoenix Phoenix 33 33 KTVW - DT UNI Grit on 33.3 , Bounce TV on 33.4 Phoenix Phoenix 39 39 KTAZ TEL Exitos on 39.2 , Cozi TV on 39.3 Phoenix Phoenix 45 26 KUTP MyNetworkTV Movies !", "2": "on 45.2 , Bounce TV on 45.3 Phoenix Tolleson 51 31 KPPX - TV ION Qubo on 51.2 , Ion Life on 51.3 , Ion Shop on 51.4 , QVC on 51.5 , HSN on 51.6 Phoenix Phoenix 61 49 KASW CW Mobile / handheld feed of KTVK 3.1 Tucson Tucson 23 KVOA NBC Cozi TV on 4.2 Tucson Tucson 6 30 KUAT - TV PBS KUAT Kids on 6.2 , Ready TV / World on 6.3 Tucson Tucson 9 9 KGUN - TV ABC Laff on 9.2 , Antenna TV on 9.3 Tucson Tucson 11 25 KMSB Fox Movies ! on 11.2 , Justice Network on 11.3 Tucson Tucson 13 32 KOLD - TV CBS MeTV on 13.2 , Grit on 13.3 Tucson Tucson 18 19 KTTU MyNetworkTV Estrella TV on 18.2 Tucson Tucson 27 28 KUAS - TV PBS Satellite of KUAT - TV ch.", "3": "6 Tucson ; KUAT Kids on 27.2 , Ready TV / World on 27.3 Tucson Tucson 40 40 KHRR TEL Exitos on 40.2 , ION on 40.3 Tucson Green Valley 46 46 KUVE - DT UNI Tucson Sierra Vista 58 44 KWBA - TV CW LATV on 58.2 , This TV on 58.3 Yuma ~ El Centro CA 7 22 KVYE Univision LATV on 7.2 Yuma ~ El Centro CA 9 9 KECY - TV Fox ABC on 9.2 , CW on 9.3 , TEL ( KESE - LP simulcast ) on 9.4 Yuma Yuma 11 11 KYMA - DT NBC This TV on 11.2 Yuma Yuma 13 13 KSWT CBS Tuff TV on 13.2 , Estrella TV on 13.3 Yuma ~ Calipatria CA 54 36 KAJB UniMas MundoFox on 54.2 Defunct full - power stations ( edit ) Channel 3 : KCDA - Ind . - Douglas ( 2 / 27 / 1961 - 8 / ? / 1961 ) Channel 4 : KTFL - FamilyNet - Flagstaff ( 1 / 1 / 2002 - 6 / 1 / 2006 ) Channel 9 : KCFG - Ind .", "4": "- Flagstaff ( 12 / 20 / 2000 - 9 / 6 / 2012 ) Channel 10 : KOY - TV - ABC - Phoenix ( 10 / 19 / 1953 - 5 / 5 / 1954 , shared time with KOOL - TV ) Channel 11 : KIVA - ABC / CBS / NBC - Yuma ( 10 / 8 / 1953 - 1 / 31 / 1970 ) Channel 13 : KVLS - Flagstaff ( 12 / 18 / 1961 - 7 / 15 / 1963 ) Channel 40 : KPOL - Ind . - Tucson ( 1 / 1 / 1985 - 10 / 17 / 1989 ) Lptv stations ( edit ) VC refers to the station 's PSIP virtual channel . Area served City of license ch DT VC Callsign Network Notes Cottonwood Camp Verde 18 18 K18DD - D Religious independent Serves Verde , Chino and Prescott Valleys Amazing Facts TV on 18.2 , 3ABN on 18.3 , Hope Channel on 18.4 Cottonwood Camp Verde 19 K19FD Silent Cottonwood Camp Verde 31 K31LZ CBS retransmission of KPHO Duncan Duncan , etc .", "5": "17 K17CM TBN Flagstaff Flagstaff 23 K23HB Fortuna Fortuna 41 KBFY - LP Globe Globe 16 16 K16FB - D UniMás Bounce TV on 16.2 , GetTV on 16.3 , Escape on 16.4 Globe Globe 29 29 KDOS - LP Univision UniMás on 29.2 , Grit on 29.3 Kingman Hilltop 36 KKAX - LP America One Lake Havasu City Lake Havasu City 23 K23BJ America One Lake Havasu City Lake Havasu City 25 K25AL TBN Lake Havasu City Lake Havasu City 27 27 K27EC - D CTVN Smile of a Child TV on 27.2 , JUCE TV on 27.3 Lake Havasu City Lake Havasu City , etc . 36 K36DU The Worship Network Lake Havasu City Lake Havasu City 45 45 KLHU - CD The Family Channel Class A station Northern Arizona Flagstaff 19 19 K19IP - D Good News TV Good News TV on 19.1 , GNTV Latino on 19.2 , 3ABN Proclaim on 19.3 , Amazing Facts TV on 19.4 Northern Arizona Payson 22 12 KPSN - LD NBC AccuWeather on 12.2 Northern Arizona Flagstaff 27 6 KTVW - CD Univision KTVW - DT 33.1 retransmission Northern Arizona Payson 38 38 K38LW - D Good News TV Good News TV on 38.1 , GNTV Latino on 38.2 , 3ABN Proclaim on 38.3 , Amazing Facts TV on 38.", "6": "4 Northern Arizona Flagstaff 42 42 K42IQ - D GCN Northern Arizona Flagstaff 50 5 K50HU - D CBS Weather on 5.2 Parker Parker 49 49 KJPO - LD Phoenix Phoenix 16 44 KPHE - LD Telemax Retro TV on 44.2 , Rev'n on 44.3 , PBJ on 44.4 Phoenix Phoenix 18 25 K18JL - D SBN Phoenix Gila River Indian Community 21 29 KGRY - LD Phoenix Phoenix 22 22 KTVP - LD 3ABN ( Good News TV ) SBN on 22.3 , 3ABN on 22.4 , Almavision on 22.5 Phoenix Phoenix 35 35 KFPH - CD UniMás Bounce TV on 35.2 , GetTV on 35.3 , Escape on 35.4 Phoenix Phoenix 36 7 KAZT - CD Independent MeTV on 7.2 , HSN on 7.3 Phoenix Phoenix 38 38 K38IZ - D Spanish independent Tuff TV on 38.2 , music videos on 38.3 , ZUUS Country on 38.4 Phoenix Phoenix 40 40 KEJR - LD MundoFox Religious independent on 40.2 Phoenix Phoenix 41 41 KPDF - CA Azteca America Class A station Phoenix Phoenix 42 42 KVPA - LD Estrella TV Phoenix Phoenix 46 48 KDPH - LD Daystar JTV on 48.2 Phoenix Globe 50 50 KFPB - LD Tele Vida Abundante ESNE TV on 50.2 , Informercials on 50.3 , Spanish independent on 50.4 , music videos on 50.5 , TeLe - Romántica on 50.", "7": "6 Phoenix Phoenix 58 KDTP - LP Silent Prescott Prescott 20 K20IA Prescott Prescott 32 32 K32LO - D 3ABN 3ABN on 32.2 and 32.3 , Amazing Facts TV on 32.4 Quartzsite Quartzsite 21 21 KRPO - LD Spanish religious Show Low Show Low 10 KWKM - LP America One Snowflake Snowflake 12 KWSJ - LP America One Tacna Tacna 27 KYPO - LP Spanish religious Tucson Casas Adobes K04QP - D NBC Cozi TV on 4.2 Tucson Tucson 14 14 KUDF - LP Azteca America Tucson Tucson 18 34 KFTU - CD UniMás Univision on 34.2 Tucson Tucson 21 21 K21CX - D HSN Tucson Tucson 29 KPCE - LP Daystar Tucson Tucson 42 34 KUVE - CD Univision Tucson Tucson 48 K48GX UniMás Yuma Yuma KYUM - LP Tele Vida Abundante Yuma Yuma 17 17 K17LM - D 3ABN 3ABN on 17.2 to 17.6 , Radio 74 on 17.7 Yuma Yuma 33 33 K33MD - D Cadenatres / / XHILA - TDT Yuma Yuma 35 KESE - LP Telemundo ~ Laughlin , NV Bullhead City 25 25 K25HD - D CTVN ~ Gallup , NM Window Rock 45 5 K45LU - D PBS V - me on 5.2 ~ St.", "8": "George , UT Littlefield 31 10 K31EA - D FOX Translators ( edit ) VC refers to the station 's PSIP virtual channel . Area served City of license ch DT VC Callsign Network Notes Bullhead City Bullhead City 51 K51IO Tuff TV Camp Verde Camp Verde 21 K21GE 3ABN Camp Verde Camp Verde 23 K23FZ AFTV Camp Verde Camp Verde 25 K25MK - D NBC retransmission of KPNX Camp Verde Camp Verde 47 K47IK PBS retransmission of KAET Camp Verde Camp Verde 49 K49HP retransmission of KTVK Cottonwood Verde Valley , etc . 46 32 K46IL - D ABC serves Verde and Prescott Valley areas Flagstaff Phoenix 14 K14KK - D PBS KAET 8.1 retransmission Gila River Indian Community Phoenix 19 19 KGRF - LD First Nations Experience Gila River Indian Community Phoenix 29 29 KGRQ - LD First Nations Experience Globe Madera Peak 22 10 K22JD - D FOX Rebroadcaster of KSAZ - TV Prescott Prescott 47 KDFQ - LP Silent Safford Safford 15 KZOL - LP Univision KTVW 33.1 retransmission ; Application to move to channel 16 digital Shonto Shonto 38 K38CX TBN Show Low Snowflake , etc .", "9": "8 K03FB - D PBS / PBS Encore / World / PBS Kids / KBAQ retransmission of KAET Sierra Vista Sierra Vista 20 K20FO Yuma Yuma 39 39 K39KW - D 3ABN 3ABN on 39.2 and 39.3 , Amazing Facts TV on 39.4 See also ( edit ) Television stations in Sonora and Television stations in Baja California for stations across the Mexican border serving US cities List of Spanish - language television networks in the United States Television stations in North America Canada AB BC MB NB NL NT NS NU ON PE QC SK YT United States AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE DC FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Mexico Ags . BC BCS Camp . Cd . de México Chis . Chih . Coah . Col . Dgo . Gto . Gro . Hgo . Jal . Mex . Mich . Mor . Nay . NL Oax . Pue . Qro . Q. Roo SLP Sin . Son . Tab . Tamps . Tlax . Ver . Yuc . Zac . American Territories AS GU PR VI By region Canada ( CB ,", "10": "CF - CK ) United States ( K ) United States ( W ) Mexico ( XE / XH ) Caribbean ( V / Z ) By channel number TV stations by channel number See also Additional resources on North American television North America List of local television stations in North America DTV transition North American TV mini-template Canada Canadian networks List of Canadian television networks List of Canadian television channels List of Canadian specialty channels Local Canadian TV stations List of United States stations available in Canada 2001 Vancouver TV realignment 2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment Mexico Mexican networks Local Mexican TV stations United States American networks List of American cable and satellite networks List of American over-the - air networks Local American TV stations ( W ) Local American TV stations ( K ) Spanish - language TV networks 1994 United States broadcast TV realignment 2006 United States broadcast TV realignment List of Canadian television stations available in the United States Insular Areas TV State of Arizona Phoenix ( capital ) Topics Index Climate Delegations Geography Government Constitution Governor Legislature History World War II Museums Music People Transportation Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Arizona Strip Arizona Sun Corridor Coconino Plateau Colorado Plateau Grand Canyon Kaibab Plateau Mogollon Plateau Mogollon Rim Mojave Desert Monument Valley North Central Arizona Northeast Arizona Northern Arizona Oak Creek Canyon Phoenix Metropolitan Area Safford area San Francisco Volcanic Field Sonoran Desert Southern Arizona ( Traditional Arizona ) Transition zone Verde Valley White Mountains Counties Apache Cochise Coconino Gila Graham Greenlee La Paz Maricopa Mohave Navajo Pima Pinal Santa Cruz Yavapai Yuma Cities Buckeye Casa Grande Chandler Flagstaff Gilbert Glendale Kingman Lake Havasu City Mesa Peoria Phoenix Prescott Scottsdale Sierra Vista Tempe Tucson Yuma Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "11": "php?title=List_of_television_stations_in_Arizona&oldid=836618460 '' Categories : Lists of television channels in the United States Television stations in Arizona Arizona - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 21 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1378070576053000718	who played jennifer in back to the future	[ "Claudia Grace Wells", "Claudia Grace Wells", "Claudia Grace Wells", "Claudia Grace Wells", "Claudia Grace Wells" ]	{ "0": "Claudia Wells - wikipedia Claudia Wells Jump to : navigation , search Claudia Wells Wells in 2015 Claudia Grace Wells ( 1966 - 07 - 05 ) July 5 , 1966 ( age 51 ) Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Occupation Actress Years active 1979 -- 1987 , 1996 -- present Height 5 ft 4 in ( 1.63 m ) Weight 115 lb ( 52 kg ) Children Website www.claudiawells.com Claudia Grace Wells ( born July 5 , 1966 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her role as Jennifer Parker in the film Back to the Future ( 1985 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Return to acting 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 2.3 Video games 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Born in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , Claudia Wells grew up in San Francisco , California , and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 14 . She later graduated from Beverly Hills High School . She started acting with appearances in TV shows . Wells played Jennifer Parker , Marty McFly 's girlfriend , in the 1985 film Back to the Future . She almost did not end up in the first film of the successful franchise . According to Wells , she had been cast , but a pilot she had done for ABC had been picked up , and she was contractually forced to drop out of Back to the Future . During that time , Eric Stoltz had been shooting for five weeks in the role of Marty McFly . Melora Hardin was slated for the role of Jennifer , though she never actually filmed any scenes . The producers halted filming and replaced Stoltz with Michael J. Fox . By then , Wells ' pilot had been finished and she was recast as Jennifer , now shooting alongside Fox , never having filmed a frame with Stoltz . After her mother was diagnosed with cancer , Wells said family took precedence and told the studio she would not be available to reprise the role for the two sequels ; actress Elisabeth Shue replaced her .", "1": "That same year ( 1985 ) , Wells co-starred in Stop the Madness , an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration , featuring several famous musicians , actors and athletes . The following year , she appeared in the TV movie Babies Having Babies , and the short - lived series Fast Times , a TV adaptation of the 1982 film Fast Times at Ridgemont High ( Wells played Linda Barrett , portrayed by Phoebe Cates in the film ) . Following Fast Times , she did not again appear on - screen until the 1996 independent film Still Waters Burn ( released on DVD February 12 , 2008 ) . Return to acting ( edit ) After a lengthy absence , Wells returned to acting in 2011 with a small role in the independent science - fiction film Alien Armageddon . The same year Wells had the opportunity to reprise her role from Back to the Future , 26 years after her last appearance in the series . She provided the voice of Jennifer Parker for Back to the Future : The Game by Telltale Games . Wells announced that her next project would be a horror film titled Room & Board .", "2": "Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1985 Back to the Future Jennifer Parker 2008 Still Waters Burn Laura Harper 2011 Alien Armageddon Eileen Daly 2013 You Are Not Alone Cristina 's Mom Short film 2013 Max Mom Short film 2014 Starship : Rising Captain Savage 2015 EP / Executive Protection Pam Travis 2015 Back in Time Herself Back to the Future documentary 2015 Back to the 2015 Future Jennifer Parker Short film 2017 Vitals Margaret Parks Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1979 Family Denise / Barbara Collins 2 episodes 1981 Rise and Shine Patsy D'Allisandro 1981 Strike Force Patty Episode : `` Magic Man '' 1982 Herbie , the Love Bug Julie MacLane 5 episodes 1982 Lovers and Other Strangers Mary Claire Delvecchio 1984 Fame Marya Episode : `` Appearances '' 1984 Anatomy of an Illness Sarakit Television film 1984 -- 1986 CBS Schoolbreak Special Lisa / Wendy 2 episodes 1984 -- 1985 Off the Rack Shannon Halloran 7 episodes 1985 Trapper John , M.D. Candy Episode : `` Long Ago and Far Away '' 1985 Simon & Simon Phoebe Glass Episode : `` Slither '' 1985 Able to Do 1986 Fast Times Linda Barrett 7 episodes 1986 Brothers Sarah Episode : `` Joe Leaves This Old World Behind '' 2011 The Mentalist Chief Marnie Green Episode : `` Where in the World is Carmine O'Brien ? ''", "3": "2014 Zero Impact Home Future Petal Short series 2015 The Comeback Kids Claudia Wells Episode : `` Re-United and It Feels So Good '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Back to the Future : The Game Jennifer Parker Episode 3 : `` Citizen Brown '' Episode 4 : `` Double Visions '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What Marty McFly 's Girlfriend Is Up To In The Future '' . Yahoo . May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Claudia Wells '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future 's Claudia Wells : Shining Brighter Than Ever Before '' . HuffingtonPost . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Clint , Caffeinated . `` Claudia Wells in Alien Armageddon '' . Moviehole . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Back To The Future Episode 1 : It 's About Time Video Game , Exclusive Behind The Scenes Part IV : How We Got Jennifer HD '' . GameTrailers.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Wells , Claudia . `` Announcing My Next Project ... '' Twitter . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Back in Time Film '' . backintimefilm.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 .", "4": "External links ( edit ) Official website Claudia Wells on IMDb Back to the Future website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudia_Wells&oldid=837870374 '' Categories : 1966 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from San Francisco American businesspeople in retailing American film actresses American television actresses Living people People from Kuala Lumpur Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 14 : 57 . 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-8946826352712324685	where was the summer olympics held in 2012	[ "London", "London, United Kingdom", "London, United Kingdom", "London, United Kingdom", "London" ]	{ "0": "2012 Summer Olympics - Wikipedia 2012 Summer Olympics Jump to : navigation , search `` London 2012 '' redirects here . For the video game , see London 2012 ( video game ) . For the Summer Paralympics , see 2012 Summer Paralympics . Games of the XXX Olympiad Host city London , United Kingdom Motto Inspire a Generation Nations participating 204 Athletes participating 10,768 ( 5,992 men , 4,776 women ) Events 302 in 26 sports Opening ceremony 27 July Closing ceremony 12 August Officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II Athlete 's Oath Sarah Stevenson Judge 's Oath Mik Basi Coach 's Oath Eric Farrell Olympic Torch Stadium Olympic Stadium Summer < Beijing 2008 Rio de Janeiro 2016 > Winter < Vancouver 2010 Sochi 2014 > Part of a series on 2012 Summer Olympics Bid process ( bid details , legacy ) Development ( venues , torch relay , security ) Marketing ( mascots ) Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medallists ) World and Olympic records Concerns and controversies ( minute of silence ) Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC BOA LOCOG The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremonies on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then - Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris .", "1": "London became the first city to host the modern Olympic Games three times , having previously done so in 1908 and in 1948 . The Prime Minister of the presiding country at the time was David Cameron , and the minister with delegated responsibility for the games in London was Jeremy Hunt , at the time serving as Olympics Minister . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200 - hectare ( 490 - acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received widespread acclaim for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games . Women 's boxing was included for the first time , thus the Games became the first at which every sport had female competitors . These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge . The final medal tally was led by the United States , followed by China and host Great Britain . Several world and Olympic records were set at the games . Though there were several controversies , the 2012 games were deemed highly successful with the rising standards of competition amongst nations across the world , packed stadiums and smooth organisation . Furthermore , the focus on sporting legacy and post-games venue sustainability was seen as a blueprint for future Olympics .", "2": "Contents 1 Bidding process 2 Development and preparation 2.1 Venues 2.2 Public transport 2.3 International transport 2.4 Cost and financing 2.5 Volunteers 2.6 Ticketing 2.7 Countdown 2.8 Security 2.9 Medals 2.10 Torch relay 2.11 Environmental policy 2.12 Cultural Olympiad 2.13 Opening ceremony 2.14 Closing ceremony 3 The Games 3.1 Participating National Olympic Committees 3.1. 1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees ( by highest to lowest ) 3.1. 2 National houses 3.2 Sports 3.3 Calendar 3.4 Records 3.5 Medal table 4 Broadcasting 5 Marketing 5.1 Motto 5.2 Logo and graphics 5.3 Mascots 5.4 Chariots of Fire 5.5 Sponsors 6 Controversies 7 Drug testing 8 See also 9 Further reading 10 References 10.1 Book references 11 External links Bidding process ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2012 Summer Olympics By 15 July 2003 , the deadline for interested cities to submit bids to the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , nine cities had submitted bids to host the 2012 Summer Olympics : Havana , Istanbul , Leipzig , London , Madrid , Moscow , New York City , Paris , and Rio de Janeiro . On 18 May 2004 , as a result of a scored technical evaluation , the IOC reduced the number of cities to five : London , Madrid , Moscow , New York and Paris . All five submitted their candidate files by 19 November 2004 and were visited by the IOC inspection team during February and March 2005 . The Paris bid suffered two setbacks during the IOC inspection visit : a number of strikes and demonstrations coinciding with the visits , and a report that a key member of the bid team , Guy Drut , would face charges over alleged corrupt party political finances .", "3": "Lord Coe -- the head of London 2012 Throughout the process , Paris was widely seen as the favourite , particularly as this was its third bid in recent years . London was initially seen as lagging behind Paris by a considerable margin . Its position began to improve after the appointment of Lord Coe as the new head of London 2012 on 19 May 2004 . In late August 2004 , reports predicted a tie between London and Paris . On 6 June 2005 , the IOC released its evaluation reports for the five candidate cities . They did not contain any scores or rankings , but the report for Paris was considered the most positive . London was close behind , having closed most of the gap observed by the initial evaluation in 2004 . New York and Madrid also received very positive evaluations . On 1 July 2005 , when asked who would win , Jacques Rogge said , `` I can not predict it since I do n't know how the IOC members will vote . But my gut feeling tells me that it will be very close . Perhaps it will come down to a difference of say ten votes , or maybe less . '' On 6 July 2005 , the final selection was announced at the 117th IOC Session in Singapore . Moscow was the first city to be eliminated , followed by New York and Madrid . The final two contenders were London and Paris . At the end of the fourth round of voting , London won the right to host the 2012 Games with 54 votes to Paris ' 50 . The celebrations in London were short - lived , being overshadowed by bombings on London 's transport system less than 24 hours after the announcement .", "4": "2012 host city election -- ballot results City NOC Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 London Great Britain 22 27 39 54 Paris France 21 25 33 50 Madrid Spain 20 32 31 -- New York City United States 19 17 -- -- Moscow Russia 15 -- -- -- Development and preparation ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Summer Olympic development The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games ( LOCOG ) was created to oversee the staging of the Games after the success of the bid , and held its first board meeting on 3 October 2005 . The committee , chaired by Lord Coe , was in charge of implementing and staging the Games , while the Olympic Delivery Authority ( ODA ) was in charge of the construction of the venues and infrastructure . The latter was established in April 2006 . The Government Olympic Executive ( GOE ) , a unit within the Department for Culture , Media and Sport ( DCMS ) , was the lead government body for coordinating the London 2012 Olympics . It focused on oversight of the Games , cross-programme programme management and the London 2012 Olympic Legacy before and after the Games that would benefit London and the United Kingdom . The organisation was also responsible for the supervision of the £ 9.3 billion of public sector funding . In August 2011 , security concerns arose surrounding the hosting of the Olympic Games in London due to the 2011 England riots , with a few countries expressing fear over the safety of the Games , in spite of the International Olympic Committee 's assurance that the riots would not affect the Games . The IOC 's Coordination Commission for the 2012 Games completed its tenth and final visit to London in March 2012 . Its members concluded that `` London is ready to host the world this summer '' .", "5": "Venues ( edit ) Main article : Venues of the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics The Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy on the Isle of Portland in Dorset hosted the sailing events The 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games used a mixture of new venues , existing and historic facilities , and temporary facilities , some of them in well - known locations such as Hyde Park and Horse Guards Parade . After the Games , some of the new facilities will be reused in their Olympic form , while others will be resized or relocated . The majority of venues have been divided into three zones within Greater London : the Olympic Zone , the River Zone and the Central Zone . In addition there are a few venues that , by necessity , are outside the boundaries of Greater London , such as the Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy some 125 mi ( 201 km ) southwest of London , which hosted the sailing events . The football tournament was staged at several grounds around the UK . Work began on the Park in December 2006 , when a sports hall in Eton Manor was pulled down . The athletes ' village in Portland was completed in September 2011 . In November 2004 , the 200 - hectare ( 500 - acre ) Olympic Park plans were revealed . The plans for the site were approved in September 2004 by Tower Hamlets , Newham , Hackney and Waltham Forest . The redevelopment of the area to build the Olympic Park required compulsory purchase orders of property . The London Development Agency was in dispute with London and Continental Railways about the orders in November 2005 . By May 2006 , 86 % of the land had been bought as businesses fought eviction . Residents who opposed the eviction tried to find ways to stop it by setting up campaigns , but they had to leave as 94 % of land was bought and the other 6 % bought as a £ 9 billion regeneration project started . Aerial view of the Olympic Park in April 2012 There were some issues with the original venues not being challenging enough or being financially unviable . Both the Olympic road races and the mountain bike event were initially considered to be too easy , so they were eventually scheduled on new locations .", "6": "The Olympic marathon course , which was set to finish in the Olympic stadium , was moved to The Mall , since closing Tower Bridge was deemed to cause traffic problems in central London . North Greenwich Arena 2 was scrapped in a cost - cutting exercise , Wembley Arena being used for badminton and rhythmic gymnastics events instead . Test events were held throughout 2011 and 2012 , either through an existing championship such as 2012 Wimbledon Championships or as a specially created event held under the banner of London Prepares . Team GB House was the British Olympic Association 's operational HQ up to and during the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic games . Designed by architects Gebler Tooth on the top floor of an office building in Westfield Stratford City , it combined the team HQ , athletes ' `` Friends and Family '' lounge , Press Centre and VIP lounge . Public transport ( edit ) The Olympic Javelin service ran between St Pancras and Ebbsfleet , via Stratford London 's public transport scored poorly in the IOC 's initial evaluation ; however , it felt that , if the improvements were delivered in time for the Games , London would cope . Transport for London ( TfL ) carried out numerous improvements in preparation for 2012 , including the expansion of the London Overground 's East London Line , upgrades to the Docklands Light Railway and the North London Line , and the introduction of a new `` Javelin '' high - speed rail service . According to Network Rail , an additional 4,000 train services operated during the Games , and train operators ran longer trains during the day . During the Games , Stratford International station was not served by any international services ( just as it had not been before the Games ) , westbound trains did not stop at Hackney Wick railway station , and Pudding Mill Lane DLR station closed entirely during the Games . The Emirates Air Line crosses the River Thames between Greenwich Peninsula and the Royal Docks TfL also built a £ 25 million cable car across the River Thames , called the Emirates Air Line , to link 2012 Olympics venues . It was inaugurated in June 2012 , and crosses the Thames between Greenwich Peninsula and the Royal Docks , carrying up to 2,500 passengers an hour , cutting journey times between the O2 arena and the ExCeL exhibition centre and providing a crossing every 30 seconds .", "7": "The plan was to have 80 % of athletes travel less than 20 minutes to their event , and 93 % of them within 30 minutes of their event . The Olympic Park would be served by ten separate railway lines with a combined capacity of 240,000 passengers per hour . In addition , LOCOG planned for 90 % of the venues to be served by three or more types of public transport . Two park - and - ride sites off the M25 with a combined capacity of 12,000 cars were 25 minutes away from the Olympic Park . Another park - and - ride site was planned in Ebbsfleet with a capacity for 9,000 cars where spectators could board a 10 - minute shuttle train service . To get spectators to Eton Dorney , four park - and - ride schemes were set up . Olympic rings marked on a street , indicating that the lane was reserved for the use of Olympic athletes and staff . TfL defined a network of roads leading between venues as the Olympic Route Network ; roads connecting between all of the Olympic venues located within London . Many of these roads also contained special `` Olympic lanes '' marked with the Olympic rings -- reserved for the use of Olympic athletes , officials , and other VIPs during the Games . Members of the public driving in an Olympic lane were subject to a fine of £ 130 . Additionally , London buses would not include roads with Olympic lanes on their routes . The painting of Olympic lane indicators in mid-July led to confusion from commuters , who wrongly believed that the Olympic lane restrictions had already taken effect ( they were to take effect on 27 July ) . The A4 experienced traffic jams due to drivers avoiding the Olympic lane , and likewise on a section of Southampton Row , where the only lanes available in one direction were the Olympic lane and the bus lane . Concerns were expressed at the logistics of spectators travelling to the events outside London . In particular , the sailing events at Portland had no direct motorway connections , and local roads are heavily congested by tourist traffic in the summer . However , a £ 77 million relief road connecting Weymouth to Dorchester was built and opened in 2011 . Some £ 16 million was put aside for the rest of the improvements .", "8": "TfL created a promotional campaign and website , Get Ahead of the Games , to help provide information related to transport during the Olympics and Paralympics . Through the campaign , TfL also encouraged the use of cycling as a mode of transport during the Games . However , despite this encouragement to use bicycles , members of the public protested that riding bikes on London roads would be more dangerous due to the blocked Olympic lanes , and also protested against a decision to close the Lea Valley towpath during the Olympics and Paralympics due to security concerns . International transport ( edit ) The 2012 games were a unique operational task and a massive challenge for Heathrow airport . A temporary terminal was created at Heathrow Airport , to be used by 10,100 departing athletes after the games . Up to 35 % more bags than normal were expected on 13 August , which was predicted to be the busiest day in the airport 's history , according to Nick Cole , head of Olympic and Paralympic planning at Heathrow . Cost and financing ( edit ) A study from Oxford University found that the sports - related costs of London 2012 was USD 15 billion , compared to USD 4.6 billion for Rio 2016 , USD 40 - 44 billion for Beijing 2008 and USD 51 billion for Sochi 2014 , the most expensive Olympics in history . Cost per athlete was USD 1.4 million . This does not include wider costs for urban and transport infrastructure , which often cost as much or more than the sports - related costs . In 2005 London secured the bid for the 2012 Summer Games with a cost estimate that two years later proved inadequate and was revised upwards with around 100 percent . Then , when it turned out that the final outturn costs were slightly below the revised budget , the organizers falsely , but very publicly , claimed that the London Games had come in under budget . Main media , including the BBC , reported the false claim as true . In fact , London 2012 went over budget by 76 % in real terms , measured from bid to completion . The costs of mounting the Games were separate from those for building the venues and infrastructure , and redeveloping the land for the Olympic Park . While the Games were privately funded , the venues and Park costs were met largely by public money .", "9": "According to The Wall Street Journal , the original budget for the Games was increased to about £ 9.3 billion ( $15.28 billion USD ) in 2007 . The revised figures were announced to the House of Commons on 15 March 2007 by Tessa Jowell . Along with East End regeneration costs , the breakdown was : Building the venues and infrastructure -- £ 5.3 billion . Elite sport and Paralympic funding -- £ 400 million . Security and policing -- £ 600 million . Regeneration of the Lower Lea Valley -- £ 1.7 billion . Contingency fund -- £ 2.7 billion . Volunteers ( edit ) Unpaid volunteers known as Games Makers performed a variety of tasks before and during the Games . A target of 70,000 volunteers was set as early as 2004 . When recruitment took place in 2010 , over 240,000 applications were received . Sebastian Coe said in February 2012 , `` Our Games Makers will contribute a total of around eight million volunteer hours during the Games and the Games simply would n't happen without them '' . The volunteers wore clothing which included purple and red polo shirts and jackets , beige trousers , grey socks and grey - and - white trainers which they collected from the Uniform Distribution and Accreditation Centre . Volunteers also wore photo accreditation badges which were also worn by officials , athletes , family members and media which gain them access to specific venues and buildings around the site . Ticketing ( edit ) Organisers estimated that some 8 million tickets would be available for the Olympic Games , and 1.5 million tickets for the Paralympic Games . LOCOG aimed to raise £ 375 -- £ 400 million in ticket sales . There were also free events such as marathon , triathlon and road cycling , although , for the first time in Olympic history , the sailing events were ticketed . Eventually , more than 7,000,000 tickets were sold . Following IOC rules , people applied for tickets from the NOC of their country of residence . European Union residents were able to apply for tickets in any EU country . In Great Britain , ticket prices ranged from £ 20 for many events to £ 2,012 for the most expensive seats at the opening ceremony .", "10": "Some free tickets were given to military personnel as part of the Tickets For Troops scheme , as well as to survivors and families of those who died during 7 July 2005 London bombings . Initially , people were able to apply for tickets via a website from 15 March until 26 April 2011 . There was a huge demand for tickets , with a demand of over three times the number of tickets available . The process was widely criticised as more than 50 % of the sessions went to a random ballot , and over half the people who applied got no tickets . On 11 May 2012 a round of nearly one million `` second chance '' tickets went on sale over a 10 - day period between 23 June and 3 July 2011 . About 1.7 million tickets were available for football and 600,000 for other sports , including archery , field hockey , football , judo , boxing and volleyball . Although technical difficulties were encountered , ten sports had sold out by 8 am of the first day . Countdown ( edit ) The Countdown Clock in Trafalgar Square During the closing ceremony of the 2008 Olympics , the Olympic Flag was formally handed over from the Mayor of Beijing to the Mayor of London . This was followed by a section highlighting London , One month later , the Olympic and Paralympic flags were raised outside the London City Hall . A countdown clock in Trafalgar Square was unveiled , 500 days before the Games . The clock broke down the following day , but was later fixed . It is a two - sided clock with the Paralympic countdown on the other side . The countdown to the start of the Olympics began with a ceremony for the lighting of the Olympic flame in Olympia , Greece . Security ( edit ) Main article : Security for the 2012 Summer Olympics See also : Controversies surrounding G4S The security operation was led by the police , with 10,000 officers available , supported by 13,500 members of the armed forces . Naval and air assets , including ships situated in the Thames , Eurofighter jets and surface - to - air missiles , were deployed as part of the security operation ; the biggest security operation Britain had faced for decades .", "11": "The cost of security increased from £ 282 million to £ 553 million , and the figure of 13,500 armed forces personnel was more than Britain currently had deployed in Afghanistan . The Metropolitan Police and the Royal Marines carried out security exercises in preparation for the Olympics on 19 January 2012 , with 50 marine police officers in rigid inflatables and fast response boats , joined by up to 100 military personnel and a Lynx Navy helicopter . The Ministry of Defence distributed leaflets to residents of the Lexington building in Bow , announcing that a missile system was to be stationed on top of the water tower . This caused concern to some residents . The Ministry said it probably would use Starstreak missiles and that site evaluations had taken place , but that no final decision had taken place . Medals ( edit ) Medals of London 2012 Olympics Approximately 4,700 Olympic and Paralympic medals were produced by the Royal Mint at Llantrisant . They were designed by David Watkins ( Olympics ) and Lin Cheung ( Paralympics ) . 99 % of the gold , silver and copper was donated by Rio Tinto from a mine in Salt Lake County , Utah in the U.S. The remaining 1 % came from a Mongolian mine . Each medal weighs 375 -- 400 g ( 13.2 -- 14.1 oz ) , has a diameter of 85 mm ( 3.3 in ) and is 7 mm ( 0.28 in ) thick , with the sport and discipline engraved on the rim . The obverse , as is traditional , features Nike , the Greek goddess of victory , stepping from the Panathinaiko Stadium that hosted the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 , with Parthenon in the background ; the reverse features the Games logo , the River Thames and a series of lines representing `` the energy of athletes and a sense of pulling together '' . The medals were transferred to the Tower of London vaults on 2 July 2012 for storage . Each gold medal is made up of 92.5 percent silver and 1.34 percent gold , with the remainder copper . The silver medal ( which represents second place ) is made up of 92.5 percent silver , with the remainder copper .", "12": "The bronze medal is made up of 97 percent copper , 2.5 percent zinc and 0.5 percent tin . The value of the materials in the gold medal is about £ 410 ( US $644 ) , the silver about £ 210 ( US $330 ) , and the bronze about £ 3 ( US $4.71 ) as of 30 July 2012 . Torch relay ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Summer Olympics torch relay The torch relay in Newport , Isle of Wight The Olympics torch relay ran from 19 May to 27 July 2012 , before the Games . Plans for the relay were developed in 2010 -- 11 , with the torch - bearer selection process announced on 18 May 2011 . On 18 May 2012 the Olympic flame arrived at RNAS Culdrose in Cornwall from Greece on flight BA2012 , operated by a British Airways Airbus A319 named `` Firefly '' . On the flight the flame was carried inside 4 miners lamps supplied by Protector Lamp of Eccles , Greater Manchester . The relay lasted 70 days , with 66 evening celebrations and six island visits , and involved some 8,000 people carrying the torch about 8,000 mi ( 12,875 km ) , starting from Land 's End in Cornwall . The torch had three days outside the United Kingdom when it visited the Isle of Man on 2 June , Dublin in Ireland , on 6 June , and both Guernsey and Jersey on 15 July . The relay focused on National Heritage Sites , locations with sporting significance , key sporting events , schools registered with the Get Set School Network , green spaces and biodiversity , Live Sites ( city locations with large screens ) , and festivals and other events . Dumfries and Galloway was the only Region in the whole of the United Kingdom that had the Olympic Torch pass through it twice . A group of young athletes , nominated by retired Olympic athletes , ran the torch around the stadium . These torchbearers were Callum Airlie , Jordan Duckitt , Desiree Henry , Katie Kirk , Cameron MacRitchie , Aidan Reynolds , and Adelle Tracey . Together the torchbearers each lit a petal which spread the fire to the 204 petals of the cauldron , representing the countries that participated in the games .", "13": "Environmental Policy ( edit ) The Olympic Park was planned to incorporate 45 hectares of wildlife habitat , with a total of 525 bird boxes , and 150 bat boxes . Local waterways and riverbanks were enhanced as part of the process . Renewable energy also features at the Olympics . It was originally planned to provide 20 % of the energy for the Olympic Park and Village from renewable technologies ; however , this may now be as little as 9 % . Proposals to meet the original target included large - scale on - site wind turbines and hydroelectric generators in the River Thames . These plans were scrapped for safety reasons . The focus has since moved to installing solar panels on some buildings , and providing the opportunity to recover energy from waste . Food packaging at the Olympics is made from compostable materials -- like starch and cellulose - based bioplastics -- where it can not be re-used or recycled . This includes fast food wrappers , sandwich boxes and drink cartons . After they have been used , many of these materials would be suitable for anaerobic digestion ( AD ) , allowing them to be made into renewable energy . Buildings like the Water Polo Arena will be relocated elsewhere . Building Parts like Roofing Covers and membranes of different temporary venues will be recycled via Vinyloop . This allowed organisers to meet the standards of the Olympic Delivery Authority concerning environmental protection . Through this recycling process , the Olympic Games PVC Policy is fulfilled . It says that Where London 2012 procures PVC for temporary usage or where permanent usage is not assured , London 2012 is required to ensure that there is a take - back scheme that offers a closed loop reuse system or mechanical recycling system for post-consumer waste . `` The majority of temporary facilities created for the Olympic Games including the Aquatic centre temporary stands , basketball arena , Water Polo Arena , and the shooting facilities at the Royal Artillery Barracks , are essentially big tents . Basically PVC stretched over lightweight steel frame . This design solution makes them efficient to install , reduces the need for any significant foundations and are , of course , reusable . We were challenged by the public around the use of PVC ; but we considered it to be the right material for certain functions .", "14": "We therefore challenged the PVC supply chain to have certain environmental performance criteria in place , including a take back and recycle scheme '' says Kirsten Henson , Materials Manager for the London 2012 Olympic Park . London 2012 are the first Olympic Games whose guidelines include the recycling of PVC . Cultural Olympiad ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Cultural Olympiad Tower Bridge illuminated with the Olympic Rings during the week leading up to the Opening Ceremony The Olympic Charter , the set of rules and guidelines for the organization of the Olympic Games and for governing the Olympic Movement , states that LOCOG shall organise a programme of cultural events which must cover at least the entire period during which the Olympic Village is open . The Cultural Olympiad comprises many programmes , with over 500 events spread over four years across the whole of the United Kingdom , and culminating in the London 2012 Festival . Opening ceremony ( edit ) Main articles : 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony and 2012 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations Fireworks at the opening ceremony The opening ceremony officially began at 9 : 00 pm British Summer Time ( UTC + 1 ) on 27 July in the Olympic Stadium and was called `` Isles of Wonder '' . Oscar - winning director Danny Boyle was its artistic director , with music direction by Rick Smith of Underworld . The Games were officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II , accompanied by Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh . It was the second Games the Queen had opened personally , the first being in 1976 in Montreal . The ceremony included a short comic film starring Daniel Craig as secret agent James Bond and the Queen as herself , and another starring Rowan Atkinson as Mr. Bean . Live musical performers included Frank Turner , Dame Evelyn Glennie , Mike Oldfield , the London Symphony Orchestra , Dizzee Rascal , Arctic Monkeys , and Sir Paul McCartney who performed `` Hey Jude '' as the closing act . The ceremony transmitted live on BBC One attracted a peak viewing audience of over 27 million in the UK ( about half of the population ) . Closing ceremony ( edit ) Main articles : 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony and 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers The closing ceremony was held on 12 August . It featured a flashback fiesta to British music with The Who closing the performance .", "15": "The ceremony also included a handover of the Olympic flag by Boris Johnson , Mayor of London , to Eduardo Paes , Mayor of Rio de Janeiro , the host city of the 2016 Summer Olympics . The Games ( edit ) Participating National Olympic Committees ( edit ) Participating countries Team sizes Around 10,700 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) took part , ( 79 countries acquired at least one medal : gold , silver or bronze ) surpassing the 1948 Summer Olympics in London and the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester as the largest multi-sport event ever to be held in the United Kingdom . Three athletes from the Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee , which the IOC Executive Committee had ceased to recognise at the IOC session of July 2011 , and one athlete from South Sudan , which had no recognized NOC , participated independently under the Olympic flag . 300 + 100 - 299 30 - 99 10 - 29 4 - 9 1 - 3 Participating National Olympic Committees Afghanistan ( 6 ) Albania ( 12 ) Algeria ( 42 ) American Samoa ( 5 ) Andorra ( 6 ) Angola ( 34 ) Antigua and Barbuda ( 5 ) Argentina ( 137 ) Armenia ( 25 ) Aruba ( 4 ) Australia ( 410 ) Austria ( 70 ) Azerbaijan ( 53 ) Bahamas ( 24 ) Bahrain ( 12 ) Bangladesh ( 5 ) Barbados ( 6 ) Belarus ( 165 ) Belgium ( 115 ) Belize ( 3 ) Benin ( 5 ) Bermuda ( 8 ) Bhutan ( 2 ) Bolivia ( 6 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 6 ) Botswana ( 4 ) Brazil ( 258 ) British Virgin Islands ( 2 ) Brunei ( 3 ) Bulgaria ( 63 ) Burkina Faso ( 5 ) Burundi ( 6 ) Cambodia ( 6 ) Cameroon ( 33 )", "16": "Canada ( 277 ) Cape Verde ( 3 ) Cayman Islands ( 5 ) Central African Republic ( 6 ) Chad ( 3 ) Chile ( 35 ) China ( 396 ) Colombia ( 104 ) Comoros ( 3 ) Congo ( 7 ) Democratic Republic of the Congo ( 4 ) Cook Islands ( 8 ) Costa Rica ( 11 ) Croatia ( 108 ) Cuba ( 110 ) Cyprus ( 13 ) Czech Republic ( 133 ) Denmark ( 113 ) Djibouti ( 6 ) Dominica ( 2 ) Dominican Republic ( 35 ) Ecuador ( 36 ) Egypt ( 113 ) El Salvador ( 10 ) Equatorial Guinea ( 2 ) Eritrea ( 12 ) Estonia ( 33 ) Ethiopia ( 35 ) Fiji ( 9 ) Finland ( 55 ) France ( 330 ) Gabon ( 24 ) The Gambia ( 2 ) Georgia ( 35 ) Germany ( 392 ) Ghana ( 9 ) Great Britain ( 541 ) ( host ) Greece ( 104 ) Grenada ( 10 ) Guam ( 8 ) Guatemala ( 19 ) Guinea ( 4 ) Guinea - Bissau ( 4 ) Guyana ( 6 ) Haiti ( 5 ) Honduras ( 27 ) Hong Kong ( 42 ) Hungary ( 157 ) Iceland ( 27 ) Independent Olympic Athletes ( 4 ) India ( 83 ) Indonesia ( 22 ) Iran ( 53 ) Iraq ( 8 ) Ireland ( 66 ) Israel ( 37 ) Italy ( 285 ) Ivory Coast ( 10 ) Jamaica ( 50 ) Japan ( 293 ) Jordan ( 9 ) Kazakhstan ( 114 ) Kenya ( 47 ) Kiribati ( 3 ) North Korea ( 51 )", "17": "South Korea ( 248 ) Kuwait ( 11 ) Kyrgyzstan ( 14 ) Laos ( 3 ) Latvia ( 46 ) Lebanon ( 10 ) Lesotho ( 4 ) Liberia ( 4 ) Libya ( 5 ) Liechtenstein ( 3 ) Lithuania ( 62 ) Luxembourg ( 9 ) Macedonia ( 4 ) Madagascar ( 7 ) Malawi ( 3 ) Malaysia ( 30 ) Maldives ( 5 ) Mali ( 6 ) Malta ( 5 ) Marshall Islands ( 4 ) Mauritania ( 2 ) Mauritius ( 11 ) Mexico ( 102 ) Federated States of Micronesia ( 6 ) Moldova ( 22 ) Monaco ( 6 ) Mongolia ( 29 ) Montenegro ( 33 ) Morocco ( 67 ) Mozambique ( 6 ) Myanmar ( 6 ) Namibia ( 9 ) Nauru ( 2 ) Nepal ( 5 ) Netherlands ( 175 ) New Zealand ( 184 ) Nicaragua ( 6 ) Niger ( 6 ) Nigeria ( 55 ) Norway ( 64 ) Oman ( 4 ) Pakistan ( 21 ) Palau ( 5 ) Palestine ( 5 ) Panama ( 7 ) Papua New Guinea ( 8 ) Paraguay ( 8 ) Peru ( 16 ) Philippines ( 11 ) Poland ( 218 ) Portugal ( 77 ) Puerto Rico ( 25 ) Qatar ( 12 ) Romania ( 103 ) Russia ( 436 ) Rwanda ( 7 ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( 7 ) Saint Lucia ( 4 ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( 3 ) Samoa ( 8 ) San Marino ( 4 ) São Tomé and Príncipe ( 2 ) Saudi Arabia ( 19 ) Senegal ( 31 )", "18": "Serbia ( 116 ) Seychelles ( 6 ) Sierra Leone ( 2 ) Singapore ( 23 ) Slovakia ( 47 ) Slovenia ( 65 ) Solomon Islands ( 4 ) Somalia ( 2 ) South Africa ( 125 ) Spain ( 282 ) Sri Lanka ( 7 ) Sudan ( 6 ) Suriname ( 5 ) Swaziland ( 3 ) Sweden ( 134 ) Switzerland ( 102 ) Syria ( 10 ) Chinese Taipei ( 44 ) Tajikistan ( 16 ) Tanzania ( 7 ) Thailand ( 37 ) East Timor ( 2 ) Togo ( 6 ) Tonga ( 3 ) Trinidad and Tobago ( 30 ) Tunisia ( 83 ) Turkey ( 114 ) Turkmenistan ( 10 ) Tuvalu ( 3 ) Uganda ( 16 ) Ukraine ( 237 ) United Arab Emirates ( 26 ) United States ( 530 ) Uruguay ( 29 ) Uzbekistan ( 54 ) Vanuatu ( 5 ) Venezuela ( 70 ) Vietnam ( 18 ) Virgin Islands ( 7 ) Yemen ( 4 ) Zambia ( 7 ) Zimbabwe ( 7 ) Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees ( by highest to lowest ) ( edit ) IOC Country Athletes GBR Great Britain 541 USA United States 530 RUS Russia 436 AUS Australia 410 CHN China 390 GER Germany 392 FRA France 330 JPN Japan 293 ITA Italy 284 ESP Spain 278 CAN Canada 277 BRA", "19": "Brazil 258 KOR South Korea 245 UKR Ukraine 237 POL Poland 218 NZL New Zealand 184 NED Netherlands 175 BLR Belarus 165 HUN Hungary 157 ARG Argentina 137 SWE Sweden 134 CZE Czech Republic 133 RSA South Africa 125 BEL Belgium 115 SRB Serbia 115 KAZ Kazakhstan 114 TUR Turkey 114 DEN Denmark 113 EGY Egypt 113 CUB Cuba 110 CRO Croatia 108 COL Colombia 104 GRE Greece 103 ROU Romania 103 MEX Mexico 102 SUI Switzerland 102 IND India 83 TUN Tunisia 83 POR Portugal 77 AUT Austria 70 VEN Venezuela 70 MAR Morocco 67 IRL Ireland 66 SLO Slovenia 65 NOR Norway 64 BUL Bulgaria 63 LTU Lithuania 62 FIN Finland 55 NGR Nigeria 55 UZB Uzbekistan 54 AZE", "20": "Azerbaijan 53 IRI Iran 53 PRK North Korea 51 JAM Jamaica 50 KEN Kenya 47 SVK Slovakia 47 LAT Latvia 46 TPE Chinese Taipei 44 ALG Algeria 42 HKG Hong Kong 42 ISR Israel 37 THA Thailand 37 ECU Ecuador 36 CHI Chile 35 DOM Dominican Republic 35 ETH Ethiopia 35 GEO Georgia 35 ANG Angola 34 CMR Cameroon 33 EST Estonia 33 MNE Montenegro 33 SEN Senegal 31 MAS Malaysia 30 TRI Trinidad and Tobago 30 MGL Mongolia 29 URU Uruguay 29 HON Honduras 27 ISL Iceland 27 UAE United Arab Emirates 26 ARM Armenia 25 PUR Puerto Rico 25 BAH Bahamas 24 GAB Gabon 24 SIN Singapore 23 INA Indonesia 22 MDA Moldova 22 PAK Pakistan 21 GUA Guatemala 19 KSA Saudi Arabia", "21": "19 VIE Vietnam 18 PER Peru 16 TJK Tajikistan 16 UGA Uganda 16 KGZ Kyrgyzstan 14 CYP Cyprus 13 ALB Albania 12 BRN Bahrain 12 ERI Eritrea 12 QAT Qatar 12 CRC Costa Rica 11 KUW Kuwait 11 MRI Mauritius 11 PHI Philippines 11 CIV Ivory Coast 10 ESA El Salvador 10 GRN Grenada 10 LIB Lebanon 10 SYR Syria 10 TKM Turkmenistan 10 FIJ Fiji 9 GHA Ghana 9 JOR Jordan 9 LUX Luxembourg 9 NAM Namibia 9 BER Bermuda 8 COK Cook Islands 8 GUM Guam 8 IRQ Iraq 8 PAR Paraguay 8 PNG Papua New Guinea 8 SAM Samoa 8 CGO Congo 7 ISV Virgin Islands 7 MAD Madagascar 7 PAN Panama 7 RWA Rwanda 7 SKN Saint", "22": "Kitts and Nevis 7 SRI Sri Lanka 7 TAN Tanzania 7 ZAM Zambia 7 ZIM Zimbabwe 7 AFG Afghanistan 6 AND Andorra 6 BAR Barbados 6 BDI Burundi 6 BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina 6 BOL Bolivia 6 CAF Central African Republic 6 CAM Cambodia 6 DJI Djibouti 6 FSM Federated States of Micronesia 6 GUY Guyana 6 MLI Mali 6 MON Monaco 6 MOZ Mozambique 6 MYA Myanmar 6 NCA Nicaragua 6 NIG Niger 6 SEY Seychelles 6 SUD Sudan 6 TOG Togo 6 ANT Antigua and Barbuda 5 ASA American Samoa 5 BAN Bangladesh 5 BEN Benin 5 BUR Burkina Faso 5 CAY Cayman Islands 5 HAI Haiti 5 LBA Libya 5 MDV Maldives 5 MLT Malta 5 NEP Nepal 5 PLE Palestine", "23": "5 PLW Palau 5 SUR Suriname 5 VAN Vanuatu 5 ARU Aruba BOT Botswana COD Democratic Republic of the Congo GBS Guinea - Bissau GUI Guinea IOA Independent Olympic Athletes LBR Liberia LCA Saint Lucia LES Lesotho MHL Marshall Islands MKD Macedonia OMA Oman SMR San Marino SOL Solomon Islands YEM Yemen BIZ Belize BRU Brunei CHA Chad COM Comoros CPV Cape Verde KIR Kiribati LAO Laos LIE Liechtenstein MAW Malawi SWZ Swaziland TGA Tonga TUV Tuvalu VIN Saint Vincent and the Grenadines BHU Bhutan DMA Dominica GAM The Gambia GEQ Equatorial Guinea IVB British Virgin Islands MTN Mauritania NRU Nauru SLE Sierra Leone SOM Somalia STP", "24": "São Tomé and Príncipe TLS East Timor Total 10,768 National Houses ( edit ) The Holland Heineken House , the Dutch home in Alexandra Palace . During the Games some countries and continents had a national house . These temporary meeting places for supporters , athletes and other followers were located throughout London . Nation Location Name Africa Kensington Gardens Austria Trinity House Belgium Inner Temple Brazil Somerset House Czech Republic Business Design Centre in Islington Denmark St Katherine Docks France Old Billingsgate Club France Germany Museum of London Docklands Ireland The Big Chill House Italy Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre Japan London County Hall Jamaica The O2 Kenya East Thames in Stratford Korea Royal Thames Yacht Club Monaco Haymarket Netherlands Alexandra Palace Holland Heineken House New Zealand Granary Square , Kings Cross Kiwi House Nigeria Theatre Royal Stratford East Russia Perks Field , Kensington Palace Slovakia 80 Haymarket South Africa Queen Elizabeth Hall South Pacific St Katharine Docks Switzerland Glazier 's Hall Trinidad & Tobago Tricycle Theatre Source Sports ( edit ) The 2012 Summer Olympic programme featured 26 sports encompassing 39 disciplines and 302 events . The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses .", "25": "2012 Summer Olympic Sports Programme Aquatics Diving ( 8 ) Swimming ( 34 ) Synchronized swimming ( 2 ) Water polo ( 2 ) Archery ( 4 ) Athletics ( 47 ) Badminton ( 5 ) Basketball ( 2 ) Boxing ( 13 ) Canoeing Sprint ( 12 ) Slalom ( 4 ) Cycling ( competitors ) BMX ( 2 ) Mountain biking ( 2 ) Road ( 4 ) Track ( 10 ) Equestrian Dressage ( 2 ) Eventing ( 2 ) Jumping ( 2 ) Fencing ( 10 ) Field hockey ( 2 ) Football ( 2 ) Gymnastics Artistic ( 14 ) Rhythmic ( 2 ) Trampoline ( 2 ) Handball ( 2 ) Judo ( 14 ) Modern pentathlon ( 2 ) Rowing ( 14 ) Sailing ( 10 ) Shooting ( 15 ) Table tennis ( 4 ) Taekwondo ( 8 ) Tennis ( 5 ) Triathlon ( 2 ) Volleyball Volleyball ( 2 ) Beach volleyball ( 2 ) Weightlifting ( 15 ) Wrestling Freestyle ( 11 ) Greco - Roman ( 7 ) Women 's boxing was included in the programme for the first time , and 36 women competed in three weight classes . There was a special dispensation for the shooting events , which would otherwise have been illegal under UK gun law . In tennis , mixed doubles returned to the Olympic programme for the first time since 1924 . London 's bid featured the same 28 sports that had been included in other recent Summer Olympics , but the IOC voted to drop baseball and softball from the 2012 Games two days after it had selected London as the host city . There was an appeal , but the IOC voted to uphold the decision , and the two sports were last scheduled for the 2008 Olympics . The IOC then voted on whether or not to replace them . They considered karate , squash , golf , roller sports and rugby sevens .", "26": "Karate and squash were the two final nominees , but neither received enough votes to reach the required two - thirds majority . Although formal demonstration sports were eliminated after the 1992 Summer Olympics , special tournaments for non-Olympic sports can be run during the Games , such as the Wushu tournament at the 2008 Summer Olympics . There were attempts to run Twenty20 cricket and netball tournaments alongside the 2012 Games , but neither campaign was successful . Calendar ( edit ) All times are in British Summer Time ( UTC + 1 ) See also : Chronological summary of the 2012 Summer Olympics The final official schedule was released on 15 February 2011 . OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Gold medal events CC Closing ceremony July / August 25th Wed 26th Thu 27th Fri 28th Sat 29th Sun 30th Mon 31st Tue 1st Wed 2nd Thu 3rd Fri 4th Sat 5th Sun 6th Mon 7th Tue 8th Wed 9th Thu 10th Fri 11th Sat 12th Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Archery Athletics 6 6 5 5 6 8 47 Badminton", "27": "5 Basketball Boxing 5 5 13 Canoeing Slalom 16 Sprint Cycling Road cycling 18 Track cycling BMX Mountain biking Diving 8 Equestrian 6 Fencing", "28": "10 Field hockey Football Gymnastics Artistic 18 Rhythmic Trampolining Handball Judo 14 Modern pentathlon Rowing 14 Sailing 10 Shooting", "29": "15 Swimming 34 Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo 8 Tennis 5 Triathlon Volleyball Beach volleyball Indoor volleyball Water polo Weightlifting", "30": "15 Wrestling 18 Daily medal events 12 14 12 15 20 18 22 25 23 18 21 16 22 17 32 15 302 Cumulative total 12 26 38 53 73 91 113 138 161 179 200 216 238 255 287 302 July / August 25th Wed 26th Thu 27th Fri 28th Sat 29th Sun 30th Mon 31st Tue 1st Wed 2nd Thu 3rd Fri 4th Sat 5th Sun 6th Mon 7th Tue 8th Wed 9th Thu 10th Fri 11th Sat 12th Sun Total events Records ( edit ) Main article : World and Olympic records set at the 2012 Summer Olympics Mo Farah with Usain Bolt . The Olympic Games featured 32 world records in eight sports . The largest number of records were set in swimming , with eight . China , Great Britain and the United States set the most records , with five each . Medal table ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Summer Olympics medal table Further information : List of 2012 Summer Olympics medal winners A total of 85 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) won medals , 54 of those countries winning at least one gold medal .", "31": "Bahrain , Botswana , Cyprus , Gabon , Grenada ( a gold medal ) , Guatemala , and Montenegro won their first ever Olympic medals . The United States finished at the top of the table winning 46 gold medals and winning 103 medals overall . China finished second with 38 gold medals and 88 medals overall . Hosts Great Britain came in third place winning 29 gold medals and 65 medals overall in their best performance since London hosted its first Summer Olympic Games back in 1908 pushing Russia into fourth place who won 20 gold medals although they won 69 medals ( 4 more than Great Britain ) overall . 2012 Summer Olympics medal table Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total United States ( USA ) ‡ 46 28 29 103 China ( CHN ) ‡ 38 31 22 91 Great Britain ( GBR ) * 29 17 19 65 Russia ( RUS ) ‡ 20 19 30 69 5 South Korea ( KOR ) ‡ 13 9 8 30 6 Germany ( GER ) ‡ 11 20 13 44 7 France ( FRA ) ‡ 11 11 13 35 8 Australia ( AUS ) ‡ 8 15 12 35 9 Italy ( ITA ) 8 9 11 28 10 Hungary ( HUN ) ‡ 8 6 18 11 -- 85 Remaining NOCs 110 140 190 440 Total ( 85 NOCs ) 302 303 353 958 Key * Host nation ( Great Britain ) ‡ See subpage : Changes in medal standings Broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : List of 2012 Summer Olympics broadcasters The International Broadcast Centre in June 2011 The host broadcaster was Olympic Broadcasting Services ( OBS ) , an agency of the IOC . The OBS used its own cameras , and crews subcontracted from other Olympic broadcasters , to cover the events .", "32": "The base video and audio were sold to other broadcasters , who added their own commentary and presentation . The official recording format of the 2012 Olympic Games used Panasonic 's digital technologies . The official video was produced and distributed from the International Broadcast Centre in 1080 / 50i High - Definition ( HD ) format . Panasonic announced that DVCPRO HD would be the official recording format . OBS London used P2 HD shoulder - mount camcorders . The IOC 's wanted television coverage to reach as broad a worldwide audience as possible , and London 2012 was covered by several national and regional broadcasters . In the UK , the BBC carried the Olympics and Channel 4 the Paralympics . The BBC aimed to broadcast all 5,000 hours of the Games . BBC Parliament 's Freeview channel was suspended , BBC Three 's on - air time was extended so that it could show Olympic events in the daytime , and 24 additional BBC Olympics channels were available via cable , satellite and the internet in the UK . The US television rights , owned by NBC , accounted for over half the rights revenue for the IOC . Thousands of Americans , however , accessed the BBC 's omnibus coverage using proxy servers or VPNs . Despite high viewership , many viewers were disappointed with NBC 's coverage . The operations of broadcasters granted rights to the Games were hosted in the dedicated International Broadcast Centre inside the security cordon of the Olympic Park . YouTube planned to stream the Games in 64 territories in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa where there were no official broadcasters . In Sri Lanka a dispute occurred between Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation ( SLRC ) and MBC Networks ( MTV / MBC ) as to who was the official broadcaster of the Games . This problem was caused as Asia - Pacific Broadcasting Union ( ABU ) had offered the official broadcasting rights to both networks , as both of the networks were ABU members . So SLRC filed a case against MBC Networks for broadcasting rights at the Colombo Magistrate 's Court . Considering the case , the court issued a special court order preventing MBC Networks ' Olympic broadcast and stated that SLRC should be the sole broadcaster . However , when the Games started , both networks broadcast most of the events simultaneously .", "33": "Another dispute had previously occurred between Carlton Sports Network ( CSN ) and SLRC , but the Sports Minister , Mahindananda Aluthgamage , had stated that SLRC had the exclusive rights . Marketing ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Summer Olympics marketing `` Survival '' by Muse was announced as the official song of the Olympics , to be played by international broadcasters reporting on the Games . In August 2009 , the Royal Mail commissioned artists and illustrators to design 30 stamps , which were released in batches of 10 between 2009 and 2011 . The last ones were released on 22 July 2011 . Two £ 5 coins designed by Saiman Miah have been made to commemorate the Olympics . As with other Olympics since 1952 , the Royal Mint will strike a set of commemorative one - kilogram gold and silver coins . Motto ( edit ) The official motto for the 2012 Summer Olympics is `` Inspire a generation '' . It was chosen to highlight the organiser 's commitment to inspire the world including younger generations to get involved in sporting events through its games ' legacy . Logo and graphics ( edit ) There have been two London 2012 logos : one created by Kino Design for the bidding process and a second as the brand for the Games themselves . The former was a ribbon with blue , yellow , black , green and red stripes winding through the text `` LONDON 2012 '' , making the shape of the River Thames in East London . The latter , designed by Wolff Olins , was published on 4 June 2007 . It is a representation of the number 2012 , with the Olympic Rings embedded within the zero . The Paralympics logo ( far left ) and the different official colour combinations for the Wolff Olins main logo design Public reaction to the main logo in a June 2007 BBC poll was largely negative ; more than 80 % of votes gave it the lowest possible rating . Several newspapers ran their own logo competitions , displaying alternative submissions from their readers , and several writers from news agencies criticised the logo . A segment of animated footage released at the same time as the logo was reported to trigger seizures in a small number of people with photosensitive epilepsy , and a short segment was removed from the London 2012 website in response .", "34": "It was suggested that the logo resembled the cartoon character Lisa Simpson performing fellatio on her brother Bart Simpson . In February 2011 , Iran threatened to boycott the Olympics , complaining that the logo appeared to spell out the word `` Zion '' . However , this boycott did not occur . The official London 2012 Olympic typeface was called Headline 2012 and also suffered some criticism . Journalist Simon Garfield made it number 1 in the list of the `` 8 Worst Fonts in the World '' in his 2010 book Just My Type , commenting that `` the uncool font is based on jaggedness and crudeness '' , although he conceded that it was `` a brilliant piece of corporate branding '' . The magazine Wired pointed out that the typeface was intended for `` awareness , impact and memorability as a headline typeface '' rather than elegance or readability in long sections of text . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Wenlock and Mandeville The Olympic Mascots , Mandeville ( left ) and Wenlock ( right ) The official mascots for the 2012 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games were unveiled on 19 May 2010 . Wenlock and Mandeville are animations depicting two drops of steel from a steelworks in Bolton . They are named after Much Wenlock , a town in Shropshire that holds a forerunner of the current Olympic Games , and Stoke Mandeville , a village in Buckinghamshire where a forerunner of the Paralympic Games was first held . The writer Michael Morpurgo wrote the story concept for the mascots , and an animation was produced . Two stories have been created about the mascots : Out Of A Rainbow and Adventures On A Rainbow . Creative Review magazine liked the mascots , but elsewhere their design was greeted with some disdain . One columnist jested that they were the product of a `` drunken one - night stand between a Teletubby and a Dalek '' . Others have compared them to Izzy , the much disparaged mascot of the 1996 Atlanta Summer Olympics . Still others have likened them to Kang and Kodos from The Simpsons . However , the mascots ' creators claim that young people find the duo appealing .", "35": "Chariots of Fire ( edit ) The 1981 Best Picture Oscar -- winning film Chariots of Fire , which tells the story of two British athletes in the 1924 Olympics , was a recurring theme in promotions for the 2012 Olympics . A digitally re-mastered version of Chariots of Fire was released on 13 July 2012 and screened in over 100 UK cinemas as part of the celebrations , and a 2012 stage adaptation ran in London theatres from 9 May 2012 to 5 January 2013 . The film 's theme tune was performed during the Opening Ceremony by the London Symphony Orchestra , conducted by Simon Rattle . The performance was accompanied by a comedic skit by Rowan Atkinson , which included the opening beach - running footage from the film . A new orchestration of the film 's theme tune was played during each medal presentation of the Games . Sponsors ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Summer Olympics marketing § Sponsors This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2012 ) LOCOG and the IOC agreed sponsorship deals with several companies , each assigned to one of four categories ; worldwide , tier one , tier two and tier three . The worldwide partners are : Acer , Atos , Coca - Cola , Dow , General Electric , McDonald 's , Omega SA , Panasonic , Procter & Gamble , Samsung and Visa . The companies provided £ 1.4 billion of funding altogether , allocated evenly between the IOC and LOCOG . Controversies ( edit ) Main article : Controversies at the 2012 Summer Olympics During the lead - up to the Games , there were controversies over sponsorship , the athletes ' use of social media , and several political issues . After a complicated lottery process , thousands of people failed to secure seats for the events they wanted , but a large number of empty seats were observed throughout the games , even at some of the most popular events . There was speculation that this was due to a failure of corporate sponsors to make use of tickets they had received . During the Games , eight competitors in the badminton women 's doubles were disqualified for `` not using best efforts '' , when they tried to lose matches in the group stage to obtain more favourable fixtures in the knockout rounds .", "36": "A number of results in boxing , gymnastics and judo were overturned by officials after initial decisions were appealed against . Ye Shiwen faced doping allegations after her gold medal in the women 's 400m Individual Medley as she came from being behind the world record in the final 50m to beating it by 1.02 seconds . Furthermore , her last 50m was swum 0.17 seconds quicker than the men 's winner , Ryan Lochte . All charges have since been dropped and cleared for the athlete . Drug testing ( edit ) Main article : Use of performance - enhancing drugs in the Olympic Games § 2012 London It was announced before the Summer Games that half of all the competitors would be tested for drugs , with 150 scientists set to take 6,000 samples between the start of the Games and the end of the Paralympic Games . Every competitor who won a medal was also tested . The Olympic laboratory tested up to 400 samples every day for more than 240 prohibited substances . As of late 2017 , 29 medals are stripped due to doping violations . Russia is a leading country with 13 medals rescinded . See also ( edit ) 2012 Olympic hunger summit 2012 Summer Paralympics 2012 Winter Youth Olympics Twenty Twelve , a comedy mockumentary featuring a fictional London Olympics committee The two previous times the Games were held in London : 1908 Summer Olympics 1948 Summer Olympics Further reading ( edit ) Jaworska , Sylvia ; Hunt , Sally ( 2017 ) . `` Differentiations and intersections : a corpus - assisted discourse study of gender representations in the British press before , during and after the London Olympics 2012 '' . Gender and Language . Equinox. 11 ( 3 ) : 336 -- 364 . doi : 10.1558 / genl. 28858 . References ( edit ) ^ The IOC numbers the Olympiads using Roman numerals . ^ `` London 2012 '' . International Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 1 August 2008 . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . ^ `` Olympics schedule and results -- Wednesday 25 July '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 11 January 2016 .", "37": "^ `` Olympics -- Countries '' . BBC Sport . 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-5578685052965147220	who cooks for the president of the united states	[ "White House Executive Chef", "White House Executive Chef", "Cristeta Comerford", "The White House Executive Chef" ]	{ "0": "White House Executive Chef - wikipedia White House Executive Chef Jump to : navigation , search `` White House chef '' redirects here . For the pastry chef , see White House Executive Pastry Chef . Cristeta Comerford , the White House Executive Chef since 2005 The White House Executive Chef is the individual responsible for managing the kitchens , and for planning and preparing of all menus and meals for the President of the United States and the First Family , which includes their private meals , their private entertaining , and official state functions at the White House in Washington , D.C. , in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early White House cooks and chefs 1.2 Executive Chef 1.3 List of Executive Chefs 2 Duties and staff 2.1 The kitchen 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) Early White House Cooks and chefs ( edit ) Beginning with George Washington , slaves prepared food for American presidents , First Families , and for social gatherings . Although slavery ended in the United States after the American Civil War , African Americans continued to provide nearly all the cooking in the White House kitchen . Occasionally , a professional chef was used beginning in the latter half of the 1800s . President Ulysses S. Grant utilized a Union Army cook until his embarrassed wife forced him to hire an Italian - trained chef . President Rutherford B. Hayes utilized the services of cook and nurse Winnie Monroe , a freed African American slave . Chester Arthur used a cook who formerly worked at his private residence as his White House chef for casual dining , and hired French - trained professional chef Alexander Fortin to oversee preparation of important political meals and state dinners . President Grover Cleveland also used a French chef to prepare his meals during his first term . President Benjamin Harrison had a French chef as well , but fired him after only a short time in favor of the services of Dolly Johnson , a freed African American slave who had cooked for the Harrisons in Indianapolis . President William McKinley hired a local cook for everyday dining , but a French - trained chef traveled from New York City to prepare formal dinners .", "1": "Swedish native Sigrid Nilsson served as President Woodrow Wilson 's chief cook at the White House from 1915 to 1919 . American - trained professional chef Alice Howard served presidents Theodore Roosevelt , William Howard Taft , and Woodrow Wilson , while `` head cook '' Katherine Bruckner worked for Herbert Hoover and Henrietta Nesbitt served as housekeeper and head cook for Franklin D. Roosevelt . Vietta Garr , President Harry S. Truman 's long - time personal cook and domestic assistant , came to the White House as head cook in 1945 after Truman fired Nesbitt for insubordination . Dwight D. Eisenhower utilized the services of French - trained chef François Rysavy from 1954 to 1957 and former United States Navy chef Pedro Udo ( a Filipino ) from 1957 to 1960 . Zephyr Wright , one of the last personal chefs to work in the White House , prepared meals for President Lyndon B. Johnson . Executive Chef ( edit ) Dolly Johnson , personal cook to President Benjamin Harrison , in the small White House kitchen in 1890 In 1961 , First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy reorganized the White House staff under her supervision , and created the title of Executive Chef for the first time . Kennedy hired French - born and - trained chef René Verdon , who served until 1965 . Verdon established a new standard for White House dining , one in which only the highest quality ingredients and cooking techniques were acceptable . The first meal he crafted for the White House , a lunch for British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan , was featured on the front page of The New York Times . Verdon resigned at the end of 1965 in a dispute with President Lyndon B. Johnson over the cuisine being offered at the White House . The Johnsons brought long - time family cook Zephyr White to the Executive Residence , where she became the First Family 's personal chef . For formal dining , the Johnsons hired 43 - year - old Swiss - born , American - trained chef Henry Haller to be Executive Chef . Haller proved so popular that he remained in the position until October 1 , 1987 .", "2": "Jon Hill , a 33 - year - old American - born and - trained chef , served as Executive Chef from October 1 , 1987 , to January 8 , 1988 . Hill resigned after First Lady Nancy Reagan expressed significant disapproval of his cooking and presentation . He was replaced by White House assistant chef Hans Raffert . Raffert , a German - born chef who trained throughout Europe , joined the Nixon White House kitchen staff in 1969 , and was the first White House chef to create a gingerbread house as part of the Executive Residence Christmas decorations . Raffert was 60 when he became Executive Chef , and retired in October 1992 just before he turned 65 . French - born and trained chef Pierre Chambrin succeeded Raffert as Executive Chef , but he was asked to resign in March 1994 after refusing to cook the low - fat American cuisine favored by President Bill and First Lady Hillary Clinton . Walter Scheib was appointed Executive Chef in April 1994 . While his tenure under the Clintons was a happy one , he had a more difficult time meeting the needs of President George W. Bush , First Lady Laura Bush , and Mrs. Bush 's Social Secretary , Lea Berman . Laura Bush wanted a more formal presentation , and President Bush disliked soup , salad , and poached fish -- staples of Scheib 's cuisine . Scheib was fired by the Bushes in February 2005 , and succeeded in August 2005 by Cristeta Comerford , a White House sous - chef whom Scheib had hired in 1995 . Comerford was the first woman to be selected for the post . President Barack Obama retained Comerford as Executive Chef , but brought chef Sam Kass from Chicago to act as the First Family 's personal chef . Kass , who assumed several policy positions in the White House as well , resigned in December 2014 . In November 2009 , Marcus Samuelsson became the first guest chef at a White House state dinner when Comerford temporarily stepped aside to allow him to cook for Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh . Comerford was retained as Executive Chef by President Donald Trump .", "3": "List of Executive Chefs ( edit ) René Verdon 1961 -- 1965 Henry Haller 1966 -- 1987 Jon Hill 1987 -- 1988 Hans Raffert 1988 -- 1992 Pierre Chambrin 1992 -- 1994 Walter Scheib 1994 -- 2005 Cristeta Comerford 2005 -- present Duties and staff ( edit ) The Executive Chef is the manager and executive chef of the three White House kitchens . The Executive Chef also supervises a staff of five , and a part - time staff of 20 to 25 assistant chefs and kitchen helpers . The Executive Chef is responsible for planning and preparing all menus and meals for the First Family and for all entertaining ( informal , formal , and state dinners ) served by the White House , either away or on - site . The Executive Chef is formally hired by the First Lady , and reports to the White House Chief Usher . The Executive Chef has no purview over any of the desserts or pastries served at the White House . The White House Executive Pastry Chef operates as a separate entity , but coordinates with the Executive Chef for all meals and events . The White House Executive Chef made between $80,000 and $100,000 annually in 2005 . The chef receives no overtime , and the workload can vary considerably depending on whether the First Family is in residence or traveling , if there is a special event , or if a holiday occurs . The Kitchen ( edit ) The White House Executive Chef works in one of two kitchens at the White House : The main kitchen , which is located in the northeast corner of the Ground Floor of the White House , and the Family Kitchen on the Second Floor . The Executive Pastry Chef works in the Pastry Kitchen on the mezzanine of the sub-basement . The main kitchen was last renovated in 1971 . As of 2011 , the White House Executive Chef used a natural gas oven and range manufactured by Vulcan Restaurant Equipment ; a Traulsen refrigerator and freezer ; a Cimbali M32 espresso machine ; a Hobart 300 gravity - fed food slicer ; Mauviel stainless steel pots and pans ; and Misono knives .", "4": "See also ( edit ) Hercules , George Washington 's slave and chief chef References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Another Filipino Navy cook , Lee Luckey , was staff cook for Presidents Truman and Eisenhower from October 1951 to July 1953 . Luckey cooked at Truman 's Little White House in Key West , Florida , and at Eisenhower 's summer retreat in Orange Springs , Georgia . Jump up ^ In 1987 , Executive Chef Jon Hill had a staff of three : Two sous - chefs and the White House Pastry Chef . Two additional sous - chefs were brought in to assist during state dinners . When Walter Scheib assumed the position of Executive Chef in 1994 , he had a staff of three : two sous - chefs and a dishwasher . The staff had risen to five at the time of Comerford 's appointment . Citations Jump up ^ Miller 2011 , pp. 73 - 75 . Jump up ^ Miller 2011 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Perret 1997 , p. 401 . Jump up ^ Hoogenboom 2001 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` The President 's Table '' . Army and Navy Journal . July 26 , 1884 . p. 1065 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith 2007 , p. 623 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the White House Kitchen '' . Time . 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Adrian ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` African American Cooks in the White House : Hiding in Plain Sight '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morgan 2003 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Cook at White House Is Victim of Cupid '' . Berkeley Daily Gazette . December 29 , 1919 . p. 5 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 ; `` Wilson 's Cook To Be Bride '' . The Washington Post . December 17 , 1919 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Henderson & Ganeshram 2011 , pp.", "5": "75 - 76 . Jump up ^ Allen 2000 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Smith 2013 , p. 713 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Laura ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` The First Kitchen '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burnes & Martin 2003 , pp. 204 - 205 . Jump up ^ Franklin 2014 , p. 209 , fn. 13 . Jump up ^ McCardle , Dorothy ( February 24 , 1961 ) . `` Silence Goes on Gold Standard '' . The Washington Post . p . D4 ; McMillin , Fred ( April 2001 ) . `` White House Gastronomy '' . Wayward Tendrils Quarterly : 31 . Jump up ^ Whitcomb & Whitcomb 2002 , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Mullen , Holly ( August 22 , 1987 ) . `` What 's Cooking in the White House ? Ask Spokane Native '' . The Spokesman - Review . p . C4 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller 2011 , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Vargas , Jose Antonio ( August 22 , 2005 ) . `` Hail to the Chef '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Emma ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Rene Verdon , White House chef for the Kennedys , dies at 86 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 ; Grimes , William ( February 5 , 2011 ) . `` René Verdon , French Chef for the Kennedys , Dies at 86 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henderson & Ganeshram 2011 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Burros , Marian ( June 7 , 1987 ) . `` White House Chef to Leave in Fall '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 .", "6": "Jump up ^ `` New White House Chef Resigns Amid Rumors of Sub-Par Cuisine '' . United Press International . January 9 , 1988 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Latvala , Charlotte ( December 21 , 1994 ) . `` From the White House to You '' . Beaver County Times . p . Weekly 1 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burros , Marian ( March 5 , 1994 ) . `` High Calories ( and Chef ! ) Out at White House '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Richman , Phyllis ; Radcliffe , Donnie ( March 26 , 1994 ) . `` White House Picks Chef '' . The Washington Post . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Grimes , William ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Walter Scheib , Innovative Former White House Chef , Is Dead at 61 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 ; Tapper , Jake ( June 9 , 2006 ) . `` Former White House Chef Dishes on Presidential Families '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gebhart , Ann ( February 4 , 2005 ) . `` White House Chef Is Out In East Wing Social Shuffle '' . The Washington Post . p . C1 . ^ Jump up to : Sagon , Candy ( August 15 , 2005 ) . `` Toque of the Town : White House Names 1st Female Executive Chef '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Flores , Nina M. ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Cristeta Comerford : The White House 's First Woman Executive Chef '' . Ms. Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eilperin , Juliet ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Michelle Obama makes the pitch for pollinators '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 .", "7": "Jump up ^ Evich , Helena Bottemiller ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` The world 's most powerful chef hangs up his apron '' . Politico . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ingraham 2010 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ; Burrosfeb , Marian ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Looking for a Trump Doctrine in the White House Kitchen '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : French 2010 , p. 430 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former White House Executive Chef Walter Scheib found dead in New Mexico '' . Fox News . June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bryan ( August 22 , 1987 ) . `` Home - Grown Chef Would Be a White House First '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brinkley 2013 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Tederick 2007 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Preuschl , Sarah ( April 2003 ) . `` Hail to the Chef '' . Indianapolis Monthly . p. 65 ; Cross , Robert ( February 4 , 1988 ) . `` What The Big Boys Eat : Recollections of a White House Chef '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tederick 2007 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Tederick 2007 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Elizabeth ( February 26 , 2011 ) . `` Cooking for the Commander in Chief '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , Alice Beiser ( 2000 ) . An Independent Woman : The Life of Lou Henry Hoover . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . ISBN 9780313314667 . Brinkley , Howard ( 2013 ) . White House Butlers : A History of White House Chief Ushers and Butlers .", "8": "Lexington , Ky. : BookCaps . ISBN 9781489550231 . Burnes , Brian ; Martin , Donna ( 2003 ) . Harry S. Truman : His Life and Times . Kansas City : Kansas City Star Books . ISBN 9780974000930 . Franklin , Daniel P. ( 2014 ) . Pitiful Giants : Presidents in Their Final Terms . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 9781137410986 . French , Mary ( 2010 ) . United States Protocol : The Guide to Official Diplomatic Etiquette . Lanham , Md. : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9781442203198 . Henderson , Jeff ; Ganeshram , Ramin ( 2011 ) . America I Am : Pass It Down Cookbook . New York : Smiley Books . ISBN 9781401931353 . Hoogenboom , Olive ( 2001 ) . `` Lucy Ware Webb Hayes '' . In Gould , Lewis L. American First Ladies : Their Lives and Their Legacy . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0415930219 . Ingraham , Laura ( 2010 ) . The Obama Diaries . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781439198445 . Miller , Adrian ( 2011 ) . `` Presidential Cooks : Cooking Truth to Power '' . In Henderson , Jeff ; Ganeshram , Ramin . America I Am : Pass It Down Cookbook . New York : Smiley Books . ISBN 9781401931353 . Morgan , Howard Wayne ( 2003 ) . William McKinley and His America . Kent , Ohio : Kent State University Press . ISBN 9780873387651 . Perret , Geoffrey ( 1997 ) . Ulysses S. Grant : Soldier and President . New York : Random House . ISBN 9780679447665 . Smith , Andrew F. ( 2007 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink . Cambridge , Mass. : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195307962 . Smith , Andrew F. ( 2013 ) .", "9": "Food and Drink in American History : A `` Full Course '' Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781610692335 . Tederick , Lydia Barker ( Spring 2007 ) . `` A Look at the White House Kitchens '' ( PDF ) . White House History Journal : 10 -- 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 23 , 2015 . Whitcomb , John ; Whitcomb , Claire ( 2002 ) . Real Life at the White House : Two Hundred Years of Daily Life at America 's Most Famous Residence . Florence , Ky. : Psychology Press . ISBN 9780415939515 . Further reading ( edit ) Nesbitt , Henrieta ( 1948 ) . White House Diary . New York : Doubleday . Rysavy , François ; Leighton , Frances Spatz ( 1957 ) . White House Chef . New York : Putnam . Scheib , Walter ; Friedman , Andrew ( 2007 ) . White House Chef : Eleven Years , Two Presidents , One Kitchen . Hoboken , N.J. : J. Wiley . ISBN 9780471798422 . External links ( edit ) White House Web site page on Executive Chef Cristeta Comerford Archived White House Web site page on Executive Chef Walter Scheib ( hide ) White House Executive Chefs René Verdon Henry Haller Jon Hill Hans Raffert Pierre Chambrin Walter Scheib Cristeta Comerford Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_House_Executive_Chef&oldid=833815384 '' Categories : White House Executive Chefs White House Executive Residence Operations White House Office Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 15 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-7323892214876884658	who was the first indian to be appointed as a judge in the international court of justice	[ "Sir Benegal Narsing Rau", "Sir Benegal Narsing Rau", "Sir Benegal Narsing Rau", "Sir Benegal Narsing Rau" ]	{ "0": "Judges of the International Court of Justice - wikipedia Judges of the International Court of Justice Jump to : navigation , search The first and second lists are of all the permanent judges of the International Court of Justice , the main judicial organ of the United Nations , first chronologically and then by seat . The third list is a list of judges appointed ad hoc by a party to a proceeding before the Court pursuant to Article 31 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Permanent judges 2 Succession of seats 3 Judges sitting ad hoc 4 See also Permanent judges ( edit ) Judges of the International Court of Justice , as of 22 July 2010 ( sortable ) State Judge Terms start Term end President Vice-President El Salvador El Salvador Guerrero , José Gustavo José Gustavo Guerrero 1946 1958 1946 -- 1949 1949 -- 1955 France France Basdevant , Jules Jules Basdevant 1946 1964 1949 -- 1952 1946 -- 1949 Chile Chile Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez 1946 1955 Mexico Mexico Fabela , Isidro Isidro Fabela 1946 1952 USA United States Hackworth , Green Green Hackworth 1946 1961 1955 -- 1958 Poland Poland Winiarski , Bohdan Bohdan Winiarski 1946 1967 1961 -- 1964 Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Zoricic Milovan Zoričić 1946 1958 Belgium Belgium de Visscher Charles De Visscher 1946 1952 UK United Kingdom McNair , Arnold McNair , 1st Baron Arnold McNair , 1st Baron McNair 1946 1955 1952 -- 1955 Norway Norway Klæstad ,", "1": "Helge Helge Klæstad 1946 1961 1958 -- 1961 Egypt Egypt Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha 1946 1965 1955 -- 1958 USSR Soviet Union Krylov Sergei Krylov 1946 1952 Canada Canada Read John Read 1946 1958 China China Hsu Hsu Mo 1946 1956 Brazil Brazil Azevedo , Philadelpho Philadelpho Azevedo 1946 1951 Brazil Brazil Carneiro Levi Carneiro ( pt ) 1951 1955 India India Rau , Sir Benegal Narsing Sir Benegal Narsing Rau 1952 1953 Uruguay Uruguay Armand - Ugon Enrique Armand - Ugón ( nl ) 1952 1961 USSR Soviet Union Golunsky Sergei Golunsky ( ru ) 1952 1953 USSR Soviet Union Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov 1953 1961 Pakistan Pakistan Zafarullah Khan , Muhammad Muhammad Zafarullah Khan 1954 1964 1961 1973 1970 -- 1973 1958 -- 1961 UK United Kingdom Lauterpacht , Hersch Hersch Lauterpacht 1955 1960 Argentina Argentina Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana ( nl ) 1955 1964 Mexico Mexico Cordova Roberto Córdova 1955 1964 China China Koo , Wellington Wellington Koo 1957 1967 1964 -- 1967 Greece Greece Spiropoulos , Jean Jean Spiropoulos 1958 1967 Australia Australia Spender Sir Percy Spender 1958 1967 1964 -- 1967 Panama Panama Alfaro ,", "2": "Ricardo Ricardo Alfaro 1959 1964 1961 -- 1964 UK United Kingdom Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice 1960 1973 USSR Soviet Union Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky ( ru ) 1961 1970 1967 -- 1970 Japan Japan Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka 1961 1970 Peru Peru Bustamante y Rivero , José José Bustamante y Rivero 1961 1970 1967 -- 1970 USA United States Jessup , Philip Philip Jessup 1961 1970 Italy Italy Morelli Gaetano Morelli ( it ) 1961 1970 Mexico Mexico Nervo , Luis Padilla Luis Padilla Nervo 1964 1973 Senegal Senegal Forster Isaac Forster ( nl ) 1964 1982 France France Gros André Gros ( nl ) 1964 1982 Lebanon Lebanon Ammoun Fouad Ammoun ( de ) 1965 1976 1970 -- 1976 Philippines Philippines Bengzon , César César Bengzon 1967 1976 Sweden Sweden Petrén Sture Petrén ( sv ) 1967 1976 Poland Poland Lachs , Manfred Manfred Lachs 1967 1993 1973 -- 1976 Nigeria Nigeria Onyeama Charles Onyeama 1967 1976 USA United States Dillard , Hardy Hardy Dillard 1970 1979 Dahomey Benin Ignacio - Pinto , Louis Louis Ignacio - Pinto 1970 1979 Spain Spain de Castro , Federico Federico de Castro 1970 1979 USSR Soviet Union Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov ( nl ) 1970 1985 Uruguay Uruguay Jiménez de Aréchaga ,", "3": "Eduardo Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga 1970 1979 1976 -- 1979 UK United Kingdom Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock 1973 1981 1979 -- 1981 India India Singh , Nagendra Nagendra Singh 1973 1988 1985 -- 1988 1976 -- 1979 Argentina Argentina Ruda , José José Ruda 1973 1991 1988 -- 1991 West Germany West Germany Mosler Hermann Mosler ( de ) 1976 1985 Nigeria Nigeria Elias , Taslim Taslim Elias 1976 1991 1982 -- 1985 1979 -- 1982 Syria Syria Tarazi Salah Tarazi ( nl ) 1976 1980 Japan Japan Oda , Shigeru Shigeru Oda 1976 2003 1991 -- 1994 Italy Italy Ago , Roberto Roberto Ago 1979 1995 Egypt Egypt El - Erian , Abdullah Abdullah El - Erian 1979 1981 Brazil Brazil Sette - Camara José Sette Câmara Filho ( pt ) 1979 1988 1982 -- 1985 USA United States Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter 1979 1980 Syria Syria El - Khani Abdallah El - Khani ( nl ) 1981 1985 USA United States Schwebel , Stephen Stephen Schwebel 1981 2000 1997 -- 2000 1994 -- 1997 UK United Kingdom Jennings Sir Robert Jennings 1982 1995 1991 -- 1994 France France de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière ( nl ) 1982 1985 -- 1987 Senegal Senegal Mbaye , Kéba Kéba Mbaye 1982 1991 1987 -- 1991 Algeria Algeria Bedjaoui ,", "4": "Mohammed Mohammed Bedjaoui 1982 2001 1994 -- 1997 China China Ni Ni Zhengyu ( zh ) 1985 1994 Norway Norway Evensen , Jens Jens Evensen 1985 1994 USSR / Russia Soviet Union / Russia Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov ( ru ) 1985 1994 France France Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume ( fr ) 2005 2000 -- 2003 Guyana Guyana Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen 1988 1997 India India Pathak , Raghunandan Swarup Raghunandan Swarup Pathak 1991 Venezuela Venezuela Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley ( nl ) 1991 1995 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Weeramantry , Christopher Christopher Weeramantry 1991 2000 1997 -- 2000 Madagascar Madagascar Ranjeva , Raymond Raymond Ranjeva 1991 2009 2003 -- 2006 Nigeria Nigeria Ajibola , Bola Bola Ajibola 1991 1994 Hungary Hungary Herczegh Géza Herczegh ( hu ) 1993 2003 China China Shi Shi Jiuyong 1994 2003 -- 2006 2000 -- 2003 Germany Germany Fleischhauer , Carl - August Carl - August Fleischhauer 1994 2003 Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Koroma , Abdul G. Abdul G. Koroma 1994 2012 Russia Russia Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin ( nl ) 1994 2006 Italy Italy Ferrari Bravo , Luigi Luigi Ferrari Bravo 1995 1997 UK United Kingdom Higgins , Rosalyn Rosalyn Higgins 1995 2009 2006 -- 2009 Venezuela Venezuela Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra - Aranguren 2009 Netherlands Netherlands Kooijmans ,", "5": "Pieter Pieter Kooijmans 1997 2006 Brazil Brazil Rezek , Francisco Francisco Rezek 1997 2006 Jordan Jordan Al - Khasawneh Awn Al - Khasawneh 2000 2011 2006 -- 2009 USA United States Buergenthal , Thomas Thomas Buergenthal 2000 Egypt Egypt El Araby , Nabil Nabil El Araby 2001 2006 Japan Japan Owada , Hisashi Hisashi Owada 2003 2009 -- 2012 Germany Germany Simma , Bruno Bruno Simma 2003 2012 Slovakia Slovakia Tomka , Peter Peter Tomka 2003 2012 -- 2015 2009 -- 2012 France France Abraham , Ronny Ronny Abraham 2005 2014 2015 -- New Zealand New Zealand Sir Kenneth Keith 2006 2015 Mexico Mexico Sepúlveda Amor , Bernardo Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor 2006 2015 2012 -- 2015 Morocco Morocco Bennouna , Mohamed Mohamed Bennouna 2006 2024 Russia Russia Skotnikov , Leonid Leonid Skotnikov 2006 2015 Brazil Brazil Trindade , Antônio Augusto Cançado Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade 2009 2018 Somalia Somalia Yusuf , Abdulqawi Ahmed Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf 2009 2018 2015 -- UK United Kingdom Greenwood Sir Christopher Greenwood 2009 2017 China China Xue Xue Hanqin 2012 USA United States Donoghue , Joan E. Joan E. Donoghue Italy Italy Gaja , Giorgio Giorgio Gaja 2012 Uganda Uganda Sebutinde , Julia Julia Sebutinde 2012 India India Bhandari ,", "6": "Dalveer Dalveer Bhandari 2012 Australia Australia Crawford James Crawford 2015 Russia Russia Gevorgian , Kirill Kirill Gevorgian 2015 Jamaica Jamaica Robinson , Patrick Lipton Patrick Lipton Robinson 2015 Succession of seats ( edit ) The Court comprises 15 seats . When the original fifteen judges were elected in 1946 , they drew lots to determine which five would have 3 - year initial terms , which five would have 6 - year initial terms , and which five would have 9 - year initial terms . From then onwards , all terms have been nine years , with five seats being up for election every three years . The seats are numbered according to the length of the initial term and then in order of seniority of the first judge to hold the seat . There are no formal rules for the allocation of seats , other than that no two may be nationals of the same state . In practice , the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council have each had a permanent seat on the Court , except between 1967 and 1985 when there was no Chinese judge . The remaining seats have been informally allocated by regional groups in the same way as the fifteen seats on the Security Council . Since 1970 , the conventional allocation is three seats to Asia Pacific , three seats to Africa , two seats to Latin America and the Caribbean , two seats to Eastern Europe and five seats to Western Europe and Others . Seat 1 ( Asia ) Initial term of nine years Guerrero , José Gustavo José Gustavo Guerrero El Salvador El Salvador 1946 -- 1958 Alfaro , Ricardo Ricardo Alfaro Panama Panama 1959 - 1964 Zafarullah Khan , Muhammad Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Pakistan 1964 - 1973 Singh , Nagendra Nagendra Singh India India 1973 - 1988 Pathak , Raghunandan Raghunandan Pathak India India 1989 - 1991 Weeramantry , Christopher Christopher Weeramantry Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 1991 - 2000 Al - Khasawneh Awn Al - Khasawneh Jordan Jordan 2000 - 2011 Bhandari ,", "7": "Dalveer Dalveer Bhandari India India 2012 - Seat 2 ( WE&O ) Initial term of nine years Basdevant , Jules Jules Basdevant France France 1946 - 1964 Gros André Gros ( nl ) France France 1964 - 1982 de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière ( nl ) France France 1982 - 1987 Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume ( fr ) France France 1987 - 2005 Abraham , Ronny Ronny Abraham France France 2005 - Seat 3 ( Africa ) Initial term of nine years Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez Chile Chile 1946 - 1955 Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana ( nl ) Argentina Argentina 1955 - 1964 Forster Isaac Forster ( nl ) Senegal Senegal 1964 - 1982 Mbaye , Kéba Kéba Mbaye Senegal Senegal 1982 - 1991 Ranjeva , Raymond Raymond Ranjeva Madagascar Madagascar 1991 - 2009 Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf Somalia Somalia 2009 - Seat 4 ( WE&O ) Initial term of nine years McNair , Arnold McNair , 1st Baron Arnold McNair , 1st Baron McNair UK UK 1946 - 1955 Lauterpacht , Hersch Hersch Lauterpacht UK UK 1955 - 1960 Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice UK UK 1960 - 1973 Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock UK UK 1973 - 1981 Jennings Sir Robert Jennings UK UK 1981 - 1995 Higgins , Rosalyn Rosalyn Higgins UK UK 1995 - 2009 Sir Christopher Greenwood Christopher Greenwood UK UK 2009 - Seat 5 ( LA&C ) Initial term of nine years Azevedo ,", "8": "Philadelpho Philadelpho Azevedo Brazil Brazil 1946 - 1951 Carneiro Levi Carneiro ( pt ) Brazil Brazil 1951 - 1955 Cordova Roberto Córdova Mexico Mexico 1955 - 1964 Nervo , Luis Padilla Luis Padilla Nervo Mexico Mexico 1964 - 1973 Ruda , José José Ruda Argentina Argentina 1973 - 1991 Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley ( nl ) Venezuela Venezuela 1991 - 1995 Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra - Aranguren Venezuela Venezuela 1996 - 2009 Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Brazil Brazil 2009 - Seat 6 ( LA&C ) Initial term of six years Fabela , Isidro Isidro Fabela Mexico Mexico 1946 - 1952 Armand - Ugon Enrique Armand - Ugón ( nl ) Uruguay Uruguay 1952 - 1961 Bustamante y Rivero , José José Bustamante y Rivero Peru Peru 1961 - 1970 Jiménez de Aréchaga , Eduardo Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga Uruguay Uruguay 1970 - 1979 Sette - Camara José Sette Câmara Filho ( pt ) Brazil Brazil 1979 - 1988 Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen Guyana Guyana 1988 - 1997 Rezek , Francisco Francisco Rezek Brazil Brazil 1997 - 2006 Sepúlveda Amor , Bernardo Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor Mexico Mexico 2006 - 2015 Robinson , Patrick Lipton Patrick Lipton Robinson Jamaica Jamaica 2015 - Seat 7 ( WE&O ) Initial term of six years Hackworth , Green Green Hackworth USA USA 1946 - 1961 Jessup , Philip Philip Jessup USA USA 1961 - 1970 Dillard ,", "9": "Hardy Hardy Dillard USA USA 1970 - 1979 Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter USA USA 1979 - 1980 Schwebel , Stephen Stephen Schwebel USA USA 1981 - 2000 Buergenthal , Thomas Thomas Buergenthal USA USA 2000 - 2010 Joan E. Donoghue Joan E. Donoghue USA USA 2010 - Seat 8 ( Africa ) Initial term of six years de Visscher Charles De Visscher Belgium Belgium 1946 - 1952 Rau , Benegal Narsing Benegal Narsing Rau India India 1952 - 1953 Zafarullah Khan , Muhammad Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Pakistan 1954 - 1961 Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka Japan Japan 1961 - 1970 Ignacio - Pinto , Louis Louis Ignacio - Pinto Dahomey Benin 1970 - 1979 El - Erian , Abdullah Abdullah El - Erian Egypt Egypt 1979 - 1981 Bedjaoui , Mohammed Mohammed Bedjaoui Algeria Algeria 1982 - 2001 El Araby , Nabil Nabil El Araby Egypt Egypt 2001 - 2006 Bennouna , Mohamed Mohamed Bennouna Morocco Morocco 2006 - Seat 9 ( WE&O ) Initial term of six years Klæstad , Helge Helge Klæstad Norway Norway 1946 - 1961 Morelli Gaetano Morelli ( it ) Italy Italy 1961 - 1970 de Castro , Federico Federico de Castro Spain Spain 1970 - 1979 Ago , Roberto Roberto Ago Italy Italy 1979 - 1995 Ferrari Bravo , Luigi Luigi Ferrari Bravo Italy Italy 1995 - 1997 Kooijmans ,", "10": "Pieter Pieter Kooijmans Netherlands Netherlands 1997 - 2006 Keith Sir Kenneth Keith New Zealand New Zealand 2006 - 2015 Crawford James Crawford Australia Australia 2015 - Seat 10 ( Eastern Europe ) Initial term of six years Krylov Sergei Krylov USSR USSR 1946 - 1952 Golunsky Sergei Golunsky ( ru ) USSR USSR 1952 - 1953 Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov USSR USSR 1953 - 1961 Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky ( ru ) USSR USSR 1961 - 1970 Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov ( nl ) USSR USSR 1970 - 1985 Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov ( ru ) USSR / Russia USSR / Russia 1985 - 1994 Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin ( nl ) Russia Russia 1994 - 2006 Skotnikov , Leonid Leonid Skotnikov Russia Russia 2006 - 2015 Gevorgian , Kirill Kirill Gevorgian Russia Russia 2015 - Seat 11 ( Eastern Europe ) Initial term of three years Winiarski , Bohdan Bohdan Winiarski Poland Poland 1946 - 1967 Lachs , Manfred Manfred Lachs Poland Poland 1967 - 1993 Herczegh Géza Herczegh ( hu ) Hungary Hungary 1993 - 2003 Tomka , Peter Peter Tomka Slovakia Slovakia 2003 - Seat 12 ( WE&O ) Initial term of three years Zoricic Milovan Zoričić Yugoslavia Yugoslavia 1946 - 1958 Spiropoulos , Jean Jean Spiropoulos Greece Greece 1958 - 1967 Petrén Sture Petrén ( sv ) Sweden Sweden 1967 - 1976 Mosler Hermann Mosler ( de ) West Germany West Germany 1976 - 1985 Evensen ,", "11": "Jens Jens Evensen Norway Norway 1985 - 1994 Fleischhauer , Carl - August Carl - August Fleischhauer Germany Germany 1994 - 2003 Simma , Bruno Bruno Simma Germany Germany 2003 - 2012 Gaja , Giorgio Giorgio Gaja Italy Italy 2012 - Seat 13 ( Asia ) Initial term of three years Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha Egypt Egypt 1946 - 1965 Ammoun Fouad Ammoun ( de ) Lebanon Lebanon 1965 - 1976 Tarazi Salah Tarazi ( nl ) Syria Syria 1976 - 1980 El - Khani Abdallah El - Khani ( nl ) Syria Syria 1981 - 1985 Ni Ni Zhengyu ( zh ) China China 1985 - 1994 Shi Shi Jiuyong China China 1994 - 2010 Xue Hanqin Xue Hanqin China China 2010 - Seat 14 ( Africa ) Initial term of three years Read John Read Canada Canada 1946 - 1958 Spender , Percy Percy Spender Australia Australia 1958 - 1967 Onyeama Charles Onyeama Nigeria Nigeria 1967 - 1976 Elias , Taslim Taslim Elias Nigeria Nigeria 1976 - 1991 Ajibola , Bola Bola Ajibola Nigeria Nigeria 1991 - 1994 Koroma , Abdul G. Abdul G. Koroma Sierra Leone Sierra Leone 1994 - 2012 Sebutinde , Julia Julia Sebutinde Uganda Uganda 2012 - Seat 15 ( Asia ) Initial term of three years Hsu Hsu Mo China China 1946 - 1956 Koo , Wellington Wellington Koo China China 1957 - 1967 Bengzon , César César Bengzon Philippines Philippines 1967 - 1976 Oda , Shigeru Shigeru Oda Japan Japan 1976 - 2003 Owada ,", "12": "Hisashi Hisashi Owada Japan Japan 2003 - Judges sitting ad hoc ( edit ) Judges sitting ad hoc on the International Court of Justice , as of 22 July 2010 ( sortable ) Judge Nationality Appointing State Case ( s ) including parties years and of initiation to deposition Georges Abi - Saab Egypt Mali Frontier Dispute ( Burkina Faso / Republic of Mali ) 1983 -- 1986 Adetobunboh Ademola Nigeria Ethiopia South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Liberia South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Mohsen Aghahosseini Iran Iran Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 ( Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America ) 1989 -- 1996 Roberto Ago Italy Honduras Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 ( Honduras v. Nicaragua ) 1958 -- 1960 Bola Ajibola Nigeria Nigeria Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria ( Cameroon v. Nigeria : Equatorial Guinea intervening ) 1996 -- 2002 Nigeria Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria ( Cameroon v. Nigeria ) , Preliminary Objections ( Nigeria v. Cameroon ) 1998 -- 1999 Luis Alayza y Paz Soldán Peru Peru Asylum ( Colombia / Peru ) 1949 -- 1950 Peru Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case ( Colombia v. Peru ) 1950 Peru Haya de la Torre ( Colombia v. Peru ) 1950 -- 1951 Awn Shawkat Al - Khasawneh Jordan Nicaragua Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2014 -- present Louise Arbour Canada Chile Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean ( Bolivia v. Chile ) 2014 -- present Enrique Armand - Ugón Uruguay Spain Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company ,", "13": "Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) ( New Application : 1962 ) 1962 -- 1970 Antonio de Arruda Ferrer - Correia Portugal Portugal East Timor ( Portugal v. Australia ) 1991 -- 1995 Garfield Barwick Australia Australia Nuclear Tests ( Australia v. France ) 1973 -- 1974 New Zealand Nuclear Tests ( New Zealand v. France ) 1973 -- 1974 Suzanne Bastid France Tunisia Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf ( Tunisia / Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) ( Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) 1984 -- 1985 Philémon Beb à Don Cameroon Cameroon Northern Cameroons ( Cameroon v. United Kingdom ) 1961 -- 1963 Mohammed Bedjaoui Algeria Guinea Ahmadou Sadio Diallo ( Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo ) 1998 -- 2012 Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2001 -- 2012 Niger Frontier Dispute ( Benin / Niger ) 2002 -- 2005 Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament ( Marshall Islands v. India ) 2014 -- present Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament ( Marshall Islands v. Pakistan ) 2014 -- present Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament ( Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom ) 2014 -- present Mohamed Bennouna Morocco Benin Frontier Dispute ( Benin / Niger ) 2002 -- 2005 Franklin Berman United Kingdom Liechtenstein Certain Property ( Liechtenstein v. Germany ) 2001 -- 2005 Alphonse Boni Ivory Coast Morocco Western Sahara 1974 -- 1975 Bengt Broms Finland Finland Passage through the Great Belt ( Finland v.", "14": "Denmark ) 1991 -- 1992 Charles Brower United States Colombia Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2013 -- present Ian Brownlie United Kingdom Liechtenstein Certain Property ( Liechtenstein v. Germany ) 2001 -- 2005 Andreas Bucher Switzerland Switzerland Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters ( Belgium v. Switzerland ) 2009 -- 2011 Sayeman Bula - Bula Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium ) 2000 -- 2002 José Joaquin Caicedo Castilla Colombia Colombia Asylum ( Colombia / Peru ) 1949 -- 1950 Colombia Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case ( Colombia v. Peru ) 1950 Colombia Haya de la Torre ( Colombia v. Peru ) 1950 -- 1951 Ian Callinan Australia Australia Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data ( Timor - Leste v. Australia ) 2013 -- 2015 Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Brazil Costa Rica Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2005 -- 2009 Jean - Yves de Cara France Republic of the Congo Certain Criminal Proceedings in France ( Republic of the Congo v. France ) 2003 -- 2010 Paul Carry Switzerland Switzerland Interhandel ( Switzerland v. United States of America ) 1957 -- 1959 Jorge Castañeda Mexico Malta Continental Shelf ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya / Malta ) 1982 -- 1985 Federico de Castro Spain Spain Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) 1958 -- 1961 Mohamed Ali Currim Chagla India India Right of Passage over Indian Territory ( Portugal v.", "15": "India ) 1955 -- 1960 Hilary Charlesworth Australia Australia Whaling in the Antarctic ( Australia v. Japan : New Zealand intervening ) 2010 -- 2014 Joseph Chesson Liberia Ethiopia South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Liberia South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Maxwell Cohen Canada Canada Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area ( Canada / United States of America ) 1981 -- 1984 Claude - Albert Colliard France Nicaragua Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua ( Nicaragua v. United States of America ) 1984 -- 1986 Jean - Pierre Cot France Colombia Territorial and Maritime Dispute ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2001 -- 2012 Romania Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea ( Romania v. Ukraine ) 2004 -- 2009 Colombia Aerial Herbicide Spraying ( Ecuador v. Colombia ) 2008 -- 2013 Thailand Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear ( Cambodia v. Thailand ) ( Cambodia v. Thailand ) 2011 -- present Timor - Leste Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data ( Timor - Leste v. Australia ) 2013 -- 2015 Yves Daudet France Burkina Faso Frontier Dispute ( Burkina Faso / Niger ) 2010 -- 2013 Bolivia Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean ( Bolivia v. Chile ) 2014 -- present Nicaragua Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2013 -- present Igor Daxner Czechoslovakia Albania Corfu Channel ( United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania ) 1947 -- 1949 Vojin Dimitrijević Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia ) ,", "16": "Preliminary Objections ( Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina ) 2001 -- 2003 Christopher Dugard South Africa Rwanda Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 1999 -- 2001 Rwanda Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( New Application : 2002 ) ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 2002 -- 2006 Malaysia Sovereignty over Pedra Branca / Pulau Batu Puteh , Middle Rocks and South Ledge ( Malaysia / Singapore ) 2003 -- 2008 Nicaragua Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2010 -- present Nicaragua Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River ( Nicaragua v. Costa Rica ) 2011 -- present Patrick Ferdinand Duinslaeger Belgium Belgium Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium ) 1999 -- 2004 Bohuslav Ečer Czechoslovakia Albania Corfu Channel ( United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania ) 1947 -- 1949 Ahmed Sadek El - Kosheri Egypt Libya Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America ) 1992 -- 2003 Jens Evensen Norway Tunisia Continental Shelf ( Tunisia / Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) 1978 -- 1982 Manuel Fernandes Portugal Portugal Right of Passage over Indian Territory ( Portugal v. India ) 1955 -- 1960 Paul - Henning Fischer Denmark Denmark Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen ( Denmark v. Norway ) 1988 -- 1993 Denmark Passage through the Great Belt ( Finland v. Denmark ) 1991 -- 1992 Carl - August Fleischhauer Germany Germany Certain Property ( Liechtenstein v. Germany ) 2001 -- 2005 Yves Fortier Canada Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain ( Qatar v.", "17": "Bahrain ) 1991 -- 2001 Thomas Franck United States Indonesia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan ( Indonesia / Malaysia ) 1998 -- 2002 Giorgio Gaja Italy Italy Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy ) 1999 -- 2004 Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea ( Nicaragua v. Honduras ) 1997 -- 2007 Italy Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy : Greece intervening ) 2008 -- 2012 Walter Ganshof van der Meersch Belgium Belgium Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) 1958 -- 1961 Belgium Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) ( New Application : 1962 ) 1962 -- 1970 Carlos Garcia Bauer Guatemala Guatemala Nottebohm ( Liechtenstein v. Guatemala ) 1951 -- 1955 David Goitein Israel Israel Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 ( Israel v. Bulgaria ) 1957 -- 1959 Julio Diego Gonzáles Campos Spain Honduras Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea ( Nicaragua v. Honduras ) 1999 -- 2007 Paul Guggenheim Switzerland Liechtenstein Nottebohm ( Liechtenstein v. Guatemala ) 1951 -- 1955 Gilbert Guillaume France France Certain Criminal Proceedings in France ( Republic of the Congo v. France ) 2003 -- 2010 Nicaragua Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2005 -- 2009 France Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters ( Djibouti v. France ) 2006 -- 2008 Peru Maritime Dispute ( Peru v. Chile ) 2008 -- 2014 Nicaragua Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2010 -- present Cambodia Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear ( Cambodia v.", "18": "Thailand ) ( Cambodia v. Thailand ) 2011 -- present Nicaragua Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River ( Nicaragua v. Costa Rica ) 2011 -- present Sead Hodžić Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia ) , Preliminary Objections ( Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina ) 2001 -- 2003 Robert Yewdall Jennings United Kingdom United Kingdom Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom ) 1992 -- 2003 Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga Uruguay Libya Continental Shelf ( Tunisia / Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) 1978 -- 1982 Libya Continental Shelf ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya / Malta ) 1982 -- 1985 Libya Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf ( Tunisia / Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) ( Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) 1984 -- 1985 Philippe Kirsch Belgium Belgium Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite ( Belgium v. Senegal ) 2009 -- 2012 Milenko Kreća Serbia and Montenegro Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium ) 1999 -- 2004 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada ) 1999 -- 2004 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy ) 1999 -- 2004 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. France ) 1999 -- 2004 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Germany ) 1999 -- 2004 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v.", "19": "Netherlands ) 1999 -- 2004 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Portugal ) 1999 -- 2004 FR Yugoslavia Legality of Use of Force ( Yugoslavia v. Spain ) 1999 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. United Kingdom ) 1999 -- 2004 FR Yugoslavia Legality of Use of Force ( Yugoslavia v. United States of America ) 1999 Serbia Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Croatia v. Serbia ) 1999 -- 2015 Marc Lalonde Canada Canada Fisheries Jurisdiction ( Spain v. Canada ) 1995 -- 1998 Canada Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. 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Bosnia and Herzegovina ) 2001 -- 2003 Niger Frontier Dispute ( Burkina Faso / Niger ) 2010 -- 2013 Auguste Mampuya Kanunka Tshiabo Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Ahmadou Sadio Diallo ( Republic of Guinea v.", "20": "Democratic Republic of the Congo ) 1998 -- 2012 Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( New Application : 2002 ) ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 2002 -- 2006 Jean - Pierre Mavungu Mvubidi - Ngom Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 1999 -- 2001 Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( New Application : 2002 ) ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 2002 -- 2006 Louis Mbanefo Nigeria Ethiopia South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Liberia South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Kéba Mbaye Senegal Senegal Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 ( Guinea - Bissau v. Senegal ) 1989 -- 1991 Cameroon Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria ( Cameroon v. Nigeria : Equatorial Guinea intervening ) 1996 -- 2002 Cameroon Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria ( Cameroon v. Nigeria ) , Preliminary Objections ( Nigeria v. Cameroon ) 1998 -- 1999 Thomas Mensah Ghana Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2001 -- 2012 Gaetano Morelli Italy Italy Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 ( Italy v. France , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America ) 1953 -- 1954 Hermann Mosler West Germany West Germany North Sea Continental Shelf ( Federal Republic of Germany / Netherlands ) 1967 -- 1969 Nagendra Singh India India Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council ( India v. Pakistan ) 1971 -- 1972 Johannes Offerhaus Netherlands Netherlands Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants ( Netherlands v.", "21": "Sweden ) 1957 -- 1958 Francisco Orrego Vicuña Chile Chile Maritime Dispute ( Peru v. Chile ) 2008 -- 2014 Bernard Oxman United States Ukraine Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea ( Romania v. Ukraine ) 2004 -- 2009 Geoffrey Palmer New Zealand New Zealand Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Paragraph 63 of the Court 's Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests ( New Zealand v. France ) Case 1995 Felipe Paolillo Uruguay El Salvador Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land , Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute ( El Salvador / Honduras : Nicaragua intervening ) ( El Salvador v. Honduras ) 2002 -- 2003 Syed Sharif Uddin Pirzada Pakistan Pakistan Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 ( Pakistan v. India ) 1999 -- 2000 Fausto Pocar Italy Belgium Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters ( Belgium v. Switzerland ) 2009 -- 2011 Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao India Singapore Sovereignty over Pedra Branca / Pulau Batu Puteh , Middle Rocks and South Ledge ( Malaysia / Singapore ) 2003 -- 2008 B.P.", "22": "Jeevan Reddy India India Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 ( Pakistan v. India ) 1999 -- 2000 François Rigaux Belgium Iran Oil Platforms ( Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America ) 1992 -- 2003 Willem Riphagen Netherlands Belgium Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) ( New Application : 1962 ) 1962 -- 1970 Emmanuel Roucounas Greece Greece Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 ( the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece ) 2008 -- 2011 José María Ruda Argentina Qatar Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain ( Qatar v. Bahrain ) 1991 -- 2001 Jean Salmon Belgium Burundi Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi ) 1999 -- 2001 Karim Sandjabi Iran Iran Anglo - Iranian Oil Co . ( United Kingdom v. Iran ) 1951 -- 1952 Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor Mexico Mexico Avena and Other Mexican Nationals ( Mexico v. United States ) 2003 -- 2004 José Sette - Camara Brazil Libya Territorial Dispute ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya / Chad ) 1990 -- 1994 Mohamed Shahabuddeen Guyana Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain ( Qatar v. Bahrain ) 1991 -- 2001 Indonesia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan ( Indonesia / Malaysia ) 1998 -- 2002 Bruno Simma Germany Costa Rica Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2014 -- present Leonid Skotnikov Russia Nicaragua Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2013 -- present Krysztof Skubiszewski Poland Portugal East Timor ( Portugal v.", "23": "Australia ) 1991 -- 1995 Slovakia Gabčíkovo - Nagymaros Project ( Hungary / Slovakia ) 1997 -- present Max Sørensen Denmark Netherlands North Sea Continental Shelf ( Federal Republic of Germany / Netherlands ) ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Denmark North Sea Continental Shelf ( Federal Republic of Germany / Denmark ) ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Jean Spiropoulos Greece Greece Ambatielos ( Greece v. United Kingdom ) 1951 -- 1953 Michel Stassinopoulos Greece Greece Aegean Sea Continental Shelf ( Greece v. Turkey ) 1976 -- 1978 Ninian Stephen Australia Australia East Timor ( Portugal v. Australia ) 1991 -- 1995 Fredrik Julius Christian Sterzel Sweden Sweden Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants ( Netherlands v. Sweden ) 1957 -- 1958 Serge Sur France Senegal Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite ( Belgium v. Senegal ) 2009 -- 2012 Hubert Thierry France Guinea - Bissau Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 ( Guinea - Bissau v. Senegal ) 1989 -- 1991 Santiago Torres Bernárdez Spain Honduras Land , Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute ( El Salvador / Honduras : Nicaragua intervening ) 1986 -- 1992 Qatar Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain ( Qatar v. Bahrain ) 1991 -- 2001 Spain Fisheries Jurisdiction ( Spain v. Canada ) 1995 -- 1998 Spain Legality of Use of Force ( Yugoslavia v. Spain ) 1999 Honduras Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea ( Nicaragua v. Honduras ) 1999 -- 2007 Honduras Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land , Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute ( El Salvador / Honduras : Nicaragua intervening ) ( El Salvador v. Honduras ) 2002 -- 2003 Uruguay Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay ( Argentina v.", "24": "Uruguay ) 2006 -- 2010 Francisco Urrutia Holguin Colombia Nicaragua Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 ( Honduras v. Nicaragua ) 1958 -- 1960 Nicolas Valticos Greece Malta Continental Shelf ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya / Malta ) 1982 -- 1985 El Salvador Land , Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute ( El Salvador / Honduras : Nicaragua intervening ) 1986 -- 1992 Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain ( Qatar v. Bahrain ) 1991 -- 2001 Joe Verhoeven Belgium Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi ) 1999 -- 2001 Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. 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Bulgaria ) 1957 -- 1959 Bulgaria Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 ( United States of America v. Bulgaria ) 1957 -- 1960 All Judges ad hoc : http://www.icj-cij.org/court/index.php?p1=1&p2=5&p3=2&lang=en See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judges of the International Court of Justice .", "26": "List of International Court of Justice cases Category : International Court of Justice judges Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judges_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice&oldid=811703624 '' Categories : Lists of legal professionals International Court of Justice Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Interlanguage link template link number Talk Read Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français हिन्दी Nederlands Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 10 : 42 . 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-7530191989994326613	where was the film coming home for christmas filmed	[ "British Columbia, in the Abbotsford, Vancouver and Langley areas in August 2017, with a mansion in the Aldergrove area of Langely serving as the property at the centre of the story", "British Columbia" ]	{ "0": "Coming Home for Christmas ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Coming Home for Christmas ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Coming Home for Christmas Based on Coming Home for Christmas by Jenny Hale Written by Nina Weinman Directed by Mel Damski Starring Danica McKellar Neal Bledsoe Chelan Simmons Music by David Ramos Country of origin United States Canada Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Jonathan Axelrod Alan Ett Allen Lewis Jason Macintyre Michael Shepard Marnie Young Producer ( s ) Harvey Kahn Cinematography Tyler Walzak Editor ( s ) Robert Lawrenson Running time 86 minutes Production company ( s ) Snowy Road Productions Ltd Release Original network Hallmark Channel Original release November 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 18 ) External links Website www.hallmarkchannel.com/coming-home-for-christmas Coming Home for Christmas is a 2017 American - Canadian made - for - television romantic comedy film based on the novel of the same name by Jenny Hale , starring Danica McKellar and Neal Bledsoe . The film premiered on Hallmark Channel on November 18 , 2017 as part of the channel 's ' Countdown to Christmas ' season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development 4 Filming 5 Broadcast 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Lizzie Richfield is at a crossroads when she lands a job as house manager for the exclusive Ashford Estate in the Virginia countryside . The estate is being sold ; prior to its sale , Lizzie plans one final Christmas Eve gala for the owners : the Marley family , who appear to be a `` family '' in name only . The clan consists of Kip Marley ( who never met a party he did n't like ) ; Robert ( the handsome but all - business executor of the estate ) ; Sloane ( who arrives with her two young children , sans husband ) , and Pippa ( the 80 - year - old matriarch , a spitfire who does n't want to put the house up for sale at all ) .", "1": "As Lizzie is inserted into the home and the lives of the Marley family she finds herself drawn to Robert -- even as Kip pursues her . Cast ( edit ) Danica McKellar as Lizzie Richfield Neal Bledsoe as Robert Marley Chelan Simmons as Sloane Andrew Francis as Kip Marley Lindsay Maxwell as Megan Richfield Paula Shaw as Pippa Marley Andrew Kavadas as Gerard Brenda Crichlow as Anna Rebecca Staab as Camille Richfield Bekham Skoddje as Sammy Christian Convery as Paul Scott Perrie as Jackson Tosca Baggoo as Carla Roz Murray as Gladys Development ( edit ) The film was developed from an original novel of the same name by author Jenny Hale . Hale was approached by a screenwriter who wished to adapt the novel after reading the book . Filming ( edit ) Filming took place in British Columbia , in the Abbotsford , Vancouver and Langley areas in August 2017 , with a mansion in the Aldergrove area of Langely serving as the property at the centre of the story . Broadcast ( edit ) The film premiered on the Hallmark Channel on November 18 , 2017 , as part of the channel 's ' Countdown to Christmas ' season of programming . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hill , Ruth ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Interview With Author Jenny Hale , `` Coming Home For Christmas `` '' . `` My Devotional Thoughts '' . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : What 's Filming ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Coming Home For Christmas & Christmas Homecoming Start Filming '' . `` What 's Filming '' . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 .", "2": "External links ( edit ) Coming Home for Christmas on IMDb Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coming_Home_for_Christmas_(2017_film)&oldid=819441434 '' Categories : 2017 television films 2010s romantic comedy films American films American television films American romantic comedy films Canadian films Canadian television films Canadian romantic comedy films Films set in Virginia Films shot in British Columbia Hallmark Channel original films Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 11 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2232679301432292082	the story of the persistent widow in the bible	[ "Luke 18:1-8" ]	{ "0": "Parable of the unjust judge - wikipedia Parable of the unjust judge Jump to : navigation , search Avenge me of mine adversary by Anonymous contracted by Pacific Press Publishing Company ( 1900 ) The Parable of the Unjust Judge ( also known as the Parable of the Importunate Widow or the Parable of the Persistent Widow ) , is one of the parables of Jesus which appears in Luke Luke 18 : 1 - 8 . In it a judge who lacks compassion is repeatedly approached by a poor widow , seeking justice . Initially rejecting her demands , he eventually honors her request so he will not be worn out by her persistence . One interpretation of this parable is that it demonstrates the importance of persistence in prayer , never giving up . It is found immediately prior to the parable of the Pharisee and the Publican ( also on prayer ) and is similar to the Parable of the Friend at Night . Other scholars note that the content of the parable makes no reference to prayer and that the introduction of prayer as a theme is generally inspired by the Lucan construction in verses 6 - 8 and by the fact that Luke placed the parable of the Pharisee and Publican influentially after this one . Whatever approach is taken , it is noteworthy that the judge in the parable does not act on the basis of justice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Narrative 2 Interpretation 3 See also 4 References Narrative ( edit ) Parable of the Unjust Judge by John Everett Millais ( 1863 ) Luke reports the parable as follows : Then Jesus told his disciples a parable to show them that they should always pray and not give up . He said : `` In a certain town there was a judge who neither feared God nor cared about men . And there was a widow in that town who kept coming to him with the plea , ' Grant me justice against my adversary . ' `` For some time he refused . But finally he said to himself , ' Even though I do not fear God or care about men , yet because this widow keeps bothering me , I will see that she gets justice , so that she will not eventually wear me out with her coming ! ' '' And the Lord said , `` Listen to what the unjust judge says .", "1": "And will not God bring about justice for his chosen ones , who cry out to him day and night ? Will he keep putting them off ? I tell you , he will see that they get justice , and quickly . However , when the Son of Man comes , will he find faith on the earth ? '' -- Luke 18 : 1 - 8 , New International Version Interpretation ( edit ) The framing material of the parable demonstrates the need to always pray like that persistent widow , for if even an unjust judge will eventually listen , God is much quicker to do so . The parable of the Friend at Night has a similar meaning . Joel B. Green sees in this parable an injunction not to lose heart , in the light of the eschatological tone of Luke 17 : 20 - 37 , and also an echo of Sirach 35 : `` For he is a God of justice , who knows no favorites ... The prayer of the lowly pierces the clouds ; it does not rest till it reaches its goal , nor will it withdraw till the Most High responds , judges justly and affirms the right . William Barclay says that the point of the parable is less about persistent prayer , but rather the contrast between God and men in the phrase `` how much more '' . In prayer one is speaking to a Father ready to give . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parable of the Unjust Judge . See also ( edit ) Life of Jesus in the New Testament Ministry of Jesus References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Joel B. Green , The Gospel of Luke , Eerdmans , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2315 - 7 , pp. 636 - 643 . Jump up ^ Craig L. Blomberg , Interpreting the Parables , InterVarsity Press , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 8308 - 1271 - 7 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Sirach 35 : 12 - 18 , New American Bible . Jump up ^ Barclay , William . The Parables of Jesus , Westminster John Knox Press , 1999 ISBN 9780664258283 Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus", "2": "Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Parables of Jesus Canonical Gospels Barren Fig Tree Budding Fig Tree Counting the cost Drawing in the Net", "3": "Faithful Servant Friend at Night Good Samaritan Good Shepherd Great Banquet Growing Seed Hidden Treasure Lamp Leaven Lost Coin Lost Sheep Master and Servant Mustard Seed New Wine into Old Wineskins Pearl Pharisee and the Publican Prodigal Son Rich Fool Rich man and Lazarus Scribe Sheep and Goats Sower Strong Man Talents or minas Tares Ten Virgins True Vine Tree and its Fruits Two Debtors Two Sons Unjust Judge Unjust Steward Unforgiving Servant Wedding Feast Wicked Husbandmen Wise and Foolish Builders Workers in the Vineyard Non-canonical / disputed Assassin Empty Jar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parable_of_the_Unjust_Judge&oldid=806242892 '' Categories : Parables of Jesus Gospel of Luke Prayer Women in the New Testament Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Deutsch Español Français गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Indonesia မြန်မာဘာသာ Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 18 : 01 . 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1036801998292429298	when do the new episodes of supernatural start	[ "May 10, 2018", "May 10, 2018", "May 10, 2018", "May 10, 2018" ]	{ "0": "Supernatural ( season 13 ) - wikipedia Supernatural ( season 13 ) Jump to : navigation , search Supernatural ( season 13 ) Promotional poster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 20 Release Original network The CW Original release October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 12 List of Supernatural episodes The thirteenth season of Supernatural , an American fantasy horror television series created by Eric Kripke , premiered on October 12 , 2017 , on The CW and is set to conclude on May 17 , 2018 . The season will consist of 23 episodes and air on Thursdays at 8 : 00 pm ( ET ) . This is the second season with Andrew Dabb and Robert Singer as showrunners . This season features a backdoor pilot to a possible spin - off series called Wayward Sisters , starring Kim Rhodes as Sheriff Jody Mills , Briana Buckmaster as Sheriff Donna Hanscum , Kathryn Newton as Claire Novak , Katherine Ramdeen as Alex Jones , Clark Backo as Patience Turner and Yadira Guevara - Prip as Kaia Nieves . The season also features an animated crossover episode with Scooby - Doo .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Starring 1.2 Special guest stars 1.3 Guest stars 2 Episodes 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Starring ( edit ) Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester Mark Pellegrino as Lucifer Alexander Calvert as Jack Misha Collins as Castiel Special guest stars ( edit ) Loretta Devine as Missouri Moseley Jim Beaver as Bobby Singer Felicia Day as Charlie Bradbury Guest stars ( edit ) Samantha Smith as Mary Winchester Ruth Connell as Rowena Osric Chau as Kevin Tran Kim Rhodes as Sheriff Jody Mills Briana Buckmaster as Sheriff Donna Hanscum Kathryn Newton as Claire Novak Katherine Ramdeen as Alex Jones Clark Backo as Patience Turner Yadira Guevara - Prip as Kaia Nieves Christian Keyes as Michael Keith Szarabajka as Donatello Redfield Courtney Ford as Kelly Kline Jeffrey Vincent Parise as Asmodeus Lisa Berry as Billie David Haydn - Jones as Arthur Ketch Danneel Ackles as Sister Jo / Anael Brendan Taylor as Doug Stover Richard Speight Jr. as Gabriel / Loki Chad Rook as Zachariah Erica Cerra as Dumah Amanda Tapping as Naomi Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Supernatural episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 265 `` Lost and Found '' Phil Sgriccia Andrew Dabb October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) T13. 20551 2.10 Lucifer 's son Jack seems unsure of himself and the world . Dean tries to shoot him and he knocks out both Winchesters with a sonic scream , leaving to search for his father . He ends up at a local police station and seems mostly innocent but is unsure of , and unable to control , his power .", "2": "Sam and Dean follow ; Dean insists on killing him but Sam sees Jack as just a child . While Dean explains what Jack is to a local officer , Jack explains he learned English from his mother and grew up quickly because she told him the world was dangerous ; she also said that Castiel was the father who would protect him . Three angels show up wanting to use Jack 's almost limitless power for themselves . The Winchesters banish two of them and kill the third ; Jack is stabbed in the heart in the process but is unharmed by the blade . Dean agrees to take him to the bunker , but only until they can find a way to kill him . They are on their own with Chuck not answering prayers . They give Castiel and Kelly a hunter 's funeral , also saying goodbye to Crowley and Mary whom they assume Lucifer killed . In the alternate world , Lucifer keeps Mary alive because he needs her for something . 266 `` The Rising Son '' Thomas J. Wright Eugenie Ross - Leming & Brad Buckner October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) T13. 20552 1.90 On the way back to the bunker , the Winchesters and Jack stop at a hotel and are met by Donatello the prophet . Amara ate his soul , but he has been mentally making the moral choice ever since , and he was drawn to Jack 's power . Jack reads the Bible to learn more about himself and his family . Realizing he 'll need more protection , the Winchesters try to get him warding tattoos , but he reflexively attacks the tattoo artist for hurting him and his body heals the ink away . Dean takes this as proof that Jack will turn evil , while Sam thinks it 's because he lacks control . Meanwhile , the final Prince of Hell , Asmodeus , takes charge of Hell until Lucifer returns , disguising himself as Donatello to trick Jack into freeing the Shedim -- Hell 's darkest creatures -- to be a hero . The brothers and the real Donatello appear , and when Asmodeus hurts them , a flicker of Jack 's power makes him flee . At the bunker , Dean admits to Jack that he will kill him if he turns bad .", "3": "In the alternate world , Lucifer protects Mary , intending to trade her for Jack when they get home . They meet an alternate version of Michael , who killed his world 's Lucifer . Michael is the stronger of the two , and keeps this Lucifer alive because he needs him for something . 267 `` Patience '' Robert Singer Robert Berens October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) T13. 20553 1.93 Missouri Mosley ( from Season 1 's `` Home '' ) calls the Winchesters because a wraith with a taste for psychics is about to go after her family . Dean and Jody go to protect her son James and granddaughter Patience , who is unaware she has inherited Missouri 's gift . The wraith reappears and kills Missouri , as she knew it would . James reveals he cut his mother out of his life many years ago , as he grew up fearing she would get killed and also because he could n't forgive her after his wife Tess died after becoming sick despite Missouri saying she would be fine . The wraith attacks Patience at school and later kidnaps her from home intending to feed on her slowly . In a vision , Patience sees the wraith kill her father , Jody and Dean . She warns them and Dean kills the wraith . James and Dean think Patience should live a normal life , but Jody says it is Patience 's choice and that her door is open if she needs help . Meanwhile , Sam tries to train Jack because he reminds him of his own days addicted to demon blood . Jack makes no progress , which he takes as a sign he will be evil , since his powers only work negatively . While the brothers argue over him , Jack says Castiel 's name ; Castiel hears this and wakes up in a void of nothingness . 268 `` The Big Empty '' John Badham Meredith Glynn November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) T13. 20554 1.82 A man is killed by his dead wife . Taking the case , Sam convinces Dean to let Jack join them ; also having convinced Jack to help save Mary if he can master his powers . There are no signs of a ghost or revenant .", "4": "A woman is then killed by her dead son . Both victims shared a grief therapist Mia , whom the guys question pretending to be three brothers that lost their mother . Sam and Dean get into an argument about Mary ; and Sam discovers Mia is a shapeshifter . Mia says she only helps people by pretending to be their loved ones to give closure , and the killer must be her ex boyfriend and fellow shapeshifter , Buddy . While Sam goes to Buddy 's address , Buddy actually sneaks into Mia 's office and knocks out Dean and Jack . When Mia refuses to kill them , Buddy prepares to shoot Sam when he walks into the room . Jack is able to use his powers to deflect the bullet away from Sam and throw Buddy into the wall , allowing Sam to kill him . Mia in Kelly 's form tells Jack that even monsters can do good . At the bunker Dean gives Jack some approval ; and wants Sam to keep believing Mary is alive , admitting that he no longer seems to believe in anything anymore . Meanwhile , Castiel is in The Empty , a place predating even God and Amara , where all angels and demons sleep forever after they die . Castiel is the first in eternity to wake up . The entity there takes Castiel 's form and taunts him to go back to sleep as the entity hates being awake itself . Castiel refuses , forcing the entity to send him back to Earth . 269 5 `` Advanced Thanatology '' John Showalter Steve Yockey November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) T13. 20555 1.71 Two teenagers explore an abandoned asylum and one of them is killed . The survivor , Shawn , is left unable to speak from trauma and taking a medical mask with him . The brothers take the case and Dean insists he will be fine but clearly is n't . Dean is unable to get Shawn to talk . Sam discovers the asylum 's doctor used to lobotomize his patients and the next day Shawn disappears . At the asylum Dean burns the masks destroying the doctor but the place is still haunted ; Dean kills himself to find out where the patients bodies are . Shawn was possessed to go back there through the mask and the doctor made him kill himself .", "5": "A Reaper reports that Dean is in The Veil and the new Death comes to see him : Billie . As the first Reaper to die after Dean killed the old Death she took the job , wanting information on how the hole to the other universe ripped open . She sees the Winchesters as important to the universe with work to do ; letting the ghosts move on and sending Dean back , stating his choices decide how he dies . Dean admits to Sam he needs a victory , and they are reunited with Castiel . 270 6 `` Tombstone '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Davy Perez November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) T13. 20556 1.89 After meeting Castiel , Jack finds a case in Dodge City , Kansas . Dean loves all Western scene material . A local deputy is killed and his Uncle Joe , another officer , swears revenge . Questioning the local undertaker , Athena , Sam realizes they are dealing with a ghoul , whom Dean recognizes as wearing the face of the famous outlaw Dave Mather . Dave robs a bank so Athena can afford to go to school in California , she has no idea what Dave really is . The brothers , Castiel and Jack get into a shootout with Dave ; Jack blasts him with power but accidentally kills a bank security guard , while Dave escapes . Castiel can not heal the guard . As the others take Jack back , Dean and Joe investigate the local graveyard where Dave has captured Athena . Dean distracts him so Joe can shoot his head off . Dean has Joe blame the guard 's death on Dave . At the bunker , despite the other three saying it was a mistake , a withdrawn Jack believes he is a monster and will end up hurting the others so he must leave ; knocking them back and teleporting away . 271 7 `` War of the Worlds '' Richard Speight , Jr . Eugenie Ross - Leming & Brad Buckner November 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 23 ) T13. 20557 1.24 Castiel informs Sam and Dean that he has a meeting with an angel about Jack but says he needs to go alone .", "6": "Asmodeus is unable to sense Jack , and is told that the Winchesters no longer have him . In the alternate world , Michael takes most of Lucifer 's grace , using his Kevin Tran to create a portal for Lucifer 's earth . Instead , Lucifer escapes and the portal closes . Lucifer arrives back in the correct time , but is greatly weakened . Meanwhile the brothers notice witches being killed . Talking to a survivor , they discover the killer is searching for Rowena and looks like Arthur Ketch . Capturing him , he claims to be Arthur 's twin brother , Alexander , who turned his back on the British Men of Letters . Sam finds records of Alexander but Dean is skeptical . Castiel meets with the angel Dumah and is told the angels ' population is very low and they intend to force Jack to create more angels when they find him . The angels try to capture Castiel , but Lucifer is able to scare them off . He tries to convince Castiel about the urgent threat of the other Michael , saying they need Jack 's power , and he decides not to tell the Winchesters . Asmodeus then appears , deciding he is the ruler of hell , capturing them both . Tracking Castiel , the brothers are attacked by demons but are helped by Alexander ; who finally admits he is Arthur . He tells them Rowena gave him a spell to cheat death in exchange for allowing her to escape after being captured by the British Men of Letters some years back , but it needs a recharge so he must find her , insinuating she survived . Dean attacks but Arthur escapes . Asmodeus locks up Lucifer and Castiel and tricks the Winchesters into thinking everything is fine ; having worked with Arthur all along . 272 8 `` The Scorpion and the Frog '' Robert Singer Meredith Glynn November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) T13. 20558 1.73 After stealing a Nephilim tracking spell from a British museum , the Crossroad Demon Barthamus offers to trade it to the Winchesters to find Jack . In exchange , Barthamus requests the Winchesters aid his minions Smash and Grab in stealing a trunk from a man named Luther Shrike .", "7": "Luther has Barthamus ' trunk in a vault that only Dean can open due to his previous time in Hell . The Winchesters reluctantly agree to the deal and perform a raid on Luther 's property . During the raid , Luther realizes the truth and kills Grab , a demon , before being captured by the Winchesters . With the help of Smash , who is a girl named Alice who once made a deal with Barthamus and is now forced to work for him , the Winchesters are able to retrieve the trunk . To their shock , the Winchesters learn that Luther is a man who once made a deal with Barthamus to save his son only to be double - crossed . The trunk contains Barthamus ' human bones , leverage with which Luther can force Barthamus to leave him alone . Barthamus kills Luther , but the Winchesters reject his deal due to Barthamus ' actions . Alice kills Barthamus by burning his bones , but the spell is destroyed with him . Despite this , the Winchesters are content with how things turned out as they managed to free Alice from her deal to live a normal life and stopped Barthamus . 273 9 `` The Bad Place '' Phil Sgriccia Robert Berens December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) T13. 20559 1.74 Jack approaches a dreamwalker named Derek Swan in order to look into the alternate reality where Mary Winchester and Lucifer were trapped . Shortly afterwards , the Winchesters learn from Sheriff Jody Mills that Derek is dead and Jack is apparently responsible . The Winchesters track down Jack shortly after he helps dreamwalker Kaia Nieves escape from a drug rehabilitation facility . Jack is revealed to be innocent in Derek 's death . He reveals that he has been attempting to rescue Mary from the alternate reality , but he needs a dreamwalker in order to see the world so that he can open a portal . The Winchesters and Jack rescue Kaia from angels looking for Jack to help them repopulate their species and Dean holds Kaia at gunpoint , forcing her to help them rescue Mary . Under attack by angels , Kaia and Jack combine their powers to open a portal , disintegrating the angels at the same time .", "8": "Due to Kaia 's visions of another reality populated by monsters that she calls the Bad Place , the Winchesters end up in the Bad Place instead while Kaia is deposited on the side of the road and Jack finds Mary . At the same time , Patience Turner has visions of the Winchesters and Jody Mills in great danger . Against her father 's wishes , Patience leaves to help and warns Jody that something terrible is coming . 274 10 `` Wayward Sisters '' Phil Sgriccia Robert Berens & Andrew Dabb January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) T13. 20560 1.85 After completing a werewolf hunt , Claire Novak gets a call from Jody Mills that the Winchesters are missing and returns to Sioux Falls . At the same time , the Winchesters remain trapped in the Bad Place where they are ambushed by a hooded figure that apparently intends to feed them to a giant monster . Working together , Jody , Alex and Claire attempt to locate and rescue the Winchesters . They are joined by Patience Turner who warns of a vision where Claire dies . The group locates dreamwalker Kaia Nieves , but come under attack by monsters from the Bad Place , making them realize that the rift to the Bad Place is still open . With the help of Kaia and Sheriff Donna Hanscum , Jody 's family locates the rift . As Claire and Kaia travel to the Bad Place to rescue the Winchesters , Jody , Alex , Patience and Donna work together to kill several attacking monsters . Claire and Kaia succeed in rescuing the Winchesters before the rift closes , but Kaia is killed by the hooded figure , the true unexpected outcome of Patience 's vision . In the aftermath , Sam warns Jody that more monsters may have made it through the rift in the time that it was open and Claire mourns Kaia 's death . As Claire sits down to eat dinner with her family and swears revenge on Kaia 's killer , another rift opens and the hooded figure emerges . The hooded figure is revealed to be an alternate reality version of Kaia .", "9": "275 11 `` Breakdown '' Amyn Kaderali Davy Perez January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) T13. 20561 1.93 In Oshkosh , Nebraska , Donna Hanscum 's niece Wendy is kidnapped . Desperate , Donna contacts the Winchesters for help despite the fact that it appears that they are dealing with a human villain rather than a monster . The Winchesters agree to help Donna and team up with Donna , her boyfriend Officer Doug Stover and Agent Clegg of the FBI . Clegg identifies the villain as the Butterfly , a serial abductor operating in the area for the past twelve years . With the help of a trucker , Dean identifies a gas station clerk Marlon as a participant in the abduction . Marlon reveals that the kidnapped victims are butchered and their parts sold online to monsters by the Butterfly . Clegg is revealed to be the Butterfly and kidnaps Sam in order to sell off his parts to monsters . Marlon is revealed to be a vampire and turns Doug into one as well . Dean and Donna are able to use Marlon 's blood to cure Doug and force Marlon to give up Clegg 's location before killing him . Donna rescues Wendy and kills Clegg 's accomplice while Dean kills Clegg in time to save Sam 's life . In the aftermath , Doug is terrified by the discovery of the world of monsters and breaks up with Donna . Sam displays a bleak outlook on life , believing that the Winchesters and anyone they get close to will suffer a terrible end . 276 12 `` Various & Sundry Villains '' Amanda Tapping Steve Yockey February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) T13. 20562 1.68 Dean falls under a love spell cast by Jaime Plum , a witch working with her sister Jennie to steal the Black Grimoire , the spell book the Winchesters took from the Loughlin Family . Though the Plums succeed in stealing the book , Rowena unexpectedly shows up to help despite having been believed dead for months .", "10": "Rowena reveals that she was resurrected again by the precautionary spell she put in place , but took a very long time to recover from her death . Rowena is seeking the Black Grimoire as it contains a ritual that will allow her to remove the magical binding placed upon her by the Grand Coven and regain her full powers . Privately , Rowena admits to Sam that she saw Lucifer 's true face and she is terrified of his inevitable return . After stealing the Black Grimorie , the Plums attempt to use it to resurrect their deceased mother , but only succeed in bringing her back as a zombie . Together the Winchesters and Rowena defeat the Plums and recover the Black Grimoire . Though the Winchesters keep the book , a sympathetic Sam allows Rowena to take the page with the ritual she needs and Rowena is able to restore her full powers . At the same time , Castiel and Lucifer form an alliance to escape Asmodeus ' custody . Though they succeed , Castiel refuses to trust Lucifer or give up some of his grace to him . Castiel attacks Lucifer with an angel blade , causing him harm in his weakened state . 277 13 `` Devil 's Bargain '' Eduardo Sánchez Eugenie Ross - Leming & Brad Buckner February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) T13. 20563 1.81 Following his confrontation with Lucifer , a wounded Castiel makes his way back to the Winchesters and informs them of everything that has happened including Lucifer 's return . The Winchesters realize that the demon tablet could potentially contain the spell the alternate Kevin Tran used to reopen the rift and set Prophet Donatello Redfield to work on translating it . Learning of Donatello 's work , Asmodeus places Donatello under his control with an order to let him know once the spell is translated . With Lucifer becoming more human , he begins draining other angels ' graces in an effort to restore his own . Along the way , Lucifer meets the angel Anael , disguised as a faith healer named Sister Jo . Lucifer and Anael form a connection while the Winchesters and Arthur Ketch , working for Asmodeus , hunt for Lucifer . Lucifer and Anael are able to avoid an attempt to kill them by Arthur .", "11": "Lucifer , with a promise to help make new angels and to restore the living angels wings , becomes the ruler of Heaven again with Anael at his side . Following Lucifer 's escape , Arthur proposes an alliance between himself and the Winchesters to defeat Lucifer and Michael 's upcoming invasion , revealing his work for Asmodeus in the process . The Winchesters reluctantly concede that they need Arthur for now and are unaware of Donatello being under the control of Asmodeus as he translates the spell . When Arthur reports his failure to Asmodeus , Asmodeus reveals that he has acquired an Archangel Blade , the one weapon that can kill Lucifer . As well , Asmodeus has prisoner the Archangel Gabriel who has been believed dead for nearly eight years . 278 14 `` Good Intentions '' P.J. Pesce Meredith Glynn March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) T13. 20564 1.61 While reading the demon tablet , Prophet Donatello Redfield , due to his soulless state , becomes corrupted by its power . As a result , he gives the Winchesters and Castiel what he claims is the ingredients before attacking Sam who manages to subdue him . Donatello sends Dean and Castiel after Gog and Magog in an attempt to kill them , but the attempt fails . With Donatello refusing to help , Castiel forcefully strips the information from his mind , leaving Donatello brain dead . Castiel justifies that they are fighting a war for their very survival and reveals that they need the grace of an archangel , a fruit from the Tree of Life , the seal of Solomon and the blood of a most holy man . In the Apocalypse World , Zachariah ( Chad Rook ) tries and fails to trick Jack into helping the angels . Working together , Jack and Mary escape Michael 's fortress and are taken by Bobby Singer ( Jim Beaver ) to one of the few human colonies left . Bobby reveals to Mary the history of Apocalypse World and the war of extermination the angels are waging , causing Mary to realize that her own alternate self created this world by not making the deal with Azazel and having Sam and Dean .", "12": "Jack is ordered exiled once his true nature is discovered , but Zachariah leads an attack on the colony before he can leave . Jack kills Zachariah and helps repel the attack on the colony , earning him acceptance . Having grown to care for the humans of Apocalypse World , Jack decides to kill Michael in order to end his war of extermination and save what 's left of the human race . 279 15 `` A Most Holy Man '' Amanda Tapping Andrew Dabb & Robert Singer March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) T13. 20565 1.66 The Winchesters realize that the blood of a most holy man likely refers to a saint and set out to find someone who has saint blood . Through a black market dealer named Margaret Astor , the Winchesters are directed to a man named Richard Greenstreet who claims to have saint 's blood . Greenstreet offers to give the Winchesters the blood of Saint Ignatius if they get him the skull of Saint Peter which has recently been stolen from a monastery in Malta by a man working for Seattle mob boss Santino Scarpatti . After discovering the thief murdered , the Winchesters are apprehended by Scarpatti 's henchmen and Scarpatti offers a deal where he will pay them a handsome finder 's fee that they can buy the blood with if they get him the skull . Complicating matters , the Winchesters meet Father Luca Camilleri , a priest from Malta seeking the skull for altruistic reasons . The Winchesters choose to help Luca and discover that Margaret Astor had murdered the thief to auction the skull off to everyone interested . Sam joins the auction , but Greenstreet instigates a gunfight that kills Margaret , Scarpatti and their henchmen . During the fight , Luca saves Dean 's life and the Winchesters learn that Greenstreet lied about having the saint 's blood . Greenstreet is arrested while Luca returns home with the skull . Before Luca leaves , Sam learns that he is an apostolic protonotary supernumery , a title given by the Pope for doing good works . As a result , Luca was declared `` a most holy man '' by the Pope and at the Winchesters ' request , gives them his blood .", "13": "Afterwards , Dean displays faith for the first time that they will succeed . 280 16 `` Scoobynatural '' Robert Singer Jim Krieg & Jeremy Adams March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) T13. 20566 2.03 After stopping a plushie that comes to life in a pawn shop and attacks , the grateful owner gives Dean a new TV for free . While testing out the TV , the Winchesters are sucked into Dean 's favorite episode of Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! followed soon after by Castiel . To the group 's shock , they discover an actual ghost that begins killing people and the Winchesters and the Scooby Gang are forced to team up together to stop it . Working together , the Winchesters and the Scooby Gang trap the ghost who reveals himself to be a young boy who a greedy real estate developer in the real world is using to scare away reluctant shop owners . The ghost helps the Winchesters and Castiel fool the Scooby Gang into thinking that it was a human villain before returning the Winchesters and Castiel to the real world . There , the three put the ghost to rest and get the criminal arrested for tax evasion . Before getting sucked into Scooby - Doo , Castiel is shown to have gotten the fruit from the Tree of Life , bringing the Winchesters one step closer to their goal of opening a portal to Apocalypse World . This episode is a crossover with Scooby - Doo . 281 17 `` The Thing '' John Showalter Davy Perez April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) T13. 20567 1.41 Having gotten two of the needed ingredients to open a portal to Apocalypse World , the Winchesters search through the Men of Letters archive for clues on the Seal of Solomon . Finally , Dean discovers records showing that the Men of Letters found King Solomon 's treasure in Israel in 1917 , including the Seal , and stored it in their Portsmouth , Rhode Island chapter house . The Winchesters are able to locate the chapter house and find a young woman inside named Sandy Porter that has been trapped since 1925 and has n't aged at all .", "14": "Following an attack by a mysterious group , Sam learns that in 1925 , a rogue Man of Letters named Diego Avila opened a rift into another dimension and brought forth the god Yokoth to cleanse the Earth . Sandy is in fact Yokoth who intends to bring her mate to Earth in Dean 's body while the group that attacked are Men of Letters legacies who have been keeping Yokoth trapped . With the help of Diego 's great - grandchildren , the Winchesters banish Yokoth back to her dimension and get the Seal of Solomon . At the same time , Arthur Ketch discovers Asmodeus using Gabriel 's grace to power up . Asmodeus recognizes that Arthur seeks redemption and brutally beats him . In retaliation , Arthur rescues Gabriel and steals the archangel blade , bringing both to the Winchesters . Now having all the ingredients they need , the Winchesters open a door to Apocalypse World that will last twenty - four hours and Dean and Arthur pass through to finally rescue Jack and Mary . 282 18 `` Bring ' em Back Alive '' Amyn Kaderali Brad Buckner & Eugenie Ross - Leming April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) T13. 20568 1.53 In Apocalypse World , Dean reluctantly works with Arthur Ketch to find Mary and Jack . To Dean 's shock , he witnesses a group of angels holding the alternate reality version of his old friend Charlie Bradbury captive . Against Arthur 's wishes , Dean launches a rescue mission for Charlie . Dean reveals that he still holds guilt over his Charlie 's murder and Arthur agrees to help him . Together , the two men liberate Charlie who reveals that Mary and Jack are leading a resistance against Michael . Out of time before the rift closes , Dean returns to his Earth while Arthur remains behind in Apocalypse World to aid the resistance and coordinate for Dean 's inevitable return with reinforcements . At the same time , Sam and Castiel attempt to help Gabriel , learning that he faked his death when Lucifer `` killed '' him in order to escape all responsibility again . Asmodeus eventually locates Gabriel and leads an attack on the bunker to recapture him . However , Gabriel recovers and kills Asmodeus .", "15": "Gabriel chooses to abscond from his responsibility once again and departs , leaving the Winchesters without Gabriel 's power to fight Michael or his grace to reopen the door to Apocalypse World . At the same time , Lucifer struggles in his new role as the ruler of Heaven , ultimately alienating Anael with his behavior . 283 19 `` Funeralia '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Steve Yockey April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) T13. 20569 1.38 In an effort to find Gabriel , Castiel visits Heaven to gain the help of the angels . To Castiel 's shock , he is greeted by Naomi who has been believed dead since the fall of the angels nearly five years earlier . Naomi reveals she survived , but her injuries were such that she faked her death and has required years to recover . With Heaven experiencing power fluctuations , Naomi explains that there are now less than a dozen angels left , Naomi and Castiel included . Heaven will soon crumble and release its souls upon the Earth while the angels will burn out if Gabriel , their only chance , is not found and brought back to Heaven . After Castiel leaves , Naomi seals the portal until the situation is resolved . At the same time , the Winchesters learn that Rowena is using her new powers to kill both humans and Reapers and alter fate . Rowena is revealed to be trying to force Billie to bring back Crowley due to her remorse over the life he was forced to lead when she abandoned him . Rowena proves unable to kill Sam and weakens her power in a futile attack on Billie who offers sympathy , but wo n't bring Crowley back . The Winchesters become convinced that Rowena may be able to find redemption for her actions and she agrees to join them . Its also revealed that when Rowena permanently dies , Sam will be the one to kill her as dictated by fate . 284 20 `` Unfinished Business '' Richard Speight , Jr . Meredith Glynn April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) T13.", "16": "20570 TBD In Apocalypse World , Mary and Jack 's resistance has had a string of victories against Michael and his angels , causing Jack to become overconfident in his abilities . The two receive the unexpected news that Michael 's fortress has been cleared out and while searching it with a few resistance fighters , discover Kevin Tran in the dungeon . Kevin reveals that he has perfected the spell from the angel tablet to open the rift between the worlds and Michael is preparing to use it to lead an army to the Winchesters world . Kevin reveals that he has been left behind as a trap by Michael and kills himself in an explosion that kills all but Jack and Mary , leaving Jack dispirited as Michael wanted . At the same time , Gabriel is seriously injured while killing the Norse god Fenrir . Gabriel , low on power , asks the Winchesters for help with getting revenge against Loki who , along with his sons Fenrir , Narfi and Sleipnir , had sold Gabriel to Asmodeus when Gabriel sought their help . With the help of the Winchesters , Gabriel kills Narfi and Sleipnir before facing off with Loki who is revealed to have made a deal with Gabriel for Gabriel to assume his identity in exchange for Gabriel leaving Loki 's family out of the angels ' conflict . Loki is furious because Lucifer killed Odin years earlier and he blames Gabriel for the death of his father . Gabriel kills Loki and agrees to help the Winchesters against Michael . While the Winchesters only have to wait for Gabriel 's grace to recharge to open the portal again , Dean is revealed to have been overprotecting Sam out of fear of losing him again , causing Sam to confront Dean .", "17": "285 21 `` Beat the Devil '' Phil Sgriccia Robert Berens May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) TBA TBD 286 22 `` Exodus '' Thomas J. Wright Eugenie Ross - Leming & Brad Buckner May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) TBA TBD 287 23 `` Let the Good Times Roll '' Robert Singer Andrew Dabb May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) TBA TBD Production ( edit ) Supernatural was renewed for a thirteenth season by The CW on January 8 , 2017 . This season is the first season not to feature Mark Sheppard as Crowley since his introduction in season 5 , as the actor announced in May 2017 he would not be returning after his character was killed off for the last time . Alexander Calvert , who was introduced as Jack in the twelfth season finale , was promoted to series regular for this season . Reception ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100 % approval rating for Supernatural 's thirteenth season , with an average rating of 7.87 / 10 based on 6 reviews . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Lost and Found '' October 12 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.10 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` The Rising Son '' October 19 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.90 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Patience '' October 26 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.93 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` The Big Empty '' November 2 , 2017 0.", "18": "6 / 2 1.82 0.5 N / A 1.1 N / A 5 `` Advanced Thanatology '' November 9 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.71 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Tombstone '' November 16 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.89 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` War of the Worlds '' November 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 1.24 0.5 1.21 0.8 2.45 8 `` The Scorpion and the Frog '' November 30 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.73 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` The Bad Place '' December 7 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.74 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Wayward Sisters '' January 18 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.85 0.4 N / A 1.0 N / A 11 `` Breakdown '' January 25 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.93 0.5 1.10 1.1 3.03 12 `` Various & Sundry Villains '' February 1 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.68 0.4 0.94 1.0 2.62 13 `` Devil 's Bargain '' February 8 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.81 0.4 1.08 1.0 2.89 14 `` Good Intentions '' March 1 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.", "19": "61 N / A 0.97 N / A 2.59 15 `` A Most Holy Man '' March 8 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.66 0.4 1.05 0.9 2.73 16 `` Scoobynatural '' March 29 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.03 0.6 1.32 1.3 3.36 17 `` The Thing '' April 5 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.41 TBD TBD TBD TBD 18 `` Bring ' em Back Alive '' April 12 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.53 TBD TBD TBD TBD 19 `` Funeralia '' April 19 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.38 TBD TBD TBD TBD 20 `` Unfinished Business '' April 26 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 21 `` Beat the Devil '' May 3 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 22 `` Exodus '' May 10 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 23 `` Let the Good Times Roll '' May 17 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Catch The CW 's Season Finales This April and May ! '' . The Futon Critic . March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Gelman , Vlada ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Supernatural Names New Showrunners as Jeremy Carver Moves to Frequency '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 23 , 2017 ) .", "20": "`` Wayward Sisters : Spinoff Adds Supernatural Trio And Newcomer To Cast '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Supernatural Spin - off casts Yadira Guevara - Prip as Kaia '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Supernatural Meets Scooby - Doo ? Jinkies , It 's Happening ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jim Beaver ( @ jumblejim ) ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` In 48 hours , I 'll be back in Vancouver loading angel - blade bullets ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on ' The Originals ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Supernatural ' and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' Casts Danneel Ackles in Recurring Role ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .", "21": "Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Primetime NFL adjusts up on Thanksgiving : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) .", "22": "`` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Fire ' adjust up , ' SWAT ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjust up , ' Mom , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' SWAT , ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 .", "23": "Jump up ^ `` ( # 1321 ) `` Beat the Devil '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1322 ) `` Exodus '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1323 ) `` Let the Good Times Roll '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews Supernatural , DC Superhero Shows '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Supernatural Season 13 : Mark Sheppard Not Returning as a Series Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Supernatural Promotes Lucifer 's Son to Series Regular Ahead of Season 13 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supernatural : Season 13 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) .", "24": "`` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Supernatural at epguides.com List of Supernatural episodes on IMDb List of Supernatural season 13 episodes at TV.com ( hide ) Supernatural Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Devil 's Trap '' Season 2 `` What Is and What Should Never Be '' `` All Hell Breaks Loose '' Season 3 `` Fresh Blood '' `` A Very Supernatural Christmas '' `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' `` No Rest for the Wicked '' Season 4 `` Lazarus Rising '' Season 5 `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Good God , Y'All ! ''", "25": "`` Swan Song '' Season 6 `` Exile on Main St . '' Season 7 `` Meet the New Boss '' `` Hello , Cruel World '' Season 8 `` Sacrifice '' Season 9 Season 10 `` Black '' `` Reichenbach '' `` Soul Survivor '' `` Brother 's Keeper '' Season 11 `` Out of the Darkness , Into the Fire '' `` Form and Void '' `` The Bad Seed '' `` Baby '' `` Thin Lizzie '' `` Our Little World '' `` O Brother Where Art Thou ? '' `` The Devil in the Details '' `` Beyond the Mat '' `` Safe House '' `` Hell 's Angel '' `` Do n't Call Me Shurley '' `` All in the Family '' `` We Happy Few '' `` Alpha and Omega '' Season 12 `` Keep Calm and Carry On '' `` Mamma Mia '' `` The Foundry '' `` American Nightmare '' `` The One You 've Been Waiting For '' `` Celebrating the Life of Asa Fox '' `` Rock Never Dies '' `` LOTUS '' `` First Blood '' `` Lily Sunder Has Some Regrets '' Season 13 `` Scoobynatural '' Characters Main Sam Winchester Dean Winchester Ruby Bela Talbot Castiel Crowley Lucifer Supporting John Winchester Bobby Singer Jo Harvelle Ellen Harvelle Anna Milton Jody Mills Antagonists Azazel Meg Masters Lilith Uriel Alastair Zachariah Other Awards and nominations Supernatural Wiki Supernatural : Bloodlines Wikipedia books : Supernatural Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supernatural_(season_13)&oldid=838525805 '' Categories : Supernatural ( U.S.", "26": "TV series ) seasons 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 15 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7296166998534064378	who played the middle sister on full house	[ "Jodie Sweetin", "Jodie Sweetin", "Jodie Sweetin", "Jodie Sweetin", "Jodie Sweetin" ]	{ "0": "List of Full House and Fuller House characters - wikipedia List of Full House and Fuller House characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main cast in season seven This is a list of the characters from the American television sitcom Full House and its sequel series Fuller House . The former ran for eight seasons on ABC from September 22 , 1987 to May 23 , 1995 . Fuller House followed 21 years later , airing on Netflix beginning February 26 , 2016 . The first nine episodes of the third season were released on September 22 , 2017 , and the back nine was released on December 22 , 2017 .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Jesse Katsopolis 1.2 Danny Tanner 1.3 Joey Gladstone 1.4 D.J. Tanner 1.5 Stephanie Tanner 1.6 Michelle Tanner 1.7 Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis 1.8 Kimmy Gibbler 1.9 Steve Hale 1.10 Nicky and Alex Katsopolis 1.11 Jackson Fuller 1.12 Max Fuller 1.13 Ramona Gibbler 1.14 Tommy Fuller 1.15 Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero 1.16 Matt Harmon 1.17 Lola Wong 1.18 Jimmy Gibbler 2 Recurring characters 3 Other characters 4 Guest stars 5 References Main characters Character Actor Full House seasons Fuller House seasons 5 6 7 8 Jesse Katsopolis John Stamos Main Recurring Danny Tanner Bob Saget Main Guest Recurring Joey Gladstone Dave Coulier Main Recurring D.J.", "2": "Tanner Candace Cameron Bure Main Stephanie Tanner Jodie Sweetin Main Michelle Tanner Mary - Kate & Ashley Olsen Recurring Main Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis Lori Loughlin Recurring Main Recurring Kimmy Gibbler Andrea Barber Recurring Main Steve Hale Scott Weinger Guest Main Guest Recurring Main Nicky and Alex Katsopolis Blake and Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit Recurring Main Guest Jackson Fuller Michael Campion Main Max Fuller Elias Harger Main Ramona Gibbler Soni Nicole Bringas Main Tommy Fuller Dashiell & Fox Messitt Main Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero Juan Pablo Di Pace Recurring Main Matt Harmon John Brotherton Recurring Main Lola Wong Ashley Liao Recurring Main Guest Jimmy Gibbler Adam Hagenbuch Recurring Main Note Jump up ^ `` Jesse Cochran '' during season one Jump up ^ Daniel and Kevin Renteria ( as babies ) ^ Note 1 : Scott Weinger , John Brotherton , Ashley Liao and Adam Hagenbuch are credited after the opening credits and only for the episodes in which they appear . ^ Note 2 : Scott Weinger is credited as a Special Guest Star in the sixth episode of season two but as starring in all of his other appearances . Jesse Katsopolis Jesse Katsopolis ( portrayed by John Stamos ; the character 's last name in season one was Cochran , but was changed reportedly due to John Stamos wanting his character to better reflect his Greek heritage ) is Danny 's brother - in - law , Pam 's younger brother , husband of Rebecca Donaldson and father of twin sons Nicky and Alex . Born Hermes Katsopolis ( as revealed in the season five episode `` The Legend of Ranger Joe '' ) , he was named after his great - grandfather , who in turn is named after the Greek god of swiftness .", "3": "However , he did not like his birth name , as other kids teased him for it ; so when he was in kindergarten , he begged his parents to have his name changed to Jesse , thinking that one had to have a `` cool name '' to be in the in - crowd . As an adult , he was more confident with his true name , telling the girls about the Greek god of speed , and how his great - grandfather saved a village from a volcano , but still goes by Jesse . In contrast with Danny , Jesse is portrayed as being irresponsible most of the time , but occasionally serves as a responsible adult when a responsible adult is needed ( such as when he discovers Stephanie 's classmate is a child abuse victim in the season 6 episode `` Silence is Not Golden '' ) . Jesse is revealed as a high school dropout in season six 's `` Educating Jesse '' , though in an earlier plot ( in season four 's `` One Last Kiss '' ) about a high school reunion , he mentions not wearing his cap to his graduation because he did not want to mess up his hair . Jesse 's obsession with his hair becomes a major trait of his throughout the series , as well as his obsession with Elvis Presley . His obsession with the former is fully established in the season two premiere `` Cutting it Close '' , which focuses on Jesse 's tough time coping when Stephanie accidentally cuts off a hunk of his mullet , which leads to him getting into a motorcycle accident that lands him in a full arm cast ; later episodes reveal that he has a special comb called Mr. Goodpart ( which gets damaged in a melee to purchase a Mighty Mutant Super Kids Super Fortress for Michelle in season eight 's `` I 've Got a Secret '' ) and that he gives pep talks to his hair ( as revealed in season seven 's `` Wrong - Way Tanner '' ) . Jesse first moves into the house with virtually no experience in taking care of young children or babies , but starts to learn the ropes along the way . He becomes closer to all of his nieces over the course of the series , especially Michelle , whom he affectionately nicknames `` munchkin '' and `` shorty '' , among others . In the first season , Jesse works for his father Nick 's exterminating business before leaving to pursue work in advertising , frequently working with Joey .", "4": "He later works with Joey as co-hosts of an afternoon drive time show on local radio station KFLH called The Rush Hour Renegades . Further along in the series , in season seven 's `` Smash Club : The Next Generation '' , Jesse becomes the new owner of The Smash Club . Although he was shown to be a sports fan as well as a good athlete in the earlier seasons , it is revealed in later seasons that Jesse hated all sports ( especially basketball , as revealed in `` Air Jesse '' from season eight ) and was not very athletic . Jesse 's main passion is music , and struggles to `` hit it big '' with his band , Jesse and the Rippers ( in the earlier part of the series ) . However , his increasing responsibilities to his family , radio job , and as owner of a club , lead his band members to kick him out of the band ( in the season eight premiere `` Comet 's Excellent Adventure '' ) ; in `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' , he briefly decides to quit being a musician until he has a nightmare in which he appears on Downbeat ( a Behind the Music - style show - within - a-dream - sequence ) has him dream that his family hates him , Rebecca has divorced him ( and moved on with Joey ) and Jesse himself was a mechanic , as well as overweight and balding ( because of a scalp infection ) , with Kimmy Gibbler ( dressed in the attire of the Married ... with Children character Peggy Bundy ) as a wife . Two episodes later in `` To Joey , With Love , '' he subsequently starts a new band called Hot Daddy and the Monkey Puppets . In Fuller House Jesse , Becky , and Danny all move to Los Angeles . Jesse becomes the music composer for General Hospital while Becky and Danny start a new nationally syndicated talk show called , Wake Up USA . In the season two finale , Jesse and Becky adopt a baby girl whom they name Pamela after his sister . Somewhere along the line Jesse became a stay at home dad . When Becky and Danny get fired from Wake Up USA , they try to get their old jobs back but the station only wanted her back to co-host an all women 's talk show . Jesse , Becky and Pamela are all moving back to San Francisco , and he also bought back the Smash Club ( which is now a laundromat mat ) along with Joey .", "5": "Danny Tanner Daniel Ernest `` Danny '' Tanner ( portrayed by Bob Saget , John Posey in the unaired pilot ) is left with three young daughters to raise after his wife , Pam , dies in a car accident caused by a drunk driver . At the beginning of the series , he works as a sportscaster for Channel 8 News . In the season two episode `` Tanner vs. Gibbler '' , he is chosen by his station 's general manager Mr. Strowbridge to be the co-host for the station 's new morning talk show , Wake Up , San Francisco , alongside Rebecca Donaldson . In season one 's `` The Big Three - O , '' Danny 's beloved car , `` Bullet , '' is severely damaged after another driver rear - ends the vehicle , leading it roll out of park and become submerged in the San Francisco Bay as Jesse and Joey shop for new seat covers for the car to surprise Danny with as a present for his 30th birthday ; Jesse and Joey end up bidding for a new car that is identical in appearance , unknowingly competing with Danny , who purchases the car ( and later named it `` Walter '' ) after he calls the car dealership that Jesse and Joey are and places a bid over the phone . Danny goes on his first date since his wife 's death in the season one episode `` Sea Cruise , '' as part of a fishing trip that was intended to only include himself , Jesse and Joey ; he is seen going out on dates on select occasions throughout the series . While Rebecca goes on maternity leave in season five just before giving birth to his nephews Nicky and Alex , Danny ends up falling in love with her co-host replacement , Vicky Larson . The two of them begin dating in season five 's `` Easy Rider , '' becoming Danny 's most serious relationship since he became a widower , and the two later become engaged in the season six finale `` The House Meets the Mouse '' . However , their relationship turned into a long - distance situation as Vicky was assigned various reporting jobs away from San Francisco .", "6": "In season seven 's `` The Perfect Couple , '' Vicky ended up getting her dream job of anchoring the network news in New York City , but a long - distance relationship did not work for either of them , so Danny decides to break up with her ; this leads him to a mass feng shui habit in the following episode , `` Is It True About Stephanie ? , '' to which his family acknowledges was his way of trying to cope with his breakup . Danny eventually meets fellow single parent Claire Mahan in season eight episode `` Making Out Is Hard to Do , '' and go on a date in the episode `` Claire and Present Danger . '' Although he is not established with this trait early on ( season one 's `` The Return of Grandma '' depicts him as begrudgingly trying to clean the messy house with Jesse and Joey after their mothers threaten to move in if they can not keep the place clean ) , much of the humor surrounding Danny 's character comes from his obsession with cleaning and cleanliness . Danny can often be found cleaning for cleaning 's sake , sometimes even cleaning his cleaning products ( in a version of the original season three opening titles , seen during episodes in which Lori Loughlin does not appear as Rebecca Donaldson , Danny is even shown to be cleaning his floor vacuum with a handheld vacuum ) . He says the family motto is `` clean is good , dirt is bad '' . Danny views spring cleaning as his equivalent to Christmas and home movies as his New Year 's Eve ( as revealed in the season two episode `` Goodbye , Mr. Bear '' ) . His quirkiness and generally `` unhip dad '' personality are also targets for humor . He is a skilled pool , dart player and guitarist ( as respectively revealed in season four 's , `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun , '' and season eight 's , `` To Joey , with Love '' ) . Like most other characters , he generally can not stand Kimmy Gibbler , considering her as `` an annoying , obnoxious nuisance '' ; at times , urging D.J. to make new friends whenever Kimmy does something that irritates him . Danny also has one brother and one sister , and his parents are divorced .", "7": "Unlike his brother - in - law Jesse ( who is more into rock - and - roll ) , Danny has a taste for 1970s Disco music ; one of his favorite songs is `` Play That Funky Music '' by Wild Cherry . In the first episode of Fuller House , Danny and Becky relocate to Los Angeles for their new talk show , Wake Up USA , and it is revealed that Danny got remarried to a woman named Teri . During the second season Danny goes through a little bit of a mid-life crisis since he just turned 60 . In season three Danny reveals that him and Teri got divorced . Danny and Becky asked for raises on their show but since they asked for too much they are fired and replaced by Mario Lopez . After feeling sorry for themselves they go back to Wake Up San Francisco to ask for their old jobs back but the station only wants Becky back . To cheer him up , the girls somehow tracked down Vicky and surprised him with her . He invites her to the 30th `` Dadiversary '' party the girls threw for him , Jesse and Joey . Since Becky , Jesse and Joey are all moving back to San Francisco , Danny announces he 's moving back too , and back into the house . Joey Gladstone Joseph Alvin `` Joey '' Gladstone ( portrayed by Dave Coulier ) is the childhood best friend of Danny Tanner , and adulthood best friend of Jesse Katsopolis . Joey moved in with Danny shortly after the death of Danny 's wife , Pam , to help raise D.J. , Stephanie , and Michelle . Joey works as a stand - up comedian , whose act usually includes vocal imitations of cartoon characters such as Popeye , Bullwinkle J. Moose , Pepé Le Pew and others . Joey initially slept in the alcove of Danny 's living room . However , after complaining of not being able to find privacy , Danny reconstructs his basement garage into a bedroom for him in the season one episode `` Joey 's Place '' ( prior to the reveal , Joey contemplates moving out after the family 's behavior makes him believe that Jesse and Danny can handle taking care of the girls and that he is not needed ) .", "8": "Joey nearly quits comedy in the season one episode `` But Seriously , Folks , '' after Phyllis Diller ( who was there as an audience member ) hogs his slot at a comedy club , deciding to change his name to Joe and become a serious businessman . He reverses his decision after D.J. decides to quit practicing the guitar , realizing that he is not setting a good example . Although there was some tension between Joey and Jesse when they first move in with the Tanners , they quickly become good friends to the point where Jesse asks Joey to be his best man at his wedding . Even so , Joey 's perceived immaturity does irritate Jesse at times . Joey usually handles the day - to - day raising of the kids by doing chores like making meals , driving the kids to school appointments , and after school activities , taking care of Michelle as a baby , and helping the kids with their homework . Joey also buys D.J. her first car for her 16th birthday in the season six episode `` Grand Gift Auto , '' which ends up getting repossessed after the police discover that the car had been stolen ; Joey nearly moves out again after the family 's attempts to try illustrate that Joey is not capable of committing a crime make him believe that the rest of the family thinks of him as a big joke . It is in this episode that Joey reveals that he had wished to have siblings as he grew up as an only child ( even imaging that he was part of The Brady Bunch ) , and that being part of the Tanner family gave him the extended family he always wanted . In season four 's `` Viva Las Joey , '' Joey is reunited with his estranged father ( at the arrangement of Stephanie and D.J. ) , a former serviceman in the Armed Forces , with whom Joey did not get along with growing up due to his strict parenting style and his disapproval of Joey 's dream of being a comedian ; his father realizes that Joey made the right career decision when he sees his son 's routine when Joey is invited as an opening act for Wayne Newton in Las Vegas . Joey has held various jobs in addition to his work as a stand - up comic . For a while during seasons two and three , Joey and Jesse run an advertising business , J&J Creative Services , in which they partnered to compose jingles for television and radio commercials .", "9": "In season four 's `` Joey Goes Hollywood , '' Joey wins a role he secretly auditions for in a sitcom co-starring Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello called Surf 's Up . Joey 's most successful job was portraying `` Ranger Joe , '' on an afternoon children 's variety television show . He was given the job to replace retiring original host `` Ranger Roy '' in season five 's `` The Legend of Ranger Joe , '' only to be fired after triggering Roy 's acute physical paranoia when hugging him as a thank you ; after Danny informs Joey of this while telling him of his firing , Joey ends up saving Roy from a `` hug - o - gram '' that he had sent to gratitude for the job ; he then gets rehired after Roy becomes impressed with Joey 's hosting skills when he takes over for Roy on his last show . Ranger Joe 's sidekick is his wise - cracking woodchuck marionette puppet `` Mr. Woodchuck '' ( first seen in `` The Legend of Ranger Joe '' and last seen in `` Michelle Rides Again '' ) . Joey quits his job in season six 's `` Radio Days , '' after he becomes disgruntled with his boss Mr. Strowbridge 's wife as his co-host . Jesse and Joey subsequently become co-hosts of a successful afternoon show on radio station KFLH called , Rush Hour Renegades . Besides his impressions , much of Joey 's humor comes from his depiction as a man child , particularly the fact that he still watches cartoons as an adult and has an extensive knowledge of animation . Joey has moved to Las Vegas in Fuller House , and is now married with four kids . His wife Ginger is a magician , and their kids , Phyllis , Lewis , Joan , and Jerry are very loud and obnoxious kids . Joey and his kids are moving back to San Francisco since his wife will be working as a magician on a cruise ship for six months . He also bought back the Smash Club with Jesse . D.J. Tanner Donna Jo Margaret `` D.J. '' Tanner ( portrayed by Candace Cameron Bure ) is Danny and Pam 's oldest child . Over the course of the show 's run , D.J. attends Frasier Street Elementary , Van Atta Junior High and Bayview High School .", "10": "In the pilot episode `` Our Very First Show , '' she ends up having to share her bedroom with Stephanie in order to allow Jesse to move into Stephanie 's old bedroom ; due to problems with privacy regarding Stephanie , in the season five episode `` Take My Sister , Please , '' she sells Danny on an idea to switch rooms with Michelle , who in turn would move in with Stephanie ( only after convincing Michelle to move in with Stephanie , after she rejects the offer to move in with her older sister ) . D.J. is typically the daughter who acts the most practical , often giving advice to her younger sisters , Michelle and Stephanie . Although she sometimes bickers with them , she cares for them deeply . As D.J. entered into middle school , she started to deal with more serious issues like puberty and dating . She has her first serious relationship with Steve Hale ( who was first introduced in the season five episode `` Sisters in Crime '' ) , who later becomes a real fixture in her life ( and a regular character beginning in season six ) when their characters return from a summer abroad in Spain . Their relationship lasts until they break up in the season seven episode `` Love on the Rocks , '' when they realize that the passion in their relationship is gone , but they agree to remain friends . D.J. has on - and - off relationships ( during the show 's final season ) with guitarist Viper ( a member of Jesse 's new band Hot Daddy and the Monkey Puppets ) and rich kid Nelson , but both relationships do not last ( the two end up vying for D.J. 's affections in the season eight episode `` D.J. 's Choice , '' only for D.J. to reject them both after their fighting gets to be too much for her to bear ) . In the series finale `` Michelle Rides Again , '' Steve shows up at the Tanner house to take D.J. to her senior prom and they share a kiss . Her best friend throughout the show was next - door neighbor Kimmy Gibbler , who was the complete opposite of D.J. in every way . In season eight , D.J. gets accepted to University of California , Berkeley and it is implied she will go to college there after graduating high school ( after she was rejected from her first choice , Stanford University ) . In Fuller House , D.J.", "11": "is a recent widow and mother of three kids ; Jackson , Max and Tommy , and moves in with Stephanie and Kimmy . D.J. has since become a veterinarian . When her boss retires he has his son , Matt Harmon and D.J. take over the pet clinic . Matt and Steve fight for D.J. 's affection but they both end up dating other people when she 's not ready to commit someone new yet . Realizing they have feelings for each other , Matt breaks up with his girlfriend , and starts dating D.J. On the way to Steve 's wedding in Japan , D.J. who 's preparing to fall asleep , and wearing a sleeping mask reveals to Kimmy that she was going to pick Steve not Matt , and feels like she 's losing her soulmate . Unbeknownst to her Steve was the one who heard her confession not Kimmy . Steve tells Kimmy what she said , and he was going to confront D.J. but he saw Matt proposing to her . The next day before the wedding starts Kimmy tells D.J. that Steve was the one who heard what she said on the plane . At the alter Steve calls off the wedding , and D.J. breaks off her engagement to Matt . Back home the two wait a month before they will start dating again . After her their third first date , Steve tells her that the Lakers want him to be the team 's foot doctor . He chooses to stay with her but D.J. called the team and said that he will take the job . Stephanie Tanner Stephanie Judith Tanner ( portrayed by Jodie Sweetin ) is the witty , sarcastic middle child of Danny and Pam , the younger sister of D.J. , and the older sister of Michelle . Her mother died when she was five years old . Her catchphrases during the early seasons of the series include `` how rude ! , '' `` well , pin a rose on your nose ! '' and `` hot dog '' . She eventually evolved into something of a tomboy in seasons four and five . Stephanie has a habit of spying on D.J. 's life by reading her diary and eavesdropping on her telephone calls ( having been caught in the act several times ) , and is generally the most athletic and nosiest of the Tanner girls .", "12": "Her best friends in school are Gia Mahan and Mickey , whom she meets in season seven ( the former is the only one who appears through to season eight ) . Of the three sisters , Stephanie has dealt with the toughest issues , such as peer pressure into smoking ( in season seven 's `` Fast Friends '' ) , `` make - out '' parties ( in season eight 's `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' ) , joyriding ( in season eight 's `` Stephanie 's Wild Ride '' ) , and uncovering a classmate 's child abuse ( in season six 's `` Silence is Not Golden '' ) , as well as the death of her mother when she was only five . In her early years , she is very sentimental about Mr. Bear , a stuffed animal that her mother gave to her after Michelle was born ( this was the focal point of the season two episode `` Goodbye Mr. Bear '' ) . She and Jesse are the most abrasive when it comes to how they feel about Kimmy Gibbler . In Fuller House , Stephanie volunteers to give up her life in London to move back into her childhood home to help take care of her sister 's three kids . Kimmy volunteers to move in as well much to Stephanie 's dismay but she soon puts her abrasive feelings aside , and becomes friends with her . Stephanie confesses to D.J. that she ca n't have kids but wants to . Stephanie starts a relationship with Kimmy 's younger brother Jimmy . Becky schedules Stephanie for a pelvic exam and turns out she has three vivable eggs and can have a baby via surrogacy . Since she has n't been dating Jimmy for that long she does n't want to put pressure on him for being the father , and throwing him into a life long commitment so soon in their relationship . He wants to be the father . They are able to make embryos and Kimmy volunteers to be the surrogate mother . Kimmy is able to get pregnant with the embryos . Michelle Tanner Main article : Michelle Tanner Michelle Elizabeth Tanner ( played by twins Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen ) , is Danny and Pam 's youngest daughter . Danny is more overprotective of Michelle than the other girls . Michelle was just a baby when Pam died , so she hardly remembers her mom .", "13": "Jesse and Joey 's misadventures in taking care of her when she was a baby provided a great deal of humor . Once Michelle started to grow up , she became the focus of more of the show 's storylines . Her best friends , Teddy and Denise , appear frequently in later seasons . She also has other friends , such as Derek Boyd , Lisa Leeper , and bossy Aaron Bailey , who Michelle has an uneasy friendship with . Her favorite toys ( in earlier seasons ) are Barney , a plush bear who hangs on the wall above her bed , and her stuffed pig . It is apparent that Jesse is somewhat closer to her than her sisters , and he gives her nicknames such as `` munchkin '' , `` shorty '' and `` rugrat '' . She is known for her many recurring catchphrases such as `` you got it , dude ! '' , `` you 're in big trouble , mister ! '' , `` oh , puh - lease ! '' , `` aw , nuts ! '' , `` duh ! '' , and `` no way , José ! '' Michelle does not appear in Fuller House but it is mentioned that she is now living in New York , and owns a fashion company . Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis ( portrayed by Lori Loughlin ) , is the sarcastic , practical , but very loving and well - educated woman who becomes the love interest and later wife of Jesse Katsopolis . Becky was born in Valentine , Nebraska and decided to pursue journalism as a career while she was in high school . Becky moves to San Francisco to become the co-host of Wake Up , San Francisco , being paired with Danny as her co-host ; the two become close friends , although she often quips about Danny 's quirks and tendency to ramble in his conversations . She was reluctant to admit her feelings for Jesse at first , but she eventually falls in love with him . The two almost elope in Lake Tahoe in the season two finale `` Luck Be a Lady '' , but backed out when Becky realized that she and Jesse were not really ready to get married . They eventually get married ( in the second part of the season four episode `` The Wedding '' ) on Valentine 's Day .", "14": "After Jesse has a bittersweet farewell to the rest of the family when he decides to move into Rebecca 's apartment in the season four episode `` Fuller House '' , Rebecca agrees to move in with the Tanners and Joey when she discovers how much Jesse misses them , living together in the attic ( which Jesse and Joey have converted into an apartment ) . Becky helps to transform Jesse , although she still teases him about his obsession with his hair and love of Elvis . She also serves as a mother figure to the girls at times ; most prominently giving advice to D.J. as she becomes a teenager . Becky gives birth to twin boys Nicholas and Alexander on Michelle 's fifth birthday in part two of the season five episode `` Happy Birthday , Babies '' . She and Jesse name Alexander after a teacher who inspired her to become a journalist and Nicholas after Jesse 's father . Becky is offered a producer role on Wake Up , San Francisco in the season eight episode `` The Producer '' , which results in Danny briefly quitting the show due to him being passed over for such a promotion . In Fuller House , she , Jesse , and Danny all move to Los Angeles to start their new jobs . She and Danny now host a nationally syndicated talk show called , Wake Up USA . Becky gets baby fever when around D.J. 's youngest son , Tommy . She and Jesse end up adopting a baby girl whom they name Pamela . Becky and Danny get fired from Wake Up USA when they asked for too much money . They ask for their old jobs back at Wake Up San Francisco but the station only wants her back . They want her to host an all women 's talk show called The Gab . She , Jesse and Pamela are moving back to San Francisco . Kimmy Gibbler Kimberly Louise `` Kimmy '' Gibbler ( portrayed by Andrea Barber , recurring since season one and upgraded to a series regular in season five ) is D.J. 's best friend and the Tanners ' annoying but well - meaning next - door neighbor . Kimmy and D.J. have been best friends since they attended kindergarten together , despite their differing personalities ; the two have temporarily ended their friendship multiple times during the show 's run due to disputes over various situations , but always end up reconciling and forgiving each other .", "15": "Most of the Tanner family can not stand her ( Danny , Stephanie and Jesse are especially annoyed by her , with Stephanie often making jabs at her lack of intelligence and other unusual quirks and Danny urging D.J. to make new friends and often asking Kimmy to leave the house ) . She is often known to be a poor student in school , and had copied D.J. 's homework during most of the early seasons . Kimmy is the subject of a recurring gag in the series , regarding her terrible foot odor , which becomes noticeable to other people mainly once she removes her shoes ; Kimmy also becomes aware of this in a scene in the season seven episode `` The Apartment '' , in which she accidentally grabs one of her shoes while searching for her phone when Danny calls her to find out the whereabouts of D.J. ( who had fallen asleep on her boyfriend Steve 's couch while watching a movie in his apartment ) . She is also known to be addicted to shopping . In the episode `` Another Opening , Another No Show '' , Jesse and Kimmy get locked in a closet on the night of the grand re-opening of The Smash Club , after the door handle breaks off in Jesse 's hand ; while there , Kimmy finally tells Jesse how much it hurts when he and the other Tanners ( except for D.J. ) pick on her . He finally tries to stop picking on her and tells the Tanners to try to go easy on her . However , their behavior towards her remains the same in later episodes , although she never seems to mind it anymore . Kimmy 's only serious relationship is with Duane ( who is introduced in season eight episode `` Taking the Plunge '' ) , a very air - headed boy who was only known to say `` whatever '' . Ironically , he was shown to have a fondness for Shakespearean works as he passionately quoted a line from Shakespeare 's 18th sonnet . In `` Taking the Plunge , '' Kimmy decides to run off to Reno and elope with Duane after she was rejected by the colleges that she had applied to , and is afraid that D.J. will go off to school and forget her . When D.J. , Jesse , and Danny arrive at the chapel to stop her from getting married too young , D.J. tells her that she will always be her best friend no matter what .", "16": "In the two - part series finale `` Michelle Rides Again , '' she tries to find D.J. a blind date for prom , and ends up surprising her with her ex-boyfriend Steve instead . Sometime after high school Kimmy got married to a race car driver named Fernando , and has a daughter named Ramona . In the sequel series she and Ramona move into the Tanner family home after D.J 's husband passed away . She moved in to help her along with Stephanie . Kimmy has become a party planner . Kimmy volunteers to be Stephanie and Jimmy 's surrogate mother , Steve Hale Steven `` Steve '' Hale ( originally introduced as Steve Peters ; portrayed by Scott Weinger ) is D.J. 's first steady boyfriend . He is introduced in the season five episode `` Sisters in Crime '' as D.J. 's date to a movie that she ends up taking Michelle and Stephanie to , and returns to the series as a regular character in the sixth - season premiere `` Come Fly With Me '' ( which establishes the character as played by Weinger in his original appearance the season prior ) . Steve is two years older than D.J. and is a star member of the high school wrestling team . He is known for having a healthy appetite , and often eats at the Tanners ' when he visits . In `` A Very Tanner Christmas , '' Steve receives an acceptance letter to a party school in Florida that he had applied to ( this causes the two to briefly break up due to D.J. 's concern that she would miss him ) , but decides to go to a local community college in order to improve his grades and continue his relationship with D.J. In the season six episode `` Prom Night , '' both he and D.J. attend Steve 's prom where he is elected prom king ( although his ex-girlfriend -- whose affections he later rejects -- is named prom queen ) . Steve and D.J. break up in the season seven episode `` Love on the Rocks , '' after they realize that their relationship was not as passionate as it used to be , but they decide to remain friends . When D.J. needs a date for her senior prom , Kimmy surprises her and gets Steve to be her date . After college Steve becomes a podiatrist . In Fuller House Steve is a divorcee and his ex took half what he 's worth .", "17": "With him and D.J. both now single he tries to start a relationship with her again . He ends up later getting engaged to woman named C.J. who is just like D.J. On the way to Japan , thinking that Kimmy is sitting next to her , she confesses that she was going to pick Steve not Matt , and she feels like she is losing her soulmate . Steve was the one who heard it . At the alter he realizes he still loves D.J. and ca n't marry C.J. so he calls the wedding off . D.J who still has feelings for Steve break up with Matt . A month after the almost wedding they start dating again . There is bad news for the reunited couple when the Lakers want him to be their foot doctor . He declines to stay with D.J. but calls them team to say he will take it . Steve tells her they will back together in six months . Nicky and Alex Katsopolis Nicholas `` Nicky '' and Alexander `` Alex '' Katsopolis , ( played by Daniel and Kevin Renteria as babies during season 5 ; Blake and Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit as toddlers for seasons 6 -- 8 ) are the twin sons of Jesse and Becky Katsopolis . The two were born in the season five episode `` Happy Birthday , Babies , '' on the date of Michelle 's fifth birthday . Becky named Alex after a high school teacher who inspired her to venture into a career in journalism , while Jesse chose to name Nicky after his father , for giving him great hair . They have strawberry - blond hair and are fun - loving toddlers , with minor distinctions between them . Nicky is more quiet and sweet , while Alex is more outspoken and mischievous . They often repeat each other 's words . In Fuller House , the twins follow their parents to Los Angeles , and decide to run a fish taco food truck . Jackson Fuller Jackson Fuller ( portrayed by Michael Campion ) is D.J. 's oldest son . When Kimmy and her daughter , Ramona moves in Jackson has to give up his room and move in with his brother Max . Jackson and Ramona do n't get along at first but become like brother and sister . Jackson has shown to be a good older brother to Max and Tommy .", "18": "Jackson likes to do stunts , and joins the football team to impress Ramona 's friend , Lola . He likes to call himself `` J. Money '' and `` Action Jackson '' . He breifly dates Lola but she breaks up with him for being too clingy . While attending summer school he becomes friends with Gia 's daughter Rocki , much to D.J 's dislike . Max Fuller Max Fuller ( portrayed by Elias Harger ) is D.J. 's well dressed and intelligent middle child . He likes science , and is shown to be a clean freak like his grandfather . Max has rivalries with Kimmy 's fiancé Fernando and classmate Taylor . Max 's girlfriend is Rose , the daughter of Steve 's fiancée C.J. Ramona Gibbler Ramona Gibbler ( portrayed by Soni Nicole Bringas ) is the daughter of Kimmy Gibbler and her ex husband / fiancé , Fernando . She is not thrilled when she has to move into the Tanner family home and change schools . Ramona quickly befriends one of the popular girls in school , Lola Wong , and briefly dates Jackson 's friend , Bobby Popko . She is an aspiring dancer . Tommy Fuller Tommy Fuller , Jr. ( portrayed by twins , Dashiell and Fox Messitt ) is D.J. 's youngest son . Like his aunt Michelle he also loses a parent as a baby . Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero ( portrayed by Juan Pablo Di Pace ) , is Kimmy Gibbler 's race car driving ex-husband / fiancé . At the start of Fuller House , him and Kimmy are separated due to his unfaithfulness to her . Fernando begins to miss her and tries to win her back . It works but he ends up finally signing their divorce papers . Though he only does this to repropose which she accepts . Fernando retires from his racing career , and moves in . Ten months after moving in , he buys Kimmy 's childhood home and moves in with her brother . Matt Harmon Matt Harmon ( portrayed by John Brotherton ) is D.J. 's partner at the Harmon / Fuller Pet Care .", "19": "He originally intended to fill in for his dad while he was away on a trip to India but decides to stay in San Francisco . When his dad retires he has Matt and D.J. take over the business . Matt and Steve fight for D.J. 's affection . She and him eventually begin dating . While in Japan for Steve and C.J 's wedding , Matt proposed to D.J. and she says yes . The next day at the wedding Steve calls off his wedding , and D.J. breaks her engagement . A heartbroken Matt walks off . He goes on a eight day vacation and when he comes back to work he tells D.J. he does n't know how he able to work with her if their not together anymore . He takes some time off to think , and when he returns he tells her that he will be opening up a new pet clinic two doors down . Lola Wong Lola Wong ( portrayed by Ashley Liao ) is Ramona 's best friend and Jackson 's ex girlfriend . Lola 's father gets a job in Fresno and she moves . Jimmy Gibbler Jimmy Gibbler ( portrayed by Adam Hagenbuch ) is Kimmy 's younger brother . One day he walks into the family 's backyard and hears Stephanie singing . The two end up kissing , and are interrupted by Kimmy who informs Stephanie that he is her brother . Jimmy and Stephanie begin dating . When Stephanie gets the news that she can have a baby via surrogacy , she thinks it 's too soon in their relationship to ask him to be the father . After finding that out from Kimmy , he tells her that he wants to be her baby 's father . Kimmy volunteers to be his and Stephanie 's surrogate . Recurring characters Vicky Larson ( played by Gail Edwards ) is Danny 's girlfriend during seasons five and six and was briefly his fiancée from the season six episode `` The House Meets the Mouse '' until halfway through season seven . Vicky is very focused on her career , which proves to be the undoing in her long - distance relationship with Danny .", "20": "They meet in season five 's `` Nicky and / or Alexander , '' when Vicky fills in for Becky ( who is on maternity leave ) on Wake Up , San Francisco , and start dating two episodes later in `` Easy Rider '' . Later in season five 's `` Play It Again , Jesse , '' Danny insists that she take a news anchor job in Chicago that she was offered once Becky returns , and that starts a long - distance relationship ( that goes from early season six to mid-season seven ) . Danny eventually proposes to her when she comes along on the family 's vacation to Walt Disney World in `` The House Meets the Mouse '' . However , Vicky later gets her dream job -- anchoring the network news in New York City -- in the season seven episode `` The Perfect Couple '' ( the character 's final appearance ) ; as a result , she can not come to live with Danny and his family in San Francisco , nor is Danny able to uproot his family in California . Therefore , to the dismay of themselves and Danny 's family , they have a mutual breakup . Vicky often gives advice , such as helping D.J. with her relationship with Steve , and helping Danny to deal with it and serves as a motherly figure to D.J. , Stephanie , and Michelle . Vicky makes a brief appearance in the season 3 finale of Fuller House . D.J. and Stephanie apparently tracked her down to cheer up Danny . He invites her to the 30th `` Dadiversary '' party the girls threw for Danny , Joey and Jesse . Nick Katsopolis ( played by John Aprea ) is Jesse and Pam 's father . He is an avid fan of Elvis Presley , just like Jesse . Also , like his son , he is very much interested in his hair and women ( as he states in the season two episode `` Our Very First Christmas Show '' , `` there are two things Katsopolis men are known for : kissing and great hair '' ) . Nick is the owner of an insect extermination business . He met his wife , Irene , the day that Elvis was drafted into the United States Army . Nick was a firm but caring parent . In the episode , `` D.J. 's Day Off '' it is mentioned that he would punish Jesse severely .", "21": "This combination is also seen in the episode `` It Is Not My Job '' , when Jesse quits the extermination business Nick responds with : `` If you 're out of the business , you 're out of the family . '' Later on , he explains this by saying that he did not build up the business to sell it to a stranger . His love for his family is also shown by the fact that Irene bringing in Michelle curbed his anger . When Michelle was getting ready to do a television commercial for marshmallows in the season two episode `` El Problema Grande de D.J. '' , he remarked that Michelle looked like a little blonde version of the redhead he likes on Gilligan 's Island , which was revealed to be Tina Louise by Irene . In honor of inheriting Nick 's hair , Jesse names one of his twin sons after him . Nicky and Alex never interact with their grandparents on - screen like the girls have , as Nick and Irene are last seen in season four . Nick re-appears in season three of Fuller House when he comes to take care of Tommy while everyone else goes to Japan for Steve 's wedding . Nick mentions to Tommy about going out to find women , so it is assumed that him and Irene are no longer together or she is no longer living . Irene Katsopolis ( played by Yvonne Wilder , and by Rhoda Gemignani in `` The Return of Grandma '' ) is Jesse and Pam 's mother , and the wife of Nick Katsopolis . She often talked about diapering Jesse 's `` tushy '' , and touched his and other people 's `` tushies , '' which made Jesse mad ; at other times , she would talk about when Jesse was a kid . She often mentioned how she is older than Nick , and her passion for younger men ( which makes Nick feel inferior at times ) . Claire Tanner ( portrayed by Alice Hirson , and Doris Roberts ) is Danny 's mother . She helped Danny raise the girls in the first few months after the death of Danny 's wife , Pam , prior to Jesse and Joey moving into the house . She appeared in only three episodes : `` Our Very First Show '' and `` The Return of Grandma '' ( as portrayed by Hirson ) , and in `` Granny Tanny '' ( as portrayed by Roberts ) .", "22": "Teddy ( played by Tahj Mowry ) is Michelle 's best friend . He first appeared in the season five premiere `` Double Trouble , '' when Michelle meets him on their first day of kindergarten following the advice that Joey told Michelle that the best way to make new friends was by being funny , and does a Bullwinkle impression . He accompanies her when she needs a `` date '' to sneak out and join Danny on a date with Vicky in the season five episode `` Bachelor of the Month '' . He is also the one whose house Michelle runs away to in `` The Devil Made Me Do It '' later that season ( Tahj Mowry 's real - life sisters Tia and Tamera Mowry appear in that episode in a dual role as Teddy 's older sister ) . He moves to Amarillo , Texas in the season six episode `` The Long Goodbye '' ; Teddy returns in the season seven episode `` Be Your Own Best Friend '' , when his father 's job moves him back to San Francisco . He and Michelle even consider trying to be boyfriend and girlfriend in third grade in the season eight episode `` Dateless in San Francisco '' , but find that it is no fun for children their age . Denise Frazer ( played by Jurnee Smollett ) is Michelle 's best female friend , introduced in the season six episode `` The Long Goodbye '' . She replaces Teddy as Michelle 's best friend after Teddy moves to Texas . Denise , like Teddy before her , often gets Michelle into trouble . In the season seven episode `` Be Your Own Best Friend , '' Teddy moves back to San Francisco , leaving Michelle to choose between him and Denise for whom to serve as her best friend . Danny makes her understand that it is possible to have more than one best friend . Michelle ultimately forms a trio of friends with Teddy and Denise at the end of that episode . In the season seven episode `` Too Little Richard Too Late , '' it is revealed that Denise 's uncle is Little Richard ( who guest starred in the episode ) . Denise does not appear after that episode , having been written out without explanation due to Smollett 's role in the short - lived ABC sitcom On Our Own ( which aired during the 1994 - 95 season , concurring with the run of Full House 's eighth and final season ) .", "23": "Aaron Bailey ( played by Miko Hughes ) is Michelle 's recurring and longest running classmate . Introduced in the season three episode `` Bye , Bye Birdie '' , he is the typical class bully , who tends to be annoying and rude at times . He pinches Michelle in the season four episode `` A Pinch for a Pinch , '' which results in Jesse telling Michelle to fight back by pinching him in retaliation . When the teacher punishes them , Jesse takes Michelle home , pulling her out of preschool . While that behavior does not continue , his obnoxious ways continue throughout the series . In other episodes , he treats Jesse as either an equal or underlying rival . In addition , he also creates trouble for D.J. and Kimmy when they have boys over while Kimmy is babysitting in season four 's `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' . Danny even remarks ( in season seven ) that they are watching Aaron for several days `` until his regular babysitter stops twitching '' . He is sometimes seen being nice to Michelle . Gia Mahan ( played by Marla Sokoloff ) is Stephanie 's archenemy ( beginning with her first appearance in the season seven episode `` Fast Friends '' ) , who later becomes her best friend ( starting with the conclusion of `` Is It True About Stephanie ? '' from that same season , but more prominently during season eight ) . She leads Stephanie into dangerous or not - so - smart situations . Stephanie gets involved in a few wild , irresponsible things because of Gia , such as going to a make - out party planned by her in the season eight episode `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' , and ( almost ) smoking in `` Fast Friends '' . Conversely , Stephanie was also a positive influence on Gia . During an unknown time when her parents had been through a divorce , Gia is shown as a cigarette - smoking , rebellious teen with horrible grades . She is two years older than Stephanie , as she was held back in school . Viewers learn ( as of `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' ) that because of Stephanie , Gia has stopped smoking , became more respectful , improved her grades , and lost her inclination to play pranks on other people . Gia becomes the target of put downs at the hands of Michelle in much the same way as Kimmy is targeted by Stephanie .", "24": "Over time , Michelle becomes quite creative with her insults . Gia reappears in season 2 of Fuller House when Kimmy gets the idea of getting their band `` Girl Talk '' back together . Things do n't go well when Gia and D.J. have a hard time getting along . In season 3 , it was revealed that Gia has a daughter named Roxanne `` Rocki '' ( portrayed by Landry Bender ) who is in summer school with Jackson . Derek S. Boyd ( played by Blake McIver Ewing ) is one of Michelle 's friends ( appearing in eight episodes total throughout seasons six through eight ) . Michelle first meets Derek in the episode `` The Play 's the Thing , '' when he lands the role of Yankee Doodle in their school play , America the Beautiful . Though Michelle is initially jealous of Derek for winning the part over her ( due in no small part to the fact that both of her sisters played Yankee Doodle in the same play ) , she helps him recover from a case of stage - fright , and they eventually become friends . Derek is very educated and well - spoken for a boy of his age , though also a bit on the wimpy side . He also shows signs of being a bit obsessive - compulsive . As shown in several episodes ( including in his first appearance ) , he is also shown to be a very talented singer . In the scene in which he is first introduced , Derek says he blends in with his surroundings . Lisa Leeper ( played by Kathryn Zaremba ) is one of Michelle 's friends ( featured in six episodes during the eighth season , beginning with `` I 've Got a Secret '' ) ; in the episode We Got the Beat , '' Lisa is shown to be an extremely good singer when she sings a duet of `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' with Derek . Nelson Burkhardt ( played by Jason Marsden ; Hal Sparks in Fuller House ) is a love interest for D.J. that is introduced in the season eight premiere `` Comet 's Excellent Adventure '' . Nelson is a teenager who comes from a very wealthy family , and dates D.J. on - and - off for some time ( ironically , it is in his first appearance that D.J.", "25": "breaks up with him ; he ends up going on a date with Kimmy three episodes later in `` I 've Got a Secret '' ) . Not much is revealed about Nelson 's background or family , aside from the fact that he is very rich , and often throws and attends big parties on yachts . Though in `` Taking the Plunge , '' he mentions that his cousin , Regina -- with whom he sets Joey up on a date -- is visiting the United States from England . Toward the latter stages of his `` relationship '' with D.J. , in `` D.J. 's Choice , '' he gets into a `` tug - of - war '' with Viper to be D.J. 's boyfriend , to which she declines both boys . Nelson shows up to his and D.J. 's 20th High School Reunion in season 2 of Fuller House . C.J. Harbenberger ( played by Virginia Williams ) is Steve 's fiancée and mother to Max 's friend , Rose . C.J. is strikingly similarly to D.J. Bobby Popko ( played by Isaak Presley ) is Jackson 's best friend and Ramona 's ex boyfriend . Taylor ( played by Lucas Jaye ) is Max 's friend who challenges him . Rose Harbenberger ( played by Mckenna Grace ) is C.J. 's daughter , and Max 's love interest . Rocki ( played by Landry Bender ) is Gia 's daughter who attends summer school with Jackson and is Jackson 's new love interest . Other characters Stavros ( played by John Stamos in a dual role ) is Jesse 's swarthy , greasy , woman - crazed Greek look - alike cousin ( with minor cosmetic differences in appearance from Jesse , namely Stavros having a mustache , a gap in his teeth , a slightly larger nose than his cousin and a mole on his cheek ) . Appearing only in the season seven episode `` Kissing Cousins , '' he hits on Becky -- despite the fact that she is Jesse 's wife -- several times during the episode .", "26": "He is shown to be a con artist ; he cheats Joey out of his watch and money during a card game , and tells a fake story about a mudslide that devastated his village in order to pilfer the `` donations '' and leave , to which the family catches on . Jesse expresses his disappointment with the dastardly deeds that Stavros -- who ends up being arrested -- commits . Wendy Tanner ( played by Darlene Vogel ) is Danny 's sister , who is an avid animal enthusiast , and works at a zoo . She owns a chimpanzee named Ginger , and is known to have had somewhat of a rivalry with Joey in their childhood , but when she comes back to San Francisco in the season five episode `` Too Much Monkey Business , '' she and Joey have a brief relationship after they both revealed themselves to have had `` secret crushes '' on each other . It is also revealed that she collects exotic souvenirs from around the world . She and Joey date briefly ( but she is not seen or mentioned after the episode ) . Iorgos `` Papouli '' Katsopolis ( played by Jack Kruschen ) is Jesse 's Greek grandfather , introduced in the season four episode `` Greek Week '' . Papouli is the central to the storyline of the season seven episode `` The Last Dance , '' when he visits San Francisco to see the family and starts to forge a very close relationship with his granddaughter Michelle . Later in the episode , Papouli dies of natural causes ( as Danny specifically mentions that his heart gave out and he died in his sleep while staying at the house ) . When Michelle hears about the tragedy after her Honeybee meeting , she becomes very despondent and decides not to go to school , acknowledging that Papouli promised to appear as part of her school assignment and teach her class a Greek dance . Michelle attempts not to show any emotion in front of Jesse , who himself has a hard time coping with Papouli 's death . However , when she tells him the truth , Jesse tells Michelle that it is okay to cry in mourning of Papouli , as the two start sobbing and hugging each other . Jesse appears at Michelle 's school and accompanies her in performing the dance that Papouli taught her earlier in the episode when she is unable to remember the rest of the dance .", "27": "Mindy Gladstone ( played by Beverly Sanders ) is Joey 's mother . She appears only in the season one episode `` The Return of Grandma , '' although Joey talks about her often during the series , such as when Joey lands a gig opening for Wayne Newton in Las Vegas in the season four episode `` Viva Las Joey '' . When Joey was asked by Jesse why he could not invite his mother to come see the show , he claims she is working as Goofy at Walt Disney World . Kathy Santoni ( played by Anne Marie McEvoy ) is a classmate of D.J. 's . While only appearing in four episodes ( beginning with season three 's `` Back to School Blues '' ) , Kathy Santoni is mentioned in several episodes by various characters . In the season seven episode `` The Apartment , '' it is revealed that she got married and pregnant at age 16 . Kathy shows up to her 20th high school reunion in Fuller House . Walter F. Berman ( played by Whitby Hertford ) is a school friend of Stephanie Tanner . At first , Stephanie disliked him , and went as far as teasing and imitating his resemblance to a duck ( which occurs when his lips are pursed ) . She -- along with the rest of the class -- even nicknamed him `` Duckface '' . However , after following her Uncle Jesse 's advice , she learned to appreciate Walter more , even if he was a nerd . This led to Walter briefly considering Stephanie as his `` secret girlfriend '' . Harry Takayama ( played by Nathan Nishiguchi in Full House ; Michael Sun Lee in Fuller House ) is the first on - screen friend of Stephanie 's ( appearing in season two , beginning with the episode `` Middle Age Crazy '' ) . He usually calls her `` Chief '' , and she refers to him as her boyfriend -- without understanding that term 's full meaning ( as Stephanie put it in Harry 's first appearance , `` you 're a boy , and you 're my friend ; that makes you my boyfriend '' ) . Stephanie decides to have a pretend wedding with Harry in `` Middle Age Crazy , '' feeling that she is not receiving attention from the rest of the family . His last appearance is in the season three episode `` Nerd For a Day '' .", "28": "In the episode `` Pal Joey , '' Harry becomes infatuated with D.J. after she teaches him a mathematic problem using oranges . Over the years him and Stephanie stayed in touch , and she jokingly refers to him as her `` husband '' . In Fuller House , when a thousand roses showed up to the house , Stephanie wonders if Harry sent them . Turns out he did n't send them and is actually getting married . Cindy ( played by Debra Sandlund ) is a girlfriend of Danny 's , appearing in three episodes during season four , beginning with the episode `` Terror in Tanner Town '' . It is revealed that she works as a dry cleaner in that episode , and she first met Danny when he comes to the store as a customer . She also has a precocious and troublesome 10 - year - old son named Rusty . Rusty ( portrayed by Jordan Christopher Michael ) is the son of Cindy , Danny 's girlfriend in season four , first appearing in `` Terror in Tanner Town '' . Rusty has a penchant of performing mischievous antics and practical jokes that wreak havoc on the family . During a crazy prank that Rusty started in `` Secret Admirer , '' he misunderstood D.J. 's words and believed that she was romantically interested in him . This caused him to develop a brief crush on her , but quickly got over it when the other members of the family caught on to his prank , in which he sent a letter intended to D.J. ( without signing his name on it ) that ends up being circulated to the rest of the family as well as Kimmy and Cindy , resulting in everyone mistakenly believing that someone else in the group was interested in them . He was last seen in `` Stephanie Plays the Field , '' training for baseball with Stephanie . Ricky ( played by R.J. Williams in the season four episodes `` Secret Admirer and `` Happy New Year '' ) is the neighborhood paperboy whom D.J. had a crush on . Brett Davis ( played by Sean Fox in season four , introduced in the episode `` Stephanie Plays the Field '' ) is a classmate and friend of Stephanie 's who plays Little League Baseball for the Cubs . He is supposedly Stephanie Tanner 's first love .", "29": "Viper ( played by David Lipper ) is a guitarist in Jesse 's band , Hot Daddy and the Monkey Puppets during season eight . He is introduced in `` To Joey , With Love '' , when he auditions for the band in competition with Danny , who is revealed to be as equally excellent at guitar . He begins to date D.J. in the episode `` On the Road Again , '' much to the initial dismay of Danny and Jesse , the latter of whom briefly kicks him out of the band . He is revealed to have insecurities about not going to college in the episode `` Claire and Present Danger '' , and ends up twisting everything D.J. says to where she puts him down . He eventually dumps her in `` D.J. 's Choice , '' because he thinks things are moving too fast for him and wants space . He then changes his mind and begs her to take him back . This causes problems as D.J. starts to date her old boyfriend Nelson again . D.J. can not decide between the two and asks for time to think . Unfortunately , neither one gives her space and begin to fight over her . D.J. then says that if they are going to force her to choose , then she would not choose either one and dumps them both . Viper showed up to D.J. 's 20th high school reunion even though it 's not his reunion . He tries to win her back , and again ends up fighting over her with Nelson . Caroline ( portrayed by ( Dorothy Parke ) is a friend of Danny 's , who was first seen in the season one episode `` Sea Cruise , '' as one of the dates who appear while Danny , Joey , and Jesse go on a fishing trip on a boat . She also appeared in the episode `` The Big Three - O '' six episodes later . Adrianna ( played by Fabiana Udenio ) is Jesse 's one - time girlfriend in the season one episode `` Daddy 's Home '' . Corinna Spicer ( played by Elizabeth Keifer ) is a student in Jesse 's `` private music class , '' whom Jesse was interested in , in the season one episode `` Jesse 's Girl '' . At the end of the episode , she winds up with Joey instead . Jill ( Darcy DeMoss ) is one of Jesse 's early girlfriends .", "30": "She and Jesse date when there is no one else to date , according to her . Duane Moffat ( played by Scott Menville ) is Kimmy Gibbler 's boyfriend in season eight ( first appearing in the episode `` Taking the Plunge '' ) , whom she considered marrying in Reno . He is often airheaded like Kimmy is , and is mostly quiet and known for saying `` whatever '' in a surfer - like accent . One thing is known about him is that he loves the works of William Shakespeare . In part one of `` Michelle Rides Again , '' he passionately recites lines from Shakespeare 's 18th sonnet . Duane makes an appearance at their 20th high school reunion . Duane has become a motivational speaker . Mrs. Carruthers ( played by Marcia Wallace ) is a neighbor of the Tanners ( appearing in seasons seven and eight ) , who has a massive ( but obviously one - sided ) crush on Joey , as evidenced by her constant `` chasing '' him down , and his subsequent attempts to `` hide '' from her and reject her advances . She collaborates with Kimmy Gibbler to form a Neighborhood Watch program known as the `` Crime Catchers '' in season seven 's `` The Bicycle Thief '' . She also is known to `` dominate '' the PTA elections at Michelle 's school , Frasier Street Elementary , every year , inspiring Joey to run for PTA president in a fair election in `` Too Little Richard Too Late , '' to which he is ultimately disqualified due to Mrs. Carruthers pointing out that PTA rules require that the president must be a parent of a Frasier Street student . However , Mrs. Carruthers offers Joey the opportunity to be her vice president instead , a position he accepts . Pamela `` Pam '' Katsopolis Tanner ( portrayed by Christie Houser ) is Danny 's wife , Jesse 's sister , and the mother of D.J. , Stephanie , and Michelle , who was an unseen character , except in the form of a home video shot when she and Danny brought Michelle home from the hospital in the season two episode `` Goodbye Mr. Bear '' . She was killed by a drunk driver before the start of the first series ( according to D.J. in the eighth - season episode `` Under the Influence '' ) .", "31": "She has been described as traits her children have : always smiling ( Michelle ) , full of energy ( Stephanie ) , and always did her best at everything ( D.J. ) . Teri Tanner ( played by Eva LaRue ) , is Danny 's second wife . In the Fuller House season three episode `` Declarations of Independence '' , Danny reveals that he and Teri got divorced . He mentions that they barely knew each other when they got married . Tommy Fuller Sr. ( played by unknown actor ) , is D.J. 's husband and the father of Jackson , Max , and Tommy Jr. , who was also an unseen character , except in the form of a photograph in the boy 's room in the season one episode `` Secrets , Lies , and Firetrucks '' . He died in the line of duty while being a firefighter before the start of the second series ( according to D.J. in the series premiere `` Our Very First Show Again '' ) . His sons have been described having the same nice smile . Dr. Fred Harmon ( played by Robin Thomas ) is Matt 's father , and the owner of Harmon Pet Care . When he retires he has Matt and D.J. take over the business , and moves to India . Ginger Gladstone ( played by Laura Bell Bundy ) is Joey 's wife who is a magician . Lewis Gladstone ( played by Finn Carr ) is Joey 's oldest son . Joan Gladstone ( played by Kingston Foster ) is Joey 's oldest daughter . Jerry Gladstone ( played by Noah Salsbury Lipson ) is Joey 's youngest son . Phyllis Gladstone ( played by Ruby Rose Turner ) is Joey 's youngest daughter . Mankowski ( played by Trevor Larcom ) is one of Jackson 's friends . Chad Brad Bradley ( played by Tanner Buchanan ) is the captain of Bayview 's dance team . When Ramona tries out for the school 's dance team , she shows him up resulting in him cutting her . He eventually lets her on the team . Guest stars Season one Kirk Cameron -- Episode 18 : `` Just One of the Guys '' , as Steve , Danny 's nephew and the girls ' cousin .", "32": "He is the real - life brother of Candace Cameron Bure ( Kirk 's eventual wife and Candace 's sister - in - law Chelsea Noble appears in the following episode `` The Seven - Month Itch '' as Jesse 's girlfriend Samantha ) . Phyllis Diller -- Episode 16 : `` But Seriously , Folks '' Belita Moreno -- Episode 12 : `` Our Very First Promo '' as Ronnie Gardner Season two The Beach Boys ( as themselves ) -- Episode 16 : `` Beach Boy Bingo '' . They also appear in season three , episode 24 : `` Our Very First Telethon '' , and season five 's `` Captain Video '' ( parts 1 and 2 ) in the `` Forever '' music video . The first time they appeared , they were supposed to be guests on Wake Up , San Francisco , but had to cancel their appearance due to fog preventing their plane from landing . D.J. then wins a telephone contest to get tickets to their concert , but she has trouble deciding whom to take with her . In the end , the whole family ends up going and even joins the band on stage . Jonathan Brandis -- Episode 11 : `` A Little Romance '' as Michael Monford Season three Bobbie Eakes -- Episode 3 : `` Breaking Up is Hard to Do ( in 22 Minutes ) '' as Diane Scott Baio -- Episode 9 : `` Dr. Dare Rides Again '' as Pete Bianco Season four Frankie Avalon -- Episode 23 : `` Joey Goes Hollywood '' Annette Funicello -- Episode 23 : `` Joey Goes Hollywood '' Erika Eleniak -- Episode 9 : `` One Last Kiss '' as Jesse 's high school girlfriend Carrie Fowler . Wayne Newton -- Episode 7 : `` Viva Las Joey '' . In the episode , Joey opened for Newton in Las Vegas . Jaleel White -- Episode 16 : `` Stephanie Gets Framed '' . He appears as his character Steve Urkel from Family Matters ( which was produced by Full House 's production companies Miller - Boyett Productions and Lorimar Television ) . Urkel happens to be a cousin of D.J. 's friend Julie ( played by Tasha Scott , who was also White 's love interest in the 1990 TV movie Camp Cucamonga ) .", "33": "During his visit , he helped and gave advice to Stephanie Tanner , because she had to get reading glasses . Stephanie is reluctant because of how reading glasses will make her look , but Steve tells her `` the trick is to make them laugh with you before they laugh at you . '' Season five David Lascher -- Episode 3 : `` Take My Sister , Please '' as Rick June Lockhart -- Episodes 1 and 2 : `` Double Trouble '' and `` Matchmaker Michelle '' as Ms. Wiltrout Whitman Mayo -- Episode 7 : `` The Volunteer '' as Eddie Johnson Tommy Page -- Episode 16 : `` Crushed '' . Danny gets Tommy to sing at Stephanie 's tenth birthday party . Season six Danielle Fishel -- Episode 10 and 17 : `` I 'm Not D.J. '' and `` Silence is Not Golden '' as Jennifer P . Season seven Little Richard -- Episode : `` Too Little Richard Too Late '' . It is revealed that he is Denise 's uncle . Because he was holding a concert in San Francisco , Michelle asks him to perform a concert to help Joey 's campaign for PTA president . He accepts , and performs for Joey 's campaign . Richard is quite late to the concert , but makes it up to them . He has a dislike to Jesse after Jesse 's comment about him putting a punch bowl on his head at family gatherings . Suzanne Somers -- Episode 19 : `` Love on the Rocks '' Ben Stein -- Episode : `` Another Opening , Another No Show '' as Elliott Warner Vanna White -- Episode 15 : `` The Test '' Season eight Andrea Abbate as Gia 's mother Claire Mahan and Danny 's new girlfriend Kareem Abdul - Jabbar -- Episode 16 : `` Air Jesse '' Mickey Rooney - Episode 11 : `` Arrest Ye Merry Gentlemen '' as Mr. Dreghorn Frankie Valli -- Episode 12 : `` D.J.", "34": "'s Choice '' Barry Williams -- Episode : `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' , as himself replacing Jesse as lead singer of The Rippers Fuller House Maksim Chmerkovskiy -- Episode 1.3 : `` Funner House '' Valentin Chmerkovskiy -- Episode 1.3 : `` Funner House '' Hunter Pence -- Episode 1.10 : `` A Giant Leap '' . Hunter is a right fielder for the San Francisco Giants who briefly dates Stephanie but when it is revealed that she is the `` mystery blond '' who is causing his worsening batting streak , Stephanie breaks up because she ca n't take the pressure of dating a famous athlete . She dumps him in front of the entire stadium after singing `` Take Me Out to the Ballgame '' . He hits a homer after the breakup . Alan Thicke -- Episode 2.2 : `` Mom Interference '' as Mike . He is the grandfather of Matt 's girlfriend Crystal . Bruno Tonioli -- Episode 2.5 : `` Doggy Daddy '' as Guiseppe Pignoli , Ramona 's famous Italian dance coach . New Kids on the Block -- Episode 2.10 : `` New Kids in the House '' . When Stephanie discovers the New Kids on the Block tickets Kimmy got for D.J. 's Birthday are counterfeit , they make it up by bringing the band by the house . Lonzo Ball -- Episode 3.18 : `` Here Comes the Sun '' as himself . Lonzo comes to town to try to convince Steve to be the Lakers foot doctor . References Jump up ^ Adam I. Lapidus ( writer ) John Tracy ( director ) ( December 6 , 1994 ) . `` Under the Influence '' . Full House . Season 8 . Episode 10 . American Broadcasting Company .", "35": "Jump up ^ http://www.ibtimes.com/fuller-house-cast-member-candace-cameron-bure-discusses-playing-mom-spinoff-teases-2055222 ( hide ) Full House Characters Michelle Tanner Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Related articles Fuller House episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Full_House_and_Fuller_House_characters&oldid=822236108 '' Categories : 1980s - related lists 1990s - related lists 2010s - related lists Fictional characters from San Francisco Full House Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles that may contain original research from February 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles with a promotional tone from March 2014 All articles with a promotional tone Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 05 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4173722566701480014	a 58-story skyscraper in san francisco is tilting and sinking	[ "Millennium Tower" ]	{ "0": "Millennium tower ( San Francisco ) - Wikipedia Millennium tower ( San Francisco ) Jump to : navigation , search Millennium Tower Show map of San Francisco Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Location within San Francisco General information Type Residential condominiums Location 301 Mission Street San Francisco , California Coordinates 37 ° 47 ′ 25 '' N 122 ° 23 ′ 46 '' W / 37.7904 ° N 122.3961 ° W / 37.7904 ; - 122.3961 Coordinates : 37 ° 47 ′ 25 '' N 122 ° 23 ′ 46 '' W / 37.7904 ° N 122.3961 ° W / 37.7904 ; - 122.3961 Construction started 2005 Completed 2009 Opening April 23 , 2009 Cost US $350 million Owner Mission Street Development , LLC Height Antenna spire 645 ft ( 197 m ) Roof 605 ft ( 184 m ) Top floor 592 ft ( 180 m ) Technical details Floor count 58 Floor area 1,151,017 sq ft ( 106,933.0 m ) Lifts / elevators 12 Design and construction Architect Handel Architects Developer Millennium Partners Structural engineer DeSimone Consulting Engineers Main contractor Webcor Builders Other information Number of units 419 References 301 Mission Street is a development in the South of Market district of downtown San Francisco . A mixed - use , primarily residential development , it has the tallest residential building in San Francisco . The blue - gray glass , late - modernist buildings are bounded by Mission , Fremont , and Beale Streets , and the north end of the Transbay Transit Center site . Opened to residents on April 23 , 2009 , 301 Mission includes two buildings : a 12 - story tower located on the northeast of the property , and Millennium Tower , a 58 - story , 645 - foot - tall ( 197 m ) condominium skyscraper . The mixed - use , primarily residential structure is the tallest residential building in San Francisco .", "1": "In total , the project has 419 residential units , with 53 of those units in the smaller tower . The tower 's highest level , 58 floors above the ground , is listed as the 60th , because floors 13 and 44 are missing for superstitious reasons . The French restaurant and wine bar RN74 is housed on the ground floor of the skyscraper . Resident services include a private concierge and access to the 20,000 - square - foot ( 1,900 m ) Owner 's Club Level , which features amenities such as a private lounge , wine cellar , and fitness center . The development 's `` lifestyle '' program organizes cultural events . In May 2016 , residents were informed the main tower was both sinking and tilting , resulting in several lawsuits concerning repair costs and whether the tilt had been withheld from buyers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 3 Sinking and tilting problem 4 Awards 5 Notable residents 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Description ( edit ) Developed by Mission Street Development LLC , an affiliate of Millennium Partners , the US $350 million project was designed by Handel Architects , engineered by DeSimone Consulting Engineers and constructed by Webcor Builders . At 645 feet ( 197 m ) , it is the tallest concrete structure in San Francisco , the fourth tallest building in San Francisco overall , and the tallest since 345 California Street in 1986 . It was also the tallest residential building west of the Mississippi River when finished ( later surpassed by The Austonian in Texas ) . The tower is slender , with each floor containing 14,000 square feet ( 1,300 m ) of floor space . In addition to the 58 - story tower , there is a 125 - foot ( 38 m ) , 11 - story tower on the northeast end of the complex . Between the two towers is a 43 - foot ( 13 m ) , two - story glass atrium . In total , the project has 419 units . The residences are said to be the priciest on the West Coast , with the penthouse unit selling for US $13 million in December 2016 .", "2": "The bottom 25 floors of the main tower are called Residences while the floors from 26 to the top have the name Grand Residences . The 53 units in the separate 12 - story tower are called the City Residences . Below street level , there are 434 parking spaces in a five - level subterranean garage located under the 11 - story tower . The building is located next to the site of the future Transbay Transit Center . Overall , the tower 's design is intended to resemble a translucent crystal , and is a landmark for the Transbay Redevelopment and the southern skyline of San Francisco . The development is also home to RN74 , a restaurant and wine bar under the direction of Chef Michael Mina , located on the ground floor of the skyscraper . History ( edit ) The Millennium Tower in August 2016 Millennium Partners first proposed the development in 2002 with 163 condominiums , 108 rentals and a 136 - unit `` extended stay '' hotel rooms . The project was approved in 2003 by the S.F. Planning Commission 4 -- 1 and construction began in 2005 . The only against vote came from Planning Commissioner Sue Lee . The development was the first high rise built downtown in 20 years . According to Modern Luxury , a proposed 52 - story skyscraper at nearby 80 Natoma by developer Jack Myers which would also have a similar poured concrete construction , was rejected by the city 's Department of Building Inspections ( DBI ) after an outside peer review . The Millennium Tower received no such scrutiny , since Millennium Partners would not submit to a peer review , as that study would have potentially delayed construction by years . On September 6 , 2010 , Dan Goodwin , also known as SpiderDan and Skyscraperman , scaled the outside of the tower using suction cups . Following the climb , Goodwin was arrested by the San Francisco police , who charged him with trespassing and creating a public nuisance . In 2013 , the building sold its final unit , generating US $750 million in total sales , a 25 percent return on the estimated US $600 million in development costs .", "3": "Sinking and tilting problem ( edit ) TTC construction next to the tower After the issue was apparently disclosed in 2015 , in 2016 , the public was notified that the building was sinking and tilting . The foundation of the main tower is a concrete slab built on 60 -- 90 - foot - deep ( 18 -- 27 m ) concrete friction piles through the fill and Young Bay Mud , and embedded into dense Colma sand . A number of other buildings in 301 Mission Street 's area have used similar systems , although due to varying earth conditions , others have pushed piles directly into the bedrock 200 feet ( 61 m ) below . An examination in 2016 showed the building had sunk 16 inches ( 41 cm ) with a two - inch ( 5.1 cm ) tilt at the base and an approximate six - inch ( 15 cm ) tilt at the top of the tower . The building is leaning toward the northwest . The developer blames the sinking problem on the Transbay Joint Powers Authority ( TJPA ) , who were responsible for construction of the neighboring Transbay Transit Center ( TTC ) . However , the sinking problem had reportedly started before TTC construction even broke ground , and TJPA asserted the building had already settled 10 inches ( 25 cm ) , well past the original maximum vertical settling prediction of 5.5 inches ( 14 cm ) in 20 years , by the time TJPA began removing the timber piles under the prior Transbay Terminal in 2011 . The building 's homeowners association , represented by general counsel Adrian Adams of Adams Stirling PLC , retained Dan Petrocelli of O'Melveny & Myers , to sue Webcor , Millennium Partners , and the TJPA . Originally , the homeowners association had hired David Casselman to sue the TJPA instead of developer Millennium Partners , as Casselman noted that `` inverse condemnation law allows residents to collect legal fees on top of any award , whereas suing the developer will steer up to 40 percent of any award to lawyers '' . Another group of tenants who disagree with the homeowners association , led by resident and patent litigator Jerry Dodson , is suing Millennium Partners , the City of San Francisco , and the TJPA . In breaking with Casselman and the homeowners association , Dodson has regarded Millennium Partners as the responsible culprit .", "4": "In November 2016 , the city of San Francisco filed suit against the tower 's developer Mission Street Developers LLC , claiming that the developers withheld information on the sinking problems from potential apartment buyers . Mission Street Developers rejected the city 's claims . Sage Engineers has been hired by Millennium Partners to provide an engineering study on the sinking problem . Some experts have prognosticated that the cost to fix the tilt could exceed the liability insurance held by Millennium Partners and the building 's various construction vendors . If the TJPA is found to be at fault , San Francisco taxpayers could end up paying for the repairs . As of 2017 , a city inspection has found that the building is still safe to occupy , though there has been damage to the foundation and electrical system . In March 2017 , the homeowners association filed suit against Millennium Partners , Webcor , Handel Architects , Treadwell & Rollo , Langan , DeSimone Consulting Engineers , Arup , and Transbay Joint Powers Authority . They are seeking $200 million to cover repairs and damages . Awards ( edit ) The building has garnered several awards from several engineering and architectural organisations . 2008 : American Concrete Institute Awards , Northern California -- Construction 2008 : Concrete Industry Board -- Roger H. CIB Award of Merit 2009 : American Society of Civil Engineers , Region 9 -- Structural Engineering Project of the Year 2008 : American Society of Civil Engineers , San Francisco Section -- Outstanding Structural Engineering Project 2009 : Metal Architecture Magazine -- April 2009 edition Top Honor 2009 : California Construction -- Outstanding Project Management 2009 : California Construction -- Multi-family / Residential , Award of Merit 2010 : San Francisco Business Times -- Deal of the Year Award 2010 : San Francisco Chamber of Commerce Excellence in Business Awards -- Building San Francisco Award Notable residents ( edit ) Joe Montana Hunter Pence Craig Ramsey Tom Perkins Gallery ( edit ) Early June 2006 August 16 Late October May 2007 Mid-July 2007 September 2007 February 2008 March 2008 Millennium Tower sign on the South facade See also ( edit ) List of tallest buildings in San Francisco References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dineen , J.K.", "5": "( June 15 , 2007 ) . `` Millennium Pours on Condos '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Dineen , J.K. ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Millennium Tower in San Francisco is a $750 M sellout '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Millennium Tower '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . ^ Jump up to : Millennium Tower ( San Francisco ) at Emporis ^ Jump up to : `` Millennium Tower '' . SkyscraperPage . ^ Jump up to : Millennium Tower ( San Francisco ) at Structurae ^ Jump up to : Dineen , J.K. ( March 28 , 2010 ) . `` Millennium Tower soars to new heights '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Dineen , J.K. ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` Sinking Millennium Tower safe to live in , city report concludes '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roorda , Derrick D. ; Rodrigues , Nicolas J. Design of the Tallest Reinforced Concrete Structure in California : A 58 - Story Residential Tower in San Francisco . Structures Congress 2008 : Crossing Borders . American Society of Civil Engineers . pp. 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.1061 / 41016 ( 314 ) 85 . ^ Jump up to : Taranath , Bungale S. ( 2009 ) . Reinforced concrete design of tall buildings . CRC Press . p. 768 . ISBN 1 - 4398 - 0480 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Rare peek into S.F. 's ultra-luxe Millennium Tower corner unit '' , Anna Marie Erwert , SFGate , September 24 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Matthews , Damion ( May 25 , 2009 ) .", "6": "`` RN74 at the Millennium Tower '' . SFLUXE . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tarmy , James ; Mehrotra , Kartikay ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Who Will Pay for San Francisco 's $750 Million Tilting Tower ? '' . Bloomberg Pursuits . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McPhate , Mike . `` California Today : A Leaning Tower in San Francisco '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dineen , J.K. `` City attorney sues Millennium developer -- says buyers duped '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hoge , Patrick ( August 1 , 2003 ) . `` Planners approve 58 - story Tower ; 301 Mission St. would be S.F. 's 4th - Tallest '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 345 California Center '' . Emporis . Retrieved August 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Millennium Tower ( San Francisco ) '' . Enclos Corp . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : King , John ( December 21 , 2003 ) . `` A chance to reach new heights / Towers could energize S.F. skyline '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Robinson , M. ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` A tech exec just bought the penthouse in San Francisco 's sinking skyscraper for $13 million '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Temple , James ( February 16 , 2008 ) . `` High - end home sales soar in Bay Area '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Adams , Gerald D.", "7": "( May 18 , 2002 ) . `` 58 - story skyscraper seeking S.F. approval / Proposal for city 's fourth - highest tower '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Big Sink '' . Modern Luxury . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ; Fagan , Kevin ( September 7 , 2010 ) . `` Man scales S.F. tower to publicize his message '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Skinner , Curtis . `` San Francisco city attorney sues developer of sinking luxury tower '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Associated , Press . `` Leaning San Francisco tower seen sinking from space '' . Fox News . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Owners at `` Leaning Tower of San Francisco '' Knock Condo Values to Zero `` . Wolf Street . October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smiley , Lauren ; Eskenazi , Joe ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Big Sink '' . San Francisco Magazine . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gecker , Jocelyn ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tilting , Sinking San Francisco High - Rise Raises Alarm '' . ABC News . Associated Press . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matier , Phillip ; Ross , Andrew ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` SF 's landmark tower for rich and famous is sinking and tilting '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boule , Scott ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Evidence does not support Millennium Partners ' claim that the TJPA 's dewatering is the cause of the excessive vertical settlement and tilting of the Millennium Tower '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Transbay Joint Powers Authority . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dorsey , Matt .", "8": "`` Millennium Tower Homeowners Tap Petrocelli as Lead Counsel , Rounding Out All - Star Legal Team Prior to Lawsuit '' , ' ' O'Melveny & Meyers Press Release ' ' , San Francisco , February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serna , Joseph ; Peter H. King ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` San Francisco sues developer over sinking skyscraper '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Millennium Tower San Francisco homeowners strike back with $200 million lawsuit '' . BuzzBuzzHome News . April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whiting , Sam ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` Joe Montana finds empty nest in San Francisco '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keeling , Brock ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Millennium Tower breaks record , nets $13 million for penthouse '' . Curbed SF . Jump up ^ Taylor , Candace ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Perkins 's Penthouse in Sinking Millennium Tower Sells '' . The Wall Street Journal -- via www.wsj.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Millennium Tower ( San Francisco , California ) . Official website Tallest buildings in San Francisco Skyscrapers over 500 feet ( 150 m ) Transamerica Pyramid 555 California Street 345 California Center Millennium Tower One Rincon Hill South Tower 50 Fremont Center 101 California Street 575 Market Street Four Embarcadero Center One Embarcadero Center 44 Montgomery One Market Plaza Spear Tower One Sansome Street One Rincon Hill North Tower One Front Street First Market Tower McKesson Plaza 425 Market Street One Montgomery Tower Highrises over 400 feet ( 120 m ) 333 Bush Street Hilton San Francisco Union Square Tower I Pacific Gas & Electric Building 50 California Street St.", "9": "Regis Museum Tower 100 Pine Center 45 Fremont Street 333 Market Street 650 California Street 555 Mission Street The Infinity II 100 First Plaza 340 Fremont Street 399 Fremont Street One California San Francisco Marriott Marquis Russ Building 140 New Montgomery Jasper JPMorgan Chase Building The Paramount Providian Financial Building Three Embarcadero Center Two Embarcadero Center 350 Mission Street 595 Market Street 123 Mission Street 101 Montgomery Embarcadero West 100 Van Ness Avenue LUMINA Highrises over 300 feet ( 91 m ) One Maritime Plaza Four Seasons Hotel Westin St. Francis 456 Montgomery Plaza 535 Mission Street Shell Building Park Central Hotel San Francisco 222 Second Street 199 Fremont Street Hilton San Francisco Financial District One Market Plaza Steuart Tower 425 California Street 100 Montgomery Street Grand Hyatt San Francisco Fox Plaza 101 Second Street NEMA 580 California Street 601 California Street The Infinity I Hilton San Francisco Union Square Tower II 450 Sutter Street InterContinental San Francisco Stevenson Place 150 California Street 225 Bush Street 505 Montgomery Street Blue Shield of California Building Fairmont San Francisco 180 Montgomery Street KPMG Building Central Plaza Sir Francis Drake Hotel The Summit W San Francisco 353 Sacramento Street 555 Market Street Bank of California Building Phillip Burton Federal Building Ritz - Carlton Club and Residences San Francisco Marriott Union Square 88 Kearny Street 388 Market Street Commercial Union Assurance Building Hunter - Dulin Building One Bush Plaza San Francisco City Hall McAllister Tower Apartments Mark Hopkins Hotel Mills Tower Central Tower Under construction Salesforce Tower Oceanwide Center I & II 181 Fremont Park Tower at Transbay Transbay Block 8 706 Mission Street Transbay Block 9 Folsom Bay Tower 33 Tehama Street Planned and proposed Palace Hotel Residential Tower Treasure Island development 5M Project 524 Howard Street 1500 Mission Street See also : San Francisco Designated Landmarks ,", "10": "Buildings and structures in San Francisco San Francisco Bay Area portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millennium_Tower_(San_Francisco)&oldid=821701818 '' Categories : Residential buildings completed in 2009 Residential skyscrapers in San Francisco Residential condominiums in San Francisco South of Market , San Francisco 2009 in San Francisco 2009 establishments in California 2016 in San Francisco Engineering failures Inclined towers in the United States Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Skyscraper Center ID same as Wikidata Structurae ID not in Wikidata Use mdy dates from November 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 03 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8741253661372783389	when was the first season of when calls the heart	[ "January 11, 2014", "2014", "January 11, 2014", "January 11, 2014", "January 11, 2014" ]	{ "0": "When Calls the Heart - wikipedia When Calls the Heart Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with When the Heart Calls . When Calls the Heart Genre Family Drama Western Based on When Calls the Heart by Janette Oke Developed by Michael Landon Jr . Starring Erin Krakow Daniel Lissing Lori Loughlin Martin Cummins Jack Wagner Pascale Hutton Kavan Smith Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 50 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Landon Jr . Jimmy Townsend Roman Viaris Francisco Gonzalez Brian Bird Brad Krevoy Producer ( s ) Vicki Sotheran Greg Malcolm Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Running time 42 -- 84 minutes Production company ( s ) Believe Pictures Brad Krevoy Television Jordan Films Release Original network Hallmark Channel ( U.S. ) Super Channel ( Canada ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website When Calls the Heart is a Canadian - American television drama series , inspired by Janette Oke 's book of the same name from her Canadian West series , and developed by Michael Landon Jr . The series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11 , 2014 , and on April 16 , 2014 on Super Channel in Canada . The series originally debuted as a two - hour television movie pilot in October 2013 , starring Maggie Grace as young teacher Elizabeth Thatcher and Stephen Amell as North West Mounted Police officer Wynn Delaney . In the television series Erin Krakow is cast as her niece , whose name is also Elizabeth Thatcher ( played by Poppy Drayton in the movie ) , and Daniel Lissing plays a Mountie named Jack Thornton , with Lori Loughlin reprising her role as coal mine widow Abigail Stanton .", "1": "On April 24 , 2017 , Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season , which premiered with a two - hour Christmas special broadcast as part of Hallmark 's Countdown to Christmas event and resumed in February 2018 , ending in April . On March 21 , 2018 , Hallmark renewed the series for a sixth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Characters 5 Production 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher ( Erin Krakow ) , a young teacher accustomed to her high - society life . She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley , a small coal - mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb , Alberta . There , life is simple -- but often fraught with challenges . Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley , except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton ( Daniel Lissing ) . He believes Thatcher 's wealthy father has doomed the lawman 's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate 's daughter . The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 2 , Season 2 after the coal mine was closed . Living in this 1910 coal town , Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own . Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton , whose husband , the foreman of the mine , and her only son -- along with 45 other miners -- have recently been killed in an explosion , which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen -- a result of the mining - company site manager 's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine . The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads , food on the table , and compile a wage for the town 's teacher . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of When Calls the Heart episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 January 11 ,", "2": "2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) 7 April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) New Year 's Wish December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) 8 February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) Christmas December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 10 February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) The Christmas Wishing Tree December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) 5 10 February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) April 22 ,", "3": "2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton ( Seasons 1 - 5 ) Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton Jack Wagner as Bill Avery Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter Recurring ( edit ) Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery Ben Rosenbaum as Hickam Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter Eva Bourne as Clara Stanton Ava Grace Cooper as Opal Max Lloyd - Jones as Tom Thornton Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher Will Verchere - Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell ( season 4 ) Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera ( season 4 ) Josie Bissett as AJ Foster Characters ( edit ) This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent , strong - minded , passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city . The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher , Elizabeth has two sisters , older sister Viola and younger sister Julie .", "4": "Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley , a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher , and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live , lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family . She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him . However , over time they become good friends , and develop an obvious attraction to one another . In the final episode of season 1 , `` Prelude to a Kiss , '' ( also titled as `` Final Adieu '' ) , after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season , Jack tells Elizabeth , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one '' and they share a kiss . Throughout season 2 , Elizabeth 's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low . Finally , in the season 2 finale , she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her . After being comforted both admitting that they love each other , Jack and Elizabeth kiss . Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy . Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton . Jack has a younger brother , Tom ( named after his father ) . As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity , he often finds himself protecting and saving people . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip ( after Rip Van Winkle ) and takes home with him . A source of comfort and companion in the small town , Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Rip , who 's afraid of thunder , hides in the mine shafts during a storm . Jack and Elizabeth search for him ; in their search , their relationship grows stronger . Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth , he developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him . However , he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time . In `` Rules of Engagement '' ( S. 1 ) , it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him . However , they have both changed and realize that they can not have a relationship as they once did ever again . In `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( S.", "5": "1 ) , Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley . Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched , he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one . '' She replied that she was `` not going anywhere '' , Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss . In season 2 , Elizabeth and Jack share a hot - and - cold relationship until the finale , `` With All My Heart . '' They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss . Jack 's brother , Tom , is introduced season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart , '' and their rocky relationship continues until `` Coming Together , Coming Apart . '' Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him , but he would n't be proud of the way he was currently living . Both in tears , Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around . More recently , Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator , Lee Coulter . In season 3 , Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Jack 's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly . She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her , but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is : a trustworthy , dedicated teacher . In the season finale , `` Prayers From The Heart , '' Jack is injured in a flood . But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee 's best man at his wedding . Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman who tragically lost her husband and son in the mining accident . Abigail is a very kind woman , and she stands strongly for the things she believes in . She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends . When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage , Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live . After being complimented on her cooking , Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley . Together , Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe .", "6": "At the end of season 1 , Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery , a Mountie , serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton 's . In season 2 , Abigail takes in her daughter - in - law , Clara , the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had . With Bill 's past being revealed , Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor , Frank Hogan . Also , she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth . Bill Avery is a mysterious , quiet man . He first appears in season 1 's `` Rules of Engagement , '' in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen 's wrongdoings . Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton . Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill 's family and his wedding ring . He later tells her that his son died , as well as his wife . However , his wife , Nora , comes to confront him in season 2 's `` Heart 's Desire . '' Henry Gowen is a cold , cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine . After the mine was shut down , Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold , cynical presence whenever people are around him . Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town . He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants , which is never for the good of the town . Rosemary `` Rosie '' LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant , enthusiastic actress from New York . She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton , but they both realized that it would n't work out . Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as `` the competition , '' but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth , even if she has a hard time showing it . At the beginning of season 2 , Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends . Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary 's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person . Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth , even if only on an acquaintance level . Truthfully , she cares about everyone in Hope Valley , especially Lee , with whom she shares an mutual attraction .", "7": "When Rosie is not spending time with Lee , talking to Abigail , or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress , she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley 's newspaper ! In season 3 , Rosemary 's friendship with Elizabeth deepened . Instead of viewing her as an adversary , she finds a friend in Elizabeth . Throughout season 3 , Rosemary 's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic . In `` Heart Of A Hero , '' seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs , Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre does n't have to be built . He insists , but she says how important his job is . He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre , telling her that she is `` the best part of his life . '' The couple shares in their first kiss . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking he is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to him , telling how much she loves him . In `` Heartbreak , '' Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming . This has always been Rosemary 's dream , to be an actress . Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best , but it is obvious that the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him . Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley , with Lee . Lee then tells her that he has another `` role '' that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage . She happily accepts . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding . The couple weds in the season 3 finale `` Prayers From The Heart , '' with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor . Leland `` Lee '' Coulter is a kind , laidback , patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley . When timber becomes Coal Valley 's major source of natural resources , the town is renamed Hope Valley . He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her . When she declines his romantic intentions , Lee recruits his friend , Molly Sullivan , to make Rosemary jealous ; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit , appreciating Lee 's good qualities .", "8": "Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality , Lee 's compassion and patience never fails with her . With Rosemary 's help , Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in `` Heart and Home . '' When not at work , Lee enjoys being with friends , including Jack Thornton , who shares Lee 's simple and laidback outlook , allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice . In season 3 , Lee 's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside . Through Bill and Jack 's investigation , they find the culprit . In season 3 's `` Heart Of A Hero , '' Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her . Lee promises that one day , he will build her the theatre at a time when he is n't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking Lee is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee , telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured . He however hears each and every word . She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her . In the episode `` Heartbreak , '' Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood . When she gives up the movie , seeing her future in Hope Valley with him , he asks her to marry him . The couple weds in the season 3 finale , `` Prayers From The Heart . '' Jack serves the role of Lee 's best man . Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth 's hopeless romantic younger sister . She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who are n't quite what they seem . In season 2 she gets involved with Jack 's brother Tom , which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth 's relationship . Cat Montgomery is a kind , encouraging woman in Coal Valley . She is a widow and mother of three : Gabe , Miles , and Emily . Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came . She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self - sacrificing acts in `` Secrets and Lies . ''", "9": "Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement , Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in `` Cease and Desist . '' She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail . In `` These Games , '' she also helps Jack catch a thief . Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley . She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative , even in a very positive situation . In `` Heart and Home , '' Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her , which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat , though she remains fairly outspoken . While not always likable , Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley . Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher . Molly 's husband was killed in the mine disaster . She has a daughter Rosaleen . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much . When she runs away , Elizabeth finds her in the mine , feeling guilty that she did n't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead . She fears her mother will blame her , but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will `` say that she loves her more than life itself . '' Molly is reunited with her daughter , to the joy of the town 's people . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Lee feels it 's time to `` play hard to get '' with Rosemary , so he enlists help from Molly . She pretends to be interested in him romantically . This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him . Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town . Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail 's late son Peter , and is a sweet , quiet , and sensitive young woman . Abigail never knew she had a daughter - in - law until season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart ; '' with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed . In `` Heart 's Desire , '' Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley , an offer that Clara accepts .", "10": "Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton . He is interested in her , though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship . Production ( edit ) The series , originally planned to be filmed in Colorado , is filmed south of Vancouver , British Columbia , on a farm surrounded by vineyards . The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013 . Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set . The Thatcher home is the University Women 's Club of Vancouver . The series was renewed for a second season , which aired from April 25 to June 13 , 2015 . Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season , which aired from February 21 to April 10 , 2016 , with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season . In mid-2016 , it was announced that Season 4 would premiere on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two - hour special . On April 11 , 2016 , Lissing and Krakow announced via the series ' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season , which aired from February 19 to April 23 , 2017 . Filming for season five began in Vancouver on August 22 , 2017 , and ended on December 21 , 2017 . Broadcast ( edit ) The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015 . The network has since aired all five seasons . The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reiher , Andrea ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' When Calls the Heart ' premiere : Will you return to the frontier ? '' . Zap2It . From Inside the Box ( blog ) . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' When Calls the Heart ' features Aussie Mountie '' . Canadian Press , April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - The Movie Cast '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 .", "11": "Jump up ^ `` '' When Calls the Heart , '' Hallmark Channel 's Newest Original Primetime Series Kicks Off with a 2 - Hour Special Extended Pilot on October 5 '' ( Press release ) . Hallmark Channel . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 11 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Hallmark Channel 's ' When Calls The Heart ' Adds Cast ; ' Cedar Cove ' July Premiere Set '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Special Announcement - When Calls the Heart '' . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Gets Season 5 Premiere Date On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Hallmark Channel Upfront Presentation Canceled Due To Storm , Net Makes Announcements , Including ' When Calls the Heart ' Renewal , At Central Park Event '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - About the Series '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' TV Series Set In Fictional Town Built In B.C. '' The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Younger , ' ' Bones ' and a former Pittsburgh news anchor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` When Calls the Heart ' Renewed for Second Season by Hallmark Channel '' .", "12": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 3 On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Calls the Heart videos '' . Hallmark Channel . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` When Calls the Heart : Season Four Renewal for Hallmark Channel Series '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 4 By Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Johnny Depp , When Calls the Heart , and Eggplant Emoji '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krakow , Erin ( @ erinkrakow ) ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a Season 5 WRAP for Elizabeth ! It flew ! Missing my Hope Valley friends already ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV stacks fall and winter lineups with British , Aussie fare '' . 680 News , May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Television reveals its 2016 summer schedule with five new primetime series , returning hits and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games '' . CBC Television . May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Announces 2017 - 18 Programming Slate '' . CBC Television . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 .", "13": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : When Calls the Heart Official website When Calls the Heart on IMDb ( hide ) Hallmark Channel original programming Original programming Former Cedar Cove ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Signed , Sealed , Delivered ( 2014 ) Current Home and Family ( since 2012 ) When Calls the Heart ( since 2014 ) Good Witch ( since 2015 ) Chesapeake Shores ( since 2016 ) Meet the Peetes ( since 2018 ) Movies List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Hallmark Hall of Fame movie list Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_Calls_the_Heart&oldid=838349951 '' Categories : English - language television programs 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts 2010s Canadian drama television series 2014 Canadian television series debuts Period family drama television series Western ( genre ) television series Television programs based on books Television series produced in Vancouver Super Channel shows Hallmark Channel shows CBC Television shows 2010s American romance television series Canadian romance television series Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2018 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 13 : 19 . 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-2244798821441304446	who said one man's vulgarity is another's lyric	[ "Justice Harlan", "Justice Harlan", "Justice Harlan", "Justice Harlan" ]	{ "0": "Cohen v. California - wikipedia Cohen v. California Jump to : navigation , search Cohen v. California Supreme Court of the United States Argued February 22 , 1971 Decided June 7 , 1971 Full case name Paul Robert Cohen , Appellant v. State of California Citations 403 U.S. 15 ( more ) 91 S. Ct. 1780 ; 29 L. Ed . 2d 284 ; 1971 U.S. LEXIS 32 Prior history Defendant convicted , Los Angeles Municipal Court ; affirmed , 81 Cal . Rptr. 503 ( Cal . Ct . App . 1969 ) ; rehearing denied , Court of Appeal of California , Second Appellate District 11 - 13 - 69 ; review denied , Supreme Court of California , 12 - 17 - 69 Subsequent history Rehearing denied , 404 U.S. 876 ( 1971 ) Holding The First Amendment , as applied through the Fourteenth , prohibits states from making the public display of a single four - letter expletive a criminal offense , without a more specific and compelling reason than a general tendency to disturb the peace . Court of Appeal of California reversed . Court membership Chief Justice Warren E. Burger Associate Justices Hugo Black William O. Douglas John M. Harlan II William J. Brennan , Jr . Potter Stewart Byron White Thurgood Marshall Harry Blackmun Case opinions Majority Harlan , joined by Douglas , Brennan , Stewart , Marshall Dissent Blackmun , joined by Burger , Black ; White ( in part ) Laws applied U.S. Const . amend . I ; Cal . Penal Code § 415 Wikisource has original text related to this article : Cohen v. California Cohen v. California , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) , was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with freedom of speech . The Court overturned a man 's conviction for the crime of disturbing the peace for wearing a jacket in the public corridors of a courthouse that displayed the phrase , `` Fuck the Draft '' .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background of the case 2 The Court 's decision 2.1 Blackmun 's dissent 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Background of the case ( edit ) On April 26 , 1968 , 19 - year - old Paul Robert Cohen was arrested for wearing a jacket bearing the words `` Fuck the Draft '' inside the Los Angeles Courthouse in the corridor outside the division 20 of the municipal court . He was convicted of violating section 415 of the California Penal Code , which prohibited `` maliciously and willfully disturb ( ing ) the peace or quiet of any neighborhood or person ( by ) offensive conduct , '' and sentenced to 30 days in jail . The conviction was upheld by the California Court of Appeal , which held that `` offensive conduct '' means `` behavior which has a tendency to provoke others to acts of violence or to in turn disturb the peace . '' After the California Supreme Court denied review , the U.S. Supreme Court granted a writ of certiorari . The case was argued by Melville Nimmer , representing Paul Robert Cohen , and Michael T. Sauer , representing California . The Court 's decision ( edit ) The Court , by a vote of 5 - 4 , per Justice John Marshall Harlan II , overturned the appellate court 's ruling . First , Justice Harlan began by emphasizing that this case concerned `` speech '' , and not `` conduct '' , as was at issue in United States v. O'Brien . Harlan then stated that any attempt by California to abridge the content of Cohen 's speech would be no doubt unconstitutional except in a few instances , like , for example , if California was regulating the time , place , or manner of Cohen 's speech independent from the content of the speech . Second , Harlan also expressed the concern of the Court that section 415 was vague and did not put citizens on notice as to what behavior was unlawful . Indeed , the words `` offensive conduct '' alone can not `` be said sufficiently to inform the ordinary person that distinctions between certain locations are thereby created . '' Third , the mere use of an untoward four - letter word did not place the speech into a category of speech that has traditionally been subject to greater regulations by the government , as in Roth v. United States , for example .", "2": "Similarly , Harlan and the Court refused to categorize the speech at issue as a `` fighting word '' under Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire , because no `` individual actually or likely to be present could reasonably have regarded the words on appellant 's jacket as a direct personal insult . '' Finally , the Court was unwilling to give credence to the idea that the government could suppress the type of speech at issue here in order to protect the public at large . Having discarded what was not at issue in this case , Harlan stated that the issue was `` whether California can excise , as `` offensive conduct '' , one particular scurrilous epithet from the public discourse , either upon the theory ... that its use is inherently likely to cause violent reaction or upon a more general assertion that the States , acting as guardians of public morality , may properly remove this offensive word from the public vocabulary . '' The states could not . As to the first theory , the Court stated that it was not presented with any evidence suggesting that the speech was likely to cause an incitement to violence . As to the second theory , the Court stated that while it was a closer call , the rationale was not sufficient . Specifically , Harlan , citing Justice Brandeis ' opinion in Whitney v. California , emphasized that the First Amendment operates to protect the inviolability of the marketplace of ideas imagined by the Founding Fathers . Allowing California to suppress the speech at issue in this case would be destructive to that marketplace . `` To many , the immediate consequence of this freedom may often appear to be only verbal tumult , discord , and even offensive utterance '' , Justice Harlan wrote . `` These are , however , within established limits , in truth necessary side effects of the broader enduring values which the process of open debate permits us to achieve . That the air may at times seem filled with verbal cacophony is , in this sense not a sign of weakness but of strength . '' `` ( A ) bsent a more particularized and compelling reason for its actions '' , Harlan continued , `` the State may not , consistently with the First and Fourteenth Amendments , make the simple public display of this single four - letter expletive a criminal offense . '' In his opinion Justice Harlan famously wrote `` one man 's vulgarity is another 's lyric . ''", "3": "Thus , Harlan 's arguments can be constructed in three major points : First , states ( California ) can not censor their citizens in order to make a `` civil '' society . Second , knowing where to draw the line between harmless heightened emotion and vulgarity can be difficult . Third , people bring passion to politics and vulgarity is simply a side effect of a free exchange of ideas -- no matter how radical they may be . Blackmun 's dissent ( edit ) In a dissenting opinion , Justice Harry Blackmun , joined by Burger and Black , suggested that Cohen 's wearing of the jacket in the courthouse was not speech but conduct ( an `` absurd and immature antic '' ) and therefore not protected by the First Amendment . The second paragraph of Blackmun 's dissent noted that the Supreme Court of California construed section 415 in In re Bushman 1 Cal. 3d 767 , 83 Cal. Rptr. 375 ( Cal , 1970 ) , which was decided after the Court of Appeal of California 's decision in Cohen v. California and the Supreme Court of California 's denial of review . Blackmun wrote that the case `` ought to be remanded to the California Court of Appeal for reconsideration in the light of the subsequently rendered decision by the State 's highest tribunal in Bushman . '' See also ( edit ) List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 403 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ American Constitutional Law ; Civil Rights & Liberties ; Stephens & Scheb ; Pg. 189 Jump up ^ 403 U.S. 25 . Jump up ^ 403 U.S. 26 . Jump up ^ 403 U.S. 25 . Jump up ^ 403 U.S. 27 . Jump up ^ 403 U.S. 28 . Further reading ( edit ) Balter - Reitz , Susan J. ( 2003 ) . `` Cohen v. California '' . In Parker , Richard A. ( ed . ) . Free Speech on Trial : Communication Perspectives on Landmark Supreme Court Decisions . Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama Press . pp. 160 -- 171 . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1301 - X .", "4": "CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Fairman , Christopher M. ( 2009 ) . Fuck : Word Taboo and Protecting Our First Amendment Liberties . Sphinx Publishing . ISBN 1572487119 . External links ( edit ) Text of Cohen v. California , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) is available from : Findlaw Justia BC First Amendment Library entry for Cohen v. California Abstract on Cohen v. California , from OYEZ Krattenmaker , Thomas G. ( 2012 ) . `` Looking Back at Cohen v. California : A 40 Year Retrospective from Inside the Court '' . William and Mary Bill of Rights Journal . 20 : 651 .", "5": "; a retrospective on the case by Thomas G. Krattenmaker , the Supreme Court clerk who drafted the majority opinion ( hide ) United States First Amendment case law Establishment Clause Public funding Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) McCollum v. Board of Education ( 1948 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) Aguilar v. Felton ( 1985 ) Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) Mitchell v. Helms ( 2000 ) Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) Locke v. Davey ( 2004 ) Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn ( 2011 ) Public displays Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary ( 1985 ) County of Allegheny v. ACLU ( 1989 ) McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky ( 2005 ) Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) Pleasant Grove City v. Summum ( 2009 ) School prayer Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1985 ) Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe ( 2000 ) Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2004 ) Creationism Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ( M.D. Pa.", "6": "2005 ) Legislature prayer Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Town of Greece v. Galloway ( 2014 ) Establishment Clause , Other McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) McDaniel v. Paty ( 1978 ) Estate of Thornton v. Caldor , Inc. ( 1985 ) Texas Monthly , Inc. v. Bullock ( 1989 ) Hosanna - Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 2012 ) Free Exercise Clause Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) Davis v. Beason ( 1890 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) Murdock v. Pennsylvania ( 1943 ) United States v. Ballard ( 1944 ) Braunfeld v. Brown ( 1961 ) Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church ( 1969 ) Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) Harris v. McRae ( 1980 ) Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division ( 1981 ) United States v. Lee ( 1982 ) Bob Jones University v. United States ( 1983 ) Bowen v. Roy ( 1986 ) Goldman v. Weinberger ( 1986 ) Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton ( 2002 ) Cutter v. Wilkinson ( 2005 ) Gonzales v. UDV ( 2006 ) Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia , Inc.", "7": "v. Comer ( 2017 ) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission ( under consideration ) ( hide ) Freedom of speech ( portal ) Sedition and imminent danger Alien and Sedition Acts ( 1798 ) Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten ( S.D.N.Y. 1917 ) Schenck v. United States ( 1919 ) Abrams v. United States ( 1919 ) Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board ( 1955 , 1961 ) Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) Bond v. Floyd ( 1966 ) Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) Hess v. Indiana ( 1973 ) False speech Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) Fighting words and the heckler 's veto Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire ( 1942 ) Terminiello v. Chicago ( 1949 ) Feiner v. New York ( 1951 ) Gregory v. Chicago ( 1969 ) National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie ( 1977 ) R.A.V. v. City of St.", "8": "Paul ( 1992 ) Snyder v. Phelps ( 2011 ) Elonis v. United States ( 2015 ) Freedom of assembly and public forums Hague v. CIO ( 1939 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Thornhill v. Alabama ( 1940 ) Martin v. City of Struthers ( 1943 ) Marsh v. Alabama ( 1946 ) Niemotko v. Maryland ( 1951 ) Edwards v. South Carolina ( 1963 ) Cox v. Louisiana ( 1965 ) Brown v. Louisiana ( 1966 ) Adderley v. Florida ( 1966 ) Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne ( 1968 ) Coates v. Cincinnati ( 1971 ) Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe ( 1971 ) Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner ( 1972 ) Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins ( 1980 ) Widmar v. Vincent ( 1981 ) Hill v. Colorado ( 2000 ) McCullen v. Coakley ( 2014 ) Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) Symbolic speech Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) United States v. O'Brien ( 1968 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) Smith v. Goguen ( 1974 ) Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) United States v. Eichman ( 1990 ) Virginia v. Black ( 2003 ) Compelled speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Wooley v. Maynard ( 1977 ) Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth ( 2000 ) Davenport v. Washington Education Association ( 2007 ) Knox v. Service Employees International Union , Local 1000 ( 2012 ) Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International , Inc.", "9": "( 2013 ) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission ( under consideration ) Loyalty oaths American Communications Association v. Douds ( 1950 ) Garner v. Board of Public Works ( 1951 ) Speiser v. Randall ( 1958 ) Keyishian v. Board of Regents ( 1967 ) Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb ( 1974 ) School speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 1969 ) Island Trees School District v. Pico ( 1982 ) Bethel School District v. Fraser ( 1986 ) Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier ( 1988 ) Rosenberger v. University of Virginia ( 1995 ) Morse v. Frederick ( 2007 ) Obscenity Rosen v. United States ( 1896 ) United States v. One Book Called Ulysses ( S.D.N.Y. 1933 ) Roth v. United States ( 1957 ) One , Inc. v. Olesen ( 1958 ) Marcus v. Search Warrant ( 1961 ) MANual Enterprises v. Day ( 1962 ) Jacobellis v. Ohio ( 1964 ) Quantity of Books v. Kansas ( 1964 ) Freedman v. Maryland ( 1965 ) Ginzburg v. United States ( 1966 ) Memoirs v. Massachusetts ( 1966 ) Redrup v. New York ( 1967 ) Ginsberg v. New York ( 1968 ) Stanley v. Georgia ( 1969 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) United States v. Thirty - seven Photographs ( 1971 ) Kois v. Wisconsin ( 1972 ) Miller v. California ( 1973 ) Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton ( 1973 ) United States v. 12 200 - ft .", "10": "Reels of Film ( 1973 ) Jenkins v. Georgia ( 1974 ) Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville ( 1975 ) Young v. American Mini Theatres ( 1976 ) New York v. Ferber ( 1982 ) American Booksellers v. Hudnut ( 7th Cir. , 1985 ) Renton v. Playtime Theatres , Inc. ( 1986 ) Osborne v. Ohio ( 1990 ) United States v. X-Citement Video ( 1994 ) Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 1997 ) United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group ( 2000 ) Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition ( 2002 ) Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 2002 ) Nitke v. Gonzales ( S.D.N.Y. , 2005 ) United States v. Williams ( 2008 ) FCC v. Fox Televisions Stations - 2 cases ( 2009 and 2012 ) American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland ( 6th Cir. , 2009 ) United States v. Kilbride ( 9th Cir. , 2009 ) United States v. Stevens ( 2010 ) Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association ( 2011 ) Public employees Pickering v. Board of Education ( 1968 ) Perry v. Sindermann ( 1972 ) Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth ( 1972 ) Mt .", "11": "Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle ( 1977 ) Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District ( 1979 ) Connick v. Myers ( 1983 ) Rankin v. McPherson ( 1987 ) Waters v. Churchill ( 1994 ) Garcetti v. Ceballos ( 2006 ) Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri ( 2011 ) Heffernan v. City of Paterson ( 2016 ) Hatch Act and similar laws Ex parte Curtis ( 1882 ) United Public Workers v. Mitchell ( 1947 ) United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers ( 1973 ) Broadrick v. Oklahoma ( 1973 ) Licensing and restriction of speech Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio ( 1915 ) Joseph Burstyn , Inc. v. Wilson ( 1952 ) Freedman v. Maryland ( 1965 ) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) Hoffman Estates v . The Flipside , Hoffman Estates , Inc. ( 1982 ) Walker v. Texas Division , Sons of Confederate Veterans ( 2015 ) Matal v. Tam ( 2017 ) Commercial speech Valentine v. Chrestensen ( 1942 ) Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. ( 1970 ) Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations ( 1973 ) Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia ( 1974 ) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) Bates v. State Bar of Arizona ( 1977 ) Linmark Associates , Inc. v. Willingboro ( 1977 ) Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission ( 1980 ) Consol . Edison Co. v. Public Serv . Comm'n ( 1980 ) Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission of California ( 1986 ) Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico ( 1986 ) San Francisco Arts & Athletics , Inc.", "12": "v. United States Olympic Committee ( 1987 ) 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island ( 1996 ) Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. ( 2011 ) Campaign finance and political speech Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti ( 1978 ) Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley ( 1981 ) Brown v. Socialist Workers ' 74 Campaign Committee ( 1982 ) Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington ( 1983 ) FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life ( 1986 ) Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce ( 1990 ) McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission ( 1995 ) Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC ( 1996 ) Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC ( 2000 ) Republican Party of Minnesota v. White ( 2002 ) McConnell v. FEC ( 2003 ) Randall v. Sorrell ( 2006 ) FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. ( 2007 ) Davis v. FEC ( 2008 ) Citizens United v. FEC ( 2010 ) McComish v. Bennett ( 2011 ) American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock ( 2012 ) McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission ( 2014 ) Williams - Yulee v . The Florida Bar ( 2015 ) Freedom of the press Prior restraints and censorship Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) Lovell v. City of Griffin ( 1938 ) Hannegan v. Esquire , Inc. ( 1946 ) New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo ( 1974 ) Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart ( 1976 ) Landmark Communications , Inc. v. Virginia ( 1978 ) Tory v. Cochran ( 2005 ) Privacy Time , Inc. v. Hill ( 1967 ) Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn ( 1975 ) Florida Star v. B.J.F.", "13": "( 1989 ) Taxation and privileges Grosjean v. American Press Co. ( 1936 ) Branzburg v. Hayes ( 1972 ) Minneapolis Star Tribune Company v. Commissioner ( 1983 ) Defamation Beauharnais v. Illinois ( 1952 ) New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts ( 1967 ) Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) Time , Inc. v. Firestone ( 1976 ) Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States , Inc. ( 1984 ) Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. ( 1985 ) McDonald v. Smith ( 1985 ) Hustler Magazine v. Falwell ( 1988 ) Harte - Hanks Communications v. Connaughton ( 1989 ) Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. ( 1990 ) Obsidian Finance Group , LLC v. Cox ( 9th Cir. , 2014 ) Broadcast media Red Lion Broadcasting Co.", "14": "v. FCC ( 1969 ) FCC v. Pacifica Foundation ( 1978 ) Turner Broadcasting v. FCC ( 1994 ) Bartnicki v. Vopper ( 2001 ) Freedom of association Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath ( 1951 ) Watkins v. United States ( 1957 ) NAACP v. Alabama ( 1958 ) Baggett v. Bullitt ( 1964 ) In re Primus ( 1978 ) Roberts v. United States Jaycees ( 1984 ) Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , & Bisexual Group of Boston ( 1995 ) Boy Scouts of America v. Dale ( 2000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cohen_v._California&oldid=813041783 '' Categories : Conscription in the United States United States Supreme Court cases United States Free Speech Clause case law Legal history of California 1971 in United States case law American Civil Liberties Union litigation 1971 in California United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 11 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4739562939044149240	what is the purpose of the terra satelite	[ "to monitor the state of Earth's environment and ongoing changes in its climate system", "to monitor the state of Earth's environment and ongoing changes in its climate system", "to monitor the state of Earth's environment and ongoing changes in its climate system", "helps scientists better understand the spread of pollution around the globe", "to monitor the state of Earth's environment and ongoing changes in its climate system" ]	{ "0": "Terra ( satellite ) - wikipedia Terra ( satellite ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Terra ( disambiguation ) . Terra Terra ( EOS AM - 1 ) Mission type Climate research Operator NASA COSPAR ID 1999 - 068A SATCAT no . 25994 Website terra.nasa.gov Mission duration Elapsed : 18 years , 4 months , 8 days Spacecraft properties Manufacturer NASA Launch mass 4,864 kilograms ( 10,723 lb ) Start of mission Launch date December 18 , 1999 , 18 : 57 : 39 ( 1999 - 12 - 18UTC18 : 57 : 39Z ) UTC Rocket Atlas II AS AC - 141 Launch site Vandenberg SLC - 3E Contractor ILS Orbital parameters Reference system Geocentric Regime Low Earth Semi-major axis 7,080.0 kilometers ( 4,399.3 mi ) Eccentricity 0.0001392 Perigee 708.7 kilometers ( 440.4 mi ) Apogee 710.6 kilometers ( 441.5 mi ) Inclination 98.2098 ° Period 98.8 minutes RAAN 251.3130 degrees Argument of perigee 83.7699 degrees Mean anomaly 276.3654 degrees Mean motion 14.57110250 Epoch 25 June 2016 , 02 : 58 : 27 UTC Revolution no . 87867 Terra ( EOS AM - 1 ) is a multi-national NASA scientific research satellite in a Sun - synchronous orbit around the Earth . It is the flagship of the Earth Observing System ( EOS ) . The name `` Terra '' comes from the Latin word for Earth . A naming contest was held by NASA among U.S. high school students . The winning essay was submitted by Sasha Jones of Brentwood , Missouri . The identifier `` AM - 1 '' refers to its orbit , passing over the equator in the morning .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Launch 2 Mission 3 Malicious cyber activities 4 Gallery of images by Terra 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Launch ( edit ) The satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on December 18 , 1999 , aboard an Atlas IIAS vehicle and began collecting data on February 24 , 2000 . It was placed into a near - polar , sun - synchronous orbit at an altitude of 705km , with a 10 : 30am descending node . Mission ( edit ) Terra carries a payload of five remote sensors designed to monitor the state of Earth 's environment and ongoing changes in its climate system : ASTER ( Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer ) ASTER creates high - resolution images of clouds , ice , water and the land surface using 3 different sensor subsystems . They are the Shortwave Infrared ( SWIR ) ; Thermal Infrared ( TIR ) ; and Visible and Near Infrared ( VNIR ) . They cover 14 multi-spectral bands from visible to the thermal infrared . The SWIR stopped working in 2008 . ASTER was provided by Japan 's Ministry of Economy , Trade , and Industry . CERES ( Clouds and the Earth 's Radiant Energy System ) MISR ( Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer ) MODIS ( Moderate - resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ) MOPITT ( Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere ) Data from the satellite helps scientists better understand the spread of pollution around the globe . Studies have used instruments on Terra to examine trends in global carbon monoxide and aerosol pollution . The data collected by Terra will ultimately become a new , 15 - year global data set . After launch , operators observed that high energy protons like those found over the South Atlantic Anomaly or the poles could induce single - event upsets that would cause the Motor Drive Assembly ( MDA ) Built - In Test Equipment ( BITE ) to turn off the MDA . These false shut - downs occur 12 - 14 times a month and eventually the operations team automated the recovery to reduce the impact of these shut - downs .", "2": "Starting in 2007 , increased thermal resistance in the SWIR cryocooler of the ASTER instrument caused the temperature to gradually increase . By 2008 , despite frequent attempts to recycle the cryocooler the data began to significantly degrade and on January 12 , 2009 , ASTER managers declared the SWIR no longer functional due to anomalously high SWIR detector temperatures . Data gathered after April 2008 was declared not usable . On October 13 , 2009 , Terra suffered a single battery cell failure anomaly and a battery heater control anomaly likely the result of a Micrometeoroid or Orbital Debris ( MMOD ) strike . Malicious cyber activities ( edit ) In June and October 2008 the spacecraft was targeted by hackers who gained unauthorized access to its command and control systems but did not issue any commands . Gallery of images by Terra ( edit ) The first image taken by Terra . The Solar eclipse of August 1 , 2008 , over Russia , Norway , and the Arctic Ocean as seen from NASA 's Terra satellite . The effects of the European winter storms of 2009 -- 2010 on Great Britain , seen from Terra . The Deepwater Horizon oil spill oil slick as seen from space by NASA 's Terra satellite on May 1 , 2010 . The Deepwater Horizon oil slick just off the Louisiana coast on April 30 , 2010 , visible from space . Hurricane Karl , the most destructive hurricane of the 2010 Atlantic Hurricane Season , approaches Mexico on September 16 . See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Terra ( satellite ) . Aqua ( satellite ) Aura ( satellite ) Man - made structures visible from space References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NASA : TERRA ( EOS AM - 1 ) '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Maurer , John ( November 2001 ) . `` Overview of NASA 's Terra satellite '' . hawaii.edu ( University of Hawai'i ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Nicki F. ; Garbeil , Harold ; Mouginis - Mark , Peter J. ( 2004 - 01 - 22 ) .", "3": "`` NASA EOS Terra ASTER : Volcanic topographic mapping and capability '' ( PDF ) . Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MODIS Terra Satellite Images '' . ucar.edu ( National Center for Atmospheric Research : Earth Observatory Laboratory ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MEASUREMENTS OF POLLUTION IN THE TROPOSPHERE ( MOPITT ) '' . acd.ucar.edu ( NESL 's Atmospheric Chemistry Division ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's Terra Satellite Tracks Global Pollution '' . gsfc.nasa.gov ( Goddard Space Flight Center ) . 2004 - 05 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Kelley , Angelita . `` Terra mission operations : Launch to the present ( and beyond ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ASTER SWIR Alert '' . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 REPORT TO CONGRESS of the U.S. - CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION , page 216 '' ( PDF ) . uscc.gov . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . External links ( edit ) NASA Terra site Orbital meteorological and remote sensing systems Concepts Earth observation satellite Geographic information system ( GIS ) Weather satellite Current projects Earth Observing System ( EOS ) GPM TRMM Landsat 7 QuikSCAT Terra ACRIMSAT NMP / EO - 1 Jason - 1 OSTM / Jason - 2 Jason", "4": "- 3 Meteor 3M - 1 / Sage III GRACE Aqua SORCE Aura CloudSat CALIPSO NPOESS Megha - Tropiques SARAL IRS ESSP Aquarius Landsat 8 SMAP JPSS NISAR ICESat - 2 Weather System Follow - on Microwave A-train satellites Aqua Aura CALIPSO CloudSat GCOM - W1 ( Shizuku ) OCO - 2 Copernicus programme Sentinel - 1 Sentinel - 2 Sentinel - 3 Sentinel - 4 Sentinel - 5 Precursor Sentinel - 5 Geostationary meteorological satellites Elektro - L Fengyun - 2 GOES INSAT Meteosat Himawari - 8 Other satellites CBERS COSMO - SkyMed DMSP DMC EROS Fengyun - 3 GOSAT ( Ibuki ) Landsat MetOp Meteor POES RADARSAT - 2 RapidEye Resurs - P SMOS SPOT TerraSAR - X THEOS Former projects Completed ADEOS ( Midori ) ADEOS II ( Midori 2 ) COSMIC ( FORMOSAT - 3 ) Envisat ERS FORMOSAT - 1 FORMOSAT - 2 Geosat GMS ( Himawari ) ICESat IKONOS JERS - 1 ( Fuyo - 1 ) Nimbus PARASOL QuickBird RADARSAT - 1 Seasat SeaWiFS TIROS", "5": "TOPEX / Poseidon UARS Vanguard Failed OCO Glory Cancelled NMP / EO - 3 ← 1998 Orbital launches in 1999 2000 → Mars Polar Lander ROCSAT - 1 Stardust Globalstar 23 Globalstar 36 Globalstar 38 Globalstar 40 Telstar 6 JCSAT - 6 Soyuz TM - 29 ARGOS Ørsted SUNSAT Arabsat 3A Skynet 4E Globus No. 15 Wide Field Infrared Explorer Globalstar 23 Globalstar 37 Globalstar 41 Globalstar 46 AsiaSat 3S DemoSat Progress M - 41 Sputnik 99 INSAT - 2E USA - 142 Eutelsat W3 Globalstar 19 Globalstar 42 Globalstar 44 Globalstar 45 Landsat 7 UoSAT - 12 Ikonos - 1 ABRIXAS Megsat - 0 USA - 143 Orion 3 Feng Yun 1C Shijian 5 TERRIERS MUBLCOM Nimiq 1 USA - 144 Oceansat - 1 Kitsat - 3 DLR - Tubsat STS - 96 ( Starshine 1 ) Globalstar 25 Globalstar 47 Globalstar 49 Globalstar 52 Iridium 14A Iridium 21A Astra 1H QuikSCAT FUSE Gran ' No. 45 Molniya 3 - 50 Globalstar 30 Globalstar 32 Globalstar 35 Globalstar 51 Progress M - 42 Okean - O No.", "6": "1 STS - 93 ( Chandra ) Globalstar 26 Globalstar 28 Globalstar 43 Globalstar 48 Telkom 1 Globalstar 24 Globalstar 27 Globalstar 53 Globalstar 54 Kosmos 2365 Kosmos 2366 Koreasat 3 Yamal - 101 Yamal - 102 Foton 12 Globalstar 33 Globalstar 50 Globalstar 55 Globalstar 58 EchoStar V Ikonos 2 Telstar 7 LMI - 1 Resurs F - 1M USA - 145 DirecTV - 1R CBERS - 1 SACI - 1 Globalstar 31 Globalstar 56 Globalstar 57 Globalstar 59 Orion 2 Ekspress A1 GE - 4 MTSAT - 1 Shenzhou 1 Globalstar 29 Globalstar 34 Globalstar 39 Globalstar 61 USA - 146 Hélios 1B Clémentine Orbcomm FM30 Orbcomm FM31 Orbcomm FM32 Orbcomm FM33 Orbcomm FM34 Orbcomm FM35 Orbcomm FM36 XMM - Newton SACI - 2 USA - 147 Terra STS - 103 Arirang - 1 ACRIMSAT Millennial Galaxy 11 Kosmos 2367 Kosmos 2368 Payloads are separated by bullets ( ) , launches by pipes ( ) . Manned flights are indicated in bold text . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics . Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in brackets . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terra_(satellite)&oldid=836225914 '' Categories : Earth observation satellites of the United States NASA satellites Spacecraft launched in 1999 Spacecraft launched by Atlas rockets Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch 日本語 Português Русский 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 13 : 08 .", "7": "About Wikipedia", "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 0, 6, 5 ]	[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 0 ]
4764100575661627990	what football player is called the honey badger	[ "Tyrann Devine Mathieu", "Tyrann Devine Mathieu", "Tyrann Devine Mathieu", "Tyrann Devine Mathieu" ]	{ "0": "Tyrann Mathieu - wikipedia Tyrann Mathieu Jump to : navigation , search Tyrann Mathieu Mathieu in August 2016 No. 32 -- Houston Texans Position : Safety Born : ( 1992 - 05 - 13 ) May 13 , 1992 ( age 25 ) New Orleans , Louisiana Height : 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Weight : 186 lb ( 84 kg ) Career information High school : New Orleans ( LA ) St. Augustine College : LSU NFL Draft : 2013 / Round : 3 / Pick : 69 Career history Arizona Cardinals ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Houston Texans ( 2018 -- present ) Roster status : Active Career highlights and awards Pro Bowl ( 2015 ) First - team All - Pro ( 2015 ) PFWA All - Rookie Team ( 2013 ) SEC champion ( 2011 ) Chuck Bednarik Award ( 2011 ) SEC Defensive Player of the Year ( 2011 ) Consensus All - American ( 2011 ) First - team All - SEC ( 2011 ) Career NFL statistics as of 2017 Total tackles : 307 Sacks : 4.0 Forced fumbles : 4 Pass deflections : 41 Interceptions : 11 Defensive touchdowns : 1 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR Tyrann Devine Mathieu ( / ˈtaɪrən ˈmæθjuː / ; born May 13 , 1992 ) is an American football safety for the Houston Texans of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football for Louisiana State University ( LSU ) . In college , he developed a reputation for causing turnovers , setting a Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) record with 11 career forced fumbles and earning the nickname , `` Honey Badger '' . In his sophomore season , he was recognized as a consensus All - American , won the Chuck Bednarik Award as the best defensive player in college football , and was a finalist for the Heisman Trophy .", "1": "Mathieu was dismissed from the LSU football program after that season due to a violation of team rules . After spending a year out of football in 2012 , he was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the third round of the 2013 NFL Draft , reuniting him in the defensive backfield with former college teammate Patrick Peterson . As a rookie he was named to the PFWA All - Rookie Team . In 2015 , he was invited to the Pro Bowl and earned first - team All - Pro honors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 College career 2.1 2010 season 2.2 2011 season 2.3 2012 : Dismissal 2.4 College career statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 Arizona Cardinals 3.2 Houston Texans 4 NFL statistics 5 References 6 External links Early years ( edit ) A native of New Orleans , Louisiana , Mathieu attended St. Augustine High School , where he played for the St. Augustine Purple Knights high school football team . He recorded 32 tackles , five interceptions , one sack , and one fumble recovery as a senior . While living in New Orleans ' Central City , Mathieu was raised by his grandparents . His biological mother was absent the majority of the time and his biological father , Darrin Hayes , has been incarcerated for murder most of his life . After his grandfather died in 1997 , Mathieu was adopted by his uncle , Tyrone Mathieu , and aunt , Sheila Mathieu . Mathieu also ran track and field for St. Augustine 's track team and was a member of the relay team . He was one of the state 's top performers in the long jump . He had personal - best leaps of 1.93 meters in the high jump and 7.29 meters in the long jump . Considered a four - star recruit by Rivals.com , Mathieu was listed as the No. 13 cornerback in the nation in 2010 . College career ( edit ) Mathieu accepted an athletic scholarship to attend Louisiana State University , where he played for coach Les Miles ' LSU Tigers football team from 2010 to 2011 .", "2": "2010 season ( edit ) As a true freshman in 2010 , Mathieu played in all 13 games with one start . He finished the season with 59 tackles , 3 sacks , and 2 interceptions . He was the Most Outstanding Defensive Player of the 2011 Cotton Bowl Classic after he recorded seven tackles , one tackle for loss , two forced fumbles , one fumble recovery , one interception , one sack , and one pass breakup . 2011 season ( edit ) At the end of the 2011 regular season , Mathieu had 77 total tackles ( 60 solo and 17 assists ) , 1.5 sacks , 5 forced fumbles , 4 fumble recoveries ( 2 returned for a touchdown ) , and 2 interceptions . On special teams , Mathieu had 26 punt returns for 420 yards , with 2 returned for a touchdown . On October 19 , 2011 , Mathieu was suspended for one game following a violation of LSU 's drug policy . Mathieu was named the most valuable player of the 2011 SEC Championship Game . Mathieu earned the nickname `` The Honey Badger '' for his tenacious ability to play extremely tough football against much larger opponents , as well as his knack for making big plays . This led to him being a Heisman Trophy finalist . On December 8 , 2011 , Mathieu was awarded the Chuck Bednarik Award , given to the year 's best defensive player in college football . This marked the second straight year an LSU defensive player won the nation 's top defensive honor following Patrick Peterson in 2010 . 2012 : dismissal ( edit ) On August 10 , 2012 , LSU head coach Les Miles announced that Mathieu would be dismissed from the football team due to a violation of team rules . News outlets reported that the dismissal was a result of repeated drug test failures , although Miles did not confirm those reports . Mathieu had formerly expressed an interest in returning to the program for the 2013 season . On August 17 , 2012 , Mathieu withdrew from LSU and entered a drug rehabilitation program in Houston , Texas . Mathieu 's withdrawal was expected to last for the entire 2012 -- 2013 academic year .", "3": "However , on September 4 , 2012 , Mathieu ended his withdrawal and enrolled for fall semester classes . On October 25 , 2012 , Mathieu and three other LSU former players were arrested on possession of marijuana . On November 29 , 2012 , it was announced that Mathieu would enter the NFL Draft . Mathieu participated at the 2013 NFL Scouting Combine on February 26 , 2013 . He ran a 4.50 40 - yard dash , had 4 reps of 225 pounds , a 34 - inch vertical , and a 117 - inch broad jump . He also later participated at his pro day on March 27 , 2013 .", "4": "College career statistics ( edit ) Year Team GP Tackles Sacks Pass defense Fumbles Solo Ast Total Loss -- yards No -- yards Int -- yards BU PD QBH Rcv -- yards - TD FF LSU 13 36 23 59 8.5 -- 45 4.5 -- 38 2 -- 0 7 0 2 -- 13 -- 0 5 2011 LSU 13 60 17 77 7.5 -- 45 1.5 -- 10 2 -- 16 9 17 4 -- 39 -- 2 6 Source : Professional career ( edit ) Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt Arm length Hand size 40 - yard dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 - ss 3 - cone Vert jump Broad BP 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ( 1.75 m ) 186 lb ( 84 kg ) 31 ⁄ in ( 0.79 m ) 9 ⁄ in ( 0.24 m ) 4.51 s 1.49 s 2.56 s 4.14 s 6.87 s 34 in ( 0.86 m ) 9 ft 9 in ( 2.97 m ) 4 reps All values from NFL combine . Arizona Cardinals ( edit ) Mathieu during training camp in 2013 The Arizona Cardinals selected Mathieu in the third round ( 69th overall ) of the 2013 NFL Draft . He was the sixth safety selected in 2013 . On May 23 , 2013 , the Arizona Cardinals signed Mathieu to a four - year , $3.05 million contract that includes $817,187 guaranteed and a signing bonus of $265,000 . There was a statement from Cardinals ' head coach Bruce Arians that Mathieu would be playing free safety .", "5": "Mathieu stated that he would remove himself from any association with his nickname , saying that he wants to be known as `` Tyrann Mathieu '' as opposed to `` Honey Badger '' . On September 8 , 2013 , Mathieu forced a fumble on St Louis Rams ' tight end Jared Cook by knocking the ball out of his hand just before he entered the end zone , and one of his teammates recovered the football . In the Week 3 loss against the New Orleans Saints , Mathieu grabbed his first career interception . On December 8 , Mathieu tore both his left ACL and LCL in a victory over the St. Louis Rams . On December 10 , he was placed on the injured reserve , officially ending his rookie season . Mathieu was named a first - team All - Pro at the slot cornerback position by Pro Football Focus after the season . On November 2 , 2014 , Mathieu recorded his second career interception against the Dallas Cowboys . In 2014 , Mathieu played 13 games and finished the year with 39 tackles , an interception , four defended passes , and a fumble recovery . In the off - season of 2015 , the Cardinals transitioned Mathieu to cornerback due to the team 's lack of players at the position . On September 27 , 2015 , Mathieu grabbed a career - high two interceptions including his first career touchdown against the San Francisco 49ers . The last time an Arizona Cardinal had two interceptions in a game was Patrick Peterson in Week 10 , 2014 . He grabbed two more interceptions in 2015 before his season - ending injury , one in November 15 against the Seattle Seahawks and on November 29 against the 49ers . On December 20 , against the Philadelphia Eagles , Mathieu tore his right ACL after an interception , causing him to miss the final two games of the regular season in addition to the post-season . Mathieu was named to his first Pro bowl after the season and was named by the Associated Press as a first - team All - Pro safety . He was ranked 28th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016 .", "6": "On August 2 , 2016 , the Arizona Cardinals signed Mathieu to a five - year , $62.5 million extension that included $21.25 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $15.5 million . On October 17 , he picked off Geno Smith , his ninth career interception against the New York Jets . Mathieu In Week 8 against the Carolina Panthers , Mathieu left the game with a shoulder injury . He was ruled out from three to six weeks . He played in two of the next six games , struggling in both of the games . He was placed on injured reserve on December 23 , 2016 . On September 17 , 2017 , Mathieu picked off Jacoby Brissett in overtime in a 16 -- 13 victory over the Indianapolis Colts . The pick set the Cardinals up to win the game on a Phil Dawson field goal . On November 26 , Mathieu recorded his second Interception of the season in a 27 - 24 overtime win against the Jacksonville Jaguars . On March 14 , 2018 , Mathieu was released by the Cardinals after refusing to take a pay cut . Houston Texans ( edit ) On March 17 , 2018 , Mathieu signed a one - year contract with the Houston Texans worth $7 million .", "7": "NFL statistics ( edit ) Tackles Sacks Interceptions Other Season Team Games Solo Ast Total Sack Int Yds IntTD DefTD FFum FRec PD Sfty 2013 ARI 13 65 68 1.0 7 0 0 0 9 0 2014 ARI 13 35 37 0.0 9 0 0 0 0 2015 ARI 14 80 9 89 1.0 5 92 0 0 17 0 2016 ARI 10 33 35 1.0 9 0 0 0 0 2017 ARI 16 70 8 78 1.0 16 0 0 0 7 0 Career 66 283 25 308 4.0 11 133 0 41 0 Source : References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mark Schabach . `` Tyrann Mathieu not running from past '' . Jump up ^ Tyrann Mathieu Recruiting Profile Jump up ^ Rivals.com cornerbacks 2010 Jump up ^ `` Felix McKnight Trophy Winner -- Defensive Back Tyrann Mathieu '' . AT&T Cotton Bowl . January 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tryann Mathieu Stats '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Individual Punt Returning Leaders , Fox Sports , December 4 , 2011 . Archived October 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brett Martel ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` Tyrann Mathieu Suspended : LSU Suspends Star Cornerback For Auburn Game '' . Huffington Post .", "8": "Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chris Low ( October 15 , 2011 ) . `` Tyrann Mathieu talks a good game '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kleinpeter , Jim ( 10 August 2012 ) . `` LSU 's Tyrann Mathieu dismissed for failed drug test , source says '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ David Helman ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Les Miles discusses Tyrann Mathieu '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tyrann Mathieu in rehab center '' . ESPN . August 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tyrann Mathieu enrolls at LSU '' . ESPN . September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joe Schad ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Tyrann Mathieu to enter NFL draft '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tyrann Mathieu Combine Profile '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Copeland , Kareem ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Tyrann Mathieu , ' Honey Badger , ' eyes 2013 NFL Draft '' . National Football League . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tyrann Mathieu '' . College Football . Sports - Reference . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Tyrann Mathieu drafted by Arizona Cardinals at No. 69 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Garafolo , Mike ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tyrann Mathieu gets a little extra honey in contract '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 .", "9": "Jump up ^ Mike Florio ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Mathieu will play free safety for Cardinals '' . Pro Football Talk . NBC Sports . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals safety Tyrann Mathieu making life - style changes '' . NFL AM . National Football League . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Van Bibber , Ryan ( September 8 , 2013 ) . `` The Honey Badger has a message for Jared Cook '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wilkening , Mike ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` Tyrann Mathieu hauls in first regular season interception '' . NBC . NBCsports . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Arizona Cardinals ' Tyrann Mathieu tears ACL , LCL '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises LLC . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 PFF All - Pro Team '' . profootballfocus.com . January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Urban , Darren ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` Confident Cardinals Batter Cowboys '' . Arizona Cardinals . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Odegard , Kyle ( September 27 , 2015 ) . `` Against 49ers , The Magic Of Tyrann Mathieu '' . Arizona Cardinals . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Single Game - Arizona Cardinals - Regular Season - 2 Interceptions+ - By Date '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Vince ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) . `` How the West Was Won Week 10 : Cardinals build 3 - game cushion with win in Seattle '' . Arizona Sports . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 .", "10": "Jump up ^ Odegard , Kyle ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Defense Clamps Down Late On 49ers '' . Arizona Cardinals . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Tyrann Mathieu will miss the season with a torn ACL '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ McManaman , Bob ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Cardinals have 7 players named to the Pro Bowl '' . azcentral.com . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox Sports Arizona ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Cardinals ' Peterson , Mathieu named to All - Pro team '' . foxsports.com . Fox Sports Interactive Media , LLC . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Top 100 Players of 2016 ' : No. 28 Tyrann Mathieu '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tyrann Mathieu , Cardinals agree to 5 - year extension '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Odegard , Kyle ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` No Fun For Bowles Watching Cardinals Defense '' . Arizona Cardinals . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael . `` Tyrann Mathieu out 3 - 6 weeks with shoulder injury '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Urban , Darren ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tyrann Mathieu Placed On IR '' . AZCardinals.com . Jump up ^ Odegard , Kyle ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Phil Dawson Finds Redemption '' . Arizona Cardinals . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Urban , Darren ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Cardinals Get Dramatic With Jaguars '' .", "11": "Arizona Cardinals . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Cardinals release veteran safety Tyrann Mathieu '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Tyrann Mathieu heads to Houston on a one - year deal '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . Jump up ^ `` Texans feel `` love '' in agreement with Tyrann Mathieu `` . HoustonTexans.com . March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nfl/player/stats/_/id/15851/tyrann-mathieu External links ( edit ) Career statistics and player information from NFL.", "12": "com ESPN Pro-Football - Reference LSU Tigers profile Arizona Cardinals profile Houston Texans current roster Active roster 3 Brandon Weeden 4 Deshaun Watson 5 Joe Webb 7 Ka'imi Fairbairn 9 Shane Lechler 10 DeAndre Hopkins 11 DeAndrew White 12 Bruce Ellington 13 Braxton Miller 14 Chris Thompson 15 Will Fuller 18 Sammie Coates 19 Montay Crockett 20 Johnson Bademosi 22 Aaron Colvin 23 Kurtis Drummond 24 Johnathan Joseph 25 Kareem Jackson 26 Lamar Miller 27 D'Onta Foreman 29 Andre Hal 30 Kevin Johnson 31 Treston Decoud 32 Tyrann Mathieu 32 Dee Virgin 33 Troymaine Pope 34 Tyler Ervin 36 Josh Thornton 37 Bryce Jones 39 Ibraheim Campbell 41 Zach Cunningham 43 Corey Moore 45 Jay Prosch 46 Jon Weeks 47 Kennan Gilchrist 49 Josh Keyes 50 Ben Heeney 51 Dylan Cole 52 Brian Peters 53 Gimel President 54 LaTroy Lewis 55 Benardrick McKinney 57 Brennan Scarlett 59 Whitney Mercilus 61 Kyle Fuller 62 Chad Slade 63 Kendall Lamm 64 Senio Kelemete 65 Greg Mancz 66 Nick Martin 67 Marcus Hardison 68 Darius Kilgo 69 Matt Godin 70 Julién Davenport 73 Zach Fulton 73 Jake Rodgers 76 Seantrel Henderson 77 David Quessenberry 79 Jeff Allen 81 Jevoni Robinson 84 Ryan Griffin 85 MyCole Pruitt 86 Zach Conque 88 Ryan Malleck 89 Stephen Anderson 90 Jadeveon Clowney 91 Carlos Watkins 92 Brandon Dunn 93 Joel Heath 94 Ufomba Kamalu 95 Christian Covington 97 Angelo Blackson 98 D.J. Reader 99 J.J. Watt -- Matt Lengel", "13": "AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Links to related articles Chuck Bednarik Award winners 1995 : Fitzgerald 1996 : Fitzgerald 1997 : Woodson 1998 : Nguyen 1999 : Arrington 2000 : Morgan 2001 : Peppers 2002 : Henderson 2003 : Lehman 2004 : Pollack 2005 : Posluszny 2006 : Posluszny 2007 : Connor 2008 : Maualuga 2009 : Suh 2010 : Peterson 2011 : Mathieu 2012 : Te'o 2013 : Donald 2014 : Wright III 2015 : Matakevich 2016 : Allen 2017 : Fitzpatrick 2011 College Football All - America Team consensus selections Offense QB Robert Griffin III RB Trent Richardson RB Montee Ball WR Justin Blackmon WR Ryan Broyles WR Robert Woods OT Barrett Jones OT Levy Adcock OT Nate Potter G David DeCastro G Kevin Zeitler C David Molk TE Dwayne Allen Defense DE Whitney Mercilus DE Melvin Ingram DT Jerel Worthy DT Devon", "14": "Still LB Jarvis Jones LB Dont'a Hightower LB Luke Kuechly CB Morris Claiborne CB Tyrann Mathieu S Mark Barron Special teams P Shawn Powell PK Randy Bullock AP Joe Adams Southeastern Conference Football Player of the Year Overall 1933 : Feathers 1934 : Howell 1935 : Geny 1936 : Gilbert 1937 : Hinkle 1938 : Cafego 1939 : Kavanaugh & Foxx 1940 : Elrod 1941 : Jenkins 1942 : Sinkwich 1943 1944 : McWilliams 1945 : Gilmer 1946 : Trippi 1947 : Connerly 1948 : Rauch 1949 : Tidwell 1950 : Parilli 1951 : Wade 1952 : Parker 1953 : Parker 1954 : A. Davis 1955 : Majors 1956 : Majors 1957 : Michaels 1958 : Cannon 1959 : Cannon 1960 : Gibbs 1961 : Trammell 1962 : Stovall 1963 : Sidle 1964 : Frederickson 1965 : Sloan 1966 : Spurrier 1967 : Goodridge 1968 : Scott 1969 : A. Manning 1970 : Sullivan 1971 : Musso 1972 : T. Davis 1973 : Collins 1974 : Felker 1975 : DuBose 1976 : Goff 1977 : C. Alexander 1978 : McClendon 1979 : Cribbs 1980 : Walker 1981 : Walker 1982 : Walker 1983 : White 1984 : Bell 1985 : Jackson 1986 : Bennett 1987 : W.", "15": "Davis 1988 : Rocker 1989 : E. Smith 1990 : Matthews 1991 : Matthews 1992 : Hearst 1993 : Shuler 1994 : Barker 1995 : Wuerffel 1996 : Wuerffel 1997 : P. Manning 1998 : Couch 1999 : S. Alexander 2000 : R. Johnson 2001 : Grossman Offensive 2002 : Pinner 2003 : E. Manning 2004 : Campbell 2005 : Cutler 2006 : McFadden 2007 : McFadden 2008 : Tebow 2009 : Tebow & Ingram 2010 : Newton 2011 : Richardson 2012 : Manziel 2013 : Mason 2014 : Cooper 2015 : Henry 2016 : Hurts 2017 : K. Johnson Defensive 2002 : Pollack 2003 : Lavalais 2004 : Pollack 2005 : Ryans 2006 : Willis 2007 : Dorsey 2008 : Er . Berry 2009 : McClain 2010 : Fairley 2011 : Claiborne & Mathieu 2012 : Clowney & J. Jones 2013 : Mosley & Sam 2014 : Ray 2015 : Ragland 2016 : Allen 2017 : R. Smith Special Teams 2004 : Williams 2005 : Green 2006 : Vaughn 2007 : F. Jones 2008 : James 2009 : Arenas 2010 : Peterson 2011 : Adams 2012 : Sturgis & Sanders 2013 : C. Jones 2014 : Murphy 2015 : Ev . Berry 2016 : Carlson 2017 : Carlson Arizona Cardinals 2013 NFL draft selections Jonathan Cooper Kevin Minter Tyrann Mathieu Alex Okafor Earl Watford Stepfan Taylor Ryan Swope Andre Ellington D.C.", "16": "Jefferson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyrann_Mathieu&oldid=836313714 '' Categories : 1992 births Living people All - American college football players American football cornerbacks American football safeties Arizona Cardinals players Houston Texans players LSU Tigers football players Players of American football from Louisiana Sportspeople from New Orleans St. Augustine High School ( New Orleans ) alumni Unconferenced Pro Bowl players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Houston Texans currentteam parameter articles Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 00 : 07 . 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-2273381713182307888	how many episodes of the killing on netflix	[ "6", "six", "six" ]	{ "0": "List of the Killing episodes - wikipedia List of the Killing episodes Jump to : navigation , search The Killing is an American serial crime drama television series developed by Veena Sud , based on the Danish series of the same name that premiered on AMC on April 3 , 2011 . The first two seasons center on the homicide of a young girl , Rosie Larsen , and its ensuing consequences on the police force , the suspects , and her distraught family . The third and fourth seasons focus on separate murder investigations . It stars Mireille Enos and Joel Kinnaman as two homicide detectives , as they investigate crimes in Seattle , Washington . On September 10 , 2013 , AMC officially cancelled the series after 38 episodes and three seasons . However , on November 15 , 2013 , Netflix ordered a fourth and final season of six episodes , that was released on Netflix on August 1 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 13 April 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 03 ) June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) AMC 13 April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) June 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 17 ) 12 June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) August 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) 6 August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) Netflix Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod .", "1": "code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Patty Jenkins Teleplay by : Veena Sud April 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 03 ) BDH179 / S179 2.72 `` The Cage '' Ed Bianchi Veena Sud April 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 03 ) BDH101 / S101 2.72 `` El Diablo '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton Dawn Prestwich & Nicole Yorkin April 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 10 ) BDH102 / S102 2.56 `` A Soundless Echo '' Jennifer Getzinger Soo Hugh April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) BDH103 / S103 2.51 5 5 `` Super 8 '' Phil Abraham Jeremy Doner April 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 24 ) BDH104 / S104 2.25 6 6 `` What You Have Left '' Agnieszka Holland Nic Pizzolatto May 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 01 ) BDH105 / S105 1.81 7 7 `` Vengeance '' Ed Bianchi Linda Burstyn May 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 08 ) BDH106 / S106 1.83 8 8 `` Stonewalled '' Dan Attias Aaron Zelman May 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 15 ) BDH107 / S107 1.98 9 9 `` Undertow '' Agnieszka Holland Dan Nowak May 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) BDH108 / S108 1.69 10 10 `` I 'll Let You Know When I Get There '' Ed Bianchi Nicole Yorkin & Dawn Prestwich May 29 ,", "2": "2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 29 ) BDH109 / S109 1.97 11 11 `` Missing '' Nicole Kassell Veena Sud June 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 05 ) BDH110 / S110 1.98 12 12 `` Beau Soleil '' Keith Gordon Jeremy Doner & Soo Hugh June 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) BDH111 / S111 1.83 13 13 `` Orpheus Descending '' Brad Anderson Veena Sud & Nic Pizzolatto June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) BDH112 / S112 2.32 Season 2 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Reflections '' Agnieszka Holland Veena Sud April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) BDH201 / S201 1.80 15 `` My Lucky Day '' Dan Attias Dawn Prestwich & Nicole Yorkin April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) BDH202 / S202 1.80 16 `` Numb '' Brad Anderson Eliza Clark April 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 08 ) BDH203 / S203 1.81 17 `` Ogi Jun '' Phil Abraham Jeremy Doner April 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) BDH204 / S204 1.65 18 5 `` Ghosts of the Past '' Ed Bianchi Wendy Riss April 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 22 ) BDH205 / S205 1.", "3": "59 19 6 `` Openings '' Kevin Bray Aaron Zelman April 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 29 ) BDH206 / S206 1.35 20 7 `` Keylela '' Nicole Kassell Dan Nowak May 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 06 ) BDH207 / S207 1.34 21 8 `` Off the Reservation '' Veena Sud Nathaniel Halpern May 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 13 ) BDH208 / S208 1.61 22 9 `` Sayonara , Hiawatha '' Phil Abraham Nicole Yorkin & Dawn Prestwich May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) BDH209 / S209 1.31 23 10 `` 72 Hours '' Nicole Kassell Eliza Clark May 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 27 ) BDH210 / S210 1.31 24 11 `` Bulldog '' Ed Bianchi Jeremy Doner June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) BDH211 / S211 1.67 25 12 `` Donnie or Marie '' Keith Gordon Aaron Zelman & Wendy Riss June 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 10 ) BDH212 / S212 1.84 26 13 `` What I Know '' Patty Jenkins Veena Sud & Dan Nowak June 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 17 ) BDH213 / S213 1.45 Season 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.", "4": "viewers ( millions ) 27 `` The Jungle '' Ed Bianchi Veena Sud June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) BDH301 / S301 1.76 28 `` That You Fear the Most '' Lodge Kerrigan Dan Nowak June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) BDH302 / S302 1.76 29 `` Seventeen '' Kari Skogland Eliza Clark June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) BDH303 / S303 1.47 30 `` Head Shots '' Michael Rymer Dawn Prestwich & Nicole Yorkin June 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 16 ) BDH304 / S304 1.36 31 5 `` Scared and Running '' Dan Attias Coleman Herbert June 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 23 ) BDH305 / S305 1.67 32 6 `` Eminent Domain '' Keith Gordon David Wiener June 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) BDH306 / S306 1.37 33 7 `` Hope Kills '' Tricia Brock Brett Conrad July 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 07 ) BDH307 / S307 1.62 34 8 `` Try '' Lodge Kerrigan Nic Sheff & Aaron Slavik July 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 14 ) BDH308 / S308 1.52 35 9 `` Reckoning '' Jonathan Demme Dan Nowak July 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 21 ) BDH309 / S309 1.35 36 10 `` Six Minutes '' Nicole Kassell Veena Sud July 28 ,", "5": "2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 28 ) BDH310 / S310 1.47 37 11 `` From Up Here '' Phil Abraham Eliza Clark August 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) BDH311 / S311 1.48 38 12 `` The Road to Hamelin '' Dan Attias Dawn Prestwich & Nicole Yorkin August 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) BDH312 / S312 1.48 Season 4 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 39 `` Blood in the Water '' Nicole Kassell Veena Sud August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) BDH401 40 `` Unraveling '' Lodge Kerrigan Dan Nowak August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) BDH402 41 `` The Good Soldier '' Ed Bianchi Nicole Yorkin & Dawn Prestwich August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) BDH403 42 `` Dream Baby Dream '' Gregory Middleton Sean Whitesell August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) BDH404 43 5 `` Truth Asunder '' Coky Giedroyc Dan Nowak August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) BDH405 44 6 `` Eden '' Jonathan Demme Veena Sud August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) BDH406 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dayton , Lee ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Killing Will Debut With a 2 Hour Premiere on Sun. , Apr. 3 '' . AMC .", "6": "Archived from the original on February 16 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Killing ' Cancelled By AMC After Season 3 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Killing Lives ! Netflix Orders 6 - Episode Final Season of AMC 's Cancelled Drama '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Announces Premiere Date for ' The Killing ' Final Season '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( April 5 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Ax Men , ' ' Chopped , ' ' Army Wives , ' Kardashians Lead Night ; + ' The Killing , ' ' The Borgias , ' ' Breakout Kings + Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 12 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Army Wives , ' ' The Killing ' Steady ; ' Breakout Kings ' Falls ; Plus ' Human Planet , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Storage Wars , ' ' Ax Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' + ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Sam Axe , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' .", "7": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More ' Death of Bin Laden ' Ratings ; ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Bulls / Hawks Tops + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Slam Dunks + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Scores Big + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' ' The Killing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' MTV Movie Awards ' Leads Night , ' Game of Thrones ' Series High , ' Real Housewives , ' ' ABDC ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 .", "8": "Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Real Housewives , ' ' Kardashians , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Falling Skies , ' ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Killing , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sara , Bibel ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Returns To Series High ; + ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing ' , ' Mad Men , ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sarah ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Leads + Atlanta ' Housewives , ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' The Client List ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanada ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2012 ) .", "9": "`` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Rises , Ties NBA Playoffs + ' Real Housewives , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Army Wives , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' , ' Mad Men ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game Of Thrones ' Tops , ' Real Housewives NJ , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs , + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Sister Wives ' , + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Girls ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' Finale , MTV Movie Awards , ' Sister Wives ' , ' The Glades ' , ' Longmire ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2012 ) .", "10": "`` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Mad Men ' , ' Longmire ' , ' The Client List ' , ' The Glades ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Keeping up with the Kardashians ' + NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night + Sprint Cup Racing , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Skywire Live ' Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2013 ) .", "11": "`` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' BET Awards ' Wins Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Killing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Sprint Cup ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Naked and Afraid ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night + ' Naked and Afraid ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , NASCAR , ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' & ' Megalodon : The Monster Shark Lives ' Win Night , ' Dexter ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Killing ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 .", "12": "External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Killing episodes on IMDb List of The Killing episodes at TV.com ( hide ) The Killing Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Cage '' `` El Diablo '' `` A Soundless Echo '' `` Super 8 '' `` What You Have Left '' `` Vengeance '' `` Stonewalled '' `` Undertow '' `` I 'll Let You Know When I Get There '' `` Missing '' `` Beau Soleil '' `` Orpheus Descending '' Season 2 `` Reflections '' `` My Lucky Day '' `` Numb '' `` Ogi Jun '' `` Ghosts of the Past '' `` Openings '' `` Keylela '' `` Off the Reservation '' `` Sayonara , Hiawatha '' `` 72 Hours '' `` Bulldog '' `` Donnie or Marie '' `` What I Know '' Season 3 `` The Jungle '' `` That You Fear the Most '' `` Seventeen '' `` Head Shots '' `` Scared and Running '' `` Eminent Domain '' `` Hope Kills '' `` Try '' `` Reckoning '' `` Six Minutes '' `` From Up Here '' `` The Road to Hamelin '' Season 4 Other Characters Forbrydelsen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Killing_episodes&oldid=814489481 '' Categories : The Killing ( U.S. TV series ) episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Nederlands Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 03 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7214445857680379083	from whose perspective is the story of all quiet on the western front told	[ "Paul Baumer", "Paul Baumer", "Paul Baumer" ]	{ "0": "All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1930 film ) - wikipedia All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1930 film ) Jump to : navigation , search All Quiet on the Western Front film poster Directed by Lewis Milestone Produced by Carl Laemmle , Jr . Written by Maxwell Anderson ( adaptation & dialogue ) George Abbott ( screenplay ) Del Andrews ( adaptation ) C. Gardner Sullivan ( supervising story chief ) Based on All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque Starring Lew Ayres Louis Wolheim Music by David Broekman Cinematography Arthur Edeson Edited by Edgar Adams Production company Universal Studios Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date April 21 , 1930 ( 1930 - 04 - 21 ) ( US ) Running time 152 minutes 133 minutes ( restored ) Country United States Language English Budget $1.2 million Box office $1.5 million ( US ) $3,000,000 ( rentals ) All Quiet on the Western Front is a 1930 American epic pre-Code war film based on the Erich Maria Remarque novel of the same name . Directed by Lewis Milestone , it stars Louis Wolheim , Lew Ayres , John Wray , Arnold Lucy and Ben Alexander . All Quiet on the Western Front opened to wide acclaim in the United States . Considered a realistic and harrowing account of warfare in World War I , it made the American Film Institute 's first 100 Years ... 100 Movies list in 1998 . A decade later , after the same organization polled over 1,500 workers in the creative community , All Quiet on the Western Front was ranked the seventh - best American epic film . In 1990 , the film was selected and preserved by the United States Library of Congress ' National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' The film was the first to win the Academy Awards for both Outstanding Production and Best Director . Its sequel , The Road Back ( 1937 ) , portrays members of the 2nd Company returning home after the war .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Releases 5 Reception 6 Awards and honors 7 References 8 See also 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Professor Kantorek gives an impassioned speech about the glory of serving in the Army and `` saving the Fatherland '' . On the brink of becoming men , the boys in his class , led by Paul Baumer , are moved to join the army as the new 2nd Company . Their romantic delusions are quickly broken during their brief but rigorous training under the abusive Sergeant Himmelstoss , who bluntly informs them , `` You 're going to be soldiers -- and that 's all . '' The new soldiers arrive by train at the combat zone , which is mayhem , with soldiers everywhere , incoming shells , horse - drawn wagons racing about , and prolonged rain . One in the group is killed before the new recruits can reach their post , to the alarm of one of the new soldiers ( Behn ) . The new soldiers are assigned to a unit composed of older soldiers , who are not exactly accommodating . The young soldiers find that there is no food available at the moment . They have not eaten since breakfast , but the men they have joined have not had food for two days . One of them , `` Kat '' Katczinsky , had gone to locate something to eat and he returns with a slaughtered hog he has stolen from a field kitchen . The young soldiers `` pay '' for their dinner with cigarettes . The new recruits ' first trip to the trenches with the veterans , to re-string barbed wire , is a harrowing experience , especially when Behn is blinded by shrapnel and hysterically runs into machine - gun fire . After spending several days in a bunker under bombardment , they at last move into the trenches and successfully repulse an enemy attack ; they then counterattack and take an enemy trench with heavy casualties , but have to abandon it . They are sent back to the field kitchens to get their rations ; each man receives double helpings , simply because of the number of dead . The men start out eating greedily , but then settle into a satiated torpor .", "2": "They hear that they are to return to the front the next day and begin a semi-serious discussion about the causes of the war and of wars in general . They speculate about whether geographical entities offend each other and whether these disagreements involve them . Tjaden speaks familiarly about himself and the Kaiser ; Kat jokes that instead of having a war , they should have the leaders of Europe be stripped to their underwear and `` fight it out with clubs '' . One day , Corporal Himmelstoss arrives to the front and is immediately spurned because of his bad reputation ; he is forced to go over the top with the 2nd Company and is promptly killed . In an attack on a cemetery , Paul stabs a French soldier , but finds himself trapped in a hole with the dying man for an entire night . Throughout the night , he desperately tries to help him , bringing him water , but fails miserably to stop him from dying . He cries bitterly and begs the dead body to speak so he can be forgiven . Later , he returns to the German lines and is comforted by Kat . Going back to the front line , Paul is severely wounded and taken to a Catholic hospital , along with his good friend Albert Kropp . Kropp 's leg is amputated , but he does not find out until some time afterwards . Around this time , Paul is taken to the bandaging ward , from which , according to its reputation , nobody has ever returned alive ; but he later returns to the normal rooms triumphantly , only to find Kropp in depression . Paul is given a furlough and visits his family at home . He is shocked by how uninformed everyone is about the actual situation of the war ; everyone is convinced that a final `` push for Paris '' is soon to occur . When Paul visits the schoolroom where he was originally recruited , he finds Professor Kantorek prattling the same patriotic fervor to a class of even younger students . Professor Kantorek asks of Paul to detail his experience , to which the latter reveals that war was not at all like he had envisioned and mentions the deaths of his partners ; this revelation upsets the professor , as well as the young students who promptly call Paul a `` coward '' .", "3": "Disillusioned and angry , Paul returns to the front and comes upon another 2nd company that is filled with new young recruits who are now disillusioned ; he is then happily greeted by Tjaden . He goes to find Kat , and they discuss the inability of the people to comprehend the futility of the war . Kat 's shin is broken when a bomb dropped by an aircraft falls nearby , so Paul carries him back to a field hospital - only to find that Kat has been killed by a second explosion . Crushed by the loss of his mentor , Paul leaves . In the final scene , Paul is back on the front lines . He sees a butterfly just beyond his trench . Paul smiles and reaches out towards the butterfly , but becoming too exposed , he is shot and killed by an enemy sniper . The final shot shows the 2nd Company arriving at the front for the first time , fading out to the image of a cemetery . Cast ( edit ) Lew Ayres as Paul Bäumer Louis Wolheim as Stanislaus Katczinsky John Wray as Himmelstoss Arnold Lucy as Professor Kantorek Ben Alexander as Franz Kemmerich Scott Kolk as Leer Owen Davis , Jr. as Peter William Bakewell as Albert Kropp Russell Gleason as Müller Richard Alexander as Westhus Harold Goodwin as Detering Slim Summerville as Tjaden Walter Browne Rogers as Behn G. Pat Collins as Lieutenant Bertinck Edmund Breese as Herr Meyer , the Stammtisch speaker Beryl Mercer as Frau Bäumer , Paul 's mother Marion Clayton as Erna , Paul 's sister Heinie Conklin as Joseph Hammacher Bertha Mann as Sister Libertine , nurse Raymond Griffith as the killed French soldier William Irving as Ginger , the army cook Yola d'Avril as Suzanne Edwin Maxwell as Herr Bäumer Bodil Rosing as Mother of hospital patient ( uncredited ) Arthur Gardner as classroom student ( at the time of his death in December 2014 , he was the last surviving member of the cast or crew ) Production ( edit ) In the film , Paul is shot while reaching for a butterfly . This scene is different from the book , and was inspired by an earlier scene showing a butterfly collection in Paul 's home .", "4": "The scene was shot during the editing phase , so the actors were no longer available and Milestone had to use his own hand as Paul 's . Noted comedian ZaSu Pitts was originally cast as Paul 's mother and completed the film but preview audiences , used to seeing her in comic roles , laughed when she appeared onscreen so Milestone re-shot her scenes with Beryl Mercer before the film was released . The preview audience remains the only one who saw Pitts in the role , although she does appear for about 30 seconds in the film 's original preview trailer . The film was shot with two cameras side by side , with one negative edited as a sound film and the other edited as an `` International Sound Version '' for distribution in non-English speaking areas . A great number of German Army veterans were living in Los Angeles at the time of filming and were recruited as bit players and technical advisers . Around 2,000 extras were utilized during production . Among them was future director Fred Zinnemann ( From Here to Eternity , High Noon , Julia , A Man for All Seasons ) , who was fired for impudence . See later re-releases information in the release section below . Releases ( edit ) A complete cut of the film lasting 152 minutes , silent with synchronised sound , was first shown in Los Angeles on April 21 , 1930 and premiered in New York on April 25 , 1930 . A sound version was released in NYC on April 29 , 1930 . A 147 - minute version was submitted to the British censors , which was cut to 145 minutes before the film premiered in London June 14 , 1930 . The film went on general release in the US on August 24 , 1930 . In 1939 , it was re-released as a proper sound version , which was cut down to ten reels . On its release , Variety wrote : The League of Nations could make no better investment than to buy up the master - print , reproduce it in every language , to be shown in all the nations until the word `` war '' is taken out of the dictionaries .", "5": "Some of the credit for the film 's success has been ascribed to the direction of Lewis Milestone : Without diluting or denying any ... criticisms , it should be said that from World War I to Korea , Milestone could put the viewer into the middle of a battlefield , and make the hellish confusion of it seem all too real to the viewer . Steven Spielberg noted as much when he credited Milestone 's work as partial inspiration for Saving Private Ryan ... Lewis Milestone made significant contributions to ( the genre of ) the war film . Later re-releases were substantially cut and the film 's ending scored with new music against the wishes of director Lewis Milestone . Before he died in 1980 , Milestone requested that Universal fully restore the film with the removal of the end music cue . Two decades later , Milestone 's wishes were finally granted when the United States Library of Congress undertook an exhaustive restoration of the film , which is vastly superior in sound and picture quality to most other extant prints , but because all complete prints of the film were lost and no longer exist , the final `` complete '' version now available is only 133 minutes long . The `` International Sound Version '' , restored by the Library of Congress , premiered on Turner Classic Movies on September 28 , 2011 . This is an international version with intertitles and synchronized music and effects track . A new restoration of the sound version was also done in 2011 . Both have now been released on Blu - ray format . Reception ( edit ) All Quiet on the Western Front received tremendous praise in the United States . In the New York Daily News , Irene Thirer wrote , `` It smack ( sic ) of directional genius - nothing short of this ; sensitive performances by a marvelous cast and the most remarkable camera work which has been performed on either silent or sound screen , round about the Hollywood studios . ( ... ) We have praise for everyone concerned with this picture . '' Variety lauded it as a `` harrowing , gruesome , morbid tale of war , so compelling in its realism , bigness and repulsiveness '' . However , controversy would attend the film 's subject matter elsewhere , including Europe . Due to its anti-war and perceived anti-German messages , Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party banned the film from Germany in the 1930s and early 1940s .", "6": "During its brief run in German cinemas in the early 1930s , Nazi brownshirts under the command of Joseph Goebbels disrupted the viewings by setting off stink bombs , throwing sneezing powder in the air and releasing white mice in the theaters , eventually escalating to attacking audience members perceived to be Jewish and forcing projectors to shut down . Between the period of 1930 to 1941 , this was one of many films to be banned in Australia by the Chief Censor Creswell O'Reilly . The film was also banned in Italy and Austria in 1931 , with the prohibition officially raised only in the 1980s , and in France up to 1963 . The film was finally re-released in Germany on April 25 , 1952 , in the Capitol Theatre in West Berlin . Awards and honors ( edit ) Carl Laemmle holding the Outstanding Production Best Picture Oscar . 1929 -- 30 Academy Awards Award Result Winner Outstanding Production Won Universal ( Carl Laemmle , Jr. , Producer ) Best Director Won Lewis Milestone Best Writing Nominated George Abbott , Maxwell Anderson and Del Andrews Winner was Joseph W. Farnham , Martin Flavin , Frances Marion and Lennox Robinson - The Big House Best Cinematography Nominated Arthur Edeson Winner was Joseph T. Rucker and Willard Van Der Veer - With Byrd at the South Pole It was the first talkie war film to win Oscars . Other wins : 1930 Photoplay Medal of Honor -- Carl Laemmle Jr . 1931 Kinema Junpo Award for Best Foreign Language Film -- Sound to Lewis Milestone 1990 National Film Registry American Film Institute recognition 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 54 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 7 epic film AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes `` And our bodies are earth . And our thoughts are clay . And we sleep and eat with death . '' -- Nominated . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : All Quiet on the Western Front , afi.com ; accessed March 24 , 2014 .", "7": "Jump up ^ Box Office Information for All Quiet on the Western Front , Box Office Mojo ; retrieved April 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Quigley Publishing Company `` The All Time Best Sellers '' , International Motion Picture Almanac 1937 - 38 ( 1938 ) p 942 accessed April 19 , 2014 Jump up ^ All Quiet on the Western Front , Overview Archived March 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Movie Guy 24 / 7 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ American Film Institute ( June 17 , 2008 ) . `` AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Epic '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ TCM Notes ^ Jump up to : IMDb : All Quiet on the Western Front - Release Info Linked March 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : IMDb : All Quiet on the Western Front - Technical Specifications Linked March 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Mayo , Mike : War Movies : Classic Conflict on Film , Visible Ink Press , 1999 Jump up ^ American Movie Classics ' segments on film preservation that aired in the mid-1990s . Jump up ^ Thirer , Irene ( April 30 , 1930 ) . `` Raging war and soldiers struggle back home in ' All Quiet on the Western Front ' : 1930 review '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' All Quiet on the Western Front ' '' . Variety . May 7 , 1930 . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Mikies `` Hollywood 's Creepy Love Affair With Adolf Hitler , in Explosive New Detail '' , Tablet , June 10 , 2013 Jump up ^ Sauer , Patrick ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Loved and Hated Novel About World War I '' .", "8": "Smithsonian.com . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ German movie institute Archived February 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . See also ( edit ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1979 film ) List of World War I films Kelly , Andrew : All Quiet on the Western Front - the Story of a Film . ( I.B. Tauris , publishers , London and New York , 1998 . ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1930 film ) . All Quiet on the Western Front at the American Film Institute Catalog All Quiet on the Western Front on IMDb All Quiet on the Western Front at the TCM Movie Database All Quiet on the Western Front at AllMovie All Quiet on the Western Front at Rotten Tomatoes Two speeches from the film in text , audio , video from AmericanRhetoric.com Films by Lewis Milestone Directed Seven Sinners ( 1925 ) The Caveman ( 1926 ) The New Klondike ( 1926 ) Two Arabian Knights ( 1927 ) The Garden of Eden ( 1928 ) Tempest ( uncredited , 1928 ) The Racket ( 1928 ) Betrayal ( 1929 ) New York Nights ( 1929 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1930 ) The Front Page ( 1931 ) Rain ( 1932 ) Hallelujah , I 'm a Bum ( 1933 ) The Captain Hates the Sea ( 1934 ) Paris in Spring ( 1935 ) Anything Goes ( 1936 ) The General Died at Dawn ( 1936 ) The Night of Nights ( 1939 ) Of Mice and Men ( 1939 ) Lucky Partners ( 1940 ) My Life with Caroline ( 1941 ) Our Russian Front ( 1942 ) Edge of Darkness ( 1943 ) The North Star ( 1943 ) The Purple Heart ( 1944 ) A Walk in the Sun ( 1945 ) The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (", "9": "1946 ) Arch of Triumph `` ( 1948 ) No Minor Vices ( 1948 ) The Red Pony ( 1949 ) Halls of Montezuma ( 1951 ) Kangaroo ( 1952 ) Les Misérables ( 1952 ) Melba ( 1953 ) They Who Dare ( 1954 ) The Widow ( 1955 ) Pork Chop Hill ( 1959 ) Ocean 's 11 ( 1960 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1962 ) Screenplays Up and at ' Em ( 1922 ) The Yankee Consul ( 1924 ) Listen Lester ( 1924 ) The Mad Whirl ( 1925 ) Dangerous Innocence ( 1925 ) The Teaser ( 1925 ) Bobbed Hair ( 1925 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs.", "10": "Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs.", "11": "Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) GND : 4291477 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "12": "php?title=All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_(1930_film)&oldid=815030735 '' Categories : 1930 films English - language films 1930s war films 1930s drama films American films American war films American epic films French - language films German - language films American black - and - white films Anti-war films Anti-war films about World War I War epic films Western Front films ( World War I ) Films based on German novels Films based on military novels Films based on works by Erich Maria Remarque Films made before the MPAA Production Code Best Picture Academy Award winners Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Universal Pictures films Films directed by Lewis Milestone United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 09 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "13": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7421392011221940314	where does the phrase world without end come from	[ "the King James Bible of the biblical phrase in saecula saeculorum in Ephesians 3:21", "the biblical phrase in saecula saeculorum in Ephesians 3:21", "\"world without end\" is the King James Bible of the biblical phrase in saecula saeculorum in Ephesians 3:21" ]	{ "0": "World Without End - wikipedia World Without End Jump to : navigation , search World Without End may refer to : `` world without end '' is the King James Bible of the biblical phrase in saecula saeculorum in Ephesians 3 : 21 . World Without End ( film ) , a 1956 science fiction B movie World Without End ( 1953 film ) , a 1953 documentary directed by Basil Wright and Paul Rotha World Without End ( Haldeman novel ) , a 1979 Star Trek novel by Joe Haldeman World Without End ( Follett novel ) , a 2007 novel by Ken Follett , sequel to The Pillars of the Earth World Without End ( miniseries ) , a 2012 television adaptation of the Follett novel , sequel to the earlier TV miniseries The Pillars of the Earth World Without End ( comics ) , a 1990 limited series from DC Comics written by Jamie Delano World Without End ( The Mighty Lemon Drops album ) , a 1988 album by the Mighty Lemon Drops World Without End ( De / Vision album ) , a 1994 album by De / Vision `` World Without End '' , a song by Five Iron Frenzy from the 2000 album All the Hype That Money Can Buy `` Worlds Without End '' , a two - part episode of the 1985 television series G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero . This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title World Without End . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Without_End&oldid=736774469 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2016 , at 19 : 22 . About Wikipedia", "1": null, "2": null, "3": null, "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0 ]	[ 0 ]
8727688733894535817	what was the purpose of the bay of pigs mission	[ "to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro", "intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro", "to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro", "intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro." ]	{ "0": "Bay of Pigs invasion - wikipedia Bay of Pigs invasion Jump to : navigation , search `` Invasion of Cuba '' redirects here . For the British invasion in 1741 , see Invasion of Cuba ( 1741 ) . Bay of Pigs Invasion Part of the Cold War Map showing the location of the Bay of Pigs Date April 17 -- 20 1961 Location Bay of Pigs , southern coast of Cuba Result Decisive Cuban victory Belligerents Cuba United States Cuban DRF Commanders and leaders Fidel Castro José Ramón Fernández Juan Almeida Bosque Che Guevara Efigenio Ameijeiras John F. Kennedy Allen Dulles Charles Cabell Pepe San Román Erneido Oliva Units involved Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces Brigade 2506 CIA U.S.", "1": "Air Force Strength 25,000 Cuban army 200,000 Cuban Militia 9,000 armed police 1,500 ground forces 8 American B - 26 bombers 5 supply ships Casualties and losses Cuban army : 176 killed 500 + wounded Brigade 2506 : 118 killed 360 wounded 1,202 captured United States : 4 killed 2 American B - 26 bomber aircraft shot down and 2 supply ships lost Location within North America Covert United States involvement in regime change 1949 Syrian coup d'état 1949 -- 1953 Albania 1951 -- 56 Tibet 1953 Iranian coup d'état 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 1956 -- 57 Syria crisis 1957 -- 58 Indonesian rebellion 1959 -- 2000 Cuba , assassination attempts on Fidel Castro 1959 Cambodian `` Bangkok Plot '' 1960 Congo coup 1961 Cuba , Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 Cuba , Operation Mongoose 1961 Dominican Republic 1963 South Vietnamese coup 1964 Bolivian coup d'état 1964 Brazilian coup d'état 1966 Ghana coup d'état 1970 Cambodian coup 1971 Bolivian coup d'état 1970 -- 73 Chile 1979 -- 89 Afghanistan , Operation Cyclone 1980 -- 92 Angola , UNITA 1981 -- 87 Nicaragua , Contras 1982 Chad 1991 Haiti 1996 Iraq coup attempt 2001 Afghanistan 2004 Haiti 2011 Libyan civil war 2011 -- 2017 Syria , Timber Sycamore view talk The Bay of Pigs Invasion ( Spanish : Invasión de Playa Girón or Invasión de Bahía de Cochinos or Batalla de Girón ) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961 .", "2": "A counter-revolutionary military group ( made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro 's takeover , but also of some US military personnel ) , trained and funded by the CIA , Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front ( DRF ) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro . Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua , the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces , under the direct command of Castro . The coup of 1952 led by General Fulgencio Batista , an ally of the United States , against President Carlos Prio , forced Prio into exile to Miami , Florida . Prio 's exile was the reason for the 26th July Movement led by Castro . The movement , which did not succeed until after the Cuban Revolution of 31 December 1958 , severed the country 's formerly strong links with the US after nationalizing American economic assets ( banks , oil refineries , sugar and coffee plantations , along with other American owned businesses ) . It was after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 , that Castro forged strong economic links with the Soviet Union , with which , at the time , the United States was engaged in the Cold War . US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was very concerned at the direction Castro 's government was taking , and in March 1960 he allocated $13.1 million to the CIA to plan Castro 's overthrow ( though the plan to overthrow Castro was put off for Kennedy to decide ) . The CIA proceeded to organize the operation with the aid of various Cuban counter-revolutionary forces , training Brigade 2506 in Guatemala . Eisenhower 's successor , John F. Kennedy , approved the final invasion plan on 4 April 1961 . Over 1,400 paramilitaries , divided into five infantry battalions and one paratrooper battalion , assembled in Guatemala before setting out for Cuba by boat on 13 April 1961 . Two days later , on 15 April , eight CIA - supplied B - 26 bombers attacked Cuban airfields and then returned to the US . On the night of 16 April , the main invasion landed at a beach named Playa Girón in the Bay of Pigs . It initially overwhelmed a local revolutionary militia .", "3": "The Cuban Army 's counter-offensive was led by José Ramón Fernández , before Castro decided to take personal control of the operation . As the US involvement became apparent to the world , and with the initiative turning against the invasion , Kennedy decided against providing further air cover . As a result , the operation only had half the forces the CIA had deemed necessary . The original plan devised during Eisenhower 's presidency had required both air and naval support . On 20 April , the invaders surrendered after only three days , with the majority being publicly interrogated and put into Cuban prisons . The failed invasion helped to strengthen the position of Castro 's leadership , made him a national hero , and cemented the rocky relationship between the former allies . It also strengthened the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union . This eventually led to the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 . The invasion was a major failure for US foreign policy ; Kennedy ordered a number of internal investigations across Latin America . Cuban forces under Castro 's leadership clashed directly with US forces during the Invasion of Grenada over 20 years later .", "4": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution 1.2 The counter-revolution 1.3 Tensions with the United States 2 Preparation 2.1 Early plans 2.2 Eisenhower 's approval 2.3 Kennedy 's operational approval 2.4 Training 3 Participants 3.1 US Government personnel 3.2 Cuban government personnel 4 Prior warnings of invasion 5 Prelude to invasion 5.1 Acquisition of Aircraft 5.2 Fleet sets sail ( 14 April ) 5.3 Air attacks on airfields ( 15 April ) 5.4 Deception flight ( Saturday , 15 April ) 5.5 Reactions ( 15 April ) 5.6 Phony war ( 16 April ) 6 Invasion 6.1 Invasion day ( 17 April ) 6.2 Invasion day plus one ( D + 1 ) 18 April 6.3 Invasion day plus two ( D + 2 ) 19 April 6.4 Invasion day plus three ( D + 3 ) 20 April 7 Aftermath 7.1 Casualties 7.2 Prisoners 7.3 Political reaction 8 Later analysis 8.1 Maxwell Taylor survey 8.2 C.I.A. report 8.3 Invasion legacy in Cuba 8.4 Invasion legacy for Cuban exiles 8.5 Spanish term for the event 9 See also 10 Explanatory notes 11 References 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Bibliography 12 External links Background ( edit ) Since the middle of the 18th century Cuba had been the crown jewel of the Spanish colonial empire . In the late 19th century , Cuban nationalist revolutionaries rebelled against Spanish dominance , resulting in three liberation wars : the Ten Years ' War ( 1868 -- 1878 ) , the Little War ( 1879 -- 1880 ) and the Cuban War of Independence ( 1895 -- 1898 ) . The United States government proclaimed war on the Spanish Empire , resulting in the Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) .", "5": "The US subsequently invaded the island , and forced the Spanish army out . On 20 May 1902 , a new independent government proclaimed the foundation of the Republic of Cuba , with US Military governor Leonard Wood handing over control to President Tomás Estrada Palma , a Cuban - born US citizen . Subsequently , large numbers of US settlers and businessmen arrived in Cuba , and by 1905 , 60 % of rural properties were owned by non-Cuban North Americans . Between 1906 and 1909 , 5,000 US Marines were stationed across the island , and returned in 1912 , 1917 and 1921 to intervene in internal affairs , sometimes at the behest of the Cuban government . Fidel Castro and the Cuban revolution ( edit ) `` Until Castro , the US was so overwhelmingly influential in Cuba that the American ambassador was the second most important man , sometimes even more important than the Cuban president '' . -- Earl T. Smith , former American Ambassador to Cuba , during 1960 testimony to the US Senate In March 1952 , a Cuban general and politician , Fulgencio Batista , seized power on the island , proclaimed himself president and deposed the discredited president Carlos Prío Socarrás of the Partido Auténtico . Batista canceled the planned presidential elections , and described his new system as `` disciplined democracy '' . Although Batista gained some popular support , many Cubans saw it as the establishment of a one - man dictatorship . Many opponents of the Batista regime took to armed rebellion in an attempt to oust the government , sparking the Cuban Revolution . One of these groups was the National Revolutionary Movement ( Movimiento Nacional Revolucionario -- MNR ) , a militant organization containing largely middle class members that had been founded by the Professor of Philosophy Rafael García Bárcena . Another was the Directorio Revolucionario Estudantil ( DRE ) , which had been founded by the Federation of University Students ( FEU ) President José Antonio Echevarría ( 1932 -- 1957 ) . However , the best known of these anti-Batista groups was the `` 26th of July Movement '' ( MR - 26 - 7 ) , founded by a lawyer named Fidel Castro .", "6": "With Castro as the MR - 26 - 7 's head , the organization was based upon a clandestine cell system , with each cell containing ten members , none of whom knew the whereabouts or activities of the other cells . Between December 1956 and 1959 , Castro led a guerrilla army against the forces of Batista from his base camp in the Sierra Maestra mountains . Batista 's repression of revolutionaries had earned him widespread unpopularity , and by 1958 his armies were in retreat . On 31 December 1958 , Batista resigned and fled into exile , taking with him an amassed fortune of more than US $ 300,000,000 . The presidency fell to Castro 's chosen candidate , the lawyer Manuel Urrutia Lleó , while members of the MR - 26 - 7 took control of most positions in the cabinet . On 16 February 1959 , Castro himself took on the role of Prime Minister . Dismissing the need for elections , Castro proclaimed the new administration an example of direct democracy , in which the Cuban populace could assemble en masse at demonstrations and express their democratic will to him personally . Critics instead condemned the new regime as un-democratic . The counter-revolution ( edit ) Che Guevara ( left ) and Castro , photographed by Alberto Korda in 1961 . Soon after the success of the Cuban Revolution , militant counter-revolutionary groups developed in an attempt to overthrow the new regime . Undertaking armed attacks against government forces , some set up guerrilla bases in Cuba 's mountainous regions , leading to the six - year Escambray Rebellion . These dissidents were funded and armed by various foreign sources , including the exiled Cuban community , the US Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , and Rafael Trujillo 's regime in the Dominican Republic . No quarter was given during the suppression of the resistance in the Escambray Mountains , where former rebels from the war against Batista took different sides . On 3 April 1961 , a bomb attack on militia barracks in Bayamo killed four militia , and wounded eight more . On 6 April , the Hershey Sugar factory in Matanzas was destroyed by sabotage .", "7": "On 14 April 1961 , guerrillas led by Agapito Rivera fought Cuban government forces near Las Cruces , Montembo , Las Villas , where several government troops were killed and others wounded . Also on 14 April 1961 , a Cubana airliner was hijacked and flown to Jacksonville , Florida ; resultant confusion then helped the staged ' defection ' of a B - 26 and pilot at Miami on 15 April . Castro 's government began a crackdown on this opposition movement , arresting hundreds of dissidents . Though it rejected the physical torture Batista 's regime had used , Castro 's government sanctioned psychological torture , subjecting some prisoners to solitary confinement , rough treatment , hunger , and threatening behavior . After conservative editors and journalists began expressing hostility towards the government following its left - ward turn , the pro-Castro printers ' trade union began to harass and disrupt editorial staff actions . In January 1960 , the government proclaimed that each newspaper was obliged to publish a `` clarification '' by the printers ' union at the end of any article that criticized the government . This was the start of press censorship in Castro 's Cuba . Popular uproar across Cuba demanded that those figures who had been complicit in the widespread torture and killing of civilians be brought to justice . Although he remained a moderating force and tried to prevent the mass reprisal killings of Batistanos advocated by many Cubans , Castro helped to set up trials of many figures involved in the old regime across the country , resulting in hundreds of executions . Critics , in particular from the U.S. press , argued that many of these did not meet the standards of a fair trial , and condemned Cuba 's new government as being more interested in vengeance than justice . Castro retaliated strongly against such accusations , proclaiming that `` revolutionary justice is not based on legal precepts , but on moral conviction . '' In a show of support for this `` revolutionary justice '' , he organized the first Havana trial to take place before a mass audience of 17,000 at the Sports Palace stadium ; when a group of aviators accused of bombing a village were found not guilty , he ordered a retrial , in which they were instead found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment . On 11 March 1961 , Jesus Carreras and American William Alexander Morgan ( a former Castro ally ) were executed after a trial .", "8": "Tensions with the United States ( edit ) Castro 's Cuban government ordered the country 's oil refineries -- then controlled by US corporations Esso and Standard Oil and Anglo - Dutch Shell -- to process crude oil purchased from the Soviet Union , but under pressure from the US government , these companies refused . Castro responded by expropriating the refineries and nationalizing them under state control . In retaliation , the US canceled its import of Cuban sugar , provoking Castro to nationalize most US - owned assets , including banks and sugar mills . Relations between Cuba and the US were further strained following the explosion and sinking of a French vessel , the Le Coubre , in Havana harbor in March 1960 . The cause of the explosion was never determined , but Castro publicly insinuated that the US government were guilty of sabotage . On 13 October 1960 , the US government then prohibited the majority of exports to Cuba -- the exceptions being medicines and certain foodstuffs -- marking the start of an economic embargo . In retaliation , the Cuban National Institute for Agrarian Reform took control of 383 private - run businesses on 14 October , and on 25 October a further 166 US companies operating in Cuba had their premises seized and nationalized , including Coca - Cola and Sears Roebuck . On 16 December , the US then ended its import quota of Cuban sugar . The US government was becoming increasingly critical of Castro 's revolutionary government . At an August 1960 meeting of the Organization of American States ( OAS ) held in Costa Rica , the US Secretary of State , Christian Herter , publicly proclaimed that Castro 's administration was `` following faithfully the Bolshevik pattern '' by instituting a single - party political system , taking governmental control of trade unions , suppressing civil liberties , and removing both the freedom of speech and freedom of the press . He furthermore asserted that international communism was using Cuba as an `` operational base '' for spreading revolution in the western hemisphere , and called on other OAS members to condemn the Cuban government for its breach of human rights . In turn , Castro lambasted the treatment of black people and the working classes he had witnessed in New York , which he lampooned as that `` superfree , superdemocratic , superhumane , and supercivilized city '' .", "9": "Proclaiming that the US poor were living `` in the bowels of the imperialist monster '' , he attacked the mainstream US media and accused it of being controlled by big business . It must be noted that , on the surface , the US was trying to improve its relationship with Cuba . Several negotiations between representatives from Cuba and the US took place around this time . Repairing financial international relations was the focal point of these discussions . Political relations were another hot topic of these conferences . The US stated that they would not interfere with Cuba 's choice of government or its domestic structure ; however , the US also ordered the Cubans to sever all ties with the Soviet Union . In August 1960 , the CIA contacted the Cosa Nostra in Chicago with the intention to draft a simultaneous assassination of Fidel Castro , Raúl Castro and Che Guevara . In exchange , if the operation was a success and if a pro-US government was restored in Cuba , the CIA agreed that the Mafia would get their `` monopoly on gaming , prostitution and drugs . '' Tensions percolated when the CIA began to act on its desires to snuff out Castro . The general public became aware of the attempts to assassinate Castro in 1975 when a report was leaked . Frank Church was the leader of a Senate Committee that was responsible for drafting a report on these clandestine CIA operations . Fourteen reports were issued under the name `` Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders '' . Castro was one of the leaders that the `` alleged assassination plots '' referred to . Efforts to murder Castro officially commenced in 1960 . Some methods that the CIA undertook to murder Castro were ridiculously creative . Some examples of these creative ways are : `` poison pills , an exploding sea shell , and a planned gift of a diving suit contaminated with toxins . '' More traditional ways of slaying Castro were also planned , such as elimination via high - powered rifles with telescopic sights . CIA agents went to unbelievable lengths to try to murder Castro . Another example of this comes from operation AMLASH . Rolando Cubela was a Cuban Revolutionary hero that headlined this operation . He was contacted with hopes of possibly recruiting someone close to Fidel Castro that was interested in creating a military coup . However , this goal shifted from that to strictly hopes of recruiting someone close to Castro to murder him .", "10": "All of the time , effort , and resources the CIA devoted to killing Castro were ultimately futile . Moreover , the time period selected by the CIA to carry out these missions stirs up a bit of controversy . In 1963 , the CIA made plans to murder Castro , while in the same year , the Kennedy administration had peace talks with Castro . To complicate things even further , a high level CIA agent by the name of Desmond Fitzgerald met with Rolando Cubela and portrayed himself as a personal representative of Robert Kennedy without Kennedy 's actually knowing about it . Preparation ( edit ) Early plans ( edit ) The idea of overthrowing Castro 's dictatorship first emerged within the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , an independent civilian intelligence agency of the United States government , in early 1960 . Founded in 1947 by the National Security Act , the CIA was `` a product of the Cold War '' , having been designed to counter the espionage activities of the Soviet Union 's own national security agency , the KGB . As the perceived threat of `` international communism '' grew larger , the CIA expanded its activities to undertake covert economic , political , and military activities that would advance causes favourable to U.S. interests ( often resulting in brutal dictatorships that favored US interests ) . The CIA 's Director at the time , Allen Dulles , was responsible for overseeing clandestine operations across the world , and although widely considered an ineffectual administrator , he was immensely popular among his employees , whom he had protected from the accusations of McCarthyism . Recognizing that Castro and his government were becoming increasingly hostile and openly opposed to the United States , President Dwight D. Eisenhower directed the Central Intelligence Agency to begin preparations of invading Cuba and overthrowing the Castro regime . The man overseeing plans for the Bay of Pigs Invasion was Richard M. Bissell Jr. , the CIA 's Deputy Director for Plans ( DDP ) . Putting together a `` Special Group '' known as the 5412 Committee , he assembled a number of other agents to aid him in the plot , many of whom had worked on the 1954 Guatemalan coup six years before ; these included David Philips , Gerry Droller and E. Howard Hunt .", "11": "Bissell placed Droller in charge of liaising with anti-Castro segments of the Cuban - American community living in the United States , and asked Hunt to fashion a government - in - exile , which the CIA would effectively control . Hunt proceeded to travel to Havana , the capital city of Cuba , where he spoke with Cubans from various different backgrounds and discovered a brothel through the Mercedes - Benz agency . Returning to the US , he informed the Cuban - Americans with whom he was liaising that they would have to move their base of operations from Florida to Mexico City , because the State Department refused to permit the training of a militia on US soil . Although unhappy with the news , they conceded to the order . Eisenhower 's approval ( edit ) President Dwight D. Eisenhower , who authorized the Central Intelligence Agency to plan the Bay of Pigs Invasion On 17 March 1960 , the CIA put forward their plan for the overthrow of Castro 's administration to the U.S. National Security Council ( NSC ) , where it was given the support of US President Dwight D. Eisenhower . The stated first objective of the plan was to `` bring about the replacement of the Castro regime with one more devoted to the true interests of the Cuban people and more acceptable to the US in such a manner to avoid any appearance of US intervention . '' Four major forms of action were to be taken to aid anti-communist opposition in Cuba at the time . These were to : provide a powerful propaganda offensive against the regime , perfect a covert intelligence network within Cuba , develop paramilitary forces outside of Cuba , and get the necessary logistical support for covert military operations on the island . At this stage it was still not clear that an invasion would take place . On 18 August 1960 , Eisenhower approved a budget of $13,000,000 for the operation . By 31 October 1960 , most guerrilla infiltrations and supply drops directed by the CIA into Cuba had failed , and developments of further guerrilla strategies were replaced by plans to mount an initial amphibious assault , with a minimum of 1,500 men . On 18 November 1960 , Allen Dulles ( CIA Director ) and Richard Bissell ( CIA Deputy Director for Plans ) first briefed President - elect John Kennedy on the outline plans .", "12": "Having experience in actions such as the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état , Dulles was confident that the CIA was capable of overthrowing the Cuban government as led by Prime Minister Fidel Castro since 16 February 1959 . On 29 November 1960 , President Eisenhower met with the chiefs of the CIA , Defense , State and Treasury departments to discuss the new concept . No objections were expressed , and Eisenhower approved the plans , with the intention of persuading John Kennedy of their merit . On 8 December 1960 , Bissell presented outline plans to the `` Special Group '' while declining to commit details to written records . Further development of the plans continued , and on 4 January 1961 they consisted of an intention to carry out a `` lodgement '' by 750 men at an undisclosed site in Cuba , supported by considerable air power . Meanwhile , in the 1960 presidential election , both main candidates , Richard Nixon of the Republican Party and John F. Kennedy of the Democratic Party , campaigned on the issue of Cuba , with both candidates taking a hardline stance on Castro . Nixon -- who was then Vice President -- sent a military aide to Dulles to ask how the planned invasion was progressing ; he believed that it was taking too long , considering the swift preparation of the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'etat . Nixon insisted that Kennedy should not be informed of the military plans , to which Dulles conceded . Kennedy 's operational approval ( edit ) On 28 January 1961 , President Kennedy was briefed , together with all the major departments , on the latest plan ( code - named Operation Pluto ) , which involved 1,000 men landed in a ship - borne invasion at Trinidad , Cuba , about 270 km ( 170 mi ) south - east of Havana , at the foothills of the Escambray Mountains in Sancti Spiritus province . Kennedy authorized the active departments to continue , and to report progress . Trinidad had good port facilities , it was closer to many existing counter-revolutionary activities , it had an easily defensible beachhead , and it offered an escape route into the Escambray Mountains . When that scheme was subsequently rejected by the State Department , the CIA went on to propose an alternative plan .", "13": "Kennedy rejected the landings at Trinidad largely because the airfield there was not large enough for B - 26 bombers and , since B - 26s were to play a prominent role in the invasion , this would destroy the façade that the invasion was just an uprising with no American involvement . On 4 April 1961 , President Kennedy then approved the Bay of Pigs plan ( also known as Operation Zapata ) , because it had an airfield that did not need extending to handle bomber operations , it was farther away from large groups of civilians than the Trinidad plan , and it was less `` noisy '' militarily , which would make any future denial of direct US involvement more plausible . The invasion landing area was changed to beaches bordering the Bahía de Cochinos ( Bay of Pigs ) in Las Villas Province , 150 km south - east of Havana , and east of the Zapata Peninsula . The landings were to take place at Playa Girón ( code - named Blue Beach ) , Playa Larga ( code - named Red Beach ) , and Caleta Buena Inlet ( code - named Green Beach ) . Interestingly , top aids to Kennedy , such as the secretary of state Dean Rusk and both Joint chiefs of staff later said that they had hesitations about the plans but muted their thoughts . Some leaders blamed these problems on the `` Cold War mindset '' or the determination of the Kennedy brothers to oust Castro and fulfill campaign promises . In March 1961 , the CIA helped Cuban exiles in Miami to create the Cuban Revolutionary Council ( CRC ) , chaired by José Miró Cardona , former Prime Minister of Cuba in January 1959 . Cardona became the de facto leader - in - waiting of the intended post-invasion Cuban government . Training ( edit ) Douglas A-26 Invader `` B - 26 '' bomber aircraft disguised as a Cuban model Cuban defectors practicing parachute drops In April 1960 , the CIA began to recruit anti-Castro Cuban exiles in the Miami area . Until July 1960 , assessment and training was carried out on Useppa Island and at various other facilities in South Florida , such as Homestead AFB . Specialist guerrilla training took place at Fort Gulick , Panama and at Fort Clayton , Panama .", "14": "The force that became Brigade 2506 started with 28 men , who initially were told that their training was being paid for by an anonymous Cuban millionaire émigré , but the recruits soon guessed who was paying the bills , calling their supposed anonymous benefactor `` Uncle Sam '' , and the pretense was dropped . The overall leader was Dr. Manuel Artime while the military leader was José `` Pepe '' Peréz San Román , a former Cuban Army officer imprisoned under both Batista and Castro . For the increasing ranks of recruits , infantry training was carried out at a CIA - run base ( code - named JMTrax ) near Retalhuleu in the Sierra Madre on the Pacific coast of Guatemala . The exiled group named themselves Brigade 2506 ( Brigada Asalto 2506 ) . In summer 1960 , an airfield ( code - named JMadd , aka Rayo Base ) was constructed near Retalhuleu , Guatemala . Gunnery and flight training of Brigade 2506 aircrews was carried out by personnel from Alabama ANG ( Air National Guard ) under General Reid Doster , using at least six Douglas B - 26 Invaders in the markings of Fuerza Aérea Guatemalteca , legitimate delivery of those being delayed by about six months . An additional 26 B - 26s were obtained from US military stocks , ' sanitized ' at ' Field Three ' to obscure their origins , and about 20 of them were converted for offensive operations by removal of defensive armament , standardization of the ' eight - gun nose ' , addition of underwing drop tanks and rocket racks . Paratroop training was at a base nicknamed Garrapatenango , near Quetzaltenango , Guatemala . Training for boat handling and amphibious landings took place at Vieques Island , Puerto Rico . Tank training took place at Fort Knox , Kentucky , and Fort Benning , Georgia . Underwater demolition and infiltration training took place at Belle Chase near New Orleans . To create a navy , the CIA purchased five cargo ships from the Cuban - owned , but Miami - based Garcia Line , thereby giving `` plausible deniability '' as the State Department had insisted no US ships could be involved in the invasion .", "15": "The first four of the five ships , namely the Atlantico , the Caribe , the Houston and Rió Escondido were to carry enough supplies and weapons to last thirty days while the Lake Charles had 15 days of supplies and was intended to land the provisional government of Cuba . The ships were loaded with supplies at New Orleans and sailed to Puerto Cabezas , Nicaragua . Additionally , the invasion force had two old Landing Craft Infantry ( LCI ) ships , the Blagar and Barbara J from World War II that were part of the CIA 's `` ghost ship '' fleet and served as command ships for the invasion . The crews of the supply ships were Cuban while the crews of the LCIs were Americans , borrowed by the CIA from the Military Sea Transportation Service ( MSTS ) One CIA officer wrote that MSTS sailors were all professional and experienced , but not trained for combat . In November 1960 , the Retalhuleu recruits took part in quelling an officers ' rebellion in Guatemala , in addition to the intervention of the US Navy . The CIA transported people , supplies , and arms from Florida to all the bases at night , using Douglas C - 54 transports . On 9 April 1961 , Brigade 2506 personnel , ships , and aircraft started transferring from Guatemala to Puerto Cabezas . Curtiss C - 46s were also used for transport between Retalhuleu and a CIA base ( code - named JMTide , aka Happy Valley ) at Puerto Cabezas . Facilities and limited logistical assistance were provided by the governments of General Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes in Guatemala , and General Luis Somoza Debayle in Nicaragua , but no military personnel or equipment of those nations was directly employed in the conflict . Both governments later received military training and equipment , including some of the CIA 's remaining B - 26s . In early 1961 , Cuba 's army possessed Soviet - designed T - 34 medium tanks , IS - 2 heavy tanks , SU - 100 tank destroyers , 122mm howitzers , other artillery and small arms plus Italian 105mm howitzers .", "16": "The Cuban air force armed inventory included Douglas B - 26 Invader light bombers , Hawker Sea Fury fighters , and Lockheed T - 33 jets , all remaining from the Fuerza Aérea del Ejército de Cuba ( FAEC ) , the Cuban air force of the Batista government . Anticipating an invasion , Che Guevara stressed the importance of an armed civilian populace , stating : `` all of the Cuban people must become a guerrilla army ; each and every Cuban must learn to handle and if necessary use firearms in defense of the nation '' . Participants ( edit ) US government personnel ( edit ) In April 1960 , FRD ( Frente Revolucionario Democratico - Democratic Revolutionary Front ) rebels were taken to Useppa Island , a private island off the coast of Florida , which was covertly leased by the CIA at the time . Once the rebels had arrived they were greeted by instructors from U.S. Army special forces groups , members from the U.S. Air Force and Air National Guard and members of the CIA . The rebels were trained in amphibious assault tactics , guerrilla warfare , infantry and weapons training , unit tactics and land navigation . Recruiting of Cuban exiles in Miami was organized by CIA staff officers E. Howard Hunt and Gerry Droller . Detailed planning , training and military operations were conducted by Jacob Esterline , Colonel Jack Hawkins and Colonel Stanley W. Beerli under the direction of Richard Bissell and his deputy Tracy Barnes . Cuban government personnel ( edit ) Already , Fidel Castro was known as , and addressed as , the commander - in - chief of Cuban armed forces , with a nominal base at ' Point One ' in Havana . In early April 1961 , his brother Raúl Castro was assigned command of forces in the east , based in Santiago de Cuba . Che Guevara commanded western forces , based in Pinar del Río . Major Juan Almeida Bosque commanded forces in the central provinces , based in Santa Clara . Raúl Curbelo Morales was head of the air force . Sergio del Valle Jiménez was Director of Headquarters Operations at Point One . Efigenio Ameijeiras was the Head of the Revolutionary National Police .", "17": "Ramiro Valdés Menéndez was Minister of the Interior and head of G - 2 ( Seguridad del Estado , or state security ) . His deputy was Comandante Manuel Piñeiro Losada , also known as ' Barba Roja ' . Captain José Ramón Fernández was head of the School of Militia Leaders ( Cadets ) at Matanzas . Other commanders of units during the conflict included Major Raúl Menéndez Tomassevich , Major Filiberto Olivera Moya , Major René de los Santos , Major Augusto Martínez Sanchez , Major Félix Duque , Major Pedro Miret , Major Flavio Bravo , Major Antonio Lussón , Captain Orlando Pupo Pena , Captain Victor Dreke , Captain Emilio Aragonés , Captain Angel Fernández Vila , Arnaldo Ochoa , and Orlando Rodriguez Puerta . Soviet - trained Spanish advisors were brought to Cuba from Eastern Bloc countries . These advisors had held high staff positions in the Soviet armies during World War II , and became known as `` Hispano - Soviets '' , having long resided in the Soviet Union . The most senior of these were the Spanish communist veterans of the Spanish Civil War , Francisco Ciutat de Miguel , Enrique Líster , and Cuban - born Alberto Bayo . Ciutat de Miguel ( Cuban alias : Ángel Martínez Riosola , commonly referred to as `` Angelito '' ) , was an advisor to forces in the central provinces . The role of other Soviet agents at the time is uncertain , but some of them acquired greater fame later . For example , two KGB colonels , Vadim Kochergin and Victor Simanov were first sighted in Cuba in about September 1959 . Prior warnings of invasion ( edit ) The Cuban security apparatus knew the invasion was coming , via their extensive secret intelligence network , as well as loose talk by members of the brigade , some of which was heard in Miami , and was repeated in US and foreign newspaper reports . Nevertheless , days before the invasion , multiple acts of sabotage were carried out , such as the El Encanto fire , an arson attack in a department store in Havana on 13 April , that killed one shop worker .", "18": "The Cuban government also had been warned by senior KGB agents Osvaldo Sánchez Cabrera and ' Aragon ' , who died violently before and after the invasion , respectively . The general Cuban population was not well informed , except for CIA - funded Radio Swan . As of May 1960 , almost all means of public communication were in the government 's hands . On 29 April 2000 , a Washington Post article , `` Soviets Knew Date of Cuba Attack '' , reported that the CIA had information indicating that the Soviet Union knew the invasion was going to take place , and did not inform Kennedy . On 13 April 1961 , Radio Moscow broadcast an English - language newscast , predicting the invasion `` in a plot hatched by the CIA '' using paid `` criminals '' within a week . The invasion took place four days later . David Ormsby - Gore , British Ambassador to the US , stated that British intelligence analysis , as made available to the CIA , indicated that the Cuban people were predominantly behind Castro , and that there was no likelihood of mass defections or insurrections . Prelude to invasion ( edit ) Acquisition of aircraft ( edit ) From June to September 1960 , the most time consuming task was the acquisition of the aircraft to be used in the invasion . The anti-Castro effort depended on the success of these aircraft . Although models such as the C - 46 , C - 47 and C - 54 were to be used for airdrops and bomb drops as well as infiltration and exfiltration , they were looking for an aircraft that could perform tactical strikes . The two models that were going to be decided on were the Navy 's AD - 5 Skyraider or the Air Forces light bomber , the B - 26 . The AD - 5 was readily available and ready for the Navy to train pilots , and in a meeting among a special group in the office of the Deputy Director of the CIA , the AD - 5 was approved and decided on . After a cost benefit analysis , word was sent that the AD - 5 plan would be abandoned and the B - 26 would take its place .", "19": "Fleet sets sail ( 14 April ) ( edit ) Under the cover of darkness , the invasion fleet set sail from Puerto Cabezas , Nicaragua and headed towards the Bay of Pigs on the night of 14 April . Following behind the fleet was the carrier USS Essex and five destroyers . Air attacks on airfields ( 15 April ) ( edit ) During the night of 14 / 15 April , a diversionary landing was planned near Baracoa , Oriente Province , by about 164 Cuban exiles commanded by Higinio ' Nino ' Diaz . Their mother ship , named La Playa or Santa Ana , had sailed from Key West under a Costa Rican ensign . Several US Navy destroyers were stationed offshore near Guantánamo Bay to give the appearance of an impending invasion fleet . The reconnaissance boats turned back to the ship after their crews detected activities by Cuban militia forces along the coastline . As a result of those activities , at daybreak , a reconnaissance sortie over the Baracoa area was launched from Santiago de Cuba . That was a FAR ( Fuerza Aérea Revolucionaria ) ( Cuban Air Force ) T - 33 , piloted by Lt Orestes Acosta , and it crashed fatally into the sea . On 17 April , his name was falsely quoted as a defector among the disinformation circulating in Miami . The CIA , with the backing of the Pentagon , had originally requested permission to produce sonic booms over Havana on 14 April to create an air of confusion . The request was a form of psychological warfare that had proven successful in the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954 . The point was to create confusion in Havana and have it be a distraction to Castro if they could `` break all the windows in town '' . The request was denied , however , since officials thought such would be too obvious a sign of involvement by the United States . On 15 April 1961 , at about 06 : 00 AM Cuban local time , eight Douglas B - 26B Invader bombers in three groups simultaneously attacked three Cuban airfields at San Antonio de los Baños and at Ciudad Libertad ( formerly named Campo Columbia ) , both near Havana , plus the Antonio Maceo International Airport at Santiago de Cuba .", "20": "The B - 26s had been prepared by the CIA on behalf of Brigade 2506 , and had been painted with the false flag markings of the FAR , the air force of the Cuban government . Each was armed with bombs , rockets and machine guns . They had flown from Puerto Cabezas in Nicaragua , and were crewed by exiled Cuban pilots and navigators of the self - styled Fuerza Aérea de Liberación ( FAL ) . The purpose of the action ( code - named Operation Puma ) was reportedly to destroy most or all of the armed aircraft of the FAR in preparation for the main invasion . At Santiago , the two attackers destroyed a C - 47 transport , a PBY Catalina flying boat , two B - 26s and a civilian DC - 3 plus various other civilian aircraft . At San Antonio , the three attackers destroyed three FAR B - 26s , one Sea Fury and one T - 33 , and one attacker diverted to Grand Cayman due to low usable fuel . Aircraft that diverted to the Caymans were aggressively seized since Great Britain was leery that the Cayman Islands might be perceived as a launch site for the invasion . At Ciudad Libertad , the three attackers destroyed only non-operational aircraft such as two P - 47 Thunderbolts . One of those attackers was damaged by anti-aircraft fire , and ditched about 50 km north of Cuba , with the loss of its crew Daniel Fernández Mon and Gaston Pérez . Its companion B - 26 , also damaged , continued north and landed at Boca Chica field ( Naval Air Station Key West ) , Florida . The crew , José Crespo and Lorenzo Pérez - Lorenzo , were granted political asylum , and made their way back to Nicaragua the next day via Miami and the daily CIA C - 54 flight from Opa - locka Airport to Puerto Cabezas Airport . Their B - 26 , purposely numbered 933 , the same as at least two other B - 26s that day for disinformation reasons , was held until late on 17 April .", "21": "Deception flight ( saturday , 15 April ) ( edit ) About 90 minutes after the eight B - 26s had taken off from Puerto Cabezas to attack Cuban airfields , another B - 26 departed on a deception flight that took it close to Cuba but headed north towards Florida . Like the bomber groups , it carried false FAR markings and the same number 933 as painted on at least two of the others . Before departure , the cowling from one of the aircraft 's two engines was removed by CIA personnel , fired upon , then re-installed to give the false appearance that the aircraft had taken ground fire at some point during its flight . At a safe distance north of Cuba , the pilot feathered the engine with the pre-installed bullet holes in the cowling , radioed a mayday call , and requested immediate permission to land at Miami International airport . He landed and taxied to the military area of the airport near an Air Force C - 47 and was met by several government cars . The pilot was Mario Zúñiga , formerly of the FAEC ( Cuban Air Force under Batista ) , and after landing he masqueraded as ' Juan Garcia ' , and publicly claimed that three colleagues had also defected from the FAR . The next day he was granted political asylum , and that night he returned to Puerto Cabezas via Opa - Locka . This deception operation was successful at the time in convincing much of the world media that the attacks on the Cuban Air Force bases were the work of an internal anti-Communist faction , and did not involve outside actors . Reactions ( 15 April ) ( edit ) At 10 : 30 am on 15 April at the United Nations , the Cuban Foreign Minister Raúl Roa accused the US of aggressive air attacks against Cuba , and that afternoon formally tabled a motion to the Political ( First ) Committee of the UN General Assembly . Only days earlier , the CIA had unsuccessfully attempted to entice Raúl Roa into defecting . In response to Roa 's accusations before the UN , US ambassador to the UN Adlai Stevenson stated that US armed forces would not `` under any conditions '' intervene in Cuba , and that the US would do everything in its power to ensure that no US citizens would participate in actions against Cuba .", "22": "He also stated that Cuban defectors had carried out the attacks that day , and he presented a UPI wire photo of Zúñiga 's B - 26 in Cuban markings at Miami airport . Stevenson was later embarrassed to realize that the CIA had lied to him and to Secretary of State Dean Rusk . President Kennedy supported the statement made by Stevenson : `` I have emphasized before that this was a struggle of Cuban patriots against a Cuban dictator . While we could not be expected to hide our sympathies , we made it repeatedly clear that the armed forces of this country would not intervene in any way '' . On 15 April , the Cuban national police , led by Efigenio Ameijeiras , started the process of arresting thousands of suspected anti-revolutionary individuals , and detaining them in provisional locations such as the Karl Marx Theatre , the moat of Fortaleza de la Cabana and the Principe Castle all in Havana , and the baseball park in Matanzas . Phony War ( 16 April ) ( edit ) On the night of 15 / 16 April , the Nino Diaz group failed in a second attempted diversionary landing at a fresh location near Baracoa . On 16 April , Merardo Leon , Jose Leon , and 14 others staged an armed uprising at Las Delicias Estate in Las Villas , with only four surviving . Leonel Martinez and three others took to the countryside . Following the air strikes on airfields on 15 April 1961 , the FAR managed to prepare for armed action at least four T - 33s , four Sea Furies and five or six B - 26s . All three types were armed with machine guns ( 20mm cannon , in the case of the Sea Furies ) for air - to - air combat and for strafing of ships and ground targets . CIA planners had failed to discover that the US - supplied T - 33 jets had long been armed with M - 3 machine guns . The three types could also carry bombs , for attacks against ships and tanks . No additional air strikes against Cuban airfields and aircraft were specifically planned before 17 April , because B - 26 pilots ' exaggerated claims gave the CIA false confidence in the success of 15 April attacks , until U-2 reconnaissance photos taken on 16 April showed otherwise .", "23": "Late on 16 April , President Kennedy ordered cancellation of further airfield strikes planned for dawn on 17 April , to attempt plausible deniability of US direct involvement . Late on 16 April , the CIA / Brigade 2506 invasion fleet converged on ' Rendezvous Point Zulu ' , about 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) south of Cuba , having sailed from Puerto Cabezas in Nicaragua where they had been loaded with troops and other materiel , after loading arms and supplies at New Orleans . The US Navy operation was code - named Bumpy Road , having been changed from Crosspatch on 1 April 1961 . The fleet , labelled the ' Cuban Expeditionary Force ' ( CEF ) , included five 2,400 - ton ( empty weight ) freighter ships chartered by the CIA from the Garcia Line , and subsequently outfitted with anti-aircraft guns . Four of the freighters , Houston ( code name Aguja ) , Río Escondido ( code name Ballena ) , Caribe ( code name Sardina ) , and Atlántico ( code - name Tiburón ) , were planned to transport about 1,400 troops in seven battalions of troops and armaments near to the invasion beaches . The fifth freighter , Lake Charles , was loaded with follow - up supplies and some Operation 40 infiltration personnel . The freighters sailed under Liberian ensigns . Accompanying them were two LCIs ( Landing Craft Infantry ) outfitted with heavy armament at Key West . The LCIs were Blagar ( code - name Marsopa ) and Barbara J ( code - name Barracuda ) , sailing under Nicaraguan ensigns . After exercises and training at Vieques Island , the CEF ships were individually escorted ( outside visual range ) to Point Zulu by US Navy destroyers USS Bache , USS Beale , USS Conway , USS Cony , USS Eaton , USS Murray , and USS Waller . US Navy Task Group 81.8 had already assembled off the Cayman Islands , commanded by Rear Admiral John E. Clark onboard aircraft carrier USS Essex , plus helicopter assault carrier USS Boxer , destroyers USS Hank , USS John W. Weeks , USS Purdy , USS Wren , and submarines USS Cobbler and USS Threadfin .", "24": "Command and control ship USS Northampton and carrier USS Shangri - La were also reportedly active in the Caribbean at the time . USS San Marcos was a Landing Ship Dock that carried three LCUs ( Landing Craft Utility ) and four LCVPs ( Landing Craft , Vehicles , Personnel ) . San Marcos had sailed from Vieques Island . At Point Zulu , the seven CEF ships sailed north without the USN escorts , except for San Marcos that continued until the seven landing craft were unloaded when just outside the 5 kilometres ( 3 mi ) Cuban territorial limit . Invasion ( edit ) Bahia de Cochinos 1961 Invasion day ( 17 April ) ( edit ) During the night of 16 / 17 April , a mock diversionary landing was organized by CIA operatives near Bahía Honda , Pinar del Río Province . A flotilla containing equipment that broadcast sounds and other effects of a shipborne invasion landing provided the source of Cuban reports that briefly lured Fidel Castro away from the Bay of Pigs battlefront area . At about 00 : 00 on 17 April 1961 , the two CIA LCIs Blagar and Barbara J , each with a CIA ' operations officer ' and an Underwater Demolition Team ( UDT ) of five frogmen , entered the Bay of Pigs ( Bahía de Cochinos ) on the southern coast of Cuba . They headed a force of four transport ships ( Houston , Río Escondido , Caribe and Atlántico ) carrying about 1,400 Cuban exile ground troops of Brigade 2506 , plus tanks and other vehicles in the landing craft . At about 01 : 00 , Blagar , as the battlefield command ship , directed the principal landing at Playa Girón ( code - named Blue Beach ) , led by the frogmen in rubber boats followed by troops from Caribe in small aluminium boats , then LCVPs and LCUs . Barbara J , leading Houston , similarly landed troops 35 km further northwest at Playa Larga ( code - named Red Beach ) , using small fiberglass boats . Unloading troops at night was delayed , due to engine failures and boats damaged by unforeseen coral reefs . As the frogmen came in , they were shocked to discover that the Red Beach was lit with floodlights , which led to the location of the landing being hastily changed .", "25": "As the frogmen landed , a firefight broke out when a jeep carrying Cuban militia happened by . The few militia in the area succeeded in warning Cuban armed forces via radio soon after the first landing , before the invaders overcame their token resistance . Castro was woken up at about 3 : 15 am to be informed of the landings , which led him to put all militia units in the area on the highest state of alert and to order airstrikes . The Cuban regime planned to strike the brigadistas at Playa Larga first as they were inland before turning on the brigadistas at Girón at the sea . El Comandante departed personally to lead his forces into battle against the brigadistas . At daybreak around 06 : 30 AM , three FAR Sea Furies , one B - 26 bomber and two Lockheed T - 33 fighter jets started attacking those CEF ships still unloading troops . At about 06 : 50 , and 8 kilometres ( 5.0 mi ) south of Playa Larga , Houston was damaged by several bombs and rockets from a Sea Fury and a T - 33 , and about two hours later captain Luis Morse intentionally beached it on the western side of the bay . About 270 troops had been unloaded , but about 180 survivors who struggled ashore were incapable of taking part in further action because of the loss of most of their weapons and equipment . The loss of Houston was a great blow to the bridgadistas as that ship was carrying much of the Brigade 2506 's medical supplies , which meant that wounded bridgadistas had to make do with inadequate medical care . At about 07 : 00 , two invading FAL B - 26s attacked and sank the Cuban Navy Patrol Escort ship El Baire at Nueva Gerona on the Isle of Pines . They then proceeded to Girón to join two other B - 26s to attack Cuban ground troops and provide distraction air cover for the paratroop C - 46s and the CEF ships under air attack . Brigade 2506 's tanks had been all landed by 7 : 30 am at Blue Beach and all of the troops by 8 : 30 am .", "26": "Neither San Román at Blue Beach nor Erneido Oliva at Red Beach could communicate as all of the radios had been soaked in the water during the landings . The SU - 100 from which Fidel Castro reportedly shelled the freighter Houston during morning of 17 April . At about 07 : 30 , five C - 46 and one C - 54 transport aircraft dropped 177 paratroops from the parachute battalion of Brigade 2506 in an action code - named Operation Falcon . About 30 men , plus heavy equipment , were dropped south of the Central Australia sugar mill on the road to Palpite and Playa Larga , but the equipment was lost in the swamps , and the troops failed to block the road . Other troops were dropped at San Blas , at Jocuma between Covadonga and San Blas , and at Horquitas between Yaguaramas and San Blas . Those positions to block the roads were maintained for two days , reinforced by ground troops from Playa Girón . The paratroopers had landed amid a collection of militia , but their training allowed them to hold their own against the ill - trained militiamen . However , the dispersal of the paratroopers as they landed meant they were unable to take the road from the Central Australia sugar mill down to Playa Larga , which allowed the government to continue to send troops down to resist the invasion . At about 08 : 30 , a FAR Sea Fury piloted by Carlos Ulloa Arauz crashed in the bay , due to stalling or anti-aircraft fire , after encountering a FAL C - 46 returning south after dropping paratroops . By 09 : 00 , Cuban troops and militia from outside the area had started arriving at the Central Australia sugar mill , Covadonga and Yaguaramas . Throughout the day they were reinforced by more troops , heavy armour and T - 34 tanks typically carried on flat - bed trucks . At about 09 : 30 , FAR Sea Furies and T - 33s fired rockets at Rio Escondido , which then ' blew up ' and sank about 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) south of Girón .", "27": "Rio Escondido was loaded with aviation fuel and as the ship started to burn , the captain gave the order to abandon ship with the ship being destroyed in three explosions shortly afterwards . Rio Escondido carried not only fuel , but also enough ammunition , food and medical supplies to last ten days and the radio that allowed the Brigade to communicate with the Liberation Air Force . The loss of the communications ship Rio Escondido meant that San Román was only able to issue orders to the forces at Blue Beach , and he had no idea of what was happening at Red Beach or with the paratroopers . A messenger from Red Beach arrived at about 10 : 00 am asking San Román to send tank and infantry to block the road from the Central Australia sugar mill , a request that he agreed to . It was not expected that government forces would be counter-attacking from this direction . At about 11 : 00 , Premier Fidel Castro issued a statement over Cuba 's nationwide network saying that the invaders , members of the exiled Cuban revolutionary front , have come to destroy the revolution and take away the dignity and rights of men . At about 11 : 00 , a FAR T - 33 attacked and shot down a FAL B - 26 ( serial number 935 ) piloted by Matias Farias , who then survived a crashlanding on the Girón airfield , his navigator Eduardo González already killed by gunfire . His companion B - 26 suffered damage and diverted to Grand Cayman Island ; pilot Mario Zúñiga ( the ' defector ' ) and navigator Oscar Vega returned to Puerto Cabezas via CIA C - 54 on 18 April . By about 11 : 00 , the two remaining freighters Caribe and Atlántico , and the CIA LCIs and LCUs , started retreating south to international waters , but still pursued by FAR aircraft . At about 12 : 00 , a FAR B - 26 exploded due to heavy anti-aircraft fire from Blagar , and pilot Luis Silva Tablada ( on his second sortie ) and his crew of three were lost . By 12 : 00 , hundreds of Cuban militia cadets from Matanzas had secured Palpite , and cautiously advanced on foot south towards Playa Larga , suffering many casualties during attacks by FAL B - 26s .", "28": "By dusk , other Cuban ground forces were gradually advancing southward from Covadonga and southwest from Yaguaramas toward San Blas , and westward along coastal tracks from Cienfuegos towards Girón , all without heavy weapons or armour . At 2 : 30 pm a group of militiamen from the 339th Battalion set up a position , which came under attack from the brigadista M41 Walker Bulldog tanks , who inflicted heavy losses on the defenders . This action is remembered in Cuba as the `` Slaughter of the Lost Battalion '' as most of the militiamen were killed . Three FAL B - 26s were shot down by FAR T - 33s , with the loss of pilots Raúl Vianello , José Crespo , Osvaldo Piedra and navigators Lorenzo Pérez - Lorenzo and José Fernández . Vianello 's navigator Demetrio Pérez bailed out and was picked up by USS Murray . Pilot Crispín García Fernández and navigator Juan González Romero , in B - 26 serial 940 , diverted to Boca Chica , but late that night they attempted to fly back to Puerto Cabezas in B - 26 serial 933 that Crespo had flown to Boca Chica on 15 April . In October 1961 , the remains of the B - 26 and its two crew were found in dense jungle in Nicaragua . One FAL B - 26 diverted to Grand Cayman with engine failure . By 16 : 00 , Fidel Castro had arrived at the Central Australia sugar mill , joining José Ramón Fernández whom he had appointed as battlefield commander before dawn that day . On 17 April 1961 , Osvaldo Ramírez ( leader of the rural resistance to Castro ) was captured by Castro 's forces in Aromas de Velázquez , and immediately executed . At about 21 : 00 on 17 April 1961 , a night air strike by three FAL B - 26s on San Antonio de Los Baños airfield failed , reportedly due to incompetence and bad weather . Two other B - 26s had aborted the mission after take - off .", "29": "Other sources allege that heavy anti-aircraft fire scared the aircrews As night fell , Atlantico and Caribe pulled away from Cuba , to be followed by Blagar and Barbara J. The ships were to return to the Bay of Pigs the next day to land more ammunition , but the captains of Atlantico and Caribe decided to abandon the invasion and headed out to the open sea out of fear of further air attacks by the FAR . Destroyers from the US Navy intercepted Atlantico about 110 miles south of Cuba , and persuaded the captain to return , but Caribe was not intercepted until she was 218 miles away from Cuba , and she was not to return until it was too late . Invasion day plus one ( D. + 1 ) 18 April ( edit ) During the night of 17 -- 18 April , the force at Red Beach came under repeated counter-attacks from the Cuban Army and militia . As casualties mounted and ammunition was used up , the brigadistas steadily gave way . Airdrops from four C - 52s and 2 C - 46s had only limited success in landing more ammunition . Both the Blagar and Barbara J returned at midnight to land more ammunition , which proved insufficient for the brigadistas . Following desperate appeals for help from Oliva , San Román ordered all of his M41 tanks ' six mortars to assist in the defence . During the night fighting , a tank battle broke out with the brigadista tanks clashed with the T - 34 tanks of the Cuban Army , a sharp action that ended with the brigadistas being driven back . At 8 : 00 pm , the Cuban Army opened fire with its 76.2 mm and 122mm artillery guns on the brigadista forces at Playa Larga , which was followed by an attack by T - 34 tanks at about midnight . The 2,000 artillery rounds fired by the Cuban Army had mostly missed the brigadista defense positions and the T - 34 tanks rode into an ambush when they came under fire from the brigadista M41 tanks and mortar fire , and a number of T - 34 tanks were destroyed or knocked out . At 1 : 00 am , Cuban Army infantrymen and militiamen started an offensive .", "30": "Despite heavy losses on the part of the Communist forces , the shortage of ammunition forced the brigadistas back and the T - 34 tanks continued to force their way past the wreckage of the battlefield to press on the assault . The Communist forces numbered about 2,100 consisting of about 300 FAR soldiers , 1,600 militiamen and 200 policemen supported by 20 T - 34s who were faced by 370 brigadistas . By 5 : 00 am , Oliva started to order his men to retreat as he had almost no ammunition or mortar rounds left . By about 10 : 30 am on 18 April , Cuban troops and militia , supported by the T - 34 tanks and 122mm artillery , took Playa Larga after Brigade forces had fled towards Girón in the early hours . During the day , Brigade forces retreated to San Blas along the two roads from Covadonga and Yaguaramas . By then , both Fidel Castro and José Ramón Fernández had re-located to that battlefront area . As the men from Red Beach arrived at Girón , San Román and Oliva met to discuss the situation . With ammunition running low , Oliva suggested that the Brigade 2506 retreat into the Escambray mountains to wage guerilla warfare , but San Román decided to hold the beachhead . At about 11 : 00 am , the Cuban government began an offensive to take San Blas . San Román ordered all of the paratroopers back in order to hold San Blas , and they halted the offensive . During the afternoon , Castro kept the brigadistas under steady air attack and artillery fire , but did not order any new major attacks . At 14 : 00 , President Kennedy received a telegram from Nikita Khrushchev in Moscow , stating the Russians would not allow the US to enter Cuba , and implied swift nuclear retribution to the United States heartland if their warnings were not heeded . At about 17 : 00 on 18 April , FAL B - 26s attacked a Cuban column of 12 civilian buses leading trucks carrying tanks and other armour , moving southeast between Playa Larga and Punta Perdiz . The vehicles , loaded with civilians , militia , police and soldiers , were attacked with bombs , napalm and rockets , suffering heavy casualties .", "31": "The six B - 26s were piloted by two CIA contract pilots plus four pilots and six navigators from Brigade 2506 air force . The column later re-formed and advanced to Punta Perdiz , about 11 km northwest of Girón . Invasion day plus two ( D. + 2 ) 19 April ( edit ) Douglas A-4 Skyhawks from the USS Essex flying sorties over combat areas during the invasion During the night of 18 April , a FAL C - 46 delivered arms and equipment to the Girón airstrip occupied by Brigade 2506 ground forces , and took off before daybreak on 19 April . The C - 46 also evacuated Matias Farias , the pilot of B - 26 serial ' 935 ' ( code - named Chico Two ) that had been shot down and crash - landed at Girón on 17 April . The crews of the Barbara J and Blagar had done their best to land what ammunition they had left onto the beachhead , but without air support the captains of both ships reported that it was too dangerous to be operating off the Cuban coast by day . The final air attack mission ( code - named Mad Dog Flight ) comprised five B - 26s , four of which were manned by American CIA contract air crews and pilots from the Alabama Air Guard . One FAR Sea Fury ( piloted by Douglas Rudd ) and two FAR T - 33s ( piloted by Rafael del Pino and Alvaro Prendes ) shot down two of these B - 26s , killing four American airmen . Combat air patrols were flown by Douglas A4D - 2N Skyhawk jets of VA - 34 squadron operating from USS Essex , with nationality and other markings removed . Sorties were flown to reassure Brigade soldiers and pilots , and to intimidate Cuban government forces without directly engaging in acts of war . At 10 am , a tank battle had broken out , with the brigadista holding their line until about 2 : 00 pm , which led Olvia to order a retreat into Girón . Following the last air attacks , San Román ordered his paratroopers and the men of the 3rd Battalion to launch a surprise attack , which was initially successful , but soon failed .", "32": "With the brigadistas in disorganized retreat , the Cuban Army and militiamen started to advance rapidly , taking San Blas and only being stopped outside of Girón at about 11 am . Later that afternoon , San Román heard the rumbling of the advancing T - 34s and reported with no more mortar rounds and bazooka rounds , he could not stop the tanks and ordered his men to fall back to the beach . Oliva arrived afterwards to find that the brigadistas were all heading out to the beach or retreating into the jungle or swamps . Without direct air support , and short of ammunition , Brigade 2506 ground forces retreated to the beaches in the face of considerable onslaught from Cuban government artillery , tanks and infantry . Late on 19 April , destroyers USS Eaton ( code - named Santiago ) and USS Murray ( code - named Tampico ) moved into Cochinos Bay to evacuate retreating Brigade soldiers from beaches , before fire from Cuban army tanks caused Commodore Crutchfield to order a withdrawal . Invasion day plus three ( D. + 3 ) 20 April ( edit ) From 19 April until about 22 April , sorties were flown by A4D - 2Ns to obtain visual intelligence over combat areas . Reconnaissance flights are also reported of Douglas AD - 5Ws of VFP - 62 and / or VAW - 12 squadron from USS Essex or another carrier , such as USS Shangri - La that was part of the task force assembled off the Cayman Islands . On 21 April , Eaton and Murray , joined on 22 April by destroyers USS Conway and USS Cony , plus submarine USS Threadfin and a CIA PBY - 5A Catalina flying boat , continued to search the coastline , reefs and islands for scattered Brigade survivors , about 24 -- 30 being rescued . Aftermath ( edit ) Casualties ( edit ) 114 Cuban exiles from Brigade 2506 were killed in action . Aircrews killed in action totalled 6 from the Cuban air force , 10 Cuban exiles and 4 American airmen . Paratrooper Eugene Herman Koch was killed in action , and the American airmen shot down were Thomas W. Ray , Leo F. Baker , Riley W. Shamburger , and Wade C. Gray .", "33": "In 1979 , the body of Thomas ' Pete ' Ray was repatriated from Cuba . In the 1990s , the CIA admitted he was linked to the agency , and awarded him the Intelligence Star . The final toll in Cuban armed forces during the conflict was 176 killed in action . This figure includes only the Cuban Army and it is estimated that about 2,000 militiamen were killed or wounded during the fighting . Other Cuban forces casualties were between 500 and 4,000 ( killed , wounded or missing ) . The airfield attacks on 15 April left 7 Cubans dead and 53 wounded . In 2011 , the National Security Archive , in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act , released over 1200 pages of documents . One detail within these documents was incidents of friendly fire . The CIA had outfitted some B - 26 bombers to appear as Cuban aircraft , having ordered them to remain inland to avoid being fired upon by American - backed forces . Some of the planes did not heed the warning , and were fired upon . According to CIA operative Grayston Lynch , `` we could n't tell them from the Castro planes . We ended up shooting at two or three of them . We hit some of them there because when they came at us ... it was a silhouette , that was all you could see . '' Prisoners ( edit ) Havana gleefully noted the wealth of the captured invaders : 100 plantation owners , 67 landlords of apartment houses , 35 factory owners , 112 businessmen , 179 lived off unearned income , and 194 ex-soldiers of Batista . -- Life magazine On 19 April 1961 , at least seven Cubans plus two CIA - hired US citizens ( Angus K. McNair and Howard F. Anderson ) were executed in Pinar del Rio province , after a two - day trial . On 20 April , Humberto Sorí Marin was executed at Fortaleza de la Cabaña , having been arrested on 18 March following infiltration into Cuba with 14 tons of explosives . His fellow conspirators Rogelio González Corzo ( alias `` Francisco Gutierrez '' ) , Rafael Diaz Hanscom , Eufemio Fernandez , Arturo Hernandez Tellaheche and Manuel Lorenzo Puig Miyar were also executed .", "34": "Between April and October 1961 , hundreds of executions took place in response to the invasion . They took place at various prisons , including the Fortaleza de la Cabaña and Morro Castle . Infiltration team leaders Antonio Diaz Pou and Raimundo E. Lopez , as well as underground students Virgilio Campaneria , Alberto Tapia Ruano , and more than one hundred other insurgents were executed . About 1,202 members of Brigade 2506 were captured , of whom nine died from asphyxiation during transfer to Havana in a closed truck . In May 1961 , Fidel Castro proposed to exchange the surviving Brigade prisoners for 500 large farm tractors , valued at US $ 28,000,000 . On 8 September 1961 , 14 Brigade prisoners were convicted of torture , murder and other major crimes committed in Cuba before the invasion , five being executed and nine jailed for 30 years . Three confirmed as executed were Ramon Calvino , Emilio Soler Puig ( `` el Muerte '' ) and Jorge King Yun ( `` el Chino '' ) . On 29 March 1962 , 1,179 men were put on trial for treason . On 7 April 1962 , all were convicted and sentenced to 30 years in prison . On 14 April 1962 , 60 wounded and sick prisoners were freed and transported to the US . On 21 December 1962 , Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro and James B. Donovan , a US lawyer aided by Milan C. Miskovsky , a CIA legal officer , signed an agreement to exchange 1,113 prisoners for US $53 million in food and medicine , sourced from private donations and from companies expecting tax concessions . On 24 December 1962 , some prisoners were flown to Miami , others following on the ship African Pilot , plus about 1,000 family members also allowed to leave Cuba . On 29 December 1962 , President Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline attended a `` welcome back '' ceremony for Brigade 2506 veterans at the Orange Bowl in Miami , Florida . Political reaction ( edit ) Robert F. Kennedy 's Statement on Cuba and Neutrality Laws , 20 April 1961 The failed invasion severely embarrassed the Kennedy administration , and made Castro wary of future US intervention in Cuba .", "35": "On 21 April , in a State Department press conference , President Kennedy said : `` There 's an old saying that victory has a hundred fathers and defeat is an orphan ... Further statements , detailed discussions , are not to conceal responsibility because I 'm the responsible officer of the Government ... '' The initial U.S. response concerning the first air attacks were of a dismissive quality . U.S. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson denied any involvement in the first wave of air strikes , stating before the United Nations , `` These charges are totally false and I deny them categorically . '' Stevenson continued to promote a story of two Cuban planes that had reportedly defected to the United States , apparently unaware that they were in fact U.S. planes piloted by U.S. - backed Cuban pilots in an effort to promote a false story of defection . In August 1961 , during an economic conference of the Organization of American States in Punta del Este , Uruguay , Che Guevara sent a note to Kennedy via Richard N. Goodwin , a secretary of the White House . It read : `` Thanks for Playa Girón . Before the invasion , the revolution was weak . Now it 's stronger than ever '' . Additionally , Guevara answered a set of questions from Leo Huberman of Monthly Review following the invasion . In one reply , Guevara was asked to explain the growing number of Cuban counter-revolutionaries and defectors from the regime , to which he replied that the repelled invasion was the climax of counter revolution , and that afterwards such actions `` fell drastically to zero . '' In regard to the defections of some prominent figures within the Cuban government , Guevara remarked that this was because `` the socialist revolution left the opportunists , the ambitious , and the fearful far behind and now advances toward a new regime free of this class of vermin . '' As Allen Dulles later stated , CIA planners believed that once the troops were on the ground , Kennedy would authorize any action required to prevent failure -- as Eisenhower had done in Guatemala in 1954 after that invasion looked as if it would collapse . President Kennedy was deeply dispirited and angered with the failure . Several years after his death , the New York Times reported that he told an unspecified high administration official of wanting `` to splinter the CIA in a thousand pieces and scatter it to the winds . ''", "36": "However , following a `` rigorous inquiry into the agency 's affairs , methods , and problems ... ( Kennedy ) did not ' splinter ' it after all and did not recommend Congressional supervision . '' Kennedy commented to his journalist friend Ben Bradlee , `` The first advice I 'm going to give my successor is to watch the generals and to avoid feeling that because they were military men their opinions on military matters were worth a damn . '' Aerial view of missile launch site at San Cristobal , Cuba The aftermath of the Bay of Pigs invasion and events involving Cuba that followed caused the US to feel threatened by their neighbor . Previous to the events at Playa Girón the US government imposed embargoes that limited trade with Cuba . An article that appeared in The New York Times on 6 January 1960 called trade with Cuba `` too risky '' and about six months later in July 1960 , the US reduced the import quota of Cuban sugar , which left the US to increase its sugar supply using other sources . Just following the Bay of Pigs invasion the Kennedy Administration considered complete trade restrictions with Cuba . Five months later the president was authorized to do so . After Cuba 's declaration of Marxism , the Kennedy administration imposed a complete trade embargo against Cuba . After the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 the Kennedy Administration imposed strict travel restrictions for U.S. citizens . According to author Jim Rasenberger , the Kennedy administration became very aggressive in regards to overthrowing Fidel Castro following failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion , reportedly doubling its efforts against Castro . Rasenberger elaborated on the fact that , almost every decision that was made by Kennedy following the Bay of Pigs had some correlation with the destruction of the Castro administration . Shortly after the invasion ended , Kennedy ordered the Pentagon to design secret operations to overthrow the Castro regime . Also , President Kennedy persuaded his brother Robert to set up a covert operation against Castro which was known as `` Operation Mongoose . '' This covert operation included sabotage and assassination plots . One major flaw with these operations was that , both Castro and Khrushchev were aware of these secret plots and even the plan to invade the Bay of Pigs which can possibly explain the failure of the operation .", "37": "Later analysis ( edit ) Maxwell Taylor Survey ( edit ) On 22 April 1961 , President Kennedy asked General Maxwell D. Taylor , Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , Admiral Arleigh Burke and CIA Director Allen Dulles to form the Cuba Study Group , to report on lessons to learn from the failed operation . On 13 June , General Taylor submitted the Board of Inquiry 's report to President Kennedy . The report attributed the defeat to lack of early realization of the impossibility of success by covert means , inadequate aircraft , limitations on armaments , pilots and air attacks to attempt plausible deniability -- and ultimately , loss of important ships and lack of ammunition . The Taylor Commission received criticism due to implications of bias . Attorney General Robert Kennedy was included in the group and collectively , the commission was seen as a unit more preoccupied with deflecting the White House from blame than that of a group concerned with realizing the true depth of mistakes that promoted the failure in Cuba . Jack Pfeiffer , who worked as a historian for the CIA until the mid-1980s , simplified his own view of the failed Bay of Pigs effort by including a quote from Raúl Castro , Fidel 's brother , given to a Mexican media member in 1975 . `` Kennedy vacillated , '' Castro said . `` If at that moment he had decided to invade us , he could have suffocated the island in a sea of blood , but he could have destroyed the revolution . Lucky for us , he vacillated . '' CIA Report ( edit ) In November 1961 , CIA Inspector - General Lyman B Kirkpatrick , authored a report ' Survey of the Cuban Operation ' , that remained classified until 1996 . Conclusions were : The C.I.A. exceeded its capabilities in developing the project from guerrilla support to overt armed action without any plausible deniability . Failure to realistically assess risks and to adequately communicate information and decisions internally and with other government principals . Insufficient involvement of leaders of the exiles . Failure to sufficiently organize internal resistance in Cuba . Failure to competently collect and analyze intelligence about Cuban forces . Poor internal management of communications and staff . Insufficient employment of high - quality staff . Insufficient Spanish - speakers , training facilities and material resources . Lack of stable policies and / or contingency plans .", "38": "In spite of vigorous rebuttals by CIA management of the findings , CIA Director Allen Dulles , CIA Deputy Director Charles Cabell , and Deputy Director for Plans Richard Bissell were all forced to resign by early 1962 . In later years , the CIA 's behavior in the event became the prime example cited for the psychology paradigm known as groupthink syndrome . Further study shows that among various components of groupthink analyzed by Irving Janis , The Bay of Pigs Invasion followed the structural characteristics that led to an irrational decision making in foreign policy pushed by deficiency in impartial leadership . An account on the process of invasion decision reads , ( At ) each meeting , instead of opening up the agenda to permit a full airing of the opposing considerations , he allowed the CIA representatives to dominate the entire discussion . The president permitted them to refute immediately each tentative doubt that one of the others might express , instead of asking whether anyone else had the same doubt or wanted to pursue the implications of the new worrisome issue that had been raised . Referencing to both the Survey of the Cuban Operation and Groupthink : Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes by Irving Janis , the lack of communication and the mere assumption of concurrence can be identified to be the main causes behind the C.I.A and the president 's collective failure to efficiently evaluate the facts before them . In fact , a considerable amount of information presented before President Kennedy actually proved to be false in reality , making it inevitable to assess the situation and the future of the operation irrationally . The absence of the initiative to explore other options of the debate led the participants to remain optimistic and rigid in their belief that the operation would succeed , being unknowingly biased in the group psychology of wishful thinking as well . In mid-1960 , CIA operative E. Howard Hunt had interviewed Cubans in Havana ; in a 1997 interview with CNN , he said , `` ... all I could find was a lot of enthusiasm for Fidel Castro . '' Invasion legacy in Cuba ( edit ) A Sea Fury F 50 preserved at the Museo Giron , Cuba in 2006 For many Latin Americans , the Bay of Pigs Invasion served to reinforce the already widely held belief that the US could not be trusted .", "39": "The invasion also illustrated that the US could be defeated , and thus , the failed invasion encouraged political groups across the Latin American region to find ways to undermine US influence . The invasion is often recognized as making Castro even more popular , adding nationalistic sentiments to the support for his economic policies . Following the air attacks on Cuban airfields on 15 April , he declared the revolution `` Marxist - Leninist '' . After the invasion , he pursued closer relations with the Soviet Union , partly for protection , that helped pave the way for the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis . Castro was then increasingly wary of further US intervention , and more open to Soviet suggestions of placing nuclear weapons on Cuba to ensure its security . In March 2001 , shortly before the 40th anniversary of the invasion , a conference took place in Havana , attended by about 60 American delegates . The conference was titled Bay of Pigs : 40 Years After , co-sponsored by the University of Havana and the US - based National Security Archive . There are still yearly nationwide drills in Cuba during the ' Dia de la Defensa ' ( Defense Day ) , to prepare the population for an invasion . Invasion legacy for Cuban exiles ( edit ) The Bay of Pigs Memorial in Little Havana , Miami Many who fought for the CIA in the conflict remained loyal after the event ; some Bay of Pigs veterans became officers in the US Army in Vietnam , including 6 colonels , 19 lieutenant colonels , 9 majors , and 29 captains . By March 2007 , about half of the Brigade had died . In April 2010 , the Cuban Pilot 's Association unveiled a monument at the Kendall - Tamiami Executive Airport in memory of the 16 aviators for the exile side killed during the battle . The memorial consists of an obelisk and a restored B - 26 replica aircraft atop a large Cuban flag . Spanish term for the event ( edit ) The name for the invasion in Spanish is politically contested . The Cuban government generally calls it `` Playa Girón '' , while Cuban exiles generally call it `` Bahía de Cochinos '' .", "40": "See also ( edit ) Cuba portal United States portal Military history portal Cold War portal Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) Cuba -- United States relations Cuban Project ( Operation Mongoose , 1961 -- 1965 ) Cuban Revolution ( 1959 ) Guantánamo Bay Operation Northwoods ( 1962 ) Operation Ortsac ( 1962 ) Special Activities Division Swan Islands United States embargo against Cuba Escambray Rebellion ( 1959 -- 1965 ) Explanatory notes ( edit ) ^ 1,500 ground forces ( including 177 paratroops ) -- c. 1,300 landed . Also Cuban exile aircrews , American aircrews , CIA operatives ^ 176 Cuban government forces killed ^ 500 Cuban forces wounded , or 4,000 killed , missing or wounded ( includes militias and armed civilians ) ^ 118 invaders killed ( 114 Cuban exiles plus 4 American aircrew ) ^ 1,202 Brigade members captured ( 1,179 tried ; 14 tried previously for pre-invasion crimes ; 9 died in transit ) References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kellner 1989 , pp. 69 -- 70 . `` Historians give Guevara , who was director of instruction for Cuba 's armed forces , a share of credit for the victory '' . Jump up ^ Szulc ( 1986 ) , p. 450 . `` The revolutionaries won because Castro 's strategy was vastly superior to the Central Intelligence Agency 's ; because the revolutionary morale was high ; and because Che Guevara as the head of the militia training program and Fernández as commander of the militia officers ' school , had done so well in preparing 200,000 men and women for war . '' ^ Jump up to : Szulc ( 1986 ) ^ Jump up to : FRUS X , documents 19 , 24 , 35 , 245 , 271 . Jump up ^ `` Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Alabama Air National Guard Encyclopedia of Alabama '' . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 February 2016 .", "41": "Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Gott 2004 . p. 113 . Jump up ^ Gott 2004 . p. 115 . Jump up ^ Gott 2004 . pp. 115 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Ernesto `` Che '' Guevara ( World Leaders Past & Present ) , by Douglas Kellner , 1989 , Chelsea House Publishers , ISBN 1 - 55546 - 835 - 7 , p. 66 Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 37 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . pp. 57 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Gott 2004 . p. 146 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 122 , 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 102 -- 04 , 114 , 116 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 109 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 50 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 65 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 158 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 203 , 207 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 137 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 153 , 161 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 216 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . pp. 126 , 141 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 173 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 228 .", "42": "Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 313 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 330 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Ros 2006 . pp. 159 -- 201 . Jump up ^ Jones 2008 p. 64 . Jump up ^ Dreke ( 2002 ) , pp. 40 -- 117 . ^ Jump up to : Corzo ( 2003 ) , pp. 79 -- 90 ^ Jump up to : Fernandez ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Schlesinger 1965 , p. 245 . ^ Jump up to : Bourne 1986 . p. 197 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 168 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . p. 181 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . pp. 176 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . pp. 165 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 163 , 167 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 224 -- 25 , 228 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . pp. 147 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas ( 1971 ) ^ Jump up to : Bay of Pigs , 40 Years After : Chronology Archived 5 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... The National Security Archive . The George Washington University . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 205 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 316 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 173 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 302 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . p. 214 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 177 .", "43": "Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . p. 215 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 329 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 344 . ^ Jump up to : http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB494/docs/Document%202.pdf Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 September 2016 . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Church Committee `` Alleged Assassination Plots Involving foreign Leaders . '' An Interim report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities United States Senate Together , Washington , Novembre , 1975 . ^ Jump up to : `` Castro Assassination Plots '' . maryferrel.org . Mary Ferrell Foundation . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Quirk 1993 . p. 303 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 304 . Jump up ^ `` State Department Office of the Historian '' . US State Department Office of the Historian : Milestones 1961 - 1968 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 307 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 307 -- 08 . ^ Jump up to : Quirk 1993 . p. 308 . Jump up ^ FRUS VI , p. 850 Jump up ^ `` Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleijeses 1995 . pp. 9 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 346 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 347 . Jump up ^ Gleijeses 1995 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Quesada , Alejandro de p. 16 . Jump up ^ Quesada , Alejandro de p. 17 .", "44": "^ Jump up to : Jones ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Higgins ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Faria ( 2002 ) , pp. 93 -- 98 . ^ Jump up to : Kornbluh ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Bethell ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999 . p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada , Alejandro de p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Quesada , Alejandro de pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Hagedorn ( 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : Quesada , Alejandro de p. 13 . Jump up ^ Castro , Daniel ( 1999 ) . Revolution and revolutionaries : Guerrilla movements in Latin America . pp. 97 -- 99 . ISBN 9780842026260 . Jump up ^ Hagedorn 1993 Jump up ^ Kellner 1989 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2016-featured-story-archive/the-bay-of-pigs-invasion.html Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999 . p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Wyden ( 1979 ) ^ Jump up to : Kellner 1989 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Alfonso , Pablo. 2001 . Los Ultimos Castristas . Centro de Documentacion y Formacion , Caracas . ISBN 978 - 980 - 07 - 5657 - 7 , pp. 125 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Dreke ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Paz - Sanchez ( 2001 ) , pp. 189 -- 99 . Jump up ^ British Foreign Office . Chancery American Department , Foreign Office , London 2 September 1959 ( 2181 / 59 ) to British Embassy Havana classified as restricted Released 2000 by among British Foreign Office papers .", "45": "Foreign Offices Files for Cuba Part 1 : Revolution in Cuba `` in our letter 1011 / 59 May 6 we mentioned that a Russian workers ' delegation had been invited to participate in the May Day celebrations here , but had been delayed . The interpreter with the party , which arrived later and stayed in Cuba a few days , was called Vadim Kotchergin although he was at the time using what he subsequently claimed was his mother 's name of Liston ( ? ) . He remained in the background , and did not attract any attention '' . These two agents went on to train overseas personnel including Carlos the Jackal ( Ilich Ramírez Sánchez ) and subcomandante Marcos ( Rafael Sebastián Guillén ) . Jump up ^ `` El campo de entrenamiento `` Punto Cero '' donde el Partido Comunista de Cuba ( PCC ) adiestra a terroristas nacionales e internacionales '' ( in Spanish ) . Cuban American Foundation . 7 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 25 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999 . pp. 123 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Welch and Blight ( 1998 ) , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Montaner , Carlos Alberto ( 1999 ) . `` Viaje al Corazón de Cuba '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Plaza & Janés . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times '' . 26 May 1960 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ( 4 October 1983 ) . `` The Situation of Human Rights in Cuba , Seventh Report -- Chapter V '' . Organization of American States . Retrieved 24 December 2004 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , J.K. ( 2000 ) https://web.archive.org/web/20060904201459/http://utip.gov.utexas.edu/jg/archive/2000/crimesoimmense.pdf Jump up ^ Schlesinger 1965 . p. 264 .", "46": "Jump up ^ http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB355/bop-vol1-part1.pdf ^ Jump up to : Quesada , Alejandro de p. 19 . Jump up ^ Wyden ( 1979 ) , p. 172 ( footnote † ) Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999 . pp. 156 -- 159 . ^ Jump up to : Triay ( 2001 ) , pp. 83 -- 113 Jump up ^ FRUS X , document 198 ^ Jump up to : Ferrer ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB355/ ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Shono ( 2012 ) p. 67 Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999 . p. 130 . Jump up ^ Szulc , Tad . `` Asylum Granted to Three Airmen '' Archived 24 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... New York Times . 17 April 1961 Jump up ^ Quesada , Alejandro de pp. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ UPI Radio Archives ( JFK ) upi.com Archived 26 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : MacPhall , Doug & Acree , Chuck ( 2003 ) . `` Bay of Pigs : The Men and Aircraft of the Cuban Revolutionary Air Force '' Archived 9 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ FRUS X , document 87 Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999 . p. 183 . Jump up ^ Quesada , Alejandro de pp. 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada , Alejandro de p. 25 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999 . pp. 161 , 167 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada , Alejandro de p. 28 .", "47": "^ Jump up to : Cooper , Tom ( 2003 ) `` Clandestine US Operations : Cuba , 1961 , Bay of Pigs '' Archived 27 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999 . p. 206 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999 . pp. 195 -- 96 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada , Alejandro de p. 29 . Jump up ^ Quesada , Alejandro de pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ UPI Radio Archives ( Castro ) upi.com Archived 26 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Quesada , Alejandro de p. 30 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer 1979 , Vol. I , Part 2 , pp. 313 -- 317 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999 . p. 168 . Jump up ^ `` Nuevo Acción '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ Rodriquez 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada , Alejandro de p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada , Alejandro de pp. 30 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada , Alejandro de p. 41 . Jump up ^ Quesada , Alejandro de p. 41 Jump up ^ Quesada , Alejandro de pp. 41 -- 42 Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999 . p. 207 . Jump up ^ Quesada , Alejandro de p. 42 . Jump up ^ Quesada , Alejandro de pp. 42 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada , Alejandro de p. 43 . Jump up ^ State Department File CF611. 37 / 5 - 361 Loyola University Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999 . p. 197 . ^ Jump up to : FRUS X , document 110 Jump up ^ Quesada , Alejandro de p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada , Alejandro de p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada , Alejandro de p. 46 .", "48": "Jump up ^ De Paz - Sánchez ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Vivés ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ `` Americans Killed in Cuba '' . Therealcuba.com . Archived from the original on 5 September 2014 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Eric . `` Local Man Forever Tied To Cuban Leader : Father Frozen , Displayed by Fidel Castro '' . KGO ABC7 , KGO - TV / DT . Retrieved 22 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Bay of Pigs : Invasion and Aftermath by Life magazine , caption for the image entitled `` Jose Miro Greets His Ransomed Son '' Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999 . p. 46 . Jump up ^ Ros ( 1994 ) , pp. 181 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger 1965 . p. 713 . Jump up ^ `` The People of the CIA ... Milan Miskovsky : Fighting for Justice '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ JFK Library Kennedy and the Bay of Pigs Invasion Archived 8 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 May 2016 . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . The President 's News Conference 21 April 1961 Jump up ^ `` Bay of Pigs Declassified . '' History Undercover . Aired 9 July 2000 . History Channel . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 1997 ) , p. 509 Jump up ^ Huberman . Cuba and the U.S. Archived 11 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine . interview with Che Guevara , Monthly Review , September 1961 Jump up ^ Reeves , Richard ( 1993 ) , pp. 71 , 673 . Jump up ^ `` CIA : Maker of Policy , or Tool ? '' New York Times . 25 April 1966 Jump up ^ Dallek ( 2003 ) An Unfinished Life : John F. Kennedy , 1917 -- 1963 , p.", "49": "368 Jump up ^ `` State Department Office of the Historian : Milestones 1961 - 1968 '' . US State Department Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ `` Trade With Cuba Called Too Risky ; U.S. Exporters Say Castro Policies Are Intolerable -- Near - Chaos Noted '' . The New York Times . 6 January 1960 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Sugar Needs Increase '' . The New York Times . 9 July 1960 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Considering Total Embargo on Cuban Trade ; New Policy Being Studied -- White House Affirms Attack Responsibility U.S. Considers Total Embargo As Part of New Policy on Cuba '' . The New York Times . 25 April 1961 . Jump up ^ Kornbluh 1998 . p. 324 . Jump up ^ Kornbluh , Peter . Volume IV and V. Top Secret CIA ' Official Story of the Bay of Pigs : Revelations . George Washington University National Security Archive , accessed 15 July 2016 . http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB355/ Archived 16 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kornbluh 1998 . p. 99 . Jump up ^ Hart , Paul 't ( 1991 ) . `` Irving L. Janis ' Victims of Groupthink '' . Political Psychology . 12 ( 2 ) : 13 . Jump up ^ Janis , Irving L. ( 1982 ) . Groupthink : psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Howard ( 1997 ) . `` Episode 18 : Backyard '' . Cold War . CNN . Archived from the original on 6 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Gott 2004 . p. 191 . Jump up ^ NSA press release , 23 March 2001 Bay of Pigs : 40 Years After Archived 18 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine .", "50": "Jump up ^ Ros , Enrique ( 1994 ) , pp. 287 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Iuspa - Abbott , Paola. `` Palm Beach County Bay of Pigs veterans remember invasion of Cuba '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Archived from the original on 16 January 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Yager , Richard . `` ' B - 26 Bomber is part of Airport Monument '' Archived 23 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Video : `` Miami Unveils Monument to Cuban Pilots '' , NBC News Miami , 16 April 2010 Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999 . p. 180 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1964 . p. 179 . Bibliography ( edit ) Anderson , Jon L. 1997 , 1998 . Che Guevara : A Revolutionary Life . Grove / Atlantic ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3558 - 7 ISBN 0 - 553 - 40664 - 7 Andrade , John . 1982 . Latin - American Military Aviation . Midland Counties . 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( Glennon , John P. , Editor ) Cuba Volume VI .", "52": "US Department of State FRUS X -- Foreign Relations of the United States 1961 -- 1963 Volume X Cuba , 1961 -- 1962 . US Department of State Fineman , Mark . 1998 . `` Bay of Pigs : the Secret Death of Pete Ray '' . ( 2 ) Gleijeses , Piero . `` Ships in the Night : The CIA , the White House and the Bay of Pigs '' . Journal of Latin American Studies , Feb. 1995 , vol. 27 , no . 1 , pp. 1 -- 42 ( via JSTOR ) ISSN 0022 - 216X Gott , Richard ( 2004 ) . Cuba : A New History . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10411 - 0 . Hagedorn , Dan . 1993 . Central American and Caribbean Air Forces . Air - Britain . ISBN 0 - 85130 - 210 - 6 Hagedorn , Dan and Hellström , Leif. 1994 . Foreign Invaders -- The Douglas Invader in foreign military and US clandestine service . Midland Publishing ISBN 1 - 85780 - 013 - 3 Hagedorn , Dan . 2006 . Latin American Air Wars & Aircraft . Hikoki ISBN 1 - 902109 - 44 - 9 Higgins , Trumbull. 1987 , 2008 . The Perfect Failure : Kennedy , Eisenhower , and the CIA at the Bay of Pigs . Norton ISBN 0 - 393 - 30563 - 5 ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30563 - 0 Hunt , E. Howard . 1973 . Give Us This Day . Arlington House ISBN 978 - 0 - 87000 - 228 - 1 Johnson , Haynes. 1964 , 1974 . The Bay of Pigs : The Leaders ' Story of Brigade 2506 . W.W. Norton & Co ISBN 0 - 393 - 04263 - 4 Jones , Howard . 2008 . Bay of Pigs ( Pivotal Moments in American History ) .", "53": "OUP USA ISBN 0 - 19 - 517383 - X ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517383 - 3 Kellner , Douglas ( 1989 ) . Ernesto `` Che '' Guevara ( World Leaders Past & Present ) . Chelsea House Publishers . p. 112 . ISBN 1 - 55546 - 835 - 7 . Kornbluh , Peter . 1998 . Bay of Pigs Declassified : The Secret CIA Report on the Invasion of Cuba . The New Press ISBN 1 - 56584 - 494 - 7 ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 494 - 0 Lagas , Jacques . 1964 . Memorias de un capitán rebelde . Editorial del Pácifico . Santiago , Chile . ASIN B0014VJ2KS Lazo , Mario . 1968 , 1970 . Dagger in the heart : American policy failures in Cuba . Twin Circle . New York . 1968 edition Library of Congress number 6831632 , 1970 edition , ASIN B0007DPNJS Lynch , Grayston L. 2000 . Decision for Disaster : Betrayal at the Bay of Pigs . Potomac Books ISBN 1 - 57488 - 237 - 6 de Paz - Sánchez , Manuel . 2001 . Zona de Guerra , España y la revolución Cubana ( 1960 -- 1962 ) , Taller de Historia , Tenerife Gran Canaria ISBN 84 - 7926 - 364 - 4 Priestland , Jane ( editor ) . 2003 . British Archives on Cuba : Cuba under Castro 1959 -- 1962 . Archival Publications International ISBN 1 - 903008 - 20 - 4 Pfeiffer , Jack B. 1979 . Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation , Vol. I Air Operations , Part 1 Pfeiffer , Jack B. 1979 . Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation , Vol. I Air Operations , Part 2 Pfeiffer , Jack B. 1979 .", "54": "Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation , Vol. II Participation in the Conduct of Foreign Policy , Part 1 Pfeiffer , Jack B. 1979 . Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation , Vol. III Evolution of CIA 's Anti-Castro Policies , 1959 -- January 1961 ( 14Mb ) Quirk , Robert E. ( 1993 ) . Fidel Castro . New York and London : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 03485 - 1 . de Quesada , Alejandro ; Walsh , Stephen . 2009 . The Bay of Pigs : Cuba 1961 . Osprey Elite series # 166 ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 323 - 0 Rasenberger , Jim . 2011 . The Brilliant Disaster : JFK , Castro , and America 's Doomed Invasion of Cuba 's Bay of Pigs . Scribner ISBN 978 - 1416596509 Reeves , Richard . 1993 . President Kennedy : Profile of Power . Simon & Schuster ISBN 0 - 671 - 89289 - 4 Rodriguez , Juan Carlos . 1999 . Bay of Pigs and the CIA . Ocean Press ISBN 1 - 875284 - 98 - 2 Ros , Enrique. 1994 ( 1998 ) . Girón la verdadera historia . Ediciones Universales ( Colección Cuba y sus jueces ) third edition ISBN 0 - 89729 - 738 - 5 Schlesinger , Arthur M. Jr. 1965 , 2002 . A Thousand Days : John F. Kennedy in the White House . Houghton Mifflin ISBN 1 - 57912 - 449 - 6 ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 449 - 6 Shono , LD Jr . He Died for Peace : The Assassination of John F. Kennedy . iUniverse ; 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4759 - 0524 - 3 . Jean Edward Smith . Bay of Pigs : The Unanswered Questions .", "55": "The Nation , ( 13 April 1964 ) , pp. 360 -- 63 . Somoza Debayle , Anastasio and Jack Cox . 1980 . Nicaragua Betrayed . Western Islands Publishers , pp. 169 -- 80 ISBN 0 - 88279 - 235 - 0 ISBN 978 - 0 - 88279 - 235 - 4 Szulc , Tad , and Karl E. Meyer . 1962 . The Cuban Invasion . The chronicle of a disaster . Praegar ASIN B0018DMAV0 Szulc , Tad. 1986 . Fidel -- A Critical Portrait . Hutchinson ISBN 0 - 09 - 172602 - 6 Thomas , Hugh . 1971 , 1986 . The Cuban Revolution . Weidenfeld and Nicolson ( Shortened version of Cuba : The Pursuit of Freedom , includes all history 1952 -- 1970 ) ISBN 0 - 297 - 78954 - 6 Thomas , Hugh . 1998 . Cuba : The Pursuit of Freedom . Da Capo Press ISBN 0 - 306 - 80827 - 7 Thompson , Scott . 2002 . Douglas A-26 and B - 26 Invader . Crowood Press ISBN 1 - 86126 - 503 - 4 Trest , Warren A. and Dodd , Donald B. 2001 . Wings of Denial : The Alabama Air National Guard 's Covert Role at the Bay of Pigs . NewSouth Books ISBN 1 - 58838 - 021 - 1 ISBN 978 - 1 - 58838 - 021 - 0 Triay , Victor Andres. 2001 . Bay of Pigs : An Oral History of Brigade 2506 . University Press of Florida ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2090 - 5 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 2090 - 7 Vivés , Juan ( Pseudonym , of a former veteran and Castro Intelligence Official ; Translated to Spanish from 1981 Les Maîtres de Cuba .", "56": "Opera Mundi , Paris by Zoraida Valcarcel ) 1982 Los Amos de Cuba . EMCÉ Editores , Buenos Aires . ISBN 950 - 04 - 0075 - 8 Von Tunzelmann , Alex ( 2011 ) . Red Heat : Conspiracy , Murder , and the Cold War in the Caribbean . New York City : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 9067 - 3 . Wyden , Peter . 1979 . Bay of Pigs -- The Untold Story . Simon and Schuster ISBN 0 - 671 - 24006 - 4 ISBN 0 - 224 - 01754 - 3 ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 24006 - 6 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bay of Pigs Invasion . Bay of Pigs : Invasion and Aftermath -- slideshow by Life magazine A film clip `` Cuba Invaded . 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48 ) Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) Border War ( 1910 -- 19 ) United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution ( 1916 -- 19 ) Overt actions and occupations Paraguay expedition ( 1858 ) First Occupation of Cuba ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Panama -- Colombia separation and Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty ( 1903 ) Second Occupation of Cuba", "64": "( 1906 -- 09 ) Occupations of Honduras Occupation of Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 33 ) Occupation of Veracruz ( 1914 ) Occupation of Haiti ( 1915 -- 34 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 24 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) Invasion of Grenada ( 1983 ) Invasion of Panama ( 1989 ) Covert actions 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Bay of Pigs Invasion ( 1961 ) Operation MONGOOSE Project FUBELT 1973 Chilean coup d'état Disputed claims 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt 2004 Haitian rebellion Other Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) Foreign policy of the United States Latin America -- United States relations John F. Kennedy 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) U.S.", "65": "Representative for MA - 11 ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office : Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy : Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty - mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women ( Presidential Commission ) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba : Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union : Berlin Crisis Moscow -- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House : Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts , 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election , 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT - 109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT - 59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday , Mr.", "66": "President '' Books Why England Slept ( 1940 ) Profiles in Courage ( 1956 ) A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. 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Eisenhower Lyndon B.", "67": "Johnson → Category Fidel Castro Timeline Early life Cuban Revolution Participation 26th of July Movement `` History Will Absolve Me '' Primacy Premiership Land reform Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Presidency Machurucuto Incident Transfer of duties Death and state funeral Family Ángel Castro y Argiz ( father ) Ramón Castro Ruz ( brother ) Raúl Castro ( brother ) Juanita Castro ( sister ) Mirta Diaz - Balart ( wife ) Natalia Revuelta Clews ( lover ) Vilma Espín ( sister - in - law ) Alina Fernández ( daughter ) Mariela Castro ( niece ) Alejandro Castro Espín ( nephew ) Popular culture Films Fidel : The Untold Story ( 2001 ) Fidel ( 2002 ) Comandante ( 2003 ) Looking for Fidel ( 2004 ) 638 Ways to Kill Castro ( 2006 ) Other Guerrilla War ( 1987 ) The Real Fidel Castro ( 2003 ) Fidel Castro Handbook ( 2006 ) Killing Castro ( 2006 ) The Cuba Wars ( 2008 ) Other Assassination attempts Robert Maheu Awards and honours Birán Eponymous things Politics Religious views My Life Granma ( yacht ) History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial America 's Critical Period 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "68": "php?title=Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion&oldid=817526436 '' Categories : Invasions of Cuba Invasions by the United States 1961 in Cuba 1961 in the United States Conflicts in 1961 Battles involving the United States Battles involving Cuba Cold War history of Cuba Cold War history of the United States Central Intelligence Agency operations CIA activities in the Americas Cuba -- United States military relations Cuban Revolution Fidel Castro Presidency of John F.", "69": "Kennedy Anti-communism in the United States Imperialism Anti-imperialism in North America 1961 in military history Maritime incidents in Cuba Maritime incidents in 1961 Proxy wars Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2014 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from April 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with Internet Archive links Cuba articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 23 : 51 . 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4905519627710399354	who was the person who escaped from alcatraz	[ "Clarence Anglin", "John Anglin", "Frank Morris", "Clarence Anglin", "John Anglin", "Frank Morris", "Clarence Anglin", "John Anglin", "Frank Morris", "Clarence Anglin", "John Anglin", "Frank Morris", "Clarence Anglin", "John Anglin", "Frank Morris" ]	{ "0": "June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt - wikipedia June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 37 ° 49 ′ 36 '' N 122 ° 25 ′ 24 '' W / 37.82667 ° N 122.42333 ° W / 37.82667 ; - 122.42333 June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt Alcatraz , with Angel Island ( the fugitives ' intended destination ) in background Date June 11 , 1962 ( 1962 - 06 - 11 ) Time Approximately 10 : 00 PM ( UTC - 7 ) Location Alcatraz Island San Francisco , California , United States The June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt is the only successful escape from Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary in its history . Late on the night of June 11 or early morning of June 12 , inmates Clarence Anglin , John Anglin , and Frank Morris tucked heads made out of soap wax resembling their own likenesses into their beds , broke out of the main prison building via an unused utility corridor , and departed Alcatraz Island aboard an improvised inflatable raft to an uncertain fate . Hundreds of leads have been pursued by the FBI and local law enforcement officials in the ensuing years , but no conclusive evidence has ever surfaced favoring the success or failure of the attempt . Numerous theories of widely varying plausibility have been proposed by authorities , reporters , family members , and amateur enthusiasts . In 1979 the FBI officially concluded , on the basis of circumstantial evidence and a preponderance of expert opinion , that the men drowned in the frigid waters of San Francisco Bay before reaching the mainland . The U.S. Marshals Service case file remains open and active , however , and Morris and the Anglin brothers remain on its wanted list . Recent experimental and computer - simulated evidence has suggested that the ultimate outcome of the attempt may have depended on the exact time of the men 's departure aboard the raft . A 2015 documentary presented circumstantial evidence in support of a longstanding rumor that two of the men -- the Anglin brothers -- had survived and fled to Brazil ; but a government expert concluded that the one piece of physical evidence , a 1975 photograph , did not support that conclusion .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Previous attempts 2 Inmates 2.1 Frank Morris 2.2 John and Clarence Anglin 2.3 Allen West 3 Escape 4 Investigation 5 Aftermath 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Bibliography Previous attempts ( edit ) Main article : List of Alcatraz escape attempts Of the 36 inmates who staged 14 escape attempts over the 29 years that Alcatraz served as a federal penitentiary , 23 were recaptured , six were shot and killed , two drowned , and five ( including Morris and the Anglins ) are listed as missing and presumed drowned . One inmate , John Paul Scott , successfully swam from the island to Fort Point , at the southern end of the Golden Gate Bridge , on December 16 , 1962 . Kids who were on the beach at the time found him and called the police because they thought he was dead . When the police saw him he was immediately identified as the escapee that they had been looking for . He was recaptured the same day and sent back to the rock , exhausted and hypothermic . Today , multitudes of athletes swim the same Alcatraz -- Fort Point route as part of one of two annual triathlon events . Inmates ( edit ) Frank Morris ( edit ) Frank Morris Frank Lee Morris ( September 1 , 1926 -- disappeared June 11 , 1962 ) was born in Washington , D.C. . He was orphaned at age 11 , and spent most of his formative years in foster homes . He was convicted of his first crime at age 13 , and by his late teens had been arrested for crimes ranging from narcotics possession to armed robbery . Morris reportedly ranked in the top 2 % of the general population in intelligence , as measured by IQ testing . He served time in Florida and Georgia , then escaped from the Louisiana State Penitentiary while serving 10 years for bank robbery . He was recaptured a year later while committing a burglary , and sent to Alcatraz in 1960 as inmate number AZ1441 .", "2": "John and Clarence Anglin ( edit ) John Anglin Clarence Anglin The Anglin brothers , John William ( May 2 , 1930 -- disappeared June 11 , 1962 ) and Clarence ( May 11 , 1931 -- disappeared June 11 , 1962 ) were born into a family of thirteen children in Donalsonville , Georgia . Their parents , George Robert Anglin and Rachael Van Miller Anglin , were seasonal farm workers ; in the early 1940s , they moved the family to Ruskin , Florida , 20 miles south of Tampa , where the truck farms and tomato fields provided a more reliable source of income . Each June they would migrate north as far as Michigan to pick cherries . Clarence and John were reportedly inseparable as youngsters ; they became skilled swimmers , and amazed their siblings by swimming in the frigid waters of Lake Michigan as ice still floated on its surface . They began robbing banks and other establishments as a team in the early 1950s , usually targets that were closed , to ensure that no one got injured . They claimed that they used a weapon only once , during a bank heist -- a toy gun . They were arrested in 1956 . Both received 15 - to 20 - year sentences , which they served at Florida State Prison , Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary , and then Atlanta Penitentiary . After repeated failed attempts to escape from the Atlanta facility , the brothers were transferred to Alcatraz . John arrived on October 21 , 1960 , as inmate AZ1476 , and Clarence on January 10 , 1961 , as inmate AZ1485 . Allen West ( edit ) Allen Clayton West ( March 25 , 1929 -- December 21 , 1978 ) was imprisoned for car theft in 1955 , first at Atlanta Penitentiary , then at Florida State Prison . After an unsuccessful escape attempt from the Florida facility , he was transferred to Alcatraz in 1957 and became inmate AZ1335 . West was the only conspirator who did not participate in the actual escape ; he was left behind when a stuck ventilator grill prevented him from leaving his cell . He cooperated fully with the escape investigation and was not charged for his role in the attempt .", "3": "West was transferred to McNeil Island , Washington when Alcatraz was deactivated in 1963 , and later , back to Atlanta Penitentiary . After serving his sentence , followed by two additional sentences in Georgia and Florida , he was released in 1967 , only to be arrested again in Florida the following year on charges of grand larceny . At Florida State Prison he fatally stabbed another prisoner in October 1972 , in what may have been a racially motivated incident . He was serving multiple sentences , including life imprisonment on the murder conviction , when he died of acute peritonitis in 1978 . Escape ( edit ) Escapee 's prison cell , with widened vent opening beneath the sink The four inmates began formulating an escape strategy , under the leadership of Morris , the most intelligent of the four , after they were assigned adjacent cells in December 1961 . ( The men may have known one another previously , at the federal penitentiary in Atlanta as well . ) Working at night over the subsequent six months , they gradually widened ventilation duct openings in their cells ' walls , using saw blades they found discarded on the prison grounds , spoons stolen from the commissary , and a drill improvised from the motor of a broken vacuum cleaner . They concealed the holes with cardboard and paint , and their work noise with Morris 's accordion playing . The widened holes opened into an unguarded utility corridor behind the cell tier . From the corridor they climbed to the roof of their cell block , inside the building , where they set up a small workshop . There , they assembled a variety of stolen and donated materials , including more than 50 raincoats that they turned into makeshift life preservers and a 6 - by - 14 - foot ( 1.8 by 4.3 m ) rubber raft , the seams carefully stitched together and sealed with heat from nearby steam pipes . They stole a small accordion - like concertina from another inmate to serve as a bellows to inflate the raft , and built makeshift paddles from scrap wood . Finally , they climbed a ventilation shaft leading to a large fan and grille on the roof and cut away the rivets holding both in place .", "4": "Dummy head found in Morris ' cell The men concealed their absences while working outside their cells -- and after the escape itself -- by sculpting dummy heads from a home - made papier - mâché - like mixture of soap and toilet paper , and giving them a realistic appearance with paint from the maintenance shop and hair from the barbershop floor . With towels and clothing piled under the blankets in their bunks and the dummy heads positioned on the pillows , they appeared to be sleeping peacefully . On the night of June 11 , 1962 , with all preparations completed , the men initiated their escape . West had used cement to shore up crumbling concrete around his vent opening , and it had hardened , narrowing the hole and fixing the grill in place . By the time he was able to remove the grill and re-widen the hole sufficiently , the others had left without him ; he returned to his cell and went to sleep . West later cooperated fully with investigators , giving them a detailed description of the escape plan , and as a result was not punished for his role in it . Unguarded utility corridor behind the escapees ' cells From the service corridor , Morris and the Anglins climbed the ventilation shaft to the roof . Guards heard a loud crash as they broke out of the shaft , but since nothing further was heard , the source of the noise was not investigated . Hauling their gear with them , they descended 50 feet ( 15 m ) to the ground by sliding down a kitchen vent pipe , then climbed two 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) barbed - wire perimeter fences . At the northeast shoreline , near the power plant -- a blind spot in the prison 's network of searchlights and gun towers -- they inflated their raft with the concertina . At some time after 10 o'clock , investigators estimated , they departed in the dense fog toward their objective , Angel Island , two miles to the north . Investigation ( edit ) FBI wanted poster of John Anglin The escape was not discovered until the morning of June 12 due to the successful dummy head ruse . An extensive air , sea , and land search involving multiple military and law enforcement agencies was conducted over the next 10 days . On June 14 , a Coast Guard cutter picked up a paddle floating about 200 yards off the southern shore of Angel Island .", "5": "On the same day in the same general location , workers on another boat found a wallet wrapped in plastic containing names , addresses , and photos of the Anglins ' friends and relatives . On June 21 , shreds of raincoat material , believed to be remnants of the raft , were found on an Angel Island beach . The following day , a prison boat picked up a deflated life jacket made from the same material 50 yards off of Alcatraz Island . No human remains or any other physical evidence of the men 's fate were ever found . FBI investigators concluded that while it was theoretically possible for one or more of the inmates to have reached Angel Island , the frigid water temperature and strong currents within the bay made it unlikely . According to West , the men had planned to steal clothes and a car once they reached land , but according to the final FBI report , no auto or clothing thefts were reported in that area following the escape , despite the high - profile nature of the case . The FBI closed its file on December 31 , 1979 , after a 17 - year investigation . Their official finding was that the prisoners most likely drowned in the cold waters of the bay while attempting to reach Angel Island . The U.S. Marshals Service investigation remains open , however . As Deputy U.S. Marshal Michael Dyke told NPR in 2009 , `` There 's an active warrant , and the Marshals Service does n't give up looking for people . '' He said that he still received leads on a regular basis . Aftermath ( edit ) In 1993 a former Alcatraz inmate named Thomas Kent told the television program America 's Most Wanted that he had helped plan the escape , and claimed to have provided `` significant new leads '' to investigators . He said that Clarence Anglin 's girlfriend had agreed to meet the men on shore and drive them to Mexico . He declined to participate in the actual escape , he said , because he could not swim . Officials were skeptical of Kent 's account , because he had been paid $2,000 for the interview . A 2003 MythBusters episode on the Discovery Channel tested the feasibility of an escape from the island aboard a raft constructed with the same materials and tools available to the inmates , and determined that it was possible .", "6": "A 2011 program on the National Geographic Channel asserted that footprints were found on the Angel Island beach where the raft wreckage was recovered , and that contrary to the official FBI report , a car had been stolen in the vicinity on the night of the escape . In 2011 , an 89 - year - old man named Bud Morris , who said he was a cousin of Frank Morris , claimed that on `` eight or nine '' occasions prior to the escape he delivered envelopes of money to Alcatraz guards , presumably as bribes . He further claimed to have met his cousin face to face in a San Diego park shortly after the escape . His daughter , who was `` eight or nine '' years old at the time , said she was present at the meeting with `` Dad 's friend , Frank '' , but `` had no idea ( about the escape ) '' . In 2012 , the 50th anniversary of the escape attempt , the Anglins ' two sisters and two of their nephews made public their belief that Clarence and John -- who would both be well into their eighties -- were still alive . Marie Anglin Winder claimed that shortly after the escape in 1962 , she received a phone call from San Francisco ; the caller said , `` This is John Anglin . '' The family also produced a Christmas card , purportedly received in the family mailbox in 1962 , saying , `` To Mother , from John . Merry Christmas . '' Michael Dyke , the Deputy U.S. Marshal , conceded that there is a `` possibility that they survived '' , but noted that a Norwegian freighter reported seeing a body floating in the ocean 15 miles from the Golden Gate Bridge , about one month after the escape . `` He had on prison clothes -- a navy pea coat and a light pair of trousers -- similar to what ( Alcatraz ) prisoners wore . There were no other missing people during that time period . '' In 2014 researchers at Delft University , using a computer model , concluded that if the men set off approximately at midnight , when the currents might have worked in their favor , they could have made landfall ; but if they left during the hours before or after , the currents would have been too strong to overcome and they very likely died . A 2015 History Channel documentary presented further circumstantial evidence gathered over the years by the Anglin family .", "7": "Christmas cards containing the Anglins ' handwriting , and allegedly received by family members for three years after the escape , were displayed . While the handwriting was verified as the Anglins ' , none of the envelopes contained a postmarked stamp , so experts could not determine when they had been delivered . The family cited a story from family friend Fred Brizzi , who grew up with the brothers and claimed to have recognized them in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil in 1975 . They produced photographs taken , they said , by Brizzi ( who died in 1993 ) , including one showing two men resembling John and Clarence Anglin and the farm near Rio where they were purportedly living . Forensic experts hired by the History Channel confirmed that the photos were taken in 1975 , and asserted that the two men were `` more than likely '' the Anglins . Other evidence included the deathbed confession of another of the Anglins ' 11 siblings , Robert , who told family members in 2010 that he had been in contact with John and Clarence from 1963 until approximately 1987 . The film also presented an alternate escape theory , involving the use of an electrical cord -- which had been reported missing from the prison 's dock on the night of the escape -- as a tow line , attached to a passenger ferry that departed the island shortly after midnight . Art Roderick , a retired Deputy U.S. Marshal working with the Anglin family , called Brizzi 's photograph of the two men `` absolutely the best actionable lead we 've had , '' but added , `` it could still all be a nice story which is n't true '' ; or the photograph could be a misdirection , aimed at steering the investigation away from the Anglins ' actual whereabouts . Michael Dyke , the Deputy Marshal assigned to the case , said Brizzi was `` a drug smuggler and a conman '' , and was suspicious of his account . An expert working for the U.S. Marshals Service reported that measurements of the photo subjects ' physical features , compared to those of the Anglin brothers , indicated that they are not the men in the photo ; although the age and condition of the photo , and the fact that both men were wearing sunglasses , hindered efforts to make a definitive determination .", "8": "Surviving family members , who said they have heard nothing since Robert lost contact with the brothers in 1987 , announced plans to travel to Brazil to conduct a personal search ; but Roderick cautioned that they could be arrested by Brazilian authorities , because the Alcatraz escape remains an open Interpol case . According to information obtained by a British newspaper , the FBI was aware of rumors that the Anglins were in Brazil as early as 1965 . Agents dispatched to Rio at that time reportedly found no credible evidence that the fugitives were there . In popular culture ( edit ) Main articles : Escape from Alcatraz ( book ) and Escape from Alcatraz ( film ) J. Campbell Bruce 's 1963 book Escape from Alcatraz documents the 1962 escape , along with other escape attempts over the 29 years that Alcatraz Island served as a prison . The 1979 film Escape from Alcatraz stars Clint Eastwood , Fred Ward , and Jack Thibeau as Morris , John Anglin , and Clarence Anglin respectively . West ( fictionalized as a character named Charley Butts ) was played by Larry Hankin . The film implied that the escape had been successful . See also ( edit ) John Paul Scott Theodore Cole and Ralph Roe List of missing people References ( edit ) Jump up ^ FBI Investigation File 76 - 26295 , pp. 32 Jump up ^ `` Alcatraz Escape '' . FBI Records : The Vault . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Byte out of History : Escape from Alcatraz '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . June 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Company , Ocean View Publishing . `` Alcatraz Prison Escapes - Page 1 '' . www.alcatrazhistory.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Alcatraz Escape Attempts '' . Alcatrazhistory.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Escape From Alcatraz Triathlon , retrieved November 9 , 2015 .", "9": "Jump up ^ San Francisco Triathlon at Alcatraz , retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://ghostsofdc.org/2012/09/10/frank-morris-alcatraz-escape/ Jump up ^ `` The Great Escape From Alcatraz '' . Alcatrazhistory.com . Ocean View Publishing Company . p. 1 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McFadden , Robert D. ( June 9 , 2012 ) , `` Tale of 3 Inmates Who Vanished From Alcatraz Maintains Intrigue 50 Years Later '' , The New York Times , New York , NY , retrieved June 9 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Kerr , J. ( October 17 , 1993 ) . Flight from Alcatraz . SunSentinel.com , retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Alcatraz Escape -- June 11 , 1962 '' . Alcatraz History . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Babyak , J ( 2001 ) . Breaking the Rock : The Great Escape from Alcatraz . ISBN 0 - 9618752 - 3 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Alcatraz : Living Hell '' . video.nationalgeographic.co.in . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ http://The Archived 2013 - 07 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Great Escape from Alcatraz . ( www.alcatrazhistory.com/alcesc2.htm AlcatrazHistory.com ) . Jump up ^ `` Valued exposure : Escape '' . BBC News . June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Full text of Alcatraz Escape FBI Files . Archive.org , retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marzilli , Alan ( 2003 ) .", "10": "Famous Crimes of the 20th Century . Philadelphia : Chelsea House . pp. 73 -- 75 . ISBN 9780791067888 . Jump up ^ `` Escape From Alcatraz And A 47 - Year Manhunt '' . National Public Radio . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Higbee , A. ( November 13 , 1993 ) . American Topics : Alcatraz Escapees May Still Be Alive . New York Times archive , retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MythBusters , season 1 , episode 11 Jump up ^ `` Rome man claims he had role in escape from Alcatraz ( 2011 ) '' . WXIA - TV Atlanta . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Nolte , C. ( March 18 , 2013 ) . Alcatraz escapees ' family convinced brothers alive . sfgate.com . Jump up ^ Leithead , A. ( June 12 , 2012 ) . Alcatraz escape still surprises , 50 years on . BBC.com . Jump up ^ Morelle , R. ( December 15 , 2014 ) . Alcatraz 1962 escapees had small chance of success . BBC.com . ^ Jump up to : Notorious Alcatraz escapees may still be on the lam ( October 19 , 2015 ) . CBC.ca , retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-RbxjEmLN4 Jump up ^ Graff , A. ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` New claim : Alcatraz escapees might have survived . could still be alive '' . SF Gate . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 50 years later , new evidence suggests 3 Alcatraz escapees may still be alive '' . WPIX - 11 . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , L. ( October 15 , 2015 ) .", "11": "Alcatraz escapees ' had wives and children in Brazil ' , their family claims - and they want their sentences commuted so they can ' come home ' after 53 years . The Daily Mail , retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` The picture that ' proves ' two inmates DID escape from Alcatraz : Notorious escapees did n't drown , body - surfed behind a passenger ferry to freedom and started a farm in Brazil , claims family '' . Detroit Newstime . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Noyes , D. ( May 15 , 2016 ) . New leads in manhunt for Alcatraz escapees . ABCnews.com , retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bruce , Campbell J. ( 1963 ) . Escape from Alcatraz . ISBN 1 - 58008 - 678 - 0 . Jump up ^ McGilligan , Patrick ( 1999 ) . Clint : The Life and Legend. Harper Collins ( 2002 ) , p. 307 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 638354 - 8 . Bibliography ( edit ) `` FBI Investigation File 76 - 26295 ( dead link ) '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 07 . Zimmerman , Keith ; Zimmerman , Kent ; Hyneman , Jamie ; Savage , Adam ; Rees , Peter ( 2005 ) . Mythbusters : The Explosive Truth Behind 30 of the Most Perplexing Urban Legends of All Time . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4169 - 0929 - 3 . ' Escape from Alcatraz ' in Fascinating Footnotes from History . by Giles Milton ( published as When Hitler Took Cocaine and Lenin Lost His Brain .", "12": "in US ) ( hide ) Alcatraz Island General Fort Alcatraz General McPherson ( ship ) Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary Battle of Alcatraz June 1962 escape from Alcatraz ( book film ) Occupation of Alcatraz Alcatraz Island in popular culture Legends of Alcatraz Buildings Main Cellhouse Dining Hall Hospital Library Warden 's House Building 64 Former Military Chapel ( Bachelor Quarters ) Social Hall Morgue New Industries Building Model Industries Building Lighthouse Power House Water Tower Grounds Baker Beach Parade Grounds Little Alcatraz Recreation Yard Wharf Lists Features Inmates Escape attempts People Fort commanders James B. McPherson Joseph Stewart William A. Winder Wardens James A. Johnston ( 1934 -- 1948 ) Edwin B. Swope ( 1948 -- 1955 ) Paul J. Madigan ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Olin G. Blackwell ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Associate wardens Cecil J. Shuttleworth ( 1934 -- 1937 ) Edward J. Miller ( 1937 -- 1947 ) Paul J. Madigan ( 1947 -- 1955 ) Olin G. Blackwell ( 1959 -- 1961 ) Arthur M. Dollison ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Richard J. Willard ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Notable inmates Harvey Bailey ( `` The Dean of American Bank Robbers '' ) Basil Banghart ( `` The Owl '' ) Arthur Barker ( `` Doc '' ) Albert L.", "13": "Bates Joseph Bowers ( `` Dutch '' ) James Bulger ( `` Whitey '' ) Al Capone ( `` Scarface '' ) Meyer Cohen ( `` Mickey '' ) Theodore Cole ( `` Ted '' ) Bernard Coy Joseph Cretzer Volney Davis ( `` Curley '' ) Herbert Farmer ( `` Deafy '' ) Rufus Franklin John Giles Ellsworth Raymond Johnson ( `` Bumpy '' ) Alvin Francis Karpavicz ( `` Creepy Karpis '' ) George Celino Barnes ( `` Machine Gun Kelly '' ) Thomas Limerick James Lucas ( `` Texas Bank Robber '' ) Rafael Cancel Miranda Rufus McCain Rufe Persful Ralph Roe Sam Shockley Robert Stroud ( `` Birdman of Alcatraz '' ) Henri Young Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_1962_Alcatraz_escape_attempt&oldid=818857415 '' Categories : 1960s missing person cases 1962 in California 1962 crimes in the United States Escapes and escape attempts from Alcatraz Missing people Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 00 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5199162398326752157	where does trick or treat for unicef money go	[ "UNICEF's global programing" ]	{ "0": "Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF - wikipedia Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF Jump to : navigation , search Logo for the campaign Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF is a fund - raising program for children sponsored by the U.S. Fund for UNICEF . Started on Halloween 1950 as a local event in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States , the program historically involves the distribution of small orange boxes by schools to trick - or - treaters , in which they can solicit small change donations from the houses they visit . Millions of children in the United States , Canada , Ireland , Mexico , and Hong Kong participate in Halloween - related fund - raising events for Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF , and the program has raised over US $ 188 million worldwide . History ( edit ) Trick - or - Treat in UNICEF was invented by Mary Emma Allison , the wife of Presbyterian minister Clyde Allison . In 1949 , the Allisons were living in Bridesburg , a neighborhood in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States . When Mrs. Allison saw a UNICEF booth collecting funds to send powdered milk to undernourished children around the world , she thought of getting children to collect donations for UNICEF instead of candy . Reverend Clyde Allison introduced the concept to local Presbyterian churches . On Halloween 1950 , the Allisons recruited their own children and their community 's to go door - to - door collecting nickels and dimes in decorated milk cartons to aid children in post-World War II Europe . They collected a total of $17 and donated all of it to UNICEF . In 1953 , the United States Committee for UNICEF , now called the U.S. Fund for UNICEF , started actively promoting the program . By the 1960s , the concept had expanded throughout the United States , with small orange collection boxes distributed to millions of trick - or - treaters . When UNICEF won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 , U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson said in his congratulatory letter : `` Your UNICEF Trick or Treat Day has helped turn a holiday too often marred by youthful vandalism into a program of basic training in world citizenship . ''", "1": "In 1967 , Johnson declared Halloween , October 31 , to be ' UNICEF Day ' in the United States ; by 1969 , 3.5 million American children were trick - or - treating for donations . Children ( and adults ) in the U.S. have collected more than US $ 175 million for Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF . Donations to Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF support UNICEF 's global programing , but in 2005 , half of the proceeds were targeted to a domestic cause , aiding victims of Hurricane Katrina . In 2008 , the U.S. Fund for UNICEF introduced mobile phone text message donations as well as a MySpace and Facebook page . In 2014 , the U.S. Fund for UNICEF partnered with Crowdrise to expand the campaign 's online presence , allowing participants to create personal fundraising web pages in addition to traditional door - to - door trick - or - treating . Trick - Or - Treat for UNICEF has also partnered with Coinstar to allow customers to submit their donations through Coinstar machines . The program has also expanded outside of the United States . UNICEF in Canada began Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF in 1955 . The campaign was rebranded after the Government of Canada declared October 31 of each year `` National UNICEF Day '' in 2000 . In 2006 , UNICEF Canada discontinued the collection box part of their program , focusing instead on in - classroom fundraising and community engagement . In 2015 , UNICEF Canada celebrated 60 years of the National UNICEF Day program and has currently raised more than CAN $100 million . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The history of trick - or - treat for UNICEF '' . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Byroads , Marjorie ( 1970 - 10 - 20 ) . `` A little child shall lead them ( trick or treat for UNICEF ) '' . The Bryan Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Winerip , Michael ( 1993 - 10 - 31 ) . `` At Halloween , Unicef Faces Declining Collections in U.S. '' .", "2": "The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` UNICEF to end Halloween ' orange box ' program '' . CTV ( Canada ) . 2006 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Support UNICEF '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Smylie , James H. ( 2001 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Presbyterians initiated UNICEF 's ' Trick - or - Treat ' program 50 years ago '' . The Presbyterian Outlook . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : UNICEF ( March 1997 ) . `` AMERICA 'S PARTNERSHIP WITH UNICEF : A report to the United States on the impact of its contribution to UNICEF from 1985 to 1995 '' ( PDF ) . UNICEF . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Li , Kun ( 2006 - 10 - 25 ) . `` Goodwill Ambassador Sarah Jessica Parker helps launch ' Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF ' '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Rusk , Howard A. ( 1969 - 10 - 2 ) . `` '' 19th Year for UNICEF ; 3.5 Million Children ' Trick or Treat ' On Friday to Aid Young of World `` '' . The New York Times . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kastenmeier , Robert ( 1966 - 03 - 07 ) . `` UNICEF and the 1965 Nobel Peace Prize '' ( PDF ) . United States of America Congressional Record : Proceedings and Debates of the 89th Congress , Second Session . Records and Archives Management staff of UNICEF 's Information Management Unit . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF '' .", "3": "unicefusa.org . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Conwell , Vikki ( October 26 , 2005 ) . `` Good Works '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Maul , Kimberly ( 2008 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Trick - or - Treat hits Internet '' . PRWeek . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF '' . crowdrise.com . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UNICEF Canada : No Child too Far '' . UNICEF Canada : No Child too Far . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF profile Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF United States Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF 2015 Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF Canada UNICEF Hong Kong National UNICEF Day in Canada Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trick-or-Treat_for_UNICEF&oldid=801024723 '' Categories : Charity fundraisers UNICEF Halloween events Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 06 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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9200381329776083757	where is the inscription on the statue of liberty	[ "on the inner wall of the pedestal", "inside the pedestal's lower level", "on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal's lower level", "inside the pedestal's lower level", "The New Colossus" ]	{ "0": "The New Colossus - wikipedia The New Colossus Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Emma Lazarus sonnet . For the 2017 video game , see Wolfenstein II : The New Colossus . The New Colossus Emma Lazarus 's manuscript Created 1883 Location Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , New York City , New York , U.S. Author ( s ) Emma Lazarus Purpose Sonnet was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the monument in 1903 `` The New Colossus '' is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus ( 1849 -- 1887 ) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty . In 1903 , the poem was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal 's lower level . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the poem 2 Contents 3 Influence 4 References 5 External links History of the poem ( edit ) The Statue of Liberty in New York City This poem was written as a donation to an auction of art and literary works conducted by the `` Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty '' to raise money for the pedestal 's construction . Lazarus 's contribution was solicited by fundraiser William Maxwell Evarts . Initially she refused but writer Constance Cary Harrison convinced her that the statue would be of great significance to immigrants sailing into the harbor . `` The New Colossus '' was the first entry read at the exhibit 's opening on November 2 , 1883 , and remained associated with the exhibit through a published catalog until the exhibit closed after the pedestal was fully funded in August 1885 , but was forgotten and played no role at the opening of the statue in 1886 . It was , however , published in Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World as well as The New York Times during this time period . In 1901 , Lazarus 's friend Georgina Schuyler began an effort to memorialize Lazarus and her poem , which succeeded in 1903 when a plaque bearing the text of the poem was put on the inner wall of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty .", "1": "The line `` Keep , ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' is missing a comma , and reads `` Keep ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' on the plaque hanging inside the Statue of Liberty since its unveiling in 1903 . The original manuscript is held by the American Jewish Historical Society . Contents ( edit ) The Colossus of Rhodes , as depicted in an artist 's impression of 1880 Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame , With conquering limbs astride from land to land ; Here at our sea - washed , sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch , whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning , and her name MOTHER OF EXILES . From her beacon - hand Glows world - wide welcome ; her mild eyes command The air - bridged harbor that twin cities frame . `` Keep , ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' cries she With silent lips . `` Give me your tired , your poor , Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free , The wretched refuse of your teeming shore . Send these , the homeless , tempest - tost to me , I lift my lamp beside the golden door ! '' The poem is a Petrarchan sonnet . The title of the poem and the first two lines refer to the Colossus of Rhodes , which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , sometimes described as standing astride the harbor . The `` sea - washed , sunset gates '' are the mouths of the Hudson and East Rivers , to the west of Brooklyn . The `` imprisoned lightning '' refers to the electric light in the torch , then a novelty . The `` air - bridged harbor that twin cities frame '' refers to New York Harbor between New York City and Brooklyn , which were consolidated into one unit in 1898 , 15 years after the poem was written . The `` huddled masses '' are the many immigrants coming to the United States ( many of them through Ellis Island at the port of New York ) .", "2": "Influence ( edit ) Bronze plaque inside the Statue of Liberty Paul Auster wrote that `` Bartholdi 's gigantic effigy was originally intended as a monument to the principles of international republicanism , but ' The New Colossus ' reinvented the statue 's purpose , turning Liberty into a welcoming mother , a symbol of hope to the outcasts and downtrodden of the world . '' John T. Cunningham wrote that `` The Statue of Liberty was not conceived and sculpted as a symbol of immigration , but it quickly became so as immigrant ships passed under the torch and the shining face , heading toward Ellis Island . However , it was ( Lazarus 's poem ) that permanently stamped on Miss Liberty the role of unofficial greeter of incoming immigrants . '' The poem has entered the political realm . It was quoted in John F. Kennedy 's book A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) as well as a 2010 political speech by President Obama advocating immigration policy reform . On August 2nd , 2017 , the poem and its importance to the Statue of Liberty 's symbolism and thus the effect on American immigration policy , was debated in a White House briefing . Classical composer David Ludwig set the poem to music , which was performed at the worship service of President Obama 's 2013 inauguration ceremony . Author and scholar Julia Gordon - Bramer theorizes that Sylvia Plath 's poem , `` Lady Lazarus , '' is about the Statue of Liberty and Lazarus in her book , Fixed Stars Govern a Life : Decoding Sylvia Plath , volume one ( 2014 , Stephen F. Austin State University Press ) . Parts of the poem also appear in popular culture . The Broadway musical Miss Liberty , with music and lyrics by Irving Berlin , an immigrant himself , used the final stanza beginning `` Give me your tired , your poor '' as the basis for a song . It was also read in the 1941 film Hold Back the Dawn as well as being recited by the heroine in Alfred Hitchcock 's wartime film Saboteur . Harpist and singer Joanna Newsom indirectly references the poem in her 2015 song `` Sapokanikan , '' in contrast to the forbidding colossus of Percy Bysshe Shelley 's Ozymandias .", "3": "The poem is read aloud in the eponymous episode , `` New Colossus '' , in the 2016 Netflix web series The OA . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . US : National Park Service . 2007 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Emma , The New Colossus , Liberty State Park Jump up ^ Sutherland , Cara A ( 2003 ) , The Statue of Liberty : The Museum of the City of New York , Barnes & Noble , p. 77 , ISBN 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 4 , auction of art and literary work ; Mark Twain also contributed . ^ Jump up to : Young , Bette Roth ( 1997 ) , Emma Lazarus in Her World : Life and Letters , The Jewish Publication Society , p. 3 , ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0618 - 4 , ... fell into obscurity . At the unveiling of the statue ( ... ) both Emma and her sonnet were absent ( ... ) Georgina Schuyler set in motion a successful attempt to memorialize her friend by placing the poem , inscribed on a bronze tablet , inside the pedestal ... . Jump up ^ Felder , Deborah G ; Rosen , Diana L ( 2003 ) , Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World , Citadel , p. 45 , ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2443 - X , ... William Maxwell Evert ( sic ; presumably a misspelling of `` William Maxwell Evarts ) asked ( ... ) Lazarus ( ... ) to compose original works ( ... ) who ( ... ) refused ( ... ) until ( ... ) Constance Cary Harrison ( ... ) suggested that she consider what the statue would mean to the thousand of immigrants who would see it as they sailed into New York ... . Jump up ^ `` Image - Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty Catalogue '' . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty - Engineering , Construction , and Crossing the Atlantic '' . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service - Statue of Liberty - Emma Lazarus '' . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Gary ( 2006 - 12 - 08 ) .", "4": "`` Misprint is spied in Lazarus poem at Liberty island '' . The New York Sun . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( 2011 ) , `` How a Sonnet Made a Statue the ' Mother of Exiles ' '' , New York Times , retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 Jump up ^ Auster , Paul ( 2005 ) , `` NYC = USA '' , Collected Prose : Autobiographical Writings , True Stories , Critical Essays , Prefaces , and Collaborations with Artists , Picador , p. 508 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 42468 - X . Jump up ^ Cunningham , John T ( 2003 ) , Ellis Island : Immigration 's Shining Center , Arcadia Publishing , pp. 46 -- 48 , ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2428 - X . ^ Jump up to : McGill , Meredith L. ( 2008 ) . The Traffic in Poems : Nineteenth - century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange . Rutgers University Press . p. 118 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Obama edits Emma Lazarus poem on Statue of Liberty '' . The Oval . USA Today . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Part of Inauguration Day Ceremonies '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Esther Schor , Emma Lazarus , Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group - 2008 , page 255 Jump up ^ Hicks , Michael ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) . `` '' ' The text will not yield ' : Fleeting Tesserae in Joanna Newsom 's Sapokanikan `` '' . Medium . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The OA Recap : Yearning to Breathe Free '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 .", "5": "External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The New Colossus Lazarus , Emma , `` The new Colossus '' , A Century of Immigration , 1820 -- 1924 ( handwritten ) ( sonnet ) , Library of Congress . The latter page says `` Courtesy of the American Jewish Historical Society , New York and Newton Centre , Massachusetts '' . The poem itself , having been published in 1883 or at the very latest 1903 is in the public domain -- -- -- , Schor , Esther , ed. , The New Colossus ( interactive ed . ) , Nextbook Press . Manuscript notebook from the Emma Lazarus collection at the American Jewish Historical Society . Includes an undated manuscript version of `` The New Colossus . '' Cavitch , Max ( 2008 ) . `` Emma Lazarus and the Golem of Liberty . '' In The Traffic in Poems : Nineteenth - Century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange . Ed . Meredith L. McGill . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . 97 - 122 . Marom , Daniel ( 2000 ) . `` Who is the ' Mother of Exiles ' ? An Inquiry into Jewish Aspects of Emma Lazarus 's ' The New Colossus ' '' . Prooftexts. 20 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 61 . doi : 10.1353 / ptx. 2000.0020 .", "6": "( hide ) Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Boy Scout replicas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Colossus&oldid=819482944 '' Categories : 1883 poems American poems Sonnets Statue of Liberty Jewish American literature Works about immigration to the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 16 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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9179702110514757818	where are the next two winter olympics going to be held	[ "Beijing", "TBD", "Beijing", "TBD" ]	{ "0": "List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities , and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) , Tokyo ( 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics ) and Beijing ( 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics ) . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics .", "1": "London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent has yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic Games host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 1.4 Unsuccessful cities 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Olympic Games host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games .", "2": "City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I -- 1896 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II -- 1900 000000002018 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III -- 1904 000000002018 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002018 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV -- 1908 000000002018 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V -- 1912 000000002018 - 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01 - 0000 October 1 Salt Lake City United States North America -- W019 XIX 2002 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Athens Greece Europe S028 XXVIII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 000000002018 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 Torino Italy Europe -- W020 XX 2006 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 000000002018 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 Beijing China Asia S029 XXIX -- 2008 000000002018 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8", "8": "000000002018 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Vancouver Canada North America -- W021 XXI 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 London United Kingdom Europe S030 XXX -- 2012 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Sochi Russia Europe -- W022 XXII 2014 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031 XXXI -- 2016 000000002018 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 000000002018 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Pyeongchang South Korea Asia -- W023 XXIII 2018 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Tokyo Japan Asia S032 XXXII -- 2020 000000002018 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Beijing China Asia -- W024 XXIV 2022 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 Paris France Europe S033 XXXIII --", "9": "2024 000000002018 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 000000002018 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 TBD TBD -- W025 XXV 2026 ( TBD ) Los Angeles United States North America S034 XXXIV -- 2028 000000002018 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 000000002018 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 TBD TBD -- W026 XXVI 2030 ( TBD ) Host cities for multiple Summer and winter Olympic Games ( edit ) List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games City Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total London United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Paris France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 0 Los Angeles United States North America 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) 0 Athens Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Tokyo Japan Asia 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) 0 Beijing China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games .", "10": "Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) German Empire / Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 ,", "11": "1976 ) Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) Sweden Europe 2 ( 1912 , 1956 ( equestrian events only ) ) 0 17 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 14 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 31 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 ,", "12": "2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Unsuccessful cities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country City Bids United States Detroit 7 Hungary Budapest 6 Turkey Istanbul 5 Spain Madrid Argentina Buenos Aires Switzerland Lausanne United States Philadelphia 5 United States Chicago United States Minneapolis Cuba Havana Belgium Brussels Azerbaijan Baku Qatar Doha Spain Seville Yugoslavia Belgrade Puerto Rico San Juan Australia Brisbane Slovakia Poprad United States Boston See also ( edit ) Olympics portal List of Commonwealth Games host cities Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia .", "13": "( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 .", "14": "Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St.", "15": "Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St.", "16": "Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St.", "17": "Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=837813982 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 05 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5410471527866417159	when did i'm coming out come out	[ "August 22, 1980", "August 22, 1980", "August 22, 1980", "August 22, 1980", "August 22, 1980" ]	{ "0": "I 'm Coming Out - wikipedia I 'm Coming Out Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the Ugly Betty episode , see I 'm Coming Out ( Ugly Betty ) . `` I 'm Coming Out '' One of the cover arts for German vinyl singles Single by Diana Ross from the album Diana B - side `` Give Up '' `` Friend to Friend '' `` Never Say I Do n't Love You '' `` My Old Piano '' Released August 22 , 1980 ( 1980 - 08 - 22 ) Format 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded December 1979 Genre Disco , funk , soul Length 5 : 24 ( album version ) 3 : 59 ( radio edit ) Label Motown Songwriter ( s ) Bernard Edwards , Nile Rodgers Producer ( s ) Nile Rodgers , Bernard Edwards Diana Ross singles chronology `` Upside Down '' ( 1980 ) `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( 1980 ) `` My Old Piano '' ( 1980 ) `` Upside Down '' ( 1980 ) `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( 1980 ) `` My Old Piano '' ( 1980 ) Audio sample file help Alternative releases French 7 - inch vinyl single `` I 'm Coming Out '' is a song recorded by American singer Diana Ross . It was written and produced by Chic members Bernard Edwards and Nile Rodgers , and released in August 22 , 1980 as the second single from Ross ' self - titled tenth album Diana ( 1980 ) .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart success and cultural impact 3 LGBT significance 4 Trombone solo 5 Music video 6 Track listings 7 Chart performance 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Samples and covers 9 Hella von Sinnen version : `` Mein Coming Out '' 10 Amerie version 10.1 Music video 10.2 Track listings 10.3 Charts 10.4 Release history 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) In 1979 , Ross commissioned Chic founders Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards to create material for a new album after taking her daughters to see the band in concert , following the success of Ross 's final Ashford & Simpson - composed and produced LP , The Boss . Rodgers got the idea for `` I 'm Coming Out '' after noticing three different drag queens dressed as Diana Ross at a New York club called the GG Barnum Room . The lyrics hold an additional meaning to Ross , as she was leaving Motown Records and `` coming out '' from under Berry Gordy 's thumb . Chart success and cultural impact ( edit ) The song was another hit from the album , peaking at number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for two weeks in November 1980 . It is also notable for being the first song usually performed at Ross ' performances and concerts since 1980 . LGBT significance ( edit ) `` I 'm Coming Out '' has been regarded as an anthem for the LGBT community . The phrase `` coming out '' to describe one 's self - disclosure of sexual orientation or gender identity had been present in the gay subculture in the early 20th century , analogous to a débutante 's coming - out party or celebration of her formal presentation to society . It has also been understood as `` coming out of the closet '' or coming out from hiding . The song is thus interpreted as a celebration of lesbian , gay , bisexual , or transgender , identity and the encouragement of self - disclosure .", "2": "Trombone solo ( edit ) Rodgers convinced his neighbor , producer Meco Monardo , to contract the horns for the album in return for a commitment by Rodgers to co-produce Monardo 's then - upcoming album of music from The Empire Strikes Back . Monardo , a former first - call session player who had a string of hits in the late 1970s with disco versions of film music , also played trombone on the album and is featured in a solo towards the end of `` I 'm Coming Out '' : Nile recorded all the tracks and vocals and called me and my horn section for a 3 - hour date . We had a great time , as the songs were fabulous -- especially `` Upside Down '' and `` I 'm Coming Out '' . We sounded great -- Nile was pleased and as I was packing up , he asked me to stay and play a jazz trombone solo on one of the tracks . I said , `` Nile , there are a lot of hit records with jazz saxophone solos -- even some with jazz trumpet solos , but not one with a trombone '' ! ! He said . `` That 's exactly why I want you to do it '' ! ! I was a little bit rusty at first as I had n't had a call to play jazz in years , so we ended up with four separate tracks of solos , with the intention of picking the best parts to make one great solo when later he went to mix it . I reminded Nile of our agreement and he said he was looking forward to ' The Empire Strikes Back ' as he was a Star Wars fan himself . -- Trombone solos have been rare on Top 40 songs in the post-big band era and especially so since the 1960s . Notable exceptions include brief solos by James Pankow on a handful of early Chicago hits and Clifford Adams ' brief solo on Kool & the Gang 's 1983 hit `` Joanna '' . The pitch in Monardo 's solo is unusually indistinct for an instrumentalist of his stature , which he later explained was due to problems in the final mixing of the track : Weeks went by when I heard through the grapevine that Diana Ross was incredibly unhappy with the album . She thought Nile and Bernard made her sound like Chic .", "3": "She took the master tapes from Power Station and went to Motown in Detroit to remix the record . When it came out , her early interviews were very unenthusiastic about it and Nile and Bernard , her producers . Well , as we all know , this turned out to be her biggest - selling solo album ever . `` Upside Down '' was a monster Number - One single and `` I 'm Coming Out '' was a top - ten single . It turned out that when the engineer at Motown saw the track listings of Meco 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 , he just assumed that Track 1 was THE track and never listened to the others , and so that 's what is on the record . So , I 'm extremely proud to say that my solo is the only jazz trombone solo of a top - ten pop hit in the last 50 years ! But -- it was n't my best -- that , unfortunately lies in the vaults at Motown . The dispute with Ross led to none of the musicians being credited on the album cover and also may have had a part in Rodgers backing out of his commitment to Monardo 's Meco Plays Music from The Empire Strikes Back album . However , Rodgers and Ross later mended their professional relationship and subsequent digital releases of the album credit Monardo and the other musicians . A 2003 two - disc release of the album included the Rodgers / Edwards mix originally rejected by Ross , as a bonus track . Music video ( edit ) Diana Ross performing in the music video to the song with some studio musicians live in concert . Track listings ( edit ) U.S.", "4": ", UK , French , and German 7 '' and 12 '' single Side A : `` I 'm Coming Out '' Side B : `` Give Up '' Dutch 7 '' and 12 '' single Side A : `` I 'm Coming Out '' Side B : `` Never Say I Do n't Love You '' Swedish 7 '' single Side A : `` I 'm Coming Out '' Side B : `` My Old Piano '' Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 40 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 23 France ( SNEP ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 13 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 U.S. Billboard Hot Soul Singles 6 U.S. Billboard Hot Disco Singles U.S. Cash Box Top 100 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Position U.S. Cash Box Top 100 28 Chart ( 1981 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 98 Samples and covers ( edit ) The distinctive sound of `` I 'm Coming Out '' and its resulting popularity has led to Ross 's song often being sampled , most notably by Stevie J , who sampled the song for rapper The Notorious B.I.G. 's 1997 song `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' . There 's also been a cover by Marcia Hines . It was featured as a cover for the video game Karaoke Revolution as well . In more recent times , the song was sampled in Keyshia Cole 's remake of `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( featuring Iggy Azalea ) for the original soundtrack of the 2014 movie The Other Woman , starring Cameron Diaz , Kate Upton and Leslie Mann . The song is sampled in `` Break Your Heart Right Back '' from Ariana Grande 's sophomore album My Everything ( 2014 ) . This song was also covered for the soundtrack to the 2016 movie Trolls .", "5": "Hella von Sinnen version : `` Mein Coming Out '' ( edit ) `` Mein Coming Out '' Single by Hella von Sinnen Released Recorded Genre Pop , comedy Length 5 : 26 Songwriter ( s ) Bernard Edwards , Nile Rodgers , Hella von Sinnen , Cornelia Scheel In 1997 , German comedian Hella von Sinnen sampled `` I 'm Coming Out '' for her single `` Mein Coming Out '' , using the term `` coming out '' in the context of coming out of the closet , or revealing one 's homosexuality . Amerie version ( edit ) `` I 'm Coming Out '' Single by Amerie from the album Maid in Manhattan : Music from the Motion Picture B - side `` Talkin ' to Me '' Released April 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 07 ) Format CD Recorded 2002 Length 3 : 32 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bernard Edwards Nile Rodgers Producer ( s ) Cory Rooney Loren Dawson Amerie singles chronology `` Talkin ' to Me '' ( 2002 ) `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( 2003 ) `` Paradise '' ( 2003 ) `` Talkin ' to Me '' ( 2002 ) `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( 2003 ) `` Paradise '' ( 2003 ) In 2003 , American singer Amerie covered `` I 'm Coming Out '' for the soundtrack to the film Maid in Manhattan . Her version was released as a single in select European countries and Australia . The final single version to be released was the Loren Dawson remix . The original single version ( which is similar to the original ) can be found on both CD singles and the original motion picture soundtrack to Maid in Manhattan . Ross ' version appears on the film 's soundtrack album as well . Music video ( edit ) A music video was produced to promote the single .", "6": "Track listings ( edit ) German CD single `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( Loren Dawson Remix ) -- 3 : 49 `` Talkin ' to Me '' ( album version ) -- 4 : 00 `` Talkin ' to Me '' ( Trackmasters Remix ) ( featuring Foxy Brown ) -- 3 : 38 `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( Mark Ronson Sunshine Remix ) ( no loop ) -- 3 : 09 `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( video ) French CD single `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( Loren Dawson Remix ) -- 3 : 49 `` Talkin ' to Me '' ( album version ) -- 4 : 00 Australian CD single `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( Loren Dawson Remix ) -- 3 : 49 `` Talkin ' to Me '' ( album version ) -- 4 : 00 `` Talkin ' to Me '' ( Trackmasters Remix ) ( featuring Foxy Brown ) -- 3 : 38 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 66 Australian Urban ( ARIA ) 23 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 69 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 100 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Germany April 7 , 2003 CD single Columbia France April 15 , 2003 Australia April 18 , 2003 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zeffer , Andy ( 2004 ) . `` Freak Out with Chic '' . Express Gay News . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/300875/diana-ross/chart Jump up ^ Chauncey , George ( 1994 ) . Gay New York : Gender , Urban Culture , and the Making of the Gay Male World , 1890 -- 1940 . New York : Basic Books , emphasis added . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 16 .", "7": "Jump up ^ `` DIANA ROSS I m Coming Out - vidéo Dailymotion '' . Dailymotion . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived November 9 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I 'm Coming Out '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1980 / Top 100 Songs of 1980 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( in French ) . Amazon.fr . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( Australian CD single ) . Amerie . Columbia Records . 2003 . 673747 2 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles -- Week Commencing 28th April 2003 '' ARIA Top 100 Singles . National Library of Australia . Retrieved September 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles -- Week Commencing 5th May 2003 '' ARIA Top 40 Urban Singles . National Library of Australia . Retrieved September 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Amerie -- I 'm Coming Out '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 .", "8": "Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 : Editia 23 , saptamina 16.06 -- 22.06 , 2003 '' ( in Romanian ) . Romanian Top 100 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2004 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Amerie -- I 'm Coming Out '' . Sony BMG Australia . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2007 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Diana Ross Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Diana Ross ( 1970 ) Everything Is Everything Surrender Touch Me in the Morning Diana & Marvin Last Time I Saw Him Diana Ross ( 1976 ) Baby It 's Me Ross ( 1978 ) The Boss Diana Why Do Fools Fall in Love Silk Electric Ross ( 1983 ) Swept Away Eaten Alive Red Hot Rhythm & Blues Workin ' Overtime The Force Behind the Power A Very Special Season Take Me Higher Every Day Is a New Day Blue I Love You Diana Ross Sings Songs From The Wiz Compilations Greatest Hits Diana Ross ' Greatest Hits 20 Golden Greats To Love Again All the Great Hits Forever Diana : Musical Memoirs One Woman : The Ultimate Collection Diana Extended : The Remixes Voice of Love Love & Life : The Very Best of Diana Ross The Definitive Collection The Greatest Upside Down : The Collection Live releases Live at Caesars Palace An Evening with Diana Ross Greatest Hits Live Stolen Moments : The Lady Sings ... Jazz and Blues Christmas in Vienna Soundtrack albums Diana ! Lady Sings the Blues Mahogany The Wiz Tours Return to Love Tour I Love You Tour More Today Than Yesterday : The Greatest Hits Tour In the Name of Love Tour The Essential Diana Ross : Some Memories Never Fade Related topics The Supremes Rhonda Ross Kendrick ( daughter ) Tracee Ellis Ross ( daughter ) Evan Ross ( son ) Arne Næss , Jr.", "9": "( second husband ) Arthur `` T - Boy '' Ross ( brother ) Berry Gordy Diana Ross Playground Book Category Template Diana Ross singles Discography 1970s songs `` Reach Out and Touch ( Somebody 's Hand ) '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Remember Me '' `` Reach Out ( I 'll Be There ) '' `` Surrender '' `` I 'm Still Waiting '' `` Good Morning Heartache '' `` Touch Me in the Morning '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' `` Last Time I Saw Him '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' `` Love Hangover '' `` Gettin ' Ready for Love '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' `` What You Gave Me '' `` The Boss '' `` It 's My House '' 1980s songs `` Upside Down '' `` I 'm Coming Out '' `` My Old Piano '' `` It 's My Turn '' `` Endless Love '' `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' `` Mirror ,", "10": "Mirror '' `` Muscles '' `` Pieces of Ice '' `` All of You '' `` Swept Away '' `` Missing You '' `` Eaten Alive '' `` Chain Reaction '' 1990 -- 2000s songs `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' ( Remix ) `` Take Me Higher '' `` I Will Survive '' `` Not Over You Yet '' `` Goin ' Back '' `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' Featured songs `` A Brand New Day '' `` We Are the World '' Book Category Template Amerie Discography Studio albums All I Have Touch Because I Love It In Love & War Compilation albums Best 15 Things Extended plays Drive Singles `` Why Do n't We Fall in Love '' `` Talkin ' to Me '' `` I 'm Coming Out '' `` 1 Thing '' `` Touch '' `` Take Control '' `` Gotta Work '' `` Why RU ? ''", "11": "`` Heard ' Em All '' `` Out Loud '' Featured singles `` Rule '' `` Paradise '' `` I Do n't Care '' `` Fly Like Me '' Related articles First Daughter Awards and nominations Rich Harrison Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Coming_Out&oldid=831018221 '' Categories : 1980 singles 1997 singles 2003 singles Amerie songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Diana Ross songs LGBT - related songs Songs written for films Songs written by Bernard Edwards Songs written by Nile Rodgers Song recordings produced by Nile Rodgers Song recordings produced by Bernard Edwards Songs with feminist themes 1980 songs Motown singles Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) Articles with hAudio microformats Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Australiapandora Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Australiaurban Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 07 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-3621585537083644585	what type of bridge is the charles bridge	[ "a bow bridge", "Stone", "a bow bridge with 16 arches", "bow bridge", "Stone" ]	{ "0": "Charles bridge - Wikipedia Charles bridge Jump to : navigation , search This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Czech . ( July 2017 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the Czech article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated cs Czecharticletitle ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation .", "1": "Charles Bridge Coordinates 50 ° 5 ′ 11.21 '' N 14 ° 24 ′ 42.68 '' E / 50.0864472 ° N 14.4118556 ° E / 50.0864472 ; 14.4118556 Coordinates : 50 ° 5 ′ 11.21 '' N 14 ° 24 ′ 42.68 '' E / 50.0864472 ° N 14.4118556 ° E / 50.0864472 ; 14.4118556 Carries Pedestrian only Crosses Vltava River Locale Prague Official name Karlův most Other name ( s ) Stone Bridge ( Kamenný most ) , Prague Bridge ( Pražský most ) Characteristics Design Stone Material Bohemian sandstone Total length 515.8 metres ( 1,692 ft ) Width 9.5 metres ( 31 ft ) Longest span 13.4 metres ( 44 ft ) Clearance below 13 metres ( 43 ft ) History Designer Peter Parler Construction start 1357 Construction end 1402 Charles Bridge Location in Czech Republic Charles Bridge ( Czech : Karlův most ( ˈkarluːf ˈmost ) ( listen ) ) is a historic bridge that crosses the Vltava river in Prague , Czech Republic . Its construction started in 1357 under the auspices of King Charles IV , and finished in the beginning of the 15th century . The bridge replaced the old Judith Bridge built 1158 -- 1172 that had been badly damaged by a flood in 1342 . This new bridge was originally called Stone Bridge ( Kamenný most ) or Prague Bridge ( Pražský most ) but has been `` Charles Bridge '' since 1870 . As the only means of crossing the river Vltava ( Moldau ) until 1841 , Charles Bridge was the most important connection between Prague Castle and the city 's Old Town and adjacent areas . This `` solid - land '' connection made Prague important as a trade route between Eastern and Western Europe .", "2": "The bridge is 621 metres ( 2,037 ft ) long and nearly 10 metres ( 33 ft ) wide , following the example of the Stone Bridge in Regensburg , it was built as a bow bridge with 16 arches shielded by ice guards . It is protected by three bridge towers , two of them on the Lesser Quarter side and the third one on the Old Town side . The Old Town Bridge Tower is often considered to be one of the most astonishing civil gothic - style buildings in the world . The bridge is decorated by a continuous alley of 30 statues and statuaries , most of them baroque - style , originally erected around 1700 but now all replaced by replicas . Repairs are scheduled to start in late 2019 , they should take around 20 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Through the 19th century 1.2 20th century to present 2 Statues on the bridge 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Through the 19th century ( edit ) Old Town Bridge Tower during 1848 revolution Charles Bridge during 1872 flood Charles Bridge as viewed from Petřínská rozhledna -- lookout tower Throughout its history , Charles Bridge has suffered several disasters and witnessed many historic events . Czech legend has it that construction began on Charles Bridge at 5 : 31am on 9 July 1357 with the first stone being laid by Charles IV himself . This exact time was very important to the Holy Roman Emperor because he was a strong believer of numerology and felt that this specific time , which formed a palindrome ( 1357 9 , 7 5 : 31 ) , was a numerical bridge , and would imbue Charles Bridge with additional strength . The bridge was completed 45 years later in 1402 . A flood in 1432 damaged three pillars .", "3": "In 1496 the third arch ( counting from the Old Town side ) broke down after one of the pillars lowered , being undermined by the water ( repairs were finished in 1503 ) . A year after the Battle of White Mountain , when the 27 leaders of the anti-Habsburg revolt were executed on 21 June 1621 , the Old Town bridge tower served as a deterrent display of the severed heads of the victims to stop Czechs from further resistance . During the end of the Thirty Years ' War in 1648 , the Swedes occupied the west bank of the Vltava , and as they tried to advance into the Old Town the heaviest fighting took place right on the bridge . During the fighting , they severely damaged one side of the Old Town bridge tower ( the side facing the river ) and the remnants of almost all gothic decorations had to be removed from it afterward . During the late 17th century and early 18th century the bridge gained its typical appearance when an alley of baroque statues was installed on the pillars . During a great flood in 1784 , five pillars were severely damaged and although the arches did not break down , the traffic on the bridge had to be greatly restricted for some time . The original stairway to Kampa Island was replaced by a new one in 1844 . The next year , another great flood threatened the bridge , but the bridge escaped major damage . In 1848 , during the revolutionary days , the bridge escaped unharmed from the cannonade , but some of the statues were damaged . In 1866 , pseudo-gothic gas lights were erected on the balustrade ; they were later replaced with electric lighting . In the 1870s , the first regular public - transport ( omnibus ) line went over the bridge ( officially called `` Charles Bridge '' after 1870 ) later replaced by a horse tram . The bridge towers underwent a thorough reconstruction between 1874 and 1883 . On 2 -- 5 September 1890 , another disastrous flood struck Prague and severely damaged Charles Bridge . Thousands of rafts , logs and other floating materials that escaped from places upstream gradually formed a huge barrier leaning against the bridge . Three arches were torn down by the great pressure and two pillars collapsed from being undermined by the water , while others were partly damaged .", "4": "With the fifth pillar , two statues -- St. Ignatius of Loyola and St. Xavier , both by Ferdinand Brokoff -- also fell into the river . The former statue was replaced by a statuary of Saints Cyril and Methodius by Karel Dvořák ; the latter was replaced by a replica of the original . Repair works lasted for two years ( the bridge was reopened on 19 November 1892 ) and cost 665,000 crowns . 20th century to present ( edit ) In the beginning of the 20th century , Charles Bridge saw a steep rise of heavy traffic . The last day of the horse line on the bridge was 15 May 1905 , when it was replaced with an electric tram and later , in 1908 , with buses . At the end of World War II , a barricade was built in the Old Town bridge tower gateway . A capital repair of the bridge took place between 1965 and 1978 , based on a collaboration among various scientific and cultural institutes . The stability of the pillars was reassured , all broken stone blocks were replaced , and the asphalt top was removed . All vehicular traffic has been excluded from Charles Bridge since then , making it accessible by pedestrians only . The repair cost 50 million crowns . During the 1990s , some people started criticizing the previous reconstruction of the bridge and proposing further work . As of the beginning of the new millennium , most of the experts appeared to agree that the previous reconstruction had not been flawless but disputed the need for further interference with the bridge . However , after the disastrous floods of 2002 ( which themselves caused only minor harm to the bridge ) , support for an overall bridge reconstruction grew . It was decided that repair and stabilization of the two pillars ( numbers 8 and 9 ) on the Malá Strana side of the bridge would be done . These are the only river pillars that were not repaired after the 1890 floods . The reconstruction was a gradual process that closed off parts of the bridge without closing the span entirely . Performed from 2008 to 2010 , the work included bolstering the pillars and building a new hydroisolation system protecting the bridge .", "5": "It also encompassed a re-pavimentation of the bridge 's pavement and the replacement of many of the stones in the bridge walls , a matter which was controversial due to a heavy - handed approach adopted by the restoration team , which had no previous experience in restoration of cultural heritage monuments . The result has been criticised by conservation professionals all over Europe ( see photos on external links ) , as dozens of new replacement stones do not match the historical ones they are next to , the amount of replaced stones is considered excessive , some stones have been inappropriately positioned , original stones have been chipped and joining materials employed are considered not appropriate for the structure . In 2010 UNESCO 's World Heritage Committee adopted a decision stating that `` the restoration of Charles Bridge was carried out without adequate conservation advice on materials and techniques '' . Charles Bridge ( Karlův most ) , Vltava River , Prague , 2015 Statues on the bridge ( edit ) Main article : List of statues on Charles Bridge Charles Bridge and the Holy Crucifix , c. 1935 The avenue of 30 mostly baroque statues and statuaries situated on the balustrade forms a unique connection of artistic styles with the underlying gothic bridge . Most sculptures were erected between 1683 and 1714 . They depict various saints and patron saints venerated at that time . The most prominent Bohemian sculptors of the time took part in decorating the bridge , such as Matthias Braun , Jan Brokoff , and his sons Michael Joseph and Ferdinand Maxmilian . Among the most notable sculptures , one can find the statuaries of St. Luthgard , the Holy Crucifix and Calvary , and John of Nepomuk . Well known also is the statue of the knight Bruncvík , although it was erected some 200 years later and does not belong to the main avenue . Beginning in 1965 , all of the statues have been systematically replaced by replicas , and the originals have been exhibited in the Lapidarium of the National Museum . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Charles ' Bridge ( Karluv most ) '' . Prague Spot . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Dana Shanberg . `` Charles Bridge ( Karlův most ) '' . myCzechRepublic .", "6": "Retrieved 23 October 2014 . ; `` Charles Bridge '' . A View On Cities . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Frucht , Richard ( 2005 ) . Eastern Europe : an introduction to the people , lands , and culture . 1 . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 251 . ISBN 9781576078013 . Jump up ^ Brook , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Prague & the Czech Republic . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic . p. 98 . OCLC 833442607 . Jump up ^ Photogallery from the online petition by the Association for the Conservation and Development of the Cultural Heritage ( ASORKD ) Jump up ^ Czech Republic -- The Botched Restoration of Charles Bridge on YouTube Jump up ^ Decision 34COM7B. 82 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karlův most . Official Museum of Charles Bridge Charles Bridge at Structurae Bridges in Prague Radotín Bridge Braník Bridge Barrandov Bridge Charles Bridge Franz Joseph Bridge Jirásek Bridge Legion Bridge Libeň Bridge Mánes Bridge Nusle Bridge Palacký Bridge Svatopluk Čech Bridge Troja Bridge Vyšehrad railway bridge Charles Bridge Statues Calvary Adalbert of Prague Anthony of Padua Augustine of Hippo Bruncvík Francis Borgia Francis of Assisi Francis Xavier Ivo of Kermartin John of Matha , Felix of Valois and Saint Ivan John of Nepomuk John the Baptist Jude the Apostle Lutgardis Madonna and Saint Bernard Madonna , Saint Dominic and Tomas Aquinas Nicholas of Tolentino Philip Benizi de Damiani Pietà Saint Anne Saint Cajetan Saint Christopher Saint Joseph Saint Ludmila Saints Barbara , Margaret and Elizabeth Saints Cosmas and Damian Saints Cyril and Methodius Saints Norbert , Wenceslaus and Sigismund Saints Vincent Ferrer and Procopius Vitus Wenceslaus I Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "7": "php?title=Charles_Bridge&oldid=824334180 '' Categories : Bridges completed in 1402 Bridges in Prague Bridges over the Vltava Charles IV , Holy Roman Emperor Gothic architecture in the Czech Republic National Cultural Monuments of the Czech Republic Pedestrian bridges in the Czech Republic Tourist attractions in Prague Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from July 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles needing translation from Czech Wikipedia Use dmy dates from September 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Czech - language text Articles with hAudio microformats All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Structurae ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 ,", "8": "at 18 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6934435686987287378	who makes the important government decisions in an autocracy	[ "one person", "one person" ]	{ "0": "Autocracy - wikipedia Autocracy Jump to : navigation , search Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Separation Associated state Dominion Chiefdom Federalism Federation Confederation Devolution Integration Empire Hegemony Unitary state Administrative division Power source Democracy power of many Direct Representative Liberal Social Demarchy others Oligarchy power of few Aristocracy Plutocracy Kraterocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Meritocracy Technocracy Geniocracy Noocracy Kritarchy Particracy Ergatocracy Netocracy Autocracy power of one Despotism Dictatorship Military dictatorship Others Anocracy Anarchy Theocracy Power ideology Monarchy vs. Republic socio - political ideologies Absolute Legalist Constitutional Parliamentary Directorial Semi-presidential Presidential Authoritarian vs. Libertarian socio - economic ideologies Tribalism Despotism Feudalism Colonialism Minarchism Distributism Anarchism Socialism Communism Totalitarianism Global vs. Local geo - cultural ideologies Commune City - state National government Intergovernmental organisation World government Politics portal An autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power ( social and political ) is concentrated in the hands of one person , whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control ( except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection ) . Absolute monarchy ( such as Saudi Arabia , the United Arab Emirates , Oman , Brunei and Swaziland ) and dictatorships ( such as North Korea ) are the main modern day forms of autocracy . In earlier times , the term `` autocrat '' was coined as a favorable feature of the ruler , having some connection to the concept of `` lack of conflicts of interests '' as well as an indication of grandeur and power . The Russian Tsar for example was styled , `` Autocrat of all the Russias '' , as late as the early 20th century .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History and etymology 2 Comparison with other forms of government 3 Origin and developments 4 Maintenance 5 Autocracy promotion 6 Historical examples 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History and etymology ( edit ) In the Medieval Greek language , the term Autocrates was used for anyone holding the title emperor , regardless of the actual power of the monarch . Some historical Slavic monarchs , such as Russian tsars and emperors , included the title Autocrat as part of their official styles , distinguishing them from the constitutional monarchs elsewhere in Europe . Comparison with other forms of government ( edit ) Both totalitarianism and military dictatorship are often identified with , but need not be , an autocracy . Totalitarianism is a system where the state strives to control every aspect of life and civil society . It can be headed by a supreme dictator , making it autocratic , but it can also have a collective leadership such as a commune , junta , or single political party . In an analysis of militarized disputes between two states , if one of the states involved was an autocracy the chance of violence occurring doubled . Origin and developments ( edit ) Examples from early modern Europe suggests early statehood was favorable for democracy . But , according to Jacob Hariri , outside Europe , history shows that early statehood has led to autocracy . The reasons he gives are : continuation of the original autocratic rule and absence of `` institutional transplantation '' or European settlement . This may be because of the country 's capacity to fight colonization or the presence of state infrastructure that Europeans did not need to build new institutions to rule . In all the cases , representative institutions were unable to get introduced in these countries and they sustained their autocratic rule . European colonization was varied and conditional on many factors . Countries which were rich in natural resources had an extractive and indirect rule , whereas other colonies saw European settlement . Because of this settlement , these countries possibly experienced setting up of new institutions . Colonization also depended on factor endowments and settler mortality . Mancur Olson theorizes the development of autocracies as the first transition from anarchy to state .", "2": "Anarchy for Olson is characterized by a number of `` roving bandits '' who travel around many different geographic areas extorting wealth from local populations leaving little incentive for populations to invest , and produce . As local populations lose the incentive to produce , there is little wealth for either the bandits to steal or the people to use . Olson theorizes autocrats as `` stationary bandits '' who solve this dilemma by establishing control over a small fiefdom and monopolize the extortion of wealth in the fiefdom in the form of taxes . Once an autocracy is developed , Olson theorizes that both the autocrat and the local population will be better off as the autocrat will have an `` encompassing interest '' in the maintenance and growth of wealth in the fiefdom . Because violence threatens the creation of rents , the `` stationary bandit '' has incentives to monopolize violence and to create a peaceful order . Douglass North , John Joseph Wallis and Barry R. Weingast describe autocracies as limited access orders that arise from this need to monopolize violence . In contrast to Olson , these scholars understand the early state not as a single ruler , but as an organization formed by many actors . They describe the process of autocratic state formation as a bargaining process among individuals with access to violence . For them , these individuals form a dominant coalition that grants each other privileges such as the access to resources . As violence reduces the rents , members of the dominant coalition have incentives to cooperate and to avoid fighting . A limited access to privileges is necessary to avoid competition among the members of the dominant coalition , who then will credibly commit to cooperate and will form the state . Maintenance ( edit ) Because autocrats need a power structure to rule , it can be difficult to draw a clear line between historical autocracies and oligarchies . Most historical autocrats depended on their nobles , the military , the priesthood or other elite groups . Some autocracies are rationalized by assertion of divine right . According to Douglass North , John Joseph Wallis and Barry R. Weingast , in limited access orders the state is ruled by a dominant coalition formed by a small elite group that relates to each other by personal relationships . In order to remain in power , this elite hinders people outside the dominant coalition to access organizations and resources .", "3": "Autocracy , then , is maintained as long as the personal relationships of the elite continue to forge the dominant coalition . These scholars further suggest that once the dominant coalition starts to become broader and allow for impersonal relationships , limited access orders can give place to open access orders . For Daron Acemoglu , Simon Johnson and James Robinson , the allocation of political power explains the maintenance of autocracies , which they usually refer to as `` extractive states '' . For them , the de jure political power comes from political institutions , whereas the de facto political power is determined by the distribution of resources . Those holding the political power in the present will design the political and economic institutions in the future according to their interests . In autocracies , both de jure and de facto political powers are concentrated in one person or a small elite that will promote institutions for keeping the de jure political power as concentrated as the de facto political power , thereby maintaining autocratic regimes with extractive institutions . Autocracy promotion ( edit ) It has been argued that authoritarian regimes , such as China and Russia , have attempted to export their system of government to other countries through `` autocracy promotion '' . A number of scholars are skeptical that China and Russia have successfully exported authoritarianism abroad . Historical examples ( edit ) The Roman Empire : In 27 B.C. , Augustus founded the Roman Empire following the end of the Roman Republic . Augustus officially kept the Roman Senate while effectively consolidating all of the real power in himself . Rome was peaceful and prosperous until the dictatorial rule of Commodus starting in 161 A.D. The third century saw invasions from the barbarians as well as economic decline . Both Diocletian and Constantine ruled as totalitarian leaders , strengthening the control of the emperor . The empire grew extremely large , and was ruled by a tetrarchy , instituted by Diocletian . Eventually , it was split into two halves : the Western ( Roman ) and the Eastern ( Byzantine ) . The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 after civic unrest , further economic decline , and invasions led to the surrender of Romulus Augustus to Odoacer , a German king . Aztec Empire : In Mesoamerica , the Aztecs were a tremendous military powerhouse that earned a fearsome reputation of capturing prisoners during battle to be used for sacrificial rituals .", "4": "The priesthood supported a pantheon that demanded human sacrifice , and the nobility consisted mainly of warriors who had captured many prisoners for these sacrificial rites . The Aztec Emperor hence functioned both as the sole ruler of the empire and its military forces , and as the religious figurehead behind the empire 's aggressive foreign policy . People 's Republic of China under Mao Zedong . Tsarist and Imperial Russia : Shortly after being crowned as ruler , Tsar Ivan immediately removed his political enemies by execution or exile and established dominance over an Empire , expanding the borders of his kingdom dramatically . To enforce his rule , Ivan the Terrible established the Streltzy as Russia 's standing army , and he developed two cavalry divisions that were fiercely loyal to the Tsar ; the Cossacks , and the Oprichniki . In his later years , Ivan made orders for his forces to sack the city of Novgorod in fear of being overthrown . The ideology Orthodoxy , Autocracy , and Nationality was introduced by Emperor Nicholas I of Russia . Soviet Union : During Joseph Stalin 's rule . Tokugawa Shogunate : Medieval Japan was caught in a vicious series of skirmishes between warring clans , states , and rulers , all of them vying for power in a mad scramble . While many of these lords struggled against each other openly , Ieyasu Tokugawa seized mastery of all of Japan through a mix of superior tactics and cunning diplomacy , until he became the dominant power of the land . By establishing his shogunate as the sole ruling power in Japan , Ieyasu Tokugawa controlled all aspects of life , closing the borders of Japan to all foreign nations and ruling with a policy of isolationism . Nazi Germany : After the failed Beer Hall Putsch , the National Socialist German Worker 's Party began a more subtle political strategy to take over the government . Following a tense social and political environment in the 1930s , the Nazis under Adolf Hitler took advantage of the civil unrest of the state to seize power through cunning propaganda and by the charismatic speeches of their party leader . By the time Hitler was appointed chancellor , the Nazi party began to restrict civil liberties on the public following the Reichstag Fire .", "5": "With a combination of cooperation and intimidation , Hitler and his party systematically weakened all opposition to his rule , transforming the Weimar Republic into a fascist dictatorship where Hitler alone spoke and acted on behalf of Germany . Nazi Germany is an example of an autocracy run primarily by a single leader , but many decisions made by Hitler coincided with the interests and ideology of the Nazi Party in mind , also making an example of an autocracy ruled by a political party rather than solely one man . See also ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Autocracy . Anocracy Authoritarianism Centralisation Führerprinzip Theocracy Tsarist autocracy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paul M. Johnson . `` Autocracy : A Glossary of Political Economy Terms '' . Auburn.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Pinker , Steven ( 2011 ) . The Better Angels Of Our Nature . Penguin . p. 341 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 03464 - 5 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Charles . `` Western - state Making and Theories of Political Transformation '' . ^ Jump up to : Hariri , Jacob . `` The Autocratic Legacy of Early Statehood '' . Jump up ^ Acemoglu , Daron ; Johnson , Simon ; A. Robinson , James . `` Reversal of Fortune : Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution '' . Jump up ^ Olson , Mancur ( 1993 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Dictatorship , Democracy , and Development '' . The American Political Science Review . 87 ( 3 ) : 567 -- 576 . doi : 10.2307 / 2938736 . ^ Jump up to : Douglass C. North ; John Joseph Wallis ; Barry R. Weingast ( 2008 ) . `` Violence and the Rise of Open - Access Orders '' . Journal of Democracy . 20 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 68 . doi : 10.1353 / jod. 0.0060 . Jump up ^ Tullock , Gordon .", "6": "`` Autocracy '' , Springer Science + Business , 1987 . ISBN 90 - 247 - 3398 - 7 Jump up ^ Acemoglu , Daron ; Johnson , Simon ; Robinson , James A. ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 6 Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long - Run Growth '' . Handbook of Economic Growth . Elsevier . 1 , Part A : 385 -- 472 . Jump up ^ Kurlantzick , Joshua ( 2013 - 03 - 30 ) . `` A New Axis of Autocracy '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Tansey , Oisín ( 2016 - 01 - 02 ) . `` The problem with autocracy promotion '' . Democratization. 23 ( 1 ) : 141 -- 163 . doi : 10.1080 / 13510347.2015. 1095736 . ISSN 1351 - 0347 . Jump up ^ Way , Lucan ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Weaknesses of Autocracy Promotion '' . Journal of Democracy . 27 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 75 . doi : 10.1353 / jod. 2016.0009 . ISSN 1086 - 3214 . Jump up ^ Brownlee , Jason ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) . `` The limited reach of authoritarian powers '' . Democratization. 0 ( 0 ) : 1 -- 19 . doi : 10.1080 / 13510347.2017. 1287175 . ISSN 1351 - 0347 . Jump up ^ `` The limits of autocracy promotion : The case of Russia in the ' near abroad ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Password Logon Page '' . ic.galegroup.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Felix Bethke : Research on Autocratic Regimes : Divide et Impera ,", "7": "Katapult - Magazine ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) ( hide ) Authoritarian and totalitarian forms of government Forms Absolute monarchy Benevolent dictatorship Enlightened absolutism Fascism Imperialism Military dictatorship Nazism Ochlocracy Self - coup Stalinism Theocracy Concepts Illiberal democracy Totalitarian democracy Inverted totalitarianism Authoritarian democracy Authoritarian socialism Autocracy Constitutional dictatorship Corporate republic Despotism Dictatorship Dominant - party state Tsarist autocracy Tyranny Oligarchy One - party state Police state Counterintelligence state Mafia state Right - wing authoritarianism Third Positionism Tyranny of the majority GND : 4206090 - 4 NDL : 00570749 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&oldid=818941771 '' Categories : Forms of government Authoritarianism Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어", "8": "Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча ລາວ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Võro 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 14 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7488727646515698670	what was the main characteristic of post-world war ii american society	[ "strong economic growth", "unusually high and sustained growth, together with full employment" ]	{ "0": "Post -- World War II economic expansion - wikipedia Post -- World War II economic expansion Jump to : navigation , search In the United States and several other countries , the boom was manifested in suburban development and urban sprawl , aided by automobile ownership . The post -- World War II economic expansion , also known as the postwar economic boom , the long boom , and the Golden Age of Capitalism , was a period of strong economic growth beginning after World War II and ending with the 1973 -- 75 recession . The United States , Soviet Union , Western European and East Asian countries in particular experienced unusually high and sustained growth , together with full employment . Contrary to early predictions , this high growth also included many countries that had been devastated by the war , such as Japan ( Japanese post-war economic miracle ) , West Germany and Austria ( Wirtschaftswunder ) , France ( Trente Glorieuses ) , Italy ( Italian economic miracle ) , Greece ( Greek economic miracle ) , Taiwan ( Taiwan Miracle ) and South Korea ( Miracle of the Han River ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Timeline 3 Global economic climate 4 Causes 4.1 Productivity 4.1. 1 New products and services 4.2 Economic aftermath of war 4.3 Keynesian economics 4.3. 1 Infrastructure spending 4.3. 2 Military spending 4.4 Financial repression 4.5 Wealth redistribution 4.6 Low oil prices 4.7 International cooperation 4.7. 1 Institutional arrangements 4.7. 1.1 US Council of Economic Advisers 5 Specific countries 5.1 Belgium 5.2 France 5.3 Italy 5.4 Japan 5.5 Soviet Union 5.6 Sweden 5.7 United Kingdom 5.8 United States 5.9 West Germany 6 Effects 7 Decline 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 Further reading Terminology ( edit ) In academic literature , the period is frequently referred to as the post -- World War II economic boom , though this term can refer to much shorter booms in particular markets .", "1": "It is also known as the Long Boom , though this term is generic and can refer to other periods . The golden age of Capitalism is a common name for this period in both academic and economics books . The term is also used in other contexts . In older sources and occasionally in contemporary ones , Golden age of Capitalism can refer to the period of the Second Industrial Revolution from approximately 1870 to 1914 , which also saw rapid economic expansion . Yet another name for the quarter century following the end of World War II is the Age of Marx , though the Soviet Union 's economic statistics were not reliable during this period . Timeline ( edit ) Economist Roger Middleton states that economic historians generally agree on 1950 as the start date for the golden age , while Robert Skidelsky states 1951 is the most recognized start date . Both Skidelsky and Middleton have 1973 as the generally recognized end date , though sometimes the golden age is considered to have ended as early as 1970 . This long term business cycle ended with a number of events in the early 1970s : the collapse of the Bretton Woods monetary system in 1971 the growing international trade in manufactured goods , such as automobiles and electronics the 1973 oil crisis , the 1973 -- 1974 stock market crash , the ensuing 1973 -- 75 recession , and May Day 1975 the deregulation of fixed fees for trading stocks and market based commissions While this is the global period , specific countries experienced business expansions for different periods ; in Taiwan , the Taiwan Miracle lasted into the late 1990s , for instance , while in France the period is referred to as Trente Glorieuses ( 30 glorious ( years ) ) and is considered to extend for the 30 - year period from 1945 to 1975 . Global economic climate ( edit ) In the United States , unemployment fluctuated during the 1950s , but dropped steadily during the 1960s . OECD members enjoyed real GDP growth averaging over 4 % per year in the 1950s , and nearly 5 % per year in the 1960s , compared with 3 % in the 1970s and 2 % in the 1980s .", "2": "Skidelsky devotes ten pages of his 2009 book Keynes : The Return of the Master to a comparison of the golden age to what he calls the Washington Consensus period , which he dates as spanning 1980 -- 2009 ( 1973 -- 1980 being a transitional period ) : Metric Golden Age Washington Consensus Average global growth 4.8 % 3.2 % Unemployment ( US ) 4.8 % 6.1 % Unemployment ( France ) 1.2 % 9.5 % Unemployment ( Germany ) 3.1 % 7.5 % Unemployment ( Great Britain ) 1.6 % 7.4 % Skidelsky suggests the high global growth during the golden age was especially impressive as during that period Japan was the only major Asian economy enjoying high growth ( Taiwan and South Korea at the time being small economies ) . It was not until later that the world had the exceptional growth of China raising the global average . Skidelsky also reports that inequality was generally decreasing during the golden age , whereas since the Washington Consensus was formed it has been increasing . Globally , the golden age was a time of unusual financial stability , with crises far less frequent and intense than before or after . Martin Wolf reports that between 1945 -- 71 ( 27 years ) the world saw only 38 financial crises , whereas from 1973 -- 97 ( 24 years ) there were 139 . Causes ( edit ) Allied war bonds matured during these years , transferring cash from governments to private households . Productivity ( edit ) See also : Agricultural productivity High productivity growth from before the war continued after the war and until the early 1970s . Manufacturing was aided by automation technologies such as feedback controllers , which appeared in the late 1930s were a fast - growing area of investment following the war . Wholesale and retail trade benefited from new highway systems , distribution warehouses , and material handling equipment such as forklifts and intermodal containers . Oil displaced coal in many applications , particularly in locomotives and ships .", "3": "In agriculture , the post WW II period saw the widespread introduction of the following : Chemical fertilizers Tractors Combine harvesters High - yielding variety Pesticides New products and services ( edit ) Industries that were created or expanded during the post war period included television , commercial aviation and particularly in the US , computer technology . Economic aftermath of War ( edit ) Economists employing Marxian economic analysis and Crisis theory argue that the period of prosperity was a temporary phase in capitalist development fueled by a revival of capital stock , large pools of labor and raw materials , and technological innovation emerging from the end of the Second World War and the scale of defeats of the international working class . This era of prosperity helped prop up the perspective that the crises and business cycles inherent to capitalism could be solved through macroeconomic Keynesian policies , when in actuality the fundamental instabilities of capitalism had not been resolved . Keynesian economics ( edit ) Many Western governments funded large infrastructure projects during this period . Here the redevelopment of Norrmalm and the Stockholm Metro , Sweden . Keynesian economists argue that the post war expansion was caused by adoption of Keynesian economic policies . Naomi Klein has argued the high growth enjoyed by Europe and America was the result of Keynesian economic policies and in the case of rapidly rising prosperity that this post war period saw in parts of South America , by the influence of developmentalist economics led by Raúl Prebisch . Infrastructure spending ( edit ) One of Eisenhower 's enduring achievements was championing and signing the bill that authorized the Interstate Highway System in 1956 . He justified the project through the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 as essential to American security during the Cold War . It was believed that large cities would be targets in a possible war , hence the highways were designed to facilitate their evacuation and ease military maneuvers . Military spending ( edit ) Another explanation for this period is the theory of the permanent war economy , which suggests that the large spending on the military helped stabilize the global economy ; this has also been referred to as `` Military Keynesianism '' .", "4": "Financial repression ( edit ) This period also saw financial repression -- low nominal interest rates and low or negative real interest rates ( nominal rates lower than inflation plus taxation ) , via government policy -- resulting respectively in debt servicing costs being low ( low nominal rates ) and in liquidation of existing debt ( via inflation and taxation ) . This allowed countries ( such as the US and UK ) to both deal with their existing government debt level and reduce the level of debt without needing to direct a high portion of government spending to debt service . Wealth redistribution ( edit ) Historical federal marginal tax rates for income for the lowest and highest income earners in the US Real income in the United States by percentile , normalized to 2007 costs . All social classes grew wealthier during the 1950s and 1960s , but the lower percentiles have only seen marginal improvement since then . Much property was destroyed in war . In the inter-war period , the Great Depression also caused investments to lose value . During both World Wars , progressive taxation and capital levies were introduced , with the generally - stated aim of distributing the sacrifices required by the war more evenly . While tax rates dipped between the wars , they did not return to pre-war levels . Top tax rates increased dramatically , in some cases tenfold . This had a significant effect on both income and wealth distributions . Such policies were commonly referred to as the `` conscription of income '' and `` conscription of wealth '' . `` a fundamental objection to the government 's policy of conscription is that it conscripts human life only , and that it does not attempt to conscript wealth ... '' -- Liberal party election platform , autumn 1917 , Canada The Economist opposed capital levies , but supported `` direct taxation heavy enough to amount to rationing of citizens ' incomes '' . Rationing of goods was also widely used , with the aim of distributing scarce resources efficiently . Rationing was widely done with ration stamps , a second currency that entitled the bearer to buy ( with regular money ) a certain amount of a certain sort of good ( for instance , two ounces of meat , or a certain amount of clothing or fuel ) . Price controls were also used ( for instance , the price of restaurant meals was capped ) . In the post-war period , progressive taxation persisted . Inheritance taxes also had an effect .", "5": "Rationing in the United Kingdom lasted until 1954 . Allied war bonds matured during the post-war years , transferring cash from governments to private households . Low oil prices ( edit ) The real oil price was low during the post-war decades , with this ending in the 1973 oil crisis . In the 1940s , the price of oil was about $17 , rising to just over $20 during the Korean War ( 1951 -- 1953 ) . During the Vietnam War ( 1950s -- 1970s ) the price of oil slowly declined to under $20 . During the Arab oil embargo of 1973 -- the first oil shock -- the price of oil rapidly rose to double in price . International cooperation ( edit ) Poster for the Marshall Plan See also : Aftermath of World War II Among the causes can be mentioned the rapid normalization of political relations between former Axis powers and the western Allies . After the war , the major powers were determined not to repeat the mistakes of the Great Depression , some of which were ascribed to post -- World War I policy errors . The Marshall Plan for the rebuilding of Europe is most credited for reconciliation , though the immediate post-war situations was more complicated . In 1948 the Marshall Plan pumped over $12 billion to rebuild and modernize Western Europe . The European Coal and Steel Community formed the foundation of what was to become the European Union in later years . Institutional arrangements ( edit ) Institutional economists point to the international institutions established in the post-war period . Structurally , the victorious Allies established the United Nations and the Bretton Woods monetary system , international institutions designed to promote stability . This was achieved through a number of policies , including promoting free trade , instituting the Marshall Plan , and the use of Keynesian economics . US Council of economic Advisers ( edit ) In the United States , the Employment Act of 1946 set the goals of achieving full employment , full production , and stable prices . It also created the Council of Economic Advisers to provide objective economic analysis and advice on the development and implementation of a wide range of domestic and international economic policy issues .", "6": "In its first 7 years the CEA made five technical advances in policy making : The replacement of a `` cyclical model '' of the economy by a `` growth model , '' The setting of quantitative targets for the economy , Use of the theories of fiscal drag and full - employment budget , Recognition of the need for greater flexibility in taxation , and Replacement of the notion of unemployment as a structural problem by a realization of low aggregate demand . Specific countries ( edit ) The economies of the United States , Japan , West Germany , France , and Italy did particularly well . Japan and West Germany caught up to and exceeded the GDP of the United Kingdom during these years , even as the UK itself was experiencing the greatest absolute prosperity in its history . In France , this period is often looked back to with nostalgia as the Trente Glorieuses , or `` Glorious Thirty '' , while the economies of West Germany and Austria were characterized by Wirtschaftswunder ( economic miracle ) , and in Italy it is called Miracolo economico ( economic miracle ) . Most developing countries also did well in this period . Belgium ( edit ) Main article : Belgian economic miracle Belgium experienced a brief but very rapid economic recovery in the aftermath of World War II . The comparatively light damage sustained by Belgium 's heavy industry during the German occupation and the Europe - wide need for the country 's traditional exports ( steel and coal , textiles , and railway infrastructure ) meant that Belgium became the first European country to regain its pre-war level of output in 1947 . Economic growth in the period was accompanied by low inflation and sharp increases in real living standards . However , lack of capital investment meant that Belgium 's heavy industry was ill - equipped to compete with other European industries in the 1950s . This contributed to the start of deindustrialisation in Wallonia and the emergence of regional economic disparities . France ( edit ) Main article : Trente Glorieuses Between 1947 and 1973 , France went through a boom period ( 5 % growth per year on average ) dubbed by Jean Fourastié Trente Glorieuses - the title of a book published in 1979 . The economic growth occurred mainly due to productivity gains and to an increase in the number of working hours .", "7": "Indeed , the working population grew very slowly , the `` baby boom '' being offset by the extension of the time dedicated to study . Productivity gains came from catching up with the United States . In 1950 , the average income in France was 55 % of that of an American ; it reached 80 % in 1973 . Among the `` major '' nations , only Japan had faster growth in this era than France . The extended period of transformation and modernization also involved an increasing internationalization of the French economy . France by the 1980s had become a leading world economic power and the world 's fourth - largest exporter of manufactured products . It became Europe 's largest agricultural producer and exporter , accounting for more than 10 percent of world trade in such goods by the 1980s . The service sector grew rapidly and became the largest sector , generating a large foreign - trade surplus , chiefly from the earnings from tourism . Italy ( edit ) Main article : Italian economic miracle The Italian economy experienced very variable growth . In the 1950s and early 1960s the Italian economy boomed , with record high growth - rates , including 6.4 % in 1959 , 5.8 % in 1960 , 6.8 % in 1961 , and 6.1 % in 1962 . This rapid and sustained growth was due to the ambitions of several Italian businesspeople , the opening of new industries ( helped by the discovery of hydrocarbons , made for iron and steel , in the Po valley ) , re-construction and the modernisation of most Italian cities , such as Milan , Rome and Turin , and the aid given to the country after World War II ( notably through the Marshall Plan ) . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Japanese economic miracle A transistor radio made by Sanyo in 1959 . Japan manufactured much of the world 's consumer electronics during this period . After 1950 Japan 's economy recovered from the war damage and began to boom , with the fastest growth rates in the world . Given a boost by the Korean War , in which it acted as a major supplier to the UN force , Japan 's economy embarked on a prolonged period of extremely rapid growth , led by the manufacturing sectors .", "8": "Japan emerged as a significant power in many economic spheres , including steel working , car manufacturing and the manufacturing of electronics . Japan rapidly caught up with the West in foreign trade , GNP , and general quality of life . The high economic growth and political tranquility of the mid to late 1960s were slowed by the quadrupling of oil prices in 1973 . Almost completely dependent on imports for petroleum , Japan experienced its first recession since World War II . Another serious problem was Japan 's growing trade surplus , which reached record heights . The United States pressured Japan to remedy the imbalance , demanding that Tokyo raise the value of the yen and open its markets further to facilitate more imports from the United States . Soviet Union ( edit ) In the 1950s the Soviet Union , having reconstructed the ruins left by the war , experienced a decade of prosperous , undisturbed , and rapid economic growth , with significant technological achievements most notably the first earth satellite . The nation ranked in the top 15 most prosperous countries . However , the growth slowed and ended by 1960 , as the Khrushchev regime poured resources into large military and space projects , and the civilian sector languished . While every other major nation greatly expanded its service sector , that sector in the Soviet Union ( medicine , for example ) was given low priority . Following Khrushchev 's ouster , and the appointment of a collective leadership led by Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin , the economy was revitalised . The economy continued to grow apace during the mid-to - late 1960s , during the Eighth Five - Year Plan . However , economic growth began to falter during the early to mid-1970s , beginning the Era of Stagnation . Sweden ( edit ) Main article : Record years Sweden emerged almost unharmed from World War II , and experienced tremendous economic growth until the early 1970s , as Social Democratic Prime Minister Tage Erlander held his office from 1946 to 1969 . Sweden used to be a country of emigrants until the 1930s , but the demand for labor spurred immigration to Sweden , especially from Finland and countries like Greece , Italy and Yugoslavia . Urbanization was fast , and housing shortage in urban areas was imminent until the Million Programme was launched in the 1960s .", "9": "United Kingdom ( edit ) The national debt of the United Kingdom was at a record high percentage of the GDP as the war ended , but was largely repaid by 1975 . A 1957 speech by UK Prime Minister Harold Macmillan captures what the golden age felt like , even before the brightest years which were to come in the 1960s . `` Let us be frank about it : most of our people have never had it so good . Go round the country , go to the industrial towns , go to the farms and you will see a state of prosperity such as we have never had in my lifetime -- nor indeed in the history of this country . '' Unemployment figures show that unemployment was significantly lower during the Golden Age than before or after : Epoch Date range Percentage of British labour force unemployed . Pre Golden Age 1921 -- 1938 13.4 Golden Age 1950 -- 1969 1.6 Post Golden Age 1970 -- 1993 6.7 In addition to superior economic performance , other social indexes were higher in the golden age ; for example the proportion of Britain 's population saying they are `` very happy '' has fallen from 52 % in 1957 to just 36 % in 2005 . United States ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of the United States § Postwar prosperity : 1945 -- 1973 See also : Economic stagnation § End of stagnation in the U.S. after the Great Depression The period from the end of World War II to the early 1970s was one of the greatest eras of economic expansion in world history . In the US , Gross Domestic Product increased from $228 billion in 1945 to just under $1.7 trillion in 1975 . By 1975 , the US economy represented some 35 % of the entire world industrial output , and the US economy was over 3 times larger than that of Japan , the next largest economy . $200 billion in war bonds matured , and the G.I. Bill financed a well - educated work force . The middle class swelled , as did GDP and productivity . The US underwent its own golden age of economic growth .", "10": "This growth was distributed fairly evenly across the economic classes , which some attribute to the strength of labor unions in this period -- labor union membership peaked during the 1950s . Much of the growth came from the movement of low - income farm workers into better - paying jobs in the towns and cities -- a process largely completed by 1960 . Libertarian historian Burton W. Folsom Jr. argues that under the leadership of Senator Walter George , Congress ended most economic controls , cut taxes , slashed spending , and expected entrepreneurs to create the jobs needed for the returning soldiers . The predicted postwar depression never happened and the economy , grew rapidly as unemployment stabilized at 3.9 percent . West Germany ( edit ) Main article : Wirtschaftswunder Assembly of the Volkswagen Beetle in West Germany West Germany , under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and economic minister Ludwig Ehrhard , saw prolonged economic growth beginning in the early 1950s . Journalists dubbed it the Wirtschaftswunder or `` Economic Miracle '' . Industrial production doubled from 1950 to 1957 , and gross national product grew at a rate of 9 or 10 % per year , providing the engine for economic growth of all of Western Europe . Labor union 's support of the new policies , postponed wage increases , minimized strikes , supported technological modernization , and a policy of co-determination ( Mitbestimmung ) , which involved a satisfactory grievance resolution system and required the representation of workers on the boards of large corporations , all contributed to such a prolonged economic growth . The recovery was accelerated by the currency reform of June 1948 , US gifts of $1.4 billion Marshall Plan aid , the breaking down of old trade barriers and traditional practices , and the opening of the global market . West Germany gained legitimacy and respect , as it shed the horrible reputation Germany had gained under the Nazis . West Germany played a central role in the creation of European cooperation ; it joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community in 1958 . Effects ( edit ) The increased free time of adolescents caused the rise of youth subcultures such as Mods . The post-war economic boom had many social , cultural , and political effects ( not least of which was the demographic bulge termed the baby boom ) .", "11": "Movements and phenomena associated with this period include the height of the Cold War , postmodernism , decolonisation , a marked increase in consumerism , the welfare state , the space race , the Non-Aligned Movement , import substitution , counterculture of the 1960s , opposition to the Vietnam War , the Civil Rights Movement , the sexual revolution , the beginning of second - wave feminism , and a nuclear arms race . In the United States , the middle - class began a mass migration away from the cities and towards the suburbs . Thus , it can be summed up as a period of prosperity in which most people could enjoy a job for life , a house and a family . In the West , there emerged a near - complete consensus against strong ideology and a belief that technocratic and scientific solutions could be found to most of humanity 's problems , a view advanced by US President John F. Kennedy in 1962 . This optimism was symbolized through such events as the 1964 New York World 's Fair , and Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society programs , which aimed at eliminating poverty in the United States . Decline ( edit ) The sharp rise in oil prices ( due to the 1973 oil crisis ) hastened the transition to the post-industrial economy , and a multitude of social problems began to emerge . During the 1970s steel crisis , demand for steel declined , and the Western world faced competition from newly industrialized countries . This was especially harsh for mining and steel districts such as the North American Rust Belt and the West German Ruhr area . See also ( edit ) Post-war consensus , in Britain Four Asian Tigers Mexican miracle Spanish miracle Nixon shock Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://m.oxfordscholarship.com/mobile/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198287414.001.0001/acprof-9780198287414 Jump up ^ Desai , Meghnad ( 2002 ) . Marx 's Revenge : The Resurgence of Capitalism and the Death of Statist Socialism , . Verso . p. 216 . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 429 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ball , Terence ; Bellamy , Richard Paul ( 2002 ) .", "12": "The Cambridge history of twentieth - century political thought . Cambridge University Press . p. 45 . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 429 - 4 . Jump up ^ Middleton , Roger ( 2000 ) . The British Economy Since 1945 . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 68483 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Skidelsky , Robert ( 2009 ) . Keynes : The Return of the Master . Allen Lane . pp. 116 , 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84614 - 258 - 1 . Jump up ^ Marglin , Stephen A. ; Schor , Juliet B . The Golden Age of Capitalism . Clarendon Press . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Martin ( 2009 ) . `` 3 '' . Fixing Global Finance . Yale University Press . p. 31 . Jump up ^ Field , Alexander J. ( 2011 ) . A Great Leap Forward : 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth . New Haven , London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 15109 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bjork , Gordon J. ( 1999 ) . The Way It Worked and Why It Wo n't : Structural Change and the Slowdown of U.S. Economic Growth . Westport , CT ; London : Praeger . pp. 2 , 67 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 96532 - 5 . Jump up ^ Grübler , Arnulf ( 1990 ) . The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures : Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in Transport ( PDF ) . Heidelberg and New York : Physica - Verlag . p. 87 < Fig. 3.1. 5 > Jump up ^ Yaffe , David ; Bullock , Paul ( 1979 ) . `` Inflation , the Crisis and the Post-War Boom '' . Revolutionary Communist No.", "13": "3 / 4 ( Second Edition ) , November 1979 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Panitch , Leo ; Miliband , Ralph ( 1992 ) . `` The New World Order and the Socialist Agenda '' . The Socialist Register . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klein , Naomi ( 2008 ) . The Shock Doctrine . Penguin . p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` The cracks are showing '' . The Economist . June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Liquidation of Government Debt , Reinhart , Carmen M. & Sbrancia , M. Belen Jump up ^ `` U.S. Federal Individual Income Tax Rates History , 1913 -- 2011 '' . Tax Foundation . 9 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : https://web.stanford.edu/group/scheve-research/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/ScheveStasavage_IO_2010.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/War/londonRation.html Jump up ^ https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/8-facts-about-clothes-rationing-in-britain-during-the-second-world-war Jump up ^ Salant , Walter S. `` Some Intellectual Contributions of the Truman Council of Economic Advisers to Policy - Making , '' History of Political Economy , 1973 , Vol. 5 Issue 1 , pp 36 -- 49 Jump up ^ P. Sicsic , and C. Wyplosz . `` France : 1945 - 92 . '' in Economic Growth in Europe since 1945 , edited by N. Crafts and G. Toniolo . ( Cambridge University Press , 1996 ) Jump up ^ Andrea Boltho , `` Economic Policy in France and Italy since the War : Different Stances , Different Outcomes ?", "14": ", '' Journal of Economic Issues 35 # 3 ( 2001 ) pp 713 + online Jump up ^ Vera Zamagni , Vera , The economic history of Italy 1860 - 1990 ( Oxford University Press , 1993 ) Jump up ^ Giangiacomo Nardozzi , `` The Italian '' Economic Miracle `` . Rivista di storia economica ( 2003 ) 19 $2 pp : 139 - 180 , in English . Jump up ^ James L. McClain , Japan : A Modern History ( 2002 ) pp 562 - 98 Jump up ^ Hans Brinckmann , and Ysbrand Rogge . Showa Japan : The Post-War Golden Age and Its Troubled Legacy ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Gur Ofer , The service sector in Soviet economic growth ( 1973 ) p. 21 online ^ Jump up to : Sandle , Mark ; Bacon , Edwin ( 2002 ) . Brezhnev Reconsidered . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 79463 - 0 . Jump up ^ Brown , Archie ( 2009 ) . The Rise & Fall of Communism . Bodley Head . p. 403 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84595 - 067 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 : Britons ' have never had it so good ' '' . BBC . 1957 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Sloman , John ( 2004 ) . Economics . Penguin . p. 811 . Jump up ^ Mark Easton ( 2006 - 05 - 02 ) . `` Britain 's happiness in decline '' . BBC . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Nigel Healey , ed. , Britain 's Economic Miracle : Myth or Reality ? ( 1992 ) excerpt Jump up ^ Countries GDP 1975 : GDP annual comparison , CountryEconomy.com Jump up ^ French , Michael .", "15": "US Economic History Since 1945 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Burton W. Folsom ; Anita Folsom ( 2011 ) . FDR Goes to War : How Expanded Executive Power , Spiraling National Debt , and Restricted Civil Liberties Shaped Wartime America . Simon and Schuster . p. 311 . Jump up ^ James Ciment ( 2015 ) . Postwar America : An Encyclopedia of Social , Political , Cultural , and Economic History . Routledge . p. 419 . Jump up ^ Jurgen Weber , Germany , 1945 - 1990 ( Central European University Press , 2004 ) pp. 37 - 60 Jump up ^ Friedrich Fürstenberg , `` West German Experience with Industrial Democracy , '' Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 431 , ( May , 1977 ) , pp. 44 -- 53 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Detlef Junker , ed. , The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War , 1945 - 1968 ( Cambridge University Press , 2004 ) vol 1 : 291 - 309 Further reading ( edit ) Brinckmann , Hans , and Ysbrand Rogge . Showa Japan : The Post-War Golden Age and Its Troubled Legacy ( 2008 ) Bullock , Paul and Yaffe , David ( 1975 ) Inflation , the Crisis and the Post-War Boom RC 3 / 4 November 1975 , RCG Crafts , N. and G. Toniolo , eds . Economic Growth in Europe since 1945 ( Cambridge University Press , 1996 ) Cairncross , Frances ; Cairncross , Alec ( 1994 ) , The Legacy of the Golden Age : 1960s and Their Economic Consequences , Routledge Marglin , Stephen A. ; Schor , Juliet B. ( 1992 ) , The Golden Age of Capitalism : Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 828741 - 4 Webber , Michael John ; Rigby , David L. ( 1996 ) , The golden age illusion : rethinking postwar capitalism Yarrow , Andrew L.", "16": "`` The big postwar story : Abundance and the rise of economic journalism . '' Journalism History 32.2 ( 2006 ) : 58 + online Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of", "17": "1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy", "18": "Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama", "19": "1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia", "20": "Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post -- World_War_II_economic_expansion&oldid = 837715572 '' Categories : Economic booms Gold standard Post -- World War II economic booms Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2016 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 15 : 51 . 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5760101138584878549	which way does the earth orbit the sun	[ "counterclockwise", "counterclockwise direction" ]	{ "0": "Earth 's orbit - wikipedia Earth 's orbit Jump to : navigation , search The Earth at different points in its orbit Earth 's orbit is the trajectory along which Earth travels around the Sun . The average distance between the Earth and the Sun is 149.60 million km ( 92.96 million mi ) , and one complete orbit takes 365.256 days ( 1 sidereal year ) , during which time Earth has traveled 940 million km ( 584 million mi ) . Earth 's orbit has an eccentricity of 0.0167 . As seen from Earth , the planet 's orbital prograde motion makes the Sun appear to move with respect to other stars at a rate of about 1 ° ( or a Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours ) eastward per solar day . Earth 's orbital speed averages about 30 km / s ( 108,000 km / h ; 67,000 mph ) , which is fast enough to cover the planet 's diameter in 7 minutes and the distance to the Moon in 4 hours . From a vantage point above the north pole of either the Sun or Earth , Earth would appear to revolve in a counter clockwise direction around the Sun . From the same vantage point , both the Earth and the Sun would appear to rotate also in a counterclockwise direction about their respective axes . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of study 2 Influence on Earth 3 Events in the orbit 4 Future 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History of study ( edit ) Main article : Heliocentrism Heliocentric Solar System Heliocentrism ( lower panel ) in comparison to the geocentric model ( upper panel ) Heliocentrism is the scientific model that first placed the Sun at the center of the Solar System and put the planets , including Earth , in its orbit . Historically , heliocentrism is opposed to geocentrism , which placed the Earth at the center . Aristarchus of Samos already proposed a heliocentric model in the 3rd century BC .", "1": "In the 16th century , Nicolaus Copernicus ' De revolutionibus presented a full discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy had presented his geocentric model in the 2nd century . This `` Copernican revolution '' resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent . `` Although Copernicus 's groundbreaking book ... had been ( printed ) over a century earlier , ( the Dutch mapmaker ) Joan Blaeu was the first mapmaker to incorporate his revolutionary heliocentric theory into a map of the world . '' Influence on Earth ( edit ) Main article : Season Because of Earth 's axial tilt ( often known as the obliquity of the ecliptic ) , the inclination of the Sun 's trajectory in the sky ( as seen by an observer on Earth 's surface ) varies over the course of the year . For an observer at a northern latitude , when the north pole is tilted toward the Sun the day lasts longer and the Sun appears higher in the sky . This results in warmer average temperatures , as additional solar radiation reaches the surface . When the north pole is tilted away from the Sun , the reverse is true and the weather is generally cooler . Above the Arctic Circle and below the Antarctic Circle , an extreme case is reached in which there is no daylight at all for part of the year . This is called a polar night . This variation in the weather ( because of the direction of the Earth 's axial tilt ) results in the seasons . Events in the orbit ( edit ) By astronomical convention , the four seasons are determined by the solstices -- the two points in the Earth 's orbit of the maximum tilt of the Earth 's axis , towards the Sun or away from the Sun -- and the equinoxes -- the two points in the Earth 's orbit where the Earth 's tilted axis and an imaginary line drawn from the Earth to the Sun are exactly perpendicular to one another . The solstices and equinoxes divide the year up into four approximately equal parts . In the northern hemisphere winter solstice occurs on or about December 21 ; summer solstice is near June 21 ; spring equinox is around March 20 ; and autumnal equinox is about September 23 .", "2": "The effect of the Earth 's axial tilt in the southern hemisphere is the opposite of that in the northern hemisphere , thus the seasons of the solstices and equinoxes in the southern hemisphere are the reverse of those in the northern hemisphere ( e.g. the northern summer solstice is at the same time as the southern winter solstice ) . In modern times , Earth 's perihelion occurs around January 3 , and the aphelion around July 4 ( for other eras , see precession and Milankovitch cycles ) . The changing Earth -- Sun distance results in an increase of about 6.9 % in total solar energy reaching the Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion . Since the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that the Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun , the southern hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year . However , this effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt , and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the southern hemisphere . The Hill sphere ( gravitational sphere of influence ) of the Earth is about 1,500,000 kilometers ( 0.01 AU ) in radius , or approximately 4 times the average distance to the moon . This is the maximal distance at which the Earth 's gravitational influence is stronger than the more distant Sun and planets . Objects orbiting the Earth must be within this radius , otherwise they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun . Orbital characteristics epoch J2000.", "3": "0 aphelion 152.10 × 10 ^ km ( 94.51 × 10 ^ mi ) 1.0167 AU perihelion 147.10 × 10 ^ km ( 91.40 × 10 ^ mi ) 0.98329 AU semimajor axis 149.60 × 10 ^ km ( 92.96 × 10 ^ mi ) 1.000001018 AU eccentricity 0.0167086 inclination 7.155 ° to Sun 's equator 1.578690 ° to invariable plane longitude of the ascending node 174.9 ° longitude of perihelion 102.9 ° argument of periapsis 288.1 ° period 365.256 363 004 days average speed 29.78 km / s ( 18.50 mi / s ) 107,200 km / h ( 66,600 mph ) The following diagram shows the relation between the line of solstice and the line of apsides of Earth 's elliptical orbit . The orbital ellipse goes through each of the six Earth images , which are sequentially the perihelion ( periapsis -- nearest point to the Sun ) on anywhere from January 2 to January 5 , the point of March equinox on March 19 , 20 , or 21 , the point of June solstice on June 20 , 21 , or 22 , the aphelion ( apoapsis -- farthest point from the Sun ) on anywhere from July 3 to July 5 , the September equinox on September 22 , 23 , or 24 , and the December solstice on December 21 , 22 , or 23 . The diagram shows an exaggerated shape of Earth 's orbit ; the actual orbit is less eccentric than pictured . Because of the axial tilt of the Earth in its orbit , the maximal intensity of Sun rays hits the Earth 23.4 degrees north of equator at the June Solstice ( at the Tropic of Cancer ) , and 23.4 degrees south of equator at the December Solstice ( at the Tropic of Capricorn ) .", "4": "Future ( edit ) Main article : Stability of the Solar System Mathematicians and astronomers ( such as Laplace , Lagrange , Gauss , Poincaré , Kolmogorov , Vladimir Arnold , and Jürgen Moser ) have searched for evidence for the stability of the planetary motions , and this quest led to many mathematical developments and several successive `` proofs '' of stability for the Solar System . By most predictions , Earth 's orbit will be relatively stable over long periods . In 1989 , Jacques Laskar 's work indicated that the Earth 's orbit ( as well as the orbits of all the inner planets ) can become chaotic and that an error as small as 15 meters in measuring the initial position of the Earth today would make it impossible to predict where the Earth would be in its orbit in just over 100 million years ' time . Modeling the Solar System is a subject covered by the n - body problem . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Astronomical unit Barycenter Earth 's axial tilt Earth 's rotation Geocentric orbit -- the orbit of any object orbiting the Earth , such as the Moon or an artificial satellite Satellite Space station Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Our planet takes about 365 days to orbit the Sun . A full orbit has 360 ° . That fact demonstrates that each day , the Earth travels roughly 1 ° in its orbit . Thus , the Sun will appear to move eastward across the sky relative to the stars by that same amount . Jump up ^ For the Earth , the Hill radius is R H = a ( m 3 M ) 1 / 3 , ( \\ displaystyle R_ ( H ) = a \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 3M ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 1 / 3 ) , ) where m is the mass of the Earth , a is an astronomical unit , and M is the mass of the Sun . So the radius in AU is about ( 1 3 ⋅ 332 946 ) 1 / 3 ≈ 0.01 ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 \\ cdot 332 \\ , 946 ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 1 / 3 ) \\ approx 0.01 ) .", "5": "Jump up ^ All astronomical quantities vary , both secularly and periodically . The quantities given are the values at the instant J2000. 0 of the secular variation , ignoring all periodic variations . ^ Jump up to : aphelion = a × ( 1 + e ) ; perihelion = a × ( 1 -- e ) , where a is the semi-major axis and e is the eccentricity . Jump up ^ The reference lists the longitude of perihelion , which is the sum of the longitude of the ascending node and the argument of perihelion . Subtracting from that ( 102.937 ° ) the node longitude of 174.873 ° gives − 71.936 ° . Adding 360 ° gives 288.064 ° . That addition does not change the angle but expresses it in the usual 0 -- 360 ° range for longitudes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sun : Facts & Figures '' . Solar System Exploration . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jean Meeus , Astronomical Algorithms 2nd ed , ISBN 0 - 943396 - 61 - 1 ( Richmond , VA : Willmann - Bell , 1998 ) 238 . See Ellipse # Circumference . The formula by Ramanujan is accurate enough . ^ Jump up to : Williams , David R. ( 2004 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Earth Fact Sheet '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ De revolutionibus orbium coelestium . Johannes Petreius. 1543 . Jump up ^ Jerry Brotton , A History of the World in Twelve Maps , London : Allen Lane , 2012 , ISBN 9781846140990 p. 262 . Jump up ^ `` What causes the seasons ? ( NASA ) '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Date & Time of Solstices & Equinoxes '' . August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved Jan 22 , 2015 .", "6": "Jump up ^ Aphelion is 103.4 % of the distance to perihelion . See `` Orbital characteristics '' table . Due to the inverse square law , the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9 % of the radiation at aphelion . Jump up ^ Williams , Jack ( 2005 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Earth 's tilt creates seasons '' . USAToday . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Vázquez , M. ; Montañés Rodríguez , P. ; Palle , E. ( 2006 ) . `` The Earth as an Object of Astrophysical Interest in the Search for Extrasolar Planets '' ( PDF ) . Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Simon , J.L. ; Bretagnon , P. ; Chapront , J. ; Chapront - Touzé , M. ; Francou , G. ; Laskar , J. ( February 1994 ) . `` Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 ( 2 ) : 663 -- 683 . Bibcode : 1994A&A ... 282 ... 663S . Jump up ^ Allen , Clabon Walter ; Cox , Arthur N. ( 2000 ) . Allen 's Astrophysical Quantities . Springer . p. 294 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98746 - 0 . Jump up ^ The figure appears in multiple references , and is derived from the VSOP87 elements from section 5.8. 3 , p. 675 of the following : Simon , J.L. ; Bretagnon , P. ; Chapront , J. ; Chapront - Touzé , M. ; Francou , G. ; Laskar , J. ( February 1994 ) . `` Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 ( 2 ) : 663 -- 683 .", "7": "Bibcode : 1994A&A ... 282 ... 663S . Jump up ^ `` What is the significance of the Tropic of Cancer , Tropic of Capricorn , Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle ? '' . Retrieved Jan 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Laskar , J. ( 2001 ) . `` Solar System : Stability '' . In Murdin , Paul . Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astropvhysics . Bristol : Institute of Physics Publishing . article 2198 . Jump up ^ Gribbin , John ( 2004 ) . Deep simplicity : bringing order to chaos and complexity ( 1st U.S. ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6256 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Earth - Venus smash - up possible '' . June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved Jan 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Earth 's orbit at Wikimedia Commons Gravitational orbits Types General Box Capture Circular Elliptical / Highly elliptical Escape Graveyard Horseshoe Hyperbolic trajectory Inclined / Non-inclined Osculating Parabolic trajectory Parking Synchronous semi sub Transfer orbit Geocentric Geosynchronous Geostationary Sun - synchronous Low Earth Medium Earth High Earth Molniya Near - equatorial Orbit of the Moon Polar Tundra About other points Areosynchronous Areostationary Halo Lissajous Lunar Heliocentric Heliosynchronous Parameters Shape Size e Eccentricity a Semi-major axis b Semi-minor axis Q , q Apsides Orientation i Inclination Ω Longitude of the ascending node ω Argument of periapsis π Longitude of the periapsis Position M Mean anomaly ν , θ ,", "8": "f True anomaly E Eccentric anomaly L Mean longitude l True longitude Variation T Orbital period n Mean motion v Orbital speed t Epoch Maneuvers Collision avoidance ( spacecraft ) Delta - v Delta - v budget Bi-elliptic transfer Geostationary transfer Gravity assist Gravity turn Hohmann transfer Low energy transfer Oberth effect Inclination change Phasing Rocket equation Rendezvous Transposition , docking , and extraction Orbital mechanics Celestial coordinate system Characteristic energy Escape velocity Ephemeris Equatorial coordinate system Ground track Hill sphere Interplanetary Transport Network Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Lagrangian point n - body problem Orbit equation Orbital state vectors Perturbation Retrograde motion Specific orbital energy Specific relative angular momentum Two - line elements List of orbits Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_orbit&oldid=834440991 '' Categories : Earth Dynamics of the Solar System Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 19 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "9": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7003244893871973796	what is on top of us capitol building	[ "The Statue of Freedom", "The Statue of Freedom, also known as Armed Freedom or simply Freedom", "The Statue of Freedom, also known as Armed Freedom or simply Freedom" ]	{ "0": "Statue of Freedom - wikipedia Statue of Freedom Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Statue of Liberty . Statue of Freedom ( 1857 -- 62 ) The Statue of Freedom , also known as Armed Freedom or simply Freedom , is a bronze statue designed by Thomas Crawford ( 1814 -- 1857 ) that , since 1863 , has crowned the dome of the U.S. Capitol building in Washington , D.C. Originally named Freedom Triumphant in War and Peace , a U.S. government publication now states that the statue `` is officially known as the Statue of Freedom '' . The statue depicts a female figure bearing a military helmet and holding a sheathed sword in her right hand and a laurel wreath and shield in her left . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 2.1 Design 2.2 Execution 2.3 Restoration 3 Use of Freedom 's image 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Description ( edit ) The Statue of Freedom is a colossal bronze standing figure 19 ⁄ feet ( 5.9 m ) tall and weighing approximately 15,000 pounds ( 6,800 kg ) . Her crest peaks at 288 feet ( 88 m ) above the east front plaza of the U.S. Capitol . She is a female , allegorical figure whose right hand holds the hilt of a sheathed sword , while a laurel wreath of victory and the Shield of the United States are clasped in her left hand . Her chiton is secured by a brooch inscribed `` U.S. '' and is partially covered by a heavy , Native American -- style fringed blanket thrown over her left shoulder . She faces east towards the main entrance of the building and the rising Sun . She wears a military helmet adorned with stars and an eagle 's head which is itself crowned by an umbrella - like crest of feathers . Although not actually called `` Columbia '' , she shares many of her iconic characteristics . Freedom stands atop a cast - iron globe encircled with one of the national mottoes , E pluribus unum . The lower part of the base is decorated with fasces and wreaths .", "1": "Ten bronze points tipped with platinum are attached to her headdress , shoulders , and shield for protection from lightning . History ( edit ) Design ( edit ) A monumental statue for the top of the national Capitol appeared in architect Thomas U. Walter 's original drawing for the new cast - iron dome , which was authorized in 1855 . Walter 's drawing showed the outline of a statue representing the Goddess of Liberty ; Crawford proposed instead an allegorical figure of Freedom Triumphant in War and Peace . Crawford was commissioned to design Freedom in 1854 and executed the plaster model for the statue in his studio in Rome . Mississippian U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis ( who would later become President of the Confederacy ) was in charge of the Capitol construction and its decorations . According to David Hackett Fischer in his book Liberty and Freedom , Crawford 's statue was ... ... very close to Jefferson Davis 's ideas in every way but one ... . Above the crown he ( had ) added a liberty cap , the old Roman symbol of an emancipated slave . It seemed a direct affront to a militant slaveholder , and Jefferson Davis exploded with rage . The northern sculptor and the southern slaveholder had already clashed over a liberty cap in the interior decoration of the Capitol . Davis sent his aide , Captain Montgomery Meigs , with orders to remove the cap , saying that `` its history renders it inappropriate to a people who were born free and would not be enslaved '' . A military helmet , with an American eagle head and crest of feathers , replaced the cap in the sculpture 's final version . ( Today many casual observers take the statue , with its eagle and feathers , to be a Native American . ) Execution ( edit ) Crawford died in 1857 before the full - size plaster model left his studio . The model , packed into six crates , was shipped from Italy in a small sailing vessel in the spring of 1858 . During the voyage , the ship began to leak and stopped in Gibraltar for repairs . After leaving Gibraltar , the ship began leaking again to the point that it could go no farther than Bermuda , where the model was stored until other transportation could be arranged . Half of the crates finally arrived in New York City in December , but all sections were not in Washington , D.C.", "2": "until late March 1859 . Beginning in 1860 , the statue was cast in five main sections by Clark Mills , whose bronze foundry was located on the outskirts of Washington . Work was halted in 1861 because of the Civil War , but by the end of 1862 , the statue was finished and temporarily displayed on the Capitol grounds . The cost of the statue , exclusive of installation , was $23,796.82 . While Freedom was being cast at Mills ' foundry , the foreman in charge of the casting went on strike . Instead of paying him the higher wages he demanded , Mills turned the project over to Philip Reid , one of the slaves working at the facility . Reid presided over the rest of the casting and assembly of the figure . Late in 1863 , construction of the dome was sufficiently advanced for the installation of the statue , which was hoisted by former slaves in sections and assembled atop the cast - iron pedestal . The final section , the figure 's head and shoulders , was raised on December 2 , 1863 , to a salute of 35 guns answered by the guns of the 12 forts around Washington , D.C. Restoration ( edit ) The Statue of Freedom was removed from the dome for five months in 1993 . President Bill Clinton during the ceremony for the returning of the Statue of Freedom to the top of the Capitol On May 9 , 1993 , after being in place almost 130 years , the statue was brought down from its pedestal by helicopter for restoration , giving tourists a chance to see the statue up close . The work was needed because of extensive pitting and corrosion on the surface of the bronze and because of a crack and rusting on the cast - iron pedestal . The United States Capitol Preservation Commission provided the $780,000 in privately raised funds . The work was performed by New Arts Foundry of Baltimore , Maryland . The cast - iron pedestal was restored in place atop the dome . The metal was stripped of paint , and the wreaths and fasces were removed to ensure that they were thoroughly cleaned and coated . The crack was permanently repaired , and the entire pedestal was primed and painted with a color specially mixed to match the statue . Statue of Freedom 's plaster model in the Capitol Visitor Center . Restoration of the statue and the pedestal was completed in approximately four months .", "3": "The Statue of Freedom was returned to its pedestal by helicopter on October 23 , 1993 , amid the celebration of the bicentennial of the U.S. Capitol . Since then , every 2 -- 3 years , the statue undergoes two weeks of cleaning and recoating as necessary . The plaster model of the statue , in storage for 25 years , was reassembled and restored in the basement rotunda of the Russell Senate Office Building , where it was returned to permanent public display in January 1993 . The plaster model was relocated to the Emancipation Hall of the Capitol Visitor Center , which provides more visitors access to look at the statue 's details . Use of Freedom 's image ( edit ) The well - known Statue of Freedom has appeared on several official designs , akin to the Statue of Liberty . The head of the statue is depicted on a postage stamp ( 1923 , USA Scott No. 573 ) , which was re-issued in 2006 . The entire statue is depicted on a stamp commemorating the 150th anniversary of Washington , D.C. ( 1950 , USA Scott No. 989 ) . It can also be found on the reverse side of the Iraq Campaign Medal decoration that was authorized to be awarded to members of the U.S. military who deployed to Iraq in direct support of the Iraq War . The Global War on Terrorism Civilian Service Medal also depicts the statue on the obverse ( front face ) of the medal . U.S. $5 postage , 1923 . Iraq Campaign Medal , 2004 . Series 1862 $5 - note See also ( edit ) List of public art in Washington , D.C. , Ward 6 References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the Architect of the Capitol website http://www.aoc.gov/capitol-hill/other-statues/statue-freedom . Jump up ^ United States Architect of the Capitol ( 1965 ) . Compilation of Works of Art and Other Objects in the United States Capitol . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . p. 364 . Jump up ^ http://www.aoc.gov/capitol-hill/other-statues/statue-freedom Jump up ^ `` Statue of Freedom '' .", "4": "Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Hill Facts Architect of the Capitol U.S. Capitol Building '' . Aoc.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Architect of the Capitol Frequently Asked Questions '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Freedom '' . Jump up ^ Literata ( 2011 ) . `` Columbia '' . The Order of the White Moon Goddess Gallery . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fischer , David Hackett ( 2005 ) , Liberty and Freedom , Oxford University Press , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Meigs to Crawford , cited in Fryd , Vivien Green ( 1992 ) , Art and Empire : The Politics of Ethnicity in the United States Capitol , 1815 - 1860 , New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . Jump up ^ `` PBS News Hour on Jan 16 , 2009 '' . 2009 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.aoc.gov/philip-reid-and-statue-freedom Jump up ^ Gale , Robert L. Thomas Crawford : American Sculptor . University of Pittsburgh Press , Pittsburgh , 1964 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ `` AOC To Begin Move of Statue of Freedom Model into Capitol Visitor Center '' ( Press release ) . Architect of the Capitol . 2008 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Aoc.gov : The Statue of Freedom webpage -- by the Architect of the Capitol . Statue of Freedom ( United States Capitol ) .", "5": "( hide ) United States Capitol Complex United States Capitol House Congressional office buildings : Cannon House Library Ford Longworth Rayburn O'Neill ( demolished , 2002 ) Senate Appropriations Committee Suite Senate Reception Room Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Congressional office buildings : Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell Senate Library Library of Congress Adams Jefferson Madison Law Library of Congress Mary Pickford Theater Individual features Dome Statue of Freedom The Apotheosis of Washington Rotunda Declaration of Independence painting Frieze of American History Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis General George Washington Resigning His Commission National Statuary Hall Statues Crypt Hall of Columns Brumidi Corridors Apotheosis of Democracy First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Revolutionary War Door Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice Presidential Bust Collection President 's Room Vice President 's Room Congressional Prayer Room Old Supreme Court Chamber Washington 's Tomb Visitor Center Lincoln Catafalque Others Botanic Garden Grant Memorial Judiciary Building Power Plant Reflecting Pool Subway System Supreme Court Building Union Square Senate Page Residence Pennsylvania Avenue Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 24 '' N 77 ° 0 ′ 32.4 '' W / 38.89000 ° N 77.009000 ° W / 38.89000 ; - 77.009000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Freedom&oldid=834302271 '' Categories : United States Capitol statues United States Capitol grounds Outdoor sculptures in Washington , D.C. 1862 sculptures Bronze sculptures in Washington , D.C. Colossal statues in the United States Neoclassical sculptures Sculptures of women in Washington , D.C.", "6": "Allegorical sculptures in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano עברית Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 00 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-3587434056219625939	who did dwight howard play for last year	[ "Atlanta Hawks", "Charlotte Hornets", "Charlotte Hornets", "Atlanta Hawks", "Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association (NBA)", "Atlanta Hawks" ]	{ "0": "Dwight Howard - wikipedia Dwight Howard Jump to : navigation , search Dwight Howard Howard with Atlanta in 2016 No. 12 -- Charlotte Hornets Position Center League NBA ( 1985 - 12 - 08 ) December 8 , 1985 ( age 32 ) Atlanta , Georgia Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) Listed weight 265 lb ( 120 kg ) Career information High school Southwest Atlanta Christian Academy ( Atlanta , Georgia ) NBA draft 2004 / Round : 1 / Pick : 1st overall Selected by the Orlando Magic Playing career 2004 -- present Career history 2004 -- 2012 Orlando Magic 2012 -- 2013 Los Angeles Lakers 2013 -- 2016 Houston Rockets 2016 -- 2017 Atlanta Hawks 2017 -- present Charlotte Hornets Career highlights and awards 8 × NBA All - Star ( 2007 -- 2014 ) 5 × All - NBA First Team ( 2008 -- 2012 ) All - NBA Second Team ( 2014 ) 2 × All - NBA Third Team ( 2007 , 2013 ) 3 × NBA Defensive Player of the Year ( 2009 -- 2011 ) 4 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 2009 -- 2012 ) NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2008 ) NBA All - Rookie First Team ( 2005 ) NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion ( 2008 ) 5 × NBA rebounding leader ( 2008 -- 2010 , 2012 , 2013 ) 2 × NBA blocks leader ( 2009 , 2010 ) Mr.", "1": "Georgia Basketball ( 2004 ) Naismith Prep Player of the Year ( 2004 ) McDonald 's All - American Game Co-MVP ( 2004 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing United States Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team competition FIBA World Championship 2006 Japan Team competition FIBA Americas Championship 2007 Las Vegas Team competition Dwight David Howard ( born December 8 , 1985 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Howard , who plays center , spent his high school career at Southwest Atlanta Christian Academy . He chose to forgo college and entered the 2004 NBA draft , and was selected first overall by the Orlando Magic . An eight - time All - Star , eight - time All - NBA team selection , five - time All - Defensive member , and three - time Defensive Player of the Year , Howard has been ranked consistently as one of the best in the league in rebounds , blocks , field goal percentage and free throw attempts , and has set numerous franchise and league records . He led the Magic to three division titles and one conference title , and he was the winner of the 2008 NBA Slam Dunk Contest . In the 2008 Olympics , he was the starting center for Team USA , which went on to win the gold medal . He was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers in 2012 , and signed with the Rockets in 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Professional career 2.1 Orlando Magic ( 2004 -- 2012 ) 2.1. 1 Early years ( 2004 -- 2007 ) 2.1. 2 Leader of consecutive division champions ( 2007 -- 2010 ) 2.1.", "2": "3 Frustration ( 2010 -- 2012 ) 2.2 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 2.3 Houston Rockets ( 2013 -- 2016 ) 2.4 Atlanta Hawks ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 2.5 Charlotte Hornets ( 2017 -- present ) 3 NBA career statistics 3.1 Regular season 3.2 Playoffs 4 United States national team 5 Player profile 6 Life outside of basketball 6.1 Public image 6.2 Personal life 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Early life Howard was born in Atlanta , to Dwight Sr. and Sheryl Howard , and into a family with strong athletic connections . His father is a Georgia State Trooper and serves as Athletic Director of Southwest Atlanta Christian Academy , a private academy with one of the best high school basketball programs in the country , while his mother played on the inaugural women 's basketball team at Morris Brown College . Howard 's mother had seven miscarriages before he was born . A devout Christian since his youth , Howard became serious about basketball around the age of nine ; when in the eighth grade , he resolved to be selected as the number one pick in the NBA Draft one day . Despite his large frame , Howard was quick and versatile enough to play the guard position . He elected to attend Southwest Atlanta Christian Academy for high school , and in his four years he played mostly as power forward , averaging 16.6 points per game ( ppg ) , 13.4 rebounds per game ( rpg ) and 6.3 blocks per game in 129 appearances . As a senior , Howard led his team to the 2004 state title . He averaged 25 points , 18 rebounds , 8.1 blocks and 3.5 assists per game . That same year , Howard was widely recognized as the best American high school basketball player , and he was awarded the Naismith Prep Player of the Year Award , the Morgan Wootten High School Player of the Year Award , Gatorade National Player of the Year and the McDonald 's National High School Player of the Year honor . He was also co-MVP ( with J.R.", "3": "Smith ) of the McDonald 's High School All - American Game that year . On January 31 , 2012 , Howard was also honored as one of the 35 greatest McDonald 's All - Americans . Professional career Orlando Magic ( 2004 -- 2012 ) Early years ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Howard at the free throw line Following his high school successes , Howard chose to forego college and declared for the 2004 NBA draft -- a decision partly inspired by his idol Kevin Garnett who had done the same in 1995 -- where the Orlando Magic selected him first overall over UConn junior Emeka Okafor . He took the number 12 for his jersey , in part because it was the reverse of Garnett 's 21 when he played for Minnesota . Howard joined a depleted Magic squad that had finished with only 21 victories the previous season ; further , the club had just lost perennial NBA All - Star Tracy McGrady . Howard , however , made an immediate impact . He finished his rookie season with an average of 12.0 ppg and 10.0 rpg , setting several NBA records in the process . He became the youngest player in NBA history to average a double double in the regular season . He also became the youngest player in NBA history to average at least 10 rebounds in a season and youngest NBA player ever to record at least 20 rebounds in a game . Howard 's importance to the Magic was highlighted when he became the first player in NBA history directly out of high school to start all 82 games during his rookie season . For his efforts , he was selected to play in the 2005 NBA Rookie Challenge , and was unanimously selected to the All - Rookie Team . He also finished third to fellow center Emeka Okafor of the Charlotte Bobcats and guard Ben Gordon of the Chicago Bulls for the Rookie of the Year award . Howard with Magic teammate Jameer Nelson Howard reported to camp for his second NBA season having added 20 pounds of muscle during the off - season . Orlando coach Brian Hill -- responsible for grooming former Magic superstar Shaquille O'Neal -- decided that Howard should be converted into a full - fledged center . Hill identified two areas where Howard needed to improve : his post-up game , and his defense .", "4": "He exerted extra pressure on Howard , saying that the Magic would need him to emerge as a force in the middle before the team had a chance at the playoffs . Even though the big man played tentatively at times , he was able to build on his strong rookie year with an impressive sophomore season . On November 15 , 2005 , in a home game against the Charlotte Bobcats , Howard scored 21 points and 20 rebounds , becoming the youngest player ever to score 20 or more points and gather 20 or more rebounds in the same game . He was selected to play on the Sophomore Team in the 2006 Rookie Challenge during the All - Star break , and on April 15 , 2006 , he recorded a career - high 26 rebounds against the Philadelphia 76ers ; his 28 points in that game also brought him close to an NBA rarity , a 30 -- 30 game . Overall , he averaged 15.8 points and 12.5 rebounds per game , ranking second in the NBA in rebounds per game , offensive rebounds , and double doubles ; and sixth in field goal percentage . Despite Howard 's improvement , the Magic finished the season with a 36 -- 46 win - loss record and failed to qualify for the playoffs for the second consecutive season since Howard 's arrival . Howard took another step forward as the franchise player for Orlando in the 2006 -- 07 season , and for the third consecutive season he played in all 82 regular season games . On February 1 , 2007 , he received his first NBA All - Star selection as a reserve on the Eastern Conference squad for the 2007 NBA All - Star Game . Howard finished the game with 20 points and 12 rebounds . Less than a week later , he recorded a career - high 32 points against the Toronto Raptors . A highlight was his game - winning alley - oop off an inbound pass at the buzzer against the San Antonio Spurs at Amway Arena on February 9 . As the push for playoff spots intensified , Howard was instrumental , recording another career - high 35 points against the Philadelphia 76ers on April 14 , 2007 . Under his leadership , the Magic qualified for the 2007 NBA Playoffs for the first time since 2003 as the number eight seed in the Eastern Conference .", "5": "However , the Magic were swept by the eventual Eastern Conference finalist Detroit Pistons in the first round . Howard averaged 17.6 points and 12.3 rebounds per game , and finished first in the NBA in total rebounds , second in field goal percentage , and ninth in blocks . He was further recognized as one of the best players in the league when he was named to the All - NBA Third Team at the end of the 2006 -- 07 campaign . Leader of consecutive division champions ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Howard contests a shot by Kobe Bryant of the Los Angeles Lakers Howard continued posting impressive numbers in the 2007 -- 08 season ; with free agent Rashard Lewis added to the ranks alongside Hedo Türkoğlu to provide an extra offensive spark , this was the Magic 's best season yet . Howard 's strong and consistent play ensured that he was named as a starter for the Eastern Conference All - Star team , and by the time the mid-season break arrived , he was leading the league in double doubles ( he concluded the season with a league - high 69 ) and had recorded 20 points and 20 rebounds in a game on five occasions ( eight by the season 's end ) . On February 16 , 2008 , he won the 2008 NBA Slam Dunk Contest by receiving 78 % of the fan 's votes via text messaging or online voting ; in that contest , he performed a series of innovative dunks said to have rejuvenated the contest , including donning a Superman cape for one of the dunks . Howard led the Magic to their first division title in 12 years and to the third seed for the 2008 NBA Playoffs , and in the first - round match - up against the Toronto Raptors , Howard 's dominance ( three 20 point / 20 rebound games ) and point guard Jameer Nelson 's strong play ensured that Orlando prevailed over five games . Howard 's series total of 91 rebounds was also greater than the total rebounds collected by the entire Toronto frontcourt . In the next round against the Pistons , the Magic lost the first two road games before Howard 's 20 point / 12 rebound performance in Game 3 salvaged a home win . In that same week , the center was named to the All - NBA First Team for the first time , and subsequently , the NBA All - Defensive Second Team .", "6": "Detroit played without their star point guard Chauncey Billups for Games 4 and 5 , but Orlando was unable to capitalize on that and lost the series 4 -- 1 to the veteran playoffs team . The 2008 -- 09 season began well for Howard . Ten games into the season , the center was leading the league in blocks per game ( 4.2 ) and even recorded his first triple - double : 30 points , 19 rebounds and 10 blocks . In December , he injured his left knee and missed the first game of his career after playing in 351 consecutive games . At the halfway point of the season , Howard was leading the league in rebounds and blocks , and was among the league leaders in field goal percentage . He garnered a record 3.1 million votes to earn the starting berth on the Eastern Conference team for the 2009 NBA All - Star game . On March 25 , 2009 , Howard led Orlando to its second straight Southeast Division title with 11 games of the regular season left to play , and eventually the third seed for the 2009 NBA Playoffs with a 59 -- 23 record . On April 21 , 2009 , he became the youngest player ever to win the NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award , achieving a goal he had set for himself before the start of the season . The Magic went into the playoffs without its injured starting point guard Jameer Nelson , and in the first round against the 76ers , Howard recorded 24 points and 24 rebounds in Game 5 to give Orlando a 3 -- 2 lead , before the Magic closed out the series in six games . On May 6 , 2009 , the center was named to the NBA All - Defensive First Team , and a week later , to the All - NBA First Team . Howard warming up before a game in 2010 In the second round of the playoffs against the defending champions Boston , the Magic blew a lead in Game 5 and Howard publicly questioned coach Stan Van Gundy 's tactics and said that he should be given the ball more ; in Game 6 , the center posted 23 points and 22 rebounds to force the series into seven games . The Magic went on to defeat Boston , and then defeated Cleveland -- which was led by league MVP LeBron James -- 4 -- 2 in the Eastern Conference Finals .", "7": "Howard had a playoffs career - high 40 points to go with his 14 rebounds in the deciding Game 6 , leading Orlando to its first NBA Finals in 14 years . The Los Angeles Lakers took the first two home games to establish a 2 -- 0 lead in the Finals , before a home win by the Magic brought the score to 2 -- 1 . In Game 4 , despite Howard putting up 21 rebounds and a Finals - record of 9 blocks in a game , the Magic lost in overtime . The Lakers went on to win Game 5 , and the NBA Finals . The Magic went into the 2009 -- 10 season with one major roster change : Türkoğlu departed for the Toronto Raptors , while eight - time NBA All - Star Vince Carter arrived from the New Jersey Nets . As with the previous two seasons , the Magic got off to a strong start , winning 17 of their first 21 games , setting a franchise record in the process . He also picked up two Conference Player of the Week awards . On January 21 , 2010 , Howard was named as the starting center for the East in the 2010 NBA All - Star Game . Not long after the Magic completed the regular season with 59 wins and their third consecutive division title , Howard won the Defensive Player of the Year Award for the second straight year . He became the first player in NBA history to lead the league in blocks and rebounds in the same season twice -- and for two years in a row . During the playoffs , the Magic defeated both Charlotte and Atlanta 4 games to none , in the first and second rounds respectively . In reaching the Conference Finals again , the Magic faced Boston -- who had upset Cleveland in the Semifinals -- Orlando lost the first three games , took the next two , but finally succumbed in Game 6 . Frustration ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Howard boxes out JaVale McGee of the Washington Wizards In the 2010 -- 11 regular season , Howard posted career - highs in points and shooting percentages , but the Magic were unable to win their division for the fourth straight year . Although the Miami Heat won the division , the Magic won 52 games , and finished as the fourth seed in the Eastern Conference playoffs . However , the Magic lost to the Atlanta Hawks in the first - round of the playoffs .", "8": "Howard led the NBA in technical fouls with 18 in the regular season , and received one - game suspensions after his 16th and 18th technicals . Due to a lockout , the 2011 -- 12 regular season was shortened to 66 games . Not long after the lockout ended , Howard , who was eligible to become a free agent at the end of the season , demanded a trade to the New Jersey Nets , Los Angeles Lakers or Dallas Mavericks . Howard stated that although his preference was to remain in Orlando , he did not feel the Magic organization was doing enough to build a championship contender . He would later meet with Magic officials and agree to back off his trade demands , but stated that he also felt the team needed to make changes to the roster if they wanted to contend for a championship . On January 12 , 2012 , Howard attempted an NBA regular season record 39 free throws against the Golden State Warriors . Howard entered the game making 42 percent of his free throws for the season and just below 60 percent for his career . The Warriors hacked Howard intentionally throughout the game , and he broke Wilt Chamberlain 's regular season record of 34 set in 1962 . ( Shaquille O'Neal attempted 39 free throws in Game 2 of the 2000 NBA Finals . ) Howard made 21 of the 39 attempts , and he finished with 45 points and 23 rebounds in the Magic 's 117 -- 109 victory . On January 24 , 2012 , Howard became the Magic 's all - time scoring leader , surpassing Nick Anderson 's 10,650 points . On March 15 , 2012 , on the day of the trading deadline for the 2011 -- 12 NBA season , Howard signed an amendment to his contract , waiving his right to opt out at the end of the season and committing to stay with the Magic through the 2012 -- 13 season . He had previously asked to be traded to the New Jersey Nets , and the Magic were prepared to trade him had Howard not signed the amendment , to avoid losing him as a free agent . On April 5 , Van Gundy said that he was informed by management that Howard wanted him fired .", "9": "During the interview , the center walked up and hugged his coach , unaware that Van Gundy had confirmed a report that Howard denied . On April 19 , 2012 , Howard 's agent said that Howard would undergo surgery to repair a herniated disk in his back , and would miss the rest of the 2011 -- 12 season , as well as the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . During the offseason , Howard again requested the Magic trade him to the Nets , who had relocated to Brooklyn . He intended to become a free agent at the end of the 2012 -- 13 season if he was not traded to Brooklyn . Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Howard with Lakers in 2013 On August 10 , 2012 , Howard was traded from Orlando to the Los Angeles Lakers in a deal that also involved the Philadelphia 76ers and the Denver Nuggets . The Lakers also received Chris Duhon and Earl Clark ; the Magic received Josh McRoberts , Christian Eyenga , Maurice Harkless , Nikola Vučević , Arron Afflalo , Al Harrington , and draft picks ; Philadelphia received Jason Richardson and Andrew Bynum ; and Denver received Andre Iguodala . Howard took six months off from basketball after his April surgery , and only had the combined four weeks of training camp and preseason to prepare for the season . He played in just two preseason games , but was able to play in the 2012 -- 13 season opener against the Dallas Mavericks . He had 19 points and 10 rebounds , but he was only 3 - for - 14 on free throws and fouled out ; the Lakers lost 99 -- 91 . Still working himself into shape , Howard paced himself throughout the season on both offense and defense . On January 4 , 2013 , Howard injured his right shoulder in the second half of the Lakers ' 107 -- 102 loss to the Los Angeles Clippers when he got his arms tangled up with Caron Butler . He played through the injury in the next game against the Denver Nuggets , a 112 -- 105 loss in which he tied a career high with 26 rebounds . However , he missed the next three games with a torn labrum . At the midpoint of the season , the Lakers were a disappointing 17 -- 24 .", "10": "Howard had not been consistently dominant on defense , and was at times passive on offense . He was averaging 17.1 points on 58.2 % shooting , 12.3 rebounds , and 2.5 blocks , but also 3.6 fouls a game with 3.2 turnovers while making only 50.4 % of his free throws . The Los Angeles Times criticized his `` ability to laugh off missed free throws '' . Howard shooting against the Milwaukee Bucks in 2013 Many times Howard was upset that he was not getting the ball enough , and he felt that Kobe Bryant was shooting too much . Moving forward , Howard said he needed to `` bring it '' and dominate in more ways than just scoring . In the following game against Memphis , he had only two points and four rebounds in 14 minutes before he sat out the rest of the game after aggravating his shoulder injury . He returned the following game showing no ill effects from the injury . On January 30 , Howard left the Phoenix Suns game early after re-aggravating his shoulder . He was listed as day to day and missed subsequent games . Bryant said that Howard `` worries too much '' and `` does n't want to let anyone down '' , and urged him to play through the pain when Pau Gasol was sidelined with a torn plantar fascia . Howard returned the next game after commenting that Bryant was `` not a doctor , I 'm not a doctor . That 's his opinion . '' During the All - Star break , Howard committed to having a better second half . An avid candy lover , Howard adopted a healthier diet to get into better shape to anchor the Lakers ' defense and run D'Antoni's preferred pick and rolls . He looked fresher after the break . Still , on February 23 , Howard said he was `` not even close '' to physically being where he wanted to be . Coach Mike D'Antoni attributed his conditioning to his difficulty with running the pick and roll with Steve Nash , a play the coach had expected would be a staple for the team .", "11": "The Lakers were 8 -- 2 after the All - Star break , passing Utah for the eighth and final playoff spot in the Western Conference , and Howard had 10 straight games with 12 or more rebounds while averaging 15.5 points , 14.8 rebounds , and 2.6 blocks . In his first game back in Orlando on March 12 , Howard scored a season - high 39 points and had 16 rebounds in a 106 -- 97 Lakers win . Booed throughout the game , he made 25 - of - 39 free throws , setting Lakers records for free throws made and attempted while tying his NBA record for attempts . Howard made 16 - of - 20 free throws when he was fouled intentionally by the Magic . With Howard anchoring the Lakers defense and his improved overall play , the team made the playoffs , but they were swept in the opening round 4 -- 0 by San Antonio . Howard was ejected in Game 4 with over nine minutes left in the third quarter after receiving his second technical foul . Howard finished the season with his lowest scoring average since his second year in the NBA , and he made under 50 % of his free throws for the second straight year . However , he was the league leader in rebounding and ranked second in field goal percentage . Although he was recovering from his back surgery , he only missed six games all season -- all due to his torn labrum . Howard was named to the All - NBA Third Team after five consecutive first - team honors . He became a free agent in the summer , and was offered a maximum contract of five years for $118 million from the Lakers matched with four years for $88 million from other teams . Houston Rockets ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Howard with Rockets teammate Chandler Parsons In early July , Howard met with the Lakers , Dallas Mavericks , Houston Rockets , Golden State Warriors and Atlanta Hawks , and on July 5 , 2013 , announced via Twitter that he intended to sign with the Rockets . He officially signed with Houston on July 13 , 2013 , joining James Harden to form a formidable duo . With the Rockets , he was initially moved from center to power forward to make room for Ömer Aşık at center .", "12": "However , with Aşık 's under performing play and constant injuries , Howard returned to playing the center position as young forward Terrence Jones moved to power forward . In his first game for the Rockets in the season opener on October 30 , Howard recorded 17 points and a career high - tying 26 rebounds in a 96 - 83 win over the Charlotte Bobcats . Howard finished the regular season with averages of 18.3 points and 12.2 rebounds per game . During the 2014 playoffs , Howard averaged 26 points and 13.7 rebounds per game , but the Rockets were eliminated by the Portland Trail Blazers in the first round , losing the series 4 - 2 . Howard went on to earn All - NBA second team honors . After playing in the Rockets ' first 10 out of 11 games to start the 2014 -- 15 season , Howard missed 11 straight due to a strained right knee before returning to action on December 13 against the Denver Nuggets . In just under 30 minutes of play , he recorded 26 points and 13 rebounds to help the Rockets defeat the Nuggets , 108 - 96 . To add to his return , Howard recorded his 10,000 th career rebound during the second quarter . However , on January 31 , 2015 , Howard was ruled out for a further month due to persistent trouble with his right knee . After setbacks forced him out for a further month and a total of 26 games , Howard returned to action on March 25 against the New Orleans Pelicans . He started the game but was held under 17 minutes by coach Kevin McHale and finished with just four points and seven rebounds in a 95 - 93 win . On November 4 , 2015 , Howard had 23 points and 14 rebounds against the Orlando Magic . He shot 10 - of - 10 to become the first Rocket to make 10 or more field goals without a miss since Yao Ming went 12 - of - 12 in 2009 . On December 26 , he eclipsed 15,000 points for his career in a loss to the New Orleans Pelicans .", "13": "On January 18 , 2016 , in an overtime loss to the Los Angeles Clippers , Howard had 36 points and tied a career - high with 26 rebounds en route to his 10th straight double - double , the league 's longest active streak , and his longest since a 14 - game run in 2012 -- 13 . On June 22 , 2016 , Howard declined his $23 million player option for the 2016 -- 17 season and became an unrestricted free agent . Atlanta Hawks ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Howard with the Hawks in November 2016 On July 12 , 2016 , Howard signed a three - year , $70 million contract with the Atlanta Hawks . He made his debut for the Hawks in their season opener on October 27 , 2016 , recording 11 points , 19 rebounds and three blocks in a 114 -- 99 win over the Washington Wizards . Howard posted the most rebounds for anyone in their Atlanta debut , breaking the mark of 18 that Shareef Abdur - Rahim set at Houston on October 30 , 2001 . On November 2 , he recorded a season - high 31 points and 11 rebounds in a 123 -- 116 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers . The Hawks started the season 9 -- 2 before dropping 10 of the next 11 games . They snapped a seven - game losing streak on December 7 with a 103 -- 95 win over the Miami Heat , behind Howard 's 23 points and 17 rebounds . On December 17 , he had a season - best 23 rebounds in a 107 -- 99 loss to the Charlotte Hornets . On February 2 , 2017 , he scored 24 points and grabbed 23 rebounds in his first game in Houston since signing with Atlanta in the offseason , leading the Hawks to a 113 -- 108 victory over the Rockets . After struggling to make an impact over the Hawks ' first three playoff games in their first - round series with the Washington Wizards , Howard had his best game of the postseason in Game 4 , putting up a double - double by halftime and finishing with 16 points and 15 rebounds to help the Hawks tie the series at 2 -- 2 with a 111 -- 101 win .", "14": "The Hawks went on to lose the series in six games . Charlotte Hornets ( 2017 -- present ) On June 20 , 2017 , the Hawks traded Howard , along with the 31st overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft , to the Charlotte Hornets in exchange for Marco Belinelli , Miles Plumlee and the 41st overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft . In his debut for the Hornets in their season opener on October 18 , 2017 , Howard had 10 points , 15 rebounds and two blocks in a 102 -- 90 loss to the Detroit Pistons . On October 23 , he had 22 rebounds against the Milwaukee Bucks , three shy of the team record . In the following game on October 25 , Howard had 15 points and 19 rebounds in a 110 -- 93 win over the Denver Nuggets , becoming the first Charlotte player since Emeka Okafor in 2007 with four consecutive 15 - rebound games . He had his fifth straight game with at least 15 rebounds two days later against the Houston Rockets . On November 20 , he had 25 points and 20 rebounds in a 118 -- 102 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves , becoming the first Hornets player to record a 20 - 20 game since Al Jefferson in 2013 . On December 4 , he had 12 points and nine rebounds in a 104 -- 94 win over the Orlando Magic . He moved past Paul Silas and Dikembe Mutombo for 19th on the all - time NBA rebounding list . On December 13 , he tied a season high with 26 points and had 18 rebounds in a 108 -- 96 loss to the Houston Rockets . On December 29 , he recorded a season - high 29 points , 12 rebounds and seven assists in a 111 -- 100 win over the Golden State Warriors .", "15": "NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high * Led the league NBA record Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2004 -- 05 Orlando 82 82 32.6 . 520 . 000 . 671 10.0 . 9 . 9 1.7 12.0 2005 -- 06 Orlando 82 81 36.8 . 531 . 000 . 595 12.5 1.5 . 8 1.4 15.8 2006 -- 07 Orlando 82 82 36.9 . 603 . 500 . 586 12.3 1.9 . 9 1.9 17.6 2007 -- 08 Orlando 82 82 37.7 . 599 . 000 . 590 14.2 * 1.3 . 9 2.1 20.7 2008 -- 09 Orlando 79 79 35.7 . 572 . 000 . 594 13.8 * 1.4 1.0 2.9 * 20.6 2009 -- 10 Orlando 82 82 34.7 . 612 * . 000 . 592 13.2 * 1.8 .", "16": "9 2.8 * 18.3 2010 -- 11 Orlando 78 78 37.5 . 593 . 000 . 596 14.1 1.4 1.4 2.4 22.9 2011 -- 12 Orlando 54 54 38.3 . 573 . 000 . 491 14.5 * 1.9 1.5 2.1 20.6 2012 -- 13 L.A. Lakers 76 76 35.8 . 578 . 167 . 492 12.4 * 1.4 1.1 2.4 17.1 2013 -- 14 Houston 71 71 33.7 . 591 . 286 . 547 12.2 1.8 . 8 1.8 18.3 2014 -- 15 Houston 41 41 29.8 . 593 . 500 . 528 10.5 1.2 . 7 1.3 15.8 2015 -- 16 Houston 71 71 32.1 . 620 . 000 . 489 11.8 1.4 1.0 1.6 13.7 2016 -- 17 Atlanta 74 74 29.7 . 633 . 000 . 533 12.7 1.4 0.9 1.2 13.5 Career 954 953 35.3 . 585 . 089 . 566 12.7 1.5 1.0 2.0 17.5 All - Star 8 6 23.3 . 642 . 154 .", "17": "450 8.8 1.5 . 6 1.1 12.1 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2007 Orlando 41.8 . 548 . 000 . 455 14.8 1.8 . 5 1.0 15.3 2008 Orlando 10 10 42.1 . 581 . 000 . 542 15.8 . 9 . 8 3.4 18.9 2009 Orlando 23 23 39.3 . 601 . 000 . 636 15.3 1.9 . 9 2.6 20.3 Orlando 14 14 35.5 . 614 . 000 . 519 11.1 1.4 . 8 3.5 18.1 2011 Orlando 6 6 43.0 . 630 . 000 . 682 15.5 0.5 . 7 1.8 27.0 2013 L.A. Lakers 31.5 . 619 . 000 . 444 10.8 1.0 . 5 2.0 17.0 2014 Houston 6 6 38.5 . 547 . 000 . 625 13.7 1.8 . 7 2.8 26.0 2015 Houston 17 17 33.8 . 577 . 000 . 412 14.0 1.2 1.4 2.3 16.4 2016 Houston 5 5 36.0 . 542 .", "18": "000 . 368 14.0 1.6 . 8 1.4 13.2 2017 Atlanta 6 6 26.1 . 500 . 000 . 632 10.7 1.3 1.0 . 8 8.0 Career 95 95 37.0 . 586 . 000 . 545 13.8 1.4 . 9 2.5 18.4 United States National team Howard at the 2008 Olympics Howard was named on 5 March 2006 to the 2006 -- 2008 USA Basketball Men 's Senior National Team program . As the team 's regular starting center , he helped lead the team to a 5 -- 0 record during its pre-World Championship tour , and subsequently helped the team win the bronze medal at the 2006 FIBA World Championship . During the FIBA Americas Championship 2007 , Howard was on the team which won its first nine games en route to qualifying for the finals and a spot for the 2008 Olympics . He started in eight of those nine games , averaging 8.9 ppg , 5.3 rpg and led the team in shooting . 778 from the field . In the finals , he made all seven of his shots and scored 20 points as the USA defeated Argentina to win the gold medal . On June 23 , 2008 , Howard was named as one of the members of the 12 - man squad representing the United States in the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing . With Howard starting as center , Team USA won all of its games en route to the gold medal , breaking their drought of gold medals dating back to the 2000 Olympics . Howard averaged 10.9 points and 5.8 rebounds per game in the tournament . Player profile Howard in 2013 Standing at 6 feet 11 inches tall ( 2.11 m ) and weighing 265 pounds ( 120 kg ) , Howard plays the center position . Howard led the NBA in rebounding from 2007 to 2010 , and again from 2012 to 2013 .", "19": "Howard 's rebounding is in part facilitated by his extraordinary athleticism ; his running vertical leap was tested at 39.5 inches in 2011 , rare for a player of his size . He demonstrated this skill in the 2007 Slam Dunk Contest , where he completed an alley oop dunk from teammate Jameer Nelson while slapping a sticker onto the backboard at 12 ft 6 in ( 3.81 m ) high . The sticker showed an image of his own smiling face with a handwritten `` All things through Christ Phil : 4 : 13 '' , a paraphrase of Philippians 4 : 13 . Howard 's leaping reach of 12 ft 6 in ( 3.81 m ) is the highest documented in NBA history , 1 inch ( 2.5 cm ) higher than Shaquille O'Neal's previous record of 12 ft 5 in ( 3.78 m ) . As of April 2013 , Howard 's career average of 12.9 rebounds per game ( in the regular season ) ranked 12th in NBA history . Howard 's abilities and powerful physique have drawn attention from fellow NBA All - Stars . Tim Duncan once remarked in 2007 : `` ( Howard ) is so developed ... He has so much promise and I am glad that I will be out of the league when he is peaking . '' Kevin Garnett echoed those sentiments : `` ( Howard ) is a freak of nature , man ... I was nowhere near that physically talented . I was n't that gifted , as far as body and physical presence . '' Subsequent to a game in the 2009 NBA Playoffs , Philadelphia 76ers swingman Andre Iguodala said : `` It 's like he can guard two guys at once . He can guard his guy and the guy coming off the pick - and - roll , which is almost impossible to do ... If he gets any more athletic or jumps any higher , they 're going to have to change the rules . '' As early as December 2007 , ESPN writer David Thorpe declared Howard to be the most dominant center in the NBA . While many sports pundits have been rating Howard as one of the top young prospects in the NBA since 2006 , Howard has some weaknesses in his game .", "20": "Offensively , his shooting range remains limited ; he is also mistake - prone , having led the NBA in total number of turnovers in the 2006 -- 07 season . Like many centers , he has a low free throw conversion percentage . As a result , he is often a target of the Hack - a-Shaq defense and is annually among the league leaders in free throw attempts . During the 2007 -- 08 regular season , Howard led the NBA with 897 free throw attempts while shooting only 59 % from the free throw line . Also in that season , outside of layups and dunks , his shooting percentage was only 31.6 % . In the 2008 -- 09 season , he led the NBA again with 849 free throw attempts and in 2009 -- 10 , he was second in the NBA with 816 . Life outside of basketball Public image Before he was drafted in 2004 , Howard said that he wanted to use his NBA career and Christian faith to `` raise the name of God within the league and throughout the world '' . He has stated he believes in reaching out to his community and fans and thus contributes substantially in the field of philanthropy . An avid listener of Gospel music , he attends the Fellowship of Faith Church when he is back home in Atlanta and is involved and active with the youth programs at the church . Together with his parents , Howard also established the Dwight D. Howard Foundation Inc. in 2004 . The Foundation provides scholarships for students who want to attend his alma mater , Southwest Atlanta Christian Academy , and grants to Lovell Elementary School and Memorial Middle School in Orlando , Florida . The Foundation also organizes summer basketball camps for boys and girls , and together with high school and college coaches and players , fellow NBA players are invited to be on hand at the camp . For his contributions in the Central Florida community , Howard received in 2005 the Rich and Helen De Vos Community Enrichment Award . Within the NBA itself , Howard has participated in several NBA `` Read to Achieve '' assemblies encouraging children to make reading a priority . In November 2009 , the center was named one of the 10 finalists for the Jefferson Awards for Public Service , which awards athletes for their charitable work . In 2009 , Howard , along with several other NBA players , joined the Hoops for St.", "21": "Jude charity program benefitting the St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital . Elsewhere , Howard appeared as a special guest on an episode of the ABC series Extreme Makeover : Home Edition that aired April 2 , 2006 , in which Ty Pennington and his team built a new home and ministry offices for Sadie Holmes , who operates a social services ministry in the Orlando area . He made another appearance on the show in the October 9 , 2011 episode . Along with Sam Worthington and Jonah Hill , Howard appeared in a commercial for the video game Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 . Howard , along with Carmelo Anthony and Scottie Pippen , also appeared in the 2013 Chinese film Amazing , a joint venture between the NBA and Shanghai Film Group Corporation . In 2014 , Epix featured Howard as the focal point of a documentary about his life called In the Moment . The film was directed by Ross Greenburg and Executive Producers include Michael D. Ratner and Matthew Weaver . PERSONAL life Never married , Howard is the father of five children , by five different women , living in three states . On November 18 , 2007 , Howard 's ex-girlfriend , former Magic dancer Royce Reed , gave birth to their son , Braylon . Howard won a defamation judgment against Reed in 2010 , when a Florida judge ruled that she violated a court order prohibiting her from mentioning him in the media . He had initially sought $550,500,000 in damages , claiming that she had disparaged him through Twitter and her appearances on the reality television show , Basketball Wives , as the couple 's paternity agreement stipulated a $500 fine for each time she mentioned him in public . In October 2014 , police in Cobb County , Georgia investigated claims by Reed that Howard abused their son . Howard had admitted to hitting Braylon with a belt , as he had also been disciplined while growing up , and he stated that he did not realize it was wrong . Howard was also involved in a civil case with Reed over custody of their son .", "22": "See also National Basketball Association portal List of career achievements by Dwight Howard List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association annual rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association annual blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders Notes Jump up ^ The previous Lakers records were held by Bryant , who made 23 twice -- most recently in 2006 against New York -- while Shaquille O'Neal attempted 31 in 1999 against Chicago . References ^ Jump up to : Dwight Howard , usabasketball.com , accessed February 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Latimes.Com '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Aran , `` adidas Superstar Camp Asia : Dwight Howard Interview '' Archived 2007 - 04 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , nbadraft.net , May 27 , 2006 , accessed July 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Dwight Howard Biography , jockbio.com , accessed August 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dwight Howard Info Page -- Bio , nba.com , accessed July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wilkins Honored as One of 35 Greatest McDonald 's All Americans '' . NBA . 2012 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Howard becomes youngest to win Defensive Player of the Year Archived 2009 - 04 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 21 , 2009 , accessed April 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Dwight Howard Info Page -- Career Stats and Totals , nba.com , accessed December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 2005 Award Winners , nba.com , accessed March 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Howard 's 20 / 20 , nba.com/magic , November 16 , 2005 , accessed March 28 , 2007 .", "23": "Jump up ^ 2005 -- 06 DIVISION STANDINGS , nba.com/standings , accessed March 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Box Score , nba.com , accessed March 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Raptors win sixth straight home game , tsn.ca , February 7 , 2007 , accessed March 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Greatest Moment in Amway Arena History , nba.com , accessed October 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Howard Carries Magic Past Sixers , nba.com , April 14 , 2007 , accessed April 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Long , Mark , Magic Top Heat , Draw Pistons in First Round , nba.com , April 19 , 2007 , accessed April 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ At a Glance 2007 , nba.com/playoffs2007 , accessed May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Phoenix Duo Highlights All - NBA First Team , nba.com , May 10 , 2007 , accessed May 12 , 2007 . 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Jump up ^ Robbins , Josh , `` Dwight Howard 's technical foul in Game 1 of playoffs will stand as called '' , orlandosentinel.com , April 18 , 2011 , accessed March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sources -- New Jersey Nets in serious talks to get Orlando Magic 's Dwight Howard -- ESPN New York '' . Espn.go.com. 2011 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian , `` Dwight Howard explains trade demands '' , espn.go.com , December 12 , 2011 , accessed January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , Evan , `` NBA Rumors : Dwight Howard `` By Far '' Wants to Stay with Orlando Magic ; Shane Battier on Magic 's Radar `` , orlandopinstripedpost.com , accessed March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dwight Howard breaks FT attempts mark as Magic top Warriors , scores.espn.go.com , January 12 , 2012 , accessed March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dwight Howard becomes Magic 's all - time leading scorer in win sports.espn.go.com , accessed January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Berger , Ken ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Howard waives opt - out , agrees to stay in Orlando '' . NBA Insider . CBS Sports . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( April 5 , 2012 ) .", "26": "`` Orlando Coach Stan Van Gundy says Dwight Howard wants him fired . Then it gets a little weird '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amick , Sam ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Dwight Howard apologizes to Orlando from Hollywood home '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bucher , Ric ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Dwight Howard out for season '' . ESPN.com . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hightower , Kyle ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Magic GM : Howard has indeed reissued trade request '' . yahoo.com . Associated Press . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Dwight Howard : I 'll re-sign with only one team '' . yahoo.com . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` It 's official : Howard dealt to Lakers in four - team trade '' . NBA . 2012 - 08 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( February 23 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers ' Dwight Howard still not all the way back '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shelburne , Ramona ( February 23 , 2013 ) . `` Dwight Howard shoulders blame '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pincus , Eric ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Dwight Howard confident in back , but still rebuilding '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deveney , Sean ( October 31 , 2012 ) .", "27": "`` Dwight Howard 's bottom line : He has to produce in LA ... quickly '' . sportingnews.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` Dwight Howard , Pau Gasol out '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Dwight Howard back in lineup '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pincus , Eric ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` NBA analyst Jeff Van Gundy blasts Dwight Howard '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Dwight Howard is at center of the Lakers ' issue '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Dwight Howard trying to avoid ' circus ' '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Dwight Howard plans to ' bring it ' '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Dwight Howard cleared to play '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' Dwight Howard shakes off shoulder injury , spurs victory '' . SportingNews.com . January 26 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Leadership ' role does n't fit Lakers , again , but they beat Pistons '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 .", "28": "Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers find a road to joy in Minnesota '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant urges Dwight Howard '' . ESPN . February 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Dwight Howard fires back at critics '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Dwight Howard : I changed at break '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pincus , Eric ( March 9 , 2013 ) . `` Dwight Howard inspired by Kobe Bryant 's dedication '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pincus , Eric ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Dwight Howard needs Kobe Bryant to keep pushing him '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` This is not the Steve Nash the Lakers hoped for '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Dwight Howard finally finding himself '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bresnahan , Mike ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` Hacks and answered : Lakers ' Dwight Howard buries Magic at line '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buha , Johan ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Defense was biggest impediment to Lakers ' success '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 .", "29": "Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard ejected as Spurs finish sweep of Lakers '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 28 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( April 28 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers , Dwight Howard need to walk away from each other '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McMenamin , Dave ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` 2012 - 13 Lakers Report Card : Starting five '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trudell , Mike ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Named All - NBA First Team ... Again '' . Lakers.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Dwight Howard tweets that he 'll sign with Rockets '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Selects Houston in Free Agency '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 13 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard grabs 26 rebounds in debut as Rockets win '' . espn.com . October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harden and Howard named All - NBA '' . NBA.com . June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard ( knee ) returns '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Howard , Harden lead Rockets over Nuggets , 108 - 96 '' . NBA.com . December 13 , 2014 . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crouse , Chris ( January 31 , 2015 ) .", "30": "`` Dwight Howard To Miss At Least A Month '' . HoopsRumors.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` Knee woes plaguing Dwight Howard '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Howard returns , Rockets beat Pelicans 95 - 93 '' . NBA.com . March 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harden leads Rockets over Magic in overtime 119 - 114 '' . NBA.com . November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Davis leads Pelicans past Rockets , 110 - 108 '' . NBA.com . December 26 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Redick 's career - high 40 help Clippers beat Rockets in OT '' . NBA.com . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Dwight Howard opts out despite Rockets ' efforts to keep him '' . ESPN.com . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Sign Eight - Time NBA All - Star Dwight Howard '' . NBA.com . July 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard , Hawks reach deal ; Al Horford status in question '' . ESPN.com . July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Howard , Millsap , Hardaway lead Hawks past Wizards 114 - 99 '' . ESPN.com . October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Williams lifts Lakers to 123 - 116 comeback win over Hawks '' . ESPN.com . November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 .", "31": "Jump up ^ `` Hawks end 7 - game skid behind Howard , Millsap '' . ESPN.com . December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Williams , Belinelli give Hornets edge over Hawks '' . ESPN.com . December 17 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Howard has 24 points , 23 rebounds as Hawks rally past Rockets '' . ESPN.com . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Balanced Hawks hold off Wizards 111 - 101 , even series 2 - all '' . ESPN.com. April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Acquire Howard and Draft Pick from Hawks '' . NBA.com . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harris - led Pistons beat Hornets 102 - 90 in return downtown '' . ESPN.com . October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Antetokounmpo powers Bucks past Hornets 103 - 94 '' . ESPN.com . October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kaminsky scores 20 off bench , Hornets rout Nuggets 110 - 93 '' . ESPN.com . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harden 's triple - double lifts Rockets past Hornets 109 - 93 '' . ESPN.com . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Howard 's huge game lifts Hornets over Timberwolves , 118 - 102 '' . ESPN.com . November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Walker scores 29 in return , Hornets top Magic 104 - 94 '' . ESPN.com . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 .", "32": "Jump up ^ `` Paul leads Rockets over Hornets 108 - 96 for 11th straight win '' . ESPN.com . December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ EPIX OFFERS EXCLUSIVE LOOK AT THE LIFE OF NBA ALL - STAR DWIGHT HOWARD Jump up ^ https://www.si.com/nba/2017/09/19/dwight-howard-hornets-magic-lakers-james-harden-kobe-bryant Jump up ^ Povtak , Tim ( March 29 , 2008 ) . `` Howard faces paternity suit '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ Saad , Nardine ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` Dwight Howard goes after Royce Reed in California court to collect on Florida defamation judgment '' . Ministry of Gossip . LATimes.com . Jump up ^ McCann , Zach ( September 17 , 2010 ) . `` More information from Dwight Howard 's lawsuit against Royce Reed '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Dwight Howard 's lawyer calls felony child abuse allegations baseless '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cutway , Adrienne ( November 16 , 2014 ) . `` Report : Dwight Howard cleared after child abuse investigation '' . Orland Sentinel . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard being investigated '' . ESPN . November 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Beasley , David ( November 18 , 2014 ) .", "35": "`` NBA star Dwight Howard investigated in Georgia for child abuse '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Reuters . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . External links Find more aboutDwight Howardat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Official website Charlotte Hornets current roster 1 Monk 2 Williams 3 Lamb 4 Paige ( TW ) 5 Batum 7 Bacon 8 O'Bryant 9 Mathiang ( TW ) 10 Carter - Williams 12 Howard 14 Kidd - Gilchrist 15 Walker 21 Graham 32 Stone 40 Zeller 44 Kaminsky Head coach : Clifford Assistant coaches : Batiste Delany Hetzel Jordan Kreutzer Silas Links to related articles 2004 NBA draft First round Dwight Howard Emeka Okafor Ben Gordon Shaun Livingston Devin Harris Josh Childress Luol Deng Rafael Araújo Andre Iguodala Luke Jackson Andris Biedriņš Robert Swift Sebastian Telfair Kris Humphries Al Jefferson Kirk Snyder Josh Smith J.R.", "36": "Smith Dorell Wright Jameer Nelson Pavel Podkolzin Victor Khryapa Sergei Monia Delonte West Tony Allen Kevin Martin Sasha Vujačić Beno Udrih David Harrison Second round Anderson Varejão Jackson Vroman Peter John Ramos Lionel Chalmers Donta Smith Andre Emmett Antonio Burks Royal Ivey Chris Duhon Albert Miralles Justin Reed David Young Viktor Sanikidze Trevor Ariza Tim Pickett Bernard Robinson Ha Seung - jin Pape Sow Ricky Minard Serhiy Lishchuk Vassilis Spanoulis Christian Drejer Romain Sato Matt Freije Rickey Paulding Luis Flores Marcus Douthit Sergei Karaulov Blake Stepp Rashad Wright NBA first overall draft picks 1947 : McNeely 1948 : Tonkovich 1949 : Shannon 1950 : Share 1951 : Melchiorre 1952 : Workman 1953 : Felix 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Ricketts 1956 : Green 1957 : Hundley 1958 : Baylor 1959 : Boozer 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Bellamy 1962 : McGill 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Barnes 1965 : Hetzel 1966 : Russell 1967 : Walker 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Lanier 1971 : Carr 1972 : L. Martin 1973 : Collins 1974 : Walton 1975 : D. Thompson 1976 : Lucas 1977 : Benson 1978 : M. Thompson 1979 : E. Johnson 1980 : Carroll 1981 : Aguirre 1982 : Worthy 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Olajuwon 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Daugherty 1987 : D.", "37": "Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Ellison 1990 : Coleman 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Webber 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Iverson 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Olowokandi 1999 : Brand 2000 : K. Martin 2001 : Brown 2002 : Yao 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Bargnani 2007 : Oden 2008 : Rose 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Wall 2011 : Irving 2012 : Davis 2013 : Bennett 2014 : Wiggins 2015 : Towns 2016 : Simmons 2017 : Fultz NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award 1983 : Moncrief 1984 : Moncrief 1985 : Eaton 1986 : Robertson 1987 : Cooper 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Eaton 1990 : Rodman 1991 : Rodman 1992 : Robinson 1993 : Olajuwon 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Mutombo 1996 : Payton 1997 : Mutombo 1998 : Mutombo 1999 : Mourning 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Mutombo 2002 : Wallace 2003 : Wallace 2004 : Artest 2005 : Wallace 2006 : Wallace 2007 : Camby 2008 : Garnett 2009 : Howard 2010 : Howard 2011 : Howard 2012 : Chandler 2013 : Gasol 2014 : Noah 2015 : Leonard", "38": "2016 : Leonard 2017 : Green NBA season rebounding leaders 1951 : Schayes 1952 : Foust and Hutchins 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Gallatin 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Stokes 1958 : Russell 1959 : Russell 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Russell 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Chamberlain 1970 : Hayes 1971 : Chamberlain 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Chamberlain 1974 : Hayes 1975 : Unseld 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Walton 1978 : T. Robinson 1979 : Malone 1980 : Nater 1981 : Malone 1982 : Malone 1983 : Malone 1984 : Malone 1985 : Malone 1986 : Laimbeer 1987 : Barkley 1988 : Cage 1989 : Olajuwon 1990 : Olajuwon 1991 : D. Robinson 1992 : Rodman 1993 : Rodman 1994 : Rodman 1995 : Rodman 1996 : Rodman 1997 : Rodman 1998 : Rodman 1999 : Webber 2000 : Mutombo 2001 : Mutombo 2002 : Wallace 2003 : Wallace 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Garnett 2006 : Garnett 2007 : Garnett 2008 : Howard 2009 : Howard 2010 : Howard", "39": "2011 : Love 2012 : Howard 2013 : Howard 2014 : Jordan 2015 : Jordan 2016 : Drummond 2017 : Whiteside NBA season blocks leaders 1974 : Smith 1975 : Abdul - Jabbar 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Walton 1978 : Johnson 1979 : Abdul - Jabbar 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Johnson 1982 : Johnson 1983 : Rollins 1984 : Eaton 1985 : Eaton 1986 : Bol 1987 : Eaton 1988 : Eaton 1989 : Bol 1990 : Olajuwon 1991 : Olajuwon 1992 : Robinson 1993 : Olajuwon 1994 : Mutombo 1995 : Mutombo 1996 : Mutombo 1997 : Bradley 1998 : Camby 1999 : Mourning 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Ratliff 2002 : Wallace 2003 : Ratliff 2004 : Ratliff 2005 : Kirilenko 2006 : Camby 2007 : Camby 2008 : Camby 2009 : Howard 2010 : Howard 2011 : Bogut 2012 : Ibaka 2013 : Ibaka 2014 : Davis 2015 : Davis 2016 : Whiteside 2017 : Gobert Slam Dunk Contest winners 1984 : Nance 1985 : Wilkins 1986 : Webb 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Walker 1990 :", "40": "Wilkins 1991 : Brown 1992 : Ceballos 1993 : Miner 1994 : Rider 1995 : Miner 1996 : Barry 1997 : Bryant 2000 : Carter 2001 : Mason 2002 : Richardson 2003 : Richardson 2004 : Jones 2005 : Smith 2006 : Robinson 2007 : Green 2008 : Howard 2009 : Robinson 2010 : Robinson 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Evans 2013 : Ross 2014 : Wall 2015 : LaVine 2016 : LaVine 2017 : Robinson III United States squad -- 2006 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Johnson 5 Hinrich 6 James 7 Jamison 8 Battier 9 Wade 10 Paul 11 Bosh 12 Howard 13 Miller 14 Brand 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2007 FIBA Americas Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Prince 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Stoudemire 13 Miller 14 Chandler 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Boozer 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Wade 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Bosh 13 Paul 14 Prince 15 Anthony", "41": "Coach : Krzyzewski Jordan Brand Classic All - American Game -- Boys ' MVPs 2002 : Stoudemire & May 2003 : James & Brown 2004 : Howard 2005 : Hansbrough & Blatche 2006 : Young & Durant 2007 : Greene & Fisher 2008 : Evans & Jennings 2009 : Favors & Sidney 2010 : Barnes & Irving 2011 : Davis & McAdoo 2012 : Purvis & Muhammad 2013 : Randle & Parker 2014 : Alexander & Okafor 2015 : Diallo & Trier 2016 : Fox & Monk 2017 : Bowen & Walker Naismith Prep Player of the Year Award winners 1987 : Scott 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Livingston 1994 : Ward 1995 : Mercer 1996 : Bryant 1997 : Battier 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : Felton 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Williams 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Jennings 2009 : Favors 2010 : Sullinger 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Alexander 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter USA Today High School Boys ' Basketball Player of the Year Award 1983 : Williams 1984 : Brooks", "42": "1985 : Ferry 1986 : Reid 1987 : Liberty 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Wallace 1994 : Lopez 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Bryant 1997 : McGrady 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : James 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Oden 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Samuels 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Noel 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Okafor 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter Gatorade High School Basketball Player of the Year Award Boys 1986 : J.R. Reid 1987 : LaBradford Smith 1988 : Alonzo Mourning 1989 : Kenny Anderson 1990 : Damon Bailey 1991 : Chris Webber 1992 : Corliss Williamson 1993 : Randy Livingston 1994 : Felipe Lopez 1995 : Stephon Marbury 1996 : Kobe Bryant 1997 : Baron Davis 1998 : Al Harrington 1999 : LaVell Blanchard 2000 : Jared Jeffries 2001 : Kelvin Torbert 2002 : LeBron James 2003 : LeBron James 2004 : Dwight Howard 2005 : Greg Oden 2006 : Greg Oden 2007 : Kevin Love 2008 : Jrue Holiday 2009 : Brandon Knight 2010 : Brandon", "43": "Knight 2011 : Bradley Beal 2012 : Jabari Parker 2013 : Andrew Wiggins 2014 : Karl - Anthony Towns 2015 : Ben Simmons 2016 : Jayson Tatum 2017 : Michael Porter Girls 1986 : Susan Anderson 1987 : Kris Durham 1988 : Vicki Hall 1989 : Lisa Harrison 1990 : Lisa Leslie 1991 : Michelle Marciniak 1992 : Katie Smith 1993 : La'Keshia Frett 1994 : Monick Foote 1995 : Stephanie White 1996 : Jamie Walz 1997 : Nikki Teasley 1998 : Tamika Williams 1999 : Nicole Kaczmarski 2000 : Shereka Wright 2001 : Shyra Ely 2002 : Ann Strother 2003 : Candace Parker 2004 : Candace Parker 2005 : Abby Waner 2006 : Tina Charles 2007 : Maya Moore 2008 : Nneka Ogwumike 2009 : Skylar Diggins 2010 : Chiney Ogwumike 2011 : Kaleena Mosqueda - Lewis 2012 : Breanna Stewart 2013 : Mercedes Russell 2014 : Brianna Turner 2015 : Katie Lou Samuelson 2016 : Erin Boley 2017 : Megan Walker Gatorade High School Athlete of the Year Award Boys 2003 : LeBron James 2004 : Dwight Howard 2005 : Greg Paulus 2006 : Greg Oden 2007 : Kevin Love 2008 : Matt Barkley 2009 : Garrett Gilbert 2010 : Brandon Knight 2011 : Dylan Bundy 2012 : Johnathan Gray", "44": "2013 : Andrew Wiggins 2014 : Karl - Anthony Towns 2015 : Kyler Murray 2016 : Jayson Tatum 2017 : MacKenzie Gore Girls 2003 : Allyson Felix 2004 : Candace Parker 2005 : Cynthia Barboza 2006 : Tina Charles 2007 : Maya Moore 2008 : Chanelle Price 2009 : Skylar Diggins 2010 : Chiney Ogwumike 2011 : Morgan Brian 2012 : Breanna Stewart 2013 : Morgan Andrews 2014 : Brianna Turner 2015 : Candace Hill 2016 : Sydney McLaughlin 2017 : Sydney McLaughlin McDonald 's Morgan Wootten National Player of the Year 1997 : Battier 1998 : Curry 1999 : Williams 2000 : Duhon 2001 : Miles 2002 : Francis 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : McRoberts 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Monroe 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Parker 2014 : Okafor 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Carter McDonald 's All - American Game -- Boys ' MVPs 1979 : Daye 1980 : Cross 1981 : Branch & Sherrod 1982 : Winters 1983 : Bennett 1984 : Williams 1985 : Lambiotte 1986 : Reid 1987 : Macon 1988 : Mourning & Owens 1989", "45": ": Hurley & O'Neal 1990 : Bradley 1991 : Webber & Brunson 1992 : Harrington 1993 : Vaughn & Stackhouse 1994 : López 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Holloway 1997 : Gregory 1998 : R. Curry 1999 : Bender 2000 : Randolph 2001 : E. Curry 2002 : Redick 2003 : James 2004 : Howard & Smith 2005 : McRoberts 2006 : Budinger & Durant 2007 : Beasley 2008 : Evans 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes & Sullinger 2011 : Gilchrist & McAdoo 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Ju. Jackson & Okafor 2015 : Diallo 2016 : F. Jackson & Jo. Jackson 2017 : Porter VIAF : 90455154 LCCN : n2009039752 IATH : w6gz8dg3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwight_Howard&oldid=819512618 '' Categories : 1985 births Living people African - American basketball players African - American Christians Atlanta Hawks players Basketball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Basketball players from Georgia ( U.S.", "46": "state ) Centers ( basketball ) Charlotte Hornets players Gatorade National Basketball Player of the Year Houston Rockets players Los Angeles Lakers players McDonald 's High School All - Americans Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association high school draftees Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball Orlando Magic draft picks Orlando Magic players Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) Sportspeople from Atlanta United States men 's national basketball team players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Volapük 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 19 : 47 . 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-6209397953683103736	who lasted the longest in the royal rumble	[ "Rey Mysterio", "Rey Mysterio" ]	{ "0": "Royal Rumble - wikipedia Royal Rumble Jump to : navigation , search For the games based on this event , see WWF Royal Rumble and WWF Royal Rumble ( 2000 video game ) . Royal Rumble The Royal Rumble logo used since 2017 Information Created by Pat Patterson Promotion ( s ) WWE Brand ( s ) Raw ( 2003 -- 2011 , 2017 -- present ) SmackDown ( 2003 -- 2011 , 2017 -- present ) ECW ( 2007 -- 2010 ) First event Royal Rumble ( 1988 ) Signature match types Royal Rumble match The Royal Rumble is a professional wrestling event , produced every January since 1988 by professional wrestling promotion WWE . It is named after the Royal Rumble match , a battle royal whose participants enter at timed intervals . After the initial event was broadcast as a television special on USA Network , the Royal Rumble has been shown on pay - per - view and is one of WWE 's `` Big Four '' , along with WrestleMania , SummerSlam , and Survivor Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Event 1.2 Match 1.3 Prize 1.4 Other Royal Rumble matches 2 Dates , venues , and winners 2.1 Male Royal Rumble winner 's championship opportunity 2.2 Female Royal Rumble winner 's championship opportunity 3 Royal Rumble records 3.1 Males 3.1. 1 Most Rumble victories 3.1. 2 Most times being a Rumble runner - up 3.1. 3 Winners by entry number 3.1. 4 Longest time spent in a single Royal Rumble 3.1. 5 Longest cumulative time spent in Royal Rumbles 3.1. 6 Shortest time spent in a single Royal Rumble 3.1. 6.1 Non-eliminated wrestlers 3.1. 6.2 Wrestlers who had their number stolen or were replaced 3.1. 7 Most eliminations in a single Royal Rumble 3.1.", "1": "8 Total eliminations in cumulative Royal Rumbles 3.1. 9 Most Rumble appearances 3.1. 10 Female entrants in male Royal Rumbles 3.2 Females 3.2. 1 Longest time spent in a single Royal Rumble 3.2. 2 Shortest time spent in a single Royal Rumble 3.2. 3 Most eliminations in a single Royal Rumble 4 Other Royal Rumble matches 5 Video box set 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History Event The Royal Rumble is a pay - per - view consisting of the Royal Rumble match , title matches , and various other matches . The first Royal Rumble event took place on January 24 , 1988 , and was broadcast live on the USA Network . The following year , the event started to be broadcast on pay - per - view and thus became one of WWE 's `` big four '' pay - per - views , along with WrestleMania , Survivor Series , and SummerSlam . The men 's Royal Rumble match is usually located at the top of the card , though there have been exceptions , such as the 1988 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2006 , 2013 , and 2018 events . Due to the Rumble match taking up a large amount of time ( most Rumble matches last roughly one hour ) , the Rumble event tends to have a smaller card than most other pay - per - view events , which routinely have six to eight matches per card . The 2008 Royal Rumble was the first WWE pay - per - view to be available in high - definition . The 2018 Royal Rumble was the first to feature a women 's Royal Rumble match , which was the main event for that year . Match The Royal Rumble is based on the classic Battle Royal match , in which a number of wrestlers ( traditionally 30 ) aim at eliminating their competitors by tossing them over the top rope , with both feet touching the floor . The winner of the event is the last wrestler remaining after all others have been eliminated .", "2": "According to Hornswoggle , who worked for WWE from 2006 until 2016 and participated in two Rumbles , participants may learn their eliminations by knowing the two wrestlers who are eliminated before them and which wrestlers are entering the Royal Rumble in between their elimination . The Royal Rumble differs from the classical Battle Royal as the contestants do not enter the ring at the same time , but instead are assigned entry numbers , usually via a lottery , although desirable spots are occasionally assigned by other means , the most common being winning a match . This lottery is usually staged right before the event begins . The match begins with the two wrestlers who have drawn entry numbers one and two , with the remaining wrestlers entering the ring at regular timed intervals , either 90 seconds or two minutes , according to their entry number . This format is credited to Pat Patterson . To date , only four men who have been one of the starting wrestlers have won the Royal Rumble : Shawn Michaels , Vince McMahon , Chris Benoit , and Rey Mysterio . The most common number to win is number 27 . Royal Rumble match in 2010 The Royal Rumble match traditionally involves 30 wrestlers and usually lasts an hour , with the longest match , at the 2011 event , lasting over one hour and nine minutes of a three - hour pay - per - view . However , the first televised Rumble match , contested in 1988 , involved only 20 men , and lasted 33 minutes of the two - hour broadcast . The 1998 Royal Rumble nominally had the traditional 30 - man field , but only 28 individual wrestlers competed ; Mick Foley entered the Royal Rumble match three different times -- first as Cactus Jack , then as Mankind , and finally as Dude Love . The 2011 Royal Rumble was the first and only to have a 40 - man field , out of whom Alberto Del Rio was victorious . The 2018 Royal Rumble was the first to feature a women 's Royal Rumble match , with Stephanie McMahon making the official announcement on the December 18 , 2017 edition of Raw . The women 's Royal Rumble match has all of the same rules as the men 's match , including having 30 participants . Steve Austin holds the current record for most Royal Rumble match wins , with three .", "3": "The match has no stipulations or rules other than that elimination must occur by a participant being placed over the top rope and both feet touching the floor . A wrestler who only touches the floor with one foot is not eliminated from the match , a rule which greatly affected the 1995 match , allowing Shawn Michaels to re-enter the ring and win the match . This has been popularized by Kofi Kingston , who although has not won a match , he has found various ways to keep both of his feet from touching the floor . Subsequently , a wrestler who exits the ring without going over the top rope is not eliminated from the contest . For example , during the 1999 match , both Vince McMahon and Steve Austin left the ring , only to return later in the match . In the 1994 match , the last two participants , Bret Hart and Lex Luger , were declared co-winners when it was decided that both of their feet touched the floor at exactly the same time . A similar situation occurred in the 2005 match . However , the match was instead restarted after Batista and John Cena eliminated each other at the same time ( as their simultaneous elimination was actually an accident ) ; Batista eliminated Cena afterwards to win the match . Though various referees are charged with observing the match , some eliminations have gone unnoticed to allow the eliminated participants to sneak back into the ring to continue . Steve Austin was able to win in this way during the 1997 match after re-entering following an unacknowledged elimination and eventually tossed Bret Hart , who was the last legal wrestler in the ring , over the top .", "4": "Although the vast majority of eliminations are caused by active participants , eliminations caused by other means have occurred , and have been ruled legitimate , including self - eliminations ( such as Andre the Giant jumping out of the ring after seeing a snake in 1989 , Kane eliminating himself in 1999 , and Drew Carey eliminating himself in 2001 ; however , Randy Savage 's jump over the top rope in 1992 was not ruled as self - elimination ) , elimination from previously - eliminated participants ( such as The Undertaker eliminating Maven in 2002 , Kurt Angle eliminating Shawn Michaels in 2005 , Kane eliminating CM Punk in 2014 , and The Wyatt Family eliminating Brock Lesnar in 2016 ) , and elimination from non-participants ( such as Shane McMahon eliminating Shawn Michaels in 2006 and The Miz eliminating John Cena in 2011 ) . Furthermore , if an injured wrestler is taken away by medical staff , he can return to the match as long as the match is still ongoing ( such as Steve Austin in 1999 or Roman Reigns in 2016 ) , but if the match ends without the injured wrestler returning , he is deemed eliminated ( such as Scotty 2 Hotty in 2005 or Curtis Axel in 2015 ) . Prize Since 1993 , the winner of the Royal Rumble match is traditionally awarded a title match for WWE 's top championship at WrestleMania -- presently , there are two top championships , the Universal Championship on Raw and the WWE Championship on SmackDown . Similarly , the winner of the women 's Royal Rumble match ( first contested in 2018 ) is awarded a match at WrestleMania for either of WWE 's top two women 's championships , the Raw Women 's Championship or the SmackDown Women 's Championship . With the brand extension introduced in mid-2002 , the 30 male entrants from 2003 to 2006 consisted of 15 wrestlers from both the Raw and SmackDown brands . At first , the winner of the match received a shot at their brand 's top champion . Starting in 2004 , the Rumble winner had the option of challenging any brand 's champion . For instance , Chris Benoit switched brands after winning the 2004 Royal Rumble and won the World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania XX .", "5": "From 2007 to 2010 , participants from the ECW brand competed along with the Raw and SmackDown brands , with the ECW World Championship added as an option for the winner to challenge for , although no winners ever did . During ECW 's participation , the entries for each brand were not evenly divided . The ECW Championship was deactivated in 2010 , and the World Heavyweight Championship was unified into the WWE Championship in 2013 , leaving the latter as the only title to challenge for until July 2016 , when the brand extension returned . With the new brand extension , the winner of the 2017 event earned a match for their brand 's top championship , Raw 's Universal Championship or SmackDown 's WWE Championship , but beginning in 2018 , the winner has a choice . Conversely , beginning with the 2018 event , women receive a title opportunity of their choice for a women 's championship : the Raw or SmackDown Women 's Championship . Due to free agents , Hall of Famers , and wrestlers from the NXT brand also participating , there has not been an even division of wrestlers ( in either the men 's or women 's Rumbles ) between Raw and SmackDown since the second brand extension went into effect . WWE 's top championship has been booked as on the line during the Royal Rumble match on two occasions . In 1992 , the vacant WWF World Heavyweight Championship was contested in the 1992 Royal Rumble match , eventually won by Ric Flair , while in 2016 , Roman Reigns was scheduled to defend his WWE World Heavyweight Championship as a participant of that year 's Royal Rumble match and was entrant number one . This marked the first time that a reigning champion had to defend his title in the match , which was ultimately won by Triple H , who eliminated Reigns before lastly eliminating Dean Ambrose to win . Reigns would go on to earn a match against Triple H at WrestleMania 32 and won back the title . From 2001 to 2007 , the Royal Rumble match winner had gone on to win a world championship title at WrestleMania . After winning the 2008 match , John Cena became the first winner to use his championship opportunity at an event ( No Way Out 2008 ) other than WrestleMania .", "6": "He also became the first since The Rock in 2000 to win the Royal Rumble match but fail to win the title in his championship opportunity . The Royal Rumble winner may also choose to put his championship opportunity on the line in a match . This was first done in 1996 , when Shawn Michaels risked his WrestleMania XII title shot in a match against Owen Hart at In Your House 6 . The second time was in 1999 , when Stone Cold Steve Austin offered to forfeit his title opportunity to the Big Boss Man , who won third place in the Rumble ( Austin was actually the runner - up in that rumble , but the winner , Vince McMahon himself , had voluntarily given up his title opportunity ) if McMahon could beat him in a cage match at St. Valentine 's Day Massacre : In Your House , which Austin would go on to win . The third time was in 2002 , when Kurt Angle convinced Triple H to put his WrestleMania X8 championship spot on the line at No Way Out , a match which Angle won . However , Triple H would later defeat Angle and regain his WrestleMania championship spot . The fourth time was in 2006 , when Randy Orton goaded Rey Mysterio into putting his main event spot at WrestleMania 22 on the line at No Way Out , a match which Orton won . Mysterio was eventually reinserted into the main event at WrestleMania , making it a triple threat match , and went on to win the World Heavyweight Championship . On the February 25 , 2013 , edition of Raw , John Cena successfully defended his WrestleMania 29 WWE Championship opportunity in a match against CM Punk . On February 22 , 2015 , at Fastlane , Roman Reigns defended his WrestleMania 31 WWE World Heavyweight Championship opportunity against Daniel Bryan . In 2000 , The Rock was declared the victor , as the storyline intended . However , it was later revealed that his feet had actually touched before those of the Big Show . A singles match was held at No Way Out , the event following the Royal Rumble , to determine who received the WrestleMania title shot against the reigning champion Triple H. Big Show won with the help of Shane McMahon .", "7": "Rock then defeated Big Show in a rematch in March on Raw with the help of Vince McMahon , which earned him a title shot and converted the match at WrestleMania into a triple threat that was later made a four - way match when Linda McMahon inserted the recently retired Mick Foley into the match . Other Royal Rumble matches WWE has booked several Royal Rumble matches outside of the annual Royal Rumble event : The very first Royal Rumble match took place at a house show in St. Louis , Missouri on October 4 , 1987 where the One Man Gang won a 12 - Man Royal Rumble , last eliminating the Junkyard Dog , to earn a WWF World Heavyweight Championship match against Hulk Hogan at the following month 's St. Louis house show . A 20 - man Royal Rumble match took place at a house show in Hartford , Connecticut on March 16 , 1988 where Ravishing Rick Rude was the winner . A 30 - man Royal Rumble on January 17 , 1994 at Madison Square Garden was won by Owen Hart , last eliminating Fatu . An 18 - man Royal Rumble match took place on May 9 , 1994 in Osaka , Japan and was won by The Undertaker who last eliminated Bam Bam Bigelow . There was a Tag Team Royal Rumble on the June 15 , 1998 episode of Raw Is War . Kane and Mankind won the match and earned an opportunity for the WWF Tag Team Championship against The New Age Outlaws . On January 11 , 1999 , a `` Corporate Royal Rumble '' involving members of The Corporation and D - Generation X was held on Raw to determine the 30th entry in the Royal Rumble that year . The match was won by Chyna , who last eliminated Mr. McMahon . A 15 - man Royal Rumble was held during the January 29 , 2004 , edition of SmackDown to crown a contender for Brock Lesnar 's WWE Championship at No Way Out . Eddie Guerrero won the match , last eliminating Kurt Angle . On January 14 , 2008 , Mr. McMahon organized a mini-Royal Rumble , involving midget wrestlers . Hornswoggle won the match .", "8": "On the January 31 , 2011 , episode of Raw , a Royal Rumble to crown the contender for The Miz 's WWE Championship at Elimination Chamber was held . Jerry Lawler won the match , last eliminating Sheamus . On April 27 , 2018 , the WWE is going to hold a pay - per - view in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia titled the Greatest Royal Rumble , which is going to feature a 50 - man Royal Rumble match . Dates , venues , and winners List of Royal Rumble dates , venues , and winners Event Date City Venue Winner Entry No . Ref . Main event 01 ! 1 Royal Rumble ( 1988 ) January 24 , 1988 Hamilton , Ontario Copps Coliseum Duggan , Jim Jim Duggan 13 ! 13 The Islanders ( Haku and Tama ) vs. The Young Stallions ( Paul Roma and Jim Powers ) in a two out of three falls match 02 ! 2 Royal Rumble ( 1989 ) January 15 , 1989 Houston , Texas The Summit Studd , Big John Big John Studd 27 ! 27 30 - man Royal Rumble match 03 ! 3 Royal Rumble ( 1990 ) January 21 , 1990 Orlando , Florida Orlando Arena Hogan , Hulk Hulk Hogan 25 ! 25 30 - man Royal Rumble match 04 ! 4 Royal Rumble ( 1991 ) January 19 , 1991 Miami , Florida Miami Arena 24 ! 24 30 - man Royal Rumble match 05 ! 5 Royal Rumble ( 1992 ) January 19 , 1992 Albany , New York Knickerbocker Arena Flair , Ric Ric Flair 03 ! 3 30 - man Royal Rumble match for the vacant WWF World Heavyweight Championship 06 ! 6 Royal Rumble ( 1993 ) January 24 , 1993 Sacramento , California ARCO Arena Yokozuna 27 ! 27 30 - man Royal Rumble match 07 !", "9": "7 Royal Rumble ( 1994 ) January 23 , 1994 Providence , Rhode Island Providence Civic Center Bret Hart Lex Luger 27 ! 27 23 ! 23 30 - man Royal Rumble match 08 ! 8 Royal Rumble ( 1995 ) January 22 , 1995 Tampa , Florida USF Sun Dome Michaels , Shawn Shawn Michaels 01 ! 1 30 - man Royal Rumble match 09 ! 9 Royal Rumble ( 1996 ) January 21 , 1996 Fresno , California Selland Arena 18 ! 18 Bret Hart ( c ) vs. The Undertaker for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship 10 ! 10 Royal Rumble ( 1997 ) January 19 , 1997 San Antonio , Texas Alamodome Stone Cold Steve Austin 05 ! 5 Sycho Sid ( c ) vs. Shawn Michaels for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship 11 ! 11 Royal Rumble ( 1998 ) January 18 , 1998 San Jose , California San Jose Arena 24 ! 24 Shawn Michaels ( c ) vs. The Undertaker in a Casket match for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship 12 ! 12 Royal Rumble ( 1999 ) January 24 , 1999 Anaheim , California Arrowhead Pond Mr. McMahon 02 ! 2 30 - man Royal Rumble match 13 ! 13 Royal Rumble ( 2000 ) January 23 , 2000 New York City , New York Madison Square Garden Rock , The The Rock 24 ! 24 30 - man Royal Rumble match 14 ! 14 Royal Rumble ( 2001 ) January 21 , 2001 New Orleans , Louisiana New Orleans Arena Stone Cold Steve Austin 27 ! 27 30 - man Royal Rumble match 15 ! 15 Royal Rumble ( 2002 ) January 20 , 2002 Atlanta , Georgia Philips Arena Triple H 22 !", "10": "22 30 - man Royal Rumble match 16 ! 16 Royal Rumble ( 2003 ) January 19 , 2003 Boston , Massachusetts FleetCenter Lesnar , Brock Brock Lesnar 29 ! 29 30 - man Royal Rumble match 17 ! 17 Royal Rumble ( 2004 ) January 25 , 2004 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Wachovia Center Chris Benoit 01 ! 1 30 - man Royal Rumble match 18 ! 18 Royal Rumble ( 2005 ) January 30 , 2005 Fresno , California Save Mart Center Batista 28 ! 28 30 - man Royal Rumble match 19 ! 19 Royal Rumble ( 2006 ) January 29 , 2006 Miami , Florida American Airlines Arena Mysterio , Rey Rey Mysterio 02 ! 2 Kurt Angle ( c ) vs. Mark Henry for the World Heavyweight Championship 20 ! 20 Royal Rumble ( 2007 ) January 28 , 2007 San Antonio , Texas AT&T Center Undertaker , The The Undertaker 30 ! 30 30 - man Royal Rumble match 21 ! 21 Royal Rumble ( 2008 ) January 27 , 2008 New York City , New York Madison Square Garden Cena , John John Cena 30 ! 30 30 - man Royal Rumble match 22 ! 22 Royal Rumble ( 2009 ) January 25 , 2009 Detroit , Michigan Joe Louis Arena Orton , Randy Randy Orton 08 ! 8 30 - man Royal Rumble match 23 ! 23 Royal Rumble ( 2010 ) January 31 , 2010 Atlanta , Georgia Philips Arena Edge 29 30 - man Royal Rumble match 24 ! 24 Royal Rumble ( 2011 ) January 30 , 2011 Boston , Massachusetts TD Garden Del Rio , Alberto Alberto Del Rio 38 40 - man Royal Rumble match 25 !", "11": "25 Royal Rumble ( 2012 ) January 29 , 2012 St. Louis , Missouri Scottrade Center Sheamus 22 30 - man Royal Rumble match 26 ! 26 Royal Rumble ( 2013 ) January 27 , 2013 Phoenix , Arizona US Airways Center Cena , John John Cena 19 CM Punk ( c ) vs. The Rock for the WWE Championship 27 ! 27 Royal Rumble ( 2014 ) January 26 , 2014 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Consol Energy Center Batista 28 30 - man Royal Rumble match 28 ! 28 Royal Rumble ( 2015 ) January 25 , 2015 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Wells Fargo Center Reigns , Roman Roman Reigns 19 30 - man Royal Rumble match 29 ! 29 Royal Rumble ( 2016 ) January 24 , 2016 Orlando , Florida Amway Center Triple H 30 30 - man Royal Rumble match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship ; reigning champion Roman Reigns defended the title in the match 30 ! 30 Royal Rumble ( 2017 ) January 29 , 2017 San Antonio , Texas Alamodome Randy Orton 23 30 - man Royal Rumble match 31 ! 31 Royal Rumble ( 2018 ) January 28 , 2018 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Wells Fargo Center Shinsuke Nakamura 14 30 - woman Royal Rumble match Asuka 25 32 Royal Rumble ( 2019 ) January 27 , 2019 Phoenix , Arizona Chase Field TBD Men TBD TBD TBD Women TBD Male Royal Rumble winner 's Championship opportunity Championship Wins Losses Total WWE Championship 9 8 17 World Heavyweight Championship 5 7 Total 13 10 23 -- WrestleMania victory -- WrestleMania loss Winner Event Year Championship match 01 !", "12": "1 Yokozuna WrestleMania IX 1993 Yokozuna defeated Bret Hart for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship . 02 ! 2 Lex Luger WrestleMania X 1994 Luger lost to Yokozuna by disqualification for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship . 02 ! 2 Bret Hart WrestleMania X 1994 Hart defeated Yokozuna for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship . 03 ! 3 Shawn Michaels WrestleMania XI 1995 Michaels lost to Diesel for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship . 04 ! 4 Shawn Michaels WrestleMania XII Michaels successfully defended his title shot against Owen Hart at In Your House 6 . Michaels went on to defeat Bret Hart for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship . 05 ! 5 Stone Cold Steve Austin WrestleMania 13 1997 Due to Austin re-entering the Rumble match because the officials did not see when he was thrown out of the ring , WWF President Gorilla Monsoon ruled that he would not be receiving the WrestleMania 13 title shot . A match in February was signed to determine who would receive it , but champion Shawn Michaels ' forfeiting the title changed those plans . The WrestleMania main event pitted The Undertaker against Sycho Sid . 06 ! 6 Stone Cold Steve Austin WrestleMania XIV 1998 Austin defeated Shawn Michaels for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship . 07 ! 7 Mr. McMahon WrestleMania XV 1999 The following night on Raw Is War , McMahon renounced his title opportunity to challenge then WWF Champion , The Rock , at WrestleMania . WWF Commissioner Shawn Michaels awarded the title opportunity to the runner - up , Stone Cold Steve Austin , who defeated McMahon in a steel cage match to retain his opportunity and would go on to WrestleMania to defeat The Rock for the WWF Championship . 08 ! 8 The Rock WrestleMania 2000 2000 Video footage later showed Rock 's feet hit the floor first before runner - up Big Show . After multiple attempts to name a rightful No.", "13": "1 contender failed , both The Rock and Big Show were added to the main event along with Mick Foley to challenge the champion Triple H. Triple H was able to successfully defend the WWF Championship in a four corner elimination match . 09 ! 9 Stone Cold Steve Austin WrestleMania X-Seven 2001 Austin defeated The Rock in a no disqualification match for the WWF Championship . 10 ! 10 Triple H WrestleMania X8 2002 Triple H lost his WrestleMania title shot to Kurt Angle at No Way Out . The following night on Raw , Triple H won his title shot back and would defeat Chris Jericho for the Undisputed WWF Championship . 11 ! 11 Brock Lesnar WrestleMania XIX 2003 As a member of the SmackDown brand , Lesnar earned a match for his brand 's WWE Championship . At WrestleMania XIX , Lesnar defeated Kurt Angle for the WWE Championship . 12 ! 12 Chris Benoit WrestleMania XX Benoit won the Rumble as a SmackDown ! wrestler , but switched to the Raw brand to challenge Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship . He defeated Triple H and Shawn Michaels in a triple threat match for the World Heavyweight Championship . 13 ! 13 Batista WrestleMania 21 2005 Batista defeated Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship . 14 ! 14 Rey Mysterio WrestleMania 22 2006 Mysterio lost his WrestleMania title shot to Randy Orton at No Way Out . SmackDown ! General Manager Theodore Long later added Mysterio to the World Heavyweight Championship match at WrestleMania , making it a triple threat match . At WrestleMania 22 , Mysterio defeated the champion Kurt Angle and Orton in a triple threat match to win the World Heavyweight Championship . 15 ! 15 The Undertaker WrestleMania 23 2007 Undertaker defeated Batista for the World Heavyweight Championship . 16 ! 16 John Cena No Way Out ( 2008 ) WrestleMania XXIV 2008 Instead of waiting until WrestleMania , Cena used his WWE Championship shot at No Way Out against Randy Orton .", "14": "Orton remained champion due to being disqualified . A triple threat match for the WWE Championship was held at WrestleMania XXIV , also including Triple H. Orton successfully retained . 17 ! 17 Randy Orton WrestleMania XXV 2009 Orton lost to Triple H for the WWE Championship . 18 ! 18 Edge WrestleMania XXVI Edge lost to Chris Jericho for the World Heavyweight Championship . 19 ! 19 Alberto Del Rio WrestleMania XXVII 2011 Del Rio lost to Edge for the World Heavyweight Championship . 20 ! 20 Sheamus WrestleMania XXVIII 2012 Sheamus defeated Daniel Bryan for the World Heavyweight Championship . 21 ! 21 John Cena WrestleMania 29 2013 On the February 25 episode of Raw , Cena successfully defended his title shot against CM Punk . Cena went on to defeat The Rock for the WWE Championship . 22 ! 22 Batista WrestleMania XXX 2014 Daniel Bryan defeated Triple H in the opening match , with the winner being inserted into the WWE World Heavyweight Championship match . Bryan defeated the champion Randy Orton and Batista in a triple threat match . 23 ! 23 Roman Reigns WrestleMania 31 2015 Reigns successfully defended his title shot at Fastlane against Daniel Bryan . Reigns went on to challenge Brock Lesnar for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania 31 . During the match at WrestleMania , Seth Rollins cashed in his Money in the Bank contract , converting the singles match between Reigns and Lesnar into a triple threat match . Rollins pinned Reigns to win the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . 24 ! 24 Randy Orton WrestleMania 33 2017 As a member of the SmackDown brand , Orton earned himself a match for his brand 's WWE Championship . However , after his fellow Wyatt Family member Bray Wyatt won the championship at Elimination Chamber and retained it on the following SmackDown , Orton said he would not face Wyatt for the title at WrestleMania .", "15": "On the February 28 episode of SmackDown , Orton reverted his decision and turned on Wyatt ; the following week , he defeated AJ Styles , who had become the new number one contender for the title , to re-earn his title shot against Wyatt at WrestleMania . At the event , Orton defeated Wyatt to win the WWE Championship . 25 ! 25 Shinsuke Nakamura WrestleMania 34 2018 Nakamura chose to stay on SmackDown and challenge AJ Styles for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania , where he ultimately lost the match . Note : There was no WrestleMania title opportunity for the winners of the 1992 and 2016 Royal Rumble matches . In 1992 , Ric Flair won the Royal Rumble match , which was for the vacant WWF World Heavyweight Championship . In 2016 , Triple H won the Royal Rumble match in which Roman Reigns defended the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . Both ultimately lost their championship defenses at WrestleMania ( to Randy Savage and Reigns , respectively ) . Female Royal Rumble winner 's Championship opportunity Championship Wins Losses Total WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship 0 Total 0 Winner Event Year Championship match 1 ! 1 Asuka WrestleMania 34 2018 Asuka decided to challenge Charlotte Flair for the SmackDown Women 's Championship , but lost the match , which ended her two - year undefeated streak .", "16": "Royal Rumble records Males Most Rumble victories No Wrestler Royal Rumble wins Year Stone Cold Steve Austin 1997 , 1998 , 2001 Hulk Hogan 1990 , 1991 Shawn Michaels 1995 , 1996 Triple H 2002 , 2016 Batista 2005 , 2014 John Cena 2008 , 2013 Randy Orton 2009 , 2017 Most times being a Rumble runner - up No Wrestler Times Year Roman Reigns 2014 , 2017 , 2018 Big Show 2000 , 2004 Shawn Michaels 1994 , 2007 Triple H 2008 , 2009 John Cena 2005 , 2010 Winners by entry number No Wins Year 27 1989 , 1993 , 1994 , 2001 30 2007 , 2008 , 2016 24 1991 , 1998 , 2000 19 2013 , 2015 28 2005 , 2014 22 2002 , 2012 29 2003 , 2010 1999 , 2006 1995 , 2004 23 1994 , 2017 14 2018 38 2011 8 2009 5 1997 18 1992 25 1990 13 1988 Longest time spent in a single Royal Rumble Top 20 individual longest times in a single Royal Rumble match . As of the 2018 Royal Rumble .", "17": "No Wrestler Time Year Rey Mysterio 1 : 02 : 12 2006 Chris Benoit 1 : 01 : 31 Bob Backlund 1 : 01 : 10 1993 Triple H 1 : 00 : 16 2006 5 Chris Jericho 1 : 00 : 13 2017 6 Ric Flair 1 : 00 : 02 1992 7 Roman Reigns 59 : 50 2016 8 Finn Bálor 57 : 30 2018 9 Mr. McMahon 56 : 38 1999 Stone Cold Steve Austin 56 : 38 1999 11 Kane 53 : 46 2001 12 Rick Martel 52 : 17 1991 13 The Rock 51 : 32 1998 14 Chris Jericho 50 : 50 2016 15 Triple H 49 : 58 2009 16 Dolph Ziggler 49 : 47 2013 17 Rey Mysterio 49 : 24 2009 18 CM Punk 49 : 11 2014 19 Seth Rollins 48 : 31 2014 20 Randy Orton 48 : 27 2009 Note : bold indicates the winner of that year 's match Longest cumulative time spent in Royal Rumbles Only wrestlers who have spent more than 3 cumulative hours are shown . As of the 2018 Royal Rumble .", "18": "No Wrestler Time Chris Jericho 4 : 56 : 00 Triple H 4 : 00 : 02 Shawn Michaels 3 : 42 : 30 Isaac Yankem / Diesel / Kane 3 : 38 : 46 5 Rey Mysterio 3 : 29 : 25 6 Cody Rhodes / Stardust 3 : 08 : 30 7 Randy Orton 3 : 01 : 40 Shortest time spent in a single Royal Rumble Only wrestlers who spent 10 seconds or less in a single rumble are shown . As of the 2018 Royal Rumble . No Wrestler Time Year Santino Marella 0 : 00 : 01 2009 The Warlord 0 : 00 : 02 1989 Sheamus 0 : 00 : 02 * 2018 Mo 0 : 00 : 03 1995 Owen Hart 0 : 00 : 03 1995 6 Bushwhacker Luke 0 : 00 : 04 1991 Jerry Lawler 0 : 00 : 04 1997 Titus O'Neil 0 : 00 : 04 2015 9 The Godfather 0 : 00 : 05 2013 10 Gillberg 0 : 00 : 07 1999 The Miz 0 : 00 : 07 2007 Montel Vontavious Porter 0 : 00 : 07 13 Adam Rose 0 : 00 : 08 2015 14 Tazz 0 : 00 : 10 2001 ( * ) - WWE 's official source mistakenly reports the time as 20 seconds . Non-eliminated wrestlers Several times , wrestlers were drawn to compete in the match but did not actually compete .", "19": "Their participation is counted as zero seconds , with the exception of # 6 Hornswoggle : In 1991 , `` Macho King '' Randy Savage was drawn 18th , but no - showed due to leaving the building after costing Ultimate Warrior the WWF Championship against Sgt . Slaughter . In 1994 , Bastion Booger was drawn 25th , but no - showed due to suffering food poisoning before the match . In 1998 , Skull was drawn 22nd , but no - showed due to being attacked by Los Boricuas after being mistaken for Stone Cold Steve Austin . In 2004 , Spike Dudley was drawn 13th , but was attacked on the ramp by Kane . In 2005 , Scotty 2 Hotty was drawn 15th , but was attacked on the ramp by Muhammad Hassan . In 2008 , Hornswoggle was drawn 9th and eliminated The Miz , however he was n't brought into the ring until towards the end of the match by Mark Henry and was saved by Finlay , who was drawn 27th , and escorted to the back and never re-entered the match . Finlay would later be disqualified after coming out before his number came up and using his shillelagh to help Hornswoggle . In 2015 , Curtis Axel was drawn 6th , but was attacked on the ramp by Erick Rowan . Unlike other occasions , this was notable for actually being worked into a gimmick for Axel , where he began to imitate Hulk Hogan and wear shirts emblazoned with `` AxelMania '' and claim that he was never eliminated from the Royal Rumble , therefore he won it , deserving a spot in the main event of WrestleMania . Wrestlers who had their number stolen or were replaced Several times , wrestlers were drawn to compete and were instead either attacked backstage or pulled from the match at the last minute , and replaced by other wrestlers . In 1999 , Mosh was drawn 11th , but was attacked by Mabel , who took Mosh 's spot .", "20": "In 2001 , the team of Lo Down ( Chaz and D'Lo Brown ) defeated Kaientai ( Funaki and Taka Michinoku ) to earn one entrance spot in the Royal Rumble match , but that was later overturned by Vince McMahon who entered Drew Carey in their spot . In 2004 , Test was drawn 21st , but was attacked by Mick Foley , who took Test 's spot . In 2005 , Nunzio was drawn 20th , but was bullied by Kurt Angle before the match , and took Nunzio 's spot . In 2018 , Tye Dillinger was drawn 10th , but was attacked by Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn , the latter of whom took Dillinger 's spot . Most eliminations in a single Royal Rumble Top wrestlers with most eliminations in a single match . Only wrestlers with at least seven eliminations are shown . As of the 2018 Royal Rumble . No Wrestler No. of eliminations Year Roman Reigns 12 2014 Kane 11 2001 Hulk Hogan 10 1989 Stone Cold Steve Austin 10 1997 5 Shawn Michaels 8 1995 , 1996 Stone Cold Steve Austin 8 1999 7 Hulk Hogan 7 1991 Yokozuna 7 1993 Diesel 7 1994 Stone Cold Steve Austin 7 1998 , 2002 Rikishi 7 2000 The Undertaker 7 2002 The Great Khali 7 2007 CM Punk 7 2011 John Cena 7 2011 Braun Strowman 7 2017 Total eliminations in cumulative Royal Rumbles Top wrestlers with the most eliminations . Only wrestlers with at least 20 eliminations are shown . As of the 2018 Royal Rumble . No Wrestler No.", "21": "of eliminations Rumbles entered Isaac Yankem / `` Diesel '' / Kane 44 19 Shawn Michaels 40 12 The Undertaker 40 11 The Ringmaster / Stone Cold Steve Austin 36 6 5 Triple H 33 9 6 Big Show 31 12 7 Roman Reigns 30 5 8 Hulk Hogan 27 9 John Cena 25 9 10 Randy Orton 22 9 Most Rumble appearances Only wrestlers with at least 10 appearances are shown . As of the 2018 Royal Rumble . No Wrestler Rumbles entered First Rumble Most recent Rumble Isaac Yankem / `` Diesel '' / Kane 19 2016 Shawn Michaels 12 1989 Big Show 2000 2017 Goldust 1997 2018 5 The Miz 11 2007 2018 The Undertaker 1991 2017 The Sultan / Fatu / Rikishi 1993 7 Mabel / Viscera / Big Daddy V 10 1994 2008 Chris Jericho 2000 2017 Kofi Kingston 2009 2018 Dolph Ziggler 2009 2018 Female entrants in male Royal Rumbles No Wrestler Rumbles entered Chyna 2 ( 1999 , 2000 ) Beth Phoenix * 1 ( 2010 ) Kharma 1 ( 2012 ) Only wrestler to appear in both the male and female Royal Rumbles . Females Longest time spent in a single Royal Rumble As of the 2018 Royal Rumble , only one match has occurred ; the top ten times are shown .", "22": "No Wrestler Time Year Sasha Banks 54 : 46 2018 Becky Lynch 30 : 54 2018 Natalya 25 : 34 2018 Asuka 19 : 41 2018 5 Carmella 18 : 45 2018 6 Nia Jax 17 : 56 2018 7 Nikki Bella 16 : 30 2018 Sarah Logan 16 : 30 2018 9 Brie Bella 11 : 58 2018 10 Ruby Riott 11 : 32 2018 Note : bold indicates the winner of that year 's match Shortest time spent in a single Royal Rumble As of the 2018 Royal Rumble , only one match has occurred ; the top ten times are shown . No Wrestler Time Year Vickie Guerrero 00 : 57 2018 Tamina 01 : 34 2018 Jacqueline 01 : 52 2018 Beth Phoenix 02 : 22 2018 5 Lana 02 : 54 2018 6 Dana Brooke 02 : 59 2018 7 Torrie Wilson 03 : 04 2018 8 Mandy Rose 03 : 52 2018 9 Molly Holly 04 : 04 2018 10 Kairi Sane 04 : 49 2018 Most eliminations in a single Royal Rumble As only one match has occurred , only wrestlers with at least three eliminations are shown . As of the 2018 Royal Rumble . No Wrestler No. of eliminations Year Michelle McCool 5 2018 Nia Jax Nikki Bella Sasha Banks Asuka Natalya Trish Stratus Note : bold indicates the winner of that year 's match Other Royal Rumble matches List of Royal Rumble dates , venues , and winners Event Date City Venue Winner Ref .", "23": "Note House show October 4 , 1987 St. Louis , MO St. Louis Arena One Man Gang 12 - man Royal Rumble House show March 16 , 1988 Hartford , CT Hartford Civic Center Rick Rude 20 - man Royal Rumble House show January 17 , 1994 New York City Madison Square Garden Owen Hart 30 - man Royal Rumble House show May 9 , 1994 Osaka , Japan Castle Hall The Undertaker 18 - man Royal Rumble 5 Raw June 15 , 1998 San Antonio , Texas Freeman Coliseum Kane and Mankind 10 - tag team Royal Rumble 6 Raw January 11 , 1999 Houston Compaq Center Chyna 10 - man Corporation vs. DX `` Corporate Rumble '' , for the # 30 spot in the 1999 Royal Rumble 7 SmackDown ! January 29 , 2004 Washington , D.C. MCI Center Eddie Guerrero 15 - man SmackDown ! Royal Rumble to determine the # 1 contender for the WWE Championship at No Way Out 8 Raw January 14 , 2008 Mobile , Alabama Mobile Civic Center Hornswoggle Mini Royal Rumble ; 6 - man , all participants were midget wrestlers , with the exception of The Great Khali . 9 Raw January 31 , 2011 Providence , Rhode Island Dunkin ' Donuts Center Jerry Lawler 7 - man Raw Rumble to determine the # 1 contender for the WWE Championship at Elimination Chamber 10 Greatest Royal Rumble April 27 , 2018 Jeddah , Saudi Arabia King Abdullah International Stadium TBD 50 - man Royal Rumble Video box set In March 2007 , WWE released a complete DVD box set titled Royal Rumble : The Complete Anthology , which showcases every Royal Rumble event in its entirety , up to the 2007 Royal Rumble . See also List of WWE Network events List of WWE pay - per - view events References General `` Longest Pro Wrestling Matches '' .", "24": "Internet Wrestling Database . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . `` Royal Rumble Statistics '' . MondayNightWarriors.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 05 . `` Royal Rumble results '' . ProWrestlingHistory.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Eric Cohen . `` Royal Rumble History '' . About.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Ian Hamilton ( 2006 ) . Wrestling 's Sinking Ship : What Happens to an Industry Without Competition . Lulu.com . ISBN 1 - 4116 - 1210 - 8 . Ric Flair ( 2004 ) . Ric Flair : To Be the Man . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5691 - 2 . Brian Shields ( 2006 ) . Main Event : WWE in the Raging 80s . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 3257 - 9 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` Specialty Matches : Royal Rumble '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Waldman , Jon ( 2005 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Statistical survival -- breaking down the Royal Rumble '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ian Hamilton . Wrestling 's Sinking Ship : What Happens to an Industry Without Competition ( p. 160 ) Jump up ^ Ric Flair . Ric Flair : To Be the Man ( p. 161 ) Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble results '' . ProWrestlingHistory.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Brian Shields . Main Event : WWE in the Raging 80s ( p. 166 ) Jump up ^ Dale Plummer and Nick Tylwalk ( 2007 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Old guard dominates Rumble '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 .", "25": "Jump up ^ Clayton , Cory . `` How do I get WWE HD on my HDTV '' . WWE . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Specialty Matches : Battle Royal '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Dale Plummer and Nick Tylwalk ( 2006 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Mysterio claims Rumble ; Cena reigns again '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ YouShoot Swoggle ( Hornswoggle ) . Kayfabe Commentaries . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame : Pat Patterson '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Rumble : Facts & Figures '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1988 : Main Event '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ McAvennie , Mike ( January 20 , 2007 ) . `` Foley 's Hat - trick '' . WWE . Retrieved November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2011 '' . WWE . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 01 . For the first time ever , the Royal Rumble Match featured an unprecedented 40 Superstars ... ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` 12 / 18 Powell 's WWE Raw Live TV Review : Brock Lesnar and Paul Heyman return , Cedric Alexander vs. Drew Gulak for a WWE Cruiserweight Title shot , the build to the Royal Rumble '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle announces official rules for women 's Royal Rumble match '' . Cageside Seats . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 .", "26": "Jump up ^ WWE.com Staff ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Men 's and Women 's Royal Rumble Match rules revealed '' . WWE.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1995 : Main Event '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1999 : Main Event '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1994 : Main Event '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2005 : Main Event '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1997 : Main Event '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03 . Stone Cold was actually eliminated during the match , but the referees failed to detect it , so he sneaked back in . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Eric ( 2007 - 04 - 25 ) . `` The Fate of the Royal Rumble Winner '' . About.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2004 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Benoit wins the ' Rumble ' '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Brett ( 2007 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Tickets punched for WrestleMania '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Louie Dee ( 2007 - 01 - 28 ) . `` A Phenom - enal Rumble '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1992 : Main Event '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Orton vs. John Cena ( WWE Championship match ) : A battle for redemption with ' Mania implications '' .", "27": "WWE. 2008 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saudi Arabia to host the Greatest Royal Rumble this April '' . WWE . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1988 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1988 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1989 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1989 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1990 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1990 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1991 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1991 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1992 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1992 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1993 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1993 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1994 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment .", "28": "Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1994 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1995 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1995 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1996 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1996 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1997 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1997 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1998 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1998 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 1998 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Austin wins predictable Rumble '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1999 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Rumble 1999 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gramlich , Chris ( 1998 - 01 - 25 ) . `` McMahon wins Rumble , Rock champ again '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2000 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment .", "29": "Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Rumble 2000 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 1998 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Rocky wins the Rumble , A bloody Triple H defeats Cactus Jack '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2001 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2001 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 1998 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Surprises dominate Rumble 2001 '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2002 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2002 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 1998 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Rumble 2002 stumbles , Triple H wins WrestleMania spot '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2003 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2003 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2004 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2004 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 .", "30": "Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 1998 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Benoit wins the ' Rumble ' '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2005 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2005 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( 1998 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Batista claims the Rumble '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2006 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2006 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( 1998 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Mysterio claims Rumble ; Cena reigns again '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2007 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2007 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( 1998 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Old guard dominates Rumble '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2008 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2008 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( 1998 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Cena wins Rumble in surprise return '' .", "31": "SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2009 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2009 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2010 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Rumble 2010 Main Event Synopsis '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gerweck , Steve ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Upcoming dates for WWE PPV events in 2011 '' . WrestleView . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` WWE presents Royal Rumble , 01 - 29 - 2012 '' . WWE. 2011 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( 2012 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Sheamus won the 30 - Man Royal Rumble Match '' . WWE . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Powers , Kevin ( 2012 - 01 - 29 ) . `` WWE Champion CM Punk def . Dolph Ziggler ( Special Guest Referee John Laurinaitis ) '' . WWE . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2013 results '' . WWE. 2013 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Giannini , Alex ; Linder , Zach ( 2013 - 01 - 27 ) . `` John Cena won the 30 - Man Royal Rumble Match '' . WWE . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Clapp , John ( 2013 - 01 - 27 ) . `` The Rock def .", "32": "WWE Champion CM Punk '' . WWE . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ; Linder , Zach . `` Batista won the 30 - Man Royal Rumble Match '' . WWE . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2014 results '' . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Royal Rumble ( 2015 ) # Results Jump up ^ Jones , Elton ( 16 January 2016 ) . `` When Is WWE Royal Rumble 2016 ? Date , Location & Start Time '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan . `` Triple H won the 2016 Royal Rumble Match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship '' . WWE . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble returns to Alamodome for the first time in 20 years '' . WWE . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia to host 30th anniversary of WWE Royal Rumble in 2018 '' . WWE . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` Shinsuke Nakamura won the 2018 Men 's Royal Rumble Match '' . WWE . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ WWE.com Staff ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` The historic first - ever Women 's Royal Rumble Match announced for Jan. 28 '' . WWE.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` Asuka won the first - ever Women 's Royal Rumble Match ; Ronda Rousey debuted '' . WWE . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE fans , Royal Rumble 2019 is coming to Chase Field in Phoenix '' . AZ Central . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Rumble Statistics and Facts '' . World Wrestling Entertainment .", "33": "Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Rumble Statistics and Facts '' . Smark Out Moment . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ; Linder , Zach . `` Full list of Royal Rumble Match participants and eliminations '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 21 March 2014 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2001 '' . WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1989 '' . WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 1997 '' . WWE . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Things '' . WWE . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2011 '' . www.mondaynightwarriors.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The 30 Best Rumbers ever # 1 Shawn Michaels '' . WWE . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Jon ( January 30 , 2010 ) . `` The Royal Rumble stat pack '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The 30 best Rumblers ever -- Page 27 '' . WWE . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/87.htm Jump up ^ Burkholder , Denny ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Lost Royal Rumble and how a signature WWE event survived despite early failure '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/88.htm Jump up ^ Cameron , Tony ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Forgotten Royal Rumbles '' . wwfoldschool.com .", "34": "Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cawthon , Graham ( 2013 ) . the History of Professional Wrestling Vol 2 : WWF 1990 -- 1999 . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform . ASIN B00RWUNSRS . Jump up ^ Cawthon , Graham . `` WWE Smackdown 2004 '' . The History of WWE . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cawthon , Graham . `` WWE Raw 2008 '' . The History of WWE . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cawthon , Graham . `` WWE Raw 2011 '' . The History of WWE . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Greatest Royal Rumble to be shown live on Sky Sports Box Office '' . Sky Sports . March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble 2015 '' . Royal Rumble . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 18 . Further reading Harley Race and Gerry Tritz ( 2004 ) . King of the Ring : The Harley Race Story . Sports Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 818 - 6 . Davies , Ross ( 2002 ) . Kevin Nash . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 3492 - 6 . Meltzer , Dave ( 2004 ) . Tributes II : Remembering More of the World 's Greatest Professional Wrestlers . Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 817 - 8 . Brian Fritz and Christopher Murray ( 2006 ) . Between the Ropes : Wrestling 's Greatest Triumphs and Failures . ECW Press . ISBN 1 - 55022 - 726 - 2 . Steve Austin and Jim Ross ( 2003 ) . The Stone Cold Truth . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 7720 - 0 . Scott Keith ( 2004 ) . Wrestling 's One Ring Circus : The Death of the World Wrestling Federation .", "35": "Citadel Press . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2619 - X . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5424723408850352324	what is the largest man made lake in the us	[ "Lake Oahe", "Lake Oahe" ]	{ "0": "List of largest lakes of the United States by area - wikipedia List of largest lakes of the United States by area Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of the largest 100 lakes of the United States by normal surface area . The top twenty lakes in size are as listed by the National Atlas of the United States , a publication of the United States Department of the Interior . The area given is the normal or average area of the lake . The area of some lakes fluctuates substantially . For those lakes partially in Canada or Mexico the area given for the lake is the total area , not just the part of the lake in the United States . Of the top 100 lakes , 55 are man - made and 45 are natural . Three lakes in the top 100 are primarily salt water . See also : List of largest lakes of the United States by volume Rank Name U.S.", "1": "states / Canadian provinces / Mexican states Area Type Notes Lake Superior Michigan - Minnesota - Wisconsin - Ontario 31,700 sq mi 82,103 km natural Lake Huron Michigan - Ontario 23,000 sq mi 59,570 km natural Lake Michigan Illinois - Indiana - Michigan - Wisconsin 22,300 sq mi 57,757 km natural Lake Erie Michigan - New York - Ohio - Ontario - Pennsylvania 9,910 sq mi 25,667 km natural Lake Ontario New York - Ontario 7,340 sq mi 19,011 km natural 6 Great Salt Lake Utah 2,117 sq mi 5,483 km natural salt 7 Lake of the Woods Manitoba - Minnesota - Ontario 1,679 sq mi 4,349 km natural 8 Iliamna Lake Alaska 1,014 sq mi 2,626 km natural 9 Lake Oahe North Dakota - South Dakota 685 sq mi 1,774 km man - made 10 Lake Okeechobee Florida 662 sq mi 1,715 km natural 11 Lake Pontchartrain Louisiana 631 sq mi 1,634 km natural salt 12 Lake Sakakawea North Dakota 520 sq mi 1,347 km man - made 13 Lake Champlain New York - Vermont - Quebec 490 sq mi 1,269 km natural 14 Becharof Lake Alaska 453 sq mi 1,173 km natural 15 Lake St. Clair Michigan - Ontario 440 sq mi 1,140 km natural 16 Red Lake Minnesota 427 sq mi 1,106 km natural 17 Selawik Lake Alaska 404 sq mi 1,046 km natural 18 Fort Peck Lake Montana 393 sq mi 1,", "2": "018 km man - made 19 Salton Sea California 347 sq mi 899 km man - made salt 20 Rainy Lake Minnesota - Ontario 345 sq mi 894 km natural 21 Devils Lake North Dakota 300.0 sq mi 777 km natural 22 Toledo Bend Reservoir Louisiana - Texas 284 sq mi 736 km man - made 23 Lake Powell Arizona - Utah 251 sq mi 650 km man - made 24 Kentucky Lake Kentucky - Tennessee 250 sq mi 647 km man - made 25 Lake Mead Arizona - Nevada 247 sq mi 640 km man - made 26 Naknek Lake Alaska 242 sq mi 627 km natural 27 Lake Winnebago Wisconsin 215 sq mi 557 km natural 28 Mille Lacs Lake Minnesota 207 sq mi 536 km natural 29 Flathead Lake Montana 192 sq mi 497 km natural 30 Lake Tahoe California - Nevada 191 sq mi 495 km natural 31 Pyramid Lake Nevada 183 sq mi 474 km natural 32 Sam Rayburn Reservoir Texas 179 sq mi 464 km man - made 33 Eufaula Lake Oklahoma 169 sq mi 438 km man - made 34 Lake Marion South Carolina 165 sq mi 427 km man - made", "3": "35 Leech Lake Minnesota 161 sq mi 417 km natural 36 Utah Lake Utah 151 sq mi 391 km natural 37 Lake Francis Case South Dakota 149 sq mi 386 km man - made 38 Lake Pend Oreille Idaho 148 sq mi 383 km natural 39 Lake Texoma Oklahoma - Texas 139 sq mi 360 km man - made 40 Yellowstone Lake Wyoming 136 sq mi 352 km natural 41 Falcon Lake Tamaulipas - Texas 131 sq mi 339 km natural 42 Lake Livingston Texas 130 sq mi 337 km man - made 43 Lake Roosevelt Washington 128 sq mi 332 km man - made 44 Lake Clark Alaska 120 sq mi 311 km natural 45 Moosehead Lake Maine 117 sq mi 303 km natural 46 Lake Strom Thurmond Georgia - South Carolina 111 sq mi 287 km man - made 47 Bear Lake Idaho - Utah 109 sq mi 282 km natural 48 Lake Guntersville Alabama 108 sq mi 280 km man - made 49 Lake St.", "4": "Francis New York - Ontario - Quebec 105 sq mi 272 km man - made 50 Wheeler Lake Alabama 105 sq mi 272 km man - made 51 Amistad Lake Coahuila - Texas 102 sq mi 264 km man - made 52 Klamath Lake Oregon 96 sq mi 249 km natural 53 Lake Moultrie South Carolina 94 sq mi 243 km man - made 54 Lake Winnibigoshish Minnesota 91 sq mi 236 km natural 55 Lake Barkley Kentucky - Tennessee 91 sq mi 236 km man - made 56 Lake Sharpe South Dakota 89 sq mi 231 km man - made 57 American Falls Reservoir Idaho 88 sq mi 228 km man - made 58 Lake Hartwell Georgia - South Carolina 87 sq mi 225 km man - made 59 Truman Reservoir Missouri 87 sq mi 225 km man - made 60 Lake of the Ozarks Missouri 86 sq mi 223 km man - made 61 Oneida Lake New York 80 sq mi 207 km natural 62 Lake Cumberland Kentucky 79 sq mi 205 km man - made 63 Kerr Lake North Carolina - Virginia 78 sq mi 202 km man - made 64 Calcasieu Lake Louisiana 77 sq mi 199 km natural 65 Lake Murray South Carolina 75 sq mi 194 km man - made 66 Grand Lake o ' the Cherokees Oklahoma 73 sq mi 189 km man - made 67 Lake Winnipesaukee New Hampshire 71 sq mi 184 km natural 68 Bull Shoals Lake Arkansas - Missouri 71 sq mi 184 km man - made 69 Walter F.", "5": "George Lake Alabama - Georgia 71 sq mi 184 km man - made 70 Lake Martin Alabama 69 sq mi 179 km man - made 71 Clear Lake California 68 sq mi 176 km natural 72 Robert S. Kerr Lake Oklahoma 68 sq mi 176 km man - made 73 Seneca Lake New York 68 sq mi 176 km natural 74 Pickwick Lake Alabama - Mississippi 67 sq mi 174 km man - made 75 Table Rock Lake Arkansas - Missouri 67 sq mi 174 km man - made 76 Cayuga Lake New York 67 sq mi 174 km natural 77 Flaming Gorge Reservoir Utah - Wyoming 66 sq mi 171 km man - made 78 Lake Vermilion Minnesota 63 sq mi 163 km natural 79 Lake Ouachita Arkansas 63 sq mi 163 km man - made 80 Lake Mattamuskeet North Carolina 63 sq mi 163 km natural 81 Watts Bar Lake Tennessee 61 sq mi 158 km man - made 82 Lake Wallula Oregon - Washington 61 sq mi 158 km man - made 83 Lake Lanier Georgia 59 sq mi 153 km man - made 84 Lake Seminole Florida - Georgia 58 sq mi 150 km man - made 85 Lake Tawakoni", "6": "Texas 57 sq mi 148 km man - made 86 Elephant Butte Lake New Mexico 57 sq mi 148 km man - made 87 Chickamauga Lake Tennessee 57 sq mi 148 km man - made 88 Grenada Lake Mississippi 55 sq mi 142 km man - made 89 Lake Kissimmee Florida 55 sq mi 142 km natural 90 Lake Dardanelle Arkansas 54 sq mi 140 km man - made 91 Norris Lake Tennessee 53 sq mi 137 km man - made 92 Canyon Ferry Lake Montana 53 sq mi 137 km man - made 93 Lake Chelan Washington 52 sq mi 135 km natural 94 Cedar Creek Lake Texas 51 sq mi 132 km man - made 95 Lake Norman North Carolina 51 sq mi 132 km man - made 96 Sardis Lake Mississippi 51 sq mi 132 km man - made 97 Walker Lake ( Nevada ) Nevada 50 sq mi 129 km natural 98 Lake McConaughy Nebraska 56 sq mi 145 km man - made 99 Lake George New York 56 sq mi 145 km natural 100 Beaver Lake Arkansas 44.", "7": "06 sq mi 114 km man - made Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ One of the Great Lakes ; considered the largest lake in the United States by the National Atlas of the United States . Jump up ^ Although it forms one a single hydrological unit with Lake Michigan ( their surfaces are at the same elevation and the water flows in either direction in the channel separating them ) , they are generally considered distinct lakes , and Lake Michigan is generally considered the largest lake entirely within the United States , as Lake Huron and Lake Superior are binational ( shared with Canada ) . Jump up ^ One of the Great Lakes . Jump up ^ One of the Great Lakes . Jump up ^ One of the Great Lakes . Jump up ^ If Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are considered the same lake , the largest lake entirely within the United States . Also the largest salt lake in the United States . Jump up ^ Largest man - made lake ( reservoir ) by surface area in the United States . Jump up ^ Largest lake in the South Jump up ^ Often considered an estuary rather than a lake Jump up ^ includes both Upper and Lower Red Lake Jump up ^ highly variable in area Jump up ^ The area of Devils Lake was taken from the summer 2011 record peak of 1,454.4 ft ( 443.3 m ) MSL . Devils Lake has experienced severe flooding and has risen more than 31 feet ( 9.4 m ) since 1993 . Area has increased by 4 times . Jump up ^ Devils Lake Elevation - Volume Table Jump up ^ USGS Devils Lake Flood History Jump up ^ National Weather Service Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service ( NWS AHPS ) for Devils Lake at Creel Bay Jump up ^ Part of St.", "8": "Lawrence Seaway See also ( edit ) List of lakes of the United States List of largest lakes of the United States by volume External links ( edit ) List from the National Atlas of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_lakes_of_the_United_States_by_area&oldid=817876895 '' Categories : Lists of lakes of the United States United States - related lists of superlatives Lists by area Talk About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 02 : 42 . 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7225785319983716635	gabbar is back is a remake of which telugu movie	[ "Tagore", "Tagore", "Tagore", "Tagore", "Tagore" ]	{ "0": "Gabbar is Back - Wikipedia Gabbar is Back Jump to : navigation , search Gabbar Is Back Theatrical release poster Directed by Krish Produced by Sanjay Leela Bhansali Viacom 18 Motion Pictures Shabinaa Khan Screenplay by Rajat Arora Based on Ramanaa by A.R. Murugadoss Starring Akshay Kumar Shruti Haasan Suman Talwar Sunil Grover Jaideep Ahlawat Kareena Kapoor ( Cameo ) Music by Songs : Chirantan Bhatt Yo Yo Honey Singh Manj Musik Background Score : Amar Mohile Cinematography Nirav Shah Edited by Rajesh G. Pandey Production company Bhansali Productions Distributed by Viacom 18 Motion Pictures Release date 1 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) Running time 2hr 01minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 72 crore Box office ₹ 105.48 crore Worldwide Gabbar Is Back is a 2015 Indian vigilante film directed by Krish and produced by Sanjay Leela Bhansali and Viacom 18 Motion Pictures . Featuring Akshay Kumar and Shruti Haasan in the lead roles , the film is a remake of the 2002 Tamil film Ramanaa , directed by A.R. Murugadoss , which was later remade in Telugu as Tagore in 2003 and in Kannada as Vishnu Sena in 2005 . Suman Talwar , Sunil Grover and Jaideep Ahlawat appear in supporting roles with Kareena Kapoor Khan in a cameo . The movie has garnered a good box office success and Akshay Kumar 's acting was critically praised . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Critical response 5 Character map of remakes 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise.", "1": "( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The police get information that 10 tehsildars across Maharashtra have been mysteriously kidnapped . But they are mysteriously returned -- except the most corrupt officer , who is hanged in public . The police get a CD from mystery man ' Gabbar ' who says his mission is to target corrupt officers . Police driver Sadhuram ( Sunil Grover ) is convinced that he can crack the mystery of who is Gabbar -- but his superior officers humiliate and insult him in front of all the other officers . On his way home , Professor Aditya Singh Rajput ( Akshay Kumar ) is stopped by lawyer Shruti ( Shruti Haasan ) , who makes him drive her and a pregnant woman to the hospital , but the woman delivers in the car with Shruti 's help . When Shruti wants to thank Aditya for helping her , she finds he has already left . Sadhuram finds from the tehsil to the district offices that there 's one honest officer in each department . He is convinced that all these honest officers have a link to Gabbar . Shruti and Aditya become close and one day , she gets hit by a scooter and Aditya takes her to Patil Hospital . Although not badly injured , doctors at Patil Hospital insist on taking expensive tests and Aditya realizes how helpless patients and their families are fleeced and often , inhumanly treated . A poor woman mourns her deceased husband in the civil hospital nearby . Aditya tells her he 'll get her medical insurance . He deliberately checks in her dead husband as a patient to Patil Hospital . The hospital tries to swindle money out of Aditya by pretending to treat the already dead man , making Aditya pay heavily for tests and medicines . Aditya then shows them the death certificate , which proves that they knowingly admitted a dead man . The young owner of the hospital , Vikas Patil is furious when Aditya releases the video of the hospital 's corruption to the media . However , Vikas is brutally and mercilessly murdered by an angry mob .", "2": "His father , a powerful builder Digvijay Patil ( Suman Talwar ) , sees Aditya in the hospital CCTV footage and is stunned to realize that this is the same man he had supposedly killed five years ago . Aditya and Shruti attend a wedding where Aditya remembers his late wife Sunaina ( Kareena Kapoor Khan ) and how they moved into a new apartment when they were expecting a baby . While Aditya was outside playing Holi , the buildings in the colony collapsed and killed hundreds of people , including his wife and unborn child . Aditya collected proof of the faulty buildings against builder Digivijay Patil , but Patil bribed everyone and no one was willing to hear Aditya out . Digvijay tried to bribe Aditya by offering Rs one crore to spare the matter but Aditya spurned the offer and beat Digvijay severely but the latter attacked him with an axe and thought his blows had killed Aditya . However , a bus full of medical students found the unconscious Aditya on a highway and save his life . He then decides to use the power of young , idealistic , honest youth and trains students at National College to join his cause . Meanwhile , Sadhuram finds out that all the honest officers attended National College for graduation . Shruti finds out Aditya as Gabbar and is shocked but when he tells her the truth , she supports his cause . CBI officer Kuldeep Pahwa ( Jaideep Ahlawat ) takes charge of the case and is mystified by the facts . He listens to Sadhuram 's findings and they arrest National College students . But even upon being beaten , the students do not divulge anything about Gabbar . Shruti tells Kuldeep that because the law does n't work , a vigilante like Gabbar is a hero for ordinary citizens today . Sadhuram changes his view of Gabbar . Patil kills an honest officer to terrorize others into passing his faulty building plans . The cops are sure that Gabbar will target Patil for this outrageous act -- and he does . Patil throws a birthday party for himself at his farmhouse . As he cuts the cake , he spots Aditya in the crowd .", "3": "The next moment , Aditya and his gang kidnap him , all wearing similar masks . As police search the city for Patil in vain , Aditya takes him to Patil 's own mansion and tells him to call anyone to save himself -- but the Home Minister tells him to not involve him , so that Gabbar does n't come after him next . Aditya and Patil then have a violent clash and he kills Patil . Aditya goes to the police to hand himself over for the murders . He is given the death penalty but there are huge public protests and enraged students block his jail van . Officer Pahwa requests him to speak to the students and he does , telling them to channel their anger against corruption and be the change society needs . As Aditya is taken to be hanged , Shruti breaks down , but he leaves , smiling , asking the hangman , Tera kya hoga , Kaalia - quoting the famous dialogue of the character Gabbar from the film Sholay . Cast ( edit ) Shruti Haasan and Akshay Kumar during the film 's trailer launch . Akshay Kumar as Professor Aditya Singh Rajput a.k.a. Gabbar Shruti Haasan as Shruti Kareena Kapoor Khan as Sunaina , Aditya 's late wife ( cameo appearance ) Suman Talwar as Digvijay Patil Sunil Grover as Police driver Sadhuram Jaideep Ahlawat as C.B.I Officer Kuldeep Pahwa Ishita Vyas as Veena Sonu Sood as Balbir Singh Raj Singh Arora as Govind Gawde Shruti Bapna as Lakshmi Ravi Prakash as Ravi Manoj Chandila as Vikas Patil ,", "4": "Digvijay 's son Ninad Kamat as Police Inspector Anuradha Chandan as Govind 's mother Narendra Jetly as Senior Doctor Afreen as Isha Dutta Saanvi Talwar as Reporter Sai Ballal as Chandrakant Gawde Chitrangada Singh Special appearance in an item song `` Aao Raja '' Jagdish Rajpurohit as Sub Inspector Yadav Shivraj Wahekar as Police Commissioner Pant Fareed Ahmed as Parvesh Vikas Shrivastav as Inspector Vikas Rajeev Kacho as Vishwas Sawant Anandeshwar Dwivedi as News reader Uttam Haldar as Ward boy Krishna Raaz as Shanti Nagpal Prateek Srivastava as Hari Chandraprakash Thakur as Thakur Ravi as Ravi Pradeep Shukla as Home Minister Kumud Shaw as Dr Kumud Jitendra Trehan as Dr Manoj Verma Sai Bilal as Chandrakant Gakwe Deepak Dhadwal as Principal , National College Ruby as Varsha Soundtrack ( edit ) Gabbar Is Back Soundtrack album by Chirantan Bhatt Yo Yo Honey Singh Released 20 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) Genre Feature Film Soundtrack Length 16 : 02 Label Zee Music Company The songs of Gabbar Is Back are composed by Chirantan Bhatt , Yo Yo Honey Singh and Manj Musik , while the lyrics are written by Manoj Yadav , Kumaar , Sahil Kaushal , Manj Musik , Raftaar and Big Dhillon . No . Title Lyrics Music Singers Length 1 . `` Teri Meri Kahaani '' Manoj Yadav Chirantan Bhatt Arijit Singh , Palak Muchhal 5 : 31 2 . `` Coffee Peetey Peetey '' Kumaar Chirantan Bhatt Dev Negi , Paroma Das Gupta 3 : 38 3 .", "5": "`` Aao Raja '' Sahil Kaushal Yo Yo Honey Singh Neha Kakkar , Yo Yo Honey Singh , Teflon 4 : 01 4 . `` Warna Gabbar Aa Jayega '' Manj Musik , Raftaar , Big Dhillon Manj Musik Manj Musik , Raftaar 2 : 52 Total length : 16 : 02 Critical response ( edit ) Bollywood Hungama rated the film 3 stars out of 5 , writing that `` On the whole , Gabbar Is Back is an average entertainer which will draw huge footfalls over the weekend due to catchy massy title , action drama and the fact that it is releasing on a holiday . '' Similarly , Koimoi rated it 3 stars out of 5 , along with writing `` If you enjoy films which have the good vs evil story with full on action and ' Dhamakedaar ' dialogues , this is your film . '' Hindustan Times rated it 3 stars out of 5 , stating that `` Gabbar Is Back is a full on ' masala ' film with a lot of applause worthy scenes . The buck stops at Akshay Kumar . '' The Times of India rated the film 3.5 stars out of 5 , writing that `` Now , Gabbar Is Back -- and you 'll feel his return rocks . '' Zee News also rated it 3.5 stars out of 5 , writing that `` After watching this we surely need a real ' Gabbar ' to blow some courage in all of us -- and wipe out corruption from the root . ' Pachaas Pachaas Kos Dur Jabh Koi Rishwat Leta Hai , Toh Sabh Kehte Hain Mat Le Varna , Gabbar Aa Jaaega . '' Subhash K. Jha of Bollywood Hungama wrote that `` Akshay Gives The Super-Hero A New Definition . '' Hindustan Times audio news praised the screen presence of Akshay Kumar . Deccan Chronicle described the movie as `` cliched but enjoyable in bits '' . Business Standard posted the ratings of IANS which gave 4 stars to the movie .", "6": "Character map of remakes ( edit ) The film is a remake of the 2002 Tamil film Ramanaa , directed by A.R. Murugadoss , which was later remade in many other languages . Ramanaa 2002 ( Tamil ) Tagore 2003 ( Telugu ) Vishnu Sena 2005 ( Kannada ) Tiger 2007 ( Bengali ) Gabbar Is Back 2015 ( Hindi ) Vijayakanth Chiranjeevi Vishnuvardhan Mithun Chakraborty Akshay Kumar Ashima Bhalla Shriya Saran Gurleen Chopra Debashree Roy Shruti Haasan Simran Jyothika Lakshmi Gopalaswamy Rajatava Dutta Kareena Kapoor Khan Vijayan Sayaji Shinde Ashutosh Rana Dulal Lahiri Suman Talwar Mukesh Rishi Puneet Issar Pankaj Dheer George Baker Jaideep Ahlawat Yugi Sethu Prakash Raj Ramesh Arvind Sudip Mukherjee Sunil Grover References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gabbar Is Back : 3rd Weekend Box Office Collections . Koimoi.com ( 18 May 2015 ) . Retrieved on 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Hungama . `` Special Features : Box Office : Worldwide Collections of Gabbar Is Back -- Box Office , Bollywood Hungama '' . Bollywoodhungama.com . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Big plans for Akshay Kumar 's ' Gabbar Is Back ' '' . The Indian Express . 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` After rowdy , Bhansali turns Akshay into Gabbar '' . Times of India . 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Gabbar Is Back Review . Bollywoodhungama.com ( 1 May 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 10 - 28 .", "7": "Jump up ^ Redkar , Surabhi ( 1 May 2015 ) KoiMoi -- Gabbar Is Back . M.koimoi.com . Retrieved on 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Vats , Rohit ( 3 May 2015 ) Gabbar Is Back review . Hindustan Times . Retrieved on 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Das , Srijana Mitra ( 1 May 2015 ) Gabbar Is Back Movie Review . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved on 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Handoo , Ritika. ( 5 January 2015 ) Gabbar Is Back movie review . Zeenews.india.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Hungama ( 30 April 2015 ) . `` Subhash K Jha speaks about Gabbar Is Back Latest Movie Features '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gabbar Is Back review : Akshay Kumar steals the thunder in this action - packed masala film '' . www.hindustantimes.com/ . Hindustan times . Archived from the original on 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movie review ' Gabbar Is Back ' : Too cliched but enjoyable in bits '' . Deccanchronicle.com. 1 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Gabbar Is Back ' -- Akshay redefines superhero '' . Business Standard .", "8": "External links ( edit ) Gabbar Is Back on Facebook Gabbar Is Back on IMDb Films directed by Krish Gamyam ( 2008 ) Vedam ( 2010 ) Vaanam ( 2011 ) Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum ( 2012 ) Gabbar Is Back ( 2015 ) Kanche ( 2015 ) Gautamiputra Satakarni ( 2017 ) Manikarnika ( 2018 ) ( hide ) Films by Sanjay Leela Bhansali Director Khamoshi : The Musical ( 1996 ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 1999 ) Devdas ( 2002 ) Black ( 2005 ) Saawariya ( 2007 ) Guzaarish ( 2010 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2015 ) Padmaavat ( 2018 ) Producer My Friend Pinto ( 2011 ) Rowdy Rathore ( 2012 ) Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi ( 2012 ) Mary Kom ( 2014 ) Gabbar Is Back ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "9": "php?title=Gabbar_Is_Back&oldid=819797369 '' Categories : 2015 films Hindi - language films 2010s action films 2010s drama films Films about corruption in India 2010s Hindi - language films Indian action drama films Indian film remakes Indian films Films directed by Krish Vigilante films Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2014 Use dmy dates from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Pages using div col with deprecated parameters All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from March 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی हिन्दी کوردی Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 09 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8466196474705624263	who was running as vice president in 1984	[ "Ferraro", "George H. W. Bush", "Geraldine Anne \"Gerry\" Ferraro", "Geraldine Anne \"Gerry\" Ferraro", "Congresswoman Ferraro", "Vice President George H. W. Bush" ]	{ "0": "Geraldine Ferraro - wikipedia Geraldine Ferraro Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Geraldine Farrar . Geraldine Ferraro United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights In office 1993 -- 1996 President Bill Clinton Preceded by Armando Valladares Succeeded by Nancy Rubin Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus In office January 3 , 1981 -- January 3 , 1985 Leader Tip O'Neill Preceded by Shirley Chisholm Succeeded by Mary Oakar Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York 's 9th district In office January 3 , 1979 -- January 3 , 1985 Preceded by James Delaney Succeeded by Thomas Manton Personal details Geraldine Anne Ferraro ( 1935 - 08 - 26 ) August 26 , 1935 Newburgh , New York , U.S. March 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 26 ) ( aged 75 ) Boston , Massachusetts , U.S. Political party Democratic Spouse ( s ) John Zaccaro ( m . 1960 ) Children Education Marymount Manhattan College ( BA ) Fordham University ( JD ) Signature Geraldine Anne `` Gerry '' Ferraro ( August 26 , 1935 -- March 26 , 2011 ) was an American attorney and Democratic Party politician who served in the United States House of Representatives . In 1984 , she was the first female vice presidential candidate representing a major American political party . Ferraro grew up in New York City and worked as a public school teacher before training as a lawyer . She joined the Queens County District Attorney 's Office in 1974 , heading the new Special Victims Bureau that dealt with sex crimes , child abuse , and domestic violence . In 1978 she was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives , where she rose rapidly in the party hierarchy while focusing on legislation to bring equity for women in the areas of wages , pensions , and retirement plans .", "1": "In 1984 , former vice president and presidential candidate Walter Mondale , seen as an underdog , selected Ferraro to be his running mate in the upcoming election . Ferraro became the only Italian American to be a major - party national nominee in addition to being the first woman . The positive polling the Mondale - Ferraro ticket received when she joined soon faded , as damaging questions arose about her and her businessman husband 's finances and wealth and her Congressional disclosure statements . In the general election , Mondale and Ferraro were defeated in a landslide by incumbent President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H.W. Bush . Ferraro ran campaigns for a seat in the United States Senate from New York in 1992 and 1998 , both times starting as the front - runner for her party 's nomination before losing in the primary election . She served as a United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights from 1993 until 1996 during the presidential administration of Bill Clinton . She also continued her career as a journalist , author , and businesswoman , and served in the 2008 presidential campaign of Senator Hillary Clinton . Ferraro died on March 26 , 2011 , from multiple myeloma , 12 years after being diagnosed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Family , lawyer , prosecutor 3 House of Representatives 4 1984 vice-presidential candidacy 5 First Senate run and ambassadorship 6 Commentator and second Senate run 7 Business career , illness and medical activism 8 2008 presidential election involvement 9 Final year , death and tributes 10 Awards and honors 11 Electoral history 12 See also 13 Notes 14 Bibliography 15 External links Early Life and Education ( edit ) Ferraro lived in this building in Newburgh until she was ten . Geraldine Ferraro was born on August 26 , 1935 in Newburgh , New York , the daughter of Antonetta L. Ferraro ( née Corrieri ) , a first - generation Italian American seamstress , and Dominick Ferraro , an Italian immigrant ( from Marcianise , Campania ) and owner of two restaurants . She had three brothers born before her , but one died in infancy and another at age three .", "2": "Ferraro attended the parochial school Mount Saint Mary 's in Newburgh when she was young . Her father died of a heart attack in May 1944 , when she was eight . Ferraro 's mother soon invested and lost the remainder of the family 's money , forcing the family to move to a low - income area in the South Bronx while Ferraro 's mother worked in the garment industry to support them . Ferraro stayed on at Mount Saint Mary 's as a boarder for a while , then briefly attended a parochial school in the South Bronx . Beginning in 1947 , she attended and lived at the parochial Marymount Academy in Tarrytown , New York , using income from a family rental property in Italy and skipping seventh grade . At Marymount Ferraro was a member of the honor society , active in several clubs and sports , voted most likely to succeed , and graduated in 1952 . Her mother was adamant that she get a full education , despite an uncle in the family saying , `` Why bother ? She 's pretty . She 's a girl . She 'll get married . '' Ferraro attended Marymount Manhattan College with a scholarship while sometimes holding two or three jobs at the same time . During her senior year she began dating John Zaccaro of Forest Hills , Queens , who had graduated from Iona College with a commission in the U.S. Marine Corps . Ferraro received a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1956 ; she was the first woman in her family to gain a college degree . She also passed the city exam to become a licensed school teacher . Ferraro began working as an elementary school teacher in public schools in Astoria , Queens , `` because that 's what women were supposed to do . '' Unsatisfied , she decided to attend law school ; an admissions officer said to her , `` I hope you 're serious , Gerry . You 're taking a man 's place , you know . '' She earned a Juris Doctor degree with honors from Fordham University School of Law in 1960 , going to classes at night while continuing to work as a second - grade teacher at schools such as P.S. 57 during the day . Ferraro was one of only two women in her graduating class of 179 .", "3": "She was admitted to the bar of New York State in March 1961 . Family , lawyer , prosecutor ( edit ) Ferraro became engaged to Zaccaro in August 1959 and married him on July 16 , 1960 . He became a realtor and businessman . She kept her birth name professionally , as a way to honor her mother for having supported the family after her father 's death , but used his name in parts of her private life . The couple had three children , Donna ( born 1962 ) , John Jr. ( born 1964 ) , and Laura ( born 1966 ) . They lived in Forest Hills Gardens , Queens , and in 1971 , added a vacation house in Saltaire on Fire Island . They would buy a condominium in Saint Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands in 1983 . While raising the children , Ferraro worked part - time as a civil lawyer in her husband 's real estate firm for 13 years . She also occasionally worked for other clients and did some pro bono work for women in family court . She spent time at local Democratic clubs , which allowed her to maintain contacts within the legal profession and become involved in local politics and campaigns . While organizing community opposition to a proposed building , Ferraro met lawyer and Democratic figure Mario Cuomo , who became a political mentor . In 1970 , she was elected president of the Queens County Women 's Bar Association . Ferraro 's first full - time political job came in January 1974 , when she was appointed Assistant District Attorney for Queens County , New York , by her cousin , District Attorney Nicholas Ferraro . At the time , women prosecutors in the city were uncommon . Grumblings that she was the beneficiary of nepotism were countered by her being rated as qualified by a screening committee and by her early job performance in the Investigations Bureau . The following year , Ferraro was assigned to the new Special Victims Bureau , which prosecuted cases involving rape , child abuse , spouse abuse , and domestic violence . She was named head of the unit in 1977 , with two other assistant district attorneys assigned to her . In this role , she became a strong advocate for abused children . She was admitted to the U.S. Supreme Court Bar in 1978 . As part of the D.A.", "4": "office , Ferraro worked long hours , and gained a reputation for being a tough prosecutor but fair in plea negotiations . Although her unit was supposed to turn over cases which were bound for trial to another division , she took an active role in trying some cases herself , and juries were persuaded by her summations . Ferraro was upset to discover that her superior was paying her less than equivalent male colleagues because she was a married woman and already had a husband . Moreover , Ferraro found the nature of the cases she dealt with debilitating ; the work left her `` drained and angry '' and she developed an ulcer . She grew frustrated that she was unable to deal with root causes , and talked about running for legislative office ; Cuomo , now Secretary of State of New York , suggested the United States Congress . House of Representatives ( edit ) Ferraro ran for election to the U.S. House of Representatives from New York 's 9th Congressional District in Queens in 1978 , after longtime Democratic incumbent James Delaney announced his retirement . The location for the television series All in the Family , the district , which stretched from Astoria to Ozone Park was known for its ethnic composition and conservative views . In a three - candidate primary race for the Democratic nomination , Ferraro faced two better - known rivals , the party organization candidate , City Councilman Thomas J. Manton and Patrick Deignan . Her main issues were law and order , support for the elderly , and neighborhood preservation . She labeled herself a `` ' small c ' conservative '' and emphasized that she was not a bleeding - heart liberal ; her campaign slogan was `` Finally , A Tough Democrat '' . Her Italian heritage also appealed to ethnic residents in the district . She won the three - way primary with 53 percent of the vote , and then captured the general election as well , defeating Republican Alfred A. DelliBovi by a 10 - percentage - point margin in a contest in which dealing with crime was the major issue and personal attacks by DelliBovi were frequent . She had been aided by $130,000 in campaign loans and donations from her own family , including $110,000 in loans from Zaccaro , of which only $4,000 was legal .", "5": "The source and nature of these transactions were declared illegal by the Federal Election Commission shortly before the primary , causing Ferraro to pay back the loans in October 1978 , via several real estate transactions . In 1979 , the campaign and Zaccaro paid $750 in fines for civil violations of election law . Ferraro and her family lived in this house in Forest Hills Gardens , Queens , during her time in the House of Representatives , her vice-presidential campaign , and until the early 2000s . Despite being a newcomer to the House , Ferraro made a vivid impression upon arrival and quickly found prominence . She became a protégé of House Speaker Tip O'Neil , established a rapport with other House Democratic leaders , and rose rapidly in the party hierarchy . She was elected to be the Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus for 1981 -- 1983 and again for 1983 -- 1985 ; this entitled her to a seat on the influential Steering and Policy Committee . In 1983 , she was named to the powerful House Budget Committee . She also served on the Public Works and Transportation Committee and the Post Office and Civil Service Committee , both of which allowed Ferraro to push through projects to benefit her district . In particular , she assisted the successful effort of the Ridgewood and Glendale neighborhoods to get their ZIP codes changed from Brooklyn to their native Queens . Male colleagues viewed her with respect as someone who was tough and ambitious and in turn she was , as The New York Times later wrote , `` comfortable with the boys '' . Ferraro was active in Democratic presidential politics as well . She served as one of the deputy chairs for the 1980 Carter - Mondale campaign . Following the election , she served actively on the Hunt Commission that in 1982 , rewrote the Democratic delegate selection rules ; Ferraro was credited as having been the prime agent behind the creation of superdelegates . By 1983 , she was regarded as one of the up - and - coming stars of the party . She was the Chairwoman of the Platform Committee for the 1984 Democratic National Convention , the first woman to hold that position . There she held multiple hearings around the country and further gained in visibility . While in Congress , Ferraro focused much of her legislative attention on equity for women in the areas of wages , pensions , and retirement plans .", "6": "She was a cosponsor of the 1981 Economic Equity Act . On the House Select Committee on Aging , she concentrated on the problems of elderly women . In 1984 , she championed a pension equity law revision that would improve the benefits of people who left work for long periods and then returned , a typical case for women with families . The Reagan administration , at first lukewarm to the measure , decided to sign it to gain the benefits of its popular appeal . As with many representatives , Ferraro issued regular newsletters to her constituents . Ferraro also worked on some environmental issues . During 1980 , she tried to prevent the federal government from gaining the power to override local laws on hazardous materials transportation , an effort she continued in subsequent years . In August 1984 , she led passage of a Superfund renewal bill and attacked the Reagan administration 's handling of environmental site cleanups . Ferraro took a congressional trip to Nicaragua at the start of 1984 , where she spoke to the Contras . She decided that the Reagan Administration 's military interventions there and in El Salvador were counterproductive towards reaching U.S. security goals , and that regional negotiations would be better . In all , Ferraro served three two - year terms , being re-elected in 1980 and 1982 . Her vote shares increased to 58 percent and then 73 percent and much of her funding came from political action committees . While Ferraro 's pro-choice views conflicted with those of many of her constituents as well as the Catholic Church to which she belonged , her positions on other social and foreign policy issues were in alignment with the district . She broke with her party in favoring an anti-busing amendment to the Constitution . She supported deployment of the Pershing II missile and the Trident submarine , although she opposed funding for the MX missile , the B - 1B bomber , and the Strategic Defense Initiative . While in the House , Ferraro 's political self - description evolved to `` moderate '' . In 1982 , she said her experiences as assistant district attorney had changed some of her views : `` ... because no matter how concerned I am about spending , I have seen first hand what poverty can do to people 's lives and I just ca n't , in good conscience , not do something about it . ''", "7": "For her six years in Congress , Ferraro had an average 78 percent `` Liberal Quotient '' from Americans for Democratic Action and an average 8 percent rating from the American Conservative Union . The AFL - CIO 's Committee on Political Education gave her an average approval rating of 91 percent . 1984 vice-presidential candidacy ( edit ) See also : United States presidential election , 1984 Ferraro speaks at the 1984 Democratic National Convention . Standing behind her are California Congressmen Bob Matsui and Norman Mineta and future San Francisco supervisor Tom Hsieh . As the 1984 U.S. presidential election primary season neared its end and Walter Mondale became the likely Democratic nominee , the idea of picking a woman as his vice-presidential running mate gained considerable momentum . The National Organization for Women and the National Women 's Political Caucus pushed the notion , as did several top Democratic figures such as Speaker Tip O'Neill . Women mentioned for the role included Ferraro and Mayor of San Francisco Dianne Feinstein , both of whom were on Mondale 's five - person short list . Mondale selected Ferraro to be his Vice-Presidential candidate on July 12 , 1984 . She stated , `` I am absolutely thrilled . '' The Mondale campaign hoped that her selection would change a campaign in which he was well behind ; in addition to attracting women , they hoped she could attract ethnic Democrats in the Northeast U.S. who had abandoned their party for Reagan in 1980 . Her personality , variously described as blunt , feisty , spirited , and somewhat saucy , was also viewed as an asset . In turn , Mondale accepted the risk that came with her inexperience . As Ferraro was the first woman to run on a major party national ticket in the United States , and the first Italian American , her July 19 nomination at the 1984 Democratic National Convention was one of the most emotional moments of that gathering , with female delegates appearing joyous and proud at the historic occasion . In her acceptance speech , Ferraro said , `` The daughter of an immigrant from Italy has been chosen to run for vice president in the new land my father came to love . '' Convention attendees were in tears during the speech , not just for its significance for women but for all those who had immigrated to America .", "8": "The speech was listed as number 56 in American Rhetoric 's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century . A flyer advertised a post-convention Queens Borough Hall rally , for Ferraro to introduce Mondale to New York City voters . Ferraro gained immediate , large - scale media attention . At first , journalists focused on her novelty as a woman and her poor family background , and their coverage was overwhelmingly favorable . Nevertheless , Ferraro faced many press questions about her foreign policy inexperience , and responded by discussing her attention to foreign and national security issues in Congress . She faced a threshold of proving competence that other high - level female political figures have had to face , especially those who might become commander - in - chief ; the question `` Are you tough enough ? '' was often directed to her . Ted Koppel questioned her closely about nuclear strategy and during Meet the Press she was asked , `` Do you think that in any way the Soviets might be tempted to try to take advantage of you simply because you are a woman ? '' The choice of Ferraro was viewed as a gamble , and pundits were uncertain whether it would result in a net gain or loss of votes for the Mondale campaign . While her choice was popular among Democratic activists , polls immediately after the announcement showed that only 22 percent of women were excited about Ferraro 's selection , versus 18 percent who agreed that it was a `` bad idea '' . By a three - to - one margin , voters thought that pressure from women 's groups had led to Mondale 's decision rather than his having chosen the best available candidate . Nonetheless , in the days after the convention Ferraro proved an effective campaigner , with a brash and confident style that forcefully criticized the Reagan administration and sometimes almost overshadowed Mondale . Mondale had been 16 points behind Reagan in polls before the pick , and after the convention he pulled even for a short time . By the last week of July , however , questions -- due initially to reporting by The New York Times -- began about Ferraro 's finances , the finances of her husband , John Zaccaro , and their separately filed tax returns . ( While the Mondale campaign had anticipated some questions , it had only spent 48 hours on vetting Ferraro 's family 's finances . )", "9": "This was also the first time the American media had to deal with a national candidate 's husband . Ferraro said she would release both their returns within a month , but maintained she was correct not to have included her husband 's financial holdings on her past annual Congressional disclosure statements . The media also reported on the FEC 's past investigation into Ferraro 's 1978 campaign funds . Although Ferraro and Zaccaro 's finances were often interwoven on paper , with each half partners in Zaccaro 's company , Ferraro had little knowledge of his business , or even how much he was worth . Zaccaro did not understand the greater public exposure that his wife 's new position brought to their family , and resisted releasing his financial information . On August 12 , Ferraro announced that her husband would not in fact be releasing his tax returns , on the grounds that to do so would disadvantage his real estate business and that such a disclosure was voluntary and not part of election law . She joked , `` If you 're married to an Italian man , you know what it 's like '' , angering fellow Italian Americans . The announcement dominated television and newspapers ; Ferraro was besieged by questions regarding the finances as well as criticism for ethnic stereotyping . As she later wrote , `` I had created a monster . '' Republicans saw her finances as a `` genderless '' issue that they could attack Ferraro with without creating a backlash , and some Mondale staffers thought Ferraro might have to leave the ticket . The Philadelphia Inquirer went even further in its investigations , seeking to link Zaccaro to organized crime figures , but most publishers avoided this topic and law enforcement officials did not treat the allegations with much seriousness . A week after her previous statement , Ferraro said Zaccaro had changed his mind and would indeed release his tax records , which was done on August 20 . The full statements included notice of payment of some $53,000 in back federal taxes that she owed due to what was described as an accountant 's error . Ferraro said the statements proved overall that she had nothing to hide and that there had been no financial wrongdoing . The disclosures indicated that Ferraro and her husband were worth nearly $4 million , had a full - time maid , and owned a boat and the two vacation homes .", "10": "Much of their wealth was tied up in real estate rather than being disposable income , but the disclosures hurt Ferraro 's image as a rags - to - riches story . Ferraro 's strong performance at an August 22 press conference covering the final disclosure -- where she answered all questions for two hours -- effectively ended the issue for the remainder of the campaign , but significant damage had been done . No campaign issue during the entire 1984 presidential campaign received more media attention than Ferraro 's finances . The exposure diminished Ferraro 's rising stardom , removed whatever momentum the Mondale -- Ferraro ticket gained out of the convention , and delayed formation of a coherent message for the fall campaign . Sharp criticism from Catholic Church authorities put Ferraro on the defensive during the entire campaign , with abortion opponents frequently protesting her appearances with a level of fervor not usually encountered by pro-choice Catholic male candidates such as Mario Cuomo and Ted Kennedy . In a 1982 briefing for Congress , Ferraro had written that `` the Catholic position on abortion is not monolithic and there can be a range of personal and political responses to the issue . '' Ferraro was criticized by Cardinal John O'Connor , the Catholic Archbishop of New York , and James Timlin , the Bishop of Scranton , for misrepresenting the Catholic Church 's position on abortion . After several days of back - and - forth debate in the public media , Ferraro finally conceded that , `` the Catholic Church 's position on abortion is monolithic '' but went on to say that `` But I do believe that there are a lot of Catholics who do not share the view of the Catholic Church '' . Ferraro was also criticized for saying that Reagan was not a `` good Christian '' because , she said , his policies hurt the poor . To defend Ferraro , the pro-choice group Catholics for a Free Choice placed an October 7 , 1984 , full - page ad in The New York Times titled `` A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion '' . Ferraro drew large crowds on the campaign trail , many of whom wished to see the history - making candidate in person , who often chanted , `` Ger - ry ! Ger - ry ! ''", "11": "Mondale and Ferraro rarely touched during their appearances together , to the point that he would not even place his palm on her back when they stood side - by - side ; Ferraro later said this was because anything more and `` people were afraid that it would look like , ' Oh , my God , they 're dating . ' '' . There was one vice-presidential debate between Congresswoman Ferraro and Vice President George H.W. Bush . Held on October 11 , the result was proclaimed mostly even by the press and historians ; women voters tended to think Ferraro had won , while men , Bush . At it , Ferraro criticized Reagan 's initial refusal to support an extension to the Voting Rights Act . Her experience was questioned at the debate and she was asked how her three terms in Congress stacked up with Bush 's extensive government experience . To one Bush statement she said , `` Let me just say first of all , that I almost resent , Vice President Bush , your patronizing attitude that you have to teach me about foreign policy . '' She strongly defended her position on abortion , which earned her applause and a respectful reply from her opponent . In the days leading up to the debate , Second Lady of the United States Barbara Bush had publicly referred to Ferraro as `` that four - million - dollar -- I ca n't say it , but it rhymes with ' rich ' . '' Barbara Bush soon apologized , saying she had not meant to infer Ferraro was `` a witch '' . Peter Teeley , Vice President Bush 's press secretary , had dispensed with rhymes as he said of Ferraro just prior to the debate , `` She 's too bitchy . She 's very arrogant . Humility is n't one of her strong points and I think that comes through . '' Teeley declined to apologize for the remark , saying it had no sexist implications and the Ferraro campaign was being `` hypersensitive '' in complaining about it . On October 18 the New York Post accurately reported that Ferraro 's father had been arrested for possession of numbers slips in Newburgh shortly before his death , and inaccurately speculated that something mysterious had been covered up about that death . Ferraro 's mother had never told her about his arrest ; she had been also arrested as an accomplice but released after her husband 's death .", "12": "The printing of the story led Ferraro to state that Post publisher Rupert Murdoch `` does not have the worth to wipe the dirt under ( my mother 's ) shoes . '' Ferraro 's womanhood was consistently discussed during the campaign ; one study found that a quarter of newspaper articles written about her contained gendered language . Throughout , Ferraro kept campaigning , taking on the traditional running mate role of attacking the opposition vigorously . By the end , she had traveled more than Mondale and more than Reagan and Bush combined . On November 6 , Mondale and Ferraro lost the general election in a landslide . They received only 41 percent of the popular vote compared to Reagan and Bush 's 59 percent , and in the Electoral College won only Mondale 's home state of Minnesota and the District of Columbia . The ticket even lost Ferraro 's to congressional district , which had long been one of the more conservative districts in New York City ; it tended to vote Republican in presidential races . Ferraro 's presence on the ticket had little measurable effect overall . Reagan captured 55 percent of women voters and about the same share of Catholic voters , the latter being the highest level yet for a Republican presidential candidate . Of the tenth of voters who decided based on the vice-presidential candidates , 54 percent went to Mondale -- Ferraro , establishing that Ferraro provided a net gain to the Democrats of 0.8 percent . Reagan 's personal appeal and campaign themes of prosperity and `` It 's morning again in America '' were quite strong , while Mondale 's liberal campaign alienated Southern whites and northern blue - collar workers who usually voted Democratic . Political observers generally agree that no combination of Democrats could have won the election in 1984 . Mondale himself would later reflect that `` I knew that I was in for it with Reagan '' and that he had no regrets about choosing Ferraro . After the election , the House Ethics Committee found that Ferraro had technically violated the Ethics in Government Act by failing to report , or reporting incorrectly , details of her family 's finances , and that she should have reported her husband 's holdings on her Congressional disclosure forms . However , the committee concluded that she had acted without `` deceptive intent '' , and since she was leaving Congress anyway , no action against her was taken .", "13": "Ferraro said , `` I consider myself completely vindicated . '' The scrutiny of her husband and his business dealings presaged a trend that women candidates would face in American electoral politics . Ferraro is one of only three U.S. women to run on a major party national ticket . The others are Alaska governor Sarah Palin , the 2008 Republican vice-presidential nominee , and Hillary Clinton , the 2016 Democratic presidential nominee . All three major party tickets lost their respective elections . First Senate run and ambassadorship ( edit ) Ferraro had relinquished her House seat to run for the vice-presidency . Her new - found fame led to an appearance in a Diet Pepsi commercial in 1985 . She published Ferraro : My Story , an account of the campaign with some of her life leading up to it , in November 1985 . It was a best seller and earned her $1 million . She also earned over $300,000 by giving speeches . Despite the one - sided national loss in 1984 , Ferraro was still viewed as someone with a bright political future . Many expected her to run in the 1986 United States Senate election in New York against first - term Republican incumbent Al D'Amato , and during 1985 she did Upstate New York groundwork towards that end . A Senate candidacy had been her original plan for her career , before she was named to Mondale 's ticket . But in December 1985 , she said she would not run , due to an ongoing U.S. Justice Department probe on her and her husband 's finances stemming from the 1984 campaign revelations . Members of Ferraro 's family were indeed facing legal issues . Her husband John Zaccaro had pleaded guilty in January 1985 , to fraudulently obtaining bank financing in a real estate transaction and had been sentenced to 150 hours of community service . Then in October 1986 , he was indicted on unrelated felony charges regarding an alleged 1981 bribery of Queens Borough President Donald Manes concerning a cable television contract . A full year later , he was acquitted at trial . The case against him was circumstantial , a key prosecution witness proved unreliable , and the defense did not have to present its own testimony . Ferraro said her husband never would have been charged had she not run for vice president .", "14": "Meanwhile , in February 1986 , the couple 's son John had been arrested for possession and sale of cocaine . He was convicted , and in June 1988 , sentenced to four months imprisonment ; Ferraro broke down in tears in court relating the stress the episode had placed on her family . Ferraro worked on an unpublished book about the conflicting rights between a free press and being able to have fair trials . Asked in September 1987 , whether she would have accepted the vice-presidential nomination had she known of all the family problems that would follow , she said , `` More than once I have sat down and said to myself , oh , God , I wish I had never gone through with it ... I think the candidacy opened a door for women in national politics , and I do n't regret that for one minute . I 'm proud of that . But I just wish it could have been done in a different way . '' Ferraro remained active in raising money for Democratic candidates nationwide , especially women candidates . She founded the Americans Concerned for Tomorrow political action committee , which focused on getting ten women candidates elected in the 1986 Congressional elections ( eight of whom would be successful ) . During the 1988 presidential election , Ferraro served as vice chair of the party 's Victory Fund . She also did some commentating for television . Ferraro was a fellow at the Harvard Institute of Politics from 1988 to 1992 , teaching in - demand seminars such as `` So You Want to be President ? '' She also took care of her mother , who suffered from emphysema for several years before her death in early 1990 . By October 1991 , Ferraro was ready to enter elective politics again , and ran for the Democratic nomination in the 1992 United States Senate election in New York . Her opponents were State Attorney General Robert Abrams , Reverend Al Sharpton , Congressman Robert J. Mrazek , and New York City Comptroller and former Congresswoman Elizabeth Holtzman . Abrams was considered the early front - runner . The D'Amato campaign feared facing Ferraro the most among these , as her Italian ancestry , effective debating and stump speech skills , and her staunch pro-choice views would eat into several of D'Amato's usual bases of support .", "15": "Ferraro emphasized her career as a teacher , prosecutor , congresswoman , and mother , and talked about how she was tough on crime . Ferraro drew renewed attacks during the primary campaign from the media and her opponents over Zaccaro 's finances and business relationships . She objected that a male candidate would not receive nearly as much attention regarding his wife 's activities . Ferraro became the front - runner , capitalizing on her star power from 1984 , and using the campaign attacks against her as an explicitly feminist rallying point for women voters . As the primary date neared , her lead began to dwindle under the charges , and she released additional tax returns from the 1980s to try to defray the attacks . Holtzman , who was trailing last in polls , borrowed over $400,000 from Fleet Bank to run a negative ad accusing Ferraro and Zaccaro of taking more than $300,000 in rent in the 1980s from a pornographer with ties to organized crime . Ferraro said there had been efforts to oust the man , Robert DiBernardo , after reports of the tenancy originated during her 1984 vice-presidential campaign , but he had remained in the building for three more years . In addition , a report by an investigator for the New York State Organized Crime Task Force found its way to the media via a tip from a Holtzman aide ; it said that Zaccaro had been seen meeting with the DiBernardo in 1985 . Ferraro said in response that those two had never met . The final debates were nasty , and Holtzman in particular constantly attacked Ferraro 's integrity and finances . In an unusual election - eve television broadcast , Ferraro talked about `` the ethnic slur that I am somehow or other connected to organized crime . There 's lots of innuendo but no proof . However , it is made plausible because of the fact that I am an Italian - American . This tactic comes from the poisoned well of fear and stereotype ... '' On the September 15 , 1992 , primary , Abrams edged out Ferraro by less than a percentage point , winning 37 percent of the vote to 36 percent , with Sharpton and Holtzman well behind . Ferraro did not concede she had lost for two weeks .", "16": "Abrams spent much of the remainder of the campaign trying to get Ferraro 's endorsement . Ferraro , enraged and bitter after the nature of the primary , ignored Abrams and accepted Bill Clinton 's request to campaign for his presidential bid instead . She was eventually persuaded by Governor Mario Cuomo and state party leaders into giving an unenthusiastic endorsement with just three days to go before the general election , in exchange for an apology by Abrams for the tone of the primary . D'Amato won the election by a very narrow margin . Overall the 1992 U.S. Senate elections saw five victories that it became known as the `` Year of the Woman '' . The Ferraro - Holtzman fighting of the campaign was viewed as a disaster by many feminists , however , with Ferraro denied her political comeback while Holtzman also politically damaged herself . The feud between Ferraro and Holtzman from the 1992 Senate primary lingered , as the following year Ferraro supported Assemblyman Alan Hevesi 's successful primary challenge that unseated Holtzman as New York City comptroller ; Ferraro denied that her endorsement was motivated by revenge against Holtzman , saying it was due to his liberal State Assembly voting record . Following the Senate primary loss , Ferraro became a managing partner in the New York office of Keck , Mahin & Cate , a Chicago - based law firm . There she organized the office and spoke with clients , but did not actively practice law and left before the firm fell into difficulties . Ferraro 's second book , a collection of her speeches , was titled Changing History : Women , Power and Politics and was published in 1993 . President Clinton appointed Ferraro as a member of the United States delegation to United Nations Commission on Human Rights in January 1993 . She attended the June 1993 World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna as the alternate U.S. delegate . Then in October 1993 , Clinton promoted her to be United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights , saying that Ferraro had been `` a highly effective voice for the human rights of women around the world . '' The Clinton administration named Ferraro vice-chair of the U.S. delegation to the landmark September 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing ; in this role she picked a strong team of experts in human rights issues to serve with her .", "17": "During her stint on the commission , it for the first time condemned anti-Semitism as a human rights violation , and also for the first time prevented China from blocking a motion criticizing its human rights record . Regarding a previous China motion that had failed , Ferraro had told the commission , `` Let us do what we were sent here to do -- decide important questions of human rights on their merits , not avoid them . '' Ferraro held the U.N. position into 1996 . Commentator and second Senate run ( edit ) In February 1996 , Ferraro joined the high - visibility CNN political talk show Crossfire , as the co-host representing the `` from the left '' vantage . She kept her brassy , rapid - fire speech and New York accent intact , and her trial experience from her prosecutor days was a good fit for the program 's format . She sparred effectively with `` from the right '' co-host Pat Buchanan , for whom she developed a personal liking . The show stayed strong in ratings for CNN , and the job was lucrative . She welcomed how the role `` keeps me visible ( and ) keeps me extremely well informed on the issues . '' At the start of 1998 , Ferraro left Crossfire and ran for the Democratic nomination again in the 1998 United States Senate election in New York . The other candidates were Congressman Charles Schumer and New York City Public Advocate Mark J. Green . She had done no fundraising , out of fear of conflict of interest with her Crossfire job , but was nonetheless immediately perceived as the front - runner . Indeed , December and January polls had her 25 percentage points ahead of Green in the race and even further ahead of Schumer . Unlike the previous campaigns , her family finances never became an issue . However , she lost ground during the summer , with Schumer catching up in the polls by early August and then soon passing her . Schumer , a tireless fundraiser , outspent her by a five - to - one margin , and Ferraro failed to establish a political image current with the times . In the September 15 , 1998 primary , she was beaten soundly by Schumer by a 51 percent to 26 percent margin . Unlike 1992 , the contest was not divisive , and Ferraro and third - place finisher Green endorsed Schumer at a unity breakfast the following day .", "18": "Schumer would go on to decisively unseat D'Amato in the general election . The 1998 primary defeat brought an end to Ferraro 's political career . The New York Times wrote at the time : `` If Ms. Ferraro 's rise was meteoric , her political career 's denouement was protracted , often agonizing and , at first glance , baffling . '' She still retained admirers , though . Anita Perez Ferguson , president of the National Women 's Political Caucus , noted that female New York political figures in the past had been reluctant to enter the state 's notoriously fierce primary races , and said : `` This woman has probably been more of an opinion maker than most people sitting for six terms straight in the House of Representatives or Senate . Her attempts , and even her losses , have accomplished far beyond what others have accomplished by winning . '' Business career , illness and medical activism ( edit ) In 1980 , Ferraro co-founded the National Organization of Italian American Women , which sought to support the educational and professional goals of its members and put forward positive role models in order to fight ethnic stereotyping , and was still a distinguished member of its board at the time of her death . Ferraro was connected with many other political and non-profit organizations . She was a board member of the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs , and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations . She became president of the newly established International Institute for Women 's Political Leadership in 1989 . In 1992 , she was on the founding board of Project Vote Smart . By 1993 , she was serving on the Fordham Law School Board of Visitors , as well as on the boards of the National Breast Cancer Research Fund , the New York Easter Seal Society , and the Pension Rights Center , and was one of hundreds of public figures on the Planned Parenthood Federation of America 's Board of Advocates . In 1999 , she joined the board of the Bertarelli Foundation , and in 2003 , the board of the National Women 's Health Resource Center . During the 2000s she was on the board of advisors to the Committee to Free Lori Berenson . Framing a Life : A Family Memoir was published by Ferraro in November 1998 .", "19": "It depicts the life story of her mother and immigrant grandmother ; it also portrays the rest of her family , and is a memoir of her early life , but includes relatively little about her political career . Ferraro had felt unusually tired at the end of her second senate campaign . In November 1998 , she was diagnosed with multiple myeloma , a form of blood cancer where plasma cells secrete abnormal antibodies known as Bence - Jones proteins , which can cause bones to disintegrate and dump toxic amounts of calcium into the bloodstream . She did not publicly disclose the illness until June 2001 , when she went to Washington to successfully press in Congressional hearings for passage of the Hematological Cancer Research Investment and Education Act . A portion of the Act created the Geraldine Ferraro Cancer Education Program , which directs the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services to establish an education program for patients of blood cancers and the general public . Ferraro became a frequent speaker on the disease , and an avid supporter and honorary board member of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation . Though initially given only three to five years to live , by virtue of several new drug therapies and a bone marrow transplant in 2005 , she would beat the disease 's Stage 1 survival mean of 62 months by over a factor of two . Her advocacy helped make the new treatments approved and available for others as well . For much of the last decade of her life , Ferraro was not in remission , but the disease was managed by continually adjusting her treatments . Ferraro joined Fox News Channel as a regular political commentator in October 1999 . By 2005 , she was making sporadic appearances on the channel , which continued into 2007 , and beyond . She partnered with Laura Ingraham , starting in December 1999 , in writing the alternate - weeks column `` Campaign Countdown '' on the 2000 presidential election for The New York Times Syndicate . During the 2000s , Ferraro was an affiliated faculty member at the Georgetown Public Policy Institute . Ferraro ( left ) marked Women 's History Month in March 2003 , with Senator Hillary Clinton , House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi , and opera singer Denyce Graves . In January 2000 , Ferraro and Lynn Martin -- a former Republican Congresswoman and U.S.", "20": "Secretary of Labor who had played Ferraro in George H.W. Bush 's debate preparations in 1984 -- co-founded , and served as co-presidents of , G&L Strategies , a management consulting firm underneath Weber McGinn . Its goal was to advise corporations on how to develop more women leaders and make their workplaces more amenable to female employees . G&L Strategies subsequently became part of Golin Harris International . In June 2003 , Ferraro was made executive vice president and managing director of the public affairs practice of the Global Consulting Group , an international investor relations and corporate communications component of Huntsworth . There she worked with corporations , non-profit organizations , state governments and political figures . She continued there as a senior advisor working about two days a month . After living for many years in Forest Hills Gardens , Queens , she and her husband moved to Manhattan in 2002 . She republished Ferraro : My Story in 2004 , with a postscript summarizing her life in the twenty years since the campaign . Ferraro was a member of the board of directors of Goodrich Petroleum beginning in August 2003 . She was also a board member for New York Bancorp in the 1990s . Ferraro became a principal in the government relations practice of the Blank Rome law firm in February 2007 , working both in New York and Washington about two days a week in their lobbying and communications activities . As she passed the age of 70 , she was thankful for still being alive , and said `` This is about as retired as I get , which is part time , '' and that if she fully retired , she would `` go nuts '' . 2008 presidential election involvement ( edit ) In December 2006 , Ferraro announced her support for Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton . Later , she vowed to help defend Clinton from being `` swiftboated '' in a manner akin to 2004 presidential candidate John Kerry . She assisted with fundraising by assuming an honorary post on the finance committee for Clinton 's 2008 presidential campaign . A heated nomination battle emerged between Clinton and Barack Obama . Ferraro became livid and distraught when one of her daughters voted for Obama in the Massachusetts primary , saying `` What is the matter with you ? You know Hillary . You have seen my involvement with her . ''", "21": "When her daughter responded by noting that Obama was inspirational , Ferraro snapped , `` What does he inspire you to do , leave your husband and three kids and your practice and go work for Doctors Without Borders ? '' This was seen as an example of a generational difference among American women ; in contrast to Ferraro 's generation , younger women saw nothing special about electing a woman president ( especially one with Clinton 's past history ) compared to what writer Anne Kornblut called `` the milestone of electing an African American president '' . According to Kornblut , younger voters saw `` Clinton ( as ) both a relic of that era and a victim of its success . She was the wrong woman at the wrong time ; she was a Clinton ; she had n't gotten there on her own '' . The campaign between the two also saw racial dust - ups caused by perceptions of remarks made by campaign surrogates . In March 2008 Ferraro gave an interview with the Daily Breeze in which she said : `` If Obama was a white man , he would not be in this position . And if he was a woman ( of any color ) he would not be in this position . He happens to be very lucky to be who he is . And the country is caught up in the concept . '' ( Ferraro had made a similar comment in 1988 disparaging Jesse Jackson 's candidacy in the party 's presidential primaries , saying that because of his `` radical '' views , `` if Jesse Jackson were not black , he would n't be in the race . '' ) Ferraro justified the statements by referring to her own run for vice president . Echoing a statement she wrote about herself in 1988 , Ferraro said that `` I was talking about historic candidacies and what I started off by saying ( was that ) if you go back to 1984 and look at my historic candidacy , which I had just talked about all these things , in 1984 , if my name was Gerard Ferraro instead of Geraldine Ferraro , I would have never been chosen as a vice-presidential candidate . It had nothing to do with my qualification . '' Her comments resonated with some older white women , but generated an immediate backlash elsewhere . There was strong criticism and charges of racism from many supporters of Obama and Obama called them `` patently absurd '' .", "22": "Clinton publicly expressed disagreement with Ferraro 's remarks , while Ferraro vehemently denied she was a racist . Again speaking to the Breeze , Ferraro responded to the attacks by saying : `` I really think they 're attacking me because I 'm white . How 's that ? '' Ferraro resigned from Clinton 's finance committee on March 12 , 2008 , two days after the firestorm began , saying that she did n't want the Obama camp to use her comments to hurt Clinton 's campaign . Ferraro continued to engage the issue and criticize the Obama campaign via her position as a Fox News Channel contributor . By early April , Ferraro said people were deluging her with negative comments and trying to get her removed from one of the boards she was on : `` This has been the worst three weeks of my life . '' Ferraro stated in mid-May 2008 that Clinton had `` raised this whole woman candidate thing to a whole different level than when I ran '' . She thought Obama had behaved in a sexist manner and that she might not vote for him . During September 2008 , Ferraro gained attention yet again after the announcement of Sarah Palin as the Republican vice-presidential nominee , the first such major party bid for a woman since her own in 1984 . Palin mentioned Ferraro as well as Clinton as forerunners in her introductory appearance . In reaction to the nomination , Ferraro said , `` It 's great to be the first , but I do n't want to be the only . And so now it is wonderful to see a woman on a national ticket . '' Ferraro speculated that the pick might win Republican presidential nominee John McCain the election , but said that she was supporting Obama now due to his running mate selection of Joe Biden having resolved her concerns about Obama 's lack of experience in certain areas . Ferraro criticized the media 's scrutiny of Palin 's background and family as gender - based and saw parallels with how she was treated by the media during her own run ; a University of Alabama study also found that media framing of Ferraro and Palin was similar and often revolved around their nominations being political gambles .", "23": "A Newsweek cover story detected a change in how women voters responded to a female vice presidential candidate from Ferraro 's time to Palin 's , but Ferraro correctly predicted that the bounce that McCain received from the Palin pick would dissipate . In a friendly joint retrospective of her 1984 debate with George H.W. Bush , Ferraro said she had had more national issues experience in 1984 than Palin did now , but that it was important that Palin make a good showing in her vice presidential debate so that `` little girls ( could ) see someone there who can stand toe to toe with ( Biden ) . '' McCain and Palin ended up losing , but regardless of the 1984 or 2008 election result , Ferraro said that `` Every time a woman runs , women win . '' Ferraro made a joint appearance with Palin on Fox News during the network 's election - night coverage of the 2010 midterms . Final year , death and tributes ( edit ) Ferraro continued to battle cancer , making repeated visits to hospitals during her last year and undergoing difficult procedures . Much of her care took place at Dana - Farber Cancer Institute in Boston , where she also acted as an informal advocate for other patients . She was able to make a joint appearance with Palin on Fox News Channel 's coverage of the November 2010 midterm elections . In March 2011 she went to Massachusetts General Hospital to receive treatment for pain caused by a fracture , a common complication of multiple myeloma . Once there , however , doctors discovered she had come down with pneumonia . Unable to return to her New York home , Ferraro died at Massachusetts General on March 26 , 2011 . In addition to her husband and three children , who were all present , she was survived by eight grandchildren . President Obama said upon her death that `` Geraldine will forever be remembered as a trailblazer who broke down barriers for women , and Americans of all backgrounds and walks of life , '' and said that his own two daughters would grow up in a more equal country because of what Ferraro had done . Mondale called her `` a remarkable woman and a dear human being ... She was a pioneer in our country for justice for women and a more open society . She broke a lot of molds and it 's a better country for what she did . '' George H.W.", "24": "Bush said , `` Though we were one - time political opponents , I am happy to say Gerry and I became friends in time -- a friendship marked by respect and affection . I admired Gerry in many ways , not the least of which was the dignified and principled manner she blazed new trails for women in politics . '' Palin paid tribute to her on Facebook , expressing gratitude for having been able to work with her the year before and saying , `` She broke one huge barrier and then went on to break many more . May her example of hard work and dedication to America continue to inspire all women . '' Bill and Hillary Clinton said in a statement that , `` Gerry Ferraro was one of a kind -- tough , brilliant , and never afraid to speak her mind or stand up for what she believed in -- a New York icon and a true American original . '' A funeral Mass was held for her on March 31 at the Church of St. Vincent Ferrer in New York , the site where Ferraro and Zaccaro had been married and had renewed their vows on their 50th anniversary the year before . Figures from local , state , and national politics were present , and Mondale and both Clintons were among the speakers . She is buried in St. John Cemetery in Middle Village , Queens , within her old congressional district . When Hillary Clinton finally captured the Democratic nomination in the 2016 presidential election , becoming the first woman to do so for a major party , there was considerable media commentary recalling , and relating this to , Ferraro 's breakthrough thirty - two years earlier . Awards and honors ( edit ) Ferraro was inducted into the National Women 's Hall of Fame in 1994 . Ferraro received honorary degrees during the 1980s and early 1990s , from Marymount Manhattan College ( 1982 ) , New York University Law School ( 1984 ) , Hunter College ( 1985 ) , Plattsburgh College ( 1985 ) , College of Boca Raton ( 1989 ) , Virginia State University ( 1989 ) , Muhlenberg College ( 1990 ) , Briarcliffe College for Business ( 1990 ) , and Potsdam College ( 1991 ) . She subsequently received an honorary degree from Case Western Reserve University ( 2003 ) .", "25": "During her time in Congress , Ferraro received numerous awards from local organizations in Queens . In 2007 , Ferraro received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Sons of Italy Foundation . In 2008 , Ferraro was the initial recipient of the annual Trailblazer Award from the National Conference of Women 's Bar Associations , and received the Edith I. Spivack Award from the New York County Lawyers ' Association . In 2009 , legislation passed the House of Representatives calling for a post office in Long Island City in Queens to be renamed for Ferraro , and in 2010 , the Geraldine A Ferraro Post Office was accordingly rededicated . In the fall of 2013 , P.S. 290 in Maspeth in Queens was renamed the Geraldine A. Ferraro Campus . In 2018 she was chosen by the National Women 's History Project as one of its honorees for Women 's History Month in the United States . Electoral history ( edit ) Democratic primary for New York 's 9th congressional district , 1978 Geraldine Ferraro -- 10,254 ( 52.98 % ) Thomas J. Manton -- 5,499 ( 28.41 % ) Patrick C. Deignan -- 3,603 ( 18.61 % ) New York 's 9th congressional district , 1978 Geraldine Ferraro ( D ) -- 51,350 ( 54.17 % ) Alfred A. DelliBovi ( R , Conservative ) -- 42,108 ( 44.42 % ) Theodore E. Garrison ( Liberal ) -- 1,329 ( 1.40 % ) New York 's 9th congressional district , 1980 Geraldine Ferraro ( D ) ( Inc . ) -- 63,796 ( 58.34 % ) Vito P. Battista ( R , Conservative , Right to Life ) -- 44,473 ( 40.67 % ) Gertrude Geniale ( Liberal ) -- 1,091 ( 1.00 % ) New York 's 9th congressional district , 1982 Geraldine Ferraro ( D ) ( Inc . )", "26": "-- 75,286 ( 73.22 % ) John J. Weigandt ( R ) -- 20,352 ( 19.79 % ) Ralph G. Groves ( Conservative ) -- 6,011 ( 5.85 % ) Patricia A. Salargo ( Liberal ) -- 1,171 ( 1.14 % ) 1984 Democratic National Convention ( Vice-Presidential tally ) Geraldine Ferraro -- 3,920 Shirley Chisholm -- 3 United States presidential election , 1984 Ronald Reagan / George H.W. Bush ( R ) ( Inc . ) -- 54,166,829 ( 58.5 % ) and 525 electoral votes ( 49 states carried ) Walter Mondale / Geraldine Ferraro ( D ) -- 37,449,813 ( 40.4 % ) and 13 electoral votes ( 1 state and D.C. carried ) David Bergland / Jim Lewis ( L ) -- 227,204 ( 0.2 % ) and 0 electoral votes Democratic primary for the United States Senate , 1992 Robert Abrams -- 426,904 ( 37 % ) Geraldine Ferraro -- 415,650 ( 36 % ) Al Sharpton -- 166,665 ( 14 % ) Elizabeth Holtzman -- 144,026 ( 12 % ) Democratic primary for the United States Senate , 1998 Chuck Schumer -- 388,701 ( 50.83 % ) Geraldine Ferraro -- 201,625 ( 26.37 % ) Mark Green -- 145,819 ( 19.07 % ) Eric Ruano - Melendez -- 28,493 ( 3.73 % ) See also ( edit ) Women in the United States House of Representatives Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Perlez , Jane ( April 10 , 1984 ) . `` Woman in the News ; Democrat , Peacemaker : Geraldine Anne Ferraro '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Ferraro and Francke , My Story , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Geraldine A. Ferraro Papers '' ( PDF ) . Marymount Manhattan College .", "27": "Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 9 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . pp. 2 -- 3 , 88 -- 90 . ^ Jump up to : Lague , Louise ( July 30 , 1984 ) . `` The Making of a Trailblazer '' . People . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ De Sanctis , Dona ( Summer 2011 ) . `` In Memoriam : Geraldine Ferraro '' ( PDF ) . Italian America . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Ferraro and Whitney , Framing a Life , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Ferraro , Framing a Life , pp. 50 -- 51 , 54 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Anticipating Madam President , pp. 157 -- 160 . ^ Jump up to : Ferraro , Framing a Life , pp. 65 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Zaccaro Fiance of Geraldine Ferraro '' . The New York Times . August 9 , 1959 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ferraro , Geraldine Anne ( 1935 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ferraro , Framing a Life , pp. 70 , 72 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Stephen S. ( May 15 , 1983 ) . `` Italian - Americans Coming Into Their Own '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ferraro , My Story , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Ferraro , Framing a Life , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Ferraro , Framing a Life , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Raab , Selwyn ( July 21 , 1984 ) . `` Ex-Colleagues Praise Rep. Ferraro As Lawyer '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ferraro , Framing a Life , plate 12 . ^ Jump up to : Blumenthal , Ralph ( August 18 , 1984 ) .", "28": "`` Ferraro 's Husband : Competitive , Private Man '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Beyond the Double Bind , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Magnuson , Ed ; Stacks , John F. ; Ungeheuer , Frederick ( September 3 , 1984 ) . `` Mistakes and Misunderstandings '' . Time . Jump up ^ May , Clifford D. ( June 14 , 1986 ) . `` On Fire Island , Family Haven From City Life '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Gerth , Jeff ( August 16 , 1984 ) . `` Finances of Ferraro and Husband Are Interwoven '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Moritz ( ed . ) , Current Biography Yearbook 1984 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Ferraro , Framing a Life , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Cara ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` Of Ferraro 's Roles in Many Arenas , a Favorite : Gerry From Queens '' . The New York Times . p . A18 . Retrieved March 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ferraro , Framing a Life , p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : Who 's Who of American Women 2006 -- 2007 , p. 610 . ^ Jump up to : Foerstel , Climbing the Hill , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Ferraro , Framing a Life , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Douglas ( March 26 , 2011 ) . `` Geraldine A. Ferraro , 1935 -- 2011 : She Ended The Men 's Club of National Politics '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two for the House '' . The New York Times . November 6 , 1978 . Jump up ^ O'Neill and Novak , Man of the House , p. 357 . Jump up ^ `` Geraldine Ferraro '' . Women in Congress . U.S.", "29": "House of Representatives . 2011 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Scala , Shade , Campbell ( eds . ) , American Presidential Campaigns and Elections , p. 962 . ^ Jump up to : Gerth , Jeff ; Blumenthal , Ralph ( July 26 , 1984 ) . `` Rep. Ferraro 's Transactions Detailed in Public Records '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Blumenthal , Ralph ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` When the Press Vetted Geraldine Ferraro '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Germond and Witcover , Wake Us When It 's Over , p. 372 Jump up ^ Goldman and Fuller , The Quest for the Presidency 1984 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ `` Women Elected to Party Leadership Positions '' . Women in Congress . U.S. House of Representatives . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2008 . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Women in Congress , 1917 -- 1990 , pp. 69 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Current Biography Yearbook 1984 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Tony ( September 15 , 1979 ) . `` 2 Areas of Queens Cut ZIP Tie to Brooklyn '' . The New York Times . p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , Daniel ( August 26 , 2010 ) . `` LIC post office renamed for Geraldine Ferraro '' . The Long Island City / Astoria Journal . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cohn ( ed . ) , Congress and the Nation 1981 -- 1984 , pp. 669 -- 670 . Jump up ^ Gottro ( ed . ) , Congress and the Nation 1977 -- 1980 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ Congress and the Nation 1981 -- 1984 , p. 300 .", "30": "Jump up ^ Congress and the Nation 1981 -- 1984 , pp. 459 , 461 . ^ Jump up to : Ferraro , My Story , pp. 122 -- 124 . ^ Jump up to : `` In the Party 's Mainstream '' . Time . July 23 , 1984 . Jump up ^ `` Voting Records '' . Americans for Democratic Action . Retrieved January 23 , 2009 . From 1979 through 1984 , her scores were 74 , 72 , 85 , 75 , 90 , and 70 ( the decline in the last year was partly due to missed votes while campaigning for vice president ) . Jump up ^ `` Ratings of Congress '' . American Conservative Union . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . From 1979 through 1984 , her scores were 16 , 17 , 7 , 10 , 0 , and 0 . ^ Jump up to : Morrow , Lance ( June 4 , 1984 ) . `` Why Not a Woman ? '' . Time . Jump up ^ Thomas , Evan ( July 2 , 1984 ) . `` Trying to Win the Peace '' . Time . Jump up ^ Goldman and Fuller , The Quest for the Presidency 1984 , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Glass , Andrew ( July 12 , 2007 ) . `` Ferraro joins Democratic ticket July 12 , 1984 '' . The Politico . Retrieved June 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Fouhy , Beth ; Lindsay , Jay ( March 26 , 2011 ) . `` First female VP candidate Geraldine Ferraro dies at 75 '' . The Boston Globe . Associated Press . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman and Fuller , The Quest for the Presidency 1984 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Although Ferraro was the first woman to be on a major - party ticket for one of the nation 's two highest offices , she was not the first woman to receive an electoral college vote .", "31": "That woman was Theodora Nathan , a Libertarian Vice-Presidential candidate who got the support of Roger MacBride , a faithless elector from Virginia who in 1972 , voted for her instead of the pledged Spiro Agnew . However , Ferraro was the first woman to receive more than one electoral vote . See `` Women Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates : A Selected List '' ( PDF ) . Rutgers University Center for American Women and Politics . 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mention is occasionally made of Al Smith , who was the Democratic presidential nominee in the 1928 election , as the first Italian American to run on a major party national ticket . But Smith was only one - quarter Italian in heritage , was not known by an Italian surname , and was generally identified as an Irish American . While his Roman Catholic religion was certainly a major issue in the election , his partial Italian heritage was not . See Slayton , Robert A. ( December 10 , 2011 ) . `` When a Catholic Terrified the Heartland '' . The New York Times . The large majority of sources consider Ferraro to have been the first Italian American to achieve this distinction . See Martin , Douglas ( March 26 , 2011 ) . `` She Ended the Men 's Club of National Politics '' . The New York Times . ; Schudel , Matt ( March 26 , 2011 ) . `` Geraldine A. Ferraro , first woman major - party candidate on presidential ticket , dies at 75 '' . The Washington Post . ; Woo , Elaine ( March 26 , 2011 ) . `` Geraldine Ferraro dies at 75 ; shattered political barrier for women as vice presidential nominee in 1984 '' . Los Angeles Times . ; and McGuire , Bill ( March 27 , 2011 ) . `` Geraldine Ferraro , First Woman VP Candidate , Dies at 75 '' . ABC News . ^ Jump up to : Congress and the Nation 1981 -- 1984 , pp. 18 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson ( ed . )", "32": ", Historic Documents on Presidential Elections 1787 -- 1988 , pp. 785ff . Jump up ^ Goldman and Fuller , The Quest for the Presidency 1984 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Eidenmuller , Michael E. ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century by Rank '' . American Rhetoric . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andersen , Kurt ; Stacks , John F. ( July 30 , 1984 ) . `` The Life off the Party '' . Time . Jump up ^ Braden , Women Politicians and the Media , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Beyond the Double Bind , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Braden , Women Politicians and the Media , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Beyond the Double Bind , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Chaze , William L. ( July 23 , 1984 ) . `` Why it 's Ferraro for veep '' . U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Church , George L. ; Magnuson , Ed ( July 23 , 1984 ) . `` Geraldine Ferraro : A Break with Tradition '' . Time . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldman and Fuller , The Quest for the Presidency 1984 , p. 213 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman and Fuller , The Quest for the Presidency 1984 , pp. 278 -- 281 . ^ Jump up to : Raines , Howell ( August 14 , 1984 ) . `` G.O.P. Seizes ' Genderless Issue ' of Tax Returns to Attack Ferraro '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Ferraro , My Story , pp. 156 -- 158 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson and Dani , The Media Campaign , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Perlez , Jane ( August 19 , 1984 ) . `` Husband Plans Tax Disclosure With Ferraro '' . The New York Times .", "33": "Jump up ^ Braden , Women Politicians and the Media , pp. 113 -- 115 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Sam ( August 22 , 1984 ) . `` Ferraro Denies Any Wrongdoing ; 2d Loan By Zaccaro From Estate '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Germond and Witcover , Wake Us When It 's Over , pp. 447 -- 448 . Jump up ^ Goldman and Fuller , The Quest for the Presidency 1984 , pp. 283 -- 284 . Jump up ^ Davis , Tom ( 2005 ) . Sacred work : Planned Parenthood and its clergy alliances . Rutgers University Press . pp. 146 -- 147 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3493 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Light and Lake , The Elections of 1984 , pp. 103 , 107 -- 108 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Rosemary Skinner ; Ruether , Rosemary Radford ; Cantlon , Marie ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of women and religion in North America . 3 . Indiana University Press . pp. 1104 -- 1106 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34688 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Heyer , Kristin E. ; Rozell , Mark J. ; Genovese , Michael A. ( 2008 ) . Catholics and politics : the dynamic tension between faith and power . Religion and politics . Georgetown University Press . pp. 18 , 20 . ISBN 1 - 58901 - 216 - X . Jump up ^ Prendergast , The Catholic Vote in American Politics , pp. 26 , 187 . Jump up ^ Klein , Joe ( October 1 , 1984 ) . `` Abortion and the Archbishop '' . New York . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Beckwith , David ; Taylor , Elizabeth ; Magnusonith , Ed ( September 24 , 1984 ) . `` Pressing the Abortion Issue '' . Time . Jump up ^ Germond and Witcover , Wake Us When It 's Over , pp. 487 -- 488 .", "34": "Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elisabeth ( September 8 , 2008 ) . `` To have ( as a running mate ) , and hold ( politely ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Scala , American Presidential Campaigns and Elections , p. 966 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 1984 Vice Presidential Debate '' . NewsHour . PBS . October 11 , 1984 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Boyd , Gerald M. ( October 14 , 1984 ) . `` Aide to Ferraro Demands Bush Make Apology '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Vice President George Bush 's spokesman Peter Teeley , who acknowledged ... '' United Press International . October 12 , 1984 . ^ Jump up to : Ferraro , My Story , pp. 275 -- 277 , and Ferraro , Framing a Life , pp. 160 -- 162 . Jump up ^ `` ' No one in charge , ' Mondale maintains '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . October 19 , 1984 . Jump up ^ Falk , Women for President , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Clift and Brazaitis , Madam President , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Germond and Witcover , Wake Us When It 's Over , p. 537 . ^ Jump up to : Ferraro , My Story , pp. 312 , 313 . Jump up ^ Prendergast , The Catholic Vote in American Politics , pp. 191 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Falk , Women for President , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Scala , American Presidential Campaigns and Elections , p. 959 . Jump up ^ Sprengelmeyer , M.E. ( August 15 , 2008 ) . `` Transcript of M.E. Sprengelmeyer 's interview with Walter Mondale '' . Rocky Mountain News . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Congress and the Nation 1981 -- 1984 , p. 818 . ^ Jump up to : `` Money Trail '' . Time .", "35": "December 17 , 1984 . Jump up ^ Kornblut , Notes from the Cracked Ceiling , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Lyden , Jacki ( August 30 , 2008 ) . `` Ferraro : ' Wonderful To See Woman On Natl . Ticket ' '' . All Things Considered . NPR . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Waldman , Amy ( September 17 , 1998 ) . `` The Farewell : For Ferraro , Early Promise , Lopsided Loss '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Sitting It Out '' . Time . December 23 , 1985 . ^ Jump up to : Blumenthal , Ralph ( September 11 , 1992 ) . `` Ferraro Releases Tax Returns for 2 Missing Years to Offset Attacks by Rivals '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cardody , Deidre ( June 8 , 1985 ) . `` Off to Buffalo '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Blumenthal , Ralph ( February 21 , 1985 ) . `` Judge Sentences Zaccaro to Work in Public Service '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lamar Jr. ; Jacob V. ( October 13 , 1986 ) . `` The Family Ties That Bind '' . Time . Jump up ^ James , George ( October 15 , 1987 ) . `` Jury Acquits Zaccaro of Seeking To Extort Cable Television Bribe '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Shipp , E.R. ( October 15 , 1987 ) . `` Acquittal of Zaccaro Puts His Prosecutors on Spot '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Clift and Brazaitis , Madam President , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Gold , Allan R. ( June 17 , 1988 ) . `` Ferraro 's Son Sentenced to 4 Months in Jail for Selling Cocaine '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Sam ( July 18 , 1988 ) .", "36": "`` A History Maker Recalls the Door That She Opened '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ James , George ( September 25 , 1987 ) . `` For Ferraro , Troubles , but a Close Family '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Solowey , Eric S. ( February 24 , 1988 ) . `` Geraldine Ferraro '' . The Harvard Crimson . Jump up ^ Ferraro , Framing a Life , pp. 171 -- 181 . ^ Jump up to : Kolbert , Elizabeth ( October 21 , 1991 ) . `` In Senate Campaign , Ferraro Picks Up Where She Left Off '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lurie , Senator Pothole , p. 464 . Jump up ^ Braden , Women Politicians and the Media , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Alison ( September 1 , 1992 ) . `` For Ferraro , Cheers of ' 84 Are Still Resonating '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison ( August 27 , 1992 ) . `` Holtzman Draws Criticism From Feminists Over Ads '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Blumenthal , Ralph ( September 12 , 1992 ) . `` Ferraro 's Husband Is Said To Have Met Mob Figure '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Lurie , Senator Pothole , pp. 465 , 467 . ^ Jump up to : Purdum , Todd S. ( September 16 , 1992 ) . `` Abrams , In Tight Senate Vote , Appears to Edge Out Ferraro '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Purdum , Todd S. ( September 15 , 1992 ) . `` Senate Race Ends in Whirl of Appeals '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Verhovek , Sam Howe ( October 1 , 1992 ) . `` Abrams Gets A Concession From Ferraro '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Manegold , Catherine S. ( November 1 , 1992 ) .", "37": "`` Ferraro Gets An Apology From Abrams '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ferraro , Framing a Life , pp. 196 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison ( September 17 , 1992 ) . `` For Feminists , It Was n't What They Had in Mind '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ McKinley , James C. , Jr. ( April 23 , 1993 ) . `` Bank Named to Bond Sale After Loan to Holtzman Campaign '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ McKinley , James C. , Jr . ( May 21 , 1993 ) . `` Hevesi Throws Hat in Ring For Comptroller 's Office '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison ( September 15 , 1993 ) . `` The 1993 Primary : The Overview -- Hevesi Outpolls Holtzman , Forcing a Runoff Vote '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` President Names Ferraro to UNHRC '' ( Press release ) . The White House . October 22 , 1993 . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lattman , Peter ( February 1 , 2007 ) . `` Law Blog Q&A : Geraldine Ferraro '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ferraro , Geraldine ( 1998 ) . Changing History : Women , Power , and Politics . Mt . Kisco , NY : Moyer Bell Ltd . ISBN 1 - 55921 - 266 - 7 . Jump up ^ Brozan , Nadine ( January 30 , 1993 ) . `` Chronicle '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Geraldine Ferraro -- Bio '' . Fox News . September 5 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2008 . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brozan , Nadine ( October 23 , 1993 ) . `` Chronicle '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Chesler , Where Human Rights Begin , p.", "38": "22 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Paul ( March 10 , 1994 ) . `` A First for the U.N. : Condemning Anti-Semitism '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` China Fails to Block U.N. Vote on Rights '' . The New York Times . March 8 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Brozan , Nadine ( July 7 , 1996 ) . `` Chronicle '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Clines , Francis X . ( February 19 , 1997 ) . `` In Training for a Run on the Political Stage '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ferraro , Framing a Life , p. 201 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ferraro out of ' Crossfire , ' into political frying pan '' . Variety . January 6 , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Tax Returns Show Ferraro Made $150,000 in CNN Job '' . The New York Times . February 21 , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Nagourney , Adam ( January 4 , 1998 ) . `` Friends Say Ferraro Will Seek D'Amato's Seat '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Schumer , Positively American , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Schumer , Positively American , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Schumer , Positively American , pp. 18 , 30 . Jump up ^ Schumer , Positively American , pp. 33 , 39 . Jump up ^ `` NIAF Milestones '' . National Italian American Foundation . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mission Statement '' . National Organization of Italian American Women . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Board Members '' . National Organization of Italian American Women . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NDI Board of Directors '' . National Democratic Institute of International Affairs . Retrieved December 10 , 2008 .", "39": "Jump up ^ May , Clifford D. ; Halloran , Richard ( February 28 , 1989 ) . `` Washington Talk : Briefing ; Ferraro Back in Capital '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Project Vote Smart 's Founding & Executive Board Members '' . Project Vote Smart . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2008 . Retrieved December 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rush , George ; Malloy , Joanna ( November 18 , 1999 ) . `` Paris Will Always Have Cher '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Geraldine Ferraro Joins Board of National Women 's Health Resource Center '' ( Press release ) . National Women 's Health Resource Center . January 2 , 2003 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2008 . Retrieved December 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About the Committee to Free Lori Berenson '' . freelori.org . Retrieved December 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Catherine ; Ferraro , Geraldine ( 1998 ) . Framing a life : a family memoir . New York : Scribner . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85404 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Geraldine Ferraro Takes Your Questions '' . Newsweek . October 26 , 2007 . Retrieved December 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Jessica ( Fall 2007 ) . `` A Public Life With Cancer '' . CR . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Updates : Hematological Cancer Research Investment and Education Act of 2001 '' . Office of Legislative Policy and Analysis . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Then & Now : Geraldine Ferraro '' . CNN . June 19 , 2005 . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Greipp PR , San Miguel J , Durie BG , et al. ( 2005 ) . `` International staging system for multiple myeloma '' . J. Clin. Oncol.", "40": "23 ( 15 ) : 3412 -- 20 . doi : 10.1200 / JCO. 2005.04. 242 . PMID 15809451 . ^ Jump up to : Loomis , Carol ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Ferraro - Corman connection : Brought together by a killer disease '' . Fortune . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( October 27 , 1999 ) . `` Newt Gingrich on Fox News '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Geraldine Ferraro and Laura Ingraham Write ' Campaign Countdown ' For the New York Times Syndicate '' ( Press release ) . Business Wire . December 9 , 1999 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved December 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Georgetown University : Georgetown Public Policy Institute '' . Peterson 's . August 25 , 2008 . Retrieved December 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Clift and Brazaitis , Madam President , p. 81 . Jump up ^ `` Lynn Martin Joins Geraldine Ferraro in Advising Businesses on Workplace and Marketplace Issues '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . January 27 , 2000 . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Timmons , Heather ( June 17 , 2003 ) . `` The Media Business : Advertising -- Addenda : People '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Geraldine Ferraro Joins Blank Rome '' ( Press release ) . Blank Rome . February 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lattman , Peter ( February 1 , 2007 ) . `` Law Blog Q&A : Geraldine Ferraro '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Neighborhood History and Neighborhood Feel '' .", "41": "Forest Hills Chamber of Commerce . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Marie C. Wilson ; Ferraro , Geraldine ; Francke , Linda Bird ( 2004 ) . Ferraro : My Story . Evanston , Ill : Northwestern University Press . ISBN 0 - 8101 - 2211 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Officers and Directors For Goodrich Petroleum Corp '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sherwell , Philip ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Female ex-candidate to ' protect ' Hillary Clinton '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved October 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kuhnhenn , Jim ( March 12 , 2008 ) . `` Clinton supporter quits over Obama remarks '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . Retrieved March 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sinderbrand , Rebecca ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` Ferraro : ' They 're attacking me because I 'm white ' '' . CNN . Retrieved December 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kornblut , Notes from the Cracked Ceiling , pp. 13 -- 15 . The same account is given by the author in `` When young women do n't vote for women '' . The Washington Post . December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Geraldine Ferraro lets her emotions do the talking '' . Daily Breeze . Jump up ^ Sinderbrand , Rebecca ( March 13 , 2008 ) . `` Ferraro steps down from Clinton campaign '' . CNN . In an April 15 , 1988 , article in The Washington Post , Ferraro is quoted as saying that because of his ' radical ' views , ' if Jesse Jackson were not black , he would n't be in the race . ' Jump up ^ Kornblut , Notes from the Cracked Ceiling , p. 73 .", "42": "Jump up ^ Coates , Ta - Nehisi ( March 14 , 2008 ) . `` Playing the Racist Card : Ferraro 's comments about Senator Obama were racist . Why ca n't we say that ? '' . Slate . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Maddaus , Gene ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` Ferraro defends controversial comments on Barack Obama '' . Daily Breeze . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( March 12 , 2008 ) . `` Ferraro Quits Clinton Post '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Geraldine Ferraro Reacts to Barack Obama 's Speech on Race '' . America 's Election HQ . Fox News Channel . March 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2008 . Retrieved May 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Geraldine Ferraro Reacts to Liberal Radio Host 's Foul Comments '' . America 's Election HQ . Fox News Channel . April 3 , 2008 . Retrieved May 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Can People Talk About Race in America Without Being Branded Racist ? '' . The O'Reilly Factor . Fox News Channel . April 7 , 2008 . Retrieved May 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kantor , Jodi ( May 19 , 2008 ) . `` Gender Issue Lives on as Clinton 's Bid Wanes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Huckabee & Ferraro on ' Hannity & Colmes ' '' . Hannity & Colmes . Fox News Channel . September 4 , 2008 . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Baird , Julia ( September 13 , 2008 ) . `` From Seneca Falls to ... Sarah Palin ? '' . Newsweek . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 .", "43": "^ Jump up to : `` Ex-rivals Bush , Ferraro preview Biden - Palin face - off '' . Today . NBC . October 1 , 2008 . Retrieved December 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kornblut , Notes from the Cracked Ceiling , pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Ferraro , Geraldine ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` This Might Do It for McCain '' . Fox News . Retrieved August 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Geraldine Ferraro Speaks Out '' . Public Broadcasting Service . October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved December 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Tom ( September 5 , 2008 ) . `` Geraldine Ferraro accuses media over ' sexist ' scrutiny of Sarah Palin '' . The Times . London . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Study : Media treat Ferraro , Palin the same '' . United Press International . October 27 , 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Ellen ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` Geraldine Ferraro : This friend was a fighter '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : James , Frank ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` Ferraro And Palin -- Most Exclusive Club Down To One Member '' . NPR . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ferraro , first female vice president candidate , dies at 75 '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . March 26 , 2011 . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Trailblazer ' Geraldine Ferraro dies at age 75 '' . CNN . March 26 , 2011 . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reaction to Geraldine Ferraro 's Death '' . Fox News . March 26 , 2011 . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 .", "44": "^ Jump up to : Pogrebin , Robin ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` At Funeral , Recalling Ferraro 's Grit and Humor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ferraro Eulogized , Laid To Rest in Queens '' . The Queens Gazette. April 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` To Understand Clinton 's Moment , Consider That It Came 32 Years After Ferraro 's '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ciolli , Rita ( September 25 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton , Geraldine Ferraro -- 32 years later the gender debate lingers '' . Newsday . Jump up ^ Sherr , Lynn ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Does n't Get My Feminist Heart Pumping The Way Geraldine Ferraro Did : The Goosebump Gap '' . Bustle . Jump up ^ `` Women of the Hall : Geraldine Ferraro '' . National Women 's Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved August 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Five receive honorary degrees '' ( Press release ) . Case Western Reserve University . May 19 , 2003 . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Geraldine Ferraro Receives Lifetime Achievement Award from Sons of Italy '' ( Press release ) . Blank Rome . May 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Geraldine Ferraro Honored at National Conference of Women 's Bar Associations with Trailblazer Award '' ( Press release ) . Blank Rome . August 8 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Geraldine Ferraro to Receive NYCLA 's Edith I. Spivack Award on March 17 '' ( PDF ) . New York County Lawyers ' Association .", "45": "February 28 , 2008 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Davis , Pete ( May 13 , 2009 ) . `` Bill passes to rename Queens Post Office after Geraldine Ferraro '' . The Queens Courier . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Former Queens Elementary School To Be Named For Geraldine Ferraro '' . NY1 News . April 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fortis , Bianca ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` New school campus named for Geraldine Ferraro '' . Times Ledger . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Women 's History Month : What is it , when did it begin , who is being honored this year ? '' . kiro7.com. 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Barone , Michael ; Ujifusa , Grant ; Matthews , Douglas ( 1979 ) . Almanac of American Politics , 1980 : The Senators , the Representatives , the Governors -- Their Records , States , and Districts . E.P. Dutton . p. 593 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Benjamin J. ( April 1 , 1979 ) . `` Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7 , 1978 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 25 . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ladd , Thomas E. ( April 15 , 1981 ) . `` Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 4 , 1980 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 41 . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ladd , Thomas E. ( May 5 , 1983 ) . `` Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2 , 1982 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 27 . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 .", "46": "Jump up ^ Holland , Keating ( 1996 ) . `` All The Votes ... Really '' . CNN . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2000 . In actuality , the 1984 Democratic vice-presidential roll call only went through Alabama , Alaska , and Arizona . Arkansas then passed to New York ; New York cast all its votes for Ferraro ; and New York then moved that Ferraro be nominated by acclamation , which was approved by overwhelming voice vote . See Ferraro , My Story , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Ladd , Thomas E. ( May 1 , 1985 ) . `` Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 6 , 1984 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 69 . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Elections 98 : 1998 U.S. Senate Results '' . Federal Election Commission . April 1999 . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Bibliography ( edit ) Braden , Maria ( 1996 ) . Women Politicians and the Media . Lexington , Kentucky : The University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 1970 - 7 . Chesler , Ellen ( 2005 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Chavkin , Wendy ; Chesler , Ellen . Where Human Rights Begin : Health , Sexuality , and Women in the New Millennium . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3657 - X . Clift , Eleanor ; Brazaitis , Tom ( 2000 ) . Madam President : Shattering the Last Glass Ceiling . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85619 - 0 . Falk , Erika ( 2007 ) . Women for President : Media Bias in Eight Campaigns . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07511 - 0 . Ferraro , Geraldine A. ; Francke , Linda Bird ( 1985 ) . Ferraro : My Story . Bantam Books .", "47": "ISBN 0 - 553 - 05110 - 5 . Ferraro , Geraldine A. ( 1993 ) . Changing History : Women , Power and Politics . Moyer Bell . ISBN 1 - 55921 - 077 - X . Ferraro , Geraldine ; Whitney , Catherine ( 1998 ) . Framing a Life : A Family Memoir . Scribner . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85404 - X . Foerstel , Herbert N. ( 1996 ) . Climbing the Hill : Gender Conflict in Congress . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 94914 - 1 . Germond , Jack ; Witcover , Jules ( 1985 ) . Wake Us When It 's Over : Presidential Politics of 1984 . Macmillan Publishing . ISBN 0 - 02 - 630710 - 3 . Goldman , Peter ; Fuller , Tony ( 1985 ) . The Quest for the Presidency 1984 . Bantam Books . ISBN 0 - 553 - 05100 - 8 . Gottro , Martha V. , ed. ( 1981 ) . Congress and the Nation : A Review of Government and Politics Vol . V : 1977 -- 1980 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 112 - 2 . Cohn , Mary W. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congress and the Nation : A Review of Government and Politics Vol . VI : 1981 -- 1984 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 334 - 6 . Jamieson , Kathleen Hall ( 1995 ) . Beyond the Double Bind : Women and Leadership . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508940 - 5 . Kornblut , Anne E. ( 2009 ) . Notes from the Cracked Ceiling : Hillary Clinton , Sarah Palin , and What It Will Take for a Woman to Win . New York : Crown Books . ISBN 0 - 307 - 46425 - 3 .", "48": "Light , Paul C. ; Lake , Celinda ( 1985 ) . `` The Election : Candidates , Strategies and Decisions '' . In Nelson , Michael . The Elections of 1984 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 330 - 3 . Lurie , Leonard ( 1994 ) . Senator Pothole : The Unauthorized Biography of Al D'Amato . Birch Lane Press . ISBN 1 - 55972 - 227 - 4 . Moritz , Charles , ed. ( 1985 ) . Current Biography Yearbook 1984 . New York : H.W. Wilson Company . Nelson , Michael , ed. ( 1991 ) . Historic Documents on Presidential Elections 1787 -- 1988 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 607 - 8 . O'Neill , Tip ; Novak , William ( 1987 ) . Man of the House : The Life and Political Memoirs of Speaker Tip O'Neill . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 55201 - 6 . Patterson , Thomas E. ; Dani , Richard ( 1985 ) . `` The Media Campaign : Struggle for the Agenda '' . In Nelson , Michael . The Elections of 1984 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 330 - 3 . Prendergast , William B. ( 1999 ) . The Catholic Vote in American Politics : The Passing of the Democratic Monolith . Washington , D.C. : Georgetown University Press . ISBN 0 - 87840 - 724 - 3 . Scala , Dante , J. ( 2003 ) . Shade , William ; Campbell , Ballard C , eds . American Presidential Campaigns and Elections . M.E. Sharpe Inc . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 8042 - 4 . Schumer , Chuck ( 2007 ) . Positively American : Winning Back the Middle - Class Majority One Family at a Time . Rodale Books . ISBN 1 - 59486 - 572 - 8 .", "49": "Watson , Robert P. ; Gordon , Ann ( 2003 ) . Anticipating Madam President . Lynne Rienner Publishers . ISBN 1 - 58826 - 113 - 1 . Who 's Who of American Women 2006 -- 2007 . New Providence , New Jersey : Marquis Who 's Who . 2005 . ISBN 0 - 8379 - 0432 - 3 . Women in Congress , 1917 -- 1990 . DIANE Publishing . 1997 . ISBN 0 - 7881 - 4256 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geraldine Ferraro . United States Congress . `` Geraldine Ferraro ( id : F000088 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Works by or about Geraldine Ferraro in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Geraldine Ferraro on IMDb Text of speech accepting Democratic Party nomination for Vice President of the United States , July 19 , 1984 FBI file on Geraldine Ferraro Geraldine Ferraro Video produced by Makers : Women Who Make America Geraldine Ferraro : Paving the Way Documentary film about Geraldine Ferraro Appearances on C - SPAN U.S. House of Representatives Preceded by James Delaney Member of the U.S.", "50": "House of Representatives from New York 's 9th congressional district 1979 -- 1985 Succeeded by Thomas Manton Preceded by Shirley Chisholm Secretary of the Democratic House Caucus 1981 -- 1985 Succeeded by Mary Oakar Party political offices Preceded by Walter Mondale Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States 1984 Succeeded by Lloyd Bentsen Diplomatic posts Preceded by Armando Valladares United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights 1993 -- 1996 Succeeded by Nancy Rubin United States Democratic Party Chairpersons of the DNC Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd / Fowler Romer / Grossman Rendell / Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Presidential tickets Jackson / Calhoun Jackson / Van Buren Van Buren / R. 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Mason VP nominee Matilde Zimmermann Workers World Party Nominee Larry Holmes Alternate nominee Gavrielle Holmes VP nominee Gloria La Riva Independents and other candidates Charles Doty Larry Flynt Larry `` Bozo '' Harmon Lyndon LaRouche Running mate Billy Davis Other 1984 elections House Senate Gubernatorial Inductees to the National Women 's Hall of Fame 1970 -- 1979 1973 Jane Addams Marian Anderson Susan B. Anthony Clara Barton Mary McLeod Bethune Elizabeth Blackwell Pearl S.", "54": "Buck Rachel Carson Mary Cassatt Emily Dickinson Amelia Earhart Alice Hamilton Helen Hayes Helen Keller Eleanor Roosevelt Florence Sabin Margaret Chase Smith Elizabeth Cady Stanton Helen Brooke Taussig Harriet Tubman 1976 Abigail Adams Margaret Mead Mildred `` Babe '' Didrikson Zaharias 1979 Dorothea Dix Juliette Gordon Low Alice Paul Elizabeth Bayley Seton 1980 -- 1989 1981 Margaret Sanger Sojourner Truth 1982 Carrie Chapman Catt Frances Perkins Belva Lockwood Lucretia Mott 1984 Mary `` Mother '' Harris Jones Bessie Smith 1986 Barbara McClintock Lucy Stone Harriet Beecher Stowe Gwendolyn Brooks Willa Cather Sally Ride Ida B. Wells - Barnett 1990 -- 1999 Margaret Bourke - White Barbara Jordan Billie Jean King Florence B. Seibert 1991 Gertrude Belle Elion Ethel Percy Andrus Antoinette Blackwell Emily Blackwell Shirley Chisholm Jacqueline Cochran Ruth Colvin Marian Wright Edelman Alice Evans Betty Friedan Ella Grasso Martha Wright Griffiths Fannie Lou Hamer Dorothy Height Dolores Huerta Mary Jacobi Mae Jemison Mary Lyon Mary Mahoney Wilma Mankiller Constance Baker Motley Georgia O'Keeffe Annie Oakley Rosa Parks Esther Peterson Jeannette Rankin Ellen Swallow Richards Elaine Roulet Katherine Siva Saubel Gloria Steinem Helen Stephens Lillian Wald Madam C.J.", "55": "Walker Faye Wattleton Rosalyn S. Yalow Gloria Yerkovich Bella Abzug Ella Baker Myra Bradwell Annie Jump Cannon Jane Cunningham Croly Catherine East Geraldine Ferraro Charlotte Perkins Gilman Grace Hopper Helen LaKelly Hunt Zora Neale Hurston Anne Hutchinson Frances Wisebart Jacobs Susette La Flesche Louise McManus Maria Mitchell Antonia Novello Linda Richards Wilma Rudolph Betty Bone Schiess Muriel Siebert Nettie Stevens Oprah Winfrey Sarah Winnemucca Fanny Wright 1995 Virginia Apgar Ann Bancroft Amelia Bloomer Mary Breckinridge Eileen Collins Elizabeth Hanford Dole Anne Dallas Dudley Mary Baker Eddy Ella Fitzgerald Margaret Fuller Matilda Joslyn Gage Lillian Moller Gilbreth Nannerl O. Keohane Maggie Kuhn Sandra Day O'Connor Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin Pat Schroeder Hannah Greenebaum Solomon Louisa May Alcott Charlotte Anne Bunch Frances Xavier Cabrini Mary A. Hallaren Oveta Culp Hobby Wilhelmina Cole Holladay Anne Morrow Lindbergh Maria Goeppert - Mayer Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose Maria Tallchief Edith Wharton 1998 Madeleine Albright Maya Angelou Nellie Bly Lydia Moss Bradley Mary Steichen Calderone Mary Ann Shadd Cary Joan Ganz Cooney Gerty Cori Sarah Grimké Julia Ward Howe Shirley Ann Jackson Shannon Lucid Katharine Dexter McCormick Rozanne L. Ridgway Edith Nourse Rogers Felice Schwartz Eunice Kennedy Shriver Beverly Sills Florence Wald Angelina Grimké Weld Chien - Shiung Wu 2000 -- 2009 2000 Faye Glenn Abdellah Emma Smith DeVoe Marjory Stoneman Douglas Mary Dyer Sylvia A. Earle Crystal Eastman Jeanne Holm Leontine T.", "56": "Kelly Frances Oldham Kelsey Kate Mullany Janet Reno Anna Howard Shaw Sophia Smith Ida Tarbell Wilma L. Vaught Mary Edwards Walker Annie Dodge Wauneka Eudora Welty Frances E. Willard Dorothy H. Andersen Lucille Ball Rosalynn Carter Lydia Maria Child Bessie Coleman Dorothy Day Marian de Forest Althea Gibson Beatrice A. Hicks Barbara Holdridge Harriet Williams Russell Strong Emily Howell Warner Victoria Woodhull 2002 Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis Ruth Bader Ginsburg Katharine Graham Bertha Holt Mary Engle Pennington Mercy Otis Warren 2003 Linda G. Alvarado Donna de Varona Gertrude Ederle Martha Matilda Harper Patricia Roberts Harris Stephanie L. Kwolek Dorothea Lange Mildred Robbins Leet Patsy Takemoto Mink Sacagawea Anne Sullivan Sheila E. Widnall 2005 Florence Ellinwood Allen Ruth Fulton Benedict Betty Bumpers Hillary Clinton Rita Rossi Colwell Mother Marianne Cope Maya Y. Lin Patricia A. Locke Blanche Stuart Scott Mary Burnett Talbert 2007 Eleanor K. Baum Julia Child Martha Coffin Pelham Wright Swanee Hunt Winona LaDuke Elisabeth Kübler - Ross Judith L. 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Mikulski Donna E.", "57": "Shalala Kathrine Switzer 2013 Betty Ford Ina May Gaskin Julie Krone Kate Millett Nancy Pelosi Mary Joseph Rogers Bernice Sandler Anna Schwartz Emma Willard 2015 Tenley Albright Nancy Brinker Martha Graham Marcia Greenberger Barbara Iglewski Jean Kilbourne Carlotta Walls LaNier Philippa Marrack Mary Harriman Rumsey Eleanor Smeal 2017 Matilda Cuomo Temple Grandin Lorraine Hansberry Victoria Jackson Sherry Lansing Clare Boothe Luce Aimee Mullins Carol Mutter Janet Rowley Alice Waters VIAF : 47566268 LCCN : n81052939 ISNI : 0000 0000 2140 0274 GND : 119203235 SUDOC : 092856535 US Congress : F000088 SNAC : w6vn5270 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geraldine_Ferraro&oldid=837483179 '' Categories : 1935 births 2011 deaths 20th - century American politicians 20th - century American women writers 20th - century American writers 20th - century Roman Catholics 20th - century women politicians 21st - century Roman Catholics American autobiographers American feminists American people of Italian descent American prosecutors American Roman Catholics American women lawyers American women writers Deaths from multiple myeloma Deaths from cancer in Massachusetts Democratic Party ( United States ) vice presidential nominees Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives American women diplomats Female members of the United States House of Representatives Female United States vice-presidential candidates Fordham University School of Law alumni Georgetown University faculty Harvard University staff Marymount Manhattan College alumni Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York ( state ) New York ( state ) Democrats New York ( state ) lawyers People from Forest Hills , Queens Politicians from Newburgh , New York People of Campanian descent Representatives of the United States to the United Nations Human Rights Council United States vice-presidential candidates ,", "58": "1984 Women autobiographers Women in New York ( state ) politics Writers from New York City Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2011 Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2010 Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Good articles Use mdy dates from April 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 03 : 40 . 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7711594393122809900	where is the largest salt mine in the us	[ "Western New York and Central New York, location of American Rock Salt", "Western New York and Central New York", "Western New York", "Central New York", "Central New York" ]	{ "0": "Salt mining - wikipedia Salt mining Jump to : navigation , search This article is about mining for salt . For the secret CIA prison , see Salt Pit . Modern rock - salt mine near Mount Morris , New York A salt mine is a mine from which halite , commonly known as rock salt , is extracted from evaporite formations . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Mining regions around the world 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Diorama of an underground salt mine in Germany . Inside Salina Veche , in Slănic , Prahova , Romania . The railing ( lower middle ) gives the viewer an idea of scale . Before the advent of the modern internal combustion engine and earth moving equipment , mining salt was one of the most expensive and dangerous of operations , due to rapid dehydration caused by constant contact with the salt ( both in the mine passages and scattered in the air as salt dust ) , among other problems borne of accidental excessive sodium intake . While salt is now plentiful , until the Industrial Revolution it was difficult to come by , and salt mining was often done by slave or prison labor and life expectancy among those sentenced was low . In ancient Rome , salt on the table was a mark of a rich patron ; those who sat nearer the host were `` above the salt '' , and those less favored were `` below the salt '' . The Roman historian Pliny the Elder stated as an aside in his Natural History 's discussion of sea water , that `` ( I ) n Rome ... the soldier 's pay was originally salt and the word ' salary ' derives from it ... '' Ancient China was among the earliest civilizations in the world with cultivation and trade of salt mining . They first discovered natural gas when they excavated rock salt . The Chinese writer , poet , and politician Zhang Hua of the Jin Dynasty wrote in his book Bowuzhi how people in Zigong , Sichuan excavated natural gas and used it to boil a rock salt solution . The ancient Chinese gradually mastered and advanced the techniques of producing salt . Salt mining was an arduous task for the ancient Chinese , who faced geographical and technological constraints . Salt was mainly extracted from the sea , and salt works in the coastal areas in late imperial China equated to more than 80 percent of national production .", "1": "In conjunction with this , the Chinese made use of natural crystallization of salt lakes and constructed some artificial evaporation basins close to shore . In 1041 , during the medieval Song dynasty , a well with a diameter about the size of a bowl and several dozen feet deep was drilled for salt production . In Southwestern China , natural salt deposits were mined with bores that could reach to a depth of more than 1000 meters but the yields of ground and salt were relatively low . As salt was a necessity of life for human civilization , salt mining played a pivotal role as one of the most important sources of Imperial Chinese government revenue and state development . Most modern salt mines are privately operated or operated by large multinational companies such K + S , AkzoNobel , Cargill , and Compass Minerals . Mining regions around the world ( edit ) The Crystal Valley region of the Khewra Salt Mines in Pakistan . With around 250,000 visitors a year , the site is a major tourist attraction . A small mosque made of salt bricks inside the Khewra Salt Mines complex Areas known for their salt mines include : Country Site / s Austria Hallstatt and Salzkammergut . Bosnia Tuzla Bulgaria Provadiya ; and Solnitsata , an ancient town believed by Bulgarian archaeologists to be the oldest in Europe and the site of a salt production facility approximately six millennia ago . Canada Sifto Salt Mine in Goderich , Ontario , which , at 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) wide and 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) long , is one of the largest salt mines in the world extending 7 km ( 2.7 sq mi ) . Colombia Zipaquirá England The `` - wich towns '' of Cheshire and Worcestershire . Ethiopia , Eritrea , Djibouti Danakil Desert , where manual labor is used . Germany Rheinberg , Berchtesgaden , Heilbronn Italy Racalmuto , Realmonte and Petralia Soprana within the production sites managed by Italkali . Morocco JMS salt mine in Khemisset .", "2": "N. Ireland Kilroot , near Carrickfergus , more than a century old and containing passages whose combined length exceeds 25 km . Pakistan Khewra Salt Mines , the world 's second largest salt - mining operation , spanning over 300 km . Poland Wieliczka and Bochnia , both established in the mid-13th century and still operating , mostly as museums . Kłodawa Salt Mine . Romania Slănic ( with Salina Veche , Europe 's largest salt mine ) , Cacica , Ocnele Mari , Salina Turda , Târgu Ocna , Ocna Sibiului , Praid and Salina Ocna Dej . Russia Solikamsk United States Hutchinson , Kansas , Underground mining began at Hutchinson in 1923 . In 1990 the Hutchinson Salt Company was formed and purchased the mine . Avery Island , Louisiana ; Detroit , Michigan , 1,100 feet ( 340 m ) beneath which the Detroit Salt Company 's 1,500 - acre ( 10 km ) subterranean complex extends ; Saltville , Virginia , which served as the site of one of the Confederacy 's main saltworks . Western New York and Central New York , location of American Rock Salt , the largest operating salt mine in the United States with a capacity for producing up to 18,000 tons each day . Syracuse earned the nickname `` The Salt City '' for its salt mining , an activity that continues in the region to the present day . Houston , Texas , near Minute Maid Park is a newly discovered saltworks . Grand Saline in East Texas has a Morton Salt mine . It is one of the largest in the world . See also ( edit ) Salt mines Khewra Schacht Asse II Turda Wieliczka Windsor General Salt evaporation pond Salt lake Salt dome Miner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Oilfield Glossary : Term ' evaporite ' '' . Glossary.oilfield.slb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Plinius Naturalis Historia XXXI . ' ' '' . Penelope.uchicago.edu .", "3": "Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Peter ( 2017 ) . Studies in the History of Tax Law . 8 . Hart Publications ( published August 10 , 2017 ) . p. 518 . ISBN 978 - 1509908370 . Jump up ^ Deng , Yinke ( 2011 ) . `` Ancient Chinese Inventions '' . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0521186926 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Höllmann , Thomas O. ( 2013 ) . The Land of the Five Flavors : A Cultural History of Chinese Cuisine . Columbia University Press ( published November 26 , 2013 ) . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0231161862 . Jump up ^ Deng , Yinke ( 2011 ) . `` Ancient Chinese Inventions '' . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0521186926 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Maugh II , Thomas H. ( 1 November 2012 ) . `` Bulgarians find oldest European town , a salt production center '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Industries in Godrich '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV - Geologic Journey - Goderich , Ontario and Detroit Michigan '' . CBC 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Salt mine in the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia , 2015 '' . Independent Travellers . independent-travellers.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italkali Spa - Production Sites '' . Archived from the original ( online ) on 2012 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Detroit Salt Company -- Explore the City under the City '' . Archived from the original ( online ) on 2009 - 04 - 12 .", "4": "Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Spector , Joseph ( 13 Jan 2015 ) . `` American Rock Salt to expand in LIvingston '' . Democrat and Chronicle . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All 17 Cargill Salt Miners Trapped on Underground Elevator Freed '' . NBC News . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salt mining . JMS Salt - production site ( hide ) Salt History History of salt In the American Civil War International Salt Co.", "5": "v. United States In Middlewich Old Salt Route In Chinese history Salt March Salt road Types Abraum Alaea Alberger Bittern Black lava Butter Celery Curing Cyclic Dairy Flake Fleur de sel Garlic Himalayan Iodised Kala namak Kosher ( Korean sea ) LoSalt Calcium chloride Pickling Potassium chloride Potassium nitrate Sodium nitrate Onion Rock Sea salt Seasoned Sel gris Smoked Truffle Food usage Brining Salting Brined cheese Salt - cured meat Salted fish Health effects Salt and cardiovascular disease Commerce and industry Salt Industry Commission Evaporation pond Production Salt mining Open - pan salt making List of countries by salt production By region In Cheshire In Ghana In Syracuse , New York Culture Salt in the Bible Salting the earth Miscellaneous Mineral lick Smelling salts Ximenes Redoubt GND : 4131710 - 5 Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_mining&oldid=833227765 '' Categories : Salt mines Ancient Roman technology Chinese inventions Mining Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using columns with the default column width Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Română Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 10 : 41 . 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-7011448454774306489	who took the first steps on the moon in 1969	[ "Neil Armstrong", "Neil Armstrong", "Neil Armstrong", "Neil Armstrong", "Neil Armstrong" ]	{ "0": "Apollo 11 - Wikipedia Apollo 11 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1969 manned lunar mission . For other uses , see Apollo 11 ( disambiguation ) . Apollo 11 Buzz Aldrin salutes the deployed United States flag during the EVA on the lunar surface . Mission type Manned lunar landing Operator NASA COSPAR ID CSM : 1969 - 059A LM : 1969 - 059C SATCAT no . CSM : 4039 LM : 4041 Mission duration 8 days , 3 hours , 18 minutes , 35 seconds Spacecraft properties Spacecraft Apollo CSM - 107 Apollo LM - 5 Manufacturer CSM : North American Rockwell LM : Grumman Launch mass 100,756 pounds ( 45,702 kg ) Landing mass 10,873 pounds ( 4,932 kg ) Crew Crew size Members Neil A. Armstrong Michael Collins Edwin E. `` Buzz '' Aldrin , Jr . Callsign CSM : Columbia LM : Eagle On surface : Tranquility Base Start of mission Launch date July 16 , 1969 , 13 : 32 : 00 ( 1969 - 07 - 16UTC13 : 32Z ) UTC Rocket Saturn V SA - 506 Launch site Kennedy Space Center LC - 39A End of mission Recovered by USS Hornet Landing date July 24 , 1969 , 16 : 50 : 35 ( 1969 - 07 - 24UTC16 : 50 : 36Z ) UTC Landing site North Pacific Ocean 13 ° 19 ′ N 169 ° 9 ′ W / 13.317 ° N 169.150 ° W / 13.317 ; - 169.150 ( Apollo 11 splashdown ) Orbital parameters Reference system Selenocentric Periselene 100.9 kilometers ( 54.5 nmi ) Aposelene 122.4 kilometers ( 66.1 nmi ) Inclination 1.", "1": "25 degrees Period 2 hours Epoch July 19 , 1969 , 21 : 44 UTC Lunar orbiter Spacecraft component Command / Service Module Orbital insertion July 19 , 1969 , 17 : 21 : 50 UTC Orbital departure July 22 , 1969 , 04 : 55 : 42 UTC Orbits 30 Lunar lander Spacecraft component Lunar Module Landing date July 20 , 1969 , 20 : 18 : 04 UTC Return launch July 21 , 1969 , 17 : 54 UTC Landing site Mare Tranquillitatis 0 ° 40 ′ 27 '' N 23 ° 28 ′ 23 '' E / 0.67408 ° N 23.47297 ° E / 0.67408 ; 23.47297 Sample mass 21.55 kilograms ( 47.51 lb ) Surface EVAs EVA duration 2 hours , 31 minutes 40 seconds Docking with LM Docking date July 16 , 1969 , 16 : 56 : 03 UTC Undocking date July 20 , 1969 , 17 : 44 : 00 UTC Docking with LM ascent stage Docking date July 21 , 1969 , 21 : 35 : 00 UTC Undocking date July 21 , 1969 , 23 : 41 : 31 UTC Left to right : Neil Armstrong , Michael Collins , Buzz Aldrin Apollo program ← Apollo 10 Apollo 12 → Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the Moon . Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin , both American , landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20 , 1969 , at 20 : 18 UTC . Armstrong became the first human to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02 : 56 : 15 UTC ; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later . They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft , and collected 47.5 pounds ( 21.5 kg ) of lunar material to bring back to Earth .", "2": "Michael Collins piloted the command module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moon 's surface . Armstrong and Aldrin spent just under a day on the lunar surface before rejoining Columbia in lunar orbit . Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island , Florida , on July 16 at 9 : 32 am EDT ( 13 : 32 UTC ) and was the fifth manned mission of NASA 's Apollo program . The Apollo spacecraft had three parts : a command module ( CM ) with a cabin for the three astronauts , and the only part that returned to Earth ; a service module ( SM ) , which supported the command module with propulsion , electrical power , oxygen , and water ; and a lunar module ( LM ) that had two stages -- a descent stage for landing on the Moon , and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit . After being sent to the Moon by the Saturn V 's third stage , the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered into lunar orbit . Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into the lunar module Eagle and landed in the Sea of Tranquility . They stayed a total of about 21.5 hours on the lunar surface . The astronauts used Eagle 's upper stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module . They jettisoned Eagle before they performed the maneuvers that blasted them out of lunar orbit on a trajectory back to Earth . They returned to Earth and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on July 24 after more than eight days in space . The landing was broadcast on live TV to a worldwide audience . Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface and described the event as `` one small step for ( a ) man , one giant leap for mankind . '' Apollo 11 effectively ended the Space Race and fulfilled a national goal proposed in 1961 by U.S. President John F. Kennedy : `` before this decade is out , of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth . ''", "3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Framework 1.1 Crew 1.2 Backup crew 1.3 Support crew 1.4 Flight directors 1.5 Call signs 1.6 Insignia 1.7 Mementos 2 Mission highlights 2.1 Launch and flight to lunar orbit 2.2 Lunar descent 2.3 Landing 2.4 Lunar surface operations 2.5 Lunar ascent and return 2.6 Splashdown and quarantine 2.7 Celebration 2.8 Moon race 3 Legacy 3.1 Spacecraft location 3.2 40th anniversary events 4 Gallery 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 8.1 For young readers 9 External links 9.1 NASA reports 9.2 Multimedia Framework Crew Position Astronaut Commander Neil A. Armstrong Second spaceflight Command Module Pilot Michael Collins Second spaceflight Lunar Module Pilot Edwin `` Buzz '' E. Aldrin , Jr . Second spaceflight The crew assignment of Neil Armstrong as Commander , Jim Lovell as Command Module Pilot ( CMP ) and Buzz Aldrin as Lunar Module Pilot ( LMP ) was officially announced on November 20 , 1967 . Apollo 11 was the second all - veteran multi-person crew on an American mission , the first being that of Apollo 10 ) . An all - veteran crew would not be flown again until STS - 26 in 1988 . Lovell and Aldrin had previously flown together as the crew of Gemini 12 . The crew was initially assigned as the backup for Apollo 9 . Due to design and manufacturing delays in the Lunar Module ( LM ) , Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 swapped prime and backup crews , and Armstrong 's crew became the backup for Apollo 8 . Based on the normal crew rotation scheme , Armstrong was then expected to command Apollo 11 . There would be one change . Mike Collins on the Apollo 8 crew began experiencing trouble with his legs . Doctors diagnosed the problem as a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae , requiring surgery .", "4": "Lovell took his place on the Apollo 8 crew , and , when he recovered , Collins joined Armstrong 's crew as CMP . In the meantime , Fred Haise filled in as backup LMP , and Aldrin as backup CMP for Apollo 8 . Backup crew Position Astronaut Commander James A. Lovell , Jr . Command Module Pilot William A. Anders Lunar Module Pilot Fred W. Haise , Jr . The backup crew consisted of Lovell as Commander ) , William Anders as CMP , and Haise as LMP . Anders had flown with Lovell on Apollo 8 . In early 1969 , he accepted a job with the National Space Council effective August 1969 and announced that he would retire as an astronaut on that date . At that point Ken Mattingly was moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch , at which point Anders would be unavailable . Lovell , Haise , and Mattingly would ultimately be assigned as the prime crew of Apollo 13 . Support crew Charlie Duke , Capsule Communicator ( CAPCOM ) Ronald Evans ( CAPCOM ) Owen K. Garriott ( CAPCOM ) Don L. Lind ( CAPCOM ) Ken Mattingly ( CAPCOM ) Bruce McCandless II ( CAPCOM ) Harrison Schmitt ( CAPCOM ) Bill Pogue Jack Swigert William Carpentier ( SURGEON ) Flight directors Clifford E. Charlesworth ( Green Team ) , launch and EVA Gerald D. Griffin ( Gold Team ) Gene Kranz ( White Team ) , lunar landing Glynn Lunney ( Black Team ) , lunar ascent Call signs Apollo 11 Command / Service Module Columbia in lunar orbit , photographed from the Lunar Module Eagle After the crew of Apollo 10 named their spacecraft Charlie Brown and Snoopy , assistant manager for public affairs Julian Scheer wrote to Manned Spacecraft Center director George M. Low to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft . During early mission planning , the names Snowcone and Haystack were used and put in the news release .", "5": "The Command Module was named Columbia after the Columbiad , the giant cannon shell `` spacecraft '' fired by a giant cannon ( also from Florida ) in Jules Verne 's 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon . It also referenced Columbia , a personification of the United States . The Lunar Module was named Eagle for the national bird of the United States , the bald eagle , which was featured prominently on the mission insignia . Insignia Apollo 11 space - flown silver Robbins medallion The Apollo 11 mission insignia was designed by Collins , who wanted a symbol for `` peaceful lunar landing by the United States '' . At Lovell 's suggestion , he chose an eagle as the symbol , put an olive branch in its beak , and drew a lunar background with the Earth in the distance . The sunlight in the image was coming from the wrong direction ; the shadow should have been in the lower part of the Earth instead of the left . NASA officials felt that the talons of the eagle looked too `` warlike '' and after some discussion , the olive branch was moved to the claws . Armstrong was concerned that `` eleven '' would not be understood by non-English speakers , so they went with `` Apollo 11 '' ; they decided not to put their names on the patch , so it would `` be representative of everyone who had worked toward a lunar landing '' . All colors are natural , with blue and gold borders around the patch . When the Eisenhower dollar coin was released in 1971 , the patch design provided the eagle for its reverse side . The design was also used for the smaller Susan B. Anthony dollar unveiled in 1979 , ten years after the Apollo 11 mission . Mementos Neil Armstrong 's personal preference kit carried a piece of wood from the Wright brothers ' 1903 airplane 's left propeller and a piece of fabric from its wing , along with a diamond - studded astronaut pin originally given to Deke Slayton by the widows of the Apollo 1 crew . This pin had been intended to be flown on Apollo 1 and given to Slayton after the mission but following the disastrous launch pad fire and subsequent funerals , the widows gave the pin to Slayton and Armstrong took it on Apollo 11 .", "6": "Mission highlights Launch and flight to lunar orbit Saturn V carrying Apollo 11 rises past the launch tower camera Earth seen from Apollo 11 just after leaving Earth orbit ( translunar injection ) Play media Taping at 500 fps of the engine ignition at launch In addition to many people crowding highways and beaches near the launch site , millions watched the event on television , with NASA Chief of Public Information Jack King providing commentary . President Richard M. Nixon viewed the proceedings from the Oval Office of the White House . A Saturn V launched Apollo 11 from Launch Pad 39A , part of the Launch Complex 39 site at the Kennedy Space Center on July 16 , 1969 , at 13 : 32 : 00 UTC ( 9 : 32 : 00 a.m. EDT local time ) . It entered Earth orbit , at an altitude of 100.4 nautical miles ( 185.9 km ) by 98.9 nautical miles ( 183.2 km ) , twelve minutes later . After one and a half orbits , the S - IVB third - stage engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon with the trans - lunar injection ( TLI ) burn at 16 : 22 : 13 UTC . About 30 minutes later , the transposition , docking , and extraction maneuver was performed : this involved separating the Apollo Command / Service Module ( CSM ) from the spent rocket stage , turning around , and docking with the Lunar Module still attached to the stage . After the Lunar Module was extracted , the combined spacecraft headed for the Moon , while the rocket stage flew on a trajectory past the Moon and into orbit around the Sun . On July 19 at 17 : 21 : 50 UTC , Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter lunar orbit . In the thirty orbits that followed , the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquility ( Mare Tranquillitatis ) about 12 miles ( 19 km ) southwest of the crater Sabine D ( 0.67408 N , 23.47297 E ) .", "7": "The landing site was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated Ranger 8 and Surveyor 5 landers along with the Lunar Orbiter mapping spacecraft and unlikely to present major landing or extravehicular activity ( EVA ) challenges . Lunar descent The Eagle in lunar orbit after separating from Columbia CAPCOM Charles Duke , with backup pilots James Lovell and Fred Haise listening in during Apollo 11 's descent On July 20 , 1969 , the Lunar Module Eagle separated from the Command Module Columbia . Collins , alone aboard Columbia , inspected Eagle as it pirouetted before him to ensure the craft was not damaged . As the descent began , Armstrong and Aldrin found that they were passing landmarks on the surface four seconds early and reported that they were `` long '' ; they would land miles west of their target point . Five minutes into the descent burn , and 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) above the surface of the Moon , the LM navigation and guidance computer distracted the crew with the first of several unexpected `` 1202 '' and `` 1201 '' program alarms . Inside Mission Control Center in Houston , Texas , computer engineer Jack Garman told guidance officer Steve Bales it was safe to continue the descent , and this was relayed to the crew . The program alarms indicated `` executive overflows '' , meaning the guidance computer could not complete all of its tasks in real time and had to postpone some of them . Due to an error in the checklist manual , the rendezvous radar switch was placed in the wrong position . This caused it to send erroneous signals to the computer . The result was that the computer was being asked to perform all of its normal functions for landing while receiving an extra load of spurious data which used up 15 % of its time . The computer ( or rather the software in it ) was smart enough to recognize that it was being asked to perform more tasks than it should be performing . It then sent out an alarm , which meant to the astronaut , I 'm overloaded with more tasks than I should be doing at this time and I 'm going to keep only the more important tasks ; i.e. , the ones needed for landing ... Actually , the computer was programmed to do more than recognize error conditions . A complete set of recovery programs was incorporated into the software .", "8": "The software 's action , in this case , was to eliminate lower priority tasks and re-establish the more important ones ... If the computer had n't recognized this problem and taken recovery action , I doubt if Apollo 11 would have been the successful moon landing it was . -- Letter from Margaret H. Hamilton , Director of Apollo Flight Computer Programming MIT Draper Laboratory , Cambridge , Massachusetts , titled `` Computer Got Loaded '' , published in Datamation , March 1 , 1971 Landing Play media Landing on the Moon , July 20 , 1969 Landing site of Apollo 11 at Sea of Tranquility Play media The Apollo 11 landing site visualized in three dimensions using photography and a stereo digital elevation model from the LRO camera . When Armstrong again looked outside , he saw that the computer 's landing target was in a boulder - strewn area just north and east of a 300 - meter ( 980 ft ) diameter crater ( later determined to be West crater , named for its location in the western part of the originally planned landing ellipse ) . Armstrong took semi-automatic control and , with Aldrin calling out altitude and velocity data , landed at 20 : 17 : 40 UTC on Sunday July 20 with about 25 seconds of fuel left . Apollo 11 landed with less fuel than other missions , and the astronauts encountered a premature low fuel warning . This was later found to be the result of greater propellant ' slosh ' than expected , uncovering a fuel sensor . On subsequent missions , extra anti-slosh baffles were added to the tanks to prevent this . Throughout the descent , Aldrin had called out navigation data to Armstrong , who was busy piloting the LM . A few moments before the landing , a light informed Aldrin that at least one of the 67 - inch ( 170 cm ) probes hanging from Eagle 's footpads had touched the surface , and he said : `` Contact light ! '' Three seconds later , Eagle landed and Armstrong said `` Shutdown . '' Aldrin immediately said `` Okay , engine stop . ACA -- out of detent . '' Armstrong acknowledged `` Out of detent . Auto '' and Aldrin continued `` Mode control -- both auto . Descent engine command override off . Engine arm -- off . 413 is in . ''", "9": "Charles Duke , CAPCOM during the landing phase , acknowledged their landing by saying `` We copy you down , Eagle . '' Armstrong acknowledged Aldrin 's completion of the post landing checklist with `` Engine arm is off '' , before responding to Duke with the words , `` Houston , Tranquility Base here . The Eagle has landed . '' Armstrong 's unrehearsed change of call sign from `` Eagle '' to `` Tranquility Base '' emphasized to listeners that landing was complete and successful . Duke mispronounced his reply as he expressed the relief at Mission Control : `` Roger , Twan -- Tranquility , we copy you on the ground . You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue . We 're breathing again . Thanks a lot . '' Two and a half hours after landing , before preparations began for the EVA , Aldrin radioed to Earth : This is the LM pilot . I 'd like to take this opportunity to ask every person listening in , whoever and wherever they may be , to pause for a moment and contemplate the events of the past few hours and to give thanks in his or her own way . He then took communion privately . At this time NASA was still fighting a lawsuit brought by atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair ( who had objected to the Apollo 8 crew reading from the Book of Genesis ) demanding that their astronauts refrain from broadcasting religious activities while in space . As such , Aldrin chose to refrain from directly mentioning taking communion on the Moon . Aldrin was an elder at the Webster Presbyterian Church , and his communion kit was prepared by the pastor of the church , the Rev. Dean Woodruff . Aldrin described communion on the Moon and the involvement of his church and pastor in the October 1970 edition of Guideposts magazine and in his book Return to Earth . Webster Presbyterian possesses the chalice used on the Moon and commemorates the event each year on the Sunday closest to July 20 . The schedule for the mission called for the astronauts to follow the landing with a five - hour sleep period as they had been awake since early morning . However , they elected to forgo the sleep period and begin the preparations for the EVA early , thinking that they would be unable to sleep .", "10": "Lunar surface operations See also : First Moon walk A mounted slowscan TV camera showing Armstrong as he climbs down the ladder to surface A photograph of Armstrong near the LM , taken by Aldrin on the lunar surface . This is one of the only photographs of Armstrong on the lunar surface ; most of the time he had the camera . The astronauts planned placement of the Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package ( EASEP ) and the U.S. flag by studying their landing site through Eagle 's twin triangular windows , which gave them a 60 ° field of view . Preparation required longer than the two hours scheduled . Armstrong initially had some difficulties squeezing through the hatch with his Portable Life Support System ( PLSS ) . According to veteran Moon - walker John Young , a redesign of the LM to incorporate a smaller hatch had not been followed by a redesign of the PLSS backpack , so some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress . Several books indicate early mission timelines had Buzz Aldrin rather than Neil Armstrong as the first man on the Moon . At 02 : 39 UTC on Monday July 21 , 1969 , Armstrong opened the hatch , and at 02 : 51 UTC began his descent to the lunar surface . The Remote Control Unit controls on his chest kept him from seeing his feet . Climbing down the nine - rung ladder , Armstrong pulled a D - ring to deploy the Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly ( MESA ) folded against Eagle 's side and activate the TV camera , and at 02 : 56 : 15 UTC he set his left foot on the surface . The first landing used slow - scan television incompatible with commercial TV , so it was displayed on a special monitor and a conventional TV camera viewed this monitor , significantly reducing the quality of the picture . The signal was received at Goldstone in the United States but with better fidelity by Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station in Australia . Minutes later the feed was switched to the more sensitive Parkes radio telescope in Australia . Despite some technical and weather difficulties , ghostly black and white images of the first lunar EVA were received and broadcast to at least 600 million people on Earth .", "11": "Although copies of this video in broadcast format were saved and are widely available , recordings of the original slow scan source transmission from the lunar surface were accidentally destroyed during routine magnetic tape re-use at NASA . The plaque left on the ladder of Eagle While still on the ladder , Armstrong uncovered a plaque mounted on the LM descent stage bearing two drawings of Earth ( of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres ) , an inscription , and signatures of the astronauts and President Nixon . The inscription read : Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon , July 1969 A.D. We came in peace for all mankind . After describing the surface dust as `` very fine - grained '' and `` almost like a powder , '' six and a half hours after landing , Armstrong stepped off Eagle 's footpad and declared , `` That 's one small step for ( a ) man , one giant leap for mankind . '' Armstrong intended to say `` That 's one small step for a man '' , but the word `` a '' is not audible in the transmission , and thus was not initially reported by most observers of the live broadcast . When later asked about his quote , Armstrong said he believed he said `` for a man '' , and subsequent printed versions of the quote included the `` a '' in square brackets . One explanation for the absence may be that his accent caused him to slur the words `` for a '' together ; another is the intermittent nature of the audio and video links to Earth , partly because of storms near Parkes Observatory . More recent digital analysis of the tape claims to reveal the `` a '' may have been spoken but obscured by static . That 's one small step ... Problems playing this file ? See media help . About seven minutes after stepping onto the Moon 's surface , Armstrong collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick . He then folded the bag and tucked it into a pocket on his right thigh . This was to guarantee there would be some lunar soil brought back in case an emergency required the astronauts to abandon the EVA and return to the LM . Twelve minutes after the contingency sample was collected , Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface , and described the view with the simple phrase , `` Magnificent desolation . ''", "12": "Buzz Aldrin poses on the Moon , allowing Neil Armstrong to photograph both of them using the visor 's reflection In addition to fulfilling President Kennedy 's mandate to land a man on the Moon before the end of the 1960s , Apollo 11 was an engineering test of the Apollo system ; therefore , Armstrong snapped photos of the LM so engineers would be able to judge its post-landing condition . He removed the TV camera from the MESA and made a panoramic sweep , then mounted it on a tripod 68 feet ( 21 m ) from the LM . The TV camera cable remained partly coiled and presented a tripping hazard throughout the EVA . Armstrong said that moving in the lunar gravity , one - sixth of Earth 's , was `` even perhaps easier than the simulations ... It 's absolutely no trouble to walk around . '' Aldrin joined him on the surface and tested methods for moving around , including two - footed kangaroo hops . The PLSS backpack created a tendency to tip backward , but neither astronaut had serious problems maintaining balance . Loping became the preferred method of movement . The astronauts reported that they needed to plan their movements six or seven steps ahead . The fine soil was quite slippery . Aldrin remarked that moving from sunlight into Eagle 's shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit , though the helmet was warmer in sunlight , so he felt cooler in shadow . The astronauts planted a specially designed U.S. flag on the lunar surface , in clear view of the TV camera . Sometime later , President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone - radio transmission which Nixon called `` the most historic phone call ever made from the White House . '' Nixon originally had a long speech prepared to read during the phone call , but Frank Borman , who was at the White House as a NASA liaison during Apollo 11 , convinced Nixon to keep his words brief , to respect the lunar landing as Kennedy 's legacy . Armstrong thanked the President , and gave a brief reflection on the significance of the moment : President Nixon speaks to Armstrong and Aldrin on the Moon Nixon : Hello , Neil and Buzz . I 'm talking to you by telephone from the Oval Room at the White House . And this certainly has to be the most historic telephone call ever made .", "13": "I just ca n't tell you how proud we all are of what you 've done . For every American , this has to be the proudest day of our lives . And for people all over the world , I am sure they too join with Americans in recognizing what an immense feat this is . Because of what you have done , the heavens have become a part of man 's world . And as you talk to us from the Sea of Tranquility , it inspires us to redouble our efforts to bring peace and tranquility to Earth . For one priceless moment in the whole history of man , all the people on this Earth are truly one : one in their pride in what you have done , and one in our prayers that you will return safely to Earth . Armstrong : Thank you , Mr. President . It 's a great honor and privilege for us to be here , representing not only the United States , but men of peace of all nations , and with interest and curiosity , and men with a vision for the future . It 's an honor for us to be able to participate here today . Aldrin bootprint ; part of an experiment to test the properties of the lunar regolith The MESA failed to provide a stable work platform and was in shadow , slowing work somewhat . As they worked , the moonwalkers kicked up gray dust which soiled the outer part of their suits , the integrated thermal meteoroid garment . They deployed the EASEP , which included a passive seismograph and a Lunar Ranging Retroreflector ( LRRR ) . Then Armstrong walked 196 feet ( 60 m ) from the LM to snap photos at the rim of Little West Crater while Aldrin collected two core tubes . He used the geological hammer to pound in the tubes -- the only time the hammer was used on Apollo 11 . The astronauts then collected rock samples using scoops and tongs on extension handles . Many of the surface activities took longer than expected , so they had to stop documenting sample collection halfway through the allotted 34 minutes . Map showing landing site and photos taken Three new minerals were discovered in the rock samples collected by the astronauts : armalcolite , tranquillityite , and pyroxferroite . Armalcolite was named after Armstrong , Aldrin , and Collins .", "14": "During this period , Mission Control used a coded phrase to warn Armstrong that his metabolic rates were high and that he should slow down . He was moving rapidly from task to task as time ran out . However , as metabolic rates remained generally lower than expected for both astronauts throughout the walk , Mission Control granted the astronauts a 15 - minute extension . In a 2010 interview , Armstrong , who had walked a maximum of 196 feet ( 60 m ) from the LM , explained that NASA limited the first moonwalk 's time and distance because there was no empirical proof of how much cooling water the astronauts ' PLSS backpacks would consume to handle their body heat generation while working on the Moon . Lunar ascent and return Aldrin next to the Passive Seismic Experiment Package with Eagle in the background Aldrin entered Eagle first . With some difficulty the astronauts lifted film and two sample boxes containing 21.55 kilograms ( 47.5 lb ) of lunar surface material to the LM hatch using a flat cable pulley device called the Lunar Equipment Conveyor . Armstrong reminded Aldrin of a bag of memorial items in his suit pocket sleeve , and Aldrin tossed the bag down ; Armstrong then jumped to the ladder 's third rung and climbed into the LM . After transferring to LM life support , the explorers lightened the ascent stage for the return to lunar orbit by tossing out their PLSS backpacks , lunar overshoes , one Hasselblad camera , and other equipment . They then pressurized the LM and settled down to sleep . Wikisource has original text related to this article : In Event of Moon Disaster President Nixon 's speech writer William Safire had prepared In Event of Moon Disaster for the President to read on television in the event the Apollo 11 astronauts were stranded on the Moon . The contingency plan originated in a memo from Safire to Nixon 's White House Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman , in which Safire suggested a protocol the administration might follow in reaction to such a disaster . According to the plan , Mission Control would `` close down communications '' with the LM , and a clergyman would `` commend their souls to the deepest of the deep '' in a public ritual likened to burial at sea . The last line of the prepared text contained an allusion to Rupert Brooke 's First World War poem , `` The Soldier '' .", "15": "The plan included presidential telephone calls to the astronauts ' wives . While moving inside the cabin , Aldrin accidentally damaged the circuit breaker that would arm the main engine for lift off from the Moon . There was a concern this would prevent firing the engine , stranding them on the Moon . Fortunately , a felt - tip pen was sufficient to activate the switch . Had this not worked , the Lunar Module circuitry could have been reconfigured to allow firing the ascent engine . After about seven hours of rest , the crew was awakened by Houston to prepare for the return flight . Two and a half hours later , at 17 : 54 UTC , they lifted off in Eagle 's ascent stage to rejoin Collins aboard Columbia in lunar orbit . After more than 211⁄2 total hours on the lunar surface , they had left behind scientific instruments that included a retroreflector array used for the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment and a Passive Seismic Experiment Package used to measure moonquakes . They also left an Apollo 1 mission patch , and a memorial bag containing a gold replica of an olive branch as a traditional symbol of peace and a silicon message disk . The disk carries the goodwill statements by Presidents Eisenhower , Kennedy , Johnson , and Nixon and messages from leaders of 73 countries around the world . The disc also carries a listing of the leadership of the US Congress , a listing of members of the four committees of the House and Senate responsible for the NASA legislation , and the names of NASA 's past and present top management . ( In his 1989 book , Men from Earth , Aldrin says that the items included Soviet medals commemorating Cosmonauts Vladimir Komarov and Yuri Gagarin . ) Also , according to Deke Slayton 's book Moonshot , Armstrong carried with him a special diamond - studded astronaut pin from Slayton . Eagle 's ascent stage approaching Columbia Film taken from the LM Ascent Stage upon liftoff from the Moon reveals the American flag , planted some 25 feet ( 8 m ) from the descent stage , whipping violently in the exhaust of the ascent stage engine . Aldrin looked up in time to witness the flag topple : `` The ascent stage of the LM separated ... I was concentrating on the computers , and Neil was studying the attitude indicator , but I looked up long enough to see the flag fall over . ''", "16": "Subsequent Apollo missions usually planted the American flags at least 100 feet ( 30 m ) from the LM to prevent them being blown over by the ascent engine exhaust . After rendezvous with Columbia , Eagle 's ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit on July 21 , 1969 , at 23 : 41 UTC . Just before the Apollo 12 flight , it was noted that Eagle was still likely to be orbiting the Moon . Later NASA reports mentioned that Eagle 's orbit had decayed , resulting in it impacting in an `` uncertain location '' on the lunar surface . The location is uncertain because the Eagle ascent stage was not tracked after it was jettisoned , and the lunar gravity field is sufficiently non-uniform to make the orbit of the spacecraft unpredictable after a short time . NASA estimated that the orbit had decayed within months and would have impacted on the Moon . On July 23 , the last night before splashdown , the three astronauts made a television broadcast in which Collins commented : ... The Saturn V rocket which put us in orbit is an incredibly complicated piece of machinery , every piece of which worked flawlessly ... We have always had confidence that this equipment will work properly . All this is possible only through the blood , sweat , and tears of a number of a people ... All you see is the three of us , but beneath the surface are thousands and thousands of others , and to all of those , I would like to say , `` Thank you very much . '' Aldrin added : This has been far more than three men on a mission to the Moon ; more , still , than the efforts of a government and industry team ; more , even , than the efforts of one nation . We feel that this stands as a symbol of the insatiable curiosity of all mankind to explore the unknown ... Personally , in reflecting on the events of the past several days , a verse from Psalms comes to mind . `` When I consider the heavens , the work of Thy fingers , the Moon and the stars , which Thou hast ordained ; What is man that Thou art mindful of him ? ''", "17": "Armstrong concluded : The responsibility for this flight lies first with history and with the giants of science who have preceded this effort ; next with the American people , who have , through their will , indicated their desire ; next with four administrations and their Congresses , for implementing that will ; and then , with the agency and industry teams that built our spacecraft , the Saturn , the Columbia , the Eagle , and the little EMU , the spacesuit and backpack that was our small spacecraft out on the lunar surface . We would like to give special thanks to all those Americans who built the spacecraft ; who did the construction , design , the tests , and put their hearts and all their abilities into those craft . To those people tonight , we give a special thank you , and to all the other people that are listening and watching tonight , God bless you . Good night from Apollo 11 . On the return to Earth , a bearing at the Guam tracking station failed , potentially preventing communication on the last segment of the Earth return . A regular repair was not possible in the available time but the station director , Charles Force , had his ten - year - old son Greg use his small hands to reach into the housing and pack it with grease . Greg later was thanked by Armstrong . Splashdown and quarantine Columbia floats on the ocean as Navy divers assist in retrieving the astronauts The astronauts in their Biological Isolation Garments aboard the USS Hornet On July 24 , the astronauts returned home aboard the Command Module Columbia just before dawn local time ( 16 : 51 UTC ) at 13 ° 19 ′ N 169 ° 9 ′ W / 13.317 ° N 169.150 ° W / 13.317 ; - 169.150 ( Apollo 11 splashdown ) , in the Pacific Ocean 2,660 km ( 1,440 nmi ) east of Wake Island , 380 km ( 210 nmi ) south of Johnston Atoll , and 24 km ( 13 nmi ) from the recovery ship , USS Hornet . This is near the village of Vatia in American Samoa . The American Samoa - flag which was brought to the moon by Apollo 11 is on display at the Jean P. Haydon Museum in Pago Pago , the territorial capital of American Samoa .", "18": "At 16 : 44 UTC the drogue parachutes had been deployed and seven minutes later the Command Module struck the water forcefully . During splashdown , the Command Module landed upside down but was righted within 10 minutes by flotation bags triggered by the astronauts . `` Everything 's okay . Our checklist is complete . Awaiting swimmers '' , was Armstrong 's last official transmission from Columbia . A diver from the Navy helicopter hovering above attached a sea anchor to the Command Module to prevent it from drifting . Additional divers attached flotation collars to stabilize the module and position rafts for astronaut extraction . Though the chance of bringing back pathogens from the lunar surface was considered remote , it was considered a possibility and NASA took great precautions at the recovery site . Divers provided the astronauts with Biological Isolation Garments ( BIGs ) which were worn until they reached isolation facilities on board the Hornet . Additionally , astronauts were rubbed down with a sodium hypochlorite solution and the Command Module wiped with Betadine to remove any lunar dust that might be present . The raft containing decontamination materials was then intentionally sunk . A second Sea King helicopter - `` Helicopter 66 '' - hoisted the astronauts aboard one by one , where a NASA flight surgeon gave each a brief physical check during the 0.5 nautical miles ( 930 m ) trip back to the Hornet . The crew of Apollo 11 in quarantine after returning to Earth , visited by Richard Nixon After touchdown on the Hornet , the astronauts exited the helicopter , leaving the flight surgeon and three crewmen . The helicopter was then lowered into hangar bay # 2 where the astronauts walked the 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) to the Mobile Quarantine Facility ( MQF ) where they would begin the earth - based portion of their 21 days of quarantine . This practice would continue for two more Apollo missions , Apollo 12 and Apollo 14 , before the Moon was proven to be barren of life and the quarantine process dropped . President Richard Nixon was aboard Hornet to personally welcome the astronauts back to Earth . He told the astronauts , `` As a result of what you 've done , the world has never been closer together before . ''", "19": "After Nixon departed , the Hornet was brought alongside the five - ton Command Module where it was placed aboard by the ship 's crane , placed on a dolly and moved next to the MQF . The Hornet sailed for Pearl Harbor where Columbia and the MQF were airlifted to the Manned Spacecraft Center . In accordance with the Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law , a set of regulations promulgated by NASA on July 16 to codify its quarantine protocol , the astronauts continued in quarantine out of concern that the Moon might contain undiscovered pathogens and that the astronauts might have been exposed to them during their Moon walks . However , after three weeks in confinement ( first in the Apollo spacecraft , then in their trailer on the Hornet , and finally in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory at the Manned Spacecraft Center ) , the astronauts were given a clean bill of health . On August 10 , 1969 , the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination met in Atlanta and lifted the quarantine on the astronauts , on those who had joined them in quarantine ( NASA physician William Carpentier and MQF project engineer John Hirasaki ) , and on Columbia itself . Loose equipment from the spacecraft would remain in isolation until the lunar samples were released for study . Celebration Parade in New York City On August 13 , they rode in parades in their honor in New York , Chicago , and Los Angeles . On the same evening in Los Angeles there was an official State Dinner to celebrate the flight , attended by members of Congress , 44 governors , the Chief Justice of the United States , and ambassadors from 83 nations at the Century Plaza Hotel . President Richard Nixon and Vice President Spiro T. Agnew honored each astronaut with a presentation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom . This celebration was the beginning of a 45 - day `` Giant Leap '' tour that brought the astronauts to 25 foreign countries and included visits with prominent leaders such as Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom . Many nations honored the first manned Moon landing with special features in magazines or by issuing Apollo 11 commemorative postage stamps or coins . On September 16 , 1969 , the three astronauts spoke before a joint session of Congress on Capitol Hill . They presented two US flags , one to the House of Representatives and the other to the Senate , that had been carried to the surface of the Moon with them .", "20": "Moon Race Artist 's impression of Luna 15 The Soviet Union had been competing with the US in landing a man on the Moon but had been hampered by repeated failures in development of a launcher comparable to the Saturn V. Meanwhile , they tried to beat the US to return lunar material to the Earth by means of unmanned probes . On July 13 , three days before Apollo 11 's launch , they launched Luna 15 , which reached lunar orbit before Apollo 11 . During descent , a malfunction caused Luna 15 to crash in Mare Crisium about two hours before Armstrong and Aldrin took off from the Moon 's surface to begin their voyage home . The Jodrell Bank Observatory radio telescope in England was later discovered to have recorded transmissions from Luna 15 during its descent , and this was published in July 2009 on the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11 . Legacy Spacecraft location Command Module Columbia at the National Air and Space Museum Lunar Module landing site photographed by the LRO in 2012 The Command Module Columbia was displayed at the National Air and Space Museum ( NASM ) , Washington , D.C. It was in the central Milestones of Flight exhibition hall in front of the Jefferson Drive entrance , sharing the main hall with other pioneering flight vehicles such as the Wright Flyer , the Spirit of St. Louis , the Bell X-1 , the North American X-15 , Mercury spacecraft Friendship 7 , and Gemini 4 . Armstrong 's and Aldrin 's space suits are displayed in the museum 's Apollo to the Moon exhibit . The quarantine trailer , the flotation collar , and the righting spheres are displayed at the Smithsonian 's Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center annex near Washington Dulles International Airport in Chantilly , Virginia . In 2009 , the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) imaged the various Apollo landing sites on the surface of the Moon , for the first time with sufficient resolution to see the descent stages of the lunar modules , scientific instruments , and foot trails made by the astronauts . In March 2012 a team of specialists financed by Amazon founder Jeff Bezos located the F - 1 engines that launched Apollo 11 into space . The engines were found below the Atlantic Ocean 's surface through the use of advanced sonar scanning .", "21": "His team brought parts of two of the five engines to the surface . In July 2013 , a conservator discovered a serial number under the rust on one of the engines raised from the Atlantic , which NASA confirmed was from the Apollo 11 launch . Command Module Columbia at the Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar Columbia was moved in 2017 to the NASM Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar at the Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center in Chantilly , VA , to be readied for a four - city tour titled Destination Moon : The Apollo 11 Mission . This will include Space Center Houston ( October 14 , 2017 to March 18 , 2018 ) , the Saint Louis Science Center ( April 14 to September 3 , 2018 ) , the Senator John Heinz History Center in Pittsburgh ( September 29 , 2018 to February 18 , 2019 ) , and the Seattle Museum of Flight ( March 16 to September 2 , 2019 ) . 40th anniversary events Mike Simons , director of the National Electronics Museum , assembles an Apollo TV camera for display at the Newseum On July 15 , 2009 , Life.com released a photo gallery of previously unpublished photos of the astronauts taken by Life photographer Ralph Morse prior to the Apollo 11 launch . From July 16 -- 24 , 2009 , NASA streamed the original mission audio on its website in real time 40 years to the minute after the events occurred . In addition , it is in the process of restoring the video footage and has released a preview of key moments . In July 2010 , air - to - ground voice recordings and film footage shot in Mission Control during the Apollo 11 powered descent and landing was re-synchronised and released for the first time . The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum set up a Flash website that rebroadcasts the transmissions of Apollo 11 from launch to landing on the Moon . On July 20 , 2009 , the crew of Armstrong , Aldrin , and Collins met with U.S. President Barack Obama at the White House . `` We expect that there is , as we speak , another generation of kids out there who are looking up at the sky and are going to be the next Armstrong , Collins , and Aldrin '' , Obama said .", "22": "`` We want to make sure that NASA is going to be there for them when they want to take their journey . '' On August 7 , 2009 , an act of Congress awarded the three astronauts a Congressional Gold Medal , the highest civilian award in the United States . The bill was sponsored by Florida Sen. Bill Nelson and Florida Rep. Alan Grayson . A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing : It was carried out in a technically brilliant way with risks taken ... that would be inconceivable in the risk - averse world of today ... The Apollo programme is arguably the greatest technical achievement of mankind to date ... nothing since Apollo has come close ( to ) the excitement that was generated by those astronauts -- Armstrong , Aldrin and the 10 others who followed them . Gallery Roll - out of Saturn V AS - 505 from the Vehicle Assembly Building to the launch pad The Earth as seen from Apollo 11 on the third day out Play media Neil Armstrong describes the Moon 's surface before setting foot on it The Washington Post on Monday , July 21 , 1969 : `` ' The Eagle Has Landed ' -- Two Men Walk on the Moon '' Notes Jump up ^ During the mission , the cause was diagnosed as the rendezvous radar switch being in the wrong position , causing the computer to process data from both the rendezvous and landing radars at the same time , as stated in the letter . However , software engineer Don Eyles concluded in a 2005 Guidance and Control Conference paper that the problem was actually due to a hardware design bug previously seen during testing of the first unmanned LM for Apollo 5 . Having the rendezvous radar on ( so that it was warmed up in case of an emergency landing abort ) should have been irrelevant to the computer , but an electrical phasing mismatch between two parts of the rendezvous radar system could cause the stationary antenna to appear to the computer as dithering back and forth between two positions , depending upon how the hardware randomly powered up . The extra spurious cycle stealing , as the rendezvous radar updated an involuntary counter , caused the computer alarms . The Apollo onboard flight software for both the CM and LM was developed using an asynchronous executive so that higher priority jobs could interrupt lower priority jobs .", "23": "The sequence that occurred in the Apollo 11 landing was successful because of its global error detection and recovery system . This included the restart capability to `` kill and start over again '' and recompute and the display interface routines ( `` priority displays '' ) providing the ability , in the case of an emergency , to interrupt nominal displays with higher priority alarm displays . Steps previously taken to create solutions that took advantage of this multiprogramming environment suggested solutions for multiprocessing . Although only one process is actively executing at a given time in a multiprogramming environment , other processes in the same system ― sleeping or waiting ― exist in parallel with the executing process . With this as a backdrop , the priority display mechanisms were created , essentially changing the man - machine interface between the astronauts and the onboard flight software from synchronous to asynchronous displays so that a mission could be reconfigured in real time should it become necessary to do so . Jump up ^ A NASA transcript explains that the `` a '' article was intended , whether or not it was said ; the intention was to contrast a man ( an individual 's action ) and mankind ( as a species ) . References ^ Jump up to : Apollo 11 Mission Report ( PDF ) . Manned Spacecraft Center , Mission Evaluation Team . Houston , Texas : NASA . November 1969 . OCLC 10970862 . MSC - 00171 . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo 11 Mission Summary '' . The Apollo Program . Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Orloff 2000 , pp. 102 -- 110 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Eric M. , ed. ( 1995 ) . `` The First Lunar Landing '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , David R. ( December 11 , 2003 ) . `` Apollo Landing Site Coordinates '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . 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Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gannon , Frank ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` 24 July 1969 : Home From The Moon '' . The New Nixon . Richard Nixon Foundation . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Extra-Terrestrial Exposure , 34 Fed . Reg. 11975 ( July 16 , 1969 ) , codified at 14 C.F.R. pt. 1200 Jump up ^ `` A Front Row Seat For History '' . NASAexplores . NASA . July 15 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2006 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carmichael , Scott W. ( 2010 ) . Moon Men Return : USS Hornet and the Recovery of the Apollo 11 Astronauts . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . p. 118 . ISBN 9781591141105 . ^ Jump up to : Ertel , Ivan D. ; Newkirk , Roland W. ; Brooks , Courtney G. ( 1978 ) . `` The Apollo Spacecraft - A Chronology . Vol.", "31": "IV . Part 3 ( 1969 3rd quarter ) '' . NASA History Program Office . NASA . p. 312 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Alan ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Year Men Walked on the Moon '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Nixon : Remarks at a Dinner in Los Angeles Honoring the Apollo 11 Astronauts '' . The American Presidency Project . August 13 , 1969 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Bill ( July 23 , 1969 ) . `` Families Wait for Moon Men '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . Sydney . 37 ( 8 ) : 2 -- 4 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Missions : Apollo 11 '' . Lunar Hall of Fame . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Apollo 11 Crew Members Appear Before a Joint Meeting of Congress '' . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lindroos , Marcus . `` The Soviet Manned Lunar Program '' ( PDF ) . MIT OpenCourseWare . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jonathan ( July 3 , 2009 ) . `` Recording tracks Russia 's Moon gatecrash attempt '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon boss Jeff Bezos ' finds Apollo 11 Moon engines ' '' . BBC News . London . March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kolawole , Emi ( 19 July 2013 ) . `` Bezos Expeditions retrieves and identifies Apollo 11 engine # 5 , NASA confirms identity '' . Retrieved 13 February 2017 .", "32": "Jump up ^ Bezos , Jeff ( 19 July 2013 ) . `` F - 1 Engine Recovery - Updates '' . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Command Module Columbia '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Moonship To Go On Tour '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LIFE : Up Close With Apollo 11 '' . Life . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Onboard Audio '' . Apollo 40th Anniversary . NASA . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Garner , Robert ( ed . ) . `` Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Videos ( Downloads ) '' . NASA . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Riley , Christopher ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Sound restored to mission control film shot during Apollo 11 moon landing '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` We Choose the Moon '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Crew Meets With President Obama '' . Image of the Day Gallery . NASA . July 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zeleny , Jeff ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Hails Apollo Crew From a Lens of Childhood '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Text of S. 951 as Engrossed in Senate : New Frontier Congressional Gold Medal Act -- U.S. Congress -- OpenCongress '' . OpenCongress.org . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Text of H.R. 2245 as Enrolled Bill : New Frontier Congressional Gold Medal Act -- U.S. Congress -- OpenCongress '' . OpenCongress.org .", "33": "Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Moon landings : British scientists salute space heroes '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . July 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Bibliography Brooks , Courtney G. ; Grimwood , James M. ; Swenson , Loyd S. , Jr. ( 1979 ) . Chariots for Apollo : A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft . NASA History Series . Washington , D.C. : Scientific and Technical Information Branch , NASA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 46756 - 6 . LCCN 79001042 . OCLC 4664449 . NASA SP - 4205 . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Carmichael , Scott W. ( 2010 ) . Moon Men Return : USS Hornet and the Recovery of the Apollo 11 Astronauts . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 110 - 5 . OCLC 562772897 . Chaikin , Andrew ( 1994 ) . A Man on the Moon : The Triumphant Story Of The Apollo Space Program . New York : Penguin Group . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027201 - 1 . OCLC 890357362 . Collins , Michael ; Aldrin , Edwin E. , Jr. ( 1975 ) . `` A Yellow Caution Light '' . In Cortright , Edgar M. Apollo Expeditions to the Moon . Washington , D.C. : NASA . OCLC 1623434 . NASA SP - 350 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Collins , Michael ( 2001 ) ( 1974 ) . Carrying the Fire : An Astronaut 's Journeys . Foreword by Charles Lindberg . New York : Cooper Square Press .", "34": "ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1028 - X . LCCN 2001017080 . OCLC 45755963 . Cunningham , Walter ( 2010 ) ( 1977 ) . The All - American Boys . ipicturebooks . ISBN 978 - 1 - 87696 - 324 - 8 . OCLC 713908039 . Hansen , James R. ( 2005 ) . First Man : The Life of Neil A. Armstrong . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 5631 - 5 . LCCN 2005049992 . OCLC 937302502 . Manned Spacecraft Center ( November 1969 ) . Apollo 11 Mission Report ( PDF ) . Manned Spacecraft Center , Mission Evaluation Team . Houston , Texas : NASA . OCLC 10970862 . MSC - 00171 . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Mindell , David A. ( 2008 ) . Digital Apollo : Human and Machine in Spaceflight . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 13497 - 2 . LCCN 2007032255 . OCLC 751829782 . Orloff , Richard W. ( 2000 ) . Apollo by the Numbers : A Statistical Reference . NASA History Series . Washington , D.C. : NASA History Division , Office of Policy and Plans . ISBN 0 - 16 - 050631 - X . LCCN 00061677 . OCLC 829406439 . NASA SP - 2000 - 4029 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Slayton , Donald K. `` Deke '' ; Cassutt , Michael ( 1994 ) . Deke ! U.S. Manned Space : From Mercury to the Shuttle . New York : Forge . ISBN 0 - 312 - 85503 - 6 . LCCN 94002463 . OCLC 29845663 . Waligora , J.M.", "35": "; Horrigan , D.J. ( 1975 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Metabolism and Heat Dissipation During Apollo EVA Periods '' . In Johnston , Richard S. ; Dietlein , Lawrence F. ; Berry , Charles A. Biomedical Results of Apollo . Foreword by Christopher C. Kraft , Jr . Washington , D.C. : NASA . NASA SP - 368 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Further reading Cappellari , J.O. Jr . ( May -- June 1972 ) . Where on the Moon ? An Apollo Systems Engineering Problem . Bell System Technical Journal . 51 . New York : American Telephone and Telegraph Company . pp. 955 -- 1127 . OCLC 17779623 . Barbour , John Andrews ( 1969 ) . Footprints on the Moon . Writers and editors of the Associated Press . Manuscript by John Barbour . New York . Associated Press . OCLC 26341 . French , Francis ; Burgess , Colin ( 2007 ) . In the Shadow of the Moon : A Challenging Journey to Tranquility , 1965 -- 1969 . Outward Odyssey : A People 's History of Spaceflight . Foreword by Walter Cunningham . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 1128 - 5 . Mailer , Norman ( 1970 ) . Of a Fire on the Moon . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 54411 - 6 . OCLC 101602 . Rahman , Tahir ( 2008 ) . We Came in Peace for All Mankind : The Untold Story of the Apollo 11 Silicon Disc ( 1st ed . ) . Overland Park , Kansas : Leathers Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58597 - 441 - 2 . For Young Readers Aldrin , Buzz ( 2005 ) . Reaching for the Moon . Paintings by Wendell Minor ( 1st ed . ) . New York : HarperCollins. 40 pages .", "36": "ISBN 0 - 06 - 055446 - 0 . Floca , Brian ( 2009 ) . Moonshot : The Flight of Apollo 11 . New York : Atheneum Books for Young Readers . 48 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4169 - 5046 - 2 . Thimmesh , Catherine ( 2006 ) . Team Moon : How 400,000 People Landed Apollo 11 on the Moon . New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . 80 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 50757 - 3 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apollo 11 . `` Apollo 11 transcripts '' at Spacelog `` Magnificent Desolation : The Apollo 11 Moonwalk Pictures '' by Apollo Lunar Surface Journal contributor Joseph O'Dea . Complete gallery of Apollo 11 EVA pictures . `` Apollo 11 '' Detailed mission information by Dr. David R. Williams , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center `` Apollo 11 '' Photographer Blaise Thirard 's presentation of Apollo 11 photographs Sylvester , Rachel ; Coates , Sam . `` Men on the Moon '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Original reports from The Times ( London ) `` Apollo 40th Anniversary '' . NASA . July 2009 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved July 18 , 2009 . NASA website honoring the mission `` The untold story : how one small silicon disc delivered a giant message to the Moon '' at collectSPACE.com `` Apollo Anniversary : Moon Landing ' Inspired World ' '' National Geographic News , July 16 , 2004 -- 35th anniversary of Apollo 11 ; Steven Dick , NASA 's chief historian : `` ... a thousand years from now , that step may be considered the crowning achievement of the 20th century . ''", "37": "`` Ten Things You Did n't Know About the Apollo 11 Moon Landing '' by Craig Nelson , Popular Mechanics , July 13 , 2009 `` Coverage of the Flight of Apollo 11 -- ( 1969 ) '' provided by Todd Kosovich for RadioTapes.com . Radio station recordings ( airchecks ) covering the flight of Apollo 11 . `` Space Missions '' at Buzz Aldrin 's official website NASA reports `` Apollo Program Summary Report '' . NASA History Program Office . NASA . April 1975 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2006 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . -- 200 + pages Ertel , Ivan ( 1969 -- 1978 ) . The Apollo Spacecraft : A Chronology . I -- IV . Morse , M.L. ; Bays , J.K. ; Brooks , C.G. ; Newkirk , R.W. Washington , D.C. : NASA . LCCN 69060008 . OCLC 23818 . NASA SP - 4009 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . `` Apollo 11 Mission Report '' ( PDF ) . NASA . 1971 . -- 230 pages `` EP - 72 Log of Apollo 11 '' . NASA History Program Office . NASA . Retrieved January 16 , 2006 . -- Timeline of the mission , from `` One Giant Leap for Mandkind , '' 2004 . Multimedia `` ' To the Moon and Back ' : LIFE Covers the Apollo 11 Mission '' . Time . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . -- Life magazine Special Edition , August 11 , 1969 `` Apollo 11 : Scenes From the Moon '' . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . -- slideshow by Life magazine Garner , Robert ( ed . ) . `` Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Videos ( Downloads ) '' . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . -- Remastered videos of the original landing . Jones , Eric M. Jones , ed.", "38": "( 1995 ) . `` Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . -- Transcripts and audio clips of important parts of the mission Jones , Eric M. ; Glover , Ken , eds. ( 1995 -- 2009 ) . `` Apollo 11 Image Library '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . -- Hundreds of high - resolution images of the mission , including assembled panoramas . `` Apollo Mission Traverse Maps '' . USGS . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2006 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . -- Several maps showing routes of moonwalks Google Moon -- with lunar landing sites tagged Apollo Lunar Surface VR Panoramas at moonpans.com Apollo Image Archive at Arizona State University Apollo launch and mission videos at ApolloTV.net Real - time audiovisual recreation of the lunar module landing with audio feeds from the crew of Apollo 11 and Ground Control The short film Moonwalk One is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film The Eagle Has Landed : The Flight of Apollo 11 is available for free download at the Internet Archive Apollo 11 Restored EVA Part 1 ( 1h of restored footage ) Missions and tests of the Apollo program Rocket tests SA - 1 SA - 2 SA - 3 SA - 4 SA - 5 AS - 203 Abort tests QTV Pad Abort Test - 1 A-001 A-002 A-003 Pad Abort Test - 2 A-004 Boilerplate tests AS - 101 AS - 102 AS - 103 AS - 104 AS - 105 Unmanned missions AS - 201 AS - 202 Apollo 4 Apollo 5 Apollo 6", "39": "Skylab 1 Low Earth orbit missions Apollo 7 Apollo 9 Skylab 2 Skylab 3 Skylab 4 Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project Lunar orbit missions Apollo 8 Apollo 10 Lunar landing missions Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17 Failed missions Apollo 1 ( AS - 204 ) Apollo 13 List of missions Mission types Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 Canceled missions Spacecraft missions to the Moon Programs American Apollo Lunar Orbiter Lunar Precursor Pioneer Ranger Surveyor Chinese ( CLEP ) Indian ( Chandrayaan ) Japanese Russian Luna - Glob Soviet Crewed Luna Zond Lunokhod Current Orbiters ARTEMIS Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Past Orbiters Apollo 8 10 Apollo 15 Subsatellite ( PFS - 1 ) Apollo 16 Subsatellite ( PFS - 2 ) Chandrayaan - 1 Chang'e 1 Chang'e 2 Clementine Explorer 35 Explorer 49 GRAIL ( Ebb & Flow ) Hiten LADEE Luna 10 11 12 14 19 22 Lunar Orbiter 1 5 Lunar Prospector SELENE ( Kaguya , Okina & Ouna ) SMART - 1", "40": "Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Service Module ) Flybys 4M Apollo 13 AsiaSat - 3 Cassini -- Huygens Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Xiaofei ) Galileo Geotail ICE Luna 1 Luna 3 Mariner 10 Nozomi Pioneer 4 Pioneer 10 Ranger 5 STEREO Zond 3 5 6 7 8 Impactors LCROSS Luna 2 MIP Ranger 4 6 7 8 9 Landers Apollo Lunar Module x6 ALSEP ( x5 ) and EASEP ( x1 ) Chang'e 3 Luna 9 13 17 21 Surveyor 1 5 6 7 Rovers Apollo 15 16 17 Lunokhod 1 Yutu Sample return Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Luna 16 20 24 Human landing Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Planned EM - 1 ( 2019 ) Orion ArgoMoon BioSentinel Cislunar Explorers CuSP CU - E EQUULEUS LunaH - Map Lunar Flashlight Lunar IceCube NEA Scout OMOTENASHI SkyFire Team Miles Luna - Glob Luna 25 ( 2019 )", "41": "Luna 26 ( 2021 ) Luna 27 ( 2022 ) Luna 28 ( 2025 ) Luna 29 Others Chandrayaan - 2 ( 2018 ) Chang'e 4 ( 2018 ) TESS ( 2018 ) Chang'e 5 ( 2019 ) MX - 1E ( 2019 ) PTScientists ( 2019 ) Astrobotic / Hakuto / AngelicvM ( 2020 ) Chang'e 6 ( 2020 ) SLIM ( 2021 ) DESTINY ( 2022 ) EM - 2 ( 2023 ) EM - 3 ( 2023 + ) Proposed Baden - Württemberg 1 Blue Origin Blue Moon DSE - Alpha International Lunar Network Lunar Lander Lunar Mission One Lunar Orbital Platform - Gateway Lunar Orbital Station MoonLITE OpenLuna SELENE - R SpaceIL Synergy Moon TeamIndus Cancelled Altair European Lunar Explorer LEO LK Lunar - A Lunar Observer Lunokhod 3 MoonRise Prospector Resource Prospector SpaceX lunar tourism mission Ukrselena See also Colonization of the Moon Exploration of the Moon Google Lunar X Prize List of Apollo astronauts List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon Lunar rover Moon landing Conspiracy theories Crewed missions in italics . The Moon Physical properties Internal structure Topography Atmosphere Gravity field Hill sphere Magnetic field Sodium tail Moonlight Earthshine Orbit Orbital elements", "42": "Distance Perigee & apogee Nodes Nodal period Precession Syzygy New moon Full moon Eclipses Lunar eclipse Total penumbral lunar eclipse Tetrad Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Lunar mansion Surface & features Selenography Terminator Hemispheres Near side Far side Poles North pole South pole Face Maria List Mountains Peak of eternal light Valleys Volcanic features Domes Calderas Craters List Ray systems Crater of eternal darkness Shackleton crater South Pole -- Aitken basin Soil Swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Water Space weathering Micrometeorite Sputtering Quakes Transient lunar phenomenon Science Observation Libration Lunar theory Origin Giant - impact hypothesis Theia Lunar magma ocean Geology Timescale Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar meteorites KREEP Experiments Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 Apollo 17 Exploration Missions Apollo program Probes Landing Conspiracy theories Colonization Tourism Time - telling Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Month Lunar month Nodal period Fortnight Sennight Lunar", "43": "mansion Phases & names New Full Names Crescent Super & micro Blood Blue Black Dark Wet Tetrad Related topics Psychology Lunar effect Moon illusion Pareidolia Man in the Moon Moon rabbit Craters named after people Memorials on the Moon Moon in fiction Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil `` Moon is made of green cheese '' Natural satellite Double planet Lilith ( hypothetical second moon ) Category Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal ← 1968 Orbital launches in 1969 1970 → Venera 5 Venera 6 Kosmos 263 Soyuz 4 Soyuz 5 7K - L1 No. 13L OSO - 5 OPS 7585 Kosmos 264 US - A No. 5 Isis 1 Meteor - 1 No. 11 OPS 3890 OPS 2644 Intelsat III F - 3 Kosmos 265 OPS 0757 Luna E-8 No. 201 7K - L1S No. 3 Mariner 6 Kosmos 266 ESSA - 9 Kosmos 267 Apollo 9 OPS 4248 Kosmos 268 Kosmos 269 Kosmos 270 Kosmos 271 Kosmos 272 OV1 - 17 OV1 - 18 OV1 - 19 Orbiscal 2 OPS 3722 OPS 2285 Kosmos 273 Kosmos 274 Meteor - 1 No. 12 2M No. 521 Mariner 7 Kosmos 275 2M No. 522 Kosmos 276 Kosmos 277 Kosmos 278 Molniya - 1 No.", "44": "16 OPS 3148 Nimbus 3 SECOR 13 Kosmos 279 OPS 5310 Kosmos 280 OPS 1101 OPS 1721 Kosmos 281 Apollo 10 Kosmos 282 Intelsat III F - 4 OPS 6909 OPS 6911 ERS - 29 ERS - 26 OV5 - 9 Kosmos 283 Kosmos 284 Kosmos 285 OPS 1077 OGO - 6 Luna E-8 - 5 No. 402 Kosmos 286 Explorer 41 Kosmos 287 Kosmos 288 Biosatellite 3 STV - 2 7K - L1S No. 5 Kosmos 289 Luna 15 Apollo 11 Kosmos 290 Molniya - 1 No. 18 OPS 1127 DS - P1 - Yu No. 23 OPS 3654 Intelsat III F - 5 OPS 8285 Kosmos 291 Zond 7 OSO - 6 PAC - 1 ATS - 5 Kosmos 292 Kosmos 293 Kosmos 294 Kosmos 295 OPS 7807 Pioneer E ERS - 32 Kosmos 296 Kosmos 297 Kosmos 298 Kosmos 299 Unnamed OPS 3531 OPS 4710 Kosmos 300 Kosmos 301 OPS 7613 NRL PL - 161 NRL PL - 162 NRL PL - 163 NRL PL - 164 NRL PL - 176 Timation 2 Tempsat 2 SOICAL Cone SOICAL Cylinder ESRO - 1B Meteor - 1 No. 15 Soyuz 6 Soyuz 7 Soyuz 8 Interkosmos 1 Kosmos 302 Kosmos 303 Kosmos 304 Kosmos 305 Kosmos 306 Kosmos 307 OPS 8455 Kosmos 308 Azur Kosmos 309 Apollo 12 Kosmos 310 Skynet 1A Kosmos 311 Kosmos 312 7K - L1e No. 1 Kosmos 313 OPS 6617 Kosmos 314 Kosmos 315 Kosmos 316 Kosmos 317 Interkosmos 2 Unnamed Payloads are separated by bullets ( ) , launches by pipes ( ) . Manned flights are indicated in bold text . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics .", "45": "Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in brackets . NASA Policy and history History NACA ( 1915 ) National Aeronautics and Space Act ( 1958 ) Space Task Group ( 1958 ) Paine ( 1986 ) Rogers ( 1986 ) Ride ( 1987 ) Space Exploration Initiative ( 1989 ) Augustine ( 1990 ) U.S. National Space Policy ( 1996 ) CFUSAI ( 2002 ) CAIB ( 2003 ) Vision for Space Exploration ( 2004 ) Aldridge ( 2004 ) Augustine ( 2009 ) General Space Race Administrator and Deputy Administrator Chief Scientist Astronaut Corps Budget Spin - off technologies NASA TV NASA Social Launch Services Program Kennedy Space Center Vehicle Assembly Building Launch Complex 39 Launch Control Center Johnson Space Center Mission Control Lunar Sample Laboratory Robotic programs Past Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor ' 98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor Viking Project Prometheus Mars Scout Current Living With a Star Lunar Precursor Robotic Program Earth Observing System Great Observatories program Explorer Small explorer Voyager Discovery New Frontiers Mars Exploration Rover Human spaceflight programs Past X-15 ( suborbital ) Mercury Gemini Apollo Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project ( with the Soviet space program ) Skylab Space Shuttle Shuttle -- Mir ( with Roscosmos State Corporation ) Constellation Current International Space Station Commercial Orbital Transportation Services ( COTS ) Commercial Crew Development ( CCDev ) Orion", "46": "Individual featured missions ( human and robotic ) Past COBE Apollo 11 Mercury 3 Mercury - Atlas 6 Magellan Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Galileo GALEX GRAIL WMAP Space Shuttle Sojourner rover Spirit rover LADEE MESSENGER Aquarius Cassini Currently operating MRO 2001 Mars Odyssey Dawn New Horizons Kepler International Space Station Hubble Space Telescope Spitzer RHESSI Swift THEMIS Mars Exploration Rover Curiosity rover timeline Opportunity rover observed GOES 14 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter GOES 15 Van Allen Probes SDO Juno Mars Science Laboratory timeline NuSTAR Voyager 1 / 2 WISE MAVEN MMS OSIRIS - REx Future JPSS James Webb Space Telescope WFIRST InSight Mars 2020 NISAR Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite Europa Clipper Communications and navigation Canberra Deep Space Atomic Clock Deep Space Network ( Goldstone Madrid Near Earth Network Space Flight Operations Facility ) Space Network NASA lists Astronauts by name by year Apollo astronauts List of NASA aircraft List of NASA missions unmanned missions List of NASA contractors List of United States rockets List of NASA cancellations List of Space Shuttle missions crews NASA images and artwork Earthrise The Blue Marble Family Portrait Pale Blue Dot Pillars of Creation Mystic Mountain Solar System Family Portrait The Day the", "47": "Earth Smiled Fallen Astronaut Lunar plaques Pioneer plaques Voyager Golden Record NASA insignia Gemini and Apollo medallions Mission patches Category Commons Portal GND : 4356607 - 8 SNAC : w69p85sx Houston portal Moon portal Space portal Spaceflight portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo_11&oldid=838087369 '' Categories : LQ12 quadrangle Apollo 11 Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2018 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2013 Good articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NASA Use American English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski", "48": "Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 72 more Edit links This page", "49": "was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 21 : 00 . 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1851581313011537898	who played the reverend mother in sound of music	[ "Mary Margaret \"Peggy\" Wood", "Mary Margaret \"Peggy\" Wood", "Mary Margaret \"Peggy\" Wood", "Mary Margaret \"Peggy\" Wood" ]	{ "0": "Peggy Wood - wikipedia Peggy Wood Jump to : navigation , search For the chess player , see Peggy Wood ( chess ) . Peggy Wood Photograph of Peggy Wood , c. 1917 Mary Margaret Wood ( 1892 - 02 - 09 ) February 9 , 1892 Brooklyn , New York , U.S. March 18 , 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 18 ) ( aged 86 ) Stamford , Connecticut , U.S. Occupation Actress , Singer Years active 1910 -- 69 Spouse ( s ) John Weaver ( m . 1924 ; d . 1938 ) William Walling ( m . 1946 ; d . 1973 ) Children Mary Margaret `` Peggy '' Wood ( February 9 , 1892 -- March 18 , 1978 ) was an American actress of stage , film , and television . She is best remembered for her performance as the title character in the CBS television series Mama ( 1949 -- 1957 ) , for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series ; her starring role as Naomi , Ruth 's mother - in - law , in The Story of Ruth ( 1960 ) ; and her final screen appearance as Mother Abbess in The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , for which she was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early career 2 Later career 3 Last appearances 4 Personal life 5 Death 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 7 Stage ( partial list of appearances ) 8 References 9 External links Early career ( edit ) Peggy Wood and Charles Purcell in the original Broadway production of Maytime ( 1917 ) Wood was born in Brooklyn , New York , the daughter of Eugene Wood , a journalist , and Mary Gardner , a telegraph operator . She was a direct descendant of Daniel Boone . Wood was an early member of the Actors ' Equity Association , spending nearly 50 years on the stage , beginning in the chorus and becoming known as a Broadway singer and star . She made her stage debut in 1910 , as part of the chorus for Naughty Marietta .", "1": "In 1917 , she starred in Maytime , in which she introduced the song `` Will You Remember '' . She starred in several other musicals before playing the role of Portia in a 1928 production of The Merchant of Venice . From the late 1920s until the late 1930s , Wood had lead roles in musicals staged in London and New York . She was a member of the Algonquin Round Table . Later career ( edit ) In 1941 , she starred in the New York premiere of Blithe Spirit as Ruth Condomine , whose husband is tormented by the ghost of his deceased first wife . Wood did not star in many films . Her few film appearances include roles in Jalna , A Star is Born , Call It a Day , The Housekeeper 's Daughter , The Bride Wore Boots , Magnificent Doll , and Dream Girl . From 1949 to 1957 , she played matriarch Marta Hansen in the popular CBS - TV series Mama , based on the 1943 Broadway play and 1948 film I Remember Mama . When General Foods cancelled the program , there was so much protest that CBS brought it back on Sunday afternoon , this time as a filmed series . As the network did not have all the affiliate station clearances that were needed , the show was put into syndication , where it was a huge success . 26 episodes were filmed . Following `` Mama '' , Wood was also seen in episodes of Zane Grey Theatre and The Nurses . She co-starred with comedian Imogene Coca on Broadway in The Girls in 509 . In October 1963 , she and Ruth Gates appeared in a one - act play , Opening Night , which played in off - Broadway . Wood portrayed Fanny Ellis , a once famous star who prepares for a performance ; the play lasted 47 performances . Ruth Gates was Aunt Jenny on the `` Mama '' series with Wood . Last appearances ( edit ) She returned to movies in the 1960 CinemaScope production The Story of Ruth in a co-starring role , as what she referred to in her own book as a `` blonde , blue - eyed Jewess '' .", "2": "Her final screen appearance was as the gentle , wise Mother Abbess in The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture . She was thrilled to be in the movie although she knew that she could no longer sing `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' . She was dubbed ( for singing ) by Margery McKay . In her autobiography , Marni Nixon , who appeared in the film as Sister Sophia , said Peggy especially liked McKay 's singing voice because she sounded as Peggy did in her younger days . In 1969 , Wood joined the cast of the ABC - TV soap , One Life to Live as Dr. Kate Nolan and had a recurring role until the end of the year . Her first autobiography , How Young You Look , was published by Farrar and Rinehart in 1941 . An update , Arts and Flowers , appeared in 1963 . She also wrote a biography of actor John Drew , Jr. , as well as a novel called The Star Wagon and was a co-author of a play called Miss Quis . Wood received numerous awards for her theatrical work and for a while was president of the American National Theater and Academy ( ANTA ) . Personal Life ( edit ) Wood was married and widowed twice . Her first husband ( poet / writer John V.A. Weaver ) died at the age of 44 . She gave birth to their son ( David Weaver ) in 1927 at the age of 32 . Her second husband ( in 1946 William H. Walling ) was an executive in the printing business who died in 1973 . They were married for 27 years . She was a devout Episcopalian and a member of the Episcopal Actors Guild . Death ( edit ) Wood died on March 18 , 1978 , in Stamford , Connecticut , following a stroke . She was 86 years old .", "3": "Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1919 Almost a Husband Eva McElwyn 1929 Wonder of Women Brigitte 1934 Handy Andy Ernestine Yates 1935 The Right to Live Nurse Wayland Jalna Meg Whiteoaks 1937 Call It a Day Ethel Francis A Star Is Born Miss Phillips - Central Casting Clerk 1939 The Housekeeper 's Daughter Olga 1946 The Bride Wore Boots Grace Apley Magnificent Doll Mrs. Payne 1948 Dream Girl Lucy Allerton 1960 The Story of Ruth Naomi 1965 The Sound of Music Virgilia The Reverend Mother Abbess Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1948 The Philco Television Playhouse Mrs. Oliver Jordan episode : Dinner at Eight 1949 The Philco Television Playhouse Florence McDavid episode : Dark Hammock 1951 Pulitzer Prize Playhouse Gladys episode : The Skin of Our Teeth 1949 -- 1957 Mama Mama Marta Hansen 10 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Best Actress ( 1953 ) Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Continuing Performance by an Actress in a Dramatic Series ( 1957 ) 1957 Zane Grey Theatre Sarah Jolland episode : The Bitter Land 1959 The United States Steel Hour Lillian Granet episode : Seed of Guilt 1962 Dr. Kildare Katie Harris episode : An Ancient Office 1963 The Doctors and the Nurses Marcella Higgins episode : The Saturday Evening of Time 1965 For the People Mrs. Murray episode : The Killing of One Human Being 1969 One Life to Live Dr.", "4": "Kate Nolan Unknown episodes Stage ( partial list of appearances ) ( edit ) Peggy Wood in Buddies ( 1919 ) The Lady of the Slipper ( 1912 ) Love O ' Mike ( 1917 ) Maytime ( 1917 ) Buddies ( 1919 ) Marjolaine ( 1922 ) The Clinging Vine ( 1922 ) Bitter Sweet ( 1929 ) Champagne , Sec ( 1934 ) Old Acquaintance ( 1941 ) Blithe Spirit ( 1941 ) The Girls in 509 ( 1958 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Great Stars of the American Stage by Daniel Blum Profile # 105 ; c. 1952 ( with this being the 1954 2nd edition ) Jump up ^ Members of the Algonquin Round Table Jump up ^ Great Stars of the American Stage , A Pictorial Record by Daniel Blum c. 1954 2nd Edition Profile # 105 , on Peggy Wood ; ( * there are no page numbers to Blum 's book , all artists articles are listed as ' Profiles ' ) Jump up ^ http://littlechurch.org/#/who-we-are/episcopal-actors-guild External links ( edit ) Biography portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peggy Wood . Peggy Wood on IMDb Peggy Wood at the Internet Broadway Database Peggy Wood at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Peggy Wood at Find a Grave Peggy Wood portrait gallery at NY Public Library Billy Rose Collection 1916 portrait with her K9 pal ( Univ.", "5": "of Washington , Sayre collection ) Peggy Wood with literary friends , ... bottom left to right , Blanche Oelrichs , Dorothy Parker , Woods ... top left to right : John Colton , Howard Greer , Dudley Murphy VIAF : 22334122 LCCN : no89001354 ISNI : 0000 0001 1022 5690 GND : 134574192 BNF : cb13954645r ( data ) MusicBrainz : bcb6078e - 6ab6 - 4ebb - 9435 - 950cea2f27f1 SNAC : w6tx3h1c Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peggy_Wood&oldid=838445725 '' Categories : 1892 births 1978 deaths Actresses from New York City American stage actresses American film actresses American television actresses People from Brooklyn Disease - related deaths in Connecticut 20th - century American actresses American Episcopalians Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Use mdy dates from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 02 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3125559316824073534	state with highest population growth rate in india 2011	[ "Meghalaya", "Meghalaya", "Dadra and Nagar Haveli" ]	{ "0": "List of states and union territories of India by population - wikipedia List of states and union territories of India by population Jump to : navigation , search States and union territories of India ordered by Area Population Abbreviations Capitals Child Nutrition Crime rate Electricity penetration Fertility rate Forest cover GDP ( per capita ) Highest point HIV awareness HDI Home ownership Household size Human Trafficking Institutional delivery Life expectancy at birth Literacy rate Media exposure Number of Vehicles Number of voters Obesity Open defecation Origin of name Places of worship Poverty Power capacity Safe Drinking Water Safety of Women School Enrollment Rate Sex ratio Suicides Tax revenues TV ownership Toilet availability Transport network Underweight people Unemployment Vaccination coverage India is a union of 29 states and 7 union territories . As of 2011 , with an estimated population of 1.2 billion , India is the world 's second most populous country after the People 's Republic of China . India occupies 2.4 % of the world 's land surface area and is home to 17.5 % of the world 's population . After the Indo - Gangetic Plain , the eastern and western coastal regions of the Deccan Plateau are the most densely populated regions of India . The Thar Desert in western Rajasthan is one of the most densely populated deserts in the world . The northern and north - eastern states along the Himalayas contain cold arid deserts with fertile valleys . Contents ( hide ) 1 Census of India 2 States and union territories ( by population ) 3 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Census of India ( edit ) Population density map of India . The first population census in British India was conducted in 1872 . Since India 's independence in 1947 , a census has been conducted every 10 years , the first occurring in 1951 . The census in India is conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner under the Ministry of Home Affairs , and is one of the largest administrative tasks conducted by a federal government . The latest population figures are based on data from the 2011 census of India .", "1": "During the decade of 2001 -- 2011 , India 's annual population growth rate has slowed down from 2.15 percent to 1.76 percent . Based on decennial census data , Dadra and Nagar Haveli have the fastest growth rate of 55.5 percent , followed by Daman and Diu ( 53.5 percent ) , Meghalaya ( 27.8 percent ) and Arunachal Pradesh ( 25.9 percent ) . Nagaland recorded the lowest growth rate of - 0.5 percent . India has 641,000 inhabited villages and 72.2 percent of the total population reside in these rural areas . Of them 145,000 villages have population size of 500 -- 999 persons ; 130,000 villages have population size of 1000 -- 1999 and 128,000 villages have population size of 200 -- 499 . There are 3,961 villages that have a population of 10,000 persons or more . India 's 27.8 percent urban population lives in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations . In the decade of 1991 -- 2001 , migration to major cities caused rapid increase in urban population . On the basis of net migrants by last residence during the past decade , Maharashtra had most immigration with 2.3 million , followed by National Capital Territory of Delhi ( 1.7 million ) , Gujarat ( 0.68 million ) and Haryana ( 0.67 million ) . Uttar Pradesh ( − 2.6 million ) and Bihar ( − 1.7 million ) topped the list for interstate emigration . The five states of Uttar Pradesh , Maharashtra , Bihar , West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh account for almost half ( 47.90 percent ) of the total Indian population . While the national average for sex ratio shows an increase from 933 in 2001 to 940 in 2011 , the 2011 census shows a sharp decline in child sex ratio , the number of females per thousand males in a population between age group 0 -- 6 years . States such as Punjab , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Gujarat , Tamil Nadu , Mizoram and Andaman and Nicobar Islands recorded an increase in child sex ratio .", "2": "National child sex ratio has declined from 927 in 2001 to 914 in 2011 . Telangana census was separated from Andhra Pradesh state census figures , after Telangana formally took birth on 2 June 2014 . States and union territories ( by population ) ( edit ) The total geographical area of India is 3,287,240 square kilometres ( 1,269,210 sq mi ) . Population density is rounded to the nearest integer . As per provisional census data of 2011 , the total population of India is : 1,210,193,422 . Rank State or union territory Population ( 2011 Census ) ( % of population of India ) Decadal growth ( 2001 -- 2011 ) Rural pop . ( % ) Urban pop . ( % ) Area Density Sex ratio Uttar Pradesh 7008207281477000000 ♠ 207,281,477 ( 16.49 % ) 20.1 % 7008155111022000000 ♠ 155,111,022 ( 77.72 % ) 7007444704550000000 ♠ 44,470,455 ( 22.28 % ) 7011240928000000000 ♠ 240,928 km ( 93,023 sq mi ) 6996828000000000000 ♠ 828 / km ( 2,140 / sq mi ) 908 Maharashtra 7008112372972000000 ♠ 112,372,972 ( 9.28 % ) 16.0 % 7007615454410000000 ♠ 61,545,441 ( 54.77 % ) 7007508275310000000 ♠ 50,827,531 ( 45.23 % ) 7011307713000000000 ♠ 307,713 km ( 118,809 sq mi ) 6996365000000000000 ♠ 365 / km ( 950 / sq mi ) 946 Bihar 7008103804637000000 ♠ 103,804,637 ( 8.58 % ) 25.1 % 7007920750280000000 ♠ 92,075,028 ( 88.", "3": "70 % ) 7007117296090000000 ♠ 11,729,609 ( 11.30 % ) 7010941630000000000 ♠ 94,163 km ( 36,357 sq mi ) 6997110199999999999 ♠ 1,102 / km ( 2,850 / sq mi ) 916 West Bengal 7007913477360000000 ♠ 91,347,736 ( 7.55 % ) 13.9 % 7007622136760000000 ♠ 62,213,676 ( 68.11 % ) 7007291340600000000 ♠ 29,134,060 ( 31.89 % ) 7010887520000000000 ♠ 88,752 km ( 34,267 sq mi ) 6997102900000000000 ♠ 1,029 / km ( 2,670 / sq mi ) 947 5 Madhya Pradesh 7007725975650000000 ♠ 72,597,565 ( 6.00 % ) 20.3 % 7007525378990000000 ♠ 52,537,899 ( 72.37 % ) 7007200596660000000 ♠ 20,059,666 ( 27.63 % ) 7011308245000000000 ♠ 308,245 km ( 119,014 sq mi ) 6996236000000000000 ♠ 236 / km ( 610 / sq mi ) 931 6 Tamil Nadu 7007721389580000000 ♠ 72,138,958 ( 5.96 % ) 15.6 % 7007371892290000000 ♠ 37,189,229 ( 51.55 % ) 7007349497290000000 ♠ 34,949,729 ( 48.45 % ) 7011130058000000000 ♠ 130,058 km ( 50,216 sq mi ) 6996554999999999999 ♠ 555 / km ( 1,", "4": "440 / sq mi ) 995 7 Rajasthan 7007686210120000000 ♠ 68,621,012 ( 5.67 % ) 21.4 % 7007515402360000000 ♠ 51,540,236 ( 75.11 % ) 7007170807760000000 ♠ 17,080,776 ( 24.89 % ) 7011342239000000000 ♠ 342,239 km ( 132,139 sq mi ) 6996200999999999999 ♠ 201 / km ( 520 / sq mi ) 926 8 Karnataka 7007611307040000000 ♠ 61,130,704 ( 5.05 % ) 15.7 % 7007375525290000000 ♠ 37,552,529 ( 61.43 % ) 7007235781750000000 ♠ 23,578,175 ( 38.57 % ) 7011191791000000000 ♠ 191,791 km ( 74,051 sq mi ) 6996319000000000000 ♠ 319 / km ( 830 / sq mi ) 968 9 Gujarat 7007603836280000000 ♠ 60,383,628 ( 5.00 % ) 19.2 % 7007346708170000000 ♠ 34,670,817 ( 57.42 % ) 7007257128110000000 ♠ 25,712,811 ( 42.58 % ) 7011196024000000000 ♠ 196,024 km ( 75,685 sq mi ) 6996308000000000000 ♠ 308 / km ( 800 / sq mi ) 918 10 Andhra Pradesh 7007493867990000000 ♠ 49,386,799 ( 4.08 % ) 11.1 % 7007347763890000000 ♠ 34,776,389 ( 70.42 % ) 7007146104100000000 ♠ 14,610,410 ( 29.", "5": "58 % ) 7011162968000000000 ♠ 162,968 km ( 62,922 sq mi ) 6996303000000000000 ♠ 303 / km ( 780 / sq mi ) 993 11 Odisha 7007419473580000000 ♠ 41,947,358 ( 3.47 % ) 14.0 % 7007349512340000000 ♠ 34,951,234 ( 83.32 % ) 7006699612400000000 ♠ 6,996,124 ( 16.68 % ) 7011155707000000000 ♠ 155,707 km ( 60,119 sq mi ) 6996268999999999999 ♠ 269 / km ( 700 / sq mi ) 978 12 Telangana 7007352867570000000 ♠ 35,286,757 ( 2.97 % ) 17.87 % 7007215853130000000 ♠ 21,585,313 ( 61.33 % ) 7007136086650000000 ♠ 13,608,665 ( 38.66 % ) 7011114840000000000 ♠ 114,840 km ( 44,340 sq mi ) 6996307000000000000 ♠ 307 / km ( 800 / sq mi ) 988 13 Kerala 7007333876770000000 ♠ 33,387,677 ( 2.76 % ) 4.9 % 7007174455060000000 ♠ 17,445,506 ( 52.28 % ) 7007159321710000000 ♠ 15,932,171 ( 47.72 % ) 7010388630000000000 ♠ 38,863 km ( 15,005 sq mi ) 6996859000000000000 ♠ 859 / km ( 2,220 / sq mi ) 1,084 14 Jharkhand 7007329662380000000 ♠ 32,966,238 ( 2.72 % ) 22.", "6": "3 % 7007250369460000000 ♠ 25,036,946 ( 75.95 % ) 7006792929200000000 ♠ 7,929,292 ( 24.05 % ) 7010797140000000000 ♠ 79,714 km ( 30,778 sq mi ) 6996414000000000000 ♠ 414 / km ( 1,070 / sq mi ) 947 15 Assam 7007311692720000000 ♠ 31,169,272 ( 2.58 % ) 16.9 % 7007267805260000000 ♠ 26,780,526 ( 85.92 % ) 7006438875600000000 ♠ 4,388,756 ( 14.08 % ) 7010784380000000000 ♠ 78,438 km ( 30,285 sq mi ) 6996397000000000000 ♠ 397 / km ( 1,030 / sq mi ) 954 16 Punjab 7007277042360000000 ♠ 27,704,236 ( 2.30 % ) 13.7 % 7007173168000000000 ♠ 17,316,800 ( 62.51 % ) 7007103874360000000 ♠ 10,387,436 ( 37.49 % ) 7010503620000000000 ♠ 50,362 km ( 19,445 sq mi ) 6996549999999999999 ♠ 550 / km ( 1,400 / sq mi ) 893 17 Chhattisgarh 7007255401960000000 ♠ 25,540,196 ( 2.11 % ) 22.6 % 7007196036580000000 ♠ 19,603,658 ( 76.76 % ) 7006593653800000000 ♠ 5,936,538 ( 23.24 % ) 7011135191000000000 ♠ 135,191 km ( 52,", "7": "198 sq mi ) 6996189000000000000 ♠ 189 / km ( 490 / sq mi ) 991 18 Haryana 7007253530810000000 ♠ 25,353,081 ( 2.09 % ) 19.9 % 7007165314930000000 ♠ 16,531,493 ( 75.75 % ) 7006882158800000000 ♠ 8,821,588 ( 24.25 % ) 7010442120000000000 ♠ 44,212 km ( 17,070 sq mi ) 6996573000000000000 ♠ 573 / km ( 1,480 / sq mi ) 877 19 Jammu and Kashmir 7007125489260000000 ♠ 12,548,926 ( 1.04 % ) 23.7 % 7006913482000000000 ♠ 9,134,820 ( 72.79 % ) 7006341410600000000 ♠ 3,414,106 ( 27.21 % ) 7011222236000000000 ♠ 222,236 km ( 85,806 sq mi ) 6995570000000000000 ♠ 57 / km ( 150 / sq mi ) 883 20 Uttarakhand 7007101167520000000 ♠ 10,116,752 ( 0.84 % ) 19.2 % 7006702558300000000 ♠ 7,025,583 ( 69.45 % ) 7006309116900000000 ♠ 3,091,169 ( 30.55 % ) 7010534830000000000 ♠ 53,483 km ( 20,650 sq mi ) 6996189000000000000 ♠ 189 / km ( 490 / sq mi ) 963 21 Himachal Pradesh 7006686460200000000 ♠ 6,864,602 ( 0.57 % ) 12.8 % 7006616780500000000 ♠ 6,167,805 ( 89.", "8": "96 % ) 7005688704000000000 ♠ 688,704 ( 10.04 % ) 7010556730000000000 ♠ 55,673 km ( 21,495 sq mi ) 6996122999999999999 ♠ 123 / km ( 320 / sq mi ) 974 22 Tripura 7006367103200000000 ♠ 3,671,032 ( 0.30 % ) 14.7 % 7006271005100000000 ♠ 2,710,051 ( 73.82 % ) 7005960981000000000 ♠ 960,981 ( 26.18 % ) 7010104860000000000 ♠ 10,486 km ( 4,049 sq mi ) 6996350000000000000 ♠ 350 / km ( 910 / sq mi ) 961 23 Meghalaya 7006296400700000000 ♠ 2,964,007 ( 0.24 % ) 27.8 % 7006236897100000000 ♠ 2,368,971 ( 79.92 % ) 7005595036000000000 ♠ 595,036 ( 20.08 % ) 7010224290000000000 ♠ 22,429 km ( 8,660 sq mi ) 6996131999999999999 ♠ 132 / km ( 340 / sq mi ) 986 24 Manipur 7006272175600000000 ♠ 2,721,756 ( 0.22 % ) 18.7 % 7006189962400000000 ♠ 1,899,624 ( 79.79 % ) 7005822132000000000 ♠ 822,132 ( 20.21 % ) 7010223270000000000 ♠ 22,327 km ( 8,621 sq mi ) 6996122000000000000 ♠ 122 / km ( 320 / sq mi ) 987 25 Nagaland 7006198060200000000 ♠ 1,980,602 ( 0.", "9": "16 % ) - 0.5 % 7006140686100000000 ♠ 1,406,861 ( 71.03 % ) 7005573741000000000 ♠ 573,741 ( 28.97 % ) 7010165790000000000 ♠ 16,579 km ( 6,401 sq mi ) 6996119000000000000 ♠ 119 / km ( 310 / sq mi ) 931 26 Goa 7006145772300000000 ♠ 1,457,723 ( 0.12 % ) 8.2 % 7005551414000000000 ♠ 551,414 ( 37.83 % ) 7005906309000000000 ♠ 906,309 ( 62.17 % ) 7009370200000000000 ♠ 3,702 km ( 1,429 sq mi ) 6996394000000000000 ♠ 394 / km ( 1,020 / sq mi ) 968 27 Arunachal Pradesh 7006138261100000000 ♠ 1,382,611 ( 0.11 % ) 25.9 % 7006106916500000000 ♠ 1,069,165 ( 77.33 % ) 7005313446000000000 ♠ 313,446 ( 22.67 % ) 7010837430000000000 ♠ 83,743 km ( 32,333 sq mi ) 6995170000000000000 ♠ 17 / km ( 44 / sq mi ) 920 28 Mizoram 7006109101400000000 ♠ 1,091,014 ( 0.09 % ) 22.8 % 7005529037000000000 ♠ 529,037 ( 48.49 % ) 7005561997000000000 ♠ 561,997 ( 51.51 % ) 7010210810000000000 ♠ 21,081 km ( 8,", "10": "139 sq mi ) 6995519999999999999 ♠ 52 / km ( 130 / sq mi ) 975 29 Sikkim 7005607688000000000 ♠ 607,688 ( 0.05 % ) 12.4 % 7005455962000000000 ♠ 455,962 ( 75.03 % ) 7005151726000000000 ♠ 151,726 ( 24.97 % ) 7009709600000000000 ♠ 7,096 km ( 2,740 sq mi ) 6995859999999999999 ♠ 86 / km ( 220 / sq mi ) 889 7001300000000000000 ♠ NCT Delhi 7007189800000000000 ♠ 18,980,000 ( 1.38 % ) 21 % 7005419319000000000 ♠ 419,319 ( 2.50 % ) 7007163339160000000 ♠ 16,333,916 ( 97.50 % ) 7009148400000000000 ♠ 1,484 km ( 573 sq mi ) 6998112970000000000 ♠ 11,297 / km ( 29,260 / sq mi ) 866 7001310000000000000 ♠ UT1 Puducherry 7006124446400000000 ♠ 1,244,464 ( 0.10 % ) 27.7 % 7005394341000000000 ♠ 394,341 ( 31.69 % ) 7005850123000000000 ♠ 850,123 ( 68.31 % ) 7008479000000000000 ♠ 479 km ( 185 sq mi ) 6997259800000000000 ♠ 2,598 / km ( 6,730 / sq mi ) 1,038 7001320000000000000 ♠ UT2 Chandigarh 7006105545000000000 ♠ 1,055,450 ( 0.09 % ) 17.", "11": "1 % 7004290040000000000 ♠ 29,004 ( 2.75 % ) 7006102568200000000 ♠ 1,025,682 ( 97.25 % ) 7008114000000000000 ♠ 114 km ( 44 sq mi ) 6997925200000000000 ♠ 9,252 / km ( 23,960 / sq mi ) 818 7001330000000000000 ♠ UT3 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 7005379944000000000 ♠ 379,944 ( 0.03 % ) 6.7 % 7005244411000000000 ♠ 244,411 ( 64.33 % ) 7005135533000000000 ♠ 135,533 ( 35.67 % ) 7009824900000000000 ♠ 8,249 km ( 3,185 sq mi ) 6995460000000000000 ♠ 46 / km ( 120 / sq mi ) 878 7001340000000000000 ♠ UT4 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 7005342853000000000 ♠ 342,853 ( 0.03 % ) 55.5 % 7005183024000000000 ♠ 183,024 ( 53.38 % ) 7005159829000000000 ♠ 159,829 ( 46.62 % ) 7008491000000000000 ♠ 491 km ( 190 sq mi ) 6996698000000000000 ♠ 698 / km ( 1,810 / sq mi ) 775 7001350000000000000 ♠ UT5 Daman and Diu 7005242911000000000 ♠ 242,911 ( 0.02 % ) 53.5 % 7004603310000000000 ♠ 60,331 ( 24.84 % ) 7005182580000000000 ♠ 182,580 ( 75.", "12": "16 % ) 7008112000000000000 ♠ 112 km ( 43 sq mi ) 6997216900000000000 ♠ 2,169 / km ( 5,620 / sq mi ) 618 7001360000000000000 ♠ UT6 Lakshadweep 7004644290000000000 ♠ 64,429 ( 0.01 % ) 6.2 % 7004141210000000000 ♠ 14,121 ( 21.92 % ) 7004503080000000000 ♠ 50,308 ( 78.08 % ) 7007320000000000000 ♠ 32 km ( 12 sq mi ) 6997201300000000000 ♠ 2,013 / km ( 5,210 / sq mi ) 946 Total India 1,210,193,422 ( 100 % ) 17.64 % 833,087,662 ( 68.84 % ) 377,105,760 ( 31.16 % ) 3,287,240 km ( 1,269,210 sq mi ) 382 / km ( 990 / sq mi ) 943 Notes ( edit ) For determining population density of India and the State of Jammu and Kashmir , the data excludes areas claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan ( 78,114 km ) and China ( 42,735 km ) . This includes 120,849 square kilometres ( 46,660 sq mi ) of territory controlled by Pakistan , but claimed by India along with Aksai Chin and Shaksgam Valley , territories administered by the People 's Republic of China . ^ β Excludes Mao - Maram , Paomata , and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur . See also ( edit ) Demographics of India List of country subdivisions by population List of metropolitan areas in India List of states and union territories of India by area References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` India at a Glance : Profile '' . Government of India . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Area and Population '' . Government of India ( 2001 ) .", "13": "Census of India . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` India - General Profile , Land Use Classification and Land Use Pattern '' ( PDF ) . National Informatics Centre ( NIC ) . Ministry of Environment and Forests ( MoEF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 14 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Census Organisation of India '' . Government of India ( 2001 ) . Census of India . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Brief history of census '' . Government of India ( 2001 ) . Census of India . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` India Census 2011 , Provisional Population Totals '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00517/India_Census_2011___517160a.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00517/India_Census_2011___517160a.pdf Jump up ^ `` Urban Agglomerations ( UAs ) & towns '' . Government of India ( 2001 ) . Census of India . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Shinde , Swati ( 13 Sep 2008 ) . `` Migration rate to city will dip '' . Times of India . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Develop towns to stop migration to urban areas : economist '' . Chennai , India : Hindu . Dec 3 , 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Migration '' . Government of India ( 2001 ) . Census of India . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 .", "14": "Jump up ^ T - party : India 's 29th state Telangana is born Jump up ^ `` List of states with Population , Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011 '' . 2011 Census of India . Retrieved 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking of States and Union territories by population size : 1991 and 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Government of India ( 2001 ) . Census of India . pp. 5 -- 6 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Provisional Population Totals '' . Government of India ( 2011 ) . Census of India . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Area of India / state / district '' . Government of India ( 2001 ) . Census of India . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` J&K 2011 Population density census '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Religion PCA 2011 J&K census '' . 2011 Indian Census External links ( edit ) Official website of Census of India Census of India - Density of population Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population&oldid=836913752 '' Categories : States and union territories of India - related lists Ranked lists of country subdivisions Lists of subdivisions of India Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar मराठी پنجابی Português Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 16 : 20 .", "15": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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400438603377436284	which city is called the manchester of north india	[ "Ahmedabad" ]	{ "0": "List of cities and towns in India by nicknames - Wikipedia List of cities and towns in India by nicknames Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This partial list of city nicknames in India compiles the aliases , sobriquets and slogans that cities in India are known by ( or have been known by ) historically , officially , or unofficially , to locals , outsiders , or their tourism chambers of commerce . Contents ( hide ) 1 List by states 1.1 Andhra Pradesh 1.2 Bihar 1.3 Gujarat 1.4 Haryana 1.5 Jharkhand 1.6 Karnataka 1.7 Kerala 1.8 Maharashtra 1.9 Meghalaya 1.10 Odisha 1.11 Punjab 1.12 Rajasthan 1.13 Tamil Nadu 1.14 Telangana 1.15 Uttar Pradesh 1.", "1": "16 West Bengal 2 Anchors 3 References 4 External links List by states ( edit ) Andhra Pradesh ( edit ) City / town Nickname Dharmavaram Silk City of Andhra Pradesh Kakinada Pensioner 's Paradise Piduguralla Lime City Rajahmundry Cultural Capital of Andhra Pradesh Tenali Andhra Paris Tirupati Spiritual Capital of India Spiritual Capital of Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam Financial Capital of Andhra Pradesh The Jewel of the East Coast Goa of the East The City of Destiny Bihar ( edit ) City / town Nickname Muzaffarpur The Land of Leechi Bhagalpur Silk City Nalanda land of knowledge Gujarat ( edit ) City / town Nickname Ahmedabad INDIA 'S first world heritage city Manchester City Of India Boston of India Surat Textile City of India Diamond City of India Baroda ( Vadodara ) Banyan City Cultural Capital of Gujarat ( Sanskari Nagari ) Power Hub of India Haryana ( edit ) City / town Nickname Gurgaon Millennium city of India Jharkhand ( edit ) City / town Nickname Jamshedpur Steel City of India Dhanbad The Coal Capital of India Karnataka ( edit ) City / town Nickname Bengaluru ( Bengaluru ) Silicon Valley of India Science City of India Garden City of India Coorg ( Kodagu ) Scotland of India Mangalore ( Mangaluru ) Rome of the East Ice Cream Capital of India Mysore ( Mysuru ) Sandalwood City Cultural Capital of Karnataka City of Palaces Heritage City of Karnataka Sakleshpur ( Sakleshpura ) Poor Man 's Ooty Kerala ( edit ) City / town Nickname Kochi ( Cochin ) Queen of Arabian Sea Kozhikode ( Calicut ) City of Spices .", "2": "Kottayam City of letters ( Aksharanagri ) City of Murals City of latex City of lakes Kollam ( Quilon ) Cashew Capital of the World Alappuzha ( Alleppey ) Venice of east Kasaragod Land of Seven Languages ( സപ്തഭാഷസംഗമഭൂമി , Saptabashasangamabhoomi ) Harkwillia Palakkad Land of Palm trees Rice bowl of Kerala Thrissur The Cultural capital of Kerala Land of Poorams ( പൂരങ്ങളുടെ നാട് ) The land of Vadakkumnathan ( വടക്കുംനാഥന്റെ മണ്ണ് ) Gold capital of India Trivandrum ( Thiruvananthapuram ) Evergreen City of India Maharashtra ( edit ) City / town Nickname Akola Cotton City of India Nagpur Orange City , Jalgoan * City of Banana Pune Queen of Deccan Oxford of the east Educational hub Information Technology ( IT ) hub culture capital of Maharashtra Kolhapur City of Wrestlers Mumbai City of Dreams , Financial Capital Of India Meghalaya ( edit ) City / Town Nickname Shillong Scotland of East Odisha ( edit ) City / town Nickname Balangir Cloth City of Odisha Berhampur The Textile City Bhubaneswar The Temple City Cuttack The silver city of India Rourkela Steel city of Odisha Punjab ( edit ) City / town Nickname", "3": "Patiala Royal City Ludhiana Manchester of Punjab Rajasthan ( edit ) City / town Nickname Bundi Little Kashi Jaipur Pink City Udaipur City of Lakes Venice of the East City Nickname Dholpur Diamond City Tamil Nadu ( edit ) City / town Nickname Chennai ( Madras ) Detroit of Asia Automobile Capital of India Gateway of South India Healthcare Capital of India Coimbatore Manchester of South India Madurai Athens of the east Salem Steel City Mango City Puducherry ( Pondicherry ) Paris of the East Tirunelveli City of paddy fields Oxford of Southindia Tuticorin ( Thoothukudi ) Pearl City Auroville City of Dawn Yercaud Poor Man 's Ooty Jewel of the South Sivakasi Kutty ( A little ) Japan Ooty Queen of Hill Stations Kodaikanal Princess of Hill stations Dindigul Biriyani city of Tamil Nadu Telangana ( edit ) City / town Nickname Hyderabad City of Biryani City of Pearls Nalgonda City of Rocks Uttar Pradesh ( edit ) City / town", "4": "Nickname Lucknow City of Nawabs City of Gardens City Nickname Kanpur The Leather City Of The World Manchester Of The East Allahabad ( Prayag ) Sangam City City of Prime Ministers Abode of God ( भगवान का घर ) King of Pilgrims ( तीर्थो का राजा ) Varanasi The City Of Ghats West Bengal ( edit ) City Nickname ( s ) Calcutta ( Kolkata ) City of Joy City of Palaces Cultural Capital of India Sweet Capital Heaven of the Aged Kallolini Tilottama Siliguri Gateway of Northeast India Gateway to the Dooars Asansol City of black diamond Anchors ( edit ) ( For other places with the same nickname as ' Paris of the East ' , see Paris of the East ) ( For other places with the same nickname as ' Venice of the East ' , see List of places called Venice of the East ) ( For other places with the same nickname as ' City of Palaces ' , see City of Palaces ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Silk City was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Kalavalapalli , Yogendra ( 19 July 2016 ) . `` Pensioner 's paradise Kakinada coming of age '' . Livemint.com . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ P. Samuel Jonathan ( 23 November 2011 ) . `` Lime City '' . Piduguralla ( Guntur District ) . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Introductory '' . Rajahmundry Municipal Corporation . Retrieved 3 September 2014 .", "5": "Jump up ^ `` About Tenali '' . VGTM Urban Development Authority . Archived from the original on 21 August 2015 . Retrieved 26 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Administration - AP - Financial Capital '' . Visakhapatnam. 29 April 2015 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Academy , Students ' ( 14 November 2014 ) . Visakhapatnam - The City of Destiny - India . Lulu.com . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 257 - 06510 - 3 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` : : Welcome to Official Website of Muzaffarpur District , Bihar : : '' . Jump up ^ `` Bhagalpur : The Silk City '' . Syed Saad Ahmed . Outlook India . 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 4 Reasons Why Bhagalpuri Silk Sarees are Extremely Popular '' . Rediff.com. 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Banyan city boasts of highest green cover in Gujarat -- Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` Vintage era comes alive in Gujarat 's cultural capital -- Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` Switch conference at Vadodara in October '' . Jump up ^ `` Facts : Why Jamshedpur is called Steel city of India ? '' . jamshedpur. 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Canton , Naomi . `` How the ' Silicon Valley of India ' is bridging the digital divide '' . CNN . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Bangalore , Science City of India . `` About Bangalore '' . Jump up ^ DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India . Dorling Kindersley Limited . 2014 - 10 - 01 . p. 516 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 241 - 01348 - 9 . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coorg Travel and Tourism Guide '' . Travel India .", "6": "Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rome of the East ' celebrates Christmas '' . Deccan Herald . 24 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Why Mangalore Deserves to be Called the Ice - Cream Capital of India ! '' . 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ BEYER , BEVERLY ; RABEY , ED ( 1989 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Mysore Is ' Sandalwood City ' of India '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` A melting pot for creative minds - Star of Mysore '' . Star of Mysore. 2017 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mysore - The Heritage City '' . www.realbharat.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday story : Misty Manjarabad -- Where Glinting swords clashed for a slice of glory '' . Deccan Chronicle. 23 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cardamom , coffee & more '' . Deccan Herald . 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Giant ' INS Viraat 's final journey to ' The Queen of Arabian Sea ' , Kochi India Live Today '' . India Live Today . 23 July 2016 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lectures 26 -- 27 '' . Purdue University . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kottayam Jump up ^ `` Kollam , Ashtamudi Lake -- great alternatives to Kochi , Vembanad Lake -- The Economic Times '' . Jump up ^ Alappuzha Jump up ^ `` Language represents a regions culture '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History of Kasargod '' .", "7": "Arabic name of ' Kasargod ' . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Land of iconic Palmyra '' . Deccan Chronicles . Jump up ^ `` The Rice zone of Kerala '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` State Youth festival at the cultural capital of the state '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Mother of all poorams '' . News Nation . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO honours the land of Vadakkumnathan and the temple '' . The Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` History -- Official Website of District Court Of India '' . Jump up ^ cite news url = http://www.travelerfood.com/blog/akola-the-cotton-city-of-india Jump up ^ http://www.iamin.in/blogs/akola-cotton-city Jump up ^ http://www.tourismguideindia.com/akola.htm Jump up ^ `` Stamp From the Orange City '' . The Hindu ( Chennai , India ) . 31 March 2006 . Retrieved 27 November 2012 . Jump up ^ DNA Correspondent ( 2 June 2012 ) . `` Deccan Queen still chugging at 83 '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` May Day celebrated with fervour '' . Indian Express . 3 May 2009 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berhampur the Textile City '' . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bhubaneswar the Temple City '' . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Punjab District Courts '' . 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nick names of Cities of Rajasthan ( राजस्थान के प्रमुख नगरों के नाम ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Pink City 's fate sealed by apathetic local administration - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Udaipur voted as the world 's best city in a poll '' . The Times of India .", "8": "13 July 2009 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Max ( 2 February 2008 ) . `` Udaipur : An eternal melding of the ages '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chennai has emerged as India 's Detroit '' . Deccan Herald . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India Is Becoming A Hub For ' Medical Tourists ' -- Despite The ' Million Dollar Difference ' In Care '' . Business Insider. 12 June 2014 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SME sector : Opportunities , challenges in Coimbatore '' . CNBC - TV18 : Moneycontrol.com. 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ag . Governor congratulates `` Manchester of South India '' . Reply to Coimbatore municipial address `` . The Indian Express : 4 . 27 June 1936 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ . The Hindu . 2 November 2015 http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/is-madurai-still-the-athens-of-the-east/article7831965.ece . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` My Salem - My Pride '' . Government of India . 30 October 2015 . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brief History of Tirunelveli '' . Jump up ^ `` Brief History of Thoothukudi '' . Jump up ^ `` Accomadation not available in Yercaud '' . Hindu . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Power Outage in Yercaud '' . DeccanChronicle . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Nilgiri Mountain Range is a visual feast '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` KuttyJapan - Sivakasi '' .", "9": "Jump up ^ `` Queen of hill stations : Ooty '' . Hindustan Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Princess of hill stations - The Economic Times '' . Jump up ^ Somasekhar , M ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` A new icon for the City of Pearls '' . The Hindu Business Line . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jainani , Deepa ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The city of Nawabs is changing '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Jainani , Deepa ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` Manchester Of The East is changing '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Sangam-City-in-hall-of-fame/articleshow/55798800.cms ^ Jump up to : `` Nicknames of Indian Cities - Complete List '' . 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Feeling one with the City of Joy '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` India : Calcutta , the capital of culture '' . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Siliguri - The Gateway to Northeast India '' . www.mapsofindia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dooars '' . Archived from the original on 6 August 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` Nick Name of Indian Places '' . Retrieved 17 November 2013 .", "10": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_and_towns_in_India_by_nicknames&oldid=837016147 '' Categories : City nicknames by country Lists of cities in India Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Use Indian English from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 06 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7527743041084411715	who has the power (judicial) to make decisions in courts of law	[ "judges", "judges" ]	{ "0": "Judicial discretion - wikipedia Judicial discretion Jump to : navigation , search Judicial discretion is the power of the judiciary to make some legal decisions according to their discretion . Under the doctrine of the separation of powers , the ability of judges to exercise discretion is an aspect of judicial independence . Where appropriate , judicial discretion allows a judge to decide a legal case or matter within a range of possible decisions . However , where the exercise of discretion goes beyond constraints set down by legislation , by binding precedent , or by a constitution , the court may be abusing its discretion and undermining the rule of law . In that case , the decision of the court may be ultra vires , and may sometimes be characterized as judicial activism . Chief Justice John Marshall wrote the following on this subject : Judicial power , as contradistinguished from the power of the laws , has no existence . Courts are the mere instruments of the law , and can will nothing . When they are said to exercise a discretion , it is a mere legal discretion , a discretion to be exercised in discerning the course prescribed by law ; and , when that is discerned , it is the duty of the court to follow it . Judicial power is never exercised for the purpose of giving effect to the will of the judge , always for the purpose of giving effect to the will of the legislature ; or , in other words , to the will of the law . Concerns with regard to recidivism and other law and order issues have led to the introduction of mandatory sentencing . E.g. three - strikes laws and most sex offender registry laws in US are examples of laws carrying severe consequences , and which does not leave room for sentencing judges to consider the actual gravity of the offense , thus significantly limiting judicial discretion in sentencing . Introduction of mandatory minimum in criminal sentencing is often viewed as a shift of judicial power from judges to prosecutors , who are capable of affecting the length of potential sentence through their charging decision , e.g. filing charges on lesser included offense and dropping the charges carrying mandatory minimum sentences . Mandatory sentencing laws have been particularly popular among legislators in the United States . This has provoked formation of non-profit organizations such as Families Against Mandatory Minimums , Women Against Registry and RSOL to lobby for reinstatement of judicial discretion in criminal sentencing .", "1": "See also ( edit ) Aharon Barak Close case References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Osborn V. Bank of the United States , 22 U.S. 738 ( 1824 ) . Jump up ^ `` Mandatory Minimum Penalties : Their Effects on Crime , Sentencing Disparities , and Justice System Expenditures '' . Department of Justice Canada . Bibliography ( edit ) Gelsthorpe , Loraine and Padfield , Nicola . Exercising Discretion : Decision - making in the criminal justice system and beyond ( Willan Publishing 2003 ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judicial_discretion&oldid=777406104 '' Categories : Criminal law Judiciaries Legal doctrines and principles Talk About Wikipedia 한국어 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2017 , at 00 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7168867178928877609	who does the voice of marceline on adventure time	[ "voiced by Olivia Olson in most appearances, by Ava Acres as a child and by Cloris Leachman as an old woman", "Olivia Olson", "Ava Acres", "Cloris Leachman", "Olivia Olson in most appearances", "Ava Acres as a child", "Cloris Leachman as an old woman" ]	{ "0": "Marceline the Vampire Queen - wikipedia Marceline the Vampire Queen Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the character . For the episode , see Stakes ( miniseries ) . Marceline the Vampire Queen Adventure Time character Marceline , as she appears in the show 's intro First appearance `` Evicted ! '' Created by Pendleton Ward Voiced by Olivia Olson Ava Acres ( child ) Cloris Leachman ( old lady ) Information Full name Marceline Abadeer Nickname ( s ) Marcy Species Half - Demon , Half - Human , Vampire Gender Female Title The Vampire Queen Family Hunson Abadeer ( Father ) Unnamed mother Marceline the Vampire Queen is a character in the American animated television series Adventure Time created by Pendleton Ward . She is voiced by Olivia Olson in most appearances , by Ava Acres as a child and by Cloris Leachman as an old woman . Marceline is a fun - loving 1,000 - year - old vampire queen . The artistic design for Marceline was created by Ward , with small changes and additions added by Phil Rynda , former lead - character designer and prop designer for Adventure Time . Unlike a traditional vampire , Marceline does not need to drink blood to survive ; rather , she eats the color red . Marceline is a musician who plays an electric bass that she made from her family 's heirloom battle - axe . The character makes her debut in the first season episode `` Evicted ! '' and initially functions as an trickster antagonist , forcing Finn and Jake from their home . However , as the series progresses , Marceline becomes a close friend to Finn and Jake . Several backstory episodes have established that she was born to an unnamed human mother ( voiced by Rebecca Sugar ) and the demon Hunson Abadeer ( voiced by Olivia 's real - life father , Martin Olson ) . Furthermore , when she was a child , the cataclysmic Mushroom War occurred , and soon after she developed a father - daughter - like bond with Simon Petrikov ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) , who would one day turn into the Ice King . Marceline has been critically acclaimed and is popular with fans of Adventure Time .", "1": "The character was also the focus of a miniseries entitled Stakes ( 2015 ) , which aired during the show 's seventh season . Early in the show 's history , Ward himself has stated that Marceline is his favorite character in the series because he does not know everything about her history and backstory , which he noted adds a mysterious element to her character . Despite the positivity , the episodes `` What Was Missing '' and `` Sky Witch '' became somewhat controversial because of an implied past relationship between Princess Bubblegum and Marceline . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and design 2 Appearances 2.1 Other 3 Characteristics 3.1 Personality and traits 3.2 Relationships 4 Reception 4.1 Relationship controversy 5 References 6 External links Creation and design ( edit ) Marceline is voiced by Olivia Olson . Marceline is one of the major characters in Adventure Time . Although she did not appear in the series ' pilot , the groundwork for her design and character were present in the series pitch book , penned by series creator Pendleton Ward . Ward purposely set out to make Marceline 's character complex , as he explained that `` with the female characters it 's easy to either write them as clichés or write them as the extreme opposite of those clichés ( ... ) I just try to make them have faults and strengths just like Finn and Jake have . '' Marceline is voiced by Olivia Olson . Olivia 's father Martin Olson was an acquaintance of Ward , and Olivia was encouraged to audition for Adventure Time after Ward told her father that he wanted `` her as a voice '' on his show . She had originally auditioned for the role of Princess Bubblegum . After her initial audition , she was asked to read for the role of Marceline , and was `` definitely impressed by the character '' after seeing design drawings . Martin Olson later noted that Olivia 's audition was a `` sham '' to please the network executives because Ward had already wanted her to be a voice on the show .", "2": "In order to get into character , Olson often dresses in a manner similar to Marceline when she records her lines ; she explained , `` I always find ... that on the days that I go in to record Marceline , I 'll dress like her , in a weird way ... I 'll throw on some rock n ' roll boots , maybe some red lipstick , and just go in there . '' Olson also is the character 's singing voice . According to storyboard artist Cole Sanchez , composers Casey James Basichis and Tim Kiefer produce the bass music that the character performs in the series . Many of the songs written for Marceline were uploaded onto the internet by the writers as well as the production company . For instance , Rob Sugar -- the father of former storyboard artist Rebecca Sugar -- often uploaded demos of songs written for Marceline by Rebecca . Furthermore , Frederator also posted demos , as well as a full version of the popular `` Fry Song '' , sung by Marceline in the episode `` It Came from the Nightosphere '' , on its official blog . In flashback sequences , younger Marceline is voiced by Ava Acres . In the fifth season episodes `` Finn the Human '' / `` Jake the Dog '' , an older , alternate universe version of the character is voiced by Cloris Leachman . Martin Olson also provides the voice for Marceline 's demonic father Hunson Abadeer . Olivia Olson later noted that the opportunity to voice act with her father was `` pretty cool '' . The design for Marceline was created by Ward , with small changes and additions added by Phil Rynda , former lead character and prop designer for Adventure Time . Visually , Marceline has long , dark hair . She rarely walks on the ground , generally preferring to float when she travels , moves , and sleeps . Marceline , unlike many of the other characters , wears varying outfits in most of her appearances . According to Ward , her clothing changes from episode to episode because `` girls own more than one outfit '' . Olson was impressed by her character 's fashion design stating , `` she has really cool style ( ... ) I love what they come up with ( in ) every episode . '' Olson explained that when she goes in to record the voices for each episode , she is `` totally surprised '' by the costuming for Marceline .", "3": "While she says her lines , she is able to view the animatics for the episode and sometimes has to stop to admire the unique designs . Marceline 's physical size and shape slightly changes depending on who is drawing her . Rynda later called this `` one of the coolest parts '' about the character 's animation due to the fact that `` every artist leaves a little bit of their own taste and sensibilities in what they draw . '' Appearances ( edit ) Roughly a thousand years prior to the events of the series , Marceline was born to a demon lord named Hunson Abadeer ( voiced by Martin Olson ) and a human woman ( voiced by Rebecca Sugar ) . Abadeer is the ruler of the Nightosphere -- a Hell - like demon dimension -- and subsists on the souls of sentient beings . For some reason , Marceline was left abandoned on Earth in events immediately following the Mushroom War , a mysterious war that ravaged the earth one thousand years prior to events of the series . During this time , Simon Petrikov -- the name of the Ice King before he was overcome by the evil power of his crown -- found Marceline in the ruins of a city and gave her a stuffed animal named Hambo to cheer her up . The two developed a caring relationship , although the crown took a toll on Simon 's mental health , forcing him to leave Marceline alone . During this period in her life , she was reunited with her father , only to be disgusted by his cold and heartless ways . Although she attempted to tolerate his evil and selfish antics , she eventually severed all ties with Abadeer after she discovered him eating fries that she had made for herself . In the following years , Marceline roamed the land of Ooo and eventually befriended a tribe of humans . She became their guardian and ally , and she helped them kill vampires , who had taken over much of the land . Marceline soon discovered that , upon killing a vampire , she was able to acquire their unique abilities thanks to her demonic power to absorb souls . However , when she tried to fight the Vampire King himself , she was bitten . Although she eventually managed to slay him , she was turned in the process . At some point , she began a romantic relationship with a magician named Ash . The two would move into the Tree Fort , but their relationship would come to an end .", "4": "Presumably , around this time , Marceline befriended Princess Bubblegum , the sovereign of the Candy Kingdom ; the two would often avoid official royal meetings and explore the Candy Kingdom 's elaborate rock candy mining complex . Eventually , due largely to the mounting stress of running her kingdom , Bubblegum pushed Marceline away , leaving an animosity between the two that lasted for a while . In the series ' present , Marceline eventually comes into contact with Finn and Jake in the first season episode `` Evicted ! '' , when she forces them from their home . In the episode `` Henchman '' , Marceline tricks Finn into becoming her accomplice , but Finn soon discovers that she is not evil , but rather fond of mischief and pranks , and the two develop a friendship . In the second season premiere `` It Came From the Nightosphere '' , Abadeer is accidentally summoned to Ooo by Finn . While Abadeer ravages the land , Finn discovers that there is animosity between Marceline and her father . Finn manages to distract Abadeer by playing a recording of Marceline 's `` Fry Song '' , which leads to a brief moment of reconciliation between the two before Finn sends him back to the Nightosphere . In the third season episode `` Memory of a Memory '' , Ash attempts to rekindle his former relationship with Marceline via trickery . Disguised as Marceline 's `` spirit animal '' , he tricks Finn and Jake into believing that Marceline has fallen asleep due to a sleep spell that has been self - inflicted . Following Ash 's advice , the two enter into Marceline 's mind to retrieve the `` memory core '' in an attempt to wake her up . Along the way , they encounter various memories of her as a child in the aftermath of the Mushroom War . However , the duo soon learn that it was an elaborate trick by Ash ; Finn and Jake actually removed Marceline 's memory of their break - up . In the end , Finn is able to convince Marceline , and she promptly attacks her chauvinistic ex-boyfriend . In `` What Was Missing '' , past animosity between Marceline and Princess Bubblegum is explored when Finn , Jake , Princess Bubblegum , BMO , and Marceline form a band in order to defeat the Door Lord and recover what was stolen from them .", "5": "In the fourth season episodes , `` Return to the Nightosphere '' / `` Daddy 's Little Monster '' , Marceline 's dad returns and gives her an amulet that causes her to become the demonic and evil overlord of the Nightosphere . After an ordeal , Finn saves Marceline from the amulet . Marceline admits that all she wants is for her father to understand her . When Finn wishes for an alternate reality in which the Lich never existed during the events of the fifth season premiere `` Finn the Human '' , a universe is created in which the Mushroom War was prevented by Simon Petrikov and Marceline never became a vampire . She appears in the episode as an extremely frail and aged half - demon , who was killed when a `` mutagenic bomb '' that was frozen in ice by Simon Petrikov detonates . Jake manages to undo this reality with his wish and sets everything back to the way it was . In `` Sky Witch '' , Marceline enlists the help of Princess Bubblegum , and the two are able to track down Maja , the titular Sky Witch . It is revealed that Ash sold Hambo to Maja . Only when Bubblegum trades her beloved rock shirt -- which was given to her by Marceline -- is Hambo able to be reunited with Marceline . After the events of `` Sky Witch '' , Bubblegum and Marceline are on much friendlier ground , and their friendship is completely reaffirmed in the episodes `` Varmints '' and `` Broke His Crown '' , from the seventh and eighth season respectively . In `` Betty '' , Marceline sacrifices Hambo so that Ice King -- who lost his powers and became Simon Petrikov again -- can open a portal into time so that Simon can reconcile with his estranged fiancee Betty . Although the two are reunited in `` Betty '' , due to the rush of events , Marceline and Simon are unable to fully catch up before Simon reverts back to the Ice King . With that being said , in the eighth season episode `` Broke His Crown '' , the two manage to more fully reunite , and as such , manage to affirm how much they care for one another .", "6": "The miniseries Stakes , which aired during the show 's seventh season , documents the reemergence of five of Marceline 's most powerful vampiric foes : the Fool ( voiced by Ron Funches ) , the Empress Eyes ( voiced by Rebecca Romijn ) , the Hierophant ( voiced by Paul Williams ) , the Moon ( voiced by Beau Billingslea ) , and the Vampire King himself ( voiced by Billy Brown ) . The quintet remerge after Bubblegum tries to extract Marceline 's vampiric essence , in an attempt to return Marceline to her normal half - demon state . The reappearance of these vampires forces Marceline , Bubblegum , Finn , Jake , and Peppermint Butler ( voiced by Steve Little ) to stake them one - by - one , although the Vampire King is neutralized through a scientific process that removes the vampiric essence from his body . Later , in the ninth - season miniseries Elements , Marceline is temporarily transformed by elemental magic into `` Marhsmaline the Campfire Queen '' -- a sentient marshmallow creature . In her candy form , Marceline is gregarious and playful , but a bit naive about the nature of the new world around her ; for instance , when an enraged Flame Princess attacks her , Marceline mistakes the assault for `` wrasslin ' '' . At the end of the miniseries , Marceline is returned to her usual self . Other ( edit ) Marceline 's gender - swapped counterpart , `` Marshall Lee '' , is voiced by actor and musician Donald Glover . The gender - swapped version of Marceline -- named Marshall Lee -- appeared in the third season episode `` Fionna and Cake '' . This version of the character only had a small cameo and no lines . It was later revealed that another Fionna and Cake episode was in the works for season five , and that the plot would largely revolve around Marshall Lee . The episode -- titled `` Bad Little Boy '' -- aired on February 18 , 2013 . In the episode , the princesses that are captured by the Ice King are tired of his poorly written Fionna and Cake fan fiction stories , so Marceline stops by the Ice Kingdom to show him how to do it properly ; she tells a tale involving her gender - swapped character , Marshall Lee .", "7": "The character was voiced by comedian and musician Donald Glover . Additionally , Marshall Lee makes a cameo appearance in the third Fionna and Cake episode entitled `` The Prince Who Wanted Everything '' , and has a speaking role in the fourth entitled `` Five Short Tables '' . A six issue spin - off comic miniseries titled Marceline and the Scream Queens , written by Meredith Gran of Octopus Pie , debuted in July 2012 . The series featured Marceline and Princess Bubblegum forming a band and touring around Ooo . The series is published by Boom ! Studios under its kid - oriented imprint KaBoom , which also publishes the rest of the Adventure Time series . Other contributors to the series include Faith Erin Hicks , and Liz Prince . KaBoom has also published Seeing Red by Kate Leth , and Marceline Gone Adrift by Gran . Marceline is also featured in the iOS game Adventure Time : Rock Bandits . In the context of the game , the Ice King kidnaps Marceline 's fans at a concert so that they will be his fans instead . Finn and Jake must then free the captured citizens . Marceline appears as a playable character in the toys - to - life video game Lego Dimensions , distributed via a `` fun pack '' containing a Marceline Lego minifigure and a constructable `` Lunatic Amp '' accessory . Characteristics ( edit ) Personality and traits ( edit ) I 'm not mean . I 'm a thousand years old , and I just lost track of my moral code . `` '' Marceline , describing her personality in the `` House Hunting Song '' from `` Evicted ! '' In the context of the series , Marceline is a half - demon and half - human vampire , and the eponymous Vampire Queen , after having killed the previous Vampire King . Although she is over 1,000 years old , she was designed to appear in the form of an 18 - to 21 - year - old . In her first role , Marceline functions as the antagonist of the story , forcing Finn and Jake from their home . However , as the series progressed , she became a close friend to the two . Ward has stated that she is not a villain . Marceline 's wandering of the Land of Ooo has made her into a fearless daredevil .", "8": "Her fondness for mischief and fun has turned her into a trickster . Although appearing hostile at first , Finn soon realizes that she is `` a radical dame who likes to play games '' . Unlike traditional Western vampires , Marceline subsists off shades of the color red , including `` low - grade '' shades such as pink . Since she is only sated by the color itself , blood is appealing to her simply because it is red . However , Ward has noted that she `` drinks blood sometimes '' . When Marceline is deprived of red , she enters into a `` feral '' state , and will instinctively try to kill others and drink their blood . Like traditional Western vampires , she is vulnerable to sunlight and is capable of turning into a bat of varying size . Marceline also possesses several powers , such as levitation , invisibility , the ability to shape - shift , and self - healing ; she gained each of these powers after absorbing the essence of several powerful vampires , as documented in Stakes . Marceline is also a survivor of the Mushroom War . Hints of her past are sprinkled through the series ; in `` Memory of a Memory '' a trip into Marceline 's mind shows her as a child wandering around the outskirts of a destroyed city , and `` I Remember You '' features her meeting Simon Petrikov in a ruined city . She was very emotionally attached to her teddy bear Hambo , which was given to her by a still - human Simon Petrikov , as revealed in the episode `` I Remember You '' . In `` Memory of a Memory '' , after Ash sold the teddy bear to a witch , Marceline was furious and broke up with him . In the episode `` Sky Witch '' , Marceline enlists Princess Bubblegum 's help , and they retrieve the bear , but in `` Betty '' , she sacrifices the bear in order to allow Simon the chance to communicate with his fiancée . Although she is very independent , her detachment often makes her feel alone , as seen in `` Marceline 's Closet '' ; while Jake and Finn are hiding in her closet , she expresses most of her feeling via the writings of her 500 - year - old diary . Throughout the series , Marceline is seen playing music ; in several official sources , she is described as `` a wild rocker girl '' .", "9": "Several times throughout the series , she jams with Finn and Jake , and various others depending on the circumstances . She is usually shown playing her axe bass , which was formerly her family 's heirloom battle axe . According to Ward , she is ambidextrous , which explains her ability to play bass with both hands . She often finds it easier to express her feelings through music , as seen with songs like the `` Fry Song '' , about her father , and `` I 'm Just Your Problem '' , about her relationship with Princess Bubblegum . Relationships ( edit ) Marceline has a close relationship with Finn and Jake . Marceline and Finn have many things in common with one another ; in the episodes `` Evicted '' and `` Henchman '' it is stated that the reason Marceline befriended Finn is because he simply enjoys being himself . Although she has kissed Finn platonically on the cheek twice , Ward has noted that there is no romantic subtext between the two . On the other hand , Marceline and Jake share a more complex relationship . In her initial appearances , she derived pleasure from scaring Jake , who was terrified `` of her vampire bite '' . Jake , in turn , felt that she was evil and had managed to take over Finn 's mind . Due to this , Jake attempted to kill her several times , to no avail . However , after the events of `` Henchman '' , Jake seems to have forgotten his fear of her ; in `` Memory of a Memory '' , he even refers to her as a `` friend '' in one of her memories . Marceline shares a rocky relationship with Princess Bubblegum . Initially , in the series bible , the two were described as `` friendly rivals '' competing for Finn 's attention . However , as the show has gone on , their relationship has been fleshed out and changed . Marceline was the first person to address Bubblegum by her first name -- Bonnibel -- which occurred in the episode `` Go with Me '' . Their connections are explored further in the season three episode `` What Was Missing '' . In the episode , Marceline 's song `` I 'm Just Your Problem '' and the dialogue between her and Bubblegum implied that there may have had some sort of relationship in the past , although the exact details surrounding the nature of the relationship were not explained .", "10": "This later caused an internet controversy over Marceline 's sexual orientation . However , after the events of `` What Was Missing '' , Marceline and Bubblegum 's relationship seems to have gotten better , as the two spend quality time together in `` Sky Witch '' , `` Varmints '' , Stakes , and `` Broke His Crown '' . Marceline and her father , Hunson Abadeer , have trouble accepting one another . Initially , Marceline feels that her father does not care for her , and expresses her feelings through the before - mentioned `` Fry Song '' . Although they admit to loving each other , Abadeer constantly pressures Marceline to follow in the family business and take over ruling the Nightosphere , a prospective job Marceline does not want . Marceline and the Ice King also have a complicated relationship . In the episode `` I Remember You '' , it is revealed that the Ice King -- then , the human man named Simon Petrikov -- discovered her crying in the ruins of a city destroyed by the Mushroom Wars . It was Simon who gave little Marceline Hambo and attempted to watch over her . This kind gesture made the Ice King a long - time close friend and father figure to Marceline . However , as the crown 's power increased , Simon began to forget more and more about his relationship with Marceline , until he had all but forgotten their friendship . Former storyboard artist and current supervising director for the series Adam Muto explained that Marceline and the Ice King 's history was not part of the series ' initial plan , but something that `` evolved from ( the show 's ) original course and it will likely continue to evolve in the future . '' Reception ( edit ) According to Britt Hayes of Screen Crunch , `` it takes a special kind of attitude '' to cosplay as Marceline due to her complex character . Marceline has attracted positive critical attention . Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club praised that the fact that she is one `` of this show 's most tragic characters '' . He later wrote that her addition `` was a major turning point for the series , introducing a hip , adventure - loving female to the cast who can hold her own against Finn and Jake and also has a strong connection to Ooo 's past . ''", "11": "Furthermore , he noted that `` she 's been at the center of some of the show 's most emotional episodes '' , and `` beyond her dramatic value , Marceline tends to just make every episode better '' because `` her writers clearly enjoy writing scenes for her '' . Susana Polo of The Mary Sue referred to the character as `` one of the radder characters '' in the series . Cam Shea of IGN named Marceline 's introduction in `` Evicted ! '' as the fourth best moment in the series ' first season . He wrote that `` sure , in this episode she evicts Finn and Jake from their home ... but hey , this is the first time we meet her and she 's awesome . '' io9 writer Charlies Jane Anders wrote that Marceline 's -- as well as the Ice King 's -- appearance in `` I Remember You '' was `` one of the most intense things I 've seen in ages . '' She praised Marceline 's development from a `` pretty one - note villain '' to a type of person that `` we sort of knew '' . CartoonNetwork.co.uk named her `` Character of the Week '' on January 24 , 2012 . The Guardian called Marceline the best character in Adventure Time in a DVD review of the series , noting in particular that `` she 's ... responsible for some of the show 's best songs . '' In 2016 , WhatCulture ranked her the fourth best character on the show , writing that she is a `` bad ass '' and `` the coolest character in the series '' , and that -- after the anti-vampire backlash in pop culture caused largely by the book and film series Twilight and the television show The Vampire Diaries in the mid-to - late 2000s -- `` Marceline ( ... ) prove ( s ) that vampires can still be awesome . '' The production crew of Adventure Time are also pleased with the character . Near the start of the series , Ward stated that Marceline was his favorite character because he does not `` know everything about her character yet '' , which he finds `` mysterious ( and ) cool '' . Rynda claimed that Marceline was probably his favorite character in the series because `` she 's just really fun to draw . '' Marceline is also particularly popular with the Adventure Time fan base , and after the release of `` Evicted ! '' her popularity grew enormously .", "12": "Ward later noted that he felt `` good about that . It 's nice '' . Marceline is also popular with cosplayers , or performance artists who wear costumes and fashion accessories to represent characters from the Adventure Time universe . The character 's popularity has been recognized by the company that owns Adventure Time . In fact , the official press release for the Adventure Time : Marceline and the Scream Queens companion comic book referred to the character as a `` fan - favorite '' . Marceline 's popularity has transcended into other mediums of popular culture . For instance , American singer Willow dedicated two tracks of her debut album Ardipithecus to the character , which were eponymously named after her . Relationship controversy ( edit ) The episode `` What Was Missing '' became controversial because of an allegedly implied past relationship between Marceline and Princess Bubblegum . The controversy largely began after an accompanying `` Mathematical '' recap -- a studio - endorsed behind the scenes video series implied that there were lesbian relations between Princess Bubblegum and Marceline and that the writing staff actively seeks input from fans . This incident was addressed by the show 's producer , Fred Seibert , who said that `` in trying to get the show 's audience involved we got wrapped up by both fan conjecture and spicy fanart and went a little too far . '' Soon after , the video recap and the entire channel was pulled off of YouTube , although `` What Was Missing '' still airs during reruns . Seibert 's decision to remove the video also proved controversial ; Bitch magazine later wrote an article about how the episode `` handled female desire -- female queer desire at that -- in a subtle but complex way '' , but that the removal of the recap and the studio 's perceived treatment of the controversy was detrimental towards the acceptance of queer romance in children 's television . Ward later addressed the issue and gave a more neutral view ; he said that , because there were `` so many extreme positions taken on it all over the Internet '' , he did not `` really want to comment on it ( because ) it was a big hullaballoo . ''", "13": "In August 2014 , Olson commented on the controversy , telling a crowd of fans gathered at a Barnes & Noble book signing from The Adventure Time Encyclopedia , that , according to Ward , Marceline and Princess Bubblegum had dated in the past , but that because the series airs in some areas where homosexual relationships are illegal , the show has not been able to officially make clear the relationship in the series itself . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seibert , Fred ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Memory of a Memory ' Storyboard '' . Scribd . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Note : The writers spell Marceline 's nickname `` Marcy '' , as illustrated in this storyboard for `` Memory of a Memory '' . ^ Jump up to : Muto , Adam ( supervising director ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Rebecca Sugar & Cole Sanchez ( storyboard artists ) ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Simon & Marcy '' . Adventure Time . Season 5 . Episode 14 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : `` Character of the Week : Marceline Character Facts of the Week : Marceline from Adventure Time '' . CartoonNetwork.co.uk . January 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ward , Pendleton ; Seibert , Fred ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` Adventure Time -- Original Bible Pitch '' . Scribd . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rynda , Phil ( philrynda ) ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` What 's your favorite character that you 've designed ? '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 -- via Formspring . Jump up ^ `` Interview Time : GeekDad Talks With Adventure Time 's Pen Ward '' . Wired . March 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chevat , Zoe ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` The Mary Sue Exclusive Interview : Olivia Olson , Voice of Marceline the Vampire Queen '' . The Mary Sue .", "14": "Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Orange , B. Alan ( July 25 , 2011 ) . `` SDCC 2011 EXCLUSIVE : Adventure Time Cast Interviews '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Zack ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Adventure Time Ancient Psychic Tandem Warcast Episode 5 '' . Soundcloud . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2014 . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Muto , Adam ( MrMuto ) ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Does Olivia Olson play the bass and sing for Marceline ? '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 -- via Formspring . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Cole ( ColeSanchez ) ( June 17 , 2012 ) . `` Who is the radical dame ( or dude ) behind Marceline 's bass ? '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 -- via Formspring . Jump up ^ Sugar , Rob . `` Robsugar 's Channel '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seibert , Fred ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` The Original Nightosphere Song by Rebecca Sugar '' . Frederator Studios . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seibert , Fred ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' Fry Song ' '' . Frederator Studios . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ava Acres '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sava , Oliver ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Finn the Human ' / ' Jake the Dog ' Adventure Time TV Club '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Olson '' . Behind the Voice Actors .", "15": "Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddy , Laura ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` Comic - Con Interview with Adventure Time ! '' . Rocket Magazine . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seibert , Fred ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' Nightosphere ' Odds and Ends '' . Frederator . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leichliter , Larry ( director ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Bert Youn & Sean Jimenez ( storyboard artists ) ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Evicted ! '' . Adventure Time . Season 1 . Episode 12 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Leichliter , Larry ( director ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Ako Castuera & Jesse Moynihan ( storyboard artists ) ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Marceline 's Closet '' . Adventure Time . Season 3 . Episode 21 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Ward , Pendleton ( buenothebear ) ( August 20 , 2010 ) . `` Why does Marceline change clothes in the preview for Henchman ? '' . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 -- via Formspring . Jump up ^ Rynda , Phil ( philrynda ) ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` Is Marceline drawn by many different people ? '' . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2013 . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 -- via Formspring . ^ Jump up to : Ito , Elizabeth ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Adam Muto & Hanna K. Nyström ( storyboard artists ) ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Stakes Part 2 : Everything Stays '' . Adventure Time . Season 7 . Episode 7 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Foster , Tyler ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Adventure Time : It Came From the Nightosphere '' .", "16": "DVD Talk . Internet Brands . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Leichliter , Larry ( director ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Adam Muto & Rebecca Sugar ( storyboard artists ) ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` It Came From the Nightosphere '' . Adventure Time . Season 2 . Episode 1 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Oliver Sava ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' I Remember You ' Adventure Time TV Club '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leichliter , Larry ( director ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Cole Sanchez & Rebecca Sugar ( storyboard artists ) ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` I Remember You '' . Adventure Time . Season 4 . Episode 25 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Olson , Martin ; Olson , Olivia ( 2015 ) . The Enchiridion & Marcy 's Super Secret Scrapbook ! ! ! . Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 1419704494 . ^ Jump up to : Salaff , Andres ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Tom Herpich & Steve Wolfhard ( storyboard artists ) ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Stakes Part 3 : Vamps About '' . Adventure Time . Season 7 . Episode 8 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Thomason , Ryan ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Memory of a Memory '' . WatchPlayRead . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Leichliter , Larry ( director ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Ako Castuera & Tom Herpich ( storyboard artists ) ( July 25 , 2011 ) . `` Memory of a Memory '' . Adventure Time . Season 3 . Episode 3 . Cartoon Network .", "17": "^ Jump up to : Ito , Elizabeth ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Adam Muto & Kris Mukai ( storyboard artists ) ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Varmints '' . Adventure Time . Season 7 . Episode 2 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Leichliter , Larry ( director ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Adam Muto & Rebecca Sugar ( storyboard artists ) ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` What Was Missing '' . Adventure Time . Season 3 . Episode 10 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Cash , Nate ( supervising director ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Jesse Moynihan & Ako Castuera ( storyboard artists ) ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Sky Witch '' . Adventure Time . Season 5 . Episode 29 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Goodman , Matt ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Adventure Time : My Two Favorite People ( DVD Review ) '' . Why So Blu ? . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Foster , Tyler ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Adventure Time : The Complete First Season '' . DVD Talk . Internet Brands . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Episode Detail : Henchman ; Go With Me -- Adventure Time '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Leichliter , Larry ( director ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Luthor McLaurin & Cole Sanchez ( storyboard artists ) ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` Henchman '' . Adventure Time . Season 1 . Episode 19 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Phil Dyess - Nugent ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' They Went To The Nightosphere ' / ' Daddy 's Little Monster ' Adventure Time TV Club '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 .", "18": "Jump up ^ Leichliter , Larry ( director ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Ako Castuera & Jesse Moynihan ( storyboard artists ) ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Return to the Nightosphere '' . Adventure Time . Season 4 . Episode 5 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Leichliter , Larry ( director ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Cole Sanchez & Rebecca Sugar ( storyboard artists ) ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Daddy 's Little Monster '' . Adventure Time . Season 4 . Episode 6 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Leichliter , Larry ( director ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Tom Herpich & Skyler Page ( storyboard artists ) ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Finn the Human '' . Adventure Time . Season 5 . Episode 1 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Leichliter , Larry ( director ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Cole Sanchez & Rebecca Sugar ( storyboard artists ) ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Jake the Dog '' . Adventure Time . Season 5 . Episode 2 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Ito , Elizabeth ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Ako Castuera & Hanna K. Nyström ( storyboard artists ) ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Broke His Crown '' . Adventure Time . Season 8 . Episode 1 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Cash , Nate & Adam Muto ( supervising directors ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Ako Castuera & Jesse Moynihan ( storyboard artists ) ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Betty '' . Adventure Time . Season 5 . Episode 48 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Sava , Oliver ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Adventure Time : ' Betty ' '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sava , Oliver ( November 17 , 2015 ) .", "19": "`` Adventure Time : Stakes Slays Marceline 's Demons Without Puncturing Her Heart '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ito , Elizabeth & Cole Sanchez ( supervising directors ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden , et al. ( storyboard artists ) ( April 24 -- 27 , 2017 ) . `` Elements '' . Adventure Time . Season 9 . Episode 2 -- 9 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Leichliter , Larry ( director ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Rebecca Sugar & Adam Muto ( storyboard artists ) ( September 5 , 2011 ) . `` Fionna and Cake '' . Adventure Time . Season 3 . Episode 9 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Ewalt , David ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` It 's Adventure Time ! Pendleton Ward Talks About His Hit Cartoon '' . Forbes . Forbes Publishing . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leichliter , Larry ( director ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Cole Sanchez & Rebecca Sugar ( storyboard artists ) ( February 18 , 2013 ) . `` Bad Little Boy '' . Adventure Time . Season 5 . Episode 11 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris teams up with Donald Glover for Adventure Time 's Next Gender - Swapped Adventure ! '' . i09 . Gawker Media . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Muto , adam ( supervising director ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Adam Muto , Kent Osborne , Emily Partridge & Bert Youn ( storyboard artists ) ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` The Prince Who Wanted Everything '' . Adventure Time . Season 6 . Episode 9 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Ito , Elizabeth ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Kris Mukai & Aleks Sennwald ( storyboard artists ) ( May 26 , 2016 ) .", "20": "`` Five Short Tables '' . Adventure Time . Season 8 . Episode 9 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Polo , Susana ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Adventure Time 's Marceline Gets Her Own Comicbook Spinoff , By the Creator of Octopus Pie '' . TheMarySue . TheMarySue , LLC . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Crisson , Rachel . `` Marceline the Vampire Queen Headlines in Adventure Time Comic '' . Comic Booked . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Eddie ( August 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Adventure Time : Marceline and the Scream Queens ' # 1 Gets a Badass Baltimore Comic - Con Variant '' . MTV Geek . MTV . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Preview : Adventure Time : Marceline and the Scream Queens # 2 '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Preview : Adventure Time : Marceline and the Scream Queens # 3 '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zack ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Kate Leth Heads to Nightosphere with New Adventure Time Graphic Novel '' . Newsarama . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adventure Time Marceline Gone Adrift ( 2014 Boom ) Comic Books '' . MyComicsShop . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An Exclusive First - Look at Adventure Time : Rock Bandits for iOS '' . Wired . Condé Nast . March 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fahey , Mike ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Sonic The Hedgehog And Fantastic Beasts Headline Lego Dimensions ' Wave Seven '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 .", "21": "Jump up ^ Leichliter , Larry ( 2012 ) . ' Evicted ! ' ( DVD ) . Adventure Time : The Complete First Season : Warner Home Video . Event occurs at 6 : 13 . Note : The lyrics can be accessed by enabling subtitles and / or closed captions . Jump up ^ Ristaino , Andy ( skronked ) ( January 2 , 2012 ) . `` Yo man , what age is Marceline meant to be ? '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 -- via Formspring . Jump up ^ Ward , Pendleton ( buenothebear ) ( July 26 , 2010 ) . `` Do you consider Marceline to be a villain ? '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 -- via Formspring . ^ Jump up to : `` Adventure Time > Characters > Marceline '' . CartoonNetwork.co.uk . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leichliter , Larry ( 2012 ) . ' Henchman ' ( DVD ) . Adventure Time : The Complete First Season : Warner Home Video . Event occurs at 10 : 05 . Note : The lines can be accessed by enabling subtitles and / or closed captions . ^ Jump up to : Sava , Oliver ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Red Starved ' Adventure Time TV Club '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cash , Nate ( supervising director ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Ako Castuera & Jesse Moynihan ( storyboard artists ) ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Red Starved '' . Adventure Time . Season 5 . Episode 38 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Ward , Pendleton ( buenothebear ) ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Is red all Marceline ever eats ? '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 -- via Formspring .", "22": "^ Jump up to : Leichliter , Larry ( director ) ; Nick Jennings ( art director ) ; Ako Castuera & Tom Herpich ( storyboard artists ) ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` Go With Me '' . Adventure Time . Season 2 . Episode 20 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Ward , Pendleton ( buenothebear ) ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` So Marceline is a lefty ? '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 -- via Formspring . Jump up ^ Ward , Pendelton ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Does Marceline , by any chance , have a crush on Finn ? They 're my favorite AT pairing '' . VYou . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leichliter , Larry ( 2012 ) . ' Evicted ! ' ( DVD ) . Adventure Time : The Complete First Season : Warner Home Video . Event occurs at 5 : 55 . Note : The lyrics can be accessed by enabling subtitles and / or closed captions . Jump up ^ Muto , Adam ( MrMuto ) ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Do you know why Marcy called PB `` Bonnibel '' in `` Go with Me '' ? `` . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 -- via Formspring . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Kjerstin ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` Adventure Time Gay Subtext : `` Spicy '' or Adorbz ? `` . Bitch . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seibert , Fred ( 2012 ) . `` Well I Completely Screwed Up '' . Frederator Studios . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Potts , Andrew ( 21 August 2014 ) . `` Adventure Time 's Marceline and Princess Bubblegum once dated , show 's creator said '' . Gay Star News .", "23": "Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Kickham , Dylan ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` Adventure Time cast reveals what 's in store for season 7 at New York Comic Con '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Muto , Adam ( MrMuto ) ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` At what point in the show 's production ( or conception ) did you guys decide to give Marceline and Ice King a shared history ? '' . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 -- via Formspring . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , Britt ( 2013 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Cosplay of the Day : Marceline the Vampire Queen '' . Screen Crunch . Jump up ^ Shea , Cam ( October 21 , 2012 ) . `` Our Top 10 Adventure Time Moments -- Season 1 '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Anders , Charlie . `` How Did Adventure Time Become Better Than Most Live - Action TV Shows ? '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Phelim ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` Adventure Time -- Box Set Review '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Gavin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Adventure Time : Ranking Every Major Character From Worst To Best '' . WhatCulture . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ward , Pendleton ( buenothebear ) ( July 3 , 2010 ) . `` Who plays Marceline 's voice ? And why is she your favorite character ? '' . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 -- via Formspring . Jump up ^ Ward , Pendleton ( buenothebear ) ( June 22 , 2010 ) .", "24": "`` How do you feel about the ridiculously massive fanbase Marceline has gained after only one episode with her ? '' . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 -- via Formspring . Jump up ^ Hughes , William ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Willow Smith releases surprise album with love song to Adventure Time 's Marceline '' . AV Club . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Polo , Susana ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Did Adventure Time Just Admit To Lesbian Characters '' . TheMarySue.com . The Mary Sue , LLC . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Muto , Adam ( MrMuto ) ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Could you explain what this whole Mathematical video thing did that was bad ? '' . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 -- via Formspring . Jump up ^ Smith , Zack ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Adventure Time Creator Pen Ward Talks Before Season Finale '' . Newsarama.com . TechMediaNetwork . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wu , Connie ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` Adventure Time Fans Rejoice ! Olivia Olson Confirms Marceline and Princess Bubblegum Dated '' . SheWired . Here Media . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Adventure Time ' Actress Confirms That Big Rumor We All Suspected '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Cartoon Network portal Marceline Bio at CartoonNetwork.com Media related to Cartoon Network at Wikimedia Commons Adventure Time Characters Finn the Human Jake the Dog Princess Bubblegum Ice King Marceline the Vampire Queen Seasons Pilot 5 6 7 Stakes 8 Islands 9 Elements 10 Video games Hey Ice King !", "25": "Why 'd You Steal Our Garbage ? ! ! Explore the Dungeon Because I Do n't Know ! Battle Party The Secret of the Nameless Kingdom Finn & Jake Investigations Related articles Pendleton Ward The Music of Ooo Random ! 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CSC Holdings , Inc .", "26": "Cartoon Orbit Cartoonito Children 's programming on TBS and TNT CNX Hall of Game Awards Hanna - Barbera List of Cartoon Network video games Boing Italy Spain France Africa Pogo Tooncast Category Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marceline_the_Vampire_Queen&oldid=818355544 '' Categories : Adventure Time characters Animated characters Cartoon Network Studios series and characters Female characters in animation Fictional characters introduced in 2010 Fictional half - demons Fictional characters with slowed aging Fictional characters with accelerated healing Fictional female musicians Fictional rock musicians Fictional shapeshifters Fictional singers Fictional queens Fictional vampires Fictional vampire hunters LGBT characters in animation Vampires in animated television Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Français Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 02 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5616662639825468727	who played truman capote in in cold blood	[ "Philip Seymour Hoffman", "Philip Seymour Hoffman" ]	{ "0": "In Cold Blood - wikipedia In Cold Blood Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book by Truman Capote . For the film adaptation , see In Cold Blood ( film ) . For the TV miniseries , see In Cold Blood ( miniseries ) . For other uses , see In Cold Blood ( disambiguation ) . In Cold Blood : A True Account of a Multiple Murder and Its Consequences Author Truman Capote Original title In Cold Blood Cover artist S. Neil Fujita Country United States Language English Genre Nonfiction / Literature Publisher Random House Publication date 1966 ( see # Publication for more information ) Media type Print ( Hardback and Paperback ) , e-book , audio - CD Pages 343 pp ( Paperback edition ) ISBN 0 - 679 - 74558 - 0 ( Paperback edition ) OCLC 28710511 Dewey Decimal 364.1 / 523 / 0978144 20 LC Class HV6533. K3 C3 1994 In Cold Blood is a non-fiction novel by American author Truman Capote , first published in 1966 ; it details the 1959 murders of four members of the Herbert Clutter family in the small farming community of Holcomb , Kansas . When Capote learned of the quadruple murder , before the killers were captured , he decided to travel to Kansas and write about the crime . He was accompanied by his childhood friend and fellow author Harper Lee , and together they interviewed local residents and investigators assigned to the case and took thousands of pages of notes . The killers , Richard `` Dick '' Hickock and Perry Smith , were arrested six weeks after the murders and later executed by the state of Kansas . Capote ultimately spent six years working on the book . When finally published , In Cold Blood was an instant success , and today is the second - biggest - selling true crime book in publishing history , behind Vincent Bugliosi 's 1974 book Helter Skelter about the Charles Manson murders . Some critics consider Capote 's work the original non-fiction novel , though other writers had already explored the genre , such as Rodolfo Walsh in Operación Masacre ( 1957 ) .", "1": "It has been especially lauded for its eloquent prose , extensive detail , and simultaneous triple narrative , which describes the lives of the murderers , the victims , and other members of the rural community in alternating sequences . The psychologies and backgrounds of Hickock and Smith are given special attention , as well as the complex relationship that existed between them during and after the murders . In Cold Blood is regarded by critics as a pioneering work in the true crime genre , though Capote was disappointed that the book failed to win the Pulitzer Prize . Critics have also noted that parts of the book , including important details , differ from the real events . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview of the crime 2 Capote 's research 2.1 Veracity 3 Publication 4 Reviews and impact 5 Adaptations 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Graphic novel 6 See also 7 References 7.1 General references 7.2 Inline citations 8 External links Overview of the crime ( edit ) Herb Clutter was a prosperous farmer in western Kansas . He employed as many as 18 farmhands , who admired and respected him for his fair treatment and good wages . Two elder daughters , Eveanna and Beverly , had moved out and started their adult lives ; Nancy , 16 , and Kenyon , 15 , were in high school . Clutter 's wife Bonnie had reportedly been incapacitated by clinical depression and physical ailments since the births of her children , although this was later disputed . Two ex-convicts recently paroled from the Kansas State Penitentiary , Richard Eugene `` Dick '' Hickock and Perry Edward Smith , committed the robbery and murders in the early morning hours of November 15 , 1959 . A former cellmate of Hickock 's , Floyd Wells , had worked for Herb Clutter and told Hickock that Clutter kept large amounts of cash in a safe . Hickock soon hatched the idea to steal the safe and start a new life in Mexico . According to Capote , Hickock described his plan as `` a cinch , the perfect score . '' Hickock later contacted Smith , another former cellmate , about committing the robbery with him . In fact , Herb Clutter had no safe and did all his business by check .", "2": "After driving more than four hundred miles across the state of Kansas on the evening of November 14 , Hickock and Smith arrived in Holcomb , located the Clutter home , and entered through an unlocked door while the family slept . Upon rousing the Clutters and discovering there was no safe , they bound and gagged the family and continued to search for money , but found little else of value in the house . Still determined to leave no witnesses , the pair briefly debated what to do ; Smith , notoriously unstable and prone to violent acts in fits of rage , slit Herb Clutter 's throat and then shot him in the head . Capote writes that Smith recounted later , `` I did n't want to harm the man . I thought he was a very nice gentleman . Soft spoken . I thought so right up to the moment I cut his throat . '' Kenyon , Nancy , and then Mrs. Clutter were also murdered , each by a single shotgun blast to the head . Hickock and Smith left the crime scene with a small portable radio , a pair of binoculars , and less than fifty dollars in cash . Smith later claimed in his oral confession that Hickock murdered the two women . When asked to sign his confession , however , Smith refused . According to Capote , he wanted to accept responsibility for all four killings because , he said , he was `` sorry for Dick 's mother . '' Smith added , `` She 's a real sweet person . '' Hickock always maintained that Smith committed all four killings . On the basis of a tip from Wells , who contacted the prison warden after hearing of the murders , Hickock and Smith were identified as suspects and arrested in Las Vegas on December 30 , 1959 . Both men eventually confessed after interrogations by detectives of the Kansas Bureau of Investigation . They were brought back to Kansas , where they were tried together for the murders . Their trial took place at the Finney County courthouse in Garden City , Kansas , from March 22 to March 29 , 1960 . They both pleaded temporary insanity at the trial , but local GPs evaluated the accused and pronounced them sane . The jury deliberated for only 45 minutes before finding both Hickock and Smith guilty of murder . Their conviction carried a mandatory death sentence at the time .", "3": "After five years on death row at the Kansas State Penitentiary ( now known as Lansing Correctional Facility ) in Lansing , Kansas , Smith and Hickock were executed by hanging just after midnight on April 14 , 1965 . Hickock was executed first and was pronounced dead at 12 : 41 a.m. after hanging for nearly 20 minutes . Smith followed shortly after and was pronounced dead at 1 : 19 a.m. Warden Official Greg Seamon presided over the executions in Lansing . The gallows used in their executions now forms part of the collections of the Kansas State Historical Society . Hickock and Smith are also suspected of involvement in the Walker family murders , a notion which is mentioned in the book , though this connection has not been proven . Capote 's research ( edit ) Clutter family home in Holcomb , Kansas , in March 2009 . Capote became interested in the murders after reading about it in The New York Times . He brought his childhood friend Nelle Harper Lee ( who would later win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her novel To Kill a Mockingbird ) to help gain the confidence of the locals in Kansas . Capote did copious research for the book , ultimately compiling 8,000 pages of notes . Capote 's research also included letters from Smith 's Army buddy , Don Cullivan , who was present during the trial . After the criminals were found , tried , and convicted , Capote conducted personal interviews with both Smith and Hickock. Smith especially fascinated Capote ; in the book he is portrayed as the more sensitive and guilt - ridden of the two killers . The book was not completed until after Smith and Hickock were executed . An alternate explanation for Capote 's interest holds that The New Yorker presented the Clutter story to him as one of two choices for a story , the other being to follow a Manhattan cleaning woman on her rounds . Capote supposedly chose the Clutter story , believing it would be the easier assignment . Capote later did write a piece about following a cleaning woman , which he entitled `` A Day 's Work '' and included in his book Music for Chameleons . Veracity ( edit ) In Cold Blood brought Capote much praise from the literary community .", "4": "Yet despite the book 's billing as a factual account , critics have questioned its veracity , arguing that Capote changed facts to suit the story , added scenes that had never taken place , and manufactured dialogue . Writing in Esquire in 1966 , Phillip K. Tompkins noted factual discrepancies after he traveled to Kansas and talked to some of the same people interviewed by Capote . In a telephone interview with Tompkins , Josephine Meier , the wife of Finney County Undersheriff Wendle Meier , denied that she heard Smith cry and that she held his hand as described by Capote . In Cold Blood indicates that Meier and Smith became close , yet she told Tompkins she spent little time with Smith and did not talk much with him . Tompkins concluded : Capote has , in short , achieved a work of art . He has told exceedingly well a tale of high terror in his own way . But , despite the brilliance of his self - publicizing efforts , he has made both a tactical and a moral error that will hurt him in the short run . By insisting that ' every word ' of his book is true he has made himself vulnerable to those readers who are prepared to examine seriously such a sweeping claim . True crime writer Jack Olsen also commented on the alleged fabrications : I recognized it as a work of art , but I know fakery when I see it , ( ... ) Capote completely fabricated quotes and whole scenes ... The book made something like $6 million in 1960s money , and nobody wanted to discuss anything wrong with a moneymaker like that in the publishing business . His criticisms were quoted in Esquire , to which Capote replied , `` Jack Olsen is just jealous . '' That was true , of course , ( ... ) I was jealous -- all that money ? I 'd been assigned the Clutter case by Harper & Row until we found out that Capote and his cousin ( sic ) , Harper Lee , had been already on the case in Dodge City for six months . ( ... ) That book did two things . It made true crime an interesting , successful , commercial genre , but it also began the process of tearing it down . I blew the whistle in my own weak way .", "5": "I 'd only published a couple of books at that time -- but since it was such a superbly written book , nobody wanted to hear about it . Alvin Dewey , the lead investigator portrayed in In Cold Blood , later said that the last scene , in which he visits the Clutters ' graves , was Capote 's invention , while other Kansas residents whom Capote interviewed have claimed they or their relatives were mischaracterized or misquoted . Dewey said that the rest of the book was factually accurate . Further evidence indicates that the book is not as `` immaculately factual '' as Capote had always claimed it to be . The book depicts Dewey as being the brilliant investigator who cracks the Clutter murder case , but files recovered from the Kansas Bureau of Investigation show that when Floyd Wells came forward naming Richard Hickock and Perry Smith as likely suspects , Dewey did not immediately act on the information , as the book portrays him doing , because Dewey still held to his belief that the murders were committed by locals who `` had a grudge against Herb Clutter '' . Publication ( edit ) In Cold Blood was first published as a four - part serial in The New Yorker , beginning with the September 25 , 1965 issue . The piece was an immediate sensation , particularly in Kansas , where the usual number of New Yorker copies sold out immediately . In Cold Blood was first published in book form by Random House in January 1966 . The book , however , was copyrighted in 1965 , and this date appears on the title page of most printings of the book and even in some library indices as the original publication date . The Library of Congress lists 1966 as the publication date and 1965 as the copyright date . The cover , which was designed by S. Neil Fujita , shows a hatpin with what appeared originally as a red drop of blood at its top end . After Capote first saw the design , he requested that the drop be made a deeper shade of red to represent the passage of time since the incident . A black border was added to the ominous image .", "6": "Reviews and impact ( edit ) Writing for The New York Times , Conrad Knickerbocker gave praise to Capote 's talent for detail throughout the novel and declared the book a `` masterpiece '' -- an `` agonizing , terrible , possessed , proof that the times , so surfeited with disasters , are still capable of tragedy '' . In a controversial review of the novel published in 1966 for The New Republic , Stanley Kauffmann , criticising Capote 's writing style throughout the novel , states that he `` demonstrates on almost every page that he is the most outrageously overrated stylist of our time '' and later asserts that `` the depth in this book is no deeper than its mine - shaft of factual detail ; its height is rarely higher than that of good journalism and often falls below it . '' Tom Wolfe wrote in his essay `` Pornoviolence '' : `` The book is neither a who - done - it nor a will - they - be-caught , since the answers to both questions are known from the outset ... Instead , the book 's suspense is based largely on a totally new idea in detective stories : the promise of gory details , and the withholding of them until the end . '' In The Independent 's Book of a Lifetime series , reviewer Kate Colquhoun asserts that `` the book -- for which he made a reputed 8000 pages of research notes -- is plotted and structured with taut writerly flair . Its characters pulse with recognisable life ; its places are palpable . Careful prose binds the reader to his unfolding story . Put simply , the book was conceived of journalism and born of a novelist . '' Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Three film adaptations based upon the book have been produced . The first focuses on the details of the book , whereas the later two explore Capote 's fascination with researching the novel . The first adaptation was the 1967 film of the same name by Richard Brooks , who directed and adapted the screenplay . It starred Robert Blake as Perry Smith and Scott Wilson as Richard Hickock . John Forsythe played the investigator ( Alvin Dewey ) , from the Kansas Bureau of Investigation , who apprehended the killers . The film , shot in black and white , was nominated for four Academy Awards : Best Director , Best Original Score , Best Cinematography , and Best Adapted Screenplay .", "7": "The second and third film adaptations tell the story of Capote 's experiences in writing the story and his subsequent fascination with the murders . Capote ( 2005 ) starred Philip Seymour Hoffman , who won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Truman Capote , Clifton Collins , Jr. as Perry Smith , and Catherine Keener as Harper Lee . The film was critically acclaimed , and was nominated for five Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Actor ( Hoffman ) , Best Supporting Actress ( Keener ) , Best Director ( Bennett Miller ) , and Best Adapted Screenplay ( Dan Futterman ) . A year later the 2006 film Infamous , starring Toby Jones as Capote , Daniel Craig as Smith , and Sandra Bullock as Lee , was released to favorable reviews . Television ( edit ) Main article : In Cold Blood ( miniseries ) The book was adapted into a two - part 1996 television miniseries starring Anthony Edwards , Eric Roberts , and Sam Neill , portraying , respectively , Dick Hickock , Perry Smith , and Alvin Dewey . Graphic novel ( edit ) Oni Press published a graphic novel , Capote in Kansas , by Ande Parks and Chris Samnee , in 2005 . See also ( edit ) George York and James Latham Lowell Lee Andrews Capital punishment in Kansas New Journalism Trial movies References ( edit ) General references ( edit ) Clarke , Gerald ( 1988 ) . Capote , A Biography ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 241 - 12549 - 6 . Davis , Deborah ( 2006 ) . Party of the Century : The Fabulous Story of Truman Capote and His Black and White Ball ( 1st ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 09821 - 9 . Inline citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Plimpton , George ( January 16 , 1966 ) . `` The Story Behind a Nonfiction Novel '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ferri , Jessica ( December 28 , 2016 ) .", "8": "`` Capote 's Masterpiece ' In Cold Blood ' Still Vivid at 50 '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Rupert ( 6 Aug 2011 ) . `` The Story of a Town '' . The Guardian . p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Helliker , Kevin ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Capote Classic ' In Cold Blood ' Tainted by Long - Lost Files '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ In Cold Blood , p. 44 Jump up ^ In Cold Blood , p. 244 Jump up ^ In Cold Blood , p. 255 Jump up ^ `` Gallows , Kansas State Penitentiary , Lansing , Kansas '' . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Standen , Amy ( January 22 , 2002 ) . `` In Cold Blood '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` In Cold Blood : Analysis '' . Spark notes . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Myrick , Steve ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty years later Cold blood still fresh '' . Martha 's Vineyard Gazette . Jump up ^ Davis , pp 60 -- 1 Jump up ^ Mass , Mark . `` Capote 's Legacy : The Challenge of Creativity and Credibility in Literary Journalism '' . Listserv Archives . MSU . Archived from the original on 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hood , Michael . `` True Crime Does n't Pay : A Conversation with Jack Olsen '' . Point No Point . Jack Olsen . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Van Jensen ( April 3 , 2005 ) . `` Writing history : Capote 's novel has lasting effect on journalism '' . Lawrence , Kansas Journal World . Jump up ^ Clarke , Gerald ( 1988 ) Capote : A Biography .", "9": "Simon and Schuster . P. 362 -- 363 . Jump up ^ LCCN 65011257 . In Cold Blood listing with the Library of Congress Jump up ^ Grimes , William ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` S. Neil Fujita , Innovative Graphic Designer , Dies at 89 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Knickerbocker , Conrad ( January 16 , 1966 ) . `` One Night on a Kansas Farm '' . The New York Times . Arthur Ochs Sulzberger , Jr . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kauffmann , Stanley ( 1966 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Capote in Kansas '' . The New Republic . Hamilton Fish . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Tom : `` Mauve Gloves & Madmen , Clutter & Vine '' , pp. 163 -- 64 . Picador , 1990 . Jump up ^ Colquhoun , Kate ( 2011 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Book Of A Lifetime : In Cold Blood , By Truman Capote '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , John ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` In Cold Blood : why is n't the movie of Capote 's bestseller a masterpiece ? '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Stafford , Jeff ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` In Cold Blood '' . Turner Classic Movies . Jump up ^ `` The 40th Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Stephen ( April 26 , 2006 ) . `` The Great American Drama Queen '' . Slate . Jump up ^ `` Capote ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 78th Academy Awards '' .", "10": "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . 2006 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Infamous ( 2006 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Why a New In Cold Blood TV Show Misses the Point of the True - Crime Craze '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ `` In Cold Blood ( 1996 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( August 3 , 2005 ) . `` Capote in Kansas Review : The path taken to write In Cold Blood . '' IGN . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : In Cold Blood In Cold Blood , Part I : `` The Last to See Them Alive '' in The New Yorker ( September 25 , 1965 ) ; the three subsequent installments are available in synopsis only : Part II : `` Persons Unknown '' ( Abstract ) ( October 2 , 1965 ) Part III : `` Answers '' ( Abstract ) ( October 9 , 1965 ) Part IV : `` The Corner '' ( Abstract ) ( October 16 , 1965 ) In Cold Blood , a Legacy in Photos Photos of the first edition of In Cold Blood Literapedia Book Summaries for In Cold Blood Truman Capote 's In Cold Blood People Truman Capote Harper Lee Perry Edward Smith Richard Hickock Alvin Dewey Films In Cold Blood ( 1967 ) In Cold Blood ( 1996 ) Capote ( 2005 ) Infamous ( 2006 ) Works by Truman Capote Novels Summer Crossing Other Voices ,", "11": "Other Rooms The Grass Harp Breakfast at Tiffany 's Answered Prayers : The Unfinished Novel Short stories Miriam Children on Their Birthdays A Diamond Guitar A Christmas Memory The Thanksgiving Visitor One Christmas Short story collections A Tree of Night and Other Stories Music for Chameleons Essay collections Local Color The Dogs Bark : Public People and Private Places Plays The Grass Harp Screenplays Beat the Devil Terminal Station ( dialogue ) The Innocents ( dialogue ) Laura Musicals House of Flowers Non fiction The Muses Are Heard Observations In Cold Blood Too Brief a Treat : The Letters of Truman Capote Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Cold_Blood&oldid=826903262 '' Categories : 1966 books American non-fiction books American novels adapted into films Books by Truman Capote Edgar Award - winning works The New Yorker articles Non-fiction novels about murders in the United States Non-fiction novels of investigative journalism Novels first published in serial form Novels set in Kansas Random House books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Кыргызча Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 16 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2487260736359495333	how did the great depression start in canada	[ "Stock Market crash in New York" ]	{ "0": "Great Depression in Canada - wikipedia Great Depression in Canada Jump to : navigation , search Canada was hit hard by the Great Depression . The worldwide depression that started in the United States in late 1929 quickly reached Canada . Between 1929 and 1939 , the gross domestic product dropped 40 % ( compared to 37 % in the US ) . Unemployment reached 27 % at the depth of the Depression in 1933 . Many companies closed , as corporate profits of $398 million in 1929 turned into losses of $98 million as prices fell . Farmers in the Prairies were hit especially hard by the collapse of wheat prices . Despite the emergence of numerous radical parties , the government was run by the major parties . The Depression ended in 1939 as World War II began . Food line at the Yonge Street Mission in Toronto in the 1930s ( during the Great Depression ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Economic results 1.1 Impact 1.2 Unemployment 1.3 Prairie Provinces 1.4 Women 1.5 Teachers 1.6 Labour policy 2 World trade 3 Government reaction 3.1 New Deal 3.2 Liberals return 3.3 Social Credit 3.3. 1 Social Credit in office 4 Recovery 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Economic results ( edit ) By 1930 , 30 % of the labour force was out of work , and one fifth of the population became dependent on government assistance . Wages fell , as did prices . Gross National Expenditure had declined 42 % from the 1929 levels . In some areas , the decline was far worse . In the rural areas of the prairies , two thirds of the population were on relief . Further damage was the reduction of investment : both large companies and individuals were unwilling and unable to invest in new ventures . In 1932 , industrial production was only at 58 % of the 1929 level , the second lowest level in the world after the United States , and well behind nations such as Britain , which only saw it fall to 83 % of the 1929 level .", "1": "Total national income fell to 55 % of the 1929 level , again worse than any nation other than the U.S. Impact ( edit ) Relief Work repairing a highway Canada 's economy at the time was just starting to shift from primary industry ( farming , fishing , mining and logging ) to manufacturing . Exports of raw materials plunged , and employment , prices and profits fell in every sector . Canada was the worst - hit because of its economic position . It was further affected as its main trading partners were Britain and the U.S. , both of which were badly affected by the worldwide depression . One of the areas not affected was bush flying , which , thanks to a mining and exploration boom , continued to thrive throughout this period . Even so , most bush flying companies lost money , impacted by the government 's cancellation of airmail contracts in 1931 - 2 . Unemployment ( edit ) Urban unemployment nationwide was 19 % ; Toronto 's rate was 17 % , according to the census of 1931 . Farmers who stayed on their farms were not considered unemployed . By 1933 , 30 % of the labour force was out of work , and one fifth of the population became dependent on government assistance . Wages fell as did prices . In some areas , such as mining and lumbering areas , the decline was far worse . Prairie provinces ( edit ) The Prairie Provinces and Western Canada were the hardest - hit . In the rural areas of the prairies , two thirds of the population were on relief . The region fully recovered after 1939 . The fall of wheat prices drove many farmers to the towns and cities , such as Calgary , Alberta ; Regina , Saskatchewan ; and Brandon , Manitoba . Population in the prairie provinces fell below natural replacement level . There was also migration from the southern prairies affected by Dust Bowl conditions such as the Palliser 's Triangle to aspen parkland in the north . The On - To - Ottawa Trek During the depression , there was a rise of working class militancy organized by the Communist Party . The labour unions largely retreated in response to the ravages of the depression at the same time that significant portions of the working class , including the unemployed , clamoured for collective action .", "2": "Numerous strikes and protests were led by the Communists , many of which culminated in violent clashes with the police . Some notable ones include a coal miners strike that resulted in the Estevan Riot in Estevan , Saskatchewan that left three strikers dead by RCMP bullets in 1931 , a waterfront strike in Vancouver that culminated with the `` Battle of Ballantyne Pier '' in 1935 , and numerous unemployed demonstrations up to and including the On - to - Ottawa Trek that left one Regina police constable and one protester dead in the `` Regina Riot . '' Although the actual number of Communist Party militants remained small , their impact was far disproportionate to their numbers , in large part because of the anticommunist reaction of the government , especially the policies of Prime Minister R.B. Bennett who vowed to crush Communism in Canada with an `` iron heel of ruthlessness . '' These conflicts diminished after 1935 , when the Communist Party shifted strategies and Bennett 's Conservatives were defeated . Agitation and unrest nonetheless persisted throughout the depression , marked by periodic clashes , such as a sit - down strike in Vancouver that ended with `` Bloody Sunday . '' These developments had far - reaching consequences in shaping the postwar environment , including the domestic cold war climate , the rise of the welfare state , and the implementation of an institutional framework for industrial relations . Women ( edit ) Women 's primary role were as housewives ; without a steady flow of family income , their work became much harder in dealing with food and clothing and medical care . The birthrates fell everywhere , as children were postponed until families could financially support them . The average birthrate for 14 major countries fell 12 % from 19.3 births per thousand population in 1930 , to 17.0 in 1935 . In Canada , half of Roman Catholic women defied Church teachings and used contraception to postpone births . Among the few women in the labor force , layoffs were less common in the white - collar jobs and they were typically found in light manufacturing work . However , there was a widespread demand to limit families to one paid job , so that wives might lose employment if their husband was employed . Housewives updated strategies their mothers used when they were growing up in poor families . Cheap foods were used , such as soups , beans and noodles .", "3": "They purchased the cheapest cuts of meat -- sometimes even horse meat -- and recycled the Sunday roast into sandwiches and soups . They sewed and patched clothing , traded with their neighbors for outgrown items , and made do with colder homes . New furniture and appliances were postponed until better days . These strategies show that women 's domestic labor -- cooking , cleaning , budgeting , shopping , childcare -- was essential to the economic maintenance of the family and offered room for economies . Many women also worked outside the home , or took boarders , did laundry for trade or cash , and did sewing for neighbors in exchange for something they could offer . Extended families used mutual aid -- extra food , spare rooms , repair - work , cash loans -- to help cousins and in - laws . Women held 25 - 30 % of the jobs in the cities . Few women were employed in heavy industry , railways or construction . Many were household workers or were employed in restaurants and family - owned shops . Women factory workers typically handled clothing and food . Educated women had a narrow range of jobs , such as clerical work and teaching . It was expected that a woman give up a good job when she married . Srigley emphasizes the wide range of background factors and family circumstances , arguing that `` gender '' itself was typically less important than race , ethnicity , or class . Teachers ( edit ) School budgets were cut across the country , although enrollments went up and up because dropouts could not find jobs . To save money the districts consolidated nearby schools , dropped staff lines , postponed new construction , and increased class size . Middle - class well - educated teachers were squeezed by the financial crisis facing their employers . In Ontario , new teachers were not hired so the average age and experience increased . However , their salaries fell and men who otherwise would have taken higher status business jobs increasingly competed against women . Married women were not hired on the grounds it was unfair for one family to have two scarce jobs that breadwinners needed . Women teachers , who had made major gains in the 1910 - 20 era , saw themselves discriminated against . The teacher 's unions were practically helpless in the crisis , even in Ontario where they were strongest . After prosperity returned in the 1940s , however , money was available again , there was a shortage of teachers , and the unions proved more effective .", "4": "For example , in Quebec , the Corporation Général des Instituteurs et des Institutrices Catholics ( CIC ) was founded in 1946 ( it became the Centrale de l'Enseignement du Québec ( CEQ ) in 1967 ) . It sought higher pensions and salaries and better working conditions , while insisting the teachers were full - fledged professionals . In remote rural areas professionalization was uncommon ; local school boards tightly controlled the one - room schools , typically hiring local women with a high school education or a year at university as teachers , so their meagre salaries would remain in the community . Labour policy ( edit ) Case studies of four Canadian textile firms -- two cotton and two hosiery and knitting -- demonstrate the range of business response to the economic crisis . Each faced a different array of conditions , and each devised the appropriate restructuring strategies . The large corporations responded by investing in more expensive machinery and automation , hiring less skilled workers to tend the automated equipment , and tweaking their product lines to changing consumer tastes . However the smaller hosiery and knitting firms lacked the capital to invest or the research needed to monitor consumer tastes . They used time - tested `` Taylorized '' scientific management or made piecemeal changes . Power shifted upward to management , as strikes were too risky in the early 1930s and the opportunity to find a better job had drastically narrowed . By 1935 , however , the influence of militant American unions spilled over the border and Canadian unions became more forceful and harmonious . The activity was most notable in Ontario 's automobile factories , beginning in Windsor in late 1936 , where the new Automobile Workers of America ( UAW ) chartered its first Canadian local at the Kelsey - Hayes factory . World trade ( edit ) The Stock Market crash in New York led people to hoard their money ; as consumption fell , the American economy steadily contracted , 1929 - 32 . Given the close economic links between the two countries , the collapse quickly affected Canada . Added to the woes of the prairies were those of Ontario and Quebec , whose manufacturing industries were now victims of overproduction . Massive lay - offs occurred and other companies collapsed into bankruptcy . This collapse was not as sharp as that in the United States , but was the second sharpest collapse in the world .", "5": "Canada did have some advantages over other countries , especially its extremely stable banking system that had no failures during the entire depression , compared to over 9,000 small banks that collapsed in the United States . Canada was hurt badly because of its reliance on base commodities , whose prices fell by over 50 % , and because of the importance of international trade . In the 1920s about 25 % of the Canadian Gross National Product was derived from exports . The first reaction of the U.S. was to raise tariffs via the Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act , passed into law June 17 , 1930 . This hurt the Canadian economy more than most other countries in the world , and Canada retaliated by raising its own rates on American exports and by switching business to the Empire . In an angry response to Smoot -- Hawley , Canada welcomed the British introduction of trade protectionism and a system of Commonwealth preference during the winter of 1931 - 32 . It helped Canada avoid external default on their public debt during the Great Depression . Canada had a high degree of exposure to the international economy , which left Canada susceptible to any international economic downturn . The onset of the depression created critical balance of payment deficits , and it was largely the extension of imperial protection by Britain that gave Canada the opportunity to increase their exports to the British market . By 1938 Britain was importing more than twice the 1929 volume of products from Australia , while the value of products shipped from Canada more than doubled , despite the dramatic drop in prices . Thus , the British market played a vital role in helping Canada and Australia stabilize their balance of payments in the immensely difficult economic conditions of the 1930s . Government reaction ( edit ) At the Depression , the provincial and municipal governments were already in debt after an expansion of infrastructure and education during the 1920s . It thus fell to the federal government to try to improve the economy . When the Depression began Mackenzie King was Prime Minister . He believed that the crisis would pass , refused to provide federal aid to the provinces , and only introduced moderate relief efforts . The government 's reaction to The Great Depression is the focus of the 2013 documentary Catch The Westbound Train from Prairie Coast Films .", "6": "New Deal ( edit ) The Bennett Government , which defeated Mackenzie King in the 1930 election , initially refused to offer large - scale aid or relief to the provinces , much to the anger of provincial premiers , but it eventually gave in and started a Canadian `` New Deal '' type of relief by 1935 . By 1937 , the worst of the Depression had passed , but it left its mark on the country 's economic landscape . Atlantic Canada was especially hard hit . Newfoundland ( an independent dominion at the time ) was bankrupt economically and politically and gave up responsible government by reverting to direct British control . World War I veterans built on a history of postwar political activism to play an important role in the expansion of state - sponsored social welfare in Canada . Arguing that their wartime sacrifices had not been properly rewarded , veterans claimed that they were entitled to state protection from poverty and unemployment on the home front . The rhetoric of patriotism , courage , sacrifice , and duty created powerful demands for jobs , relief , and adequate pensions that should , veterans argued , be administered as a right of social citizenship and not a form of charity . At the local , provincial , and national political levels , veterans fought for compensation and recognition for their war service , and made their demands for jobs and social security a central part of emerging social policy . Blaming it on Bennett : A 1931 political cartoon suggests that Liberals had failed to take responsibility for their own errors . The Liberal Party lost the 1930 election to the Conservative Party , led by R.B. Bennett . Bennett , a successful western businessman , campaigned on high tariffs and large - scale spending . Make - work programs were begun , and welfare and other assistance programs became vastly larger . This led to a large federal deficit , however . Bennett became wary of the budget shortfalls by 1932 , and cut back severely on federal spending . This only deepened the depression as government employees were put out of work and public works projects were cancelled . One of the greatest burdens on the government was the Canadian National Railway ( CNR ) . The federal government had taken over a number of defunct and bankrupt railways during World War I and the 1920s . The debt the government assumed was over $2 billion , a massive sum at the time , but during the boom years it seemed payable .", "7": "The Depression turned this debt into a crushing burden . Due to the decrease in trade , the CNR also began to lose substantial amounts of money during the Depression , and had to be further bailed out by the government . With falling support and the depression only getting worse , Bennett attempted to introduce policies based on the New Deal of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the United States . Bennett thus called for a minimum wage , unemployment insurance , and other such programs . This effort was largely unsuccessful ; the provinces challenged the rights of the federal government to manage these programs . Some of the federal efforts were successful : the Companies ' Creditors Arrangement Act and Farmers ' Creditors Arrangement Act , which provided alternatives to bankruptcy for distressed businesses , were held to be constitutional by the Reference Re Farmers ' Creditors Arrangement Act . The judicial and political failure of Bennett 's New Deal legislation shifted the struggle to reconstitute capitalism to the provincial and municipal levels of the state . Attempts to deal with the dislocations of the Great Depression in Ontario focused on the `` sweatshop crisis '' that came to dominate political and social discourse after 1934 . Ontario 's 1935 Industrial Standards Act ( ISA ) was designed to bring workers and employers together under the auspices of the state to establish minimum wages and work standards . The establishment of New Deal style industrial codes was premised on the mobilization of organized capital and organized labour to combat unfair competition , stop the spread of relief - subsidized labour , and halt the predations of sweatshop capitalism . Although the ISA did not bring about extensive economic regulation , it excited considerable interest in the possibility of government intervention . Workers in a diverse range of occupations , from asbestos workers to waitresses , attempted to organize around the possibility of the ISA . The importance of the ISA lies in what it reveals about the nature of welfare , wage labour , the union movement , competitive capitalism , business attitudes toward industrial regulation , and the role of the state in managing the collective affairs of capitalism . The history of the ISA also suggests that `` regulatory unionism , '' as described by Colin Gordon in his work on the American New Deal , may have animated key developments in Canadian social , economic , and labour history . The failure to help the economy led to the federal Conservatives ' defeat in the 1935 election when the Liberals , still led by Mackenzie King , returned to power .", "8": "The public at large lost faith in both the Liberal Party of Canada and the Conservative Party of Canada . This caused the rise of a third party : the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation ( a socialist party that achieved some success before joining the Canadian Labour Congress in 1961 , becoming the New Democratic Party ) . With the worst of the Depression over , the government implemented some relief programs such as the National Housing Act and National Employment Commission , and it established Trans - Canada Airlines ( 1937 , the predecessor to Air Canada ) . However , it took until 1939 and the outbreak of war for the Canadian economy to return to 1929 levels . Liberals return ( edit ) After 1936 the prime minister lost patience when westerners preferred radical alternatives such as the CCF ( Co-operative Commonwealth Federation ) and Social Credit to his middle - of - the - road liberalism . Indeed , he came close to writing off the region with his comment that the prairie dust bowl was `` part of the U.S. desert area . I doubt if it will be of any real use again . '' Instead he paid more attention to the industrial regions and the needs of Ontario and Quebec regarding the proposed St. Lawrence Seaway project with the United States . As for the unemployed , he was hostile to federal relief and reluctantly accepted a Keynesian solution that involved federal deficit spending , tax cuts and subsidies to the housing market . Mackenzie King returned as prime minister , serving until his retirement in 1948 . During all but the last two years he was also secretary of state for external affairs , taking personal charge of foreign policy . Social Credit ( edit ) Social Credit ( often called SoCred ) was a populist political movement strongest in Alberta and neighbouring British Columbia , 1930s - 1970s . Social Credit was based on the economic theories of an Englishman , C.H. Douglas . His theories became very popular across the nation in the early 1930s . A central proposal was the free distribution of dividends ( or social credit ) , called `` funny money '' by the opposition . During the Great Depression in Canada the demand for radical action peaked around 1934 , after the worst period was over and the economy was recovering . Mortgage debt was significant because farmers could not meet their interest payments .", "9": "The insecurity of farmers , whose debts were increasing and who had no legal protection against foreclosure , was a potent factor in creating a mood of political desperation . The radical farmers party , UFA was baffled by the depression and Albertans demanded new leadership . Prairie farmers had always believed that they were being exploited by Toronto and Montreal . What they lacked was a prophet who would lead them to the promised land . The Social Credit movement began in Alberta in 1932 ; it became a political movement in 1935 and suddenly burned like a prairie fire . The prophet and new premier was radio evangelist William Aberhart ( 1878 -- 1943 ) . The message was biblical prophecy . Aberhart was a fundamentalist , preaching the revealed word of God and quoting the Bible to find a solution for the evils of the modern , materialistic world : the evils of sophisticated academics and their biblical criticism , the cold formality of middle - class congregations , the vices of dancing and movies and drink . `` Bible Bill '' preached that the capitalist economy was rotten because of its immorality ; specifically it produced goods and services but did not provide people with sufficient purchasing power to enjoy them . This could be remedied by the giving out money in the form of `` social credit '' , or $25 a month for every man and woman . This pump priming was guaranteed to restore prosperity , he prophesied to the 1600 Social Credit clubs he formed in the province . Alberta 's businessmen , professionals , newspaper editors and the traditional middle - class leaders vehemently protested Aberhart 's crack - pot ideas , but they had not solved any problems and spoke not of the promised land ahead . Aberhart 's new party in 1935 elected 56 members to the Alberta Assembly , compared to 7 for all the other parties . Alberta 's Social Credit Party remained in power for 36 years until 1971 . It was re-elected by popular vote no less than 9 times , achieving success by moving from left to the right . Social Credit in office ( edit ) Once in office in Alberta Aberhart gave a high priority to balancing the provincial budget . He reduced expenditures and increased the sales tax and the income tax . The poor and unemployed got nothing .", "10": "The $25 monthly social dividend never arrived , as Aberhart decided nothing could be done until the province 's financial system was changed , and 1936 Alberta defaulted on its bonds . He did pass a Debt Adjustment Act that cancelled all the interest on mortgages since 1932 and limited all interest rates on mortgages to 5 % , in line with similar laws passed by other provinces . In 1937 backbenchers passed a radical banking law that was disallowed by the national government ( banking was a federal responsibility ) . Efforts to control the press were also disallowed . The party was authoritarian and tried to exert detailed control over its officeholders ; those who rebelled were purged or removed from office by the new device of recall elections . Although Aberhart was hostile to banks and newspapers , he was basically in favour of capitalism and did not support socialist policies as did the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation ( CCF ) in Saskatchewan . By 1938 the Social Credit government abandoned its notions about the $25 payouts , but its inability to break with UFA policies led to disillusionment and heavy defections from the party . Aberhart 's government was re-elected in the 1940 election , carrying 43 % of the vote . The prosperity of the Second World War relieved the economic fears and hatreds that had fuelled farmer unrest . Aberhart died in 1943 , and was succeeded as Premier by his student at the Prophetic Bible Institute and lifelong close disciple , Ernest C. Manning ( 1908 -- 1996 ) . The Social Credit party , now firmly on the right , governed Alberta until 1968 under Manning . Recovery ( edit ) The Canadian recovery from the Great Depression proceeded slowly . Economists Pedro Amaral and James MacGee find that the Canadian recovery has important differences with the United States . In the U.S. productivity recovered quickly while the labour force remained depressed throughout the decade . In Canada employment quickly recovered but productivity remained well below trend . Amaral and MacGee suggest that this decline is due to the sustained reduction in international trade during the 1930s . In the midst of the Great Depression , the Crown - in - Council attempted to uplift the people , and created two national corporations : the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission ( CRBC ) , and the Bank of Canada .", "11": "The former , established in 1932 , was seen as a means to keep the country unified and uplifted in these harsh economic times . Many poor citizens found radio as an escape and used it to restore their own faiths in a brighter future . Broadcasting coast to coast mainly in English , with some French , primarily in Quebec , the CRBC played a vital role in keeping the morale up for Canadians everywhere . The latter was used to regulate currency and credit which had been horribly managed amongst Canadian citizens in the prior years . It was also set up to serve as a private banker 's bank and to assist and advise the Canadian government on its own debts and financial matters . The bank played an important role to help steer government spending in the right direction . The bank 's effort took place through the tough years of the depression and on to the prosperity that followed into and after the Second World War . Both of these corporations were seen as positive moves by the Canadian government to help get the economy back on track . 1937 was an important year in the recovery from the Great Depression . The Bank of Canada was nationalized in that year , and the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission ( CRBC ) became the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) in that same year . Both corporations were successful aids in the cultural and financial recovery of the Canadian economy during the Great depression . It took the outbreak of World War II to pull Canada out of the depression . From 1939 , an increased demand in Europe for materials , and increased spending by the Canadian government created a strong boost for the economy . Unemployed men enlisted in the military . By 1939 , Canada was in the first prosperity period in the business cycle in a decade . This coincided with the recovery in the American economy , which created a better market for exports and a new inflow of much needed capital . See also ( edit ) Book : Great Depression Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years Cities in the Great Depression # Canada List of riots and civil unrest in Calgary References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kenneth Norrie and Douglas Owram , A History of the Canadian Economy ( 1991 ) ch 18 ^ Jump up to : A.E. Safarian ( 1970 ) . The Canadian economy in the great depression . McClelland and Stewart . p. 100 .", "12": "Jump up ^ Payne , Stephen , ed . Canadian Wings ( Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre , Ltd , 2006 ) , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Payne , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Canada , Bureau of the Census , Unemployment Vol . VI ( Ottawa 1931 ) , 1,267 Jump up ^ Friesen , Gerald ( 1987 ) . The Canadian Prairies : A History ( Student ed . ) . Toronto and London : University of Toronto Press . pp. 383 -- 417 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 6648 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pierre Berton ( 2012 ) . The Great Depression : 1929 - 1939 . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 290 . ISBN 9780307374868 . Jump up ^ W.S. Woytinsky and E.S. World population and production : trends and outlook ( 1953 ) p 148 Jump up ^ Denyse Baillargeon , Making Do : Women , Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression ( Wilfrid Laurier University Press , 1999 ) , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Jill Stephenson ( 2014 ) . Women in Nazi Germany . Taylor & Francis . pp. 3 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Susan K. Foley ( 2004 ) . Women in France Since 1789 : The Meanings of Difference . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 186 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Katrina Srigley ( 2010 ) . Breadwinning Daughters : Young Working Women in a Depression - era City , 1929 - 1939 . University of Toronto Press . p. 135 . Jump up ^ Baillargeon , Making Do : Women , Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression ( 1999 ) , pp. 70 , 108 , 136 - 38 , 159 . Jump up ^ Denyse Baillargeon , Making Do : Women , Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression ( Wilfrid Laurier U. Press , 1999 ) pp 70 , 108 , 136 - 38 , 159 .", "13": "Jump up ^ In Toronto women held 28 % ; in Winnipeg 26 % ; in Montreal 25 % . Canada , Bureau of the Census , Occupations and Industries Vol . VII ( Ottawa 1931 ) , pp 226 , 250 , 190 . Jump up ^ Margaret Hobbs and Alice Kessler - Harris , `` Rethinking Antifeminism in the 1930s : Gender Crisis or Workplace Justice ? A Response to Alice Kessler - Harris , '' Gender and History , ( April 1993 ) 5 # 1 pp 4 - 15 Jump up ^ Katrina Srigley , `` ' In Case You Had n't Noticed ! ' Race , Ethnicity , and Women 's Wage - earning in a Depression - era City . '' Labour 2005 ( 55 ) : 69 - 105 . Jump up ^ Cecilia Reynolds and Harry Smaller , `` Ontario School Teachers : a Gendered View of the 1930s . '' Historical Studies in Education 1994 6 ( 3 ) : 151 - 169 Jump up ^ Harry Smaller and Andrew Spaull , `` The Responses of Canadian Teachers ' Unions to the Effects of the 1930s Depression with Emphasis On Ontario , '' History of Education Review ( 1994 ) 23 # 2 pp 55 - 72 Jump up ^ P.A. Côté and M L'Hostie , `` Le Discours syndical sur la formation et le role des enseignants au Quebec , 1930 - 1990 , '' Historical Studies in Education , ( March 1993 ) 5 # 1 pp 3 - 31 Jump up ^ Dianne M. Hallmann , `` ' A Thing of the Past ' : Teaching in One - Room Schools in Rural Nova Scotia , 1936 - 1941 , '' Historical Studies in Education , ( Spring 1992 ) 4 # 1 pp 113 - 132 Jump up ^ Robert Lewis , `` The Workplace and Economic Crisis : Canadian Textile Firms , 1929 - 1935 , '' Enterprise and Society ( Sept.", "14": "2009 ) 10 # 3 pp 498 - 528 Jump up ^ John Manley , `` Communists and Auto Workers : The Struggle for Industrial Unionism in the Canadian Automobile Industry , 1925 - 36 , '' Labour / Le Travail ( Spring 1986 ) Vol. 17 , pp 105 - 133 Jump up ^ Richard N. Kottman , `` Herbert Hoover and the Smoot - Hawley Tariff : Canada , A Case Study , '' Journal of American History , Vol. 62 , No. 3 ( Dec. , 1975 ) , pp. 609 - 635 Jump up ^ Tim Rooth and Rebecca Taylor , `` Exports and External Adjustment during the Slump : The British Market , Australia and Canada During the 1930s , '' Journal of European Economic History 2001 30 ( 3 ) : 569 - 595 Jump up ^ Campbell ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Klee ( 2000 ) ; Colin Gordon , New Deals : Business , Labor , and Politics in America , 1920 - 1935 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Robert A. Wardhaugh , Mackenzie King and the Prairie West ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ H. Blair Neatby , The Politics of Chaos : Canada in the Thirties ( 1972 ) p. 84 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bob Hesketh , Major Douglas and Alberta Social Credit . ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Stephen Leacock ( 2012 ) . My Discovery of the West : A Discussion of East and West in Canada . HarperCollins . p. 84 . ISBN 9781443417297 . Jump up ^ The economic theorist for Aberhart was Major Douglas , an English engineer with an unbounded confidence in technology . * H. Blair Neatby , The Politics of Chaos : Canada in the Thirties ( 1972 ) pp 143 - 61 ; John A. Irving , The Social Credit Movement in Alberta ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Thomas Flanagan and Martha F. Lee , `` From Social Credit to Social Conservatism : The Evolution of an Ideology , '' Prairie Forum 16 ( 1991 ) : 205 - 223 ; C.B.", "15": "Macpherson , Democracy in Alberta : Social Credit and the Party System . 2d ed. 1962 . Jump up ^ Alvin Finkel , `` Social Credit and the Unemployed . '' Alberta History 1983 31 ( 2 ) : 24 - 32 . Jump up ^ In Alberta the CCF and Social Credit were bitter enemies , which made it impossible for them to merge in Saskatchewan . See S.M. Lipset , Agrarian Socialism : The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan a Study in Political Sociology. ( 1950 , 1971 ed . ) p. 143 - 4 . Jump up ^ Amaral , Pedro and James C. MacGee `` The Great Depression in Canada and the United States : A Neoclassical Perspective '' in Kehoe , Prescott ( 2007 ) Further reading ( edit ) Robert L. Ascah ; Politics and Public Debt : The Dominion , the Banks , and Alberta 's Social Credit University of Alberta Press , 1999 online version Baillargeon , Denyse . Making Do : Women , Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression ( 1999 ) . 232 pp . Berton , Pierre . The Great Depression : 1929 - 1939 ( 1990 ) , well - written popular history Broadfoot , Barry . Ten Lost Years : 1929 - 1939 : Memories of Canadians Who Survived the Depression . Toronto : Doubleday , 1973 . 390 pp . Campbell , Lara . `` ' We Who Have Wallowed in the Mud of Flanders ' : First World War Veterans , Unemployment and the Development of Social Welfare in Canada , 1929 - 39 . '' Journal of the Canadian Historical Association ( 2000 ) 11 : 125 - 149 . ISSN 0847 - 4478 Fulltext in Erudit Cook , Ramsay , ed . Politics of Discontent ( 1967 ) , with articles on Aberhart , George McCullagh , Pattullo and the Reconstruction Party . Fisher , Robin . `` The Decline of Reform : British Columbia Politics in the 1930s . '' Journal of Canadian Studies 1990 v. 25 Fowke , V.C.", "16": "The National Policy and the Wheat Economy ( 1957 ) Gray , James . The Winter Years ( 1966 ) describes life in Winnipeg during the depression Hoar , Victor , ed. , The Great Depression ( 1969 ) includes recollections of the 1930s Hughes , E.C. French Canada in Transition ( 1943 ) , sociological study Klee , Marcus . `` Fighting the Sweatshop in Depression Ontario : Capital , Labour and the Industrial Standards Act . '' Labour 2000 ( 45 ) : 13 - 51 . ISSN 0700 - 3862 Kottman Richard N. `` Herbert Hoover and the Smoot - Hawley Tariff : Canada , A Case Study , '' Journal of American History , Vol. 62 , No. 3 ( Dec. , 1975 ) , pp. 609 -- 635 in JSTOR Lipset , Seymour Martin . Agrarian Socialism ( 1950 ) , on CCF Dean E. McHenry ; The Third Force in Canada : The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation , 1932 - 1948 ( 1950 ) online version McLachlan , Elizabeth . With Unshakeable Persistence : Rural Teachers of the Depression Era . Edmonton : NeWest , 1999 . 187 pp . Neatby , H. Blair ; The Politics of Chaos : Canada in the Thirties Macmillan of Canada , ( 1972 ) online version , the standard scholarly survey Neatby , H. Blair ; William Lyon Mackenzie King , 1924 - 1932 : The Lonely Heights University of Toronto Press , 1963 online version Neatby , H. Blair ; William Lyon Mackenzie King : 1932 - 1939 : the Prism of Unity , University of Toronto Press , 1976 online version Rogers , Sean Harris . `` Depression and War : Three Essays on the Canadian Economy , 1930 - 1945 . '' PhD dissertation McGill U. 2000 . 245 pp. DAI 2003 63 ( 7 ) : 2644 - 2645 - A. DANQ70191 Fulltext in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Rooth , Tim and Taylor , Rebecca .", "17": "`` Exports and External Adjustment During the Slump : the British Market , Australia and Canada During the 1930s . '' Journal of European Economic History 2001 30 ( 3 ) : 569 - 595 . ISSN 0391 - 5115 Safarian , A.E. The Canadian Economy in the Great Depression ( 1st ed. 1959 ; 3rd ed. 2009 with new preface ) ; standard economic history ; has data on public and private investment in the major sectors of the economy Srigley , Katrina . Breadwinning Daughters : Young Working Women in a Depression - era City , 1929 - 1939 ( University of Toronto Press , 2010 ) Srigley , Katrina . `` Clothing stories : consumption , identity , and desire in depression - era Toronto . '' Journal of Women 's History ( 2007 ) 19 # 1 pp : 82 - 104 . online Srigley , Katrina . `` '' In case you had n't noticed ! `` : Race , Ethnicity , and Women 's Wage - Earning in a Depression - Era City . '' Labour / Le Travail ( 2005 ) : 69 - 105 . online Thompson , John H. , and Allan Seager . Canada 1922 - 1939 ( 1985 ) . standard scholarly survey External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Depression in Canada . Key Economic Events ( hide ) Great Depression Topics Causes Wall Street Crash of 1929 Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act Dust Bowl New Deal Recession of 1937 -- 1938 Effects by area Australia Canada Chile Central Europe France Germany India Japan Latin America Netherlands South Africa United Kingdom United States Cities Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Depression_in_Canada&oldid=833167030 '' Categories : Great Depression in Canada Economic history of Canada Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years Poverty in Canada Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 01 : 11 .", "18": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2400234692248658549	the names of the beaches on d day	[ "Omaha Beach", "Utah Beach", "Gold Beach", "Juno Beach", "Sword Beach" ]	{ "0": "Normandy landings - wikipedia Normandy landings Jump to : navigation , search `` D - Day '' redirects here . This article is about the first day of the Invasion of Normandy . The subsequent operations are covered in Invasion of Normandy . For the use of D - Day as a general military term , see D - Day ( military term ) . For other uses , see D - Day ( disambiguation ) . `` Operation Neptune '' redirects here . For other uses , see Operation Neptune ( disambiguation ) . Normandy landings Part of Operation Overlord , Invasion of Normandy Men of the 16th Infantry Regiment , U.S.", "1": "1st Infantry Division wade ashore on Omaha Beach on the morning of 6 June 1944 Date June 6 , 1944 ; 73 years ago ( 1944 - 06 - 06 ) Location Normandy , France Result Decisive Allied victory Territorial changes Five Allied beachheads established in Normandy Belligerents United Kingdom United States Canada Australia Belgium Czechoslovakia Denmark Free France Greece Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Germany Commanders and leaders Dwight D. Eisenhower Bernard Montgomery Omar Bradley Miles Dempsey Trafford Leigh - Mallory Bertram Ramsay Arthur Tedder Gerd von Rundstedt Erwin Rommel Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg Friedrich Dollmann Hans von Salmuth Wilhelm Falley † Units involved First Army Omaha Beach : V Corps 1st Infantry Division 29th Infantry Division Utah Beach : VII Corps 4th Infantry Division 82nd Airborne Division 90th Infantry Division 101st Airborne Division Second Army Gold Beach XXX Corps 50th Infantry Division Juno Beach I Corps 3rd Canadian Infantry Division Sword Beach I Corps 3rd Infantry Division 6th Airborne Division 5th Panzer Army South of Caen 21st Panzer Division 7th Army Omaha 352nd Infantry Division Utah Beach 709th Static Division Gold , Juno , and Sword 716th Static Division Strength 156,000 50,350 + 170 coastal artillery guns . Includes guns from 100mm to 210mm , as well as 320mm rocket launchers .", "2": "Casualties and losses 10,000 + casualties ; 4,414 confirmed dead 185 M4 Sherman tanks 4,000 -- 9,000 casualties Operation Overlord Invasion of Normandy Prelude Atlantic Wall Bodyguard Fortitude Zeppelin Titanic Taxable , Glimmer & Big Drum Combined Bomber Offensive Pointblank Transport Plan Postage Able Tarbrush Tiger Fabius Initial Airborne Assault British Sector Tonga Deadstick Merville Battery Mallard American Sector Albany Boston Chicago Detroit Elmira Normandy landings American Sector Omaha Utah Pointe du Hoc Anglo - Canadian Sector Gambit Sword Juno Gold Port - en - Bessin Initial ground campaign American Sector Brécourt Manor Graignes Saint - Lô Carentan Hill 30 Cherbourg Anglo - Canadian Sector Caen Bréville Perch Villers - Bocage Le Mesnil - Patry Douvres Martlet Epsom Windsor Charnwood Jupiter 2nd Odon Atlantic Goodwood Verrières Ridge British logistics Breakout Cobra Spring Bluecoat Totalize Lüttich Tractable Hill 262 Chambois Falaise Brest Paris Air and Sea Operations Ushant La Caine Cherbourg Pierres Noires Audierne Bay Supporting operations Dingson Samwest Titanic Cooney Jedburgh Pluto Mulberry Dragoon Aftermath Cemeteries The Normandy landings were the landing operations on Tuesday , 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II . Codenamed Operation Neptune and often referred to as D - Day , it was the largest seaborne invasion in history . The operation began the liberation of German - occupied northwestern Europe from Nazi control , and laid the foundations of the Allied victory on the Western Front . Planning for the operation began in 1943 .", "3": "In the months leading up to the invasion , the Allies conducted a substantial military deception , codenamed Operation Bodyguard , to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings . The weather on D - Day was far from ideal and the operation had to be delayed 24 hours ; a further postponement would have meant a delay of at least two weeks as the invasion planners had requirements for the phase of the moon , the tides , and the time of day that meant only a few days each month were deemed suitable . Adolf Hitler placed German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in command of German forces and of developing fortifications along the Atlantic Wall in anticipation of an Allied invasion . The amphibious landings were preceded by extensive aerial and naval bombardment and an airborne assault -- the landing of 24,000 American , British , and Canadian airborne troops shortly after midnight . Allied infantry and armoured divisions began landing on the coast of France at 06 : 30 . The target 50 - mile ( 80 km ) stretch of the Normandy coast was divided into five sectors : Utah , Omaha , Gold , Juno , and Sword . Strong winds blew the landing craft east of their intended positions , particularly at Utah and Omaha . The men landed under heavy fire from gun emplacements overlooking the beaches , and the shore was mined and covered with obstacles such as wooden stakes , metal tripods , and barbed wire , making the work of the beach - clearing teams difficult and dangerous . Casualties were heaviest at Omaha , with its high cliffs . At Gold , Juno , and Sword , several fortified towns were cleared in house - to - house fighting , and two major gun emplacements at Gold were disabled , using specialised tanks . The Allies failed to achieve any of their goals on the first day . Carentan , St. Lô , and Bayeux remained in German hands , and Caen , a major objective , was not captured until 21 July . Only two of the beaches ( Juno and Gold ) were linked on the first day , and all five beachheads were not connected until 12 June ; however , the operation gained a foothold which the Allies gradually expanded over the coming months . German casualties on D - Day have been estimated at 4,000 to 9,000 men .", "4": "Allied casualties were at least 10,000 , with 4,414 confirmed dead . Museums , memorials , and war cemeteries in the area now host many visitors each year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Operations 3 Deception plans 4 Weather 5 German order of battle 5.1 Cotentin Peninsula 5.2 Grandcamps Sector 5.3 Forces around Caen 6 Atlantic Wall 7 Armoured reserves 8 Allied order of battle 8.1 American zones 8.2 British and Canadian zones 9 Coordination with the French Resistance 10 Naval activity 10.1 Naval losses 11 Bombardment 12 Landings 12.1 Airborne operations 12.1. 1 American airborne landings 12.1. 2 British and Canadian airborne landings 12.2 Tank landings 12.3 Utah Beach 12.4 Pointe du Hoc 12.5 Omaha Beach 12.6 Gold Beach 12.7 Juno Beach 12.8 Sword Beach 13 Aftermath 14 War memorials and tourism 15 Depiction in media 15.1 Books 15.2 Film and television 15.3 Video games 16 See also 17 References 17.1 Notes 17.2 Citations 17.3 Bibliography 18 Further reading 19 External links Background After the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 , the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin began pressing his allies for the creation of a second front in western Europe . In late May 1942 the Soviet Union and the United States made a joint announcement that a `` ... full understanding was reached with regard to the urgent tasks of creating a second front in Europe in 1942 . '' However , British Prime Minister Winston Churchill persuaded American President Franklin D. Roosevelt to postpone the promised invasion as , even with American help , the Allies did not have adequate forces for such an activity . Instead of an immediate return to France , the western Allies staged offensives in the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations , where British troops were already stationed .", "5": "By mid-1943 the campaign in North Africa had been won . The Allies then launched the invasion of Sicily in July 1943 , and subsequently invaded the Italian mainland in September the same year . By then , Soviet forces were on the offensive and had won a major victory at the Battle of Stalingrad . The decision to undertake a cross-channel invasion within the next year was taken at the Trident Conference in Washington in May 1943 . Initial planning was constrained by the number of available landing craft , most of which were already committed in the Mediterranean and Pacific . At the Tehran Conference in November 1943 , Roosevelt and Churchill promised Stalin that they would open the long - delayed second front in May 1944 . Meeting of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) , 1 February 1944 . Front row : Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder ; General Dwight D. Eisenhower ; General Bernard Montgomery . Back row : Lieutenant General Omar Bradley ; Admiral Bertram Ramsay ; Air Chief Marshal Trafford Leigh - Mallory ; Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith . Four sites were considered for the landings : Brittany , the Cotentin Peninsula , Normandy , and the Pas de Calais . As Brittany and Cotentin are peninsulas , it would have been possible for the Germans to cut off the Allied advance at a relatively narrow isthmus , so these sites were rejected . With the Pas de Calais being the closest point in continental Europe to Britain , the Germans considered it to be the most likely initial landing zone , so it was the most heavily fortified region . But it offered few opportunities for expansion , as the area is bounded by numerous rivers and canals , whereas landings on a broad front in Normandy would permit simultaneous threats against the port of Cherbourg , coastal ports further west in Brittany , and an overland attack towards Paris and eventually into Germany . Normandy was hence chosen as the landing site . The most serious drawback of the Normandy coast -- the lack of port facilities -- would be overcome through the development of artificial Mulberry harbours . A series of specialised tanks , nicknamed Hobart 's Funnies , were created to deal with conditions expected during the Normandy Campaign , such as scaling sea walls and providing close support on the beach . The Allies planned to launch the invasion on 1 May 1944 .", "6": "The initial draft of the plan was accepted at the Quebec Conference in August 1943 . General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) . General Bernard Montgomery was named as commander of the 21st Army Group , which comprised all of the land forces involved in the invasion . On 31 December 1943 Eisenhower and Montgomery first saw the plan , which proposed amphibious landings by three divisions with two more divisions in support . The two generals immediately insisted that the scale of the initial invasion be expanded to five divisions , with airborne descents by three additional divisions , to allow operations on a wider front and speed up the capture of Cherbourg . The need to acquire or produce extra landing craft for the expanded operation meant that the invasion had to be delayed to June . Eventually , thirty - nine Allied divisions would be committed to the Battle of Normandy : twenty - two American , twelve British , three Canadian , one Polish , and one French , totalling over a million troops all under overall British command . Operations Operation Overlord was the name assigned to the establishment of a large - scale lodgement on the Continent . The first phase , the amphibious invasion and establishment of a secure foothold , was codenamed Operation Neptune . To gain the air superiority needed to ensure a successful invasion , the Allies undertook a bombing campaign ( codenamed Operation Pointblank ) that targeted German aircraft production , fuel supplies , and airfields . Elaborate deceptions , codenamed Operation Bodyguard , were undertaken in the months leading up to the invasion to prevent the Germans from learning the timing and location of the invasion . The landings were to be preceded by airborne operations near Caen on the eastern flank to secure the Orne River bridges and north of Carentan on the western flank . The Americans , assigned to land at Utah Beach and Omaha Beach , were to attempt to capture Carentan and St. Lô the first day , then cut off the Cotentin Peninsula and eventually capture the port facilities at Cherbourg . The British at Sword and Gold Beaches and Canadians at Juno Beach would protect the American flank and attempt to establish airfields near Caen . A secure lodgement would be established and an attempt made to hold all territory north of the Avranches - Falaise line within the first three weeks .", "7": "Montgomery envisaged a ninety - day battle , lasting until all Allied forces reached the River Seine . Deception plans Shoulder patches were designed for units of the fictitious First United States Army Group under George Patton Under the overall umbrella of Operation Bodyguard , the Allies conducted several subsidiary operations designed to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the Allied landings . Operation Fortitude included Fortitude North , a misinformation campaign using fake radio traffic to lead the Germans into expecting an attack on Norway , and Fortitude South , a major deception involving the creation of a fictitious First United States Army Group under Lieutenant General George S. Patton , supposedly located in Kent and Sussex . Fortitude South was intended to deceive the Germans into believing that the main attack would take place at Calais . Genuine radio messages from 21st Army Group were first routed to Kent via landline and then broadcast , to give the Germans the impression that most of the Allied troops were stationed there . Patton was stationed in England until 6 July , thus continuing to deceive the Germans into believing a second attack would take place at Calais . Many of the German radar stations on the French coast were destroyed in preparation for the landings . In addition , on the night before the invasion , a small group of Special Air Service ( SAS ) operators deployed dummy paratroopers over Le Havre and Isigny . These dummies led the Germans to believe that an additional airborne landing had occurred . On that same night , in Operation Taxable , No. 617 Squadron RAF dropped strips of `` window '' , metal foil that caused a radar return which was mistakenly interpreted by German radar operators as a naval convoy near Le Havre . The illusion was bolstered by a group of small vessels towing barrage balloons . A similar deception was undertaken near Boulogne - sur - Mer in the Pas de Calais area by No. 218 Squadron RAF in Operation Glimmer . Weather The invasion planners determined a set of conditions involving the phase of the moon , the tides , and the time of day that would be satisfactory on only a few days in each month . A full moon was desirable , as it would provide illumination for aircraft pilots and have the highest tides . The Allies wanted to schedule the landings for shortly before dawn , midway between low and high tide , with the tide coming in .", "8": "This would improve the visibility of obstacles on the beach , while minimising the amount of time the men would be exposed in the open . Eisenhower had tentatively selected 5 June as the date for the assault . However , on 4 June , conditions were unsuitable for a landing : high winds and heavy seas made it impossible to launch landing craft , and low clouds would prevent aircraft from finding their targets . Surface weather analysis map showing weather fronts on 5 June Group Captain James Stagg of the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) met Eisenhower on the evening of 4 June . He and his meteorological team predicted that the weather would improve enough for the invasion to proceed on 6 June . The next available dates with the required tidal conditions ( but without the desirable full moon ) would be two weeks later , from 18 to 20 June . Postponement of the invasion would have required recalling men and ships already in position to cross the Channel , and would have increased the chance that the invasion plans would be detected . After much discussion with the other senior commanders , Eisenhower decided that the invasion should go ahead on the 6th . A major storm battered the Normandy coast from 19 to 22 June , which would have made the beach landings impossible . Allied control of the Atlantic meant German meteorologists had less information than the Allies on incoming weather patterns . As the Luftwaffe meteorological centre in Paris was predicting two weeks of stormy weather , many Wehrmacht commanders left their posts to attend war games in Rennes , and men in many units were given leave . Field Marshal Erwin Rommel returned to Germany for his wife 's birthday and to meet with Hitler to try to obtain more Panzers . German order of Battle Nazi Germany had at its disposal fifty divisions in France and the Low Countries , with another eighteen stationed in Denmark and Norway . Fifteen divisions were in the process of formation in Germany . Combat losses throughout the war , particularly on the Eastern Front , meant that the Germans no longer had a pool of able young men from which to draw . German soldiers were now on average six years older than their Allied counterparts . Many in the Normandy area were Ostlegionen ( eastern legions ) -- conscripts and volunteers from Russia , Mongolia , and other areas of the Soviet Union .", "9": "They were provided mainly with unreliable captured equipment and lacked motorised transport . Many German units were under strength . German Supreme commander : Adolf Hitler Oberbefehlshaber West ( Supreme Commander West ; OB West ) : Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt ( Panzer Group West : General Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg ) Army Group B : Field Marshal Erwin Rommel 7th Army : Generaloberst Friedrich Dollmann LXXXIV Corps under General der Artillerie Erich Marcks Cotentin Peninsula Allied forces attacking Utah Beach faced the following German units stationed on the Cotentin Peninsula : 709th Static Infantry Division under Generalleutnant Karl - Wilhelm von Schlieben numbered 12,320 men , many of them Ostlegionen ( non-German conscripts recruited from Soviet prisoners of war , Georgians and Poles ) . 729th Grenadier Regiment 739th Grenadier Regiment 919th Grenadier Regiment Grandcamps sector German troops using captured French tanks ( Beutepanzer ) in Normandy , 1944 Americans assaulting Omaha Beach faced the following troops : 352nd Infantry Division under Generalleutnant Dietrich Kraiss , a full - strength unit of around 12,000 brought in by Rommel on 15 March and reinforced by two additional regiments . 914th Grenadier Regiment 915th Grenadier Regiment ( as reserves ) 916th Grenadier Regiment 726th Infantry Regiment ( from 716th Infantry Division ) 352nd Artillery Regiment Allied forces at Gold and Juno faced the following elements of the 352nd Infantry Division : 914th Grenadier Regiment 915th Grenadier Regiment 916th Grenadier Regiment 352nd Artillery Regiment Forces around Caen Allied forces attacking Gold , Juno , and Sword Beaches faced the following German units : 716th Static Infantry Division under Generalleutnant Wilhelm Richter . At 7,000 troops , the division was significantly understrength . 736th Infantry Regiment 1716th Artillery Regiment 21st Panzer Division , ( south of Caen ) under Generalmajor Edgar Feuchtinger included 146 tanks and 50 assault guns , plus supporting infantry and artillery .", "10": "100th Panzer Regiment 125th Panzergrenadier Regiment 192nd Panzergrenadier Regiment 155th Panzer Artillery Regiment Atlantic wall Main articles : Atlantic Wall and English Channel Map of the Atlantic Wall , shown in yellow Axis and occupied countries Allies and occupied countries Neutral countries Alarmed by the raids on St Nazaire and Dieppe in 1942 , Hitler had ordered the construction of fortifications all along the Atlantic coast , from Spain to Norway , to protect against an expected Allied invasion . He envisioned 15,000 emplacements manned by 300,000 troops , but shortages , particularly of concrete and manpower , meant that most of the strongpoints were never built . As it was expected to be the site of the invasion , the Pas de Calais was heavily defended . In the Normandy area , the best fortifications were concentrated at the port facilities at Cherbourg and Saint - Malo . Rommel was assigned to oversee the construction of further fortifications along the expected invasion front , which stretched from the Netherlands to Cherbourg , and was given command of the newly re-formed Army Group B , which included the 7th Army , the 15th Army , and the forces guarding the Netherlands . Reserves for this group included the 2nd , 21st , and 116th Panzer divisions . Rommel believed that the Normandy coast could be a possible landing point for the invasion , so he ordered the construction of extensive defensive works along that shore . In addition to concrete gun emplacements at strategic points along the coast , he ordered wooden stakes , metal tripods , mines , and large anti-tank obstacles to be placed on the beaches to delay the approach of landing craft and impede the movement of tanks . Expecting the Allies to land at high tide so that the infantry would spend less time exposed on the beach , he ordered many of these obstacles to be placed at the high water mark . Tangles of barbed wire , booby traps , and the removal of ground cover made the approach hazardous for infantry . On Rommel 's order , the number of mines along the coast was tripled . The Allied air offensive over Germany had crippled the Luftwaffe and established air supremacy over western Europe , so Rommel knew he could not expect effective air support .", "11": "The Luftwaffe could muster only 815 aircraft over Normandy in comparison to the Allies ' 9,543 . Rommel arranged for booby - trapped stakes known as Rommelspargel ( Rommel 's asparagus ) to be installed in meadows and fields to deter airborne landings . Armoured reserves Rommel believed that Germany 's best chance was to stop the invasion at the shore . He requested that the mobile reserves , especially tanks , be stationed as close to the coast as possible . Rundstedt , Geyr , and other senior commanders objected . They believed that the invasion could not be stopped on the beaches . Geyr argued for a conventional doctrine : keeping the Panzer formations concentrated in a central position around Paris and Rouen and deploying them only when the main Allied beachhead had been identified . He also noted that , in the Italian Campaign , the armoured units stationed near the coast had been damaged by naval bombardment . Rommel 's opinion was that , because of Allied air supremacy , the large - scale movement of tanks would not be possible once the invasion was under way . Hitler made the final decision , which was to leave three Panzer divisions under Geyr 's command and give Rommel operational control of three more as reserves . Hitler took personal control of four divisions as strategic reserves , not to be used without his direct orders . Allied order of Battle D - day assault routes into Normandy Commander , SHAEF : General Dwight D. Eisenhower Commander , 21st Army Group : General Bernard Montgomery American zones Commander , First Army ( United States ) : Lieutenant General Omar Bradley The First Army contingent totalled approximately 73,000 men , including 15,600 from the airborne divisions .", "12": "Utah Beach VII Corps , commanded by Major General J. Lawton Collins 4th Infantry Division : Major General Raymond O. Barton 82nd Airborne Division : Major General Matthew Ridgway 90th Infantry Division : Brigadier General Jay W. MacKelvie 101st Airborne Division : Major General Maxwell D. Taylor Omaha Beach V Corps , commanded by Major General Leonard T. Gerow , making up 34,250 men 1st Infantry Division : Major General Clarence R. Huebner 29th Infantry Division : Major General Charles H. Gerhardt British and Canadian zones Royal Marine Commandos attached to 3rd Infantry Division move inland from Sword Beach , 6 June 1944 Commander , Second Army ( Britain and Canada ) : Lieutenant General Sir Miles Dempsey Overall , the Second Army contingent consisted of 83,115 men , 61,715 of them British . The nominally British air and naval support units included a large number of personnel from Allied nations , including several RAF squadrons manned almost exclusively by overseas air crew . For example , the Australian contribution to the operation included a regular Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) squadron , nine Article XV squadrons , and hundreds of personnel posted to RAF units and RN warships . The RAF supplied two - thirds of the aircraft involved in the invasion . Gold Beach XXX Corps , commanded by Lieutenant General Gerard Bucknall 50th ( Northumbrian ) Infantry Division : Major General D.A.H. Graham Juno Beach Main article : Juno Beach order of battle British I Corps , commanded by Lieutenant General John Crocker 3rd Canadian Division : Major General Rod Keller Sword Beach British I Corps , commanded by Lieutenant General John Crocker 3rd Infantry Division : Major General Tom Rennie 6th Airborne Division : Major General R.N. Gale 79th Armoured Division : Major General Percy Hobart provided specialised armoured vehicles which supported the landings on all beaches in Second Army 's sector . Coordination with the French resistance Members of the French Resistance and the U.S.", "13": "82nd Airborne division discuss the situation during the Battle of Normandy in 1944 Through the London - based État - major des Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur ( French Forces of the Interior ) , the British Special Operations Executive orchestrated a massive campaign of sabotage to be implemented by the French Resistance . The Allies developed four plans for the Resistance to execute on D - Day and the following days : Plan Vert was a 15 - day operation to sabotage the rail system . Plan Bleu dealt with destroying electrical facilities . Plan Tortue was a delaying operation aimed at the enemy forces that would potentially reinforce Axis forces at Normandy . Plan Violet dealt with cutting underground telephone and teleprinter cables . The resistance was alerted to carry out these tasks by messages personnels transmitted by the BBC 's French service from London . Several hundred of these messages , which might be snatches of poetry , quotations from literature , or random sentences , were regularly transmitted , masking the few that were actually significant . In the weeks preceding the landings , lists of messages and their meanings were distributed to resistance groups . An increase in radio activity on 5 June was correctly interpreted by German intelligence to mean that an invasion was imminent or underway . However , because of the barrage of previous false warnings and misinformation , most units ignored the warning . A 1965 report from the Counter-insurgency Information Analysis Center details the results of the French Resistance 's sabotage efforts : `` In the southeast , 52 locomotives were destroyed on 6 June and the railway line cut in more than 500 places . Normandy was isolated as of 7 June . '' Naval activity D - Day planning map , used at Southwick House Large landing craft convoy crosses the English Channel on 6 June 1944 Naval operations for the invasion were described by historian Correlli Barnett as a `` never surpassed masterpiece of planning '' . In overall command was British Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay , who had served as Flag officer at Dover during the Dunkirk evacuation four years earlier . He had also been responsible for the naval planning of the invasion of North Africa in 1942 , and one of the two fleets carrying troops for the invasion of Sicily the following year .", "14": "The invasion fleet was drawn from eight different navies , comprising 6,939 vessels : 1,213 warships , 4,126 landing craft of various types , 736 ancillary craft , and 864 merchant vessels . The majority of the fleet was supplied by the UK , which provided 892 warships and 3,261 landing craft . There were 195,700 naval personnel involved . The invasion fleet was split into the Western Naval Task Force ( under Admiral Alan G Kirk ) supporting the American sectors and the Eastern Naval Task Force ( under Admiral Sir Philip Vian ) in the British and Canadian sectors . Available to the fleet were five battleships , 20 cruisers , 65 destroyers , and two monitors . German ships in the area on D - Day included three torpedo boats , 29 fast attack craft , 36 R boats , and 36 minesweepers and patrol boats . The Germans also had several U-boats available , and all the approaches had been heavily mined . Naval losses At 05 : 10 , four German torpedo boats reached the Eastern Task Force and launched fifteen torpedoes , sinking the Norwegian destroyer HNoMS Svenner off Sword beach but missing the battleships HMS Warspite and Ramillies . After attacking , the German vessels turned away and fled east into a smoke screen that had been laid by the RAF to shield the fleet from the long - range battery at Le Havre . Allied losses to mines included USS Corry off Utah and USS PC - 1261 , a 173 - foot patrol craft . In addition , many landing craft were lost . Bombardment Main article : Bombing of Normandy Map of the invasion area showing channels cleared of mines , location of vessels engaged in bombardment , and targets on shore Bombing of Normandy began around midnight with more than 2,200 British , Canadian , and American bombers attacking targets along the coast and further inland . The coastal bombing attack was largely ineffective at Omaha , because low cloud cover made the assigned targets difficult to see . Concerned about inflicting casualties on their own troops , many bombers delayed their attacks too long and failed to hit the beach defences . The Germans had 570 aircraft stationed in Normandy and the Low Countries on D - Day , and another 964 in Germany .", "15": "Minesweepers began clearing channels for the invasion fleet shortly after midnight and finished just after dawn without encountering the enemy . The Western Task Force included the battleships Arkansas , Nevada , and Texas , plus eight cruisers , 28 destroyers , and one monitor . The Eastern Task Force included the battleships Ramillies and Warspite and the monitor Roberts , twelve cruisers , and thirty - seven destroyers . Naval bombardment of areas behind the beach commenced at 05 : 45 , while it was still dark , with the gunners switching to pre-assigned targets on the beach as soon as it was light enough to see , at 05 : 50 . Since troops were scheduled to land at Utah and Omaha starting at 06 : 30 ( an hour earlier than the British beaches ) , these areas received only about 40 minutes of naval bombardment before the assault troops began to land on the shore . Landings Airborne operations The success of the amphibious landings depended on the establishment of a secure lodgement from which to expand the beachhead to allow the buildup of a well - supplied force capable of breaking out . The amphibious forces were especially vulnerable to strong enemy counter-attacks before the arrival of sufficient forces in the beachhead could be accomplished . To slow or eliminate the enemy 's ability to organise and launch counter-attacks during this critical period , airborne operations were used to seize key objectives such as bridges , road crossings , and terrain features , particularly on the eastern and western flanks of the landing areas . The airborne landings some distance behind the beaches were also intended to ease the egress of the amphibious forces off the beaches , and in some cases to neutralise German coastal defence batteries and more quickly expand the area of the beachhead . The US 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions were assigned to objectives west of Utah Beach , where they hoped to capture and control the few narrow causeways through terrain that had been intentionally flooded by the Germans . Reports from Allied intelligence in mid-May of the arrival of the German 91st Infantry Division meant the intended drop zones had to be shifted eastward and to the south .", "16": "The British 6th Airborne Division , on the eastern flank , was assigned to capture intact the bridges over the Caen Canal and River Orne , destroy five bridges over the Dives 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) to the east , and destroy the Merville Gun Battery overlooking Sword Beach . Free French paratroopers from the British SAS Brigade were assigned to objectives in Brittany from 5 June until August in Operations Dingson , Samwest , and Cooney . BBC war correspondent Robert Barr described the scene as paratroopers prepared to board their aircraft : Their faces were darkened with cocoa ; sheathed knives were strapped to their ankles ; tommy guns strapped to their waists ; bandoliers and hand grenades , coils of rope , pick handles , spades , rubber dinghies hung around them , and a few personal oddments , like the lad who was taking a newspaper to read on the plane ... There was an easy familiar touch about the way they were getting ready , as though they had done it often before . Well , yes , they had kitted up and climbed aboard often just like this -- twenty , thirty , forty times some of them , but it had never been quite like this before . This was the first combat jump for every one of them . American airborne landings Main article : American airborne landings in Normandy Gliders are delivered to the Cotentin Peninsula by Douglas C - 47 Skytrains. 6 June 1944 The American airborne landings began with the arrival of pathfinders at 00 : 15 . Navigation was difficult because of a bank of thick cloud , and as a result only one of the five paratrooper drop zones was accurately marked with radar signals and Aldis lamps . Paratroopers of the US 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions , numbering over 13,000 men , were delivered by Douglas C - 47 Skytrains of the IX Troop Carrier Command . To avoid flying over the invasion fleet , the planes arrived from the west over the Cotentin Peninsula and exited over Utah Beach . Paratroops from 101st Airborne were dropped beginning around 01 : 30 , tasked with controlling the causeways behind Utah Beach and destroying road and rail bridges over the Douve River .", "17": "The C - 47s could not fly in a tight formation because of thick cloud cover , and many paratroopers were dropped far from their intended landing zones . Many planes came in so low that they were under fire from both flak and machine gun fire . Some paratroopers were killed on impact when their parachutes did not have time to open , and others drowned in the flooded fields . Gathering together into fighting units was made difficult by a shortage of radios and by the bocage terrain , with its hedgerows , stone walls , and marshes . Some units did not arrive at their targets until afternoon , by which time several of the causeways had already been cleared by members of the 4th Infantry Division moving up from the beach . Troops of the 82nd Airborne began arriving around 02 : 30 , with the primary objective of capturing two bridges over the River Merderet and destroying two bridges over the Douve . On the east side of the river , 75 per cent of the paratroopers landed in or near their drop zone , and within two hours they captured the important crossroads at Sainte - Mère - Église ( the first town liberated in the invasion ) and began working to protect the western flank . Because of the failure of the pathfinders to accurately mark their drop zone , the two regiments dropped on the west side of the Merderet were extremely scattered , with only four per cent landing in the target area . Many landed in nearby swamps , with much loss of life . Paratroopers consolidated into small groups , usually a combination of men of various ranks from different units , and attempted to concentrate on nearby objectives . They captured but failed to hold the Merderet River bridge at La Fière , and fighting for the crossing continued for several days . Reinforcements arrived by glider around 04 : 00 ( Mission Chicago and Mission Detroit ) , and 21 : 00 ( Mission Keokuk and Mission Elmira ) , bringing additional troops and heavy equipment . Like the paratroopers , many landed far from their drop zones . Even those that landed on target experienced difficulty , with heavy cargo such as Jeeps shifting during landing , crashing through the wooden fuselage , and in some cases crushing personnel on board .", "18": "After 24 hours , only 2,500 men of the 101st and 2,000 of the 82nd Airborne were under the control of their divisions , approximately a third of the force dropped . This wide dispersal had the effect of confusing the Germans and fragmenting their response . The 7th Army received notification of the parachute drops at 01 : 20 , but Rundstedt did not initially believe that a major invasion was underway . The destruction of radar stations along the Normandy coast in the week before the invasion meant that the Germans did not detect the approaching fleet until 02 : 00 . British and Canadian airborne landings Main article : Operation Tonga An abandoned Waco CG - 4 glider is examined by German troops The first Allied action of D - Day was Operation Deadstick , a glider assault at 00 : 16 at Pegasus Bridge over the Caen Canal and the bridge ( since renamed Horsa Bridge ) over the Orne , half a mile ( 800 metres ) to the east . Both bridges were quickly captured intact , with light casualties , by members of the 5th Parachute Brigade and the 7th ( Light Infantry ) Parachute Battalion . The five bridges over the Dives were destroyed with minimal difficulty by the 3rd Parachute Brigade . Meanwhile , the pathfinders tasked with setting up radar beacons and lights for further paratroopers ( scheduled to begin arriving at 00 : 50 to clear the landing zone north of Ranville ) were blown off course , and had to set up the navigation aids too far east . Many paratroopers , also blown too far east , landed far from their intended drop zones ; some took hours or even days to be reunited with their units . Major General Richard Gale arrived in the third wave of gliders at 03 : 30 , along with equipment , such as antitank guns and jeeps , and more troops to help secure the area from counter-attacks , which were initially staged only by troops in the immediate vicinity of the landings . At 02 : 00 , the commander of the German 716th Infantry Division ordered Feuchtinger to move his 21st Panzer Division into position to counter-attack .", "19": "However , as the division was part of the armoured reserve , Feuchtinger was obliged to seek clearance from OKW before he could commit his formation . Feuchtinger did not receive orders until nearly 09 : 00 , but in the meantime on his own initiative he put together a battle group ( including tanks ) to fight the British forces east of the Orne . Only 160 men out of the 600 members of the 9th Battalion tasked with eliminating the enemy battery at Merville arrived at the rendezvous point . Lieutenant Colonel Terence Otway , in charge of the operation , decided to proceed regardless , as the emplacement had to be destroyed by 06 : 00 to prevent it firing on the invasion fleet and the troops arriving on Sword Beach . In the Battle of Merville Gun Battery , Allied forces disabled the guns with plastic explosives at a cost of 75 casualties . The emplacement was found to contain 75 mm guns rather than the expected 150 mm heavy coastal artillery . Otway 's remaining force withdrew with the assistance of a few members of the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion . With this action , the last of the D - Day goals of the British 6th Airborne Division was achieved . They were reinforced at 12 : 00 by commandos of the 1st Special Service Brigade , who landed on Sword Beach , and by the 6th Airlanding Brigade , who arrived in gliders at 21 : 00 in Operation Mallard . Tank landings Some of the landing craft had been modified to provide close support fire , and self - propelled amphibious Duplex - Drive tanks ( DD tanks ) , specially designed for the Normandy landings , were to land shortly before the infantry to provide covering fire . However , few arrived in advance of the infantry , and many sank before reaching the shore , especially at Omaha . Utah beach Main article : Utah Beach Carrying their equipment , U.S. assault troops move onto Utah Beach . Landing craft can be seen in the background . Utah Beach was in the area defended by two battalions of the 919th Grenadier Regiment . Members of the 8th Infantry Regiment of the 4th Infantry Division were the first to land , arriving at 06 : 30 .", "20": "Their landing craft were pushed to the south by strong currents , and they found themselves about 2,000 yards ( 1.8 km ) from their intended landing zone . This site turned out to be better , as there was only one strongpoint nearby rather than two , and bombers of IX Bomber Command had bombed the defences from lower than their prescribed altitude , inflicting considerable damage . In addition , the strong currents had washed ashore many of the underwater obstacles . The assistant commander of the 4th Infantry Division , Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt , Jr. , the first senior officer ashore , made the decision to `` start the war from right here '' , and ordered further landings to be re-routed . The initial assault battalions were quickly followed by 28 DD tanks and several waves of engineer and demolition teams to remove beach obstacles and clear the area directly behind the beach of obstacles and mines . Gaps were blown in the sea wall to allow quicker access for troops and tanks . Combat teams began to exit the beach at around 09 : 00 , with some infantry wading through the flooded fields rather than travelling on the single road . They skirmished throughout the day with elements of the 919th Grenadier Regiment , who were armed with antitank guns and rifles . The main strongpoint in the area and another 1,300 yards ( 1.2 km ) to the south were disabled by noon . The 4th Infantry Division did not meet all of their D - Day objectives at Utah Beach , partly because they had arrived too far to the south , but they landed 21,000 troops at the cost of only 197 casualties . Pointe du Hoc Main article : Pointe du Hoc U.S. Rangers scaling the wall at Pointe du Hoc Pointe du Hoc , a prominent headland situated between Utah and Omaha , was assigned to two hundred men of 2nd Ranger Battalion , commanded by Lieutenant Colonel James Rudder . Their task was to scale the 30m ( 100ft ) cliffs with grappling hooks , ropes , and ladders to destroy the coastal gun battery located at the top . The cliffs were defended by the German 352nd Infantry Division and French collaborators firing from above . Allied destroyers Satterlee and Talybont provided fire support .", "21": "After scaling the cliffs , the Rangers discovered that the guns had already been withdrawn . They located the weapons , unguarded but ready to use , in an orchard some 550 metres ( 600 yd ) south of the point , and disabled them with explosives . The now - isolated Rangers fended off numerous counter-attacks from the German 914th Grenadier Regiment . The men at the point became isolated and some were captured . By dawn on D + 1 , Rudder had only 90 men able to fight . Relief did not arrive until D + 2 , when members of the 743rd Tank Battalion and others arrived . By then , Rudder 's men had run out of ammunition and were using captured German weapons . Several men were killed as a result , because the German weapons made a distinctive noise , and the men were mistaken for the enemy . By the end of the battle , the Rangers casualties were 135 dead and wounded , while German casualties were 50 killed and 40 captured . An unknown number of French collaborators were executed . Omaha beach Main article : Omaha Beach U.S. assault troops in an LCVP landing craft approach Omaha Beach , 6 June 1944 . Omaha , the most heavily defended beach , was assigned to the 1st Infantry Division and 29th Infantry Division . They faced the 352nd Infantry Division rather than the expected single regiment . Strong currents forced many landing craft east of their intended position or caused them to be delayed . For fear of hitting the landing craft , American bombers delayed releasing their loads and , as a result , most of the beach obstacles at Omaha remained undamaged when the men came ashore . Many of the landing craft ran aground on sandbars and the men had to wade 50 - 100m in water up to their necks while under fire to get to the beach . In spite of the rough seas , DD tanks of two companies of the 741st Tank Battalion were dropped 5,000 yards ( 4,600 m ) from shore ; however , 27 of the 32 flooded and sank , with the loss of 33 crew . Some tanks , disabled on the beach , continued to provide covering fire until their ammunition ran out or they were swamped by the rising tide .", "22": "Casualties were around 2,000 , as the men were subjected to fire from the cliffs above . Problems clearing the beach of obstructions led to the beachmaster calling a halt to further landings of vehicles at 08 : 30 . A group of destroyers arrived around this time to provide fire support so landings could resume . Exit from the beach was possible only via five heavily defended gullies , and by late morning barely 600 men had reached the higher ground . By noon , as the artillery fire took its toll and the Germans started to run out of ammunition , the Americans were able to clear some lanes on the beaches . They also started clearing the gullies of enemy defences so that vehicles could move off the beach . The tenuous beachhead was expanded over the following days , and the D - Day objectives for Omaha were accomplished by D + 3 . Gold beach Main article : Gold Beach British troops come ashore at Jig Green sector , Gold Beach The first landings on Gold beach were set for 07 : 25 due to the differences in the tide between there and the American beaches . High winds made conditions difficult for the landing craft , and the amphibious DD tanks were released close to shore or directly on the beach instead of further out as planned . Three of the four guns in a large emplacement at the Longues - sur - Mer battery were disabled by direct hits from the cruisers Ajax and Argonaut at 06 : 20 . The fourth gun resumed firing intermittently in the afternoon , and its garrison surrendered on 7 June . Aerial attacks had failed to hit the Le Hamel strongpoint , which had its embrasure facing east to provide enfilade fire along the beach and had a thick concrete wall on the seaward side . Its 75 mm gun continued to do damage until 16 : 00 , when a modified Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers ( AVRE ) tank fired a large petard charge into its rear entrance . A second casemated emplacement at La Rivière containing an 88 mm gun was neutralised by a tank at 07 : 30 . Meanwhile , infantry began clearing the heavily fortified houses along the shore and advanced on targets further inland . The No.", "23": "47 ( Royal Marine ) Commando moved toward the small port at Port - en - Bessin and captured it the following day in the Battle of Port - en - Bessin . Company Sergeant Major Stanley Hollis received the only Victoria Cross awarded on D - Day for his actions while attacking two pillboxes at the Mont Fleury high point . On the western flank , the 1st Battalion , Hampshire Regiment captured Arromanches ( future site of Mulberry `` B '' ) , and contact was made on the eastern flank with the Canadian forces at Juno . Bayeux was not captured the first day due to stiff resistance from the 352nd Infantry Division . Allied casualties at Gold Beach are estimated at 1,000 . Juno beach Main article : Juno Beach Personnel of Royal Canadian Navy Beach Commando `` W '' land on Mike Beach sector of Juno Beach , 6 June 1944 The landing at Juno was delayed because of choppy seas , and the men arrived ahead of their supporting armour , suffering many casualties while disembarking . Most of the offshore bombardment had missed the German defences . Several exits from the beach were created , but not without difficulty . At Mike Beach on the western flank , a large crater was filled using an abandoned AVRE tank and several rolls of fascine , which were then covered by a temporary bridge . The tank remained in place until 1972 , when it was removed and restored by members of the Royal Engineers . The beach and nearby streets were clogged with traffic for most of the day , making it difficult to move inland . Major German strongpoints with 75 mm guns , machine - gun nests , concrete fortifications , barbed wire , and mines were located at Courseulles - sur - Mer , St Aubin - sur - Mer , and Bernières - sur - Mer . The towns themselves also had to be cleared in house - to - house fighting . Soldiers on their way to Bény - sur - Mer , 3 miles ( 5 km ) inland , discovered that the road was well covered by machine gun emplacements that had to be outflanked before the advance could proceed . Elements of the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade advanced to within sight of the Carpiquet airfield late in the afternoon , but by this time their supporting armour was low on ammunition so the Canadians dug in for the night .", "24": "The airfield was not captured until a month later as the area became the scene of fierce fighting . By nightfall , the contiguous Juno and Gold beachheads covered an area 12 miles ( 19 km ) wide and 7 miles ( 10 km ) deep . Casualties at Juno were 961 men . Sword beach Main article : Sword Beach British troops take cover after landing on Sword Beach . On Sword , 21 of 25 DD tanks of the first wave were successful in getting safely ashore to provide cover for the infantry , who began disembarking at 07 : 30 . The beach was heavily mined and peppered with obstacles , making the work of the beach clearing teams difficult and dangerous . In the windy conditions , the tide came in more quickly than expected , so manoeuvring the armour was difficult . The beach quickly became congested . Brigadier Simon Fraser , 15th Lord Lovat and his 1st Special Service Brigade arrived in the second wave , piped ashore by Private Bill Millin , Lovat 's personal piper . Members of No. 4 Commando moved through Ouistreham to attack from the rear a German gun battery on the shore . A concrete observation and control tower at this emplacement had to be bypassed and was not captured until several days later . French forces under Commander Philippe Kieffer ( the first French soldiers to arrive in Normandy ) attacked and cleared the heavily fortified strongpoint at the casino at Riva Bella , with the aid of one of the DD tanks . The ' Morris ' strongpoint near Colleville - sur - Mer was captured after about an hour of fighting . The nearby ' Hillman ' strongpoint , headquarters of the 736th Infantry Regiment , was a large complex defensive work that had come through the morning 's bombardment essentially undamaged . It was not captured until 20 : 15 . The 2nd Battalion , King 's Shropshire Light Infantry began advancing to Caen on foot , coming within a few kilometres of the town , but had to withdraw due to lack of armour support . At 16 : 00 , the 21st Panzer Division mounted a counter-attack between Sword and Juno and nearly succeeded in reaching the Channel .", "25": "It met stiff resistance from the British 3rd Division and was soon recalled to assist in the area between Caen and Bayeux . Estimates of Allied casualties on Sword Beach are as high as 1,000 . Aftermath Supply landings at Omaha Beach , mid-June 1944 Situation map for 24 : 00 , 6 June 1944 The Normandy landings were the largest seaborne invasion in history , with nearly 5,000 landing and assault craft , 289 escort vessels , and 277 minesweepers participating . Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on D - Day , with 875,000 men disembarking by the end of June . Allied casualties on the first day were at least 10,000 , with 4,414 confirmed dead . The Germans lost 1,000 men . The Allied invasion plans had called for the capture of Carentan , St. Lô , Caen , and Bayeux on the first day , with all the beaches ( other than Utah ) linked with a front line 10 to 16 kilometres ( 6 to 10 mi ) from the beaches ; none of these objectives were achieved . The five bridgeheads were not connected until 12 June , by which time the Allies held a front around 97 kilometres ( 60 mi ) long and 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) deep . Caen , a major objective , was still in German hands at the end of D - Day and would not be completely captured until 21 July . The Germans had ordered French civilians other than those deemed essential to the war effort to leave potential combat zones in Normandy . Civilian casualties on D - Day and D + 1 are estimated at 3,000 people . Victory in Normandy stemmed from several factors . German preparations along the Atlantic Wall were only partially finished ; shortly before D - Day Rommel reported that construction was only 18 per cent complete in some areas as resources were diverted elsewhere . The deceptions undertaken in Operation Fortitude were successful , leaving the Germans obliged to defend a huge stretch of coastline . The Allies achieved and maintained air supremacy , which meant that the Germans were unable to make observations of the preparations underway in Britain and were unable to interfere via bomber attacks .", "26": "Infrastructure for transport in France was severely disrupted by Allied bombers and the French Resistance , making it difficult for the Germans to bring up reinforcements and supplies . Some of the opening bombardment was off - target or not concentrated enough to have any impact , but the specialised armour worked well except on Omaha , providing close artillery support for the troops as they disembarked onto the beaches . Indecisiveness and an overly complicated command structure on the part of the German high command were also factors in the Allied success . War memorials and tourism The Bény - sur - Mer Canadian War Cemetery The La Cambe German war cemetery , near Bayeux At Omaha Beach , parts of the Mulberry harbour are still visible , and a few of the beach obstacles remain . A memorial to the American National Guard sits at the location of a former German strongpoint . Pointe du Hoc is little changed from 1944 , with the terrain covered with bomb craters and most of the concrete bunkers still in place . The Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial is nearby , in Colleville - sur - Mer . A museum about the Utah landings is located at Sainte - Marie - du - Mont , and there is one dedicated to the activities of the American airmen at Sainte - Mère - Église . Two German military cemeteries are located nearby . Pegasus Bridge , a target of the British 6th Airborne , was the site of some of the earliest action of the Normandy landings . The bridge was replaced in 1994 by one similar in appearance , and the original is now housed on the grounds of a nearby museum complex . Sections of Mulberry Harbour B still sit in the sea at Arromanches , and the well - preserved Longues - sur - Mer battery is nearby . The Juno Beach Centre , opened in 2003 , was funded by the Canadian federal and provincial governments , France , and Canadian veterans .", "27": "Depiction in media Books The Longest Day ( 1959 book ) D - Day : The Battle for Normandy by Antony Beevor , Viking Penguin , ( 2009 book ) Film and television The Longest Day ( 1962 film ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 film ) Band of Brothers ( 2001 miniseries ) Video games Medal of Honor : Allied Assault ( 2002 ) Medal of Honor : Frontline ( 2002 ) Call of Duty 2 ( 2005 ) Call of Duty : WWII ( 2017 ) See also Normandy portal World War II portal Commonwealth War Graves Commission D - Day Daily Telegraph crossword security alarm Martha Gellhorn , the only woman to land at Normandy on D - Day List of Allied warships in the Normandy landings Wireless Set No. 46 References Notes Jump up ^ The official British history gives an estimated figure of 156,115 men landed on D - Day . This comprised 57,500 Americans and 75,215 British and Canadians from the sea and 15,500 Americans and 7,900 British from the air . Ellis , Allen & Warhurst 2004 , pp. 521 -- 533 . Jump up ^ The original estimate for Allied casualties was 10,000 , of which 2,500 were killed . Research under way by the National D - Day Memorial has confirmed 4,414 deaths , of which 2,499 were American and 1,915 were from other nations . Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 87 . Citations ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2009 , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Williams 1988 , p. x . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 492 . Jump up ^ Wenande 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2009 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ US Navy website . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 342 .", "28": "Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 60 , 63 , 118 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Johnson 2005 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Napier 2015 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Portsmouth Museum Services . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Folliard 1942 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , pp. 177 -- 178 , chart p. 180 . Jump up ^ Churchill 1951 , p. 404 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , pp. 33 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Wilmot 1997 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1994 , pp. 73 -- 74 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 1989 , p. 491 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , pp. 12 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 1995 , p. 684 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis , Allen & Warhurst 2004 , pp. 521 -- 533 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2009 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Churchill 1951 , pp. 592 -- 593 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2009 , Map , inside front cover . Jump up ^ Weinberg 1995 , p. 698 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 1995 , p. 680 . Jump up ^ Brown 2007 , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , pp. 71 -- 72 .", "29": "Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 282 . ^ Jump up to : Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Bickers 1994 , pp. 19 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , pp. 224 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Francois 2013 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1994 , pp. 16 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 60 , 63 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 63 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1994 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 54 -- 56 .", "30": "Jump up ^ Murray 1983 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Murray 1983 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Hooton 1999 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Whitmarsh 2009 , Map , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Stanley 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Holland 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 271 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 270 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Douthit 1988 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Escott 2010 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Special Operations Research Office 1965 , pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Yung 2006 , p. 133 . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1994 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Churchill 1951 , p. 594 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Weigley 1981 , pp. 136 -- 137 . ^ Jump up to : Wilmot 1997 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p.", "31": "255 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1994 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , pp. 81 , 117 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , pp. 51 -- 52 , 69 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 125 , 128 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Corta 1952 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Corta 1997 , pp. 65 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Barr 1944 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Wilmot 1997 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , pp. 61 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 166 -- 167 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Wilmot 1997 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 149 -- 150 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 246 -- 247 .", "32": "Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 228 , 230 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , pp. 56 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , Map , pp. 216 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1994 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 131 , 160 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 158 -- 159 , 164 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2009 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 95 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2009 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 64 -- 65 , 334 .", "33": "Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 76 -- 77 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2009 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 333 -- 334 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 90 -- 91 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 56 , 83 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 276 -- 277 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 281 -- 282 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 298 -- 299 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 292 . ^ Jump up to : Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 289 -- 290 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , pp. 272 -- 273 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , pp. 274 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 312 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , Map , p. 314 -- 315 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , pp. 133 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 135 .", "34": "Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 239 -- 240 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2009 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 248 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , pp. 143 , 148 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 326 -- 327 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 335 . Jump up ^ Horn 2010 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 360 . Jump up ^ Flint 2009 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Flint 2009 , p. 336 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 346 -- 348 . Jump up ^ Mémorial Pegasus . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 352 .", "35": "Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , pp. 349 -- 350 . Bibliography Ambrose , Stephen ( 1994 ) ( 1993 ) . D - Day June 6 , 1944 : The Climactic Battle of World War II . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 67334 - 5 . Beevor , Antony ( 2009 ) . D - Day : The Battle for Normandy . New York ; Toronto : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02119 - 2 . Bickers , Richard Townshend ( 1994 ) . Air War Normandy . London : Leo Cooper . ISBN 0 - 85052 - 412 - 1 . Brown , Anthony Cave ( 2007 ) ( 1975 ) . Bodyguard of Lies : The Extraordinary True Story Behind D - Day . Guilford , CT : Globe Pequot . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59921 - 383 - 5 . Churchill , Winston ( 1951 ) ( 1948 ) . Closing the Ring . The Second World War . V. Boston : Houghton Mifflin . OCLC 396150 . Corta , Henry ( 1952 ) . Les bérets rouges ( The Red Berets ) ( in French ) . Paris : Amicale des anciens parachutistes SAS . OCLC 8226637 . Corta , Henry ( 1997 ) . Qui ose gagne ( Who dares , wins ) ( in French ) . Vincennes , France : Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre . ISBN 978 - 2 - 86323 - 103 - 6 . `` D - Day and the Battle of Normandy : Your Questions Answered '' . Portsmouth Museum Services . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Douthit , Howard L. III ( 1988 ) . The Use and Effectiveness of Sabotage as a Means of Unconventional Warfare - An Historical Perspective from World War I Through Vietnam ( PDF ) ( M.Sc . thesis ) .", "36": "Wright - Patterson Air Force Base , Ohio : Air Force Institute of Technology . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Ellis , L.F. ; Allen , G.R.G. ; Warhurst , A.E. ( 2004 ) ( 1962 ) . Butler , J.R.M , ed . Victory in the West , Volume I : The Battle of Normandy . History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series . London : Naval & Military Press . ISBN 1 - 84574 - 058 - 0 . Escott , Beryl E. ( 2010 ) . The Heroines of SOE : Britain 's Secret Women in France . Stroud , Gloucestershire : History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5661 - 4 . Flint , Edward R ( 2009 ) . The development of British civil affairs and its employment in the British Sector of Allied military operations during the Battle of Normandy , June to August 1944 ( Ph. D. thesis ) . Cranfield , Bedford : Cranfield University ; Cranfield Defence and Security School , Department of Applied Science , Security and Resilience , Security and Resilience Group . OCLC 757064836 . Folliard , Edward T. ( 12 June 1942 ) . `` Molotov 's Visit to White House , Postwar Amity Pledge Revealed '' . Washington Post . Ford , Ken ; Zaloga , Steven J. ( 2009 ) . Overlord : The D - Day Landings . Oxford ; New York : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 424 - 4 . Francois , Dominique ( 13 October 2013 ) . Normandy : From D - Day to the Breakout : June 6 - July 31 , 1944 . Minneapolis : Voyageur Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 4558 - 0 . Gilbert , Martin ( 1989 ) . The Second World War : A Complete History . New York : H. Holt .", "37": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 1788 - 5 . Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. ; Wenger , J. Michael ( 1994 ) . D - Day : The Story and Photographs . McLean , Virginia : Brassey 's . ISBN 0 - 02 - 881057 - 0 . Holland , James ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` D - Day : Exploding the myths of the Normandy landings '' . CNN . Hooton , Edward ( 1999 ) ( 1997 ) . Eagle in Flames : The Fall of the Luftwaffe . London : Arms and Armour . ISBN 1 - 86019 - 995 - X . Horn , Bernd ( 2010 ) . Men of Steel : Canadian Paratroopers in Normandy , 1944 . Toronto : Dundurn Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 708 - 8 . Murray , Williamson ( 1983 ) . Strategy for Defeat : The Luftwaffe , 1933 -- 45 . Washington : Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 125 - 6 . Napier , Stephen ( 2015 ) . The Armoured Campaign in Normandy June -- August 1944 . Stroud : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 6473 - 9 . `` Pegasus Bridge : The Bridge of the Longest Day '' . Mémorial Pegasus D - Day Commemoration Committee . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Special Operations Research Office , Counter-insurgency Information Analysis Center , United States Army ( 1965 ) . A Study of Rear Area Security Measures . Washington : American University . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Staff ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` D - Day : In the words of the BBC journalists '' . BBC News . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Stanley , Peter ( 6 June 2004 ) . `` Australians and D - Day '' . Anniversary talks . Australian War Memorial .", "38": "Retrieved 26 April 2014 . US Department of the Navy , Naval History and Heritage Command . `` D - Day , the Normandy Invasion , 6 -- 25 June 1944 '' . Frequently asked questions . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Weigley , Russell F. ( 1981 ) . Eisenhower 's Lieutenants : The Campaign of France and Germany 1944 -- 1945 . I. Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 13333 - 5 . Weinberg , Gerhard ( 1995 ) ( 1993 ) . A World At Arms : A Global History of World War II . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 55879 - 2 . Wenande , Christian ( 4 June 2014 ) . `` Denmark finally recognised as D - Day ally '' . Copenhagen Post . Ejvind Sandal . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Whitmarsh , Andrew ( 2009 ) . D - Day in Photographs . Stroud : History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5095 - 7 . Williams , Jeffery ( 1988 ) . The Long Left Flank : The Hard Fought Way to the Reich , 1944 -- 1945 . Toronto : Stoddart . ISBN 0 - 7737 - 2194 - 0 . Wilmot , Chester ( 1997 ) ( 1952 ) . The Struggle For Europe . Ware , Hertfordshire : Wordsworth Editions . ISBN 1 - 85326 - 677 - 9 . Yung , Christopher D. ( 2006 ) . Gators of Neptune : Naval Amphibious Planning for the Normandy Invasion . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 997 - 5 . Zaloga , Steven J ; Johnson , Hugh ( 2005 ) . D - Day Fortifications in Normandy . Oxford ; New York : Osprey .", "39": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 4728 - 0382 - 5 . Zaloga , Steven J. ( 2009 ) . Rangers Lead the Way : Pointe - du - Hoc , D - Day 1944 . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 394 - 0 . Zuehlke , Mark ( 2004 ) . Juno Beach : Canada 's D - Day Victory : June 6 , 1944 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . ISBN 1 - 55365 - 050 - 6 . Further reading Badsey , Stephen ( 1990 ) . Normandy 1944 : Allied Landings and Breakout . Osprey Campaign Series . 1 . Botley , Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 921 - 0 . Buckley , John ( 2006 ) . The Normandy Campaign : 1944 : Sixty Years On . London ; New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 20303 - 1 . D'Este , Carlo ( 1983 ) . Decision in Normandy : The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign . London : William Collins Sons . ISBN 0 - 00 - 217056 - 6 . Dolski , Michael ; Edwards , Sam ; Buckley , John , eds. ( 2014 ) . D - Day in History and Memory : The Normandy Landings in International Remembrance and Commemoration . Denton : University of North Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57441 - 548 - 3 . Holderfield , Randal J. ; Varhola , Michael J. ( 2001 ) . The Invasion of Normandy , June 6 , 1944 . Mason City , Iowa : Savas . ISBN 1 - 882810 - 45 - 7 . Keegan , John ( 1994 ) . Six Armies in Normandy : From D - Day to the Liberation of Paris . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 023542 - 6 .", "40": "Neillands , Robin ( 2002 ) . The Battle of Normandy , 1944 . London : Cassell . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35837 - 1 . Ryan , Cornelius ( 1959 ) . The Longest Day . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 20814 - 4 . Stacey , C.P. ( 1946 ) . Canada 's Battle in Normandy : The Canadian Army 's Share in the Operations , 6 June -- 1 September 1944 . Ottawa : King 's Printer . OCLC 39263107 . Stacey , C.P. ( 1960 ) . Volume III . The Victory Campaign , The Operations in North - West Europe 1944 -- 1945 ( PDF ) . Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War . Ottawa : Department of National Defence . Tute , Warren ; Costello , John ; Hughes , Terry ( 1975 ) . D - Day . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 24418 - 3 . Whitlock , Flint ( 2004 ) . The Fighting First : The Untold Story of The Big Red One on D - Day . Boulder : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4218 - X . Zetterling , Niklas ( 2000 ) . Normandy 1944 : German Military Organisation , Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness . Winnipeg : J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing . ISBN 0 - 921991 - 56 - 8 . External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for D - Day beaches . Wikimedia Commons has media related to D - Day . Boire , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` Lest We Forget : A Review of Books Marking the 60th Anniversary of D - Day '' . Canadian Military Journal . 5 ( 2 ) . The Normandy Invasion at the US Army Center of Military History Neptune Operations Plan Naval details for Overlord at Naval-History.Net Documents on D - Day : The Invasion of Normandy at the Eisenhower Presidential Center Lt.", "41": "General Omar Bradley FUSAG 12TH AG : June 6 , 1944 D - Day Maps Omar Bradley D - Day Maps restored , preserved and Displayed at Historical Registry Allied veterans remember D - Day Naval History and Heritage Command ( archive ) The short film Big Picture : D - Day Convoy to Normandy is available for free download at the Internet Archive Complete Broadcast Day : D - Day ( June 6 , 1944 ) from CBS Radio News , available at the Internet Archive CWGC : D - Day -- Normandy Coordinates : 49 ° 20 ′ N 0 ° 34 ′ W / 49.333 ° N 0.567 ° W / 49.333 ; - 0.567 World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand", "42": "Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943", "43": "Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom", "44": "Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Soviet prisoners of war in Finland Bibliography Category Portal", "45": "Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy , Western Front , World War II Operations Locations See also Operation Overlord ( The overall invasion plan ) Operation Neptune ( The assault plan ) American airborne landings in Normandy Operation Deadstick ( UK 6th Airborne ) Operation Tonga ( UK 6th Airborne ) Battle of Merville Gun Battery ( UK 6th Airborne ) Operation Mallard ( UK 6th Airborne ) Battle of Bréville ( UK 6th Airborne ) Operation Pluto ( Pipe - Line Under The Ocean ) Operation Fortitude ( Deception plan ) Operation Perch ( UK ) Operation Martlet ( UK ) Operation Epsom ( UK ) Operation Windsor ( Canada ) Operation Charnwood ( UK ) Operation Jupiter ( UK ) Operations Greenline , Pomegranate and Express ( UK ) Operation Goodwood ( UK ) Operation Atlantic ( Canada ) Operation Spring ( Canada ) Operation Cobra ( US ) Operation Bluecoat ( UK ) Operation Totalize ( Canada , Poland , UK ) Operation Lüttich ( German ) Operation Tractable ( Canada , Poland , UK ) Battle for Brest ( US ) Battle for Caen ( UK , Canada ) Battle of Verriéres Ridge ( Canada ) Battle of Carentan ( US ) Battle of Cherbourg ( US ) Battle of Villers - Bocage ( UK ) Landing points ( W → E ) : Utah Beach ( US ) Omaha Beach ( US ) Pointe du Hoc ( US ) Gold Beach ( UK ) Juno Beach ( Canada ) Sword Beach ( UK ) Other : Crisbecq Battery Falaise Pocket Hill 262 Hillman Fortress Houlgate battery Longues - sur - Mer battery Maisy battery Merville Gun Battery Mont Canisy battery Pegasus Bridge Category : Operation Overlord Category : Operation Overlord people Atlantic Wall D - Day Dieppe Raid Hobart 's Funnies Rhino tank Allied forces in Normandy Mulberry harbour Liberation of Paris ( France ) Operation Dragoon ( France , UK , US ) Operation Jedburgh ( France , UK ,", "46": "US ) Normandy US Cemetery & Memorial Brittany US Cemetery & Memorial More information on Battle of Normandy : D - day from Wiktionary D - day Textbooks from Wikibooks D - day Quotations from Wikiquote D - day Source texts from Wikisource D - day Images and media from Commons D - day from Wikinews Normandy landings bombardment groups Utah Omaha Gold Juno Sword United States in World War II Home front American music during World War II United States aircraft production during World War II Arizona during World War II Nevada during World War II New Mexico during World War II Greatest Generation American women Women Airforce Service Pilots Women 's Army Corps Woman 's Land Army of America Rosie the Riveter Minorities Hispanic Americans in World War II Native Americans and World War II Puerto Ricans in World War II Military participation Army ( Uniforms ) Army Air Force Marine Corps Navy Service medals ( Medal of Honor recipients ) Events List of battles Attack on Pearl Harbor Normandy landings Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Minorities African Americans ( Tuskegee Airmen ) Asian Americans ( Japanese Americans ) Jewish Americans Diplomatic participation Lend - 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Eisenhower 34th President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( 1951 -- 1952 ) Chief of Staff of the Army ( 1945 -- 1948 ) Commander , Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Military career Military career 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy Louisiana Maneuvers Operation Torch European Theater of Operations Allied invasion of Sicily Normandy landings Operation Veritable Military Governor , U.S.", "47": "Occupation Zone in Germany Disarmed Enemy Forces European Advisory Commission Supreme Commander of NATO , 1951 - 1952 Presidency Presidency 1953 inauguration 1957 inauguration Korean War Armistice 1953 Iranian coup d'état `` Chance for Peace '' speech `` Atoms for Peace '' speech Civil Rights Act of 1957 Cold War Domino theory Khrushchev , Eisenhower and De-Stalinization New Look policy 1955 Geneva Summit 1960 U-2 incident NASA DARPA National Defense Education Act Interstate Highway System Suez Crisis Eisenhower Doctrine Little Rock Nine intervention Operation 40 Farewell address / `` Military -- industrial complex '' Office of Food for Peace President 's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports People to People Student Ambassador Program State of the Union Address ( 1955 1956 1960 ) Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Books Crusade in Europe ( 1948 ) Elections Draft Eisenhower movement Republican Party presidential primaries , 1948 1952 1956 Republican National Convention , 1952 1956 United States Presidential election , 1952 1956 Legacy Birthplace Eisenhower Presidential Library , Museum , gravesite Boyhood home Eisenhower National Historic Site Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Eisenhower Executive Office Building Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport Eisenhower Fellowships Eisenhower Institute Eisenhower Monument Eisenhower dollar commemorative U.S. Postage stamps Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center Eisenhower Medical Center Eisenhower Trophy Eisenhower Golf Club Eisenhower Theater Dwight D. Eisenhower ( Brothers ) Places named for Eisenhower Other tributes and memorials Popular culture Eisenhower jacket Eisenhower Tree Crusade in Europe ( 1949 television series ) Ike ( 1979 miniseries ) Ike : Countdown to D - Day ( 2004 film ) Pressure ( 2014 play ) Family Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower ( wife ) Doud Eisenhower ( son ) John Eisenhower ( son ) David Eisenhower ( grandson ) Anne Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) Susan Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) Mary Jean Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) Jennie Eisenhower ( great - granddaughter ) Ida Stover Eisenhower ( mother ) Earl D.", "48": "Eisenhower ( brother ) Edgar N. Eisenhower ( brother ) Milton S. Eisenhower ( brother ) Related Eisenhower baseball controversy Camp David `` And I do n't care what it is '' Atoms for Peace Award Eddie Slovik Kay Summersby ← Harry S. Truman John F. Kennedy → Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "49": "php?title=Normandy_landings&oldid=837747576 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1944 June 1944 events 1944 in France Operation Overlord Battle for Caen Battles of World War II involving Canada Military history of Canada during World War II Battles of World War II involving France Battles and operations of World War II involving Poland Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom Battles of World War II involving the United States Invasions by the United States Naval battles and operations of the European theatre of World War II Naval battles of World War II involving Canada Amphibious operations of World War II Landing operations Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages EngvarB from June 2014 Good articles Use dmy dates from June 2012 Use British English from October 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 19 : 57 . 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549545544241578743	which is the site of the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis	[ "the thylakoid membranes", "the thylakoid membranes", "thylakoid membranes", "thylakoid membranes", "thylakoid membranes" ]	{ "0": "Light - dependent reactions - wikipedia Light - dependent reactions Jump to : navigation , search Light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane In photosynthesis , the light - dependent reaction takes place on the thylakoid membranes . The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen , and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma , where the light - independent reactions take place . The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions . There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane : Photosystem II ( PSII ) , Cytochrome b6f complex , Photosystem I ( PSI ) , and ATP synthase . These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH . The four photosystems absorb light energy through pigments -- primarily the chlorophylls , which are responsible for the green color of leaves . The light - dependent reactions begin in photosystem II . When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon , an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level . Because this state of an electron is very unstable , the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions , called an electron transport chain ( ETC ) . The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI . In PSI , the electron gets the energy from another photon . The final electron acceptor is NADP . In oxygenic photosynthesis , the first electron donor is water , creating oxygen as a waste product . In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used . Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP . This process is called photophosphorylation , which occurs in two different ways . In non-cyclic photophosphorylation , cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen . The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton - motive force , used by ATP synthase to form ATP . In cyclic photophosphorylation , cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH .", "1": "Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light - independent reactions . The net - reaction of all light - dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is : 2H 2O + 2NADP + + 3ADP + 3P → O 2 + 2NADPH + 3ATP The two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain . Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function . They use special proteins , called light - harvesting complexes , to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness . If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon , an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center . This reaction , called photoinduced charge separation , is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms . Contents ( hide ) 1 The reaction center 2 Photosynthetic electron transport chains in chloroplasts 2.1 Photosystem II 2.1. 1 The water - splitting complex 2.1. 2 The reaction center 2.1. 3 Link of water - splitting complex and chlorophyll excitation 2.1. 4 Summary 2.2 Cytochrome b6 2.3 Photosystem I 3 Photosynthetic electron transport chains in bacteria 3.1 Cyanobacteria 3.2 Purple bacteria 3.3 Green sulfur bacteria 4 History 5 See also 6 References The reaction center ( edit ) Main article : Photosynthetic reaction center The reaction center is in the thylakoid membrane . It transfers light energy to a dimer of chlorophyll pigment molecules near the periplasmic ( or thylakoid lumen ) side of the membrane . This dimer is called a special pair because of its fundamental role in photosynthesis . This special pair is slightly different in PSI and PSII reaction center . In PSII , it absorbs photons with a wavelength of 680 nm , and it is therefore called P680 .", "2": "In PSI , it absorbs photons at 700 nm , and it is called P700 . In bacteria , the special pair is called P760 , P840 , P870 , or P960 . Where `` P '' means pigment , and the number following it is the wavelength of light absorbed . If an electron of the special pair in the reaction center becomes excited , it can not transfer this energy to another pigment using resonance energy transfer . In normal circumstances , the electron should return to the ground state , but , because the reaction center is arranged so that a suitable electron acceptor is nearby , the excited electron can move from the initial molecule to the acceptor . This process results in the formation of a positive charge on the special pair ( due to the loss of an electron ) and a negative charge on the acceptor and is , hence , referred to as photoinduced charge separation . In other words , electrons in pigment molecules can exist at specific energy levels . Under normal circumstances , they exist at the lowest possible energy level they can . However , if there is enough energy to move them into the next energy level , they can absorb that energy and occupy that higher energy level . The light they absorb contains the necessary amount of energy needed to push them into the next level . Any light that does not have enough or has too much energy can not be absorbed and is reflected . The electron in the higher energy level , however , does not want to be there ; the electron is unstable and must return to its normal lower energy level . To do this , it must release the energy that has put it into the higher energy state to begin with . This can happen various ways . The extra energy can be converted into molecular motion and lost as heat . Some of the extra energy can be lost as heat energy , while the rest is lost as light . ( This re-emission of light energy is called fluorescence . ) The energy , but not the e - itself , can be passed onto another molecule . ( This is called resonance . ) The energy and the e - can be transferred to another molecule . Plant pigments usually utilize the last two of these reactions to convert the sun 's energy into their own . This initial charge separation occurs in less than 10 picoseconds ( 10 seconds ) .", "3": "In their high - energy states , the special pigment and the acceptor could undergo charge recombination ; that is , the electron on the acceptor could move back to neutralize the positive charge on the special pair . Its return to the special pair would waste a valuable high - energy electron and simply convert the absorbed light energy into heat . In the case of PSII , this backflow of electrons can produce reactive oxygen species leading to photoinhibition . Three factors in the structure of the reaction center work together to suppress charge recombination nearly completely . Another electron acceptor is less than 10 Å away from the first acceptor , and so the electron is rapidly transferred farther away from the special pair . An electron donor is less than 10 Å away from the special pair , and so the positive charge is neutralized by the transfer of another electron The electron transfer back from the electron acceptor to the positively charged special pair is especially slow . The rate of an of electron transfer reaction increases with its thermodynamic favorability up to a point and then decreases . The back transfer is so favourable that it takes place in the inverted region where electron - transfer rates become slower . Thus , electron transfer proceeds efficiently from the first electron acceptor to the next , creating an electron transport chain that ends if it has reached NADPH . Photosynthetic electron transport chains in chloroplasts ( edit ) The photosynthesis process in chloroplasts begins when an electron of P680 of PSII attains a higher - energy level . This energy is used to reduce a chain of electron acceptors that have subsequently lowered redox - potentials . This chain of electron acceptors is known as an electron transport chain . When this chain reaches PS I , an electron is again excited , creating a high redox - potential . The electron transport chain of photosynthesis is often put in a diagram called the z - scheme , because the redox diagram from P680 to P700 resembles the letter z . The final product of PSII is plastoquinol , a mobile electron carrier in the membrane . Plastoquinol transfers the electron from PSII to the proton pump , cytochrome b6f . The ultimate electron donor of PSII is water . Cytochrome b6f proceeds the electron chain to PSI through plastocyanin molecules . PSI is able to continue the electron transfer in two different ways .", "4": "It can transfer the electrons either to plastoquinol again , creating a cyclic electron flow , or to an enzyme called FNR ( Ferredoxin -- NADP ( + ) reductase ) , creating a non-cyclic electron flow . PSI releases FNR into the stroma , where it reduces NADP + to NADPH . Activities of the electron transport chain , especially from cytochrome b6f , lead to pumping of protons from the stroma to the lumen . The resulting transmembrane proton gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase . The overall process of the photosynthetic electron transport chain in chloroplasts is : H 2O → PS II → plastoquinone → cyt b 6 → plastocyanin → PS I → NADPH Photosystem II ( edit ) Main article : Photosystem II PS II is an extremely complex , highly organized transmembrane structure that contains a water - splitting complex , chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments , a reaction center ( P680 ) , pheophytin ( a pigment similar to chlorophyll ) , and two quinones . It uses the energy of sunlight to transfer electrons from water to a mobile electron carrier in the membrane called plastoquinone : H 2O → P680 → P680 → plastoquinone Plastoquinone , in turn , transfers electrons to cyt b 6 , which feeds them into PS I . The water - splitting complex ( edit ) The step H 2O → P680 is performed by a poorly understood structure embedded within PS II called the water - splitting complex or the oxygen - evolving complex . It catalyzes a reaction that splits water into electrons , protons and oxygen : 2H 2O → 4H + 4e + O The actual steps of the above reaction are running in the following way ( Dolai 's diagram of S - states ) : ( I ) 2H2O ( monoxide ) ( II ) OH . H2O ( hydroxide ) ( III ) H2O2 ( peroxide ) ( IV ) HO2 ( super oxide ) ( V ) O2 ( di - oxygen ) .", "5": "The electrons are transferred to special chlorophyll molecules ( embedded in PS II ) that are promoted to a higher - energy state by the energy of photons . The reaction center ( edit ) The excitation P680 → P680 of the reaction center pigment P680 occurs here . These special chlorophyll molecules embedded in PS II absorb the energy of photons , with maximal absorption at 680 nm . Electrons within these molecules are promoted to a higher - energy state . This is one of two core processes in photosynthesis , and it occurs with astonishing efficiency ( greater than 90 % ) because , in addition to direct excitation by light at 680 nm , the energy of light first harvested by antenna proteins at other wavelengths in the light - harvesting system is also transferred to these special chlorophyll molecules . This is followed by the step P680 → pheophytin , and then on to plastoquinone , which occurs within the reaction center of PS II . High - energy electrons are transferred to plastoquinone before it subsequently picks up two protons to become plastoquinol . Plastoquinol is then released into the membrane as a mobile electron carrier . This is the second core process in photosynthesis . The initial stages occur within picoseconds , with an efficiency of 100 % . The seemingly impossible efficiency is due to the precise positioning of molecules within the reaction center . This is a solid - state process , not a chemical reaction . It occurs within an essentially crystalline environment created by the macromolecular structure of PS II . The usual rules of chemistry ( which involve random collisions and random energy distributions ) do not apply in solid - state environments . Link of water - splitting complex and chlorophyll excitation ( edit ) When the chlorophyll passes the electron to pheophytin , it obtains an electron from P. In turn , P can oxidize the Z ( or Y ) molecule . Once oxidized , the Z molecule can derive electrons from the oxygen - evolving complex ( OEC ) . Dolai 's S - state diagrams show the reactions of water splitting in the oxygen - evolving complex . Summary ( edit ) PS II is a transmembrane structure found in all chloroplasts . It splits water into electrons , protons and molecular oxygen .", "6": "The electrons are transferred to plastoquinone , which carries them to a proton pump . Molecular oxygen is released into the atmosphere . The emergence of such an incredibly complex structure , a macromolecule that converts the energy of sunlight into potentially useful work with efficiencies that are impossible in ordinary experience , seems almost magical at first glance . Thus , it is of considerable interest that , in essence , the same structure is found in purple bacteria . Cytochrome b 6 ( edit ) PS II and PS I are connected by a transmembrane proton pump , cytochrome b 6 complex ( plastoquinol -- plastocyanin reductase ; EC 1.10. 99.1 ) . Electrons from PS II are carried by plastoquinol to cyt b 6 , where they are removed in a stepwise fashion ( reforming plastoquinone ) and transferred to a water - soluble electron carrier called plastocyanin . This redox process is coupled to the pumping of four protons across the membrane . The resulting proton gradient ( together with the proton gradient produced by the water - splitting complex in PS II ) is used to make ATP via ATP synthase . The similarity in structure and function between cytochrome b 6 ( in chloroplasts ) and cytochrome bc 1 ( Complex III in mitochondria ) is striking . Both are transmembrane structures that remove electrons from a mobile , lipid - soluble electron carrier ( plastoquinone in chloroplasts ; ubiquinone in mitochondria ) and transfer them to a mobile , water - soluble electron carrier ( plastocyanin in chloroplasts ; cytochrome c in mitochondria ) . Both are proton pumps that produce a transmembrane proton gradient . Photosystem I ( edit ) The cyclic light - dependent reactions occur only when the sole photosystem being used is photosystem I. Photosystem I excites electrons which then cycle from the transport protein , ferredoxin ( Fd ) , to the cytochrome complex , b6f , to another transport protein , plastocyanin ( Pc ) , and back to photosystem I. A proton gradient is created across the thylakoid membrane ( 6 ) as protons ( 3 ) are transported from the chloroplast stroma ( 4 ) to the thylakoid lumen ( 5 ) .", "7": "Through chemiosmosis , ATP ( 9 ) is produced where ATP synthase ( 1 ) binds an inorganic phosphate group ( 8 ) to an ADP molecule ( 7 ) . Main article : Photosystem I PS I accepts electrons from plastocyanin and transfers them either to NADPH ( noncyclic electron transport ) or back to cytochrome b 6 ( cyclic electron transport ) : plastocyanin → P700 → P700 → FNR → NADPH ↑ ↓ b 6 ← plastoquinone PS I , like PS II , is a complex , highly organized transmembrane structure that contains antenna chlorophylls , a reaction center ( P700 ) , phylloquinine , and a number of iron - sulfur proteins that serve as intermediate redox carriers . The light - harvesting system of PS I uses multiple copies of the same transmembrane proteins used by PS II . The energy of absorbed light ( in the form of delocalized , high - energy electrons ) is funneled into the reaction center , where it excites special chlorophyll molecules ( P700 , maximum light absorption at 700 nm ) to a higher energy level . The process occurs with astonishingly high efficiency . Electrons are removed from excited chlorophyll molecules and transferred through a series of intermediate carriers to ferredoxin , a water - soluble electron carrier . As in PS II , this is a solid - state process that operates with 100 % efficiency . There are two different pathways of electron transport in PS I. In noncyclic electron transport , ferredoxin carries the electron to the enzyme ferredoxin NADP + reductase ( FNR ) that reduces NADP + to NADPH . In cyclic electron transport , electrons from ferredoxin are transferred ( via plastoquinone ) to a proton pump , cytochrome b 6 . They are then returned ( via plastocyanin ) to P700 . NADPH and ATP are used to synthesize organic molecules from CO 2 . The ratio of NADPH to ATP production can be adjusted by adjusting the balance between cyclic and noncyclic electron transport . It is noteworthy that PS I closely resembles photosynthetic structures found in green sulfur bacteria , just as PS II resembles structures found in purple bacteria .", "8": "Photosynthetic electron transport chains in bacteria ( edit ) PS II , PS I , and cytochrome b 6 are found in chloroplasts . All plants and all photosynthetic algae contain chloroplasts , which produce NADPH and ATP by the mechanisms described above . In essence , the same transmembrane structures are also found in cyanobacteria . Unlike plants and algae , cyanobacteria are prokaryotes . They do not contain chloroplasts . Rather , they bear a striking resemblance to chloroplasts themselves . This suggests that organisms resembling cyanobacteria were the evolutionary precursors of chloroplasts . One imagines primitive eukaryotic cells taking up cyanobacteria as intracellular symbionts in a process known as endosymbiosis . Cyanobacteria ( edit ) Cyanobacteria contain structures similar to PS II and PS I in chloroplasts . Their light - harvesting system is different from that found in plants ( they use phycobilins , rather than chlorophylls , as antenna pigments ) , but their electron transport chain 2O → PS II → plastoquinone → b 6 → cytochrome c 6 → PS I → ferredoxin → NADPH ↑ ↓ b 6 ← plastoquinone is , in essence , the same as the electron transport chain in chloroplasts . The mobile water - soluble electron carrier is cytochrome c 6 in cyanobacteria , plastocyanin in plants . Cyanobacteria can also synthesize ATP by oxidative phosphorylation , in the manner of other bacteria . The electron transport chain is NADH dehydrogenase → plastoquinone → b 6 → cytochrome c 6 → cytochrome aa 3 → O where the mobile electron carriers are plastoquinone and cytochrome c 6 , while the proton pumps are NADH dehydrogenase , b 6 and cytochrome aa 3 . Cyanobacteria are the only bacteria that produce oxygen during photosynthesis . Earth 's primordial atmosphere was anoxic . Organisms like cyanobacteria produced our present - day oxygen - containing atmosphere . The other two major groups of photosynthetic bacteria , purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria , contain only a single photosystem and do not produce oxygen .", "9": "Purple bacteria ( edit ) Purple bacteria contain a single photosystem that is structurally related to PS II in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts : P870 → P870 → ubiquinone → bc 1 → cytochrome c 2 → P870 This is a cyclic process in which electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule ( bacteriochlorophyll ; P870 ) , passed through an electron transport chain to a proton pump ( cytochrome bc 1 complex , similar but not identical to cytochrome bc 1 in chloroplasts ) , and then returned to the chlorophyll molecule . The result is a proton gradient , which is used to make ATP via ATP synthase . As in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts , this is a solid - state process that depends on the precise orientation of various functional groups within a complex transmembrane macromolecular structure . To make NADPH , purple bacteria use an external electron donor ( hydrogen , hydrogen sulfide , sulfur , sulfite , or organic molecules such as succinate and lactate ) to feed electrons into a reverse electron transport chain . Green sulfur bacteria ( edit ) Green sulfur bacteria contain a photosystem that is analogous to PS I in chloroplasts : P840 → P840 → ferredoxin → NADH ↑ ↓ cyt c ← bc 1 ← menaquinone There are two pathways of electron transfer . In cyclic electron transfer , electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule , passed through an electron transport chain to a proton pump , and then returned to the chlorophyll . The mobile electron carriers are , as usual , a lipid - soluble quinone and a water - soluble cytochrome . The resulting proton gradient is used to make ATP . In noncyclic electron transfer , electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule and used to reduce NAD to NADH . The electrons removed from P840 must be replaced . This is accomplished by removing electrons from H 2S , which is oxidized to sulfur ( hence the name `` green sulfur bacteria '' ) . Purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria occupy relatively minor ecological niches in the present day biosphere . They are of interest because of their importance in precambrian ecologies , and because their methods of photosynthesis were the likely evolutionary precursors of those in modern plants .", "10": "History ( edit ) The first ideas about light being used in photosynthesis were proposed by Colin Flannery in 1779 who recognized it was sunlight falling on plants that was required , although Joseph Priestley had noted the production of oxygen without the association with light in 1772 . Cornelius Van Niel proposed in 1931 that photosynthesis is a case of general mechanism where a photon of light is used to photo decompose a hydrogen donor and the hydrogen being used to reduce CO 2 . Then in 1939 , Robin Hill showed that isolated chloroplasts would make oxygen , but not fix CO 2 showing the light and dark reactions occurred in different places . Although they are referred to as light and dark reactions , both of them take place only in the presence of light . This led later to the discovery of photosystems I and II . See also ( edit ) Light - independent reaction Photosynthetic reaction centre Photosystem II Compensation point References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vass , Imre ; Cser , Krisztian ( April 2009 ) . `` Janus - faced charge recombinations in photosystem II photoinhibition '' . Trends in Plant Science . 14 ( 4 ) : 200 -- 205 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tplants. 2009.01. 009 . ISSN 1360 - 1385 . PMID 19303349 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Keren , Nir ; Berg , Alexander ; van Kan , Paul J.M. ; Levanon , Haim ; Ohad , Itzhak ( 1997 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Mechanism of photosystem II photoinactivation and D1 protein degradation at low light : The role of back electron flow '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 94 ( 4 ) : 1579 -- 1584 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 94.4. 1579 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 19834 . PMID 11038602 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Rajni Govindjee .", "11": "`` The Z - Scheme Diagram of Photosynthesis '' . Retrieved March 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Dolai , U. ( 2017 ) . `` Chemical Scheme of Water - Splitting Process during Photosynthesis by the way of Experimental Analysis `` . IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences . 12 ( 6 ) : 65 - 67 . doi : 10.9790 / 3008 - 1206026567 . ISSN 2319 - 7676 . Jump up ^ `` Photosynthesis '' . McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology . 2007 . p. 472 . Jump up ^ Ingenhousz , J ( 1779 ) . Experiments Upon Vegetables . London : Elmsly and Payne . Jump up ^ Priestley , J ( 1772 ) . `` Observations on Different Kinds of Air '' . 62 . London : Phil . Trans . Roy . Soc. : 147 -- 264 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1772.0021 . Jump up ^ van Niel , C.B. ( 1931 ) . `` On the morphology and physiology of the purple and green sulfur bacteria '' . Arch . Microbiol. 3 : 1 -- 114 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00454965 . Jump up ^ Hill , R. ( May 1939 ) . `` Oxygen Produced by Isolated Chloroplasts '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 127 ( 847 ) : 192 -- 210 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 1939.0017 .", "12": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light-dependent_reactions&oldid=816952857 '' Categories : Light reactions Photosynthesis Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Galego 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 23 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2057031791720472949	who won college basketball player of the year	[ "Jalen Brunson", "A'ja Wilson" ]	{ "0": "Naismith college Player of the Year - Wikipedia Naismith college Player of the Year Jump to : navigation , search Naismith College Player of the Year The Naismith Trophy that was presented to Tina Charles in 2010 . Given for the most outstanding male and female basketball player Country United States Presented by Atlanta Tipoff Club History First award 1969 Most recent Men : Jalen Brunson , Villanova Women : A'ja Wilson , South Carolina Website official site The Naismith College Player of the Year is an annual basketball award given by the Atlanta Tipoff Club to the top men 's and women 's collegiate basketball players . It is named in honor of the inventor of basketball ( in 1891 ) , Dr. James Naismith . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and selection 2 Winners 2.1 Men 2.2 Women 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History and selection ( edit ) First awarded exclusively to male players in 1969 , the award was expanded to include female players in 1983 . Annually before the college season begins in November , a `` watchlist '' consisting of 50 players is chosen by the Atlanta Tipoff Club board of selectors , comprising head coaches , administrators and media members from across the United States . By February , the list of nominees is narrowed down to 30 players based on performance . In March , four out of the 30 players are selected as finalists and are placed in the final ballot . The final winners are selected in April by both the board of selectors and fan voting via text messaging . The winners receive the Naismith Trophy . Since its beginning in 1969 , the trophy has been awarded to 42 male and 23 female players . Lew Alcindor of the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) and Anne Donovan of Old Dominion University were the first winners , respectively . Bill Walton of UCLA and Ralph Sampson of the University of Virginia have been the only men to win this award multiple times , with both winning three times . Eight women in all have won this award multiple times .", "1": "Cheryl Miller of the University of Southern California and Breanna Stewart of the University of Connecticut are the only three - times winners , while seven others won it twice : Clarissa Davis of the University of Texas , Dawn Staley of the University of Virginia , Chamique Holdsclaw of the University of Tennessee , Diana Taurasi and Maya Moore of the University of Connecticut , Seimone Augustus of Louisiana State University , and Brittney Griner of Baylor University . Davis and Moore are the only ones of either sex to have won multiple times in non-consecutive years . Two award winners were born in United States territories : Alfred `` Butch '' Lee , who was born in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , and Tim Duncan , who was born in the U.S. Virgin Islands . The only three award winners who have been born outside the jurisdiction of the United States were : Andrew Bogut , born in Melbourne , Australia . Patrick Ewing , born in Kingston , Jamaica . Buddy Hield , born in Freeport , Bahamas . Three of these players were developed at least partially in the U.S. proper -- Lee was raised in Harlem from early childhood , Ewing immigrated to the Boston area at age 12 , and Hield attended high school in suburban Wichita , Kansas . Duncan did not move to the U.S. proper until he arrived at Wake Forest University , and Bogut lived in Australia until his arrival at the University of Utah . Duke has had the most male winners with seven , while the Connecticut has had the most female winners , with ten awards won by six individuals . The award has been won by a freshman twice : Kevin Durant playing for Texas in 2007 , and in 2012 by Anthony Davis of Kentucky . Winners ( edit ) * Denotes players inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Player ( X ) Denotes the number of times the player has won the award Men ( edit ) Lew Alcindor Bill Walton David Robinson Men Year Player College Position Class 1969 Alcindor , Lew Lew Alcindor * UCLA Center 4 ! Senior 1970 Maravich , Pete Pete Maravich * LSU Guard 4 !", "2": "Senior 1971 Carr , Austin Austin Carr Notre Dame Guard 4 ! Senior 1972 Walton , Bill Bill Walton * UCLA Center 2 ! Sophomore 1973 Walton , Bill Bill Walton * ( 2 ) UCLA Center 3 ! Junior Walton , Bill Bill Walton * ( 3 ) UCLA Center 4 ! Senior Thompson , David David Thompson * N.C. State Guard 4 ! Senior 1976 May , Scott Scott May Indiana Forward 4 ! Senior 1977 Johnson , Marques Marques Johnson UCLA Forward 4 ! Senior 1978 Lee , Butch Butch Lee Marquette Guard 4 ! Senior 1979 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * Indiana State Forward 4 ! Senior 1980 Aguirre , Mark Mark Aguirre DePaul Forward 2 ! Sophomore 1981 Sampson , Ralph Ralph Sampson * Virginia Center 2 ! Sophomore 1982 Sampson , Ralph Ralph Sampson * ( 2 ) Virginia Center 3 ! Junior Sampson , Ralph Ralph Sampson * ( 3 ) Virginia Center 4 ! Senior 1984 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * North Carolina Guard 3 ! Junior 1985 Ewing , Patrick Patrick Ewing * Georgetown Center 4 ! Senior 1986 Dawkins , Johnny Johnny Dawkins Duke Guard 4 ! Senior Robinson , David David Robinson * Navy Center 4 ! Senior 1988 Manning , Danny Danny Manning Kansas Forward 4 ! Senior 1989 Ferry , Danny Danny Ferry Duke Forward 4 ! Senior 1990 Simmons , Lionel Lionel Simmons La Salle Forward 4 ! Senior 1991 Johnson , Larry Larry Johnson UNLV Forward 4 ! Senior 1992 Laettner , Christian Christian Laettner Duke Forward 4 !", "3": "Senior 1993 Cheaney , Calbert Calbert Cheaney Indiana Guard 4 ! Senior 1994 Robinson , Glenn Glenn Robinson Purdue Forward 3 ! Junior 1995 Smith , Joe Joe Smith Maryland Forward 2 ! Sophomore Camby , Marcus Marcus Camby Massachusetts Center 3 ! Junior 1997 Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan Wake Forest Center 4 ! Senior 1998 Jamison , Antawn Antawn Jamison North Carolina Forward 3 ! Junior 1999 Brand , Elton Elton Brand Duke Forward 2 ! Sophomore 2000 Martin , Kenyon Kenyon Martin Cincinnati Forward 4 ! Senior 2001 Battier , Shane Shane Battier Duke Forward 4 ! Senior 2002 Williams , Jason Jason Williams Duke Guard 3 ! Junior 2003 Ford , T.J. T.J. Ford Texas Guard 2 ! Sophomore Nelson , Jameer Jameer Nelson Saint Joseph 's Guard 4 ! Senior 2005 Bogut , Andrew Andrew Bogut Utah Center 2 ! Sophomore 2006 Redick , J.J. J.J. Redick Duke Guard 4 ! Senior 2007 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant Texas Forward 1 ! Freshman 2008 Hansbrough , Tyler Tyler Hansbrough North Carolina Forward 3 ! Junior 2009 Griffin , Blake Blake Griffin Oklahoma Forward 2 ! Sophomore Turner , Evan Evan Turner Ohio State Guard 3 ! Junior 2011 Fredette , Jimmer Jimmer Fredette Brigham Young Guard 4 ! Senior 2012 Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis Kentucky Center 1 ! Freshman 2013 Burke , Trey Trey Burke Michigan Guard 2 ! Sophomore 2014 McDermott , Doug Doug McDermott Creighton Forward 4 !", "4": "Senior 2015 Kaminsky , Frank Frank Kaminsky Wisconsin Forward 4 ! Senior 2016 Hield , Buddy Buddy Hield Oklahoma Guard 4 ! Senior 2017 Mason III , Frank Frank Mason III Kansas Guard 4 ! Senior 2018 Brunson , Jalen Jalen Brunson Villanova Guard 3 ! Junior Women ( edit ) Anne Donovan Clarissa Davis Diana Taurasi with George W. Bush Women Year Player College Position Class Donovan , Anne Anne Donovan * Old Dominion Center 4 ! Senior 1984 Miller , Cheryl Cheryl Miller * USC Forward / Center 2 ! Sophomore 1985 Miller , Cheryl Cheryl Miller * ( 2 ) USC Forward / Center 3 ! Junior 1986 Miller , Cheryl Cheryl Miller * ( 3 ) USC Forward / Center 4 ! Senior Davis , Clarissa Clarissa Davis Texas Forward 2 ! Sophomore 1988 Wicks , Sue Sue Wicks Rutgers Forward 4 ! Senior 1989 Davis , Clarissa Clarissa Davis ( 2 ) Texas Forward 4 ! Senior 1990 Azzi , Jennifer Jennifer Azzi Stanford Guard 4 ! Senior 1991 Staley , Dawn Dawn Staley * Virginia Point guard 3 ! Junior 1992 Staley , Dawn Dawn Staley * ( 2 ) Virginia Point guard 4 ! Senior 1993 Swoopes , Sheryl Sheryl Swoopes * Texas Tech Guard / Forward 4 ! Senior 1994 Leslie , Lisa Lisa Leslie * USC Center 4 ! Senior 1995 Lobo , Rebecca Rebecca Lobo * Connecticut Center 4 ! Senior Roundtree , Saudia Saudia Roundtree Georgia Guard 3 ! Junior 1997 Starbird , Kate Kate Starbird Stanford Forward 4 !", "5": "Senior 1998 Holdsclaw , Chamique Chamique Holdsclaw Tennessee Forward 3 ! Junior 1999 Holdsclaw , Chamique Chamique Holdsclaw ( 2 ) Tennessee Forward 4 ! Senior 2000 Catchings , Tamika Tamika Catchings Tennessee Forward 3 ! Junior 2001 Riley , Ruth Ruth Riley Notre Dame Center 4 ! Senior 2002 Bird , Sue Sue Bird Connecticut Guard 4 ! Senior 2003 Taurasi , Diana Diana Taurasi Connecticut Guard 3 ! Junior Taurasi , Diana Diana Taurasi ( 2 ) Connecticut Guard 4 ! Senior 2005 Augustus , Seimone Seimone Augustus LSU Guard / Forward 3 ! Junior 2006 Augustus , Seimone Seimone Augustus ( 2 ) LSU Guard / Forward 4 ! Senior 2007 Harding , Lindsey Lindsey Harding Duke Point guard 4 ! Senior 2008 Parker , Candace Candace Parker Tennessee Forward 3 ! Junior 2009 Moore , Maya Maya Moore Connecticut Forward 2 ! Sophomore Charles , Tina Tina Charles Connecticut Center 4 ! Senior 2011 Moore , Maya Maya Moore ( 2 ) Connecticut Forward 4 ! Senior 2012 Griner , Brittney Brittney Griner Baylor Center 3 ! Junior 2013 Griner , Brittney Brittney Griner ( 2 ) Baylor Center 4 ! Senior 2014 Stewart , Breanna Breanna Stewart Connecticut Forward 2 ! Sophomore 2015 Stewart , Breanna Breanna Stewart ( 2 ) Connecticut Forward 3 ! Junior 2016 Stewart , Breanna Breanna Stewart ( 3 ) Connecticut Forward 4 ! Senior 2017 Plum , Kelsey Kelsey Plum Washington Point guard 4 !", "6": "Senior 2018 Wilson , A'ja A'ja Wilson South Carolina Forward 4 ! Senior See also ( edit ) College basketball portal List of U.S. men 's college basketball national player of the year awards Naismith Prep Player of the Year Award References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Naismith Trophy Fact Sheet '' . Naismith Awards . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Naismith Trophy History '' . Naismith Awards . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scout.com : Redick Wins Naismith Award '' . Duke.scout.com. April 3 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant Wins 2007 Naismith Award -- Big 12 Conference -- Official Athletic Site '' . Big12sports.com. April 2 , 2007 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release -- April 6 , 2008 '' . Atlantatipoffclub.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Griffin Claims Naismith Trophy , NABC and Newell Awards -- Big 12 Conference -- Official Athletic Site '' . Big12sports.com . March 20 , 2009 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baptist , Bob . `` OSU men 's basketball : Turner wins Naismith Trophy BuckeyeXtra '' . Dispatch.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Naismith Trophy Postseason Awards '' . Peach State Basketball . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pac - 12 Player of the Century Cheryl Miller Leads Trojan - Studded Pac - 12 All - Century Womens Basketball Team '' . www.usctrojans.com .", "7": "Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ iThemesLab . `` Clarissa Davis - Wrightsil - Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame '' . www.wbhof.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ST . FRANCIS ( NY ) COACH SUE WICKS : INTERNATIONAL NBA ENVOY '' . www.sfc.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Articles about Naismith Award - latimes '' . articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` University of San Francisco Dons Athletics - 2014 - 15 Women 's Basketball Coaching Staff '' . www.usfdons.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn Staley to be Honored With UVa 's Distinguished Alumna Award '' . www.virginiasports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Swoopes elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame '' . Hoopfeed.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Trojan Great Lisa Leslie Named To Naismith Memorial Hall of Fame '' . www.usctrojans.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ jjackson. `` 1995 NCAA Woman of the Year '' . NCAA.org - The Official Site of the NCAA . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Saudia Roundtree Bio - UCF Knights - Official Athletics Site '' . www.ucfknights.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Starbird , former basketball star , chooses a different route -- as usual '' . The Seattle Times . 2013 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside Chamique Holdsclaw : From Basketball Super Star to Mental Health Activist '' . Buzzflash . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 .", "8": "Jump up ^ `` Tamika Catchings continues to build legacy after Lady Vols career '' . The Daily Beacon . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth Riley Named Naismith Player of the Year '' . www.und.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record V. 148 , Pt. 4 , April 11 , 2002 to April 24 , 2002 . Government Printing Office . ^ Jump up to : `` UConn 's Breanna Stewart named 2016 Women 's Naismith Trophy winner '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seimone Augustus Bio '' . LSUsports.net . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Harding takes home Naismith NPOY award '' . The Duke Chronicle . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Candace Parker Wins 2008 Naismith Trophy '' . www.utsports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Courant , Hartford . `` Tina Charles Wins Naismith Award '' . courant.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Baylor University Baylor Nation News '' . www.baylor.edu . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Griner Wins Second Straight Naismith Trophy '' . www.baylorbears.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina 's A'ja Wilson wins Naismith Women 's Basketball Player of the Year Award '' . www.ncaa.com . Retrieved 1 , April 2018 .", "9": "Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Official website Men 's college basketball awards ( United States ) National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame Women 's college basketball awards National players of the year Naismith Trophy Wooden Award Adolph Rupp Trophy AP Player of the Year NABC Player of the Year Oscar Robertson Trophy Sporting News Player of the Year Defunct -- Helms Foundation Player of the Year UPI Player of the Year Individual awards Academic All - America of the Year All - Americans ( by year ) Bob Cousy Award ( Point Guard ) Jerry West Award ( Shooting Guard ) Julius Erving Award ( Small Forward ) Karl Malone Award ( Power Forward ) Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Award ( Center ) Haggerty Award ( NYC area ) Lefty Driesell Award ( Top Defender ) Senior CLASS Award Lou Henson Award ( Mid-Major Player of the Year ) Lute Olson Award ( Top Non-Freshman ) Pete Newell Big Man Award NABC Defensive Player of the Year NCAA Tournament Most Outstanding Player Robert V. Geasey Trophy ( Big 5 Player of the Year ) USBWA National Freshman of the Year Defunct -- Chip Hilton Award ( player character ) Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award ( senior 6'0 '' or shorter ) Conference players of the year America East American A-10 ACC ASUN Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA C - USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MAC MEAC MVC Mountain West NEC OVC Pac - 12 Patriot SEC SoCon Southland Summit Sun Belt SWAC WCC WAC Defunct -- American South Big Eight East Coast Great Midwest Great West Metro Southwest Head coach awards Naismith Coach of the Year AP Coach of the Year", "10": "Ben Jobe Award ( Top Minority Coach ) Henry Iba Award Hugh Durham Award ( Mid-Major Coach of the Year ) Jim Phelan Award ( Major Conference Coach of the Year ) NABC Coach of the Year Skip Prosser Man of the Year Award ( Moral Character ) Clair Bee Award ( Coaching Character ) Legends of Coaching ( Lifetime ) Defunct -- Adolph Rupp Cup UPI Coach of the Year Conference coaches of the year American ACC Big 12 CAA MVC NEC Pac - 12 Division awards NABC Players of the Year -- Division II Division III NAIA Junior College NAIA Tournament MVP Clarence Gaines Award ( Division II Coach of the Year ) Other awards USBWA Most Courageous Award Women 's college basketball awards ( United States ) Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame Men 's college basketball awards Player awards Naismith Trophy Wade Trophy AP Player of the Year Ann Meyers Drysdale Player of the Year Wooden Award Honda Sports Award WBCA Player of the Year ( defunct ) Academic All - America of the Year NCAA Tournament Most Outstanding Player WBCA Defensive Player of the Year Nancy Lieberman Award ( Point Guard ) Dawn Staley Award ( Guard ) USBWA National Freshman of the Year ( Freshman ) Senior CLASS Award ( Senior ) Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award ( Senior 5'8 '' or shorter ;", "11": "defunct ) Coaching awards Naismith Coach of the Year WBCA Coach of the Year AP Coach of the Year USBWA Coach of the Year Kay Yow Award ( Character ) Carol Eckman Award ( Character ) Legends of Coaching ( Lifetime ) Maggie Dixon Award ( Rookie ) Other individual awards Pat Summitt Most Courageous Award Conference players of the year American Big 12 Big East Big Ten NEC Pac - 12 SEC WCC Conference coaches of the year NEC Naismith Men 's College Player of the Year 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Dawkins 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G.", "12": "Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson Naismith Women 's College Player of the Year 1983 : Donovan 1984 : Miller 1985 : Miller 1986 : Miller 1987 : Davis 1988 : Wicks 1989 : Davis 1990 : Azzi 1991 : Staley 1992 : Staley 1993 : Swoopes 1994 : Leslie 1995 : Lobo 1996 : Roundtree 1997 : Starbird 1998 : Holdsclaw 1999 : Holdsclaw 2000 : Catchings 2001 : Riley 2002 : Bird 2003 : Taurasi 2004 : Taurasi 2005 : Augustus 2006 : Augustus 2007 : Harding 2008 : Parker 2009 : Moore 2010 : Charles 2011 : Moore 2012 : Griner 2013 : Griner 2014 : Stewart 2015 : Stewart 2016 : Stewart 2017 : Plum 2018 : Wilson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "13": "php?title=Naismith_College_Player_of_the_Year&oldid=835956936 '' Categories : College basketball player of the year awards in the United States Awards established in 1969 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors : dates Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Polski Português Русский Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 20 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4248915064337089892	who is nebula on guardians of the galaxy	[ "Karen Gillan", "Karen Gillan", "Karen Gillan" ]	{ "0": "Nebula ( Comics ) - wikipedia Nebula ( Comics ) Jump to : navigation , search For the DC Comics character , see Nebula Man . Nebula Interior artwork from Nova : The Human Rocket # 1 ( May , 1999 Marvel Comics ) . Art by Joe Bennett . Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance The Avengers # 257 ( July 1985 ) Created by Roger Stern John Buscema In - story information Species Luphomoid Notable aliases Captain Nebula , Ms. Peale Nebula is a fictional character , an alien supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by Roger Stern and John Buscema , the character first appeared in The Avengers # 257 ( July 1985 ) . A pirate and mercenary operating in outer space , the character has frequently appeared as an enemy of the Avengers and the Silver Surfer . Nebula has appeared in several other media adaptations of the Marvel comics , including animated television series and video games . Karen Gillan portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , beginning with the 2014 film Guardians of the Galaxy and its 2017 sequel Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . She will reprise the role in the upcoming 2018 film Avengers : Infinity War and the 2019 untitled Avengers film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 The Infinity Gauntlet 2.2 Annihilation 3 Powers and abilities 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Publication history ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2013 ) Nebula was created by writer Roger Stern and artist John Buscema , and first appeared in The Avengers # 257 ( July 1985 ) . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Nebula on the cover of The Avengers # 318 ( June 1990 ) . Art by Paul Ryan and Tom Palmer . A brutal space pirate and mercenary , Nebula seized control of Sanctuary II , a massive spaceship previously under the command of Thanos .", "1": "Thanos was believed to be dead at this point , and Nebula claimed that he had been her grandfather . Nebula 's band of mercenaries and pirates consisted of Skunge , Kehl , Gunthar and Levan . Nebula asked the second Captain Marvel to join her mercenary band and aid them in conquering the Skrull Empire . However , Firelord learned that Nebula had massacred the Xandarians . Nebula used her space fleet to attack the Skrull space armada and the Avengers . Nebula then schemed to gain absolute power using Earth scientist Dr. Harker 's atomic compressor to release vast amounts of energy that were absorbed by the Infinity Union ( Although this attempt nearly triggered the end of the universe when the experiment caused a second Big Bang that came close to annihilating everything before a small group of Avengers -- Captain America , Iron Man , Thor , Spider - Man and Sersi -- were able to escape the destruction and shut down the equipment in time to negate the unmaking of existence ) . She fought the Avengers , and absorbed energies from the Infinity Union through the implant in her brain . As she fought the Avengers , she lost her powers when Sersi removed the brain implant . Nebula then escaped . The Infinity Gauntlet ( edit ) The newly resurrected Thanos was offended by Nebula 's claims of kinship . He reclaimed his ship and almost killed her , using the Infinity Gems . He transformed her into a grotesque virtual corpse still barely alive , leaving her as a maimed and seemingly mindless zombie , burned and disfigured by his energy beams . When he later claimed the Infinity Gauntlet , Thanos boasted that Nebula was his greatest creation -- unable to die , but not truly alive either . However , when Thanos defeated Eternity and took his place , Thanos expanded his consciousness into the universe , leaving his body comatose . Nebula managed to take the Gauntlet from Thanos , using its power to restore herself to health and banish Thanos , seeking to conquer the universe herself . Thanos agreed to help a loose band of heroes defeat Nebula .", "2": "The group in question consisted of Adam Warlock , Doctor Strange , the Silver Surfer , Thor , the Hulk , Firelord , Doctor Doom and Drax the Destroyer -- the only heroes that Strange had been able to locate in the time available to him . The group confronted her , and , with Thanos exploiting Nebula 's inexperience with wielding the Gauntlet , she was tricked into undoing the events of Thanos 's godhood and all the death and destruction Thanos wreaked with his power . The Cosmic Pantheon ( which Thanos had earlier defeated ) immediately appeared , and battled her . With Nebula thus distracted -- lacking the knowledge to realize that they were keeping her occupied by attacking her all at once , thus preventing her from thinking of a less direct method of assault -- the Surfer and Warlock were able to steal the Gauntlet from her by exploiting Warlock 's connection to the Soul Gem , disrupting the unity between the Infinity Gems and forcing Nebula to drop the Gauntlet . Nebula was captured by Starfox and returned to Titan for trial , while Adam Warlock claimed the Gauntlet . Nebula was later confronted by Firelord in the Titanian prison . In flashback , the murder of her abusive father was depicted . Nebula was later freed from prison by Geatar , and converted into a cyborg by Doctor Mandibus . She attempted to free her pirate crew from the `` Anvil '' space prison , but was thwarted by the Silver Surfer and Jack of Hearts . She killed her crew in escaping . Annihilation ( edit ) Nebula has appeared as one of Gamora 's followers , ' The Graces ' . In this role , she battled Ronan the Accuser alongside Stellaris . Ronan triumphed , severely wounding her . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Nebula is an athletic woman and an excellent armed and unarmed combatant . She possesses a gifted intellect and is a brilliant battle strategist . Nebula uses blasters worn on her wrists that fire concussive blasts of unknown energy or heat blasts that can incinerate a human being almost instantly . She also apparently wears a device that enables her to disguise her appearance , either through illusion - casting or through actual molecular rearrangement of her body and clothing . Nebula was converted by Doctor Mandibus into a cyborg .", "3": "She was given an artificial left eye , left arm , and left shoulder . The left upper quarter of her head and part of her right hip are sheathed in metal . Nebula briefly possessed the Infinity Union , a combination of three devices that together could channel all forms of ambient energy into her which infused her with vast energies . She also briefly possessed the Infinity Gauntlet , which held six `` Infinity Gems '' of virtually - unlimited power , which gave her seemingly - absolute control of reality while she possessed them . However , her short sightedness meant that she often made crucial errors in judgment when wielding the power , like undoing the events of Thanos 's godhood without realizing that this would revert her to her near - death state and free the imprisoned Cosmic Pantheon whom Thanos had recently defeated . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Nebula is featured in the two - part episode `` Learning Curve '' of the 1999 animated series Silver Surfer , voiced by Jennifer Dale . Nebula appears in the second season of the 2009 animated series The Super Hero Squad Show , voiced by Jane Lynch . This version is the older sister of Thanos , and appears in the episodes `` Double Negations at the World 's End '' , `` Fate of Destiny '' and `` When Strikes the Surfer . '' Nebula appears in the Guardians of the Galaxy TV series , voiced by Cree Summer . In the episode `` Origins , '' Gamora and Nebula were put through training by Ronan the Accuser so that they can fight for Thanos . In the episode `` The Backstabbers , '' the death of Ronan the Accuser has left a power vacuum where Nova Prime mentions to the Nova Corps that there is competition between Korath the Pursuer , Nebula , and Gamora to see who will succeed Ronan the Accuser as Thanos ' new general . Gamora pretends to betray the Guardians of the Galaxy so that she can get Nebula and her Chitauri crew into fighting Korath the Pursuer 's group . Following the plan and the Guardians of the Galaxy getting away , Nebula recovers Ronan the Accuser 's Universal Weapon that Drax the Destroyer threw at her ship . In the episode `` Bad Moon Rising , '' Nebula attacks the Guardians of the Galaxy on the living moon Mandala .", "4": "Using Mandala 's life - giving powers and a special seed , Nebula resurrects Ronan the Accuser and gives him his Universal Weapon as Ronan the Accuser plans to pilot Mandala to Xandar in order to annihilate the enemies of the Kree there . With help from Star - Lord and Groot , Mandala broke free and uses a special magma attack to send Nebula and Ronan the Accuser flying far away from Mandala . Film ( edit ) Karen Gillan as Nebula from the 2014 film Guardians of the Galaxy . Karen Gillan portrays Nebula in the 2014 live - action film Guardians of the Galaxy . She is portrayed as an adopted daughter of Thanos , and she is augmented and converted into a cyborg ; at least her arms are completely mechanical , as she is shown making repairs to circuits in her forearm . Despite her familial ties to Thanos , Nebula allies with Ronan the Accuser when Ronan steals an Infinity Stone to destroy Xandar and later use against Thanos only to be defeated in combat by Gamora . When Gamora offers to save her , Nebula rejects Gamora 's help and severs her trapped mechanical left hand so that she can steal a ship and escape . Gillan reprises the role in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , released in May 2017 . In the film , the Guardians retrieve the arrested Nebula from the Sovereign race , as she was apprehended after trying to steal their batteries . After the Guardians crash - land the ship on a nearby planet due to the Sovereign 's ambush ( as Rocket was caught stealing the batteries ) , Rocket and Baby Groot are tasked with looking over Nebula while the rest are taken by Ego to his planet . She assists the Ravagers with a mutiny against Yondu which results in her freedom and Yondu , Rocket , and Groot 's capture . Nebula convinces the Ravagers to spare the three due to the many bounties on their heads , of which Nebula wants a 10 % cut . She leaves using one of their ships to track down and kill Gamora on Ego , as the torture she received from Thanos and her cybernetic body parts were a result of Gamora constantly defeating her when they were children .", "5": "She arrives at Ego 's planet and tries to kill Gamora , only stopping when she finally bests her sister in combat . Her desire to kill Gamora abated , the pair reach an uneasy alliance , after which they discover caverns filled with the skeletal remains of Ego 's many children . She joins the Guardians in combating Ego to defend the universe from his takeover . In the process she rescues Gamora from death and the two reconcile over their shared past trauma . Despite Gamora offering her a chance to stay with the Guardians , Nebula chooses to set out alone in her quest to kill Thanos . The character will appear in both Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel , again portrayed by Gillan . Video games ( edit ) Nebula is the penultimate boss in the 1996 SNES game Marvel Super Heroes : War of the Gems . Nebula appears in Marvel Super Hero Squad : The Infinity Gauntlet , with Jane Lynch reprising her voice role . Nebula appears as a villain in Marvel : Avengers Alliance . She is featured in Spec - Ops 20 which is based on the Guardians of the Galaxy film . Nebula is a playable character in Marvel : Future Fight . Nebula appears in Marvel Avengers Academy , voiced by Linnea Sage . Nebula appears in Lego Marvel 's Avengers as an unlockable and playable character . Nebula appears in Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series , voiced by Ashly Burch . Following the death of Thanos , Gamora states to Star - Lord at a bar at Knowhere that a small part of her wants to see her sister Nebula again . Star - Lord will either tell Gamora that Nebula 's family or that calling her could be a mistake . If it is the former , Nebula expresses anger in her call with Gamora of how the Guardians killed their father . In episode 2 , Nebula attacks the location where Thanos ' body is being held . Regardless on Star - Lord 's choice revolving around Rocket Raccoon 's trip to Halfworld , Star - Lord and Gamora fight Nebula and managed to subdue her . On the Milano , Nebula is shown to be locked up in Gamora 's room .", "6": "Entering Gamora 's room which Nebula has been locked up in , Star - Lord and Gamora tell Nebula that they need her to translate the ancient Kree language which Nebula is reluctant to do . When Nebula tells Gamora that she still remembers Tar - Voll , Gamora draws her sword on her as Nebula orders for Gamora to leave . If Star - Lord has Gamora leave , she does so while stating to Star - Lord that she wo n't help him if she hears screams . Nebula states that she never cared for them . If Star - Lord agrees with Gamora , he states that Gamora 's got the right idea as he pins her against the wall ( Star - Lord will also have the option to spit back on her ) . Drax the Destroyer later tells Star - Lord that there was a device found in Nebula 's skull . Star - Lord persuades Nebula into giving him the device where she states that it will tell him everything he 'll want to know while stating to Star - Lord that he owes her . When Kree soldiers working for Hala the Accuser attack the ship , Star - Lord will have the option to release Nebula to help fight the Kree soldiers while warning her that the trust exercise will be over if she back - stabs them in battle . In episode 3 , Star - Lord experiences Gamora 's flashbacks involving Nebula back when she was being trained by Thanos . The first one has Gamora dueling Nebula . Depending on the outcome , Thanos will still favor Nebula as the winner . The second flashback has Nebula being ordered to kill Gamora as a test . After the final flashback , Star - Lord had to decide to tell Nebula to go or told her to stay . If Star - Lord tells Nebula to go at the end , she will join Hala the Accuser 's forces . If Star - Lord tells Nebula to stay , she and Gamora finally reconciled . Nebula is a playable character in Marvel : Contest of Champions .", "7": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Avengers # 257 , 260 Jump up ^ Avengers # 311 -- 312 , 314 , 316 -- 318 Jump up ^ Infinity Gauntlet # 1 Jump up ^ Infinity Gauntlet # 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Silver Surfer Annual # 5 Jump up ^ Silver Surfer Vol. 3 # 69 -- 73 Jump up ^ Silver Surfer Vol. 3 # 76 -- 78 Jump up ^ Annihilation : Ronan # 2 Jump up ^ `` TV stars invade Marvel Super Hero Squad Robot 6 @ Comic Book Resources -- Covering Comic Book News and Entertainment '' . Robot6.comicbookresources.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Marshall ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` @ IAmCreeSummer Hey Nebula , GuuuRRRRLLLLL ! ! ! ! You are amazing ! xoxo '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 : Zoe Saldana On Gamora , Nebula And Thanos '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McLean , Pauline ( 17 January 2017 ) . `` Karen Gillan on Tupperware Party , Inverness and Avengers '' . Retrieved 16 May 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` Voice Of Nebula - Marvel Universe ǀ Behind The Voice Actors '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Check mark indicates role has been confirmed using screenshots of closing credits and other reliable sources Jump up ^ Linnea Sage ( @ LinneaSage ) ( April 7 , 2016 ) .", "8": "`` I 'm the voice of # Nebula in # Marvel 's ' # AvengersAcademy ' smartphone app . Pretty proud of this one . Another kick ... fb.me/2NexFvage '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ashly Burch ( @ ashly_burch ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Yo ! @ telltalegames ' Guardians of the Galaxy is out and I play Nebula ! Stop being mean to my dad ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Entering Marvel Contest of Champions : Nebula '' . News - Marvel.com . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Nebula at the Marvel Universe wiki Nebula at Marvel Wiki Nebula at Comic Vine Avengers Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Initial members Ant - Man Captain America Hulk Iron Man Thor Wasp Antagonists Group enemies A.I.M. Black Order Chitauri Circus of Crime Enclave H.A.M.M.E.R. 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-2591224500902459000	who played desmond doss father in hacksaw ridge	[ "Hugo Weaving", "Hugo Weaving", "Hugo Weaving" ]	{ "0": "Hacksaw Ridge - wikipedia Hacksaw Ridge Jump to : navigation , search Hacksaw Ridge Theatrical release poster Directed by Mel Gibson Produced by Bill Mechanic David Permut Terry Benedict Paul Currie Bruce Davey Brian Oliver William D. Johnson Screenplay by Robert Schenkkan Randall Wallace Andrew Knight Based on The Conscientious Objector by Terry Benedict Starring Andrew Garfield Sam Worthington Luke Bracey Teresa Palmer Hugo Weaving Rachel Griffiths Vince Vaughn Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Simon Duggan Edited by John Gilbert Production companies Cross Creek Pictures Demarest Films Pandemonium Films Permut Productions Vendian Entertainment Distributed by Summit Entertainment ( United States ) Icon Film Distribution ( Australia ) Release date September 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 04 ) ( Venice ) November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) ( Australia ) November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) ( United States ) Running time 139 minutes Country United States Australia Language English Budget $40 million Box office $175.3 million Hacksaw Ridge is a 2016 biographical war drama film directed by Mel Gibson and written by Andrew Knight and Robert Schenkkan , based on the 2004 documentary The Conscientious Objector . The film focuses on the World War II experiences of Desmond Doss , an American pacifist combat medic who , as a Seventh - day Adventist Christian , refused to carry or use a weapon or firearm of any kind . Doss became the first conscientious objector to be awarded the Medal of Honor , for service above and beyond the call of duty during the Battle of Okinawa . Andrew Garfield stars as Doss , with Sam Worthington , Luke Bracey , Teresa Palmer , Hugo Weaving , Rachel Griffiths , and Vince Vaughn in supporting roles .", "1": "The film was released in the United States on November 4 , 2016 , grossing $175.3 million worldwide and received largely positive reviews , with Gibson 's direction and Garfield 's performance earning notable praise . Hacksaw Ridge was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of its top ten Movies of the Year , and has received numerous awards and nominations . The film received six Oscar nominations at the 89th Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor for Garfield and Best Sound Editing , winning the awards for Best Sound Mixing and Best Film Editing . It also received Golden Globe nominations for Best Picture , Best Director and Best Actor , and 12 AACTA Awards nominations , winning the majority , including Best Film , Best Direction , Best Original Screenplay , Best Actor for Garfield , and Best Supporting Actor for Weaving . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Principal photography 3.5 Post-production 4 Themes 5 Historical accuracy 6 Music 7 Release 7.1 Marketing 8 Reception 8.1 Box office 8.2 Critical response 8.3 Accolades 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) As a child , Desmond Doss nearly kills his younger brother Hal . This event and his Seventh - day Adventist upbringing reinforce Desmond 's belief in the commandment `` Thou shalt not kill '' . Years later , Doss takes an injured man to the hospital and meets a nurse , Dorothy Schutte . The two strike a romance and Doss tells Dorothy of his interest in medical work . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Doss enlists in the Army to serve as a combat medic . His father Tom , a World War I veteran , is deeply upset by the decision . Before leaving for Fort Jackson , he asks for Dorothy 's hand in marriage and she accepts . Doss is placed under the command of Sergeant Howell . He excels physically but becomes an outcast among his fellow soldiers for refusing to handle a rifle and train on Saturdays .", "2": "Howell and Captain Glover attempt to discharge Doss for psychiatric reasons but are overruled , as Doss ' religious beliefs do not constitute mental illness . They subsequently torment Doss by putting him through grueling labor , intending to get Doss to leave of his own accord . Despite being beaten one night by his fellow soldiers , he refuses to identify his attackers and continues training . Doss ' unit completes basic training and is released on leave , during which Doss intends to marry Dorothy , but his refusal to carry a firearm leads to an arrest for insubordination . Captain Glover and Dorothy visit Doss in jail and try to convince him to plead guilty so that he can be released without charge , but Doss refuses to compromise his beliefs . At his trial Doss pleads not guilty , but before he is sentenced , his father barges into the tribunal with a letter from a former commanding officer stating that his son 's pacifism is protected by an Act of Congress . The charges against Doss are dropped , and he and Dorothy are married . Doss ' unit is assigned to the 77th Infantry Division and deployed to the Pacific theater . During the Battle of Okinawa , Doss ' unit is informed that they are to relieve the 96th Infantry Division , which was tasked with ascending and securing the Maeda Escarpment ( `` Hacksaw Ridge '' ) . In the initial fight , both sides sustain heavy losses . Doss saves his squadmate Smitty as well as several wounded soldiers . The Americans camp for the night , which Doss spends in a foxhole with Smitty . Doss reveals that his aversion to holding a firearm stems from nearly shooting his drunken father , who threatened his mother with a gun . Smitty apologizes for doubting his courage , and the two reconcile . The next morning , the Japanese launch a massive counterattack and drive the Americans off the escarpment . Smitty is killed , while Howell and several of Doss ' squad mates are left injured on the battlefield . Doss hears the cries of dying soldiers and returns to save them , carrying the wounded to the cliff 's edge and belaying them down by rope , each time praying to save one more . The arrival of dozens of wounded once presumed dead comes as a shock to the rest of the unit below .", "3": "When day breaks , Doss rescues Howell and the two escape Hacksaw under enemy fire . Captain Glover tells Doss that the men have been inspired by his selflessness , and that they will not launch the next attack without him . With reinforcements , they turn the tide of battle . After an ambush set by Japanese soldiers feigning surrender , Doss manages to save Glover and others by deflecting enemy grenades . Doss is eventually wounded by a grenade blast , but the battle is won . Doss descends the cliff , clutching the Bible Dorothy gave him . The film switches to archival photos and footage showing that Doss was awarded the Medal of Honor by President Harry S. Truman for rescuing 75 soldiers at Hacksaw Ridge . Doss stayed married to Dorothy until her death in 1991 . He died on March 23 , 2006 , at the age of 87 . Cast ( edit ) Andrew Garfield as Desmond Doss Vince Vaughn as Sergeant Howell Sam Worthington as Captain Jack Glover Luke Bracey as Smitty Ryker Hugo Weaving as Tom Doss , Desmond 's father Ryan Corr as Lieutenant Manville Teresa Palmer as Dorothy Schutte , Desmond 's wife Rachel Griffiths as Bertha Doss , Desmond 's mother Richard Roxburgh as Colonel Stelzer Luke Pegler as Milt `` Hollywood '' Zane Richard Pyros as Randall `` Teach '' Fuller Ben Mingay as Grease Nolan Firass Dirani as Vito Rinnelli Damien Thomlinson as Ralph Morgan Matt Nable as Lt. Colonel Cooney Robert Morgan as Colonel Sangston Nathaniel Buzolic as Harold `` Hal '' Doss , Desmond 's brother Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Hacksaw Ridge was in development limbo for fourteen years . Numerous producers had tried for decades to film Doss ' story , including decorated war hero Audie Murphy and Hal B. Wallis .", "4": "In 2001 , after finally convincing Doss that making a movie on his remarkable life was the right thing to do , screenwriter / producer Gregory Crosby ( grandson of Bing Crosby ) wrote the treatment and brought the project to film producer David Permut , of Permut Presentations , through the early cooperation of Stan Jensen of the Seventh - day Adventist Church , which ultimately led to the film being financed . In 2004 , director Terry Benedict won the rights to make a documentary about Doss , The Conscientious Objector , and secured the dramatic film rights in the process . However , Doss died in 2006 , after which producer Bill Mechanic acquired and then sold the rights to Walden Media , which developed the project along with producer David Permut . Gregory Crosby and Steve Longi served as co-producers . Walden Media insisted on a PG - 13 version of the battle , and Mechanic spent years working to buy the rights back . After acquiring the rights , Mechanic approached Mel Gibson , and wanted him to create a concoction of violence and faith , as he did with The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 ) . Gibson turned down the offer twice , as he previously did with Braveheart ( 1995 ) . Nearly a decade later , Gibson finally agreed to direct , a decision announced in November 2014 . The same month , Andrew Garfield was confirmed to play the role of Desmond Doss . With a budget of $40 million , the team still faced many challenges . Hacksaw Ridge became an international co-production , with key players and firms located in both the United States and Australia . When Australian tax incentives were taken off the table , the film had to qualify as Australian to receive government subsidies . Despite being American - born , Gibson 's early years in Australia helped the film qualify , along with most of the cast being Australian , including Rachel Griffiths ( Doss ' mother ) , Teresa Palmer ( Doss ' wife ) , Sam Worthington ( unit leader ) , Hugo Weaving ( as Doss ' father ) , Richard Roxburgh ( as a colonel ) and Luke Bracey ( as Smitty , one of Doss ' most antagonistic unit members ) . Rounding out the cast was American actor Vince Vaughn . According to producer Bill Mechanic , Australian state and federal subsidies made financing the film possible .", "5": "On February 9 , 2015 , IM Global closed a deal to finance the film , and also sold the film into the international markets . On the same day , Lionsgate acquired the North American distribution rights to the film . Chinese distribution rights were acquired by Bliss Media , a Shanghai - based film production and distribution company . Hacksaw Ridge is the first film directed by Gibson since Apocalypto in 2006 , and marks a departure from his previous films , such as Apocalypto and Braveheart , in which the protagonists acted violently . Writing ( edit ) Robert Schenkkan made the initial draft and Randall Wallace , who was previously attached to direct the film , rewrote the script . Andrew Knight polished the revised script . Gibson 's partner Bruce Davey also produced the film , along with Paul Currie . Casting ( edit ) The cast -- Andrew Garfield , Vince Vaughn , Sam Worthington , Luke Bracey , Teresa Palmer , Rachel Griffiths , Richard Roxburgh , Luke Pegler , Richard Pyros , Ben Mingay , Firass Dirani , Nico Cortez , Michael Sheasby , Goran Kleut , Jacob Warner , Harry Greenwood , Damien Thomlinson , Ben O'Toole , Benedict Hardie , Robert Morgan , Ori Pfeffer , Milo Gibson , and Nathaniel Buzolic , Hugo Weaving , and Ryan Corr -- was announced between November 2014 and October 2015 . The younger Doss was played by Darcy Bryce . Garfield plays Desmond Doss , a US Army medic awarded the Medal of Honor by President Harry S. Truman for saving lives during the Battle of Okinawa in World War II . Garfield had high regards for Doss , and venerated him for his act of bravery , hailing him as a `` wonderful symbol of embodying the idea of live and let live no matter what your ideology is , no matter what your value system is , just to allow other people to be who they are and allow yourself to be who you are . '' He found the idea of playing a real superhero , as compared to his past roles playing Spider - Man in The Amazing Spider - Man and its sequel , much more inspiring . Garfield admitted that he cried the first time he read the screenplay . He visited Doss ' hometown and touched his various tools .", "6": "Gibson was drawn to Garfield the first time he saw his performance in The Social Network . Palmer wanted a role in the film so badly that she auditioned via phone , and sent the recording to Gibson . She heard nothing back for three months , until Gibson called Palmer to tell her in a Skype chat that he had cast her in the role of Dorothy , Doss ' wife . Principal photography ( edit ) Principal photography started on September 29 , 2015 , and lasted for 59 days , ending in December of that year . Filming took place entirely in Australia . The film was based at Fox Studios in Sydney , after producers vigorously scouted for locations around the country . Filming took place mostly in the state of New South Wales -- where Gibson spent much of his early years -- in and around Sydney such as in Richmond , Bringelly , and Oran Park . Gibson moved to the state in July 2015 , two months before filming began . The graveyard scene was shot at a set - constructed cemetery in Sydney 's Centennial Park . The grounds of Newington Armory at Sydney Olympic Park were used as Fort Jackson . Filming in Bringelly required the team to clear and deforest over 500 hectares of land , which evoked the ire of some environmentalists . However , the producers had complete approval and clearance to do so . Also conditions were imposed to replant and rehabilitate part of the land after filming ceased . According to Troy Grant , New South Wales ' deputy premier and minister for the arts , the film brought 720 jobs and US $19 million to regional and rural New South Wales . Altogether , three jeeps , two trucks and a tank were featured in the film . Bulldozers and backhoes were used to transform a dairy pasture near Sydney to re-create the Okinawa battlefield . A berm had to be raised around the perimeter so cameras could turn 360 degrees without getting any eucalyptus trees in the background . Gibson did not want to rely heavily on computer visual effects , either on the screen or in pre-visualizing the battle scenes . Visual effects were used only during bloody scenes , like napalm - burnt soldiers .", "7": "During filming of the war scenes , Gibson incorporated his past war - movie experiences , and would yell to the actors , reminding them constantly of what they were fighting for . Post-Production ( edit ) Kevin O'Connell , who won his first Academy Award for sound mixing in this film , stated that budget constraints forced him to utilize archival sounds of WWII - era weapons . Themes ( edit ) The film has been described as an anti-war film , with pacifist themes . It also incorporates recurring religious imagery , such as baptism and ascension . Historical accuracy ( edit ) Doss on top of the Maeda Escarpment , May 4 , 1945 After the war , Doss turned down many requests for books and film versions of his actions , because he was wary of whether his life , wartime experiences , and Seventh - day Adventist beliefs would be portrayed inaccurately or sensationally . Doss ' only child , Desmond Doss Jr. , stated : `` The reason he declined is that none of them adhered to his one requirement : that it be accurate . And I find it remarkable , the level of accuracy in adhering to the principal of the story in this movie . '' Producer David Permut stated that the filmmakers took great care in maintaining the integrity of the story , since Doss was very religious . However , the filmmakers did change some details , notably the backstory about his father , the incident with the gun Doss took out of his alcoholic father 's hands , and the circumstances of his first marriage . The character of Smitty , portrayed by Luke Bracey , is an amalgamation of various soldiers who tormented Doss and was created for narrative reasons . Other changes to the story occur near the end of the movie when Doss is placed on a stretcher . In real life , Doss had another wounded man take his place on the stretcher . After treating the soldier , a sniper shot fractured Doss ' arm and he crawled to safety after being left alone for five hours . Gibson omitted this from the film because he felt that the audience would not find the scene believable .", "8": "The film also omits his prior combat service in the Battle of Guam and Battle of Leyte ( Doss was awarded the Bronze Star Medal for extraordinary bravery in both battles ) , and leaves the impression that Doss ' actions at Okinawa took place over a period of a few days , though his Medal of Honor citation covered his actions over a period of about three weeks ( April 29 to May 21 ) . Music ( edit ) The film 's score was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London . Hacksaw Ridge : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Rupert Gregson - Williams Released November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Recorded 2016 Studio Abbey Road Studios Genre Film score Length 53 : 56 Label Varèse Sarabande Producer Rupert Gregson - Williams Rupert Gregson - Williams chronology The Legend of Tarzan : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2016 ) Hacksaw Ridge : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2016 ) Sandy Wexler : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2017 ) James Horner was originally approached to compose the score for the film but was replaced by John Debney after Horner 's untimely death in 2015 . Debney was himself replaced by Rupert Gregson - Williams after his score was rejected before Hacksaw Ridge was set to premiere at the Venice Film Festival . When composing the music Gregson - Williams commented : `` The soundtrack is really in two parts . A lovely romance blossoms as Desmond discovers both the love of his life and his faith . The second half of the movie is brutal ... We wanted to reflect his spirituality without being pious , and his bravery without celebrating violence . '' The film 's accompanying score was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London , with an orchestra of 70 musicians and a 36 - voice choir conducted by Cliff Masterson . All tracks written by Rupert Gregson - Williams . Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Okinawa Battlefield '' 3 : 59 2 . `` I Could Have Killed Him '' 2 : 20 3 . `` A Calling '' 2 : 42 4 .", "9": "`` Pretty Corny '' 1 : 44 5 . `` Climbing for a Kiss '' 3 : 47 6 . `` Throw Hell at Him '' 1 : 58 7 . `` Sleep '' 2 : 18 8 . `` Dorothy Pleads '' 3 : 17 9 . `` Hacksaw Ridge '' 4 : 20 10 . `` Japanese Retake the Ridge '' 4 : 36 11 . `` I Ca n't Hear You '' 2 : 54 12 . `` One Man at a Time '' 2 : 30 13 . `` Rescue Continues '' 3 : 46 14 . `` A Miraculous Return '' 2 : 50 15 . `` Praying '' 5 : 49 16 . `` Historical Footage '' 4 : 59 Total length : 53 : 56 Release ( edit ) The world premiere of Hacksaw Ridge occurred on September 4 , 2016 , at the 73rd Venice Film Festival , where it received a 10 - minute standing ovation . The film was released in Australia on November 3 , 2016 , by Icon Film Distribution , and in the United States on November 4 , 2016 , by Lionsgate / Summit Entertainment . It was released by Bliss Media in China in November , and in the United Kingdom in 2017 , with IM Global handling international sales . Marketing ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) On July 28 , 2016 , Lionsgate released the only official trailer for Hacksaw Ridge which garnered millions of views . In partnership with Disabled American Veterans , Gibson screened the film at both the DAV National Convention and VFW National Convention in August 2016 to raise awareness of veterans ' issues . Within the same month , Gibson also appeared at Pastor Greg Laurie 's SoCal Harvest in Anaheim , California to promote the film . A number of Seventh - day Adventist ministries offered free copies of the Hero of Hacksaw Ridge book during the film 's release as well as created promotional materials to highlight Doss ' faith .", "10": "On February 24 , 2017 , Reto - Moto and Lionsgate announced a cross-promotion where the purchase of a DLC pack for Heroes & Generals would also give the purchaser a digital copy of the film . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Hacksaw Ridge grossed $67.1 million in the United States and Canada and $108.2 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $175.3 million , against a production budget of $40 million . The film opened alongside Doctor Strange and Trolls , and was projected to gross around $12 million from 2,886 theaters . It was expected to play very well among faith - based , Midwest , and Southern audiences . It made $5.2 million on its first day and $15.2 million in its opening weekend , finishing third at the box office behind Doctor Strange and Trolls . The debut was on par with the $15 million opening of Gibson 's last directorial effort , Apocalypto , in 2006 . In its second weekend , the film grossed $10.6 million ( a drop of just 30 % ) , finishing 5th at the box office . The film also opened successfully in China , grossing over $16 million in its first four days at the box office and over $60 million in total . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 86 % based on 245 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Hacksaw Ridge uses a real - life pacifist 's legacy to lay the groundwork for a gripping wartime tribute to faith , valor , and the courage of remaining true to one 's convictions . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 71 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 91 % overall positive score and a 67 % `` definite recommend . ''", "11": "The Milford Daily News called the film a `` masterpiece '' , adding that it `` is going to end up on many 2016 Top 10 lists , that should get Oscar nominations for Best Actor , Best Director and Best Picture . '' Maggie Stancu of Movie Pilot wrote that `` Gibson made some of his most genius directing choices in Hacksaw Ridge , and Garfield has given his best performance yet . With amazing performances by Vince Vaughn , Teresa Palmer , Sam Worthington and Hugo Weaving , it is absolutely one of 2016 's must - see films . '' Mick LaSalle of SFGate called the film `` a brilliant return for Mel Gibson , which confirms his position as a director with a singular talent for spectacle and a sure way with actors . '' In The Film Lawyers , Samar Khan called Hacksaw Ridge `` fantastic , '' and emphasised `` just how wonderful it is to have Gibson back in a more prominent position in Hollywood , hopefully with the demons of his past behind him . If Hacksaw Ridge is any indication , we are poised for a future filled with great films from the visionary director . '' The Daily Telegraph awarded four stars , and added : `` Hacksaw Ridge is a fantastically moving and bruising war film that hits you like a raw topside of beef in the face -- a kind of primary - coloured Guernica that flourishes on a big screen with a crowd . '' The Guardian also awarded the film four stars , and stated that Gibson had `` absolutely hit Hacksaw Ridge out of the park . '' The Australian 's reviewer was equally positive , stating that , as a director , `` Gibson 's approach is bold and fearless ; this represents his best work to date behind the camera . '' Rex Reed of Observer rated it with four stars , and called it `` the best war film since Saving Private Ryan ... ( I ) t is violent , harrowing , heartbreaking and unforgettable . And yes , it was directed by Mel Gibson .", "12": "He deserves a medal , too '' Michael Smith of Tulsa World called Hacksaw Ridge a `` moving character study '' and praised both the direction and acting : `` It 's truly remarkable how Gibson can film scenes of such heartfelt emotion with such sweet subtlety as easily as he stages some of the most vicious , visual scenes of violence that you will ever see ... Hacksaw Ridge is beautiful and brutal , and that 's a potent combination for a movie about a man determined to serve his country , as well as his soul . '' IGN critic Alex Welch gave a score of 8 / 10 , praising it as `` one of the most successful war films of recent memory , '' and `` at times horrifying , inspiring , and heart - wrenching . '' Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a positive review , praising Gibson 's direction and saying , `` There are two moments during the second half of Mel Gibson 's Hacksaw Ridge when I literally jumped out of my seat in terror . The film 's depiction of war is the best I 've seen since Saving Private Ryan . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3.5 stars , writing , `` Thanks to some of the greatest battle scenes ever filmed , Gibson once again shows his staggering gifts as a filmmaker , able to juxtapose savagery with aching tenderness . '' In contrast , Matt Zoller Seitz for RogerEbert.com gave the film 2.5 stars , and described the film as `` a movie at war with itself . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Hacksaw Ridge Hacksaw Ridge won Best Film Editing and Best Sound Mixing and was nominated for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor for Garfield and Best Sound Editing at the Academy Awards . The film won Best Editing and was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role for Garfield , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Sound and Best Makeup and Hair at the British Academy Film Awards . The film won Best Action Movie and Best Actor in an Action Movie for Garfield and was nominated for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor for Garfield , Best Editing and Best Hair and Makeup at the Critics ' Choice Awards . The film received three nominations at the Golden Globe Awards , including Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama for Garfield and Best Director .", "13": "The film won Best Actor for Garfield , Best Film Editing and Best Sound and was nominated for Best Film , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Cinematography , Best Original Score and Best Art Direction and Production Design at the Satellite Awards . See also ( edit ) The Conscientious Objector ( 2004 documentary about Doss ) Thomas W. Bennett , U.S. Army Combat Medic who received the Medal of Honor for actions in Vietnam Joseph G. LaPointe Jr. , U.S. Army Combat Medic who received the Medal of Honor for actions in Vietnam References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lions Gate Entertainment 2016 Q3 10 - Q '' . sec.gov . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hacksaw Ridge ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 5 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks Barnes ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hacksaw Ridge , ' a Gory War Movie for Both Hawks and Doves '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Doctor Strange ' To Give Booster Shot To Sleepy Fall Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : Best Of 2016 List Includes ' Silence ' , ' Hacksaw Ridge ' & More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hacksaw Ridge ' wins 2 Oscar awards , honoring local Desmond Doss '' .", "14": "February 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE 89TH ACADEMY AWARDS '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . February 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Peabody ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Gibson 's `` Hacksaw Ridge '' Enters Post-Production : Release Target in Time for Oscar ? `` . Religious Liberty . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Don Steinberg ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hacksaw Ridge ' : An American War Hero Who Refused to Fight '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jaafar , Ali ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Mel Gibson In Talks To Direct ' Hacksaw Ridge ' With Andrew Garfield Starring In War Hero Pic '' . deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hacksaw Ridge : Mel Gibson 's New Biopic War Film , Starring Andrew Garfield - Emanuel Levy '' . Emanuel Levy . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` AFM : How Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Finally Came Together '' . Variety .", "15": "Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Don Steinberg ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` How War - Movie Veteran Mel Gibson Approached Directing ' Hacksaw Ridge ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hacksaw Ridge : Mel Gibson 's Comeback '' . October 27 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bizzaca , Caris ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Hacksaw Ridge : between indie and franchise '' . Screen Australia . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Berlin : IM Global Sells Much of the World on ' Hacksaw Ridge ' '' . variety.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Berlin : Lionsgate in Final Talks for Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China 's Bliss Media Takes Stake in Wild Bunch 's Insiders '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Pip Bulbeck ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Mel Gibson Ready to Honor Desmond T. Doss with ' Hacksaw Ridge ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pip Bulbeck ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Begins Filming '' . The Hollywood Reporter .", "16": "Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Fleming Jr ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson On His Venice Festival Comeback Picture ' Hacksaw Ridge ' -- Q&A '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mcnary , Dave ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` AFM : How Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Finally Came Together '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson Planning ' Passion of the Christ ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bulbeck , Pip ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Mel Gibson Ready to Honor Desmond T. Doss with ' Hacksaw Ridge ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Vince Vaughn To Star In Mel Gibson - Directed ' Hacksaw Ridge ' '' . deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2015 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike , Jr . ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Bracey Lands Lead in Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' '' . deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` First Look : Andrew Garfield and Vince Vaughn in Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' '' . variety.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 .", "17": "Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Hugo Weaving Joins Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' '' . variety.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony Lane ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` THE MADNESS AND MAJESTY OF `` HACKSAW RIDGE '' `` . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ariston Anderson ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Venice : Mel Gibson , Andrew Garfield Discuss the `` Strong Faith '' Behind ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Play Video `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mel Gibson makes a comeback in war drama ' Hacksaw Ridge ' '' . Gulf News . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mel Gibson on Andrew Garfield in ' Hacksaw Ridge ' : He Was a ' Real Superhero ' '' . Variety . October 25 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Monique Friedlander ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' I really wanted this role ' : Teresa Palmer auditioned for Hacksaw Ridge via IPHONE ... and waited three months to hear back from director Mel Gibson '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ethan Sacks ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson 's war movie ' Hacksaw Ridge ' may be his miracle '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 .", "18": "Jump up ^ Garry Maddox ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Short Cuts : Mel Gibson 's Hacksaw Ridge has landed , emotional opening for Melbourne festival and more from Australian film '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bianca La Cioppa ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Mel Gibson 's Hacksaw Ridge takes semi-rural town back to 1940s as filming begins despite local shopkeepers ' urgent meeting to protest AGAINST movie '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Luisa Cogno ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson 's war movie Hacksaw Ridge filmed in Bringelly to open in cinemas in November '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Amy Harris ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` Sydney is the movie capital of Australia '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jason Chester ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson begins work on World War II drama Hacksaw Ridge as uniform - clad actors film assault course scene in Sydney '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Megan Pustetto ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` He means business : Mel Gibson shoots WWII drama Hacksaw Ridge in eerie Sydney graveyard ... and is seen for the first time with Vince Vaughn and Andrew Garfield '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2015 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vera Bertol ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Movie set earmarked for residential development when filming done '' . The Daily Telegraph .", "19": "Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexandra Spring ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Mel Gibson war drama Hacksaw Ridge to begin filming in NSW in September '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matt Grobar ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Sound Mixer Kevin O'Connell On Producing A PTSD - Triggering Soundscape '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Samuel Smith ( October 1 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson : ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Is an ' Anti-War Movie ' '' . The Christian Post . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The True Story of Hacksaw Ridge and Desmond Doss : the Medal of Honor Winner Who Never Fired a Shot '' . People . November 5 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hacksaw Ridge vs the True Story of Desmond Doss , Medal of Honor '' . historyvshollywood.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fred Topel ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Hacksaw Ridge Interview : Luke Bracey on Smitty '' . Nerd Report . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mel Gibson , Andrew Garfield And Bill Mechanic On The 15 - Year Ordeal To Scale ' Hacksaw Ridge ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Bowman ( November 25 , 2016 ) . `` What Makes Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' an Excellent War Movie '' . The American Spectator . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 .", "20": "Jump up ^ Richard Goldstein ( March 25 , 2006 ) . `` Desmond T. Doss , 87 , Heroic War Objector , Dies '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Medal of Honor '' . desmonddoss.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bernhard H. Heidkamp ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Soundtrack Review : Rupert Gregson - Williams -- Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) '' . BehindTheAudio.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Broxton ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` HACKSAW RIDGE -- Rupert Gregson - Williams '' . Movie Music UK . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five Questions w / Rupert Gregson Williams ( HACKSAW RIDGE ) '' . Varèse Sarabande . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melinda Newman ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Composer Rupert Gregson - Williams on Working With Mel Gibson ; Hear Score '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Venice Film Festival : Lido To Launch Pics From Ford , Gibson , Malick & More As Awards Season Starts To Buzz -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Rivets With 10 - Minute Ovation At World Premiere -- Venice '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cogono , Luisa ; Chronicle Camden , Macarthur ( August 3 , 2016 ) .", "21": "`` Mel Gibson 's war movie Hacksaw Ridge filmed in Bringelly to open in cinemas in November '' . Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson WWII Movie ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Jumps Into November Awards Season ; ' The Shack ' To Open In March 2017 '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` China 's Bliss Media Launches $150 Million Film and TV Fund '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` China 's Bliss Media Launches $150 Million Fund '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phil De Semlyen ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Mel Gibson talks Hacksaw Ridge '' . Empire . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) Official Trailer -- `` Believe '' - Andrew Garfield `` . Lionsgate . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hunter , M. Todd ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Hacksaw Ridge partners with DAV '' . DAV . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jardine Malado ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson 's new Christian film ' Hacksaw Ridge ' receives 10 - minute standing ovation ; Movie hits U.S. theaters November 2016 '' . The Christian Times . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 .", "22": "Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hero of Hacksaw Ridge Book Giveaway '' . Amazing Facts . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hacksaw Ridge Promotion '' . Amazing Facts . November 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hacksaw Ridge '' . SermonView . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , John ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Why ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Matters to Adventists '' . Adventist Review . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Voloshyn , Dmytro ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` HEROES & GENERALS HAS CROSS-PROMOTION WITH HACKSAW RIDGE '' . KeenGamer . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' is expected to draw a massive audience for Disney 's Marvel Studios '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' To Give Booster Shot To Sleepy Fall Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' Resuscitates Fall Box Office With $81 M To $83 M+ Opening -- Saturday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 13 , 2016 ) . `` Veterans Day Weekend Skyrockets At The B.O. : ' Doctor Strange ' Pushes Disney To Record $2.3 B ; ' Arrival ' Soars To $24 M -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood .", "23": "Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Doctor Strange ' to Repeat at # 1 as ' Arrival ' , ' Almost Christmas ' & ' Shut In ' Hit Theaters '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hacksaw Ridge foreign gross '' . Box Office Mojo. 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hacksaw Ridge Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CinemaScore on Twitter ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hacksaw Ridge '' . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ed Symkus ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW : ' Hacksaw Ridge ' is a masterpiece '' . Milford Daily News . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maggie Stancu ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Why ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Is One Of The Must - See Movies Of The Year '' . Movie Pilot . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mick LaSalle ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Amid much gore , Mel Gibson achieves an antiwar triumph '' . SFGate . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Samar Khan . `` Mel Gibson makes his triumphant return with the fantastic Hacksaw Ridge '' . The Film Lawyers . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2016 .", "24": "Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robbie Collin ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hacksaw Ridge review : Mel Gibson goes to war with a bruising , fantastically moving comeback '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrew Pulver ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hacksaw Ridge review -- Mel Gibson finds a conscience in gruesome war story '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David Stratton ( November 5 , 2016 ) . `` Film reviews : Mel Gibson 's Hacksaw Ridge ; The Light Between Oceans '' . The Australian . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rex Reed ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Is the Best War Film Since ' Saving Private Ryan ' '' . Observer . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Smith ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Movie review : ' Hacksaw Ridge ' is moving character study and brutal '' . Tulsa World . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Hacksaw Ridge Review : A brutal and effective filmmaking return for Mel Gibson '' . IGN . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Is The Most Intense Depiction Of War Since ' Saving Private Ryan ' '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( November 2 , 2016 ) .", "25": "`` ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Review : Mel Gibson Returns With a War Movie About Peace '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hacksaw Ridge '' . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' La La Land ' Leads Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La La Land Leads with 12 Nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards '' . Critics ' Choice . December 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Hacksaw Ridge Official website Leepson , Marc ( 2015 ) . `` Desmond Thomas Doss ( 1919 -- 2006 ) '' . Dictionary of Virginia Biography . Library of Virginia . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 .", "26": "Hacksaw Ridge on IMDb Hacksaw Ridge at Rotten Tomatoes Hacksaw Ridge at Metacritic Mel Gibson Films directed The Man Without a Face ( 1993 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 ) Apocalypto ( 2006 ) Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) Written only Get the Gringo ( 2012 ) Produced only The Singing Detective ( 2003 ) Paparazzi ( 2004 ) Stonehearst Asylum ( 2014 ) The Professor and the Madman ( TBA ) Related articles Filmography Awards and nominations Icon Productions Donal Gibson Films by Randall Wallace Director The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) Secretariat ( 2010 ) Heaven Is for Real ( 2014 ) Producer The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) Pearl Harbor ( executive producer , 2001 ) We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) Writer Braveheart ( 1995 ) The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) AACTA Award for Best Film 1958 -- 1975 Conquest of the Rivers / Hard to Windward ( 1958 ) Edge of The Deep / The Power Makers ( 1959 ) Three in a Million ( 1960 ) Not awarded ( 1961 ) Bypass to Life / Night Freighter ( 1962 ) The Land That Waited ( 1963 ) The Dancing Class / I ,", "27": "the Aboriginal ( 1964 ) The Legend of Damien Parer / Stronger Since The War ( 1965 ) Concerto for Orchestra ( 1966 ) Cardin in Australia ( 1967 ) The Change at Groote / The Talgai Skull ( 1968 ) Jack and Jill : A Postscript ( 1969 ) Three To Go : Michael ( 1970 ) Homesdale ( 1971 ) Stork ( 1972 ) Libido : The Child / 27A ( 1973 ) Sunday Too Far Away ( 1974 / 75 ) 1976 -- 2000 The Devil 's Playground ( 1976 ) Storm Boy ( 1977 ) Newsfront ( 1978 ) My Brilliant Career ( 1979 ) Breaker Morant ( 1980 ) Gallipoli ( 1981 ) Lonely Hearts ( 1982 ) Careful , He Might Hear You ( 1983 ) Annie 's Coming Out ( 1984 ) Bliss ( 1985 ) Malcolm ( 1986 ) The Year My Voice Broke ( 1987 ) The Navigator : A Medieval Odyssey ( 1988 ) Evil Angels ( 1989 ) Flirting ( 1990 ) Proof ( 1991 ) Strictly Ballroom ( 1992 ) The Piano ( 1993 ) Muriel 's Wedding ( 1994 ) Angel Baby ( 1995 ) Shine ( 1996 ) Kiss or Kill ( 1997 ) The Interview ( 1998 ) Two Hands ( 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Lantana ( 2001 ) Rabbit - Proof Fence ( 2002 ) Japanese Story ( 2003 ) Somersault ( 2004 ) Look Both Ways ( 2005 ) Ten Canoes ( 2006 ) Romulus ,", "28": "My Father ( 2007 ) The Black Balloon ( 2008 ) Samson and Delilah ( 2009 ) Animal Kingdom ( 2010 ) Red Dog ( 2011 ) The Sapphires ( 2012 ) The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) The Babadook / The Water Diviner ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) Lion ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Action Movie The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Drive ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hacksaw_Ridge&oldid=838024997 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s biographical films 2010s drama films 2010s war films American biographical films American films American war drama films Anti-war films about World War II Australian biographical films Australian films Battle of Okinawa Biographical films about military personnel Cross Creek Pictures films Drama films based on actual events Films scored by Rupert Gregson - Williams Films about Christianity Films directed by Mel Gibson Films produced by Brian Oliver Films produced by Bruce Davey Films set in 1945 Films set in Okinawa Prefecture Films set in South Carolina Films set in Virginia Films set on islands Films set in Japan Films shot in Sydney Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Icon Productions films Pacific War films World War II films based on actual events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio", "29": "microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Articles to be expanded from December 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 13 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.", "30": ", a non-profit organization . 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-4733919216436438252	where can the mona lisa be found today	[ "Louvre Museum in Paris", "at the Louvre Museum in Paris", "on permanent display at the Louvre Museum in Paris", "Musée du Louvre, Paris", "Musée du Louvre, Paris" ]	{ "0": "Mona Lisa - wikipedia Mona Lisa Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the painting . For other uses , see Mona Lisa ( disambiguation ) . Mona Lisa Italian : La Gioconda , French : La Joconde Artist Leonardo da Vinci Year c. 1503 -- 06 , perhaps continuing until c. 1517 Medium Oil on poplar panel Subject Lisa Gherardini 77 cm × 53 cm ( 30 in × 21 in ) Location Musée du Louvre , Paris The Mona Lisa ( / ˌmoʊnə ˈliːsə / ; Italian : Monna Lisa ( ˈmɔnna ˈliːza ) or La Gioconda ( la dʒoˈkonda ) , French : La Joconde ( la ʒɔkɔ̃d ) ) is a half - length portrait painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci that has been described as `` the best known , the most visited , the most written about , the most sung about , the most parodied work of art in the world '' . The Mona Lisa is also one of the most valuable paintings in the world . It holds the Guinness World Record for the highest known insurance valuation in history at $100 million in 1962 , which is worth nearly $800 million in 2017 . The painting is thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini , the wife of Francesco del Giocondo , and is in oil on a white Lombardy poplar panel . It had been believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506 ; however , Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517 . Recent academic work suggests that it would not have been started before 1513 . It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic , on permanent display at the Louvre Museum in Paris since 1797 . The subject 's expression , which is frequently described as enigmatic , the monumentality of the composition , the subtle modelling of forms , and the atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the continuing fascination and study of the work .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Title and subject 2 History 2.1 Theft and vandalism 3 Aesthetics 4 Conservation 4.1 Poplar panel 4.2 Frame 4.3 Cleaning and touch - up 4.4 Display 5 Fame 5.1 Financial worth 6 Legacy 7 Early versions and copies 7.1 Prado Museum La Gioconda 7.2 Isleworth Mona Lisa 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Title and subject Main article : Lisa del Giocondo The title of the painting , which is known in English as Mona Lisa , comes from a description by Renaissance art historian Giorgio Vasari , who wrote `` Leonardo undertook to paint , for Francesco del Giocondo , the portrait of Mona Lisa , his wife . '' Mona in Italian is a polite form of address originating as `` ma donna '' -- similar to `` Ma'am '' , `` Madam '' , or `` my lady '' in English . This became `` madonna '' , and its contraction `` mona '' . The title of the painting , though traditionally spelled `` Mona '' ( as used by Vasari ) , is also commonly spelled in modern Italian as Monna Lisa ( `` mona '' being a vulgarity in some Italian dialects ) but this is rare in English . Vasari 's account of the Mona Lisa comes from his biography of Leonardo published in 1550 , 31 years after the artist 's death . It has long been the best - known source of information on the provenance of the work and identity of the sitter . Leonardo 's assistant Salaì , at his death in 1524 , owned a portrait which in his personal papers was named la Gioconda , a painting bequeathed to him by Leonardo . That Leonardo painted such a work , and its date , were confirmed in 2005 when a scholar at Heidelberg University discovered a marginal note in a 1477 printing of a volume written by the ancient Roman philosopher Cicero . Dated October 1503 , the note was written by Leonardo 's contemporary Agostino Vespucci .", "2": "This note likens Leonardo to renowned Greek painter Apelles , who is mentioned in the text , and states that Leonardo was at that time working on a painting of Lisa del Giocondo . In response to the announcement of the discovery of this document , Vincent Delieuvin , the Louvre representative , stated `` Leonardo da Vinci was painting , in 1503 , the portrait of a Florentine lady by the name of Lisa del Giocondo . About this we are now certain . Unfortunately , we can not be absolutely certain that this portrait of Lisa del Giocondo is the painting of the Louvre . '' A margin note by Agostino Vespucci ( visible at right ) discovered in a book at Heidelberg University . Dated 1503 , it states that Leonardo was working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo . The model , Lisa del Giocondo , was a member of the Gherardini family of Florence and Tuscany , and the wife of wealthy Florentine silk merchant Francesco del Giocondo . The painting is thought to have been commissioned for their new home , and to celebrate the birth of their second son , Andrea . The Italian name for the painting , La Gioconda , means `` jocund '' ( `` happy '' or `` jovial '' ) or , literally , `` the jocund one '' , a pun on the feminine form of Lisa 's married name , `` Giocondo '' . In French , the title La Joconde has the same meaning . Before that discovery , scholars had developed several alternative views as to the subject of the painting . Some argued that Lisa del Giocondo was the subject of a different portrait , identifying at least four other paintings as the Mona Lisa referred to by Vasari . Several other women have been proposed as the subject of the painting . Isabella of Aragon , Cecilia Gallerani , Costanza d'Avalos , Duchess of Francavilla , Isabella d'Este , Pacifica Brandano or Brandino , Isabela Gualanda , Caterina Sforza -- even Salaì and Leonardo himself -- are all among the list of posited models portrayed in the painting . The consensus of art historians in the 21st century maintains the long - held traditional opinion , that the painting depicts Lisa del Giocondo .", "3": "History Main article : Leonardo da Vinci Presumed self - portrait by Leonardo da Vinci , executed in red chalk sometime between 1512 and 1515 Leonardo da Vinci is thought by some to have begun painting the Mona Lisa in 1503 or 1504 in Florence , Italy . Although the Louvre states that it was `` doubtless painted between 1503 and 1506 '' , the art historian Martin Kemp says there are some difficulties in confirming the actual dates with certainty . In addition , many Leonardo experts , such as Carlo Pedretti and Alessandro Vezzosi , are of the opinion that the painting is characteristic of Leonardo 's style in the final years of his life , post-1513 . Other academics argue that , given the historical documentation , Leonardo would have painted the work from 1513 . According to Leonardo 's contemporary , Giorgio Vasari , `` after he had lingered over it four years , ( he ) left it unfinished '' . Leonardo , later in his life , is said to have regretted `` never having completed a single work '' . Raphael 's drawing , based on the portrait of Mona Lisa Circa 1504 , Raphael executed a pen and ink sketch , today in the Louvre museum , in which the subject is flanked by large columns , . Experts universally agree it is based on Leonardo 's portrait of Mona Lisa . Other later copies of the Mona Lisa , such as those in the National Museum of Art , Architecture and Design in Oslo and The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore , also display large flanking columns . As a result , it was originally thought that the Mona Lisa in the Louvre had side columns and had been cut . However , as early as 1993 , Zöllner observed that the painting surface had never been trimmed . This was confirmed through a series of tests conducted in 2004 . In view of this , Vincent Delieuvin , curator of 16th - century Italian painting at the Louvre museum states that the sketch and these other copies must have been inspired by another version , while Frank Zöllner states that the sketch brings up the possibility that Leonardo executed another work on the subject of Mona Lisa . It is unclear as to who commissioned the painting . Vasari states that the work was painted for Francesco del Giocondo , the husband of Lisa del Giocondo .", "4": "However , Antonio de Beatis , following a visit with Leonardo in 1517 , records that the painting was executed at the instance of Giuliano di Lorenzo de ' Medici . In 1516 , Leonardo was invited by King François I to work at the Clos Lucé near the king 's castle in Amboise . It is believed that he took the Mona Lisa with him and continued to work after he moved to France . Art historian Carmen C. Bambach has concluded that Leonardo probably continued refining the work until 1516 or 1517 . The fate of the painting around Leonardo 's death and just after it has divided academic opinion . Some , such as Kemp , believe that upon Leonardo 's death , the painting was inherited with other works by his pupil and assistant Salaì and was still in the latter 's possession in 1525 . Others believe that the painting was sold to Francis I by Salaì , together with The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and the St. John the Baptist in 1518 . The Louvre Museum lists the painting as having entered the Royal collection in 1518 . Given the issue surrounding the dating of the painting , the presence of the flanking columns in the Raphael sketch , the uncertainty concerning the person who commissioned it and its fate around the time of Leonardo 's death , a number of experts have argued that Leonardo painted two versions of the Mona Lisa . The first would have been commissioned by Francesco del Giocondo circa 1503 , had flanking columns , have been left unfinished and have been in Salai 's possession in 1525 . The second , commissioned by Giuliano de Medici circa 1513 , without the flanking columns , would have been sold by Salai to Francis I in 1518 and be the one in the Louvre today . The painting was kept at the Palace of Fontainebleau , where it remained until Louis XIV moved the painting to the Palace of Versailles . After the French Revolution , it was moved to the Louvre , but spent a brief period in the bedroom of Napoleon in the Tuileries Palace . During the Franco - Prussian War ( 1870 -- 71 ) it was moved from the Louvre to the Brest Arsenal .", "5": "During World War II , Mona Lisa was again removed from the Louvre and taken safely , first to Château d'Amboise , then to the Loc - Dieu Abbey and Château de Chambord , then finally to the Ingres Museum in Montauban . In December 2015 , it was reported that French scientist Pascal Cotte had found a hidden portrait underneath the surface of the painting using reflective light technology . The portrait is an underlying image of a model looking off to the side . Having been given access to the painting by Louvre in 2004 , Cotte spent ten years using layer amplification methods to study the painting . According to Cotte , the underlying image is Leonardo 's original Mona Lisa . However , this portrait does not fit with the description of the painting in the historical records : Both Vasari and Gian Paolo Lomazzo describe the subject as smiling ; the subject in Cotte 's portrait displays no smile . In addition , the portrait lacks the flanking columns drawn by Raphael in his c. 1504 sketch of Mona Lisa . Moreover , Cotte admits that his reconstitution had been carried out only in support of his hypotheses and should not be considered a real painting ; he stresses that the images never existed . Kemp is also adamant that Cotte 's images in no way establish the existence of a separate underlying portrait . Theft and vandalism `` La Joconde est Retrouvée '' ( `` Mona Lisa is Found '' ) , Le Petit Parisien , 13 December 1913 Vacant wall in the Salon Carré , Louvre after the painting was stolen in 1911 On 21 August 1911 , the painting was stolen from the Louvre . The theft was not discovered until the next day , when painter Louis Béroud walked into the museum and went to the Salon Carré where the Mona Lisa had been on display for five years , only to find four iron pegs on the wall . Béroud contacted the head of the guards , who thought the painting was being photographed for promotional purposes . A few hours later , Béroud checked back with the Section Chief of the Louvre who confirmed that the Mona Lisa was not with the photographers . The Louvre was closed for an entire week during the investigation . The Mona Lisa on display in the Uffizi Gallery , in Florence , 1913 .", "6": "Museum director Giovanni Poggi ( right ) inspects the painting . French poet Guillaume Apollinaire , who had once called for the Louvre to be `` burnt down '' , came under suspicion and was arrested and imprisoned . Apollinaire implicated his friend Pablo Picasso , who was brought in for questioning . Both were later exonerated . Two years later the thief revealed himself . Louvre employee Vincenzo Peruggia had stolen the Mona Lisa by entering the building during regular hours , hiding in a broom closet , and walking out with it hidden under his coat after the museum had closed . Peruggia was an Italian patriot who believed Leonardo 's painting should have been returned for display in an Italian museum . Peruggia may have been motivated by an associate whose copies of the original would significantly rise in value after the painting 's theft . A later account suggested Eduardo de Valfierno had been the mastermind of the theft and had commissioned forger Yves Chaudron to create six copies of the painting to sell in the U.S. while the location of the original was unclear . However , the original painting remained in Europe . After having kept the Mona Lisa in his apartment for two years , Peruggia grew impatient and was caught when he attempted to sell it to directors of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence . It was exhibited in the Uffizi Gallery for over two weeks and returned to the Louvre on 4 January 1914 . Peruggia served six months in prison for the crime and was hailed for his patriotism in Italy . Before its theft , the Mona Lisa was not widely known outside the art world . It was not until the 1860s that some critics , a thin slice of the French intelligentsia , began to hail it as a masterwork of Renaissance painting . In 1956 , part of the painting was damaged when a vandal threw acid at it . On 30 December of that year , a rock was thrown at the painting , dislodging a speck of pigment near the left elbow , later restored . The use of bulletproof glass has shielded the Mona Lisa from subsequent attacks . In April 1974 , while the painting was on display at the Tokyo National Museum , a woman sprayed it with red paint as a protest against that museum 's failure to provide access for disabled people .", "7": "On 2 August 2009 , a Russian woman , distraught over being denied French citizenship , threw a ceramic teacup purchased at the Louvre ; the vessel shattered against the glass enclosure . In both cases , the painting was undamaged . Aesthetics Detail of the background ( right side ) The Mona Lisa bears a strong resemblance to many Renaissance depictions of the Virgin Mary , who was at that time seen as an ideal for womanhood . The depiction of the sitter in three - quarter profile is similar to late 15th - century works by Lorenzo di Credi and Agnolo di Domenico del Mazziere . Zöllner notes that the sitter 's general position can be traced back to Flemish models and that `` in particular the vertical slices of columns at both sides of the panel had precedents in Flemish portraiture . '' Woods - Marsden cites Hans Memling 's portrait of Benededetto Portinari ( 1487 ) or Italian imitations such as Sebastiano Mainardi 's pendant portraits for the use of a loggia , which has the effect of mediating between the sitter and the distant landscape , a feature missing from Leonardo 's earlier portrait of Ginevra de ' Benci . The woman sits markedly upright in a `` pozzetto '' armchair with her arms folded , a sign of her reserved posture . Her gaze is fixed on the observer . The woman appears alive to an unusual extent , which Leonardo achieved by his method of not drawing outlines ( sfumato ) . The soft blending creates an ambiguous mood `` mainly in two features : the corners of the mouth , and the corners of the eyes '' . Detail of Lisa 's hands , her right hand resting on her left . Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife . The painting was one of the first portraits to depict the sitter in front of an imaginary landscape , and Leonardo was one of the first painters to use aerial perspective . The enigmatic woman is portrayed seated in what appears to be an open loggia with dark pillar bases on either side . Behind her , a vast landscape recedes to icy mountains . Winding paths and a distant bridge give only the slightest indications of human presence .", "8": "Leonardo has chosen to place the horizon line not at the neck , as he did with Ginevra de ' Benci , but on a level with the eyes , thus linking the figure with the landscape and emphasizing the mysterious nature of the painting . Mona Lisa has no clearly visible eyebrows or eyelashes . Some researchers claim that it was common at this time for genteel women to pluck these hairs , as they were considered unsightly . In 2007 , French engineer Pascal Cotte announced that his ultra-high resolution scans of the painting provide evidence that Mona Lisa was originally painted with eyelashes and with visible eyebrows , but that these had gradually disappeared over time , perhaps as a result of overcleaning . Cotte discovered the painting had been reworked several times , with changes made to the size of the Mona Lisa 's face and the direction of her gaze . He also found that in one layer the subject was depicted wearing numerous hairpins and a headdress adorned with pearls which was later scrubbed out and overpainted . There has been much speculation regarding the painting 's model and landscape . For example , Leonardo probably painted his model faithfully since her beauty is not seen as being among the best , `` even when measured by late quattrocento ( 15th century ) or even twenty - first century standards . '' Some art historians in Eastern art , such as Yukio Yashiro , argue that the landscape in the background of the picture was influenced by Chinese paintings , but this thesis has been contested for lack of clear evidence . Research in 2003 by Professor Margaret Livingstone of Harvard University said that Mona Lisa 's smile disappears when observed with direct vision , known as foveal . Because of the way the human eye processes visual information , it is less suited to pick up shadows directly ; however , peripheral vision can pick up shadows well . Research in 2008 by a geomorphology professor at Urbino University and an artist - photographer revealed likenesses of Mona Lisa 's landscapes to some views in the Montefeltro region in the Italian provinces of Pesaro , Urbino and Rimini . Conservation The Mona Lisa has survived for more than 500 years , and an international commission convened in 1952 noted that `` the picture is in a remarkable state of preservation . '' This is partly due to a variety of conservation treatments the painting has undergone .", "9": "A detailed analysis in 1933 by Madame de Gironde revealed that earlier restorers had `` acted with a great deal of restraint . '' Nevertheless , applications of varnish made to the painting had darkened even by the end of the 16th century , and an aggressive 1809 cleaning and revarnishing removed some of the uppermost portion of the paint layer , resulting in a washed - out appearance to the face of the figure . Despite the treatments , the Mona Lisa has been well cared for throughout its history , and although the panel 's warping caused the curators `` some worry '' , the 2004 -- 05 conservation team was optimistic about the future of the work . Poplar panel At some point , the Mona Lisa was removed from its original frame . The unconstrained poplar panel warped freely with changes in humidity , and as a result , a crack developed near the top of the panel , extending down to the hairline of the figure . In the mid-18th century to early 19th century , two butterfly - shaped walnut braces were inserted into the back of the panel to a depth of about one third the thickness of the panel . This intervention was skilfully executed , and successfully stabilized the crack . Sometime between 1888 and 1905 , or perhaps during the picture 's theft , the upper brace fell out . A later restorer glued and lined the resulting socket and crack with cloth . The picture is kept under strict , climate - controlled conditions in its bulletproof glass case . The humidity is maintained at 50 % ± 10 % , and the temperature is maintained between 18 and 21 ° C. To compensate for fluctuations in relative humidity , the case is supplemented with a bed of silica gel treated to provide 55 % relative humidity . Frame Because the Mona Lisa 's poplar support expands and contracts with changes in humidity , the picture has experienced some warping . In response to warping and swelling experienced during its storage during World War II , and to prepare the picture for an exhibit to honour the anniversary of Leonardo 's 500th birthday , the Mona Lisa was fitted in 1951 with a flexible oak frame with beech crosspieces . This flexible frame , which is used in addition to the decorative frame described below , exerts pressure on the panel to keep it from warping further .", "10": "In 1970 , the beech crosspieces were switched to maple after it was found that the beechwood had been infested with insects . In 2004 -- 05 , a conservation and study team replaced the maple crosspieces with sycamore ones , and an additional metal crosspiece was added for scientific measurement of the panel 's warp . The Mona Lisa has had many different decorative frames in its history , owing to changes in taste over the centuries . In 1909 , the Comtesse de Béhague gave the portrait its current frame , a Renaissance - era work consistent with the historical period of the Mona Lisa . The edges of the painting have been trimmed at least once in its history to fit the picture into various frames , but no part of the original paint layer has been trimmed . Cleaning and touch - up The first and most extensive recorded cleaning , revarnishing , and touch - up of the Mona Lisa was an 1809 wash and revarnishing undertaken by Jean - Marie Hooghstoel , who was responsible for restoration of paintings for the galleries of the Musée Napoléon . The work involved cleaning with spirits , touch - up of colour , and revarnishing the painting . In 1906 , Louvre restorer Eugène Denizard performed watercolour retouches on areas of the paint layer disturbed by the crack in the panel . Denizard also retouched the edges of the picture with varnish , to mask areas that had been covered initially by an older frame . In 1913 , when the painting was recovered after its theft , Denizard was again called upon to work on the Mona Lisa . Denizard was directed to clean the picture without solvent , and to lightly touch up several scratches to the painting with watercolour . In 1952 , the varnish layer over the background in the painting was evened out . After the second 1956 attack , restorer Jean - Gabriel Goulinat was directed to touch up the damage to Mona Lisa 's left elbow with watercolour . In 1977 , a new insect infestation was discovered in the back of the panel as a result of crosspieces installed to keep the painting from warping . This was treated on the spot with carbon tetrachloride , and later with an ethylene oxide treatment .", "11": "In 1985 , the spot was again treated with carbon tetrachloride as a preventive measure . Display Mona Lisa behind bulletproof glass at the Louvre Museum On 6 April 2005 -- following a period of curatorial maintenance , recording , and analysis -- the painting was moved to a new location within the museum 's Salle des États . It is displayed in a purpose - built , climate - controlled enclosure behind bulletproof glass . Since 2005 the painting has been illuminated by an LED lamp , and in 2013 a new 20 watt LED lamp was installed , specially designed for this painting . The lamp has a colour rendering index up to 98 , and minimizes infrared and ultraviolet radiation which could otherwise degrade the painting . The renovation of the gallery where the painting now resides was financed by the Japanese broadcaster Nippon Television . About 6 million people view the painting at the Louvre each year . Fame 2014 : Mona Lisa is among the greatest attractions in the Louvre . Today the Mona Lisa is considered the most famous painting in the world , but until the 20th century it was simply one among many highly regarded artworks . Once part of King Francis I of France 's collection , the Mona Lisa was among the very first artworks to be exhibited in Louvre , which became a national museum after the French Revolution . From the 19th century Leonardo began to be revered as a genius and the painting 's popularity grew from the mid-19th century when French intelligentsia developed a theme that it was somehow mysterious and a representation of the femme fatale . The Baedeker guide in 1878 called it `` the most celebrated work of Leonardo in the Louvre '' , but the painting was known more by the intelligentsia than the general public . US President John F. Kennedy , Madeleine Malraux , André Malraux , Jacqueline Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson at the unveiling of the Mona Lisa at the National Gallery of Art during its visit to Washington D.C. , 8 January 1963 The 1911 theft of the Mona Lisa and its subsequent return , however , was reported worldwide , leading to a massive increase in public recognition of the painting .", "12": "During the 20th century it was an object for mass reproduction , merchandising , lampooning and speculation , and was claimed to have been reproduced in `` 300 paintings and 2,000 advertisements '' . It has been said that the Mona Lisa was regarded as `` just another Leonardo until early last century , when the scandal of the painting 's theft from the Louvre and subsequent return kept a spotlight on it over several years . '' From December 1962 to March 1963 , the French government lent it to the United States to be displayed in New York City and Washington , D.C. It was shipped on the new liner SS France . In New York an estimated 1.7 million people queued `` in order to cast a glance at the Mona Lisa for 20 seconds or so . '' While exhibited in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , the painting was almost drenched in water because of a faulty sprinkler , but the bullet - proof glass case which encased the painting protected it . In 1974 , the painting was exhibited in Tokyo and Moscow . In 2014 , 9.3 million people visited the Louvre . Former director Henri Loyrette reckoned that `` 80 percent of the people only want to see the Mona Lisa . '' Financial worth Before the 1962 -- 63 tour , the painting was assessed for insurance at $100 million . The insurance was not bought . Instead , more was spent on security . Adjusted for inflation using the US Consumer Price Index , $100 million in 1962 is around $782 million in 2015 making it , in practice , by far the most valued painting in the world . In 2014 a France 24 article suggested that the painting could be sold to help ease the national debt , although it was noted that the Mona Lisa and other such art works were prohibited from being sold due to French heritage law , which states that `` Collections held in museums that belong to public bodies are considered public property and can not be otherwise . '' Raphael 's Young Woman with Unicorn , ( c. 1506 ) Raphael 's Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione ( c. 1514 -- 15 ) Le rire ( The Laugh ) by Eugène Bataille , or Sapeck ( 1883 ) L.H.O.O.Q.", "13": "by Marcel Duchamp ( 1919 ) Legacy See also : Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Before its completion the Mona Lisa had already begun to influence contemporary Florentine painting . Raphael , who had been to Leonardo 's workshop several times , promptly used elements of the portrait 's composition and format in several of his works , such as Young Woman with Unicorn ( c. 1506 ) , and Portrait of Maddalena Doni ( c. 1506 ) . Celebrated later paintings by Raphael , La velata ( 1515 -- 16 ) and Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione ( c. 1514 -- 15 ) , continued to borrow from Leonardo 's painting . Zollner states that `` None of Leonardo 's works would exert more influence upon the evolution of the genre than the Mona Lisa . It became the definitive example of the Renaissance portrait and perhaps for this reason is seen not just as the likeness of a real person , but also as the embodiment of an ideal . '' Early commentators such as Vasari and André Félibien praised the picture for its realism , but by the Victorian era writers began to regard the Mona Lisa as imbued with a sense of mystery and romance . In 1859 Théophile Gautier wrote that the Mona Lisa was a `` sphinx of beauty who smiles so mysteriously '' and that `` Beneath the form expressed one feels a thought that is vague , infinite , inexpressible . One is moved , troubled ... repressed desires , hopes that drive one to despair , stir painfully . '' Walter Pater 's famous essay of 1869 described the sitter as `` older than the rocks among which she sits ; like the vampire , she has been dead many times , and learned the secrets of the grave ; and has been a diver in the deep seas , and keeps their fallen day about her . '' By the early 20th century some critics started to feel the painting had become a repository for subjective exegeses and theories , and upon the painting 's theft in 1911 , Renaissance historian Bernard Berenson admitted that it had `` simply become an incubus , and I was glad to be rid of her . '' The avant - garde art world has made note of the undeniable fact of the Mona Lisa 's popularity .", "14": "Because of the painting 's overwhelming stature , Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures . Already in 1883 , Le rire , an image of a Mona Lisa smoking a pipe , by Sapeck ( Eugène Bataille ) , was shown at the `` Incoherents '' show in Paris . In 1919 , Marcel Duchamp , one of the most influential modern artists , created L.H.O.O.Q. , a Mona Lisa parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee . Duchamp added an inscription , which when read out loud in French sounds like `` Elle a chaud au cul '' meaning : `` she has a hot ass '' , implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke . According to Rhonda R. Shearer , the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp 's own face . Salvador Dalí , famous for his surrealist work , painted Self portrait as Mona Lisa in 1954 . In 1963 following the painting 's visit to the United States , Andy Warhol created serigraph prints of multiple Mona Lisas called Thirty are Better than One , like his works of Marilyn Monroe ( Twenty - five Coloured Marilyns , 1962 ) , Elvis Presley ( 1964 ) and Campbell 's soup ( 1961 -- 62 ) . The Mona Lisa continues to inspire artists around the world . A French urban artist known pseudonymously as Invader has created versions on city walls in Paris and Tokyo using his trademark mosaic style . A collection of Mona Lisa parodies may be found on YouTube . A 2014 New Yorker magazine cartoon parodies the supposed enigma of the Mona Lisa smile in an animation showing progressively maniacal smiles . Early versions and copies Perspective Mona Lisa to the Prado museum Perspective Mona Lisa to the Louvre museum Prado Museum La Gioconda Main article : Mona Lisa ( Prado 's version ) A version of Mona Lisa known as Mujer de mano de Leonardo Abince ( `` Leonardo da Vinci 's handy - woman '' ) held in Madrid 's Museo del Prado was for centuries considered to be a work by Leonardo .", "15": "However , since its restoration in 2012 it is considered to have been executed by one of Leonardo 's pupils in his studio at the same time as Mona Lisa was being painted . Their conclusion , based on analysis obtained after the picture underwent extensive restoration , that the painting is probably by Salaì ( 1480 -- 1524 ) or by Melzi ( 1493 -- 1572 ) . This has been called into question by others . The restored painting is from a slightly different perspective than the original Mona Lisa , leading to the speculation that it is part of the world 's first stereoscopic pair . However , a more recent report has demonstrated that this stereoscopic pair in fact gives no reliable stereoscopic depth . Isleworth Mona Lisa Main article : Isleworth Mona Lisa A version of the Mona Lisa known as the Isleworth Mona Lisa and also known as the Earlier Mona Lisa was first bought by an English nobleman in 1778 and was rediscovered in 1913 by Hugh Blaker , an art connoisseur . The painting was presented to the media in 2012 by the Mona Lisa Foundation . It is a painting of the same subject as Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa . The painting is claimed by a majority of experts to be mostly an original work of Leonardo dating from the early 16th century . Other experts , including Zöllner and Kemp , deny the attribution . Copy of Mona Lisa commonly attributed to Salaì The Prado Museum La Gioconda The Isleworth Mona Lisa 16th - century copy at the Hermitage by unknown artist See also Visual arts portal List of most expensive paintings List of stolen paintings References Notes Jump up ^ Lichfield , John ( 1 April 2005 ) . `` The Moving of the Mona Lisa '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Highest insurance valuation for a painting '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Inflation Calculator '' . www.dollartimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Pedretti , Carlo ( 1982 ) . Leonardo , a study in chronology and style .", "16": "Johnson Reprint Corporation . ISBN 0384452809 . ^ Jump up to : Vezzosi , Alessandro ( 2007 ) . `` The Gioconda mystery -- Leonardo and the `` common vice of painters '' `` . In Vezzosi ; Schwarz ; Manetti . Mona Lisa : Leonardo 's hidden face . Polistampa . ISBN 9788859602583 . ^ Jump up to : Lorusso , Salvatore ; Natali , Andrea ( 2015 ) . `` Mona Lisa : A comparative evaluation of the different versions and copies '' . Conservation Science . 15 : 57 -- 84 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Asmus , John F. ; Parfenov , Vadim ; Elford , Jessie ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` Seeing double : Leonardo 's Mona Lisa twin '' . Optical and Quantum Electronics . 48 : 555 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carrier , David ( 2006 ) . Museum Skepticism : A History of the Display of Art in Public Galleries . Duke University Press . p. 35 . ISBN 0822387573 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Philip ( 23 June 2004 ) . `` Noisy secret of Mona Lisa 's '' . New Scientist . Archived from the original on 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mona Lisa -- Portrait of Lisa Gherardini , wife of Francesco del Giocondo '' . Musée du Louvre . Archived from the original on 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Italian : Prese Lionardo a fare per Francesco del Giocondo il ritratto di mona Lisa sua moglie Vasari 1879 , p. 39 ^ Jump up to : Clark , Kenneth ( March 1973 ) . `` Mona Lisa '' . The Burlington Magazine ( vol 115 ed . ) . 115 ( 840 ) : 144 -- 151 . ISSN 0007 - 6287 . JSTOR 877242 .", "17": "^ Jump up to : `` Mona Lisa -- Heidelberg discovery confirms identity '' . University of Heidelberg . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Delieuvin , Vincent ( 15 January 2008 ) . `` Télématin '' . Journal Télévisé . France 2 Télévision . Jump up ^ `` German experts crack the ID of ' Mona Lisa ' '' . MSN . 14 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2008 . Retrieved 15 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Researchers Identify Model for Mona Lisa '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp 2006 , pp. 261 -- 262 Jump up ^ Farago 1999 , p. 123 ^ Jump up to : Bartz 2001 , p. 626 Jump up ^ Stites , Raymond S. ( January 1936 ) . `` Mona Lisa -- Monna Bella '' . Parnassus ( vol 8 ed . ) . College Art Association . 8 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 10 , 22 -- 23 . doi : 10.2307 / 771197 . JSTOR 771197 . Jump up ^ Littlefield 1914 , p. 525 ^ Jump up to : Wilson 2000 , pp. 364 -- 366 Jump up ^ Debelle , Penelope ( 25 June 2004 ) . `` Behind that secret smile '' . The Age . Melbourne . Archived from the original on 25 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Bruce ( 8 January 2004 ) . `` Riddle of Mona Lisa is finally solved : she was the mother of five '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 6 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Chaundy , Bob ( 29 September 2006 ) . `` Faces of the Week '' . BBC .", "18": "Archived from the original on 3 August 2014 . Retrieved 5 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Nicholl , Charles ( 28 March 2002 ) . `` The myth of the Mona Lisa '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on 5 September 2008 . Retrieved 6 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Wiesner - Hanks , Merry E. ( 2005 ) . An Age of Voyages , 1350 -- 1600 . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517672 - 3 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Henry ; Lee Thomas , Dana ( 1940 ) . Living biographies of great painters . Garden City Publishing Co. , Inc. p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Konody , Paul G. ( February 15 , 1914 ) . `` Jump up '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Clark , Kenneth ( March 1973 ) . `` Mona Lisa '' . Burlington Magazine . Vol. 115 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Isbouts , Jean - Pierre ; Heath - Brown , Christopher ( 2013 ) . The Mona Lisa Myth . Santa Monica , California : Pantheon Press . ISBN 978 - 1492289494 . Jump up ^ Friedenthal , Richard ( 1959 ) . Leonardo da Vinci : a pictorial biography . New York : Viking Press . 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Le Vite de ' più eccellenti pittori , scultori , ed architettori . Florence , Italy : Lorenzo Torrentino . Jump up ^ De Beatis , Antonio ( 1979 ) ( 1st pub. : 1517 ) . Hale , J.R. ; Lindon , J.M.A. , eds . The travel journal of Antonio de Beatis : Germany , Switzerland , the Low Countries , France and Italy 1517 -- 1518 . London , England : Haklyut Society . Jump up ^ Leonardo , Carmen Bambach , Rachel Stern , and Alison Manges ( 2003 ) . Leonardo da Vinci , master draftsman . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . p. 234 . ISBN 1588390330 ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Martin ; Pallanti , Giuseppe ( 2017 ) . Mona Lisa : The people and the painting . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198749905 . Jump up ^ Jestaz , Bertrand ( 1999 ) . `` Francois 1er , Salai , et les tableaux de Léonard '' . Revue de l'Art. 76 : 68 -- 72 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . 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Scotti ( Random House , 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Noah Charney , Chronology of the Mona Lisa : History and Thefts , The Secret History of Art , Blouin Artinfo Blogs '' . Archived from the original on 27 October 2015 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Theft That Made The ' Mona Lisa ' A Masterpiece '' . NPR. 30 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2014 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Faces of the week '' . BBC . 29 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2014 . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mona FAQ '' . Mona Lisa Mania . Archived from the original on 1 June 2009 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mona Lisa ' Still Smiling , Undamaged After Woman 's Spray Attack in Tokyo '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . 21 April 1974 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mona Lisa attacked by Russian woman '' . Xinhua News Agency . 12 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Russian tourist hurls mug at Mona Lisa in Louvre '' . Associated Press . 11 August 2009 . Retrieved 11 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Zöllner , Frank ( 2000 ) . Leonardo Da Vinci , 1452 -- 1519 . ISBN 9783822859797 . Jump up ^ Zöllner , Frank . `` Leonardo 's Portrait of Mona Lisa del Giocondo '' ( PDF ) . p. 16 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 1 October 2014 .", "22": "^ Jump up to : Woods - Marsden p. 77 n . 100 Jump up ^ `` E.H. Gombrich , The Story of Art '' . Artchive.com . Archived from the original on 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Farago 1999 , p. 372 Jump up ^ `` The Mona Lisa ( La Gioconda ) '' . BBC . 25 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2010 . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Turudich 2003 , p. 198 Jump up ^ McMullen , Roy ( 1976 ) . Mona Lisa : The Picture and the Myth . Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 0 - 333 - 19169 - 2 . Jump up ^ Holt , Richard ( 22 October 2007 ) . `` Solved : Why Mona Lisa does n't have eyebrows '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Archived from the original on 4 April 2010 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Ghose , Tia ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` Lurking Beneath the ' Mona Lisa ' May Be the Real One '' . Livescience.com . Archived from the original on 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Irene Earls , Artists of the Renaissance , Greenwood Press , 2004 , p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31937 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Salgueiro , Heliana Angotti ( 2000 ) . Paisaje y art . University of São Paulo . p. 74 . ISBN 85 - 901430 - 1 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- Entertainment -- Mona Lisa smile secrets revealed '' . Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 .", "23": "Jump up ^ Rosetta Borchia and Olivia Nesci , Codice P. Atlante illustrato del reale paesaggio della Gioconda , Mondadori Electa , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 88 - 370 - 9277 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Researchers identify landscape behind the Mona Lisa '' . The Times . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ageing Mona Lisa worries Louvre '' . BBC News . 26 April 2004 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2009 . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Biographical index of collectors of pastels '' . Pastellists.com . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mona Lisa gains new Louvre home '' . BBC . 6 April 2005 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Fontoynont , Marc et al. `` Lighting Mona Lisa with LEDs Archived 8 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . '' Note Archived 29 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... SBI / Aalborg University , June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nippon Television Network Corporation '' . Ntv.co.jp. 6 April 2005 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Riding , Alan ( 6 April 2005 ) . `` In Louvre , New Room With View of ' Mona Lisa ' '' . The New York Times . 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Archived from the original on 5 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Today in Met History : February 4 '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . 2013 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Another art anniversary : Mona Lisa comes to New York ! And she 's almost drowned in a sprinkler malfunction '' . boweryboyshistory.com. 2013 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bohm - Duchen , Monica ( 2001 ) . The private life of a masterpiece . University of California Press . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23378 - 2 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ The French Ministry of Foreign affairs . `` The Louvre , the most visited museum in the world ( 01.15 ) '' . France Diplomatie : : Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On a Mission to Loosen Up the Louvre '' . The New York Times .", "25": "11 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , Mark , ed. ( 1999 ) . The Guinness Book of World Records 1999 . Bantam Books . p. 381 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 58075 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Six Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount , 1790 to Present '' . Measuring Worth . Archived from the original on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Culture -- Could France sell the Mona Lisa to pay off its debts ? '' . France 24 . Archived from the original on 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Zollner gives a date of c. 1504 , most others say c. 1506 Jump up ^ Zöllner , Frank . Leonardo Da Vinci , 1452 -- 1519 . p. 161 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kenneth ( 1999 ) . `` Mona Lisa '' . In Farago , Claire J. Leonardo Da Vinci , Selected Scholarship : Leonardo 's projects , c. 1500 -- 1519 . p. 214 . ISBN 9780815329350 . ^ Jump up to : `` The myth of the Mona Lisa '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Samuels , Ernest ; Samuels , Jayne ( 1987 ) . Bernard Berenson , the Making of a Legend . p. 215 . ISBN 9780674067790 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jonathan ( 26 May 2001 ) . `` L.H.O.O.Q. , Marcel Duchamp ( 1919 ) '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on 9 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Marting , Marco De ( 2003 ) . `` Mona Lisa : Who is Hidden Behind the Woman with the Mustache ? '' . Art Science Research Laboratory . Archived from the original on 20 March 2008 .", "26": "Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Dalí , Salvador . `` Self Portrait as Mona Lisa '' . Mona Lisa Images for a Modern World by Robert A. Baron ( from the catalog of an exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art and the Philadelphia Museum of Art , 1973 , p. 195 ) . Archived from the original on 28 October 2009 . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Sassoon , Donald ( 2003 ) . Becoming Mona Lisa . Harvest Books via Amazon Search Inside . p. 251 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 602711 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The £ 20,000 Rubik 's Cube Mona Lisa '' . metro.co.uk. 29 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Best Funny Mona Lisa Parodies La Gioconda Painting NO Panic ! at the Disco . YouTube . 18 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` La Gioconda , Leonardo 's atelier '' . Museo Nacional del Prado . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The ' Prado Mona Lisa ' -- The Mona Lisa Foundation '' . The Mona Lisa Foundation . Archived from the original on 17 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Carbon , C.C. ; Hesslinger , V.M. ( August 2013 ) . `` Da Vinci 's Mona Lisa Entering the Next Dimension '' . Perception. 42 ( 8 ) : 887 -- 893 . doi : 10.1068 / p7524 . PMID 24303752 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Carbon , Claus - Christian ; Hesslinger , Vera M. `` Restoring Depth to Leonardo 's Mona Lisa '' . American Scientist. 103 ( 6 ) : 404 -- 409 . doi : 10.1511 / 2015.117.", "27": "1 . Archived from the original on 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Tweened animated gif of Mona Lisa and Prado version Archived 7 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine . by Carbon and Hesslinger Jump up ^ Brooks , K.R. ( 1 January 2017 ) . `` Depth Perception and the History of Three - Dimensional Art : Who Produced the First Stereoscopic Images ? '' . i - Perception. 8 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1177 / 2041669516680114 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Dutta , Kunal ( 15 December 2014 ) . `` ' Early Mona Lisa ' : Unveiling the one - in - a-million identical twin to Leonardo da Vinci painting '' . Archived from the original on 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Eyre , John ( 1926 ) . The two Mona Lisas : Which was Giocondo 's picture ? Ten direct , distinct , and decisive data in favour of the Isleworth version and some recent Italian experts ' opinions on it . London : J.M. Ouseley & Son . Jump up ^ Chappelow , AC ( July 1 , 1956 ) . `` The Isleworth Mona Lisa '' . Apollo Magazine . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pulitzer , Henry E. ( 1960 ) . Where is the Mona Lisa ? . London : The Pulitzer Press . ASIN B0027MR0A2 . Jump up ^ Asmus , John F. ( 1 July 1989 ) . `` Computer Studies of the Isleworth and Louvre Mona Lisas '' . Optical Engineering . 28 ( 7 ) : 800 -- 804 . doi : 10.1117 / 12.7977036 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New proof said found for `` original '' Mona Lisa -- `` . Reuters.com. 13 February 2013 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 .", "28": "Jump up ^ Soares , Atila ( 2013 ) . A Jovem Mona Lisa . Rio de Janeiro , Brasil : Multifoco . ISBN 9788582733882 . Jump up ^ Sauteur , Albert ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Albert Sauteur réinvente la perspective '' . Migros Magazine . Vol. 17 . pp. 14 -- 17 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Alastair Sooke . `` The Isleworth Mona Lisa : A second Leonardo masterpiece ? '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 2 January 2016 . Bibliography External video Leonardo 's `` Mona Lisa '' , Smarthistory Bartz , Gabriele ( 2001 ) . Art and architecture , Louvre . Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 2577 - 1 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Bohm - Duchen , Monica ( 2001 ) . The private life of a masterpiece . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23378 - 2 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Farago , Claire J. ( 1999 ) . Leonardo 's projects , c. 1500 -- 1519 . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 2935 - 0 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Kemp , Martin ( 2006 ) . Leonardo da Vinci : the marvellous works of nature and man . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280725 - 0 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Littlefield , Walter ( 1914 ) . `` The Two `` Mona Lisas '' `` . The Century : a popular quarterly . Scribner & Co. 87 . Turudich , Daniela ( 2003 ) . Plucked , Shaved & Braided : Medieval and Renaissance Beauty and Grooming Practices 1000 -- 1600 . Streamline Press .", "29": "ISBN 1 - 930064 - 08 - X . Vasari , Giorgio ( 1879 ) ( 1550 ) . `` Le vite de ' più eccellenti pittori , scultori ed architettori '' ( vol 4 ed . ) . Florence : G.C. Sansoni . Wilson , Colin ( 2000 ) . The Mammoth Encyclopedia of the Unsolved . Carroll & Graf Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 0793 - 3 . Woods - Marsden , Joanna ( 2001 ) , `` Portrait of the Lady , 1430 -- 1520 '' , in Brown , David Alan , Virtue & Beauty , London : Priceton University Press , pp. 64 -- 87 , ISBN 0691090572 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mona Lisa . Sassoon , Donald , Prof. ( 21 January 2014 ) . # 26 : Why is the Mona Lisa Famous ? . La Trobe University podcast blog . Archived from the original on 4 July 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) of the podcast audio . Kobbé , Gustav `` The Smile of the Mona Lisa '' The Lotus Magazine Vol. 8 , No. 2 ( Nov. 1916 ) , pp. 67 -- 74 `` Mona Lisa , Leonardo 's Earlier Version '' . Zürich , Switzerland : The Mona Lisa Foundation . Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . `` True Colors of the Mona Lisa Revealed '' ( Press release ) . Paris : Lumiere Technology . 19 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Scientific analyses conducted by the Center for Research and Restoration of the Museums of France ( C2RMF ) Compare layers of the painting as revealed by x-radiography , infrared reflectographya and ultraviolet fluorescence `` Stealing Mona Lisa '' . Dorothy & Thomas Hoobler . May 2009 . excerpt of book .", "30": "Vanity Fair Discussion by Janina Ramirez and Martin Kemp : Art Detective Podcast , 18 Jan 2017 Leonardo da Vinci List of works Science and inventions Personal life Paintings Medusa The Annunciation The Baptism of Christ The Madonna of the Carnation Ginevra de ' Benci Benois Madonna The Adoration of the Magi St. Jerome in the Wilderness Madonna Litta Virgin of the Rocks Portrait of a Musician Lady with an Ermine La Belle Ferronnière Salvator Mundi Madonna of the Yarnwinder The Virgin and Child with St. Anne Mona Lisa Head of a Woman ( La Scapigliata ) Leda and the Swan St. John the Baptist Works on walls The Last Supper Sala delle Asse The Battle of Anghiari Sculptures Sforza monument ( unexecuted ) Horse and Rider Rearing Horse and Mounted Warrior Works on paper Vitruvian Man Portrait of a Young Fiancée The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist Self - portrait Studies of the Fetus in the Womb Manuscripts Codex Arundel Codex Atlanticus Codex on the Flight of Birds Codex Leicester Codex Madrid Codex Trivulzianus A Treatise on Painting Other projects De divina proportione Architonnerre Leonardo 's crossbow Leonardo 's fighting vehicle Leonardo 's robot Leonardo 's self - propelled cart Viola organista Leonardeschi Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio Cesare da Sesto Giampietrino Giovanni Agostino da Lodi Bernardino Luini Cesare Magni Marco d'Oggiono Francesco Melzi Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis Salaì Andrea Solari Posthumous fame Cultural references Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Things named after da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa Subject Lisa del Giocondo Replicas Isleworth Mona Lisa ( 16th century ) Mona Lisa ( Prado , c. 1503 -- 16 ) L.H.O.O.Q.", "31": "( 1919 ) Mini Lisa ( 2013 ) Related Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Speculations about Mona Lisa Timeline of fictional stories about the Mona Lisa 1911 theft Eduardo de Valfierno Yves Chaudron Vincenzo Peruggia On screen The Theft of the Mona Lisa ( 1931 ) The Mona Lisa Has Been Stolen ( 1966 ) City of Death ( 1979 ) Mona Lisa 's Revenge ( 2009 ) Music Mona Lisa ( 1915 opera ) `` Mona Lisa '' ( 1950 song ) `` Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile '' ( 1984 song ) `` Lisa Mona Lisa '' ( 1988 song ) `` The Mona Lisa '' ( 2013 song ) Literature The Second Mrs. Giaconda ( 1975 ) I , Mona Lisa ( 2006 ) The Smile ( 2008 ) Other `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' VIAF : 180757281 LCCN : n98092274 GND : 4074156 - 4 SUDOC : 027396797 BNF : cb11944800v ( data ) NLA : 35300571 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mona_Lisa&oldid=835360258 '' Categories : Paintings by Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa 16th - century portraits Italian paintings 1500s paintings Paintings of the Louvre Portraits of women Hidden categories : Articles containing Italian - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2017 Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Pages using infobox artwork with the material parameter Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from", "32": "August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with dead external links from March 2010 CS1 maint : BOT : original - 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-7342336255668985618	when did canada sign the un declaration of indigenous rights	[ "12 November 2010", "May 2016" ]	{ "0": "Declaration on the rights of Indigenous peoples - wikipedia Declaration on the rights of Indigenous peoples Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Indigenous rights Rights Ancestral domain Intellectual property Land rights Language Traditional knowledge Treaty rights Governmental organizations AADNC ACHPR Arctic Council Bureau of Indian Affairs CDI Council of Indigenous Peoples FUNAI NCIP UNPFII NGOs and political groups AFN Amazon Watch CAP COICA CONAIE Cultural Survival EZLN fPcN IPACC IPCB IWGIA NARF ONIC Survival International UNPO more ... Issues Civilizing mission Manifest Destiny Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples Discovery doctrine Indigenism Legal representation ILO 107 ILO 169 United Nations Declaration The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ( UNDRIP ) was adopted by the General Assembly on Thursday , 13 September 2007 , by a majority of 144 states in favour , 4 votes against ( Australia , Canada , New Zealand and the United States ) and 11 abstentions ( Azerbaijan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Burundi , Colombia , Georgia , Kenya , Nigeria , Russian Federation , Samoa and Ukraine ) . The work towards this declaration can be seen as far as in 1923 and 1925 by the works of Haudenosaunee Chief Deskaheh and Māori T.W. Ratana who attempted to bring issues of Canada and New Zealand failure to uphold treaties to the League of Nations ( precursor to the United Nations ) . In May 2016 Canada officially removed its objector status to UNDRIP , almost a decade after it was adopted by the General Assembly . By now also the other 3 objectors have , to various degrees , turned their vote .", "1": "While as a General Assembly Declaration it is not a legally binding instrument under international law , according to a UN press release it does `` represent the dynamic development of international legal norms and it reflects the commitment of the UN 's member states to move in certain directions '' ; the UN describes it as setting `` an important standard for the treatment of indigenous peoples that will undoubtedly be a significant tool towards eliminating human rights violations against the planet 's 370 million indigenous people and assisting them in combating discrimination and marginalisation . '' UNDRIP codifies `` Indigenous historical grievances , contemporary challenges and socio - economic , political and cultural aspirations '' and is the `` culmination of generations - long efforts by Indigenous organizations to get international attention , to secure recognition for their aspirations , and to generate support for their political agendas . '' Canada Research Chair and faculty member at the University of Saskatchewan Ken Coates argues that UNDRIP resonates powerfully with Indigenous peoples , while national governments have not yet fully understood its impact . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 2 Content 2.1 Provisions 3 Negotiation and adoption 4 Reaction 4.1 Support and compromises 4.1. 1 Australia 4.2 Criticism , defiance and `` aspirational '' nullification 4.2. 1 Australia 4.2. 2 Canada 4.2. 3 New Zealand 4.2. 4 United States 4.2. 5 United Kingdom 4.2. 6 Finland 4.3 Abstentions 4.3. 1 Ukraine 4.3. 2 Pacific Island states 5 Notes 6 References 6.1 Additional references 7 External links Purpose ( edit ) Due to the past and ongoing violence and abuse of Indigenous individuals and peoples , the UN created this non-legally binding declaration as an aspiration for how Indigenous individuals and peoples should be treated . The Declaration sets out the individual and collective rights of Indigenous peoples , as well as their rights to culture , identity , language , employment , health , education and other issues . It also `` emphasizes the rights of Indigenous peoples to maintain and strengthen their own institutions , cultures and traditions , and to pursue their development in keeping with their own needs and aspirations '' .", "2": "It `` prohibits discrimination against indigenous peoples '' , and it `` promotes their full and effective participation in all matters that concern them and their right to remain distinct and to pursue their own visions of economic and social development '' . The goal of the Declaration is to encourage countries to work alongside indigenous peoples to solve global issues , like development , multicultural democracy and decentralization . According to Article 31 , there is a major emphasis that the indigenous peoples will be able to protect their cultural heritage and other aspects of their culture and tradition in order to preserve their heritage from over controlling nation - states . The elaboration of this Declaration had already been recommended by the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action . This declaration is a resolution , meaning it is not a law bearing document . Indigenous people are not considered a country ( nation - state ) and do not have right to international law protection through the international court of justice . Article 40 states that Indigenous peoples have right to fair procedures for the resolution of conflicts and dispute with countries or other parties , because Indigenous people can not use the International court of justice , UNDRIP has no indication of which judicial power indigenous peoples are to bring disputes to . Content ( edit ) The Declaration is structured as a United Nations resolution , with 23 preambular clauses and 46 articles . In most articles , an aspiration for how the State should promote and protect the rights of indigenous people is included ( see Provision for further explanation ) . Major themes of the articles include : Rights of self - determination of indigenous individuals and peoples ( Articles 1 - 8 ; 33 - 34 ) The difference is between the individual and people 's group Rights of indigenous individuals and people to protect their culture through practices , languages , education , media , and religion ( Articles 9 - 15 , 16 , 25 , and 31 ) Asserts the indigenous peoples ' right to own type of governance and to economic development ( Articles 17 - 21 , 35 - 37 ) Health rights ( Article 23 - 24 ) Protection of subgroups ex. elderly , women , and children ( Article 22 ) Land rights from ownership ( including reparation , or return of land i.e.", "3": "Article 10 ) to environmental issues ( Articles 26 - 30 , and 32 ) Dictates how this document should be understood in future reference ( Articles 38 - 46 ) . Provisions ( edit ) The opening and Article 2 of the Declaration provide that `` indigenous peoples are equal to all other peoples '' ( source ) . Besides asserting the rights that indigenous individuals and peoples ' have as other peoples , there are Articles ( 23 of the 46 ) pointing to how States should interact with the declaration . Most of the articles point to States working in conjunction with the indigenous peoples . Some measures countries are suggested to take are to return land ( article 26 ) , ceremonial objects ( article 12 ) , and human remains ( article 12 ) To place `` programmes for monitoring , maintaining , and restoring the health of indigenous peoples '' ( article 29 ) To protect and uphold the rights of indigenous individuals and peoples ( subpoint in many articles ; see Declaration ) Negotiation and adoption ( edit ) UN General Assembly Resolution 61 / 295 Date 13 December 2007 Code A / 61 / 295 ( Document ) Subject Indigenous rights Voting summary 143 voted for 4 voted against 11 abstained Result Adopted The Declaration was over 25 years in the making . The idea originated in 1982 when the UN Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ) set up its Working Group on Indigenous Populations ( WGIP ) , established as a result of a study by Special Rapporteur José Ricardo Martínez Cobo on the problem of discrimination faced by indigenous peoples . Tasked with developing human rights standards that would protect indigenous peoples , in 1985 the Working Group began working on drafting the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples . The draft was finished in 1993 and was submitted to the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities , which gave its approval the following year . During this the International Labour Organisation adopted the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention , 1989 . The Draft Declaration was then referred to the Commission on Human Rights , which established another Working Group to examine its terms . Over the following years this Working Group met on 11 occasions to examine and fine - tune the Draft Declaration and its provisions .", "4": "Progress was slow because of certain states ' concerns regarding some key provisions of the Declaration , such as indigenous peoples ' right to self - determination and the control over natural resources existing on indigenous peoples ' traditional lands . The final version of the Declaration was adopted on 29 June 2006 by the 47 - member Human Rights Council ( the successor body to the Commission on Human Rights ) , with 30 member states in favour , 2 against , 12 abstentions , and 3 absentees . The Declaration ( document A / 61 / L. 67 ) was then referred to the General Assembly , which voted on the adoption of the proposal on 13 September 2007 during its 61st regular session .", "5": "The vote was , in favour 143 countries : Afghanistan , Albania , Algeria , Andorra , Angola , Antigua and Barbuda , Argentina , Armenia , Austria , Bahamas , Bahrain , Barbados , Belarus , Belgium , Belize , Benin , Bolivia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Botswana , Brazil , Brunei Darussalam , Bulgaria , Burkina Faso , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cape Verde , Central African Republic , Chile , China , Comoros , Congo , Costa Rica , Croatia , Cuba , Cyprus , Czech Republic , Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Denmark , Djibouti , Dominica , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Estonia , Finland , France , Gabon , Germany , Ghana , Greece , Guatemala , Guinea , Guyana , Haiti , Honduras , Hungary , Iceland , India , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq , Ireland , Italy , Jamaica , Japan , Jordan , Kazakhstan , Kuwait , Lao People 's Democratic Republic , Latvia , Lebanon , Lesotho , Liberia , Libya , Liechtenstein , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Macedonia , Madagascar , Malawi , Malaysia , Maldives , Mali , Malta , Mauritius , Mexico , Micronesia ( Federated States of ) , Moldova , Monaco , Mongolia , Mozambique , Myanmar , Namibia , Nepal , Netherlands , Nicaragua , Niger , Norway , Oman , Pakistan , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , Philippines , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , Republic of Korea , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , San Marino , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Serbia , Sierra Leone , Singapore , Slovakia , Slovenia , South Africa , Spain , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Suriname , Swaziland , Sweden , Switzerland , Syria , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Trinidad and Tobago , Tunisia , Turkey , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom , United Republic of Tanzania , Uruguay , Venezuela , Viet Nam , Yemen , Zambia , Zimbabwe . Against : Australia , Canada , New Zealand , United States . All four member states that voted against have their origins as colonies of the United Kingdom , and have large non-indigenous immigrant majorities and thriving indigenous populations . Since then , all four countries have moved to endorse the declaration in some informal way in which it would not actually become binding law pleadable in court . Canada , under a Conservative Party leadership made official public statements against the application of the UN DRIP in Canada , e.g.", "6": "`` Indian Affairs Minister Jim Prentice has stated publicly that the Declaration conflicts with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms but has never substantiated this extraordinary claim . '' . However , the Liberal Government elected to leadership in 2015 , has unequivocally indicated Canada 's support for the UN DRIP and is working on amending Canada 's laws accordingly . Australian government interventions have been challenged under its terms without success . Abstaining , 11 countries : Azerbaijan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Burundi , Colombia , Georgia , Kenya , Nigeria , Russian Federation , Samoa and Ukraine . Colombia and Samoa have since endorsed the document . Absent : Chad , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Fiji , Gambia , Grenada , Guinea - Bissau , Israel , Kiribati , Kyrgyzstan , Marshall Islands , Mauritania , Montenegro , Morocco , Nauru , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Romania , Rwanda , Saint Kitts and Nevis , São Tomé and Príncipe , Seychelles , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Tajikistan , Togo , Tonga , Turkmenistan , Tuvalu , Uganda , Uzbekistan , Vanuatu . Reaction ( edit ) Support and compromises ( edit ) In contrast to the Declaration 's initial rejection by Australia , Canada , New Zealand and the United States over legal concerns ( all 4 countries later switched their positions to accepting the declaration as a non-legally - binding document ) , United Nations officials and other world leaders expressed pleasure at its adoption . Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon described it as a `` historic moment when UN Member States and indigenous peoples have reconciled with their painful histories and are resolved to move forward together on the path of human rights , justice and development for all . '' Louise Arbour , a former justice of the Supreme Court of Canada then serving as the UN 's High Commissioner for Human Rights , expressed satisfaction at the hard work and perseverance that had finally `` borne fruit in the most comprehensive statement to date of indigenous peoples ' rights . ''", "7": "Similarly , news of the Declaration 's adoption was greeted with jubilation in Africa and , present at the General Assembly session in New York , Bolivian foreign minister David Choquehuanca said that he hoped the member states that had voted against or abstained would reconsider their refusal to support a document he described as being as important as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Bolivia has become the first country to approve the U.N. declaration of indigenous rights . Evo Morales , President of Bolivia , stated , `` We are the first country to turn this declaration into a law and that is important , brothers and sisters . We recognize and salute the work of our representatives . But if we were to remember the indigenous fight clearly , many of us who are sensitive would end up crying in remembering the discrimination , the scorn . '' Stephen Corry , Director of the international indigenous rights organization Survival International , said , `` The declaration has been debated for nearly a quarter century . Years which have seen many tribal peoples , such as the Akuntsu and Kanoê in Brazil , decimated and others , such as the Innu in Canada , brought to the edge . Governments that oppose it are shamefully fighting against the human rights of their most vulnerable peoples . Claims they make to support human rights in other areas will be seen as hypocritical . '' Australia ( edit ) The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies formally acknowledges and upholds the principles of the Declaration in both their Collection Access and Use Policy and their Guidelines for Ethical Research in Australian Indigenous Studies . Criticism , defiance and `` aspirational '' nullification ( edit ) Prior to the adoption of the Declaration , and throughout the 62nd session of the General Assembly , a number of countries expressed concern about some key issues , such as self - determination , access to lands , territories and resources and the lack of a clear definition of the term `` indigenous '' . In addition to those intending to vote against the adoption of the declaration , a group of African countries represented by Namibia proposed to defer action , to hold further consultations , and to conclude consideration of the declaration by September 2007 . Ultimately , after agreeing on some adjustments to the Draft Declaration , a vast majority of states recognized that these issues could be addressed by each country at the national level .", "8": "The four states that voted against continued to express serious reservations about the final text of the Declaration as placed before the General Assembly . As mentioned above , all four opposing countries have since then changed their vote in favour of the Declaration . Australia ( edit ) Australia 's government opposed the Declaration in the General Assembly vote of 2007 , but has since endorsed the Declaration . Australia 's Mal Brough , Minister for Families , Community Services and Indigenous Affairs , referring to the provision regarding the upholding of indigenous peoples ' customary legal systems , said that `` There should only be one law for all Australians and we should not enshrine in law practices that are not acceptable in the modern world . '' Marise Payne , Liberal Party Senator for New South Wales , further elaborated on the Australian government 's objections to the Declaration in a speech to the Australian Senate : Concerns about references to self - determination and their potential to be misconstrued . Ignorance of contemporary realities concerning land and resources . `` They seem , to many readers , to require the recognition of Indigenous rights to lands which are now lawfully owned by other citizens , both Indigenous and non-Indigenous , and therefore to have some quite significant potential to impact on the rights of third parties . '' Concerns over the extension of Indigenous intellectual property rights under the declaration as unnecessary under current international and Australian law . The potential abuse of the right under the Declaration for indigenous peoples to unqualified consent on matters affecting them , `` which implies to some readers that they may then be able to exercise a right of veto over all matters of state , which would include national laws and other administrative measures . '' The exclusivity of indigenous rights over intellectual , real and cultural property , that `` does not acknowledge the rights of third parties -- in particular , their rights to access Indigenous land and heritage and cultural objects where appropriate under national law . '' Furthermore , that the Declaration `` fails to consider the different types of ownership and use that can be accorded to Indigenous people and the rights of third parties to property in that regard . '' Concerns that the Declaration places indigenous customary law in a superior position to national law , and that this may `` permit the exercise of practices which would not be acceptable across the board '' , such as customary corporal and capital punishments .", "9": "In October 2007 former Australian Prime Minister John Howard pledged to hold a referendum on changing the constitution to recognise indigenous Australians if re-elected . He said that the distinctiveness of people 's identity and their rights to preserve their heritage should be acknowledged . On 3 April 2009 , the Rudd Government formally endorsed the Declaration . Canada ( edit ) The Canadian government said that while it supported the `` spirit '' of the declaration , it contained elements that were `` fundamentally incompatible with Canada 's constitutional framework '' , which includes both the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and Section 35 , which enshrines aboriginal and treaty rights . In particular , the Canadian government had problems with Article 19 ( which appears to require governments to secure the consent of indigenous peoples regarding matters of general public policy ) , and Articles 26 and 28 ( which could allow for the re-opening or repudiation of historically settled land claims ) . Former Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Chuck Strahl described the document as `` unworkable in a Western democracy under a constitutional government . '' Strahl elaborated , saying `` In Canada , you are balancing individual rights vs. collective rights , and ( this ) document ... has none of that . By signing on , you default to this document by saying that the only rights in play here are the rights of the First Nations . And , of course , in Canada , that 's inconsistent with our constitution . '' He gave an example : `` In Canada ... you negotiate on this ... because ( native rights ) do n't trump all other rights in the country . You need also to consider the people who have sometimes also lived on those lands for two or three hundred years , and have hunted and fished alongside the First Nations . '' The Assembly of First Nations passed a resolution in December 2007 to invite Presidents Hugo Chávez and Evo Morales to Canada to put pressure on the government to sign the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , calling the two heads of state `` visionary leaders '' and demanding Canada resign its membership on the United Nations Human Rights Council . On 3 March 2010 , in the Speech From the Throne , the Governor General of Canada announced that the government was moving to endorse the declaration . `` We are a country with an Aboriginal heritage . A growing number of states have given qualified recognition to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples .", "10": "Our Government will take steps to endorse this aspirational document in a manner fully consistent with Canada 's Constitution and laws . '' On 12 November 2010 , Canada officially endorsed the declaration but without changing its position that it was ' aspirational ' . Anishinabek spiritual leader , Chief William Commanda ( 1908 - 3 August 2011 ) was honoured at the 21st annual week - long First Peoples ' Festival held in Montreal from 2 -- 9 August 2011 , celebrating Canada 's 2010 adoption of the U.N. declaration . AFN Innu representative , Ghislain Picard 's tribute praised Grandfather Commanda for his work that was `` key not only in the adoption of the U.N. declaration , but in all the work leading up to it throughout the last 25 years . '' In 2015 , Romeo Saganash ( a Cree Member of Parliament for Abitibi -- Baie - James -- Nunavik -- Eeyou ) sponsored Private Member 's Bill C - 641 , the `` United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act '' , which would have required the Canadian government to ensure that the laws of Canada are in harmony with UNDRIP but it was defeated on May 6 , 2015 . In 2016 , Canada officially adopted and promised to implement the declaration fully . Speaking at the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues , Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada minister Carolyn Bennett announced , `` We are now a full supporter of the declaration , without qualification . We intend nothing less than to adopt and implement the declaration in accordance with the Canadian Constitution . '' Bennett described the Declaration as `` breathing life into Section 35 ( of the Canadian Constitution ) and recognizing it as a full box of rights for Indigenous Peoples in Canada . '' In July 2016 , Kwakwaka'wakw Justice Minister Jody Wilson - Raybould gave a speech that stated that `` adopting the UNDRIP as being Canadian law are unworkable '' , due to its incompatibility with the Indian Act , the current governing statute . The federal government pledged on 21 June 2017 to rename its National Aboriginal Day to be consistent with the terminology used by the Declaration . In September 2017 , British Columbia provincial government announced that it will govern in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration .", "11": "New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand delegation at the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues . New Zealand endorsed the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in April 2010 . In 2007 New Zealand 's Minister of Māori Affairs Parekura Horomia described the Declaration as `` toothless '' , and said , `` There are four provisions we have problems with , which make the declaration fundamentally incompatible with New Zealand 's constitutional and legal arrangements . '' Article 26 in particular , he said , `` appears to require recognition of rights to lands now lawfully owned by other citizens , both indigenous and non-indigenous . This ignores contemporary reality and would be impossible to implement . '' In response , Māori Party leader Pita Sharples said it was `` shameful to the extreme that New Zealand voted against the outlawing of discrimination against indigenous people ; voted against justice , dignity and fundamental freedoms for all '' . On 7 July 2009 , the New Zealand government announced that it would support the Declaration ; this , however , appeared to be a premature announcement by Pita Sharples , the current Minister of Māori Affairs , as the New Zealand government cautiously backtracked on Sharples ' July announcement . However , on 19 April 2010 , Sharples announced New Zealand 's support of the declaration at a speech in New York . United states ( edit ) Speaking for the United States mission to the UN , spokesman Benjamin Chang said , `` What was done today is not clear . The way it stands now is subject to multiple interpretations and does n't establish a clear universal principle . '' The U.S. mission also issued a floor document , `` Observations of the United States with respect to the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples '' , setting out its objections to the Declaration . Most of these are based on the same points as the three other countries ' rejections but , in addition , the United States drew attention to the Declaration 's failure to provide a clear definition of exactly whom the term `` indigenous peoples '' is intended to cover . On 16 December 2010 , President Obama declared that the United States would `` lend its support '' to the Declaration .", "12": "The decision was announced during the second White House Tribal Nations Conference , where he said he is `` working hard to live up to '' the name that was given to him by the Crow Nation : `` One Who Helps People Throughout the Land . '' Obama has told Native American leaders that he wants to improve the `` nation - to - nation '' relationship between the United States and the tribes and repair broken promises . Today , there are more than 560 Indian tribes in the United States that are recognized at the federal level , with some sixty - plus tribes recognized at the state level . Many had representatives at the White House conference and applauded Obama 's announcement . The Obama administration 's decision came after three consultation meetings with Native Americans and more than 3,000 written comments on the subject . The support of the government also included several interpretations of the meaning of the Declaration . In the view of the United States government , the Declaration advances `` a new and distinct international concept of self - determination specific to indigenous peoples , '' which is not the same as the existing concept in international law . The statement also interprets free , prior , and informed consent , `` which the United States understands to call for a process of meaningful consultation with tribal leaders , but not necessarily the agreement of those leaders , before the actions addressed in those consultations are taken . '' United Kingdom ( edit ) Speaking on behalf of the United Kingdom government , UK Ambassador and Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations , Karen Pierce , `` emphasized that the Declaration was non-legally binding and did not propose to have any retroactive application on historical episodes . National minority groups and other ethnic groups within the territory of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories did not fall within the scope of the indigenous peoples to which the Declaration applied . '' The UK position was also clearly intended to prevent formal appeal of Canadian decisions to UK courts : Canadian indigenous peoples never accepted the 1982 constitution in which such appeal ( regarding early treaties made with the Crown of the British Empire ) was cut off . Under the prior 1867 constitution , 1920s Dominion of Canada and earlier law , which continue to apply to these peoples and treaties , the UN DRIP could have been pleaded in a UK court in conflicts between treaty and Canadian law . Calls to pursue this approach have been common among Canadian natives .", "13": "( 6 ) Finland ( edit ) Finland signed the International Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples when it was originally put forward . However the reindeer owners and Forest Administration ( Metsähallitus ) have a long dispute in the area of the forests . The UN Human Rights Committee ordered the Finnish State to stop logging in some of the disputed areas . Abstentions ( edit ) Ukraine ( edit ) Ukraine , which initially abstained from adopting the Declaration , changed its approach to indigenous issues in response to the recent annexation of Crimea , asserting that Crimean Tatars are an Indigenous people . In May 2014 , the country formally endorsed the UNDRIP . Pacific island states ( edit ) Ten UN member states in the Pacific , all with indigenous majorities , were absent from the assembly at the time of the vote : Fiji , Kiribati , Marshall Islands , Nauru , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands , Tonga , Tuvalu , Vanuatu . It is unclear whether this represents the equivalent of deliberate abstention , or whether the country delegations were absent for some other reason . The constitutions of these states typically make mention of `` indigenous inhabitants '' and accommodate customary laws in at least part of their modern legal systems . The constitution of Papua New Guinea , for example , has an explanatory section on the `` underlying law '' being based on custom , while Sch. 1.2. says that `` custom '' means `` the customs and usages of indigenous inhabitants of the country ... '' ( emphasis added ) . It may be the case , therefore , that the governments of these states took the position that their own legal systems offered sufficient protection to their own indigenous peoples . There has been no suggestion at any time since decolonisation commenced in the 1960s and the present that indigenous people are absent from any of the ten countries . Nonetheless , Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu are among countries in this group plagued by land grabbing in recent years . Researchers have warned that as much as 12 % of the land surface of Papua New Guinea has been leased without informed consultation and consent from landowners , typically suppressing customary rights for 99 years .", "14": "Given that land grabbing was recently ruled to lie within the remit of the International Criminal Court , it is a reasonable conclusion that legal systems in the Pacific , unsupported by UNDRIP , have insufficient built - in safeguards for the protection of indigenous rights . There are also significant implications in the extractive sector for these states not having signed UNDRIP . Mining companies that are members of the International Council on Mining and Metals commit to respect the ICMM 's position statement on indigenous peoples . However , ambiguity surrounds how or if member companies recognise when they are dealing with indigenous peoples . For example , Barrick Gold lists only its operations in North and South America as lying on indigenous land , yet operates in Fiji and Papua New Guinea ( where a subsidiary has operated the Porgera gold mine since 2007 ) . Another member , Newmont Mining , said in its 2011 Sustainability Report that it had been conducting mining exploration in Papua New Guinea for three years , yet its disclosures do not show how activities in this country may have followed the ICCM 's Indigenous Peoples and Mining Good Practice Guide , first published in 2010 . Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples '' . United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Forgotten Founders : The Modern Significance of the Haudenosaunee ( Iroquois ) Application for Membership in the League of Nations '' Grand River Country `` . grandrivercountry.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Corntassel , Jeff . `` Toward Sustainable Self - Determination : Rethinking the Contemporary Indigenous - Rights Discourse '' . Alternatives : Global , Local , Political . 33 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 132 . doi : 10.1177 / 030437540803300106 . Jump up ^ https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/FAQsindigenousdeclaration.pdf ^ Jump up to : Coates , Ken ( 18 September 2013 ) , Ken Coates ; Terry Mitchell , eds.", "15": ", From aspiration to inspiration : UNDRIP finding deep traction in Indigenous communities , The Rise of the Fourth World , The Centre for International Governance Innovation ( CIGI ) , retrieved 20 September 2013 Jump up ^ Ferguson , Mark ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` News '' . News.usask.ca . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.uwaterloo.ca/ University of Waterloo ^ Jump up to : Frequently Asked Questions : Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues . ^ Jump up to : United Nations adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples United Nations News Centre , 13 September 2007 . Jump up ^ United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues . `` Frequently Asked Questions -- Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action , Part II , paragraph 29 Jump up ^ `` Uphold International Law '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ United Nations . General Assembly . United Nations Declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples . New York : United Nations , 2007 . 1 - 15 . Jump up ^ United Nations . General Assembly . United Nations Declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples . New York : United Nations , 2007 . 1 - 15 . Jump up ^ Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples : Adopted by the Human Rights Council on 29 June 2006 United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues . Jump up ^ UN Human Rights Council adopts documents on disappearances and indigenous peoples United Nations News Centre , 29 June 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Indigenous rights outlined by UN BBC News , 13 September 2007 .", "16": "Jump up ^ http://www.kairoscanada.org/dignity-rights/indigenous-rights/undrip/canadas-opposition-to-undrip/ Jump up ^ http://digital.law.washington.edu/dspace-law/bitstream/handle/1773.1/1233/22PRLPJ247.pdf?sequence=1 Jump up ^ UN adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples United Nations News Centre , 13 September 2007 . Jump up ^ UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues , United Nations Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples . Jump up ^ Sixty - first General Assembly Plenary 107th & 108th Meetings ( AM & PM ) the UN , 13 September 2007 Jump up ^ Africa : Jubilation as UN Approves Indigenous Peoples Declaration AllAfrica.com , 13 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Aprueba ONU declaración de derechos indígenas El Universal , 13 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Survival International . `` After 22 years , UN votes on indigenous peoples declaration '' . Jump up ^ AIATSIS Collection Access and Use Policy , AIATSIS website , http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/about-us/collections-access-use-policy.pdf , retrieved 12 February 2015 Jump up ^ Guidelines for Ethical Research in Australian Indigenous Studies , AIATSIS website , http://aiatsis.gov.au/research/research-ethics/guidelines-ethical-research-australian-indigenous-studies , retrieved 12 February 2015 Jump up ^ `` Video Discussions on the Indigenous Peoples Rights Declaration '' . sommerfilms -- Rebecca Sommer . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United States Joins Australia and New Zealand in Criticizing Proposed Declaration on Indigenous Peoples ' Rights '' The American Journal of International Law , Vol. 101 , No. 1 ( January 2007 ) , pp. 211 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Hall , Tony ( 2003 ) . The American Empire and the Fourth World : The bowl with one spoon . McGill - Queen 's native and northern series , 34 . Montreal ; Ithaca : McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 3006 - 5 .", "17": "^ Jump up to : Matters of Urgency : United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Senate Hansards , 10 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- Asia - Pacific -- Howard vows Aborigine rights vote '' . Jump up ^ Experts hail Australia 's backing of UN declaration of indigenous peoples ' rights , UN News Centre Jump up ^ `` Factbox : What is the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ? '' . National Post . September 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Native rights declaration inconsistent with legal tradition : Strahl '' . National Post . September 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tories defend ' no ' in native rights vote '' . Canwest News Service . 14 September 2007 . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Barrera , Jorge ( 7 Feb 2008 ) . `` AFN plans to invite `` visionary '' Chavez to visit Canada `` . Canwest News Service . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canada : Canada Endorses The United Nations Declaration On The Rights Of Indigenous Peoples '' . IPIR. 12 November 2010 . Retrieved 16 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Toensing , Gale Courey ( 13 September 2011 ) , Political Party ! Celebrating UNDRIP and Indigenous Culture in Montreal , Montreal , PQ , Canada : Indian Country Today , retrieved 20 September 2013 Jump up ^ Bill C - 641 ( Historical ) United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act , openparliament.ca ^ Jump up to : `` Canada officially adopts UN declaration on rights of Indigenous Peoples '' . CBC News . 2016 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 .", "18": "Jump up ^ http://aptn.ca/news/2016/07/12/justice-minister-jody-wilson-raybould-says-adopting-undrip-into-canadian-law-unworkable/ Jump up ^ Harris , Kathleen ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Trudeau marks National Aboriginal Day with pledge to build relations , rename day '' . CBC News . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Newton , Chris ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` B.C. government adopts UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples '' . energeticcity.ca . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Māori Party 's head in the clouds New Zealand government press release , via scoop.co.nz , 14 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NZ indigenous rights stance ' shameful ' -- Maori Party '' . Stuff.co.nz . New Zealand . 14 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Government to endorse UN indigenous rights declaration '' . Stuff . New Zealand . 7 July 2009 . Retrieved 7 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NZ does U-turn on rights charter '' . 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Statement Before 9th Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Archived September 8 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ UN adopts declaration on rights for indigenous peoples worldwide International Herald Tribune , 13 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Explanation of vote on the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples United States Mission to the United Nations press release , 13 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Federal Register , Volume 78 , Number 87 dated May 6 , 2013 Archived October 19 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 78 FR 26384 ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. will sign U.N. declaration on rights of native people , Obama tells tribes '' . The Washington Post . 16 December 2010 . Retrieved 16 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : U.S.", "19": "Department of State ( 2010 - 12 - 16 ) , Announcement of U.S. Support for the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ( PDF ) , retrieved 2015 - 03 - 19 Jump up ^ GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADOPTS DECLARATION ON RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES ; at www.un.org Jump up ^ `` UNBISnet '' . Unbisnet.un.org:8080 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples '' . Social.un.org . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ YK pyysi säästämään Nellimen porot HS 27.9. 2011 A6 Jump up ^ Do n't Cry for Us Ukraina ! ( Ukraine ) , International Committee for Crimea , Inc Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Pacific land grab among worlds worst says expert , ABC Radio Australia Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , On Our Land : Modern Land Grabs Reversing Independence in Papua New Guinea , Oakland Institute 2013 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) , International Criminal Court extends remit to land grabbing , Scottish Legal News , 19 September 2016 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) , Barrick Gold , `` Indigenous Peoples '' , accessed 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) , Beyond the Mine : the journey towards sustainability , 2011 edition . Additional references ( edit ) UN ( 18 March 2008 ) , United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ( PDF ) , United Nations , retrieved 20 September 2013 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Draft United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Wikisource has original text related to this article : Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples as Adopted by the General Assembly , 13 September 2007 Full text of the Declaration . International human rights instruments Declarations ,", "20": "Manifestos and Resolutions Brazilian Resolution Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Cairo Declaration of Human Rights Declaration of Montreal Declaration of the Rights of the Child Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples UN declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity Universal Declaration of Human Rights American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man Paris Principles Yogyakarta Principles International law United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 ( XV ) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples UN Convention Against Torture Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Convention on the Political Rights of Women Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Convention on the Rights of the Child United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention , 1989 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights Regional law African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights European Convention on Human Rights Convention for the Prevention of Torture European Convention on Nationality Convention for the Protection of National Minorities Social Charter American Convention on Human Rights Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities International humanitarian law Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Convention relating to the Status of Refugees Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness Geneva Conventions Hague Conventions Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Indigenous peoples of the world by continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Indigenous peoples by geographic regions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "21": "php?title=Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples&oldid=832579498 '' Categories : Indigenous politics Indigenous law United Nations General Assembly resolutions Human rights instruments 2007 in the United Nations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Avañe'ẽ Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Latina 日本語 Polski Русский Svenska ไทย 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 20 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2503275827954984607	computer based models of real life situation are called	[ "Computer simulations", "Computer simulation", "Computer simulation", "Computer simulation", "Computer simulation" ]	{ "0": "Computer simulation - wikipedia Computer simulation Jump to : navigation , search This article is about computer model within a scientific context . For simulating a computer on a computer , see emulator . `` Computer model '' redirects here . For computer models of 3 - dimensional objects , see 3D modeling . Process of building a computer model , and the interplay between experiment , simulation , and theory . Computer simulation reproduces the behavior of a system using a mathematical model . Computer simulations have become a useful tool for the mathematical modeling of many natural systems in physics ( computational physics ) , astrophysics , climatology , chemistry and biology , human systems in economics , psychology , social science , and engineering . Simulation of a system is represented as the running of the system 's model . It can be used to explore and gain new insights into new technology and to estimate the performance of systems too complex for analytical solutions . Computer simulations are computer programs that can be either small , running almost instantly on small devices , or large - scale programs that run for hours or days on network - based groups of computers . The scale of events being simulated by computer simulations has far exceeded anything possible ( or perhaps even imaginable ) using traditional paper - and - pencil mathematical modeling . Over 10 years ago , a desert - battle simulation of one force invading another involved the modeling of 66,239 tanks , trucks and other vehicles on simulated terrain around Kuwait , using multiple supercomputers in the DoD High Performance Computer Modernization Program . Other examples include a 1 - billion - atom model of material deformation ; a 2.64 - million - atom model of the complex protein - producing organelle of all living organisms , the ribosome , in 2005 ; a complete simulation of the life cycle of Mycoplasma genitalium in 2012 ; and the Blue Brain project at EPFL ( Switzerland ) , begun in May 2005 to create the first computer simulation of the entire human brain , right down to the molecular level . Because of the computational cost of simulation , computer experiments are used to perform inference such as uncertainty quantification .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Simulation versus model 2 History 3 Data preparation 4 Types 5 Visualization 6 Computer simulation in science 6.1 Simulation environments for physics and engineering 7 Computer simulation in practical contexts 8 Pitfalls 8.1 Model calibration techniques 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading Simulation versus model ( edit ) A computer model is the algorithms and equations used to capture the behavior of the system being modeled . By contrast , computer simulation is the actual running of the program that contains these equations or algorithms . Simulation , therefore , is the process of running a model . Thus one would not `` build a simulation '' ; instead , one would `` build a model '' , and then either `` run the model '' or equivalently `` run a simulation '' . History ( edit ) Computer simulation developed hand - in - hand with the rapid growth of the computer , following its first large - scale deployment during the Manhattan Project in World War II to model the process of nuclear detonation . It was a simulation of 12 hard spheres using a Monte Carlo algorithm . Computer simulation is often used as an adjunct to , or substitute for , modeling systems for which simple closed form analytic solutions are not possible . There are many types of computer simulations ; their common feature is the attempt to generate a sample of representative scenarios for a model in which a complete enumeration of all possible states of the model would be prohibitive or impossible . Data preparation ( edit ) The external data requirements of simulations and models vary widely . For some , the input might be just a few numbers ( for example , simulation of a waveform of AC electricity on a wire ) , while others might require terabytes of information ( such as weather and climate models ) . Input sources also vary widely : Sensors and other physical devices connected to the model ; Control surfaces used to direct the progress of the simulation in some way ; Current or historical data entered by hand ; Values extracted as a by - product from other processes ; Values output for the purpose by other simulations , models , or processes . Lastly , the time at which data is available varies : `` invariant '' data is often built into the model code , either because the value is truly invariant ( e.g.", "2": ", the value of π ) or because the designers consider the value to be invariant for all cases of interest ; data can be entered into the simulation when it starts up , for example by reading one or more files , or by reading data from a preprocessor ; data can be provided during the simulation run , for example by a sensor network . Because of this variety , and because diverse simulation systems have many common elements , there are a large number of specialized simulation languages . The best - known may be Simula ( sometimes called Simula - 67 , after the year 1967 when it was proposed ) . There are now many others . Systems that accept data from external sources must be very careful in knowing what they are receiving . While it is easy for computers to read in values from text or binary files , what is much harder is knowing what the accuracy ( compared to measurement resolution and precision ) of the values are . Often they are expressed as `` error bars '' , a minimum and maximum deviation from the value range within which the true value ( is expected to ) lie . Because digital computer mathematics is not perfect , rounding and truncation errors multiply this error , so it is useful to perform an `` error analysis '' to confirm that values output by the simulation will still be usefully accurate . Even small errors in the original data can accumulate into substantial error later in the simulation . While all computer analysis is subject to the `` GIGO '' ( garbage in , garbage out ) restriction , this is especially true of digital simulation . Indeed , observation of this inherent , cumulative error in digital systems was the main catalyst for the development of chaos theory . Types ( edit ) Computer models can be classified according to several independent pairs of attributes , including : Stochastic or deterministic ( and as a special case of deterministic , chaotic ) -- see external links below for examples of stochastic vs. deterministic simulations Steady - state or dynamic Continuous or discrete ( and as an important special case of discrete , discrete event or DE models ) Dynamic system simulation , e.g. electric systems , hydraulic systems or multi-body mechanical systems ( described primarely by DAE : s ) or dynamics simulation of field problems , e.g. CFD of FEM simulations ( described by PDE : s ) . Local or distributed . Another way of categorizing models is to look at the underlying data structures .", "3": "For time - stepped simulations , there are two main classes : Simulations which store their data in regular grids and require only next - neighbor access are called stencil codes . Many CFD applications belong to this category . If the underlying graph is not a regular grid , the model may belong to the meshfree method class . Equations define the relationships between elements of the modeled system and attempt to find a state in which the system is in equilibrium . Such models are often used in simulating physical systems , as a simpler modeling case before dynamic simulation is attempted . Dynamic simulations model changes in a system in response to ( usually changing ) input signals . Stochastic models use random number generators to model chance or random events ; A discrete event simulation ( DES ) manages events in time . Most computer , logic - test and fault - tree simulations are of this type . In this type of simulation , the simulator maintains a queue of events sorted by the simulated time they should occur . The simulator reads the queue and triggers new events as each event is processed . It is not important to execute the simulation in real time . It is often more important to be able to access the data produced by the simulation and to discover logic defects in the design or the sequence of events . A continuous dynamic simulation performs numerical solution of differential - algebraic equations or differential equations ( either partial or ordinary ) . Periodically , the simulation program solves all the equations and uses the numbers to change the state and output of the simulation . Applications include flight simulators , construction and management simulation games , chemical process modeling , and simulations of electrical circuits . Originally , these kinds of simulations were actually implemented on analog computers , where the differential equations could be represented directly by various electrical components such as op - amps . By the late 1980s , however , most `` analog '' simulations were run on conventional digital computers that emulate the behavior of an analog computer . A special type of discrete simulation that does not rely on a model with an underlying equation , but can nonetheless be represented formally , is agent - based simulation . In agent - based simulation , the individual entities ( such as molecules , cells , trees or consumers ) in the model are represented directly ( rather than by their density or concentration ) and possess an internal state and set of behaviors or rules that determine how the agent 's state is updated from one time - step to the next .", "4": "Distributed models run on a network of interconnected computers , possibly through the Internet . Simulations dispersed across multiple host computers like this are often referred to as `` distributed simulations '' . There are several standards for distributed simulation , including Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol ( ALSP ) , Distributed Interactive Simulation ( DIS ) , the High Level Architecture ( simulation ) ( HLA ) and the Test and Training Enabling Architecture ( TENA ) . Visualization ( edit ) Formerly , the output data from a computer simulation was sometimes presented in a table or a matrix showing how data were affected by numerous changes in the simulation parameters . The use of the matrix format was related to traditional use of the matrix concept in mathematical models . However , psychologists and others noted that humans could quickly perceive trends by looking at graphs or even moving - images or motion - pictures generated from the data , as displayed by computer - generated - imagery ( CGI ) animation . Although observers could not necessarily read out numbers or quote math formulas , from observing a moving weather chart they might be able to predict events ( and `` see that rain was headed their way '' ) much faster than by scanning tables of rain - cloud coordinates . Such intense graphical displays , which transcended the world of numbers and formulae , sometimes also led to output that lacked a coordinate grid or omitted timestamps , as if straying too far from numeric data displays . Today , weather forecasting models tend to balance the view of moving rain / snow clouds against a map that uses numeric coordinates and numeric timestamps of events . Similarly , CGI computer simulations of CAT scans can simulate how a tumor might shrink or change during an extended period of medical treatment , presenting the passage of time as a spinning view of the visible human head , as the tumor changes . Other applications of CGI computer simulations are being developed to graphically display large amounts of data , in motion , as changes occur during a simulation run . Computer simulation in Science ( edit ) Computer simulation of the process of osmosis Generic examples of types of computer simulations in science , which are derived from an underlying mathematical description : a numerical simulation of differential equations that can not be solved analytically , theories that involve continuous systems such as phenomena in physical cosmology , fluid dynamics ( e.g. , climate models , roadway noise models , roadway air dispersion models ) , continuum mechanics and chemical kinetics fall into this category .", "5": "a stochastic simulation , typically used for discrete systems where events occur probabilistically and which can not be described directly with differential equations ( this is a discrete simulation in the above sense ) . Phenomena in this category include genetic drift , biochemical or gene regulatory networks with small numbers of molecules . ( see also : Monte Carlo method ) . multiparticle simulation of the response of nanomaterials at multiple scales to an applied force for the purpose of modeling their thermoelastic and thermodynamic properties . Techniques used for such simulations are Molecular dynamics , Molecular mechanics , Monte Carlo method , and Multiscale Green 's function . Specific examples of computer simulations follow : statistical simulations based upon an agglomeration of a large number of input profiles , such as the forecasting of equilibrium temperature of receiving waters , allowing the gamut of meteorological data to be input for a specific locale . This technique was developed for thermal pollution forecasting . agent based simulation has been used effectively in ecology , where it is often called `` individual based modeling '' and is used in situations for which individual variability in the agents can not be neglected , such as population dynamics of salmon and trout ( most purely mathematical models assume all trout behave identically ) . time stepped dynamic model . In hydrology there are several such hydrology transport models such as the SWMM and DSSAM Models developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for river water quality forecasting . computer simulations have also been used to formally model theories of human cognition and performance , e.g. , ACT - R . computer simulation using molecular modeling for drug discovery . computer simulation for studying the selective sensitivity of bonds by mechanochemistry during grinding of organic molecules . Computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to simulate the behaviour of flowing air , water and other fluids . One - , two - and three - dimensional models are used . A one - dimensional model might simulate the effects of water hammer in a pipe . A two - dimensional model might be used to simulate the drag forces on the cross-section of an aeroplane wing . A three - dimensional simulation might estimate the heating and cooling requirements of a large building . An understanding of statistical thermodynamic molecular theory is fundamental to the appreciation of molecular solutions . Development of the Potential Distribution Theorem ( PDT ) allows this complex subject to be simplified to down - to - earth presentations of molecular theory .", "6": "Notable , and sometimes controversial , computer simulations used in science include : Donella Meadows ' World3 used in the Limits to Growth , James Lovelock 's Daisyworld and Thomas Ray 's Tierra . In social sciences , computer simulation is an integral component of the five angles of analysis fostered by the data percolation methodology , which also includes qualitative and quantitative methods , reviews of the literature ( including scholarly ) , and interviews with experts , and which forms an extension of data triangulation . Simulation environments for physics and engineering ( edit ) Graphical environments to design simulations have been developed . Special care was taken to handle events ( situations in which the simulation equations are not valid and have to be changed ) . The open project Open Source Physics was started to develop reusable libraries for simulations in Java , together with Easy Java Simulations , a complete graphical environment that generates code based on these libraries . Computer simulation in practical contexts ( edit ) Computer simulations are used in a wide variety of practical contexts , such as : analysis of air pollutant dispersion using atmospheric dispersion modeling design of complex systems such as aircraft and also logistics systems . design of noise barriers to effect roadway noise mitigation modeling of application performance flight simulators to train pilots weather forecasting forecasting of risk simulation of electrical circuits simulation of other computers is emulation . forecasting of prices on financial markets ( for example Adaptive Modeler ) behavior of structures ( such as buildings and industrial parts ) under stress and other conditions design of industrial processes , such as chemical processing plants strategic management and organizational studies reservoir simulation for the petroleum engineering to model the subsurface reservoir process engineering simulation tools . robot simulators for the design of robots and robot control algorithms urban simulation models that simulate dynamic patterns of urban development and responses to urban land use and transportation policies . See a more detailed article on Urban Environment Simulation . traffic engineering to plan or redesign parts of the street network from single junctions over cities to a national highway network to transportation system planning , design and operations . See a more detailed article on Simulation in Transportation . modeling car crashes to test safety mechanisms in new vehicle models . crop - soil systems in agriculture , via dedicated software frameworks ( e.g.", "7": "BioMA , OMS3 , APSIM ) The reliability and the trust people put in computer simulations depends on the validity of the simulation model , therefore verification and validation are of crucial importance in the development of computer simulations . Another important aspect of computer simulations is that of reproducibility of the results , meaning that a simulation model should not provide a different answer for each execution . Although this might seem obvious , this is a special point of attention in stochastic simulations , where random numbers should actually be semi-random numbers . An exception to reproducibility are human - in - the - loop simulations such as flight simulations and computer games . Here a human is part of the simulation and thus influences the outcome in a way that is hard , if not impossible , to reproduce exactly . Vehicle manufacturers make use of computer simulation to test safety features in new designs . By building a copy of the car in a physics simulation environment , they can save the hundreds of thousands of dollars that would otherwise be required to build and test a unique prototype . Engineers can step through the simulation milliseconds at a time to determine the exact stresses being put upon each section of the prototype . Computer graphics can be used to display the results of a computer simulation . Animations can be used to experience a simulation in real - time , e.g. , in training simulations . In some cases animations may also be useful in faster than real - time or even slower than real - time modes . For example , faster than real - time animations can be useful in visualizing the buildup of queues in the simulation of humans evacuating a building . Furthermore , simulation results are often aggregated into static images using various ways of scientific visualization . In debugging , simulating a program execution under test ( rather than executing natively ) can detect far more errors than the hardware itself can detect and , at the same time , log useful debugging information such as instruction trace , memory alterations and instruction counts . This technique can also detect buffer overflow and similar `` hard to detect '' errors as well as produce performance information and tuning data . Pitfalls ( edit ) Although sometimes ignored in computer simulations , it is very important to perform a sensitivity analysis to ensure that the accuracy of the results is properly understood . For example , the probabilistic risk analysis of factors determining the success of an oilfield exploration program involves combining samples from a variety of statistical distributions using the Monte Carlo method .", "8": "If , for instance , one of the key parameters ( e.g. , the net ratio of oil - bearing strata ) is known to only one significant figure , then the result of the simulation might not be more precise than one significant figure , although it might ( misleadingly ) be presented as having four significant figures . Model calibration techniques ( edit ) The following three steps should be used to produce accurate simulation models : calibration , verification , and validation . Computer simulations are good at portraying and comparing theoretical scenarios , but in order to accurately model actual case studies they have to match what is actually happening today . A base model should be created and calibrated so that it matches the area being studied . The calibrated model should then be verified to ensure that the model is operating as expected based on the inputs . Once the model has been verified , the final step is to validate the model by comparing the outputs to historical data from the study area . This can be done by using statistical techniques and ensuring an adequate R - squared value . Unless these techniques are employed , the simulation model created will produce inaccurate results and not be a useful prediction tool . Model calibration is achieved by adjusting any available parameters in order to adjust how the model operates and simulates the process . For example , in traffic simulation , typical parameters include look - ahead distance , car - following sensitivity , discharge headway , and start - up lost time . These parameters influence driver behavior such as when and how long it takes a driver to change lanes , how much distance a driver leaves between his car and the car in front of it , and how quickly a driver starts to accelerate through an intersection . Adjusting these parameters has a direct effect on the amount of traffic volume that can traverse through the modeled roadway network by making the drivers more or less aggressive . These are examples of calibration parameters that can be fine - tuned to match characteristics observed in the field at the study location . Most traffic models have typical default values but they may need to be adjusted to better match the driver behavior at the specific location being studied . Model verification is achieved by obtaining output data from the model and comparing them to what is expected from the input data . For example , in traffic simulation , traffic volume can be verified to ensure that actual volume throughput in the model is reasonably close to traffic volumes input into the model .", "9": "Ten percent is a typical threshold used in traffic simulation to determine if output volumes are reasonably close to input volumes . Simulation models handle model inputs in different ways so traffic that enters the network , for example , may or may not reach its desired destination . Additionally , traffic that wants to enter the network may not be able to , if congestion exists . This is why model verification is a very important part of the modeling process . The final step is to validate the model by comparing the results with what is expected based on historical data from the study area . Ideally , the model should produce similar results to what has happened historically . This is typically verified by nothing more than quoting the R - squared statistic from the fit . This statistic measures the fraction of variability that is accounted for by the model . A high R - squared value does not necessarily mean the model fits the data well . Another tool used to validate models is graphical residual analysis . If model output values drastically differ from historical values , it probably means there is an error in the model . Before using the model as a base to produce additional models , it is important to verify it for different scenarios to ensure that each one is accurate . If the outputs do not reasonably match historic values during the validation process , the model should be reviewed and updated to produce results more in line with expectations . It is an iterative process that helps to produce more realistic models . Validating traffic simulation models requires comparing traffic estimated by the model to observed traffic on the roadway and transit systems . Initial comparisons are for trip interchanges between quadrants , sectors , or other large areas of interest . The next step is to compare traffic estimated by the models to traffic counts , including transit ridership , crossing contrived barriers in the study area . These are typically called screenlines , cutlines , and cordon lines and may be imaginary or actual physical barriers . Cordon lines surround particular areas such as a city 's central business district or other major activity centers . Transit ridership estimates are commonly validated by comparing them to actual patronage crossing cordon lines around the central business district . Three sources of error can cause weak correlation during calibration : input error , model error , and parameter error . In general , input error and parameter error can be adjusted easily by the user . Model error however is caused by the methodology used in the model and may not be as easy to fix .", "10": "Simulation models are typically built using several different modeling theories that can produce conflicting results . Some models are more generalized while others are more detailed . If model error occurs as a result , in may be necessary to adjust the model methodology to make results more consistent . In order to produce good models that can be used to produce realistic results , these are the necessary steps that need to be taken in order to ensure that simulation models are functioning properly . Simulation models can be used as a tool to verify engineering theories , but they are only valid if calibrated properly . Once satisfactory estimates of the parameters for all models have been obtained , the models must be checked to assure that they adequately perform the intended functions . The validation process establishes the credibility of the model by demonstrating its ability to replicate actual traffic patterns . The importance of model validation underscores the need for careful planning , thoroughness and accuracy of the input data collection program that has this purpose . Efforts should be made to ensure collected data is consistent with expected values . For example , in traffic analysis it is typical for a traffic engineer to perform a site visit to verify traffic counts and become familiar with traffic patterns in the area . The resulting models and forecasts will be no better than the data used for model estimation and validation . See also ( edit ) A 48 - hour computer simulation of Typhoon Mawar using the Weather Research and Forecasting model Software portal List of computer simulation software Emulator Energy modeling Stencil code Virtual prototyping Web - based simulation References ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( May 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ Strogatz , Steven ( 2007 ) . `` The End of Insight '' . In Brockman , John . What is your dangerous idea ? . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780061214950 Jump up ^ `` `` Researchers stage largest Military Simulation ever '' Archived 2008 - 01 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , Jet Propulsion Laboratory , Caltech , December 1997 , Jump up ^ `` Molecular Simulation of Macroscopic Phenomena '' .", "11": "Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Largest computational biology simulation mimics life 's most essential nanomachine '' ( news ) , News Release , Nancy Ambrosiano , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , NM , October 2005 , webpage : LANL - Fuse - story7428 Archived 2007 - 07 - 04 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Mission to build a simulated brain begins '' Archived 2015 - 02 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , project of the institute at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ) , Switzerland , New Scientist , June 2005 . Jump up ^ Santner , Thomas J ; Williams , Brian J ; Notz , William I ( 2003 ) . The design and analysis of computer experiments . Springer Verlag . Jump up ^ John Robert Taylor ( 1999 ) . An Introduction to Error Analysis : The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements . University Science Books . pp. 128 -- 129 . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 75 - X . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Atanasov AG , Waltenberger B , Pferschy - Wenzig EM , Linder T , Wawrosch C , Uhrin P , Temml V , Wang L , Schwaiger S , Heiss EH , Rollinger JM , Schuster D , Breuss JM , Bochkov V , Mihovilovic MD , Kopp B , Bauer R , Dirsch VM , Stuppner H . doi : 10.1016 / j. biotechadv. 2015.08. 001 Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant - derived natural products : A review . ) Biotechnol Adv. 2015 , PMID 26281720 . Jump up ^ Mizukami , Koichi ; Saito , Fumio ; Baron , Michel . Study on grinding of pharmaceutical products with an aid of computer simulation Archived 2011 - 07 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mesly , Olivier ( 2015 ) . Creating Models in Psychological Research .", "12": "United States : Springer Psychology : 126 pages . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 15752 - 8 Jump up ^ Wescott , Bob ( 2013 ) . The Every Computer Performance Book , Chapter 7 : Modeling Computer Performance . CreateSpace . ASIN 1482657759 . ISBN 1482657759 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 26 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ Baase , Sara . A Gift of Fire : Social , Legal , and Ethical Issues for Computing and the Internet . 3 . Upper Saddle River : Prentice Hall , 2007 . Pages 363 -- 364 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 600848 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Computer simulation . `` A Resource Allocation Framework for Experiment - Based Validation of Numerical Models , '' Journal of Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures ( Taylor & Francis ) . Young , Joseph and Findley , Michael . 2014 . `` Computational Modeling to Study Conflicts and Terrorism . '' Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies edited by Soeters , Joseph ; Shields , Patricia and Rietjens , Sebastiaan . pp. 249 -- 260 . New York : Routledge , R. Frigg and S. Hartmann , Models in Science . Entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . E. Winsberg Simulation in Science . Entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . A.K. Hartmann , Practical Guide to Computer Simulations , Singapore : World Scientific , 2009 S. Hartmann , The World as a Process : Simulations in the Natural and Social Sciences , in : R. Hegselmann et al. ( eds . ) , Modelling and Simulation in the Social Sciences from the Philosophy of Science Point of View , Theory and Decision Library . Dordrecht : Kluwer 1996 , 77 -- 100 . E. Winsberg , Science in the Age of Computer Simulation . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2010 . P. Humphreys , Extending Ourselves : Computational Science , Empiricism , and Scientific Method .", "13": "Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2004 . James J. Nutaro ( 2011 ) . Building Software for Simulation : Theory and Algorithms , with Applications in C++ . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 09945 - 2 . Computer simulation Chemistry Molecular design Molecular mechanics Protein structure prediction Quantum chemistry Semi-empirical Valence bond Physics Mechanics Contact mechanics Fluid dynamics Magnetohydrodynamics Solid mechanics Astrophysics Electrodynamics Particle physics Linguistics Semantics Lexicology Energy modeling Models ACEGES iNEMS MARKAL NEMS POLES Open data OpenEI Reegle Lists Open energy system databases Open energy system models Concepts Climate change mitigation scenarios Computer simulation Energy modeling Mathematical optimization Scenario analysis System dynamics Applications Electricity market Electric power transmission Energy market Energy planning Energy policy Integrated assessment modelling People Hartmut Bossel Mark Jacobson John Laitner John Weyant Organizations Energy Modeling Forum Openmod Initiative Categories Economics models Energy models LCCN : sh85029533 GND : 4148259 - 1 BNF : cb119412265 ( data ) BNE : XX535293 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "14": "php?title=Computer_simulation&oldid=837984532 '' Categories : Computational science Scientific modeling Simulation software Virtual reality Alternatives to animal testing Computational fields of study Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2008 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Latina Mirandés Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 06 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4954687336430255230	who plays hope on the bold and beautiful	[ "Kimberly Marie \"Kim\" Matula", "Kimberly Marie \"Kim\" Matula", "Kimberly Marie \"Kim\" Matula", "Kimberly Marie \"Kim\" Matula", "Kimberly Marie \"Kim\" Matula" ]	{ "0": "Kim Matula - wikipedia Kim Matula Jump to : navigation , search Kim Matula Kim Matula at the 2014 Daytime Emmy Nominees Reception Kimberly Marie Matula ( 1988 - 08 - 23 ) August 23 , 1988 ( age 29 ) Fort Worth , Texas , U.S. Other names Kim Matula Occupation Actress Years active 2006 -- present Known for Hope Logan on The Bold and the Beautiful Kimberly Marie `` Kim '' Matula ( born August 23 , 1988 ) is an American actress , best known for her role as Hope Logan in the CBS daytime soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Matula was born in Fort Worth , Texas to David and Karin Matula . She is of Norwegian ancestry . Matula has always dreamed of acting and created videos of her acting . She studied film at the University of Texas at Arlington , but dropped out because her acting career was taking off . In 2008 , Matula appeared in the Lifetime movie Queen Sized , and in next year moved to Los Angeles , then in 2010 , she landed the role of Hope Logan in the CBS daytime soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful . In 2014 , Matula was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series . In her two final years on the soap , Matula 's character had major storylines . In November 2014 , it was announced that Matula had not renewed her contract and would be departing the series for a career in primetime television and film . In 2016 , Matula joined the cast of the second season of the critically acclaimed Lifetime dark comedy - drama series , Unreal . As of 2018 she has a leading role in the Fox comedy series LA to Vegas .", "1": "Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 Savage Spirit Megan 2008 Queen Sized Tara Television film 2009 How I Met Your Mother Girl Episode : `` Definitions '' 2010 -- 2014 , 2015 , 2016 The Bold and the Beautiful Hope Logan Series regular : January 11 , 2010 -- December 12 , 2014 Guest : April 17 and 20 , 2015 and March 16 , 2016 Nominated -- Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series ( 2014 ) Crown thy Good Claire Short film Spilt Milk Sabrina Cool Wheels Stacy McFuggins Short film 2011 The Defenders Mia Episode : `` Nevada v. Doug the Mule '' 2014 Broken Strings Wind / Heidi Lewis Short film 2014 Dawn Patrol Donna 2014 Almost Royal Herself Episode : `` Los Angeles '' 2015 Maybe Someday Lacey 2016 UnReal Tiffany Series regular ( Season 2 ) 2018 LA to Vegas Veronica `` Ronnie '' Messing Main role TBA Fighting with My Family Jeri - Lyn Filming References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Kim Matula 411 '' . Soap Opera Digest . 2010 - 01 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Kimberly Matula Playing Hope Logan on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The 41st Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . New York : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` No Hope For The Future : Kim Matula Quits The Bold and The Beautiful ! '' .", "2": "Daytime Confidential . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Matula Leaving The Bold and the Beautiful ! '' . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister . `` ' UnReal ' Season 2 Cast : Meagan Tandy & Kim Matula to Play Contestants - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kimberly Matula . Kim Matula on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Matula&oldid=833303997 '' Categories : American people of Norwegian descent American soap opera actresses American voice actresses American stage actresses American television actresses Actresses from Texas Living people 1988 births Actresses from Fort Worth , Texas 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 19 : 06 . 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-7596137699185694907	where does the coral sea meet the pacific ocean	[ "South Pacific", "in the east" ]	{ "0": "Coral Sea - wikipedia Coral Sea Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Coral Sea ( disambiguation ) . Coral Sea Coordinates 18 ° S 158 ° E / 18 ° S 158 ° E / - 18 ; 158 Coordinates : 18 ° S 158 ° E / 18 ° S 158 ° E / - 18 ; 158 Type Aerial Basin countries Australia , New Caledonia ( France ) , Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands , Vanuatu Surface area 4,791,000 km ( 1,850,000 sq mi ) Average depth 2,394 m ( 7,854 ft ) Max . depth 9,140 m ( 29,990 ft ) Water volume 11,470,000 km ( 9.30 × 10 acre ⋅ ft ) References The Coral Sea is a marginal sea of the South Pacific off the northeast coast of Australia , and classified as an interim Australian bioregion . The Coral Sea extends 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) down the Australian northeast coast . It is bounded in the west by the east coast of Queensland , thereby including the Great Barrier Reef , in the east by Vanuatu ( formerly the New Hebrides ) and by New Caledonia , and in the northeast approximately by the southern extremity of the Solomon Islands . In the northwest , it reaches to the south coast of eastern New Guinea , thereby including the Gulf of Papua . It merges with the Tasman Sea in the south , with the Solomon Sea in the north and with the Pacific Ocean in the east . On the west , it is bounded by the mainland coast of Queensland , and in the northwest , it connects with the Arafura Sea through the Torres Strait . The sea is characterised by its warm and stable climate , with frequent rains and tropical cyclones . It contains numerous islands and reefs , as well as the world 's largest reef system , the Great Barrier Reef ( GBR ) , which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1981 . All previous oil exploration projects were terminated at the GBR in 1975 , and fishing is restricted in many areas .", "1": "The reefs and islands of the Coral Sea are particularly rich in birds and aquatic life and are a popular tourist destination , both nationally and internationally . Contents ( hide ) 1 Extent 2 Geology 3 Hydrology 4 Climate 4.1 Winds 5 Flora 6 Fauna 7 Human activities 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Extent ( edit ) A map of the Coral Sea Islands . While the Great Barrier Reef with its islands and cays belong to Queensland , most reefs and islets east of it are part of the Coral Sea Islands Territory . In addition , some islands west of and belonging to New Caledonia are also part of the Coral Sea Islands in a geographical sense , such as the Chesterfield Islands and Bellona Reefs . The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Coral Sea as follows : On the North .", "2": "The South coast of New Guinea from the entrance to the Bensbach River ( 141 ° 01'E ) to Gadogadoa Island near its Southeastern extreme ( 10 ° 38 ′ S 150 ° 34 ′ E / 10.633 ° S 150.567 ° E / - 10.633 ; 150.567 ) , down this meridian to the 100 fathom line and thence along the Southern edges of Uluma Reef and those extending to the Eastward as far as the Southeast point of Lawik Reef ( 11 ° 43.5 ′ S 153 ° 56.5 ′ E / 11.7250 ° S 153.9417 ° E / - 11.7250 ; 153.9417 ) off Tagula Island , thence a line to the Southern extreme of Rennell Island ( Solomon Islands ) and from its Eastern point to Cape Surville , the Eastern extreme of San Cristobal Island ( Makira ) , Solomons ; thence through Nupani Island , the Northwestern of the Santa Cruz Islands ( 10 ° 04.5 ′ S 165 ° 40.5 ′ E / 10.0750 ° S 165.6750 ° E / - 10.0750 ; 165.6750 ) to the Northernmost Island of the Duff Islands ( 9 ° 48.5 ′ S 167 ° 06 ′ E / 9.8083 ° S 167.100 ° E / - 9.8083 ; 167.100 ) . On the Northeast .", "3": "From the Northernmost island of the Duff Islands , through these islands to their Southeastern extreme , thence a line to Méré Lava , Vanuatu Islands ( 14 ° 25 ′ S 163 ° 03 ′ E / 14.417 ° S 163.050 ° E / - 14.417 ; 163.050 ) and down the Eastern coasts of the islands of this Group to Anatom Island ( 20 ° 11 ′ S 169 ° 51 ′ E / 20.183 ° S 169.850 ° E / - 20.183 ; 169.850 ) in such a way that all the islands of these Groups , and the straits separating them , are included in the Coral Sea . On the Southeast . A line from the Southeastern extreme of Anatom Island to Nokanhoui ( reefs ) ( 22 ° 46 ′ S 167 ° 34 ′ E / 22.767 ° S 167.567 ° E / - 22.767 ; 167.567 ) off the Southeast extreme of New Caledonia , thence through the East point of Middleton Reef to the Eastern extreme of Elizabeth Reef ( 29 ° 55 ′ S 159 ° 02 ′ E / 29.917 ° S 159.033 ° E / - 29.917 ; 159.033 ) and down this meridian to Latitude 30 ° South . On the South . The parallel of 30 ° South to the Australian coast . On the West . The Eastern limit of the Arafura Sea ( The entrance to the Bensbak River ( 141 ° 01'E ) , and thence a line to the Northwest extreme of York Peninsula , Australia ( 11 ° 05 ′ S 142 ° 03 ′ E / 11.083 ° S 142.050 ° E / - 11.083 ; 142.050 ) ) and the East Coast of Australia as far south as Latitude 30 ° South . Geology ( edit ) The Coral Sea basin was formed between 58 million and 48 million years ago when the Queensland continental shelf was uplifted , forming the Great Dividing Range , and continental blocks subsided at the same time .", "4": "The sea has been an important source of coral for the Great Barrier Reef , both during its formation and after sea level lowering . The geological formation processes are still proceeding , as partly evidenced by the seismic activity . Several hundred earthquakes with the magnitude between 2 and 6 were recorded in the period 1866 -- 2000 along the Queensland coast and in the Coral Sea . On 2 April 2007 , the Solomon Islands were struck by a major earthquake followed by a several metres tall tsunami . The epicentre of this magnitude 8.1 earthquake was 349 km ( 217 mi ) northwest of Honiara , at a depth of 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) . It was followed by more than 44 aftershocks of a magnitude 5.0 or greater . The resulting tsunami killed at least 52 people and destroyed more than 900 homes . The sea received its name because of its numerous coral formations . They include the GBR , which extends about 2,000 km ( 1,200 mi ) along the northeast coast of Australia and includes approximately 2,900 individual reefs and 1000 islands . The Chesterfield Islands and Lihou Reef are the largest atolls of the Coral Sea . Hydrology ( edit ) Thermal profile of the East Australian Current Major Coral Sea currents form a counter-clockwise gyro which includes the East Australian Current . It brings warm nutrient - poor waters from the Coral Sea down the east coast of Australia to the cool waters of the Tasman Sea . This current is the strongest along the Australian coasts and transforms 30 million m / s of water within a flow band of about 100 kilometres wide and 500 metres deep . The current is strongest around February and weakest around August . The major river flowing into the sea is the Burdekin River , which has its delta southeast of Townsville . Owing to the seasonal and annual variations in occurrence of cyclones and in precipitation ( typically between 200 and 1600 mm / year ) , its annual discharge can vary more than 10 times between the two succeeding years .", "5": "In particular , in the period 1920 -- 1999 , the average flow rate near the delta was below 1000 m / s in 1923 , 1931 , 1939 , 1969 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1993 and 1995 ; it was above 25,000 m / s in 1927 , 1940 , 1946 , 1950 , 1951 , 1959 , 1968 , 1972 , 1974 and 1991 , and reached about 40,000 m / s in 1946 . This irregularity results in concomitant fluctuations of the sea water composition near the river delta . The surface water temperature varies on the south of the sea from 19 ° C in August to 24 ° C in February . It is rather warm and stable at 27 -- 28 ° С in the north all through the year . Water salinity is 34.5 -- 35.5 ‰ ( parts per thousand ) . The water is mostly very clear , with the visibility of about 30 metres ( 100 ft ) near the reefs . Climate ( edit ) Tropical Cyclone Larry over the Great Barrier Reef , 19 March 2006 The sea has a subtropical climate and is frequently hit by tropical cyclones , especially between January and April . This range extends to November -- May in the areas south to 10 ° S. Between 1969 and 1997 , the GBR experienced 80 cyclones , 90 % which were of category 1 or 2 ( winds 17 -- 33 m / s , central pressure 970 -- 1000 hPa ) and only 10 % of category 3 ( winds > 33 m / s , pressure < 970 hPa ) . The cyclone frequency decreased between 1997 and 2005 to 1.5 per year ( 12 in total ) . Annual rainfall typically ranges between 1,000 and 3,000 mm depending on the area . Most rains fall between December and March , in bursts of 30 -- 60 days . The number of clear days per year varies approximately between 80 and 125 , and the typical temperature variation through the year are 18 -- 27 ° C .", "6": "Climate change made it 175 times more likely that the surface waters of the Coral Sea would reach the record - breaking temperatures March 2016 that bleached reefs , modeling analysis showed . Winds ( edit ) Winds in the Coral Sea can be classified by season , longitude and latitude . Southeasterly trade winds dominate through all sea areas and all seasons , especially between 20 ° S and 25 ° S , west of the meridian of 155 ° E. However , between September and December they change to northerly and northwesterly winds in this region , and the direction is mostly southwestern in May -- August . West of 155 ° E , gales are common between January and August and are less frequent in September -- December . In January , the northwest monsoon may occur between the parallels of 15 ° S and 20 ° S , west of the 150 ° E meridian . Gales are rare in this region most of the year except for June -- August , when strong southeasterly winds occur a few days per month . The southeasterly trades are also strong north of 15 ° S between March and November . They weaken and often change to westerly winds in December and to northerly and northwesterly winds in January and February . Flora ( edit ) The Australian shore of the Coral Sea is mostly composed of sand . The GBR is too far away to provide significant coral deposits , but it effectively screens the coast from the ocean waves . As a result , most land vegetation spreads down to the sea , and the coastal waters are rich in underwater vegetation , such as green algae . The most common genera of seagrasses are Halophila and Halodule . The islands of the GBR contain more than 2,000 plant species , and three of these are endemic . The northern islands have 300 -- 350 plant species which tend to be woody , whereas the southern islands have 200 which are more herbaceous ; the Whitsunday region is the most diverse , supporting 1,141 species . The plants are spread by birds . Fauna ( edit ) Corals on Flynn Reef near Cairns Crown - of - thorns starfish Christmas Tree Worm ( Spirobranchus giganteus ) in Porites coral .", "7": "Admiralty , Osprey Reef A banded sea krait Laticauda colubrina The sea hosts numerous species of anemones , sponges , worms ( e.g. Spirobranchus giganteus shown in the photograph ) , gastropods , lobsters , crayfish , prawns and crabs . Red algae Lithothamnion and Porolithon colour many coral reefs purple - red and the green alga Halimeda is found throughout the sea . The coastal plants consisting of only about 30 -- 40 species , and mangroves occur in the northern part of the sea . Four hundred coral species , both hard corals and soft corals inhabit the reefs . The majority of these spawn gametes , breeding in mass spawning events that are triggered by the rising sea temperatures of spring and summer , the lunar cycle , and the diurnal cycle . Reefs in the inner GBR spawn during the week after the full moon in October , while the outer reefs spawn in November and December . Its common soft corals belong to 36 genera . There are more than 1500 fish species in the reef systems . Five hundred species of marine algae or seaweed live on the reef , including thirteen species of the Halimeda genus , which deposit calcareous mounds up to 100 metres ( 110 yd ) wide , creating mini-ecosystems on their surface which have been compared to rainforest cover . Crown - of - thorns starfish ( Acanthaster planci ) is the major predator of the reefs , as it preys upon coral polyps by climbing onto them , extruding its stomach over them , and releasing digestive enzymes to absorb the liquefied tissue . An individual adult can eat up to 6 m of reef per year . In 2000 , an outbreak of crown - of - thorns starfish contributed to a loss of 66 % of live coral cover on sampled reefs . Changes in water quality and overfishing of natural predators , such as the Giant Triton , may have contributed to an increase in the number of crown - of - thorns starfish . There are at least 30 species of whales , dolphins , and porpoises , including the dwarf minke whale , Indo - Pacific humpback dolphin , humpback whale and dugongs .", "8": "Six species of sea turtles breed on the GBR -- the green sea turtle , leatherback sea turtle , hawksbill turtle , loggerhead sea turtle , flatback turtle and the Olive Ridley . More than 200 species of birds ( including 22 species of seabirds and 32 species of shorebirds ) visit , nest or roost on the islands and reefs , including the white - bellied sea eagle and roseate tern . Most nesting sites are on islands in the northern and southern regions of the GBR , with 1.4 -- 1.7 million birds using the sites to breed . Seventeen species of sea snake , including Laticauda colubrina ( pictured ) , live on the GBR in warm waters up to 50 metres ( 160 ft ) deep and are more common in the southern than in the northern section ; none of them are endemic or endangered . The venom of many of these snakes is highly toxic ; for example , Aipysurus duboisii is regarded as the world 's most venomous sea snake . There are more than 1,500 fish species , including the clownfish ( Amphiprioninae ) , red bass ( Lutjanus bohar ) , red - throat emperor ( Lethrinus miniatus ) , coral trout ( Plectropomus leopardus ) and several species of snapper ( Lutjanidae ) . Forty - nine species mass spawn and eighty - four other species spawn elsewhere in their range . With a maximum total length of 0.84 cm ( 0.33 in ) , Schindleria brevipinguis , which is native to the GBR and Osprey Reef , is one of the smallest known fish and vertebrate . There are at least 330 species of ascidians on the reef system with the diameter of 1 -- 10 cm ( 0.4 -- 4 in ) . Between 300 and 500 species of bryozoans live on the reef . Saltwater crocodiles live in mangrove and salt marshes on the coast . Around 125 species of shark , stingray , skates or chimaera live on the GBR , in addition to about 5,000 species of mollusc . The latter include the giant clam and various nudibranchs and cone snails .", "9": "One study of 443 individual sharks gives the following distribution of their species on the Australian side of the Coral Sea : grey reef shark ( Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos , 69 % ) , whitetip reef shark ( Triaenodon obesus , 21 % ) , silvertip shark ( Carcharhinus albimarginatus , 10 % ) , tiger shark ( Galeocerdo cuvier , < 1 % ) and great hammerhead ( Sphyrna mokarran , < 1 % ) . The interaction rate ( free diving ) at the Coral Sea reefs ranged from a few to 26 sharks per hour . The rare Etmopterus dislineatus shark species is endemic to the central part of the Coral Sea . It has been observed at depths of 590 -- 700 m on or near the continental slope . Human activities ( edit ) The coastal areas of the Coral Sea were populated at least 40,000 years ago by prehistoric people descending through the northern islands . Those Aboriginal tribes have been dispersed and nowadays only about 70 groups live in the area around the GBR . The sea was the location for the Battle of the Coral Sea , a major confrontation during World War II between the navies of the Empire of Japan , and the United States and Australia . Navigation has long been a traditional human activity on the Coral Sea and there are 10 major ports on the Queensland coast alone . More than 3,500 ships operated in this area in 2007 , making over 9,700 voyages that transported coal , sugar , iron ore , timber , oil , chemicals , cattle and other goods . The abundance of coral reefs hinders shipping traffic , and about 50 -- 60 accidents per year were reported between 1990 and 2007 in the GBR alone . Other economic activities in the sea include fishing and exploration of petroleum deposits in the Gulf of Papua . The sea is also a popular tourism destination . In 2006 -- 2007 , tourism on the GBR contributed A $5.1 billion to the Australian economy . The tourism is mostly foreign or from remote parts of Australia , with a local contribution of about A $153 million . In particular , about 14.6 million visits were made to the Coral Sea reefs by the Queensland residents over 12 months in 2008 .", "10": "Growing concerns over the environmental effects of tourism resulted in establishment in 1975 of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park . There are also smaller state and national parks . In 1981 , the Great Barrier Reef was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . From the middle of 2004 , approximately one - third of the GBR Marine Park is protected from species removal of any kind , including fishing , without written permission . It was suggested in 1923 that the Great Barrier Reef contains a major oil reservoir . After the Commonwealth Petroleum Search Subsidies Act of 1957 , hydrocarbon exploration increased in Queensland , including a well drilled at Wreck Island in the southern Great Barrier Reef in 1959 . In the 1960s , drilling for oil and gas was investigated throughout the Great Barrier Reef , in the Torres Strait , along `` the eastern seaboard of Cape York to Princess Charlotte Bay '' and along the coast from Cooktown to Fraser Island . In the late 1960s , more exploratory oil wells were drilled near Wreck Island in the Capricorn Channel , and near Darnley Island in the Torres Strait , but with no results . In the 1970s , responding to concern about oil spills , the Australian government forbade petroleum drilling on the GBR . Yet oil spills due to shipping accidents are still a threat to environment , with a total of 282 spills between 1987 and 2002 . Shen Neng 1 aground on the Great Barrier Reef on 5 April 2010 Queensland has several major urban centres on the coast including Cairns , Townsville , Mackay , Rockhampton , Bundaberg , Sunshine Coast and the industrial city of Gladstone , which inevitably contaminate the sea . About thirty rivers and hundreds of small streams add continental water , which contains sediments , pesticides and industrial waste . Runoff is especially concerning in the region south of Cairns , as it may receive up to 4200 mm of rain per year . About 90 % of sea contamination originates from land farming activities . The area is continuously urbanising , so that the population is expected to increase by 40 % by 2026 . As a result , 70 -- 90 % of the coastal wetlands has been lost over the past decades , and many remaining flora species are endangered .", "11": "On 3 April 2010 , the Chinese ship Shen Neng 1 carrying 950 tonnes of oil , ran aground east of Rockhampton in Central Queensland , Australia , causing the 2010 Great Barrier Reef oil spill and inflicting the largest damage to the GBR and the Coral Sea so far . The scarred area was roughly 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) long and 250 m ( 820 ft ) wide , and some parts of it have become completely devoid of marine life . There are concerns that there could be considerable long - term damage and it will take 10 to 20 years for the reef to recover . By 13 April 2010 , oil tar balls were washing up on the beaches of North West Island , a significant bird rookery and turtle nesting colony . A group of 10 environment NGOs have come together as a coalition called the Protect our Coral Sea campaign , asking the government to create a very large highly protected Coral Sea Marine Park . In November 2011 the Australian government announced that a 989,842 square kilometres ( 382,180 sq mi ) protected area was planned and pending approval . See also ( edit ) Queensland portal APNG ( cable system ) Coral Sea Islands Torres Strait Islands Willis Island References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Coral Sea , Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : Coral Sea , Encyclopædia Britannica on - line Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . p. 37 . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Hopley , p. 19 Jump up ^ Hopley , p. 27 Jump up ^ Hopley , pp. 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ `` Solomon Islands earthquake and tsunami '' , Breaking Legal News -- International , 4 March 2007 Jump up ^ `` Aid reaches tsunami - hit Solomons '' , BBC News , 2007 - 04 - 03 ^ Jump up to : Great Barrier Reef , Encyclopædia Britannica on - line Jump up ^ Hopley , pp.", "12": "1 , 26 Jump up ^ East Australian Current , NASA Jump up ^ Susan B. Marriott , Jan Alexander Floodplains : interdisciplinary approaches , Geological Society , 1999 ISBN 1 - 86239 - 050 - 9 p. 31 ^ Jump up to : Hopley , p. 96 ^ Jump up to : Climate Data Online , Australian Bureau of Meteorology Jump up ^ John Upton . `` Climate Change is ' Devastating ' The Great Barrier Reef '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Australia -- Coral Sea -- Islands and Dangers , p. 131 Jump up ^ Jonathan D. Sauer Cayman Islands seashore vegetation : a study in comparative biogeography , University of California Press , 1982 ISBN 0520096568 pp. 47 , 53 Jump up ^ Alan R. Longhurst Ecological Geography of the Sea , Academic Press , 1998 ISBN 0 - 12 - 455559 - 4 pp. 331 -- 332 Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` Environmental Status : Seagrasses '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix 5 - Island Flora and Fauna '' . Fauna and Flora of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . 2000 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : CRC Reef Research Centre Ltd . `` Reef facts : Plants and Animals on the Great Barrier Reef '' . Archived from the original on 21 August 2006 . Retrieved 14 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2006 ) . `` Information Fact Sheets No. 20 Coral Spawning '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 July 2009 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Australian Institute of Marine Science ( 2002 ) . `` Soft coral atlas of the Great Barrier Reef '' .", "13": "Archived from the original on 6 April 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2011 . Coral Sea . Encyclopedia of Earth . Eds . P. Saundry & C.J. Cleveland . National Council for Science and the Environment . Washington DC Jump up ^ Hopley , p. 185 Jump up ^ Pierre Madl . `` Marine Biology I -- Acanthaster planci '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ The CRC Reef Research Centre defines an outbreak as when there are more than 30 adult starfish in an area of one hectare . CRC Reef Research Centre . `` Managing crown - of - thorns starfish outbreaks '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2006 . Retrieved 18 October 2006 . ( PDF ) Jump up ^ `` Crc Reef Research Centre Technical Report No. 32 -- Crown - of - thorns starfish ( Acanthaster planci ) in the central GBR region . Results of fine - scale surveys conducted in 1999 -- 2000 '' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . Jump up ^ CRC Reef Research Centre . `` Crown - of - thorns starfish on the Great Barrier Reef '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 August 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 28 . ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2000 ) . `` Fauna and Flora of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area '' . Archived from the original on 14 October 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2004 ) . `` Environmental Status : Marine Mammals '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Kirstin ( 2007 ) .", "14": "Marine turtle and dugong habitats in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park used to implement biophysical operational principles for the Representative Areas Program ( PDF ) . Great Barrier Marine Park Authority . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Hopley , pp. 450 -- 451 Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Environmental status : birds '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 13 June 2009 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental status : birds Condition '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 16 April 2010 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Laticauda colubrina ( SCHNEIDER , 1799 ) , The Reptile Database Jump up ^ `` Appendix 2 -- Listed Marine Species '' . Fauna and Flora of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . 2000 . Archived from the original on 26 March 2010 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ P. Gopalakrishnakone Sea snake toxinology , NUS Press , 1994 , ISBN 9971 - 69 - 193 - 0 p. 98 Jump up ^ Harold Heatwole Sea Snakes , UNSW Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 86840 - 776 - 3 p. 115 Jump up ^ Steve Backshall Steve Backshall 's venom : poisonous animals in the natural world , New Holland Publishers , 2007 , ISBN 1 - 84537 - 734 - 6 p. 155 Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Fish Spawning Aggregation Sites on the Great Barrier Reef '' . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ W. Watson and H.J.", "15": "Walker Jr , The World 's Smallest Vertebrate , Schindleria brevipinguis , A New Paedomorphic Species in the Family Schindleriidae ( Perciformes : Gobioidei ) Records of the Australian Museum ( 2004 ) Vol. 56 : 139 -- 142 . However , it was claimed later ( 2006 ) that Paedocypris progenetica is the smallest fish and vertebrate . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix 4 - Other species of conservation concern '' . Fauna and Flora of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . 2000 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` Environmental Status : Marine Reptiles '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Status : Sharks and rays '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 29 March 2007 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Australian Underwater Federation . `` Community monitoring of reef sharks in the Coral Sea and Great Barrier Reef , Australia '' Archived 27 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Deep Sea 2003 : conference on the governance and management of deep - sea fisheries , Food & Agriculture Org. , 2006 ISBN 92 - 5 - 105457 - 6 p. 374 Jump up ^ Traditional Use , Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2009 Jump up ^ Ports and shipping , Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2009 Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Shipping incidents in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park '' . Archived from the original on 7 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Tourism , Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2009 Jump up ^ Recreation , Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2009 Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Marine Park Zoning '' . Archived from the original on 19 July 2006 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 .", "16": "^ Jump up to : Bowen , James ; Bowen , Margarita ( 2002 ) . The Great Barrier Reef : history , science , heritage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 319 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82430 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority -- Annual Report 1976 - 77 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Australian Institute of Marine Science ( 1996 ) . `` AIMS Science for Management of the Great Barrier Reef -- The Great Barrier Reef at a Glance '' . Archived from the original on 25 August 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Department of the Environment and Heritage . `` Review of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Parliament of Australia ( 2006 ) . `` Royal Commissions and Commissions of Inquiry '' . Archived from the original on 7 January 2011 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2006 ) . `` Principal water quality influences on Great Barrier Reef ecosystems '' . Archived from the original on 16 October 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Fiona ; Kroon , Frederike ( 2009 ) . `` Overview of CSIRO Water Quality Research in the Great Barrier Reef , 2003 -- 2008 '' ( PDF ) . CSIRO . Jump up ^ `` Coastal water quality '' ( PDF ) . The State of the Environment Report Queensland 2003 . Environment Protection Agency Queensland. 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Coastal development , Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2009 Jump up ^ `` Ship leaking oil ' way off course ' '' . ABC News . 4 April 2010 . Retrieved 4 April 2010 .", "17": "^ Jump up to : `` Oil found on beach near damaged reef '' . ABC News Online . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 13 April 2010 . Jump up ^ AAP ( 15 April 2010 ) . `` Two men in court over coal carrier grounding on Great Barrier Reef '' . The Australian . Retrieved 15 April 2010 . Jump up ^ AAP ; Andrew Fraser ( 14 April 2010 ) . `` Great Barrier Reef island oil spill clean - up starts '' . The Australian . Retrieved 15 April 2010 . Jump up ^ www.protectourcoralsea.org.au . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Australia plans huge marine reserve in Coral Sea '' . BBC News . 25 November 2011 . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Hopley , David ; Smithers , Scott G. ; Parnell , Kevin E. ( 2007 ) . The geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef : development , diversity , and change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85302 - 8 . no External links ( edit ) Media related to Coral Sea at Wikimedia Commons Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia ( IBRA ) Arnhem Coast Arnhem Plateau Australian Alps Avon Wheatbelt Ben Lomond Brigalow Belt North Brigalow Belt South Broken Hill Complex Burt Plain Cape York Peninsula Carnarvon Central Arnhem Central Kimberley Central Mackay Coast Central Ranges Channel Country Cobar Peneplain Coolgardie Coral Sea Daly Basin Dampierland Darling Riverine Plains Darwin Coastal Davenport Murchison Ranges Desert Uplands Einasleigh Uplands Esperance Plains Eyre Yorke Block Finke Flinders Lofty Block Furneaux", "18": "Gascoyne Gawler Geraldton Sandplains Gibson Desert Great Sandy Desert Great Victoria Desert Gulf Coastal Gulf Fall and Uplands Gulf Plains Hampton Indian Tropical Islands Jarrah Forest Kanmantoo King Little Sandy Desert MacDonnell Ranges Mallee Mitchell Grass Downs Mount Isa Inlier Mulga Lands Murchison Murray Darling Depression Nandewar Naracoorte Coastal Plain New England Tablelands Northern Kimberley New South Wales North Coast New South Wales South Western Slopes Nullarbor Ord Victoria Plain Pacific Subtropical Islands Pine Creek Pilbara Riverina Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields South East Coastal Plain South East Corner South Eastern Highlands South East Queensland Southern Volcanic Plain Stony Plains Sturt Plateau Subantarctic Islands Swan Coastal Plain Sydney Basin Tanami Tasmanian Central Highlands Tasmanian Northern Midlands Tasmanian Northern Slopes Tasmanian South East Tasmanian Southern Ranges Tasmanian West Tiwi Cobourg Victoria Bonaparte Victorian Midlands Warren Wet Tropics Yalgoo Bioregions of the National Reserve System List of Australian seas Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean Sea Arafura Sea Coral Sea Tasman Sea Timor Sea Strait Backstairs Passage Bass Strait Clarence Strait Dundas Strait Endeavour Strait Investigator Strait Torres Strait Gulf Admiralty Gulf Beagle Gulf Cambridge Gulf Gulf of Carpentaria Great Australian Bight Exmouth Gulf Joseph Bonaparte Gulf Gulf St Vincent Spencer Gulf Van", "19": "Diemen Gulf Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific", "20": "Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - 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-547131849699096681	who is in charge of new issues not mentioned in the constitution	[ "Congress" ]	{ "0": "Article one of the United States Constitution - wikipedia Article one of the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search Wikisource has original text related to this article : Article 1 of the United States Constitution This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Article One of the United States Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the federal government , the United States Congress . The Congress is a bicameral legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Section 1 : Legislative power vested in Congress 2 Section 2 : House of Representatives 2.1 Clause 1 : Composition and election of Members 2.2 Clause 2 : Qualifications of Members 2.3 Clause 3 : Apportionment of Representatives and taxes 2.4 Clause 4 : Vacancies 2.5 Clause 5 : Speaker and other officers ; Impeachment 3 Section 3 : Senate 3.1 Clause 1 : Composition ; Election of Senators 3.2 Clause 2 : Classification of Senators ; Vacancies 3.3 Clause 3 : Qualifications of Senators 3.4 Clause 4 : Vice President as President of Senate 3.5 Clause 5 : President pro tempore and other officers 3.6 Clause 6 : Trial of Impeachment 3.", "1": "7 Clause 7 : Judgment in cases of impeachment ; Punishment on conviction 4 Section 4 : Congressional elections 4.1 Clause 1 : Time , place , and manner of holding 4.2 Clause 2 : Sessions of Congress 5 Section 5 : Procedure 5.1 Clause 1 : Qualifications of Members 5.2 Clause 2 : Rules 5.3 Clause 3 : Record of proceedings 5.4 Clause 4 : Adjournment 6 Section 6 : Compensation , privileges , and restrictions on holding civil office 6.1 Clause 1 : Compensation and legal protection 6.2 Clause 2 : Independence from the executive 7 Section 7 : Bills 7.1 Clause 1 : Bills of revenue 7.2 Clause 2 : From bill to law 7.3 Clause 3 : Presidential veto 8 Section 8 : Powers of Congress 8.1 Enumerated powers 8.2 Commerce Clause 8.3 Other powers of Congress 8.4 Necessary and Proper clause 9 Section 9 : Limits on Congress 9.1 Slave trade 9.2 Civil and legal protections 9.3 Apportionment of direct taxes 9.4 Titles of nobility 10 Section 10 : Limits on the States 10.1 Clause 1 : Contracts Clause 10.2 Clause 2 : Import - Export Clause 10.3 Clause 3 : Compact Clause 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Section 1 : legislative power vested in Congress ( edit ) Main article : Vesting Clauses Opening of the 112th Congress , House of Representatives chamber , January 5 , 2011 All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States , which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives . Section 1 is a vesting clause that bestows federal legislative power exclusively to Congress . Similar clauses are found in Articles II and III . The former confers executive power upon the President alone , and the latter grants judicial power solely to the federal judiciary . These three articles create a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government .", "2": "This separation of powers , by which each department may exercise only its own constitutional powers and no others , is fundamental to the idea of a limited government accountable to the people . The separation of powers principle is particularly noteworthy in regard to the Congress . The Constitution declares that the Congress may exercise only those legislative powers `` herein granted '' within Article I ( as later limited by the Tenth Amendment ) . It also , by implied extension , prohibits Congress from delegating its legislative authority to either of the other branches of government , a rule known as the nondelegation doctrine . However , the Supreme Court has ruled that Congress does have latitude to delegate regulatory powers to executive agencies as long as it provides an `` intelligible principle '' which governs the agency 's exercise of the delegated regulatory authority . That the power assigned to each branch must remain with that branch , and may be expressed only by that branch , is central to the theory . The nondelegation doctrine is primarily used now as a way of interpreting a congressional delegation of authority narrowly , in that the courts presume Congress intended only to delegate that which it certainly could have , unless it clearly demonstrates it intended to `` test the waters '' of what the courts would allow it to do . Although not specifically mentioned in the Constitution , Congress has also long asserted the power to investigate and the power to compel cooperation with an investigation . The Supreme Court has affirmed these powers as an implication of Congress 's power to legislate . Since the power to investigate is an aspect of Congress 's power to legislate , it is as broad as Congress 's powers to legislate . However , it is also limited to inquiries that are `` in aid of the legislative function ; '' Congress may not `` expose for the sake of exposure . '' It is uncontroversial that a proper subject of Congress 's investigation power is the operations of the federal government , but Congress 's ability to compel the submission of documents or testimony from the President or his subordinates is often - discussed and sometimes controversial ( see executive privilege ) , although not often litigated .", "3": "As a practical matter , the limitation of Congress 's ability to investigate only for a proper purpose ( `` in aid of '' its legislative powers ) functions as a limit on Congress 's ability to investigate the private affairs of individual citizens ; matters that simply demand action by another branch of government , without implicating an issue of public policy necessitating legislation by Congress , must be left to those branches due to the doctrine of separation of powers . The courts are highly deferential to Congress 's exercise of its investigation powers , however . Congress has the power to investigate that which it could regulate , and the courts have interpreted Congress 's regulatory powers broadly since the Great Depression . Section 2 : House of Representatives ( edit ) Clause 1 : composition and election of members ( edit ) The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States , and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature . Section Two provides for the election of the House of Representatives every second year . Since Representatives are to be `` chosen ... by the People , '' State Governors are not allowed to appoint temporary replacements when vacancies occur in a state 's delegation to the House of Representatives ; instead , the Governor of the state is required by clause 4 to issue a writ of election calling a special election to fill the vacancy . At the time of its creation , the Constitution did not explicitly give citizens an inherent right to vote . Rather , it provided that those qualified to vote in elections for the largest chamber of a state 's legislature may vote in Congressional ( House of Representatives ) elections . Since the Civil War , several constitutional amendments have been enacted that have curbed the states ' broad powers to set voter qualification standards .", "4": "Though never enforced , clause 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States , Representatives in Congress , the Executive and Judicial officers of a State , or the members of the Legislature thereof , is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State , being twenty - one years of age , and citizens of the United States , or in any way abridged , except for participation in rebellion , or other crime , the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty - one years of age in such State . The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race , color , or previous condition of servitude . The Nineteenth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex . The Twenty - fourth Amendment prohibits the revocation of voting rights due to the non-payment of a poll tax . The Twenty - sixth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right of US citizens , eighteen years of age or older , to vote on account of age . Moreover , since the Supreme Court has recognized voting as a fundamental right , the Equal Protection Clause places very tight limitations ( albeit with uncertain limits ) on the states ' ability to define voter qualifications ; it is fair to say that qualifications beyond citizenship , residency , and age are usually questionable . In the 1960s , the Supreme Court started to view voting as a fundamental right covered by the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In a dissenting opinion of a 1964 Supreme Court case involving reapportionment in the Alabama state legislature , Associate Justice John Marshall Harlan II included Minor in a list of past decisions about voting and apportionment which were no longer being followed . In Oregon v. Mitchell ( 1970 ) , the Supreme Court held that the Qualifications clause did not prevent Congress from overriding state - imposed minimum age restrictions for voters in Congressional elections .", "5": "Since clause 3 provides that Members of the House of Representatives are apportioned state - by - state and that each state is guaranteed at least one Representative , exact population equality between all districts is not guaranteed and , in fact , is currently impossible , because while the size of the House of Representatives is fixed at 435 , several states had less than 1 / 435 of the national population at the time of the last reapportionment in 2010 . However , the Supreme Court has interpreted the provision of Clause One that Representatives shall be elected `` by the People '' to mean that , in those states with more than one member of the House of Representatives , each congressional election district within the state must have nearly identical populations . Clause 2 : qualifications of members ( edit ) No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years , and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States , and who shall not , when elected , be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen . The Constitution provides three requirements for Representatives : A Representative must be at least 25 years old , must be an inhabitant of the state in which he or she is elected , and must have been a citizen of the United States for the previous seven years . There is no requirement that a Representative reside within the district in which he or she represents ; although this is usually the case , there have been occasional exceptions . The Supreme Court has interpreted the Qualifications Clause as an exclusive list of qualifications that can not be supplemented by a house of Congress exercising its Section 5 authority to `` judge ... the ... qualifications of its own members '' or by a state in its exercise of its Section 4 authority to prescribe the `` times , places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives . '' The Supreme Court , as well as other federal courts , have repeatedly barred states from additional restrictions , such as imposing term limits on members of Congress , allowing members of Congress to be subject to recall elections , or requiring that Representatives live in the congressional district in which they represent . A 2002 Congressional Research Service report also found that no state could implement a qualification that a Representative not be a convicted felon or incarcerated .", "6": "However , the United States Supreme Court has ruled that certain ballot access requirements , such as filing fees and submitting a certain number of valid petition signatures do not constitute additional qualifications and thus few Constitutional restrictions exist as to how harsh ballot access laws can be . Clause 3 : apportionment of Representatives and taxes ( edit ) Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union , according to their respective Numbers , which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons , including those bound to Service for a Term of Years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three fifths of all other Persons . The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States , and within every subsequent Term of ten Years , in such Manner as they shall by Law direct . The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand , but each State shall have at Least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made , the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse ( sic ) three , Massachusetts eight , Rhode - Island and Providence Plantations one , Connecticut five , New - York six , New Jersey four , Pennsylvania eight , Delaware one , Maryland six , Virginia ten , North Carolina five , South Carolina five , and Georgia three . After much debate , the framers of the Constitution decided to make population the basis of apportioning the seats in the House of Representatives and the tax liability among the states . To facilitate this , the Constitution mandates that a census be conducted every ten years to determine the population of each state and of the nation as a whole and establishes a rule for who shall be counted or excluded from the count . As the new form of government would become operational prior to the completion of a national census , the Constitution also provides for a temporary apportionment of seats . Originally , the population of each state and of the nation as a whole was ascertained by adding to the whole number of free Persons , three - fifths the number of all other Persons ( i.e. slaves ) , but excluding non-taxed Native Americans . This Constitutional rule , known as the three - fifths compromise , was a compromise between Southern and Northern states in which three - fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes and for the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives and of taxes among the states .", "7": "It was , according to Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story ( writing in 1833 ) , a `` matter of compromise and concession , confessedly unequal in its operation , but a necessary sacrifice to that spirit of conciliation , which was indispensable to the union of states having a great diversity of interests , and physical condition , and political institutions '' . Following the completion of each census , Congress is empowered to use the aggregate population in all the states ( according to the prevailing Constitutional rule for determining population ) to determine the relative population of each state to the population of the whole , and , based on its calculations , to establish the appropriate size of the House and to allocate a particular number of representatives to each state according to its share of the national population . Since enactment of the Reapportionment Act of 1929 , a constant 435 House seats have been apportioned among the states according to each census , and determining the size of the House is not presently part of the apportionment process . With one exception , the apportionment of 1842 , the House of Representatives had been enlarged by various degrees from sixty - five members in 1788 to 435 members by 1913 . The determination of size was made based on the aggregate national population , so long as the size of the House did not exceed 1 member for every 30,000 of the country 's total population nor the size of any state 's delegation exceed 1 for every 30,000 of that state 's population . With the size of the House still fixed at 435 , the current ratio , as of the 2010 Census , is around 1 Representative : 700,000 Citizens . Although the first sentence in this clause originally concerned apportionment of both House seats and taxes among the several states , the Fourteenth Amendment sentence that replaced it in 1868 mentioned only the apportionment of House seats . Even so , the constraint placed upon Congress 's taxation power remained , as the restriction was reiterated in Article 1 Section 9 Clause 4 . The amount of direct taxes that could be collected by the federal government from the people in any State would still be tied directly to that state 's share of the national population .", "8": "Due to this restriction , application of the income tax to income derived from real estate and specifically income in the form of dividends from personal property ownership such as stock shares was found to be unconstitutional because it was not apportioned among the states ; that is to say , there was no guarantee that a State with 10 % of the country 's population paid 10 % of those income taxes collected , because Congress had not fixed an amount of money to be raised and apportioned it between the States according to their respective shares of the national population . To permit the levying of such an income tax , Congress proposed and the states ratified the Sixteenth Amendment , which removed the restriction by specifically providing that Congress could levy a tax on income `` from whatever source derived '' without it being apportioned among the States or otherwise based on a State 's share of the national population . Clause 4 : vacancies ( edit ) When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State , the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies . Section two , Clause four , provides that when vacancies occur in the House of Representatives , it is not the job of the House of Representatives to arrange for a replacement , but the job of the State whose vacant seat is up for refilling . Moreover , the State Governor may not appoint a temporary replacement , but must instead arrange for a special election to fill the vacancy . The original qualifications and procedures for holding that election are still valid . Clause 5 : Speaker and other officers ; impeachment ( edit ) The House of Representatives shall chuse ( sic ) their Speaker and other Officers ; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment . Section Two further provides that the House of Representatives may choose its Speaker and its other officers . Though the Constitution does not mandate it , every Speaker has been a member of the House of Representatives . The Speaker rarely presides over routine House sessions , choosing instead to deputize a junior member to accomplish the task . Finally , Section Two grants to the House of Representatives the sole power of impeachment . Although the Supreme Court has not had an occasion to interpret this specific provision , the Court has suggested that the grant to the House of the `` sole '' power of impeachment makes the House the exclusive interpreter of what constitutes an impeachable offense . This power , which is analogous to the bringing of criminal charges by a grand jury , has been used only rarely.", "9": "( ( cite web last1 = Presser first1 = Stephen B . title = Essay on Impeachment url impeachment proceedings 62 times since 1789 , and nineteen federal officials have been formally impeached as a result , including : two Presidents ( Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton ) , one Cabinet Secretary ( William W. Belknap ) , one Senator ( William Blount ) , one Supreme Court Associate Justice ( Samuel Chase ) , and fourteen federal judges . The Constitution does not specify how impeachment proceedings are to be initiated . Until the early 20th century , a House member could rise and propose an impeachment , which would then be assigned to a committee for investigation . Presently , it is the House Judiciary Committee that initiates the process and then , after investigating the allegations , prepares recommendations for the whole House 's consideration . If the House votes to adopt an impeachment resolution , the Chairman of the Judiciary Committee recommends a slate of `` managers , '' whom the House subsequently approves by resolution . These Representatives subsequently become the prosecution team in the impeachment trial in the Senate ( see Section 3 , Clause 6 below ) . Section 3 : Senate ( edit ) Clause 1 : composition ; election of Senators ( edit ) Gilded Age monopolies could no longer control the U.S. Senate ( left ) by corrupting state legislatures ( right ) . The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State , chosen by the Legislature thereof , for six Years ; and each Senator shall have one Vote . The first Clause of Section Three provides that each state is entitled to have two Senators , who would be elected by its state legislature ( now by the people of each state ) , serve for staggered six - year terms , and have one vote each . By these provisions , the framers of the Constitution intended to protect the interests of the states as states . This clause has been superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , ratified in 1913 , which , in part , provides as amended , that The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State , elected by the people thereof , for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote . Article Five specifies the means by which the Constitution of the United States can be amended . It ends by temporarily shielding three Article I clauses from being amended . This clause is among them .", "10": "( The others are first and fourth clauses in Section 9 . ) Article Five provides that `` no State , without its Consent , shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate '' . Thus , no individual state may have its individual representation in the Senate adjusted without its consent . That is to say , an amendment that changed this clause to provide that all states would get only one Senator ( or three Senators , or any other number ) could become valid as part of the Constitution if ratified by three - fourths of the states ; however , one that provided for some basis of representation other than strict numerical equality ( for example , population , wealth , or land area ) , would require the unanimous consent of all the states . Denying the states their intended role as joint partners in the federal government by abolishing their equality in the Senate would , according to Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase ( in Texas v. White ) , destroy the grounding of the Union . This Article V provision has been employed by those opposed to contemplated constitutional amendments that would grant the District of Columbia full representation in the Congress without also granting it statehood . Their argument is that an amendment that would allow a non-state district to have two Senators would deprive the states of their equal suffrage in the Senate and would therefore require unanimous ratification by all the states . Whether unanimous consent of the 50 states would be required for such an amendment to become operative remains an unanswered political question . Clause 2 : classification of Senators ; vacancies ( edit ) Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election , they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes . The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year , of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year , and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year , so that one third may be chosen every second Year ; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation , or otherwise , during the Recess of the Legislature of any State , the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature , which shall then fill such Vacancies . After the first group of Senators was elected to the First Congress ( 1789 -- 1791 ) , the Senators were divided into three `` classes '' as nearly equal in size as possible , as required by this section .", "11": "This was done in May 1789 by lot . It was also decided that each state 's Senators would be assigned to two different classes . Those Senators grouped in the first class had their term expire after only two years ; those Senators in the second class had their term expire after only four years , instead of six . After this , all Senators from those States have been elected to six - year terms , and as new States have joined the Union , their Senate seats have been assigned to two of the three classes , maintaining each grouping as nearly equal in size as possible . In this way , election is staggered ; approximately one - third of the Senate is up for re-election every two years , but the entire body is never up for re-election in the same year ( as contrasted with the House , where its entire membership is up for re-election every 2 years ) . As originally established , Senators were elected by the Legislature of the State they represented in the Senate . If a senator died , resigned , or was expelled , the legislature of the state would appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the senator 's term . If the State Legislature was not in session , its Governor could appoint a temporary replacement to serve until the legislature could elect a permanent replacement . This was superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , which provided for the Popular Election of Senators , instead of their appointment by the State Legislature . In a nod to the less populist nature of the Senate , the Amendment tracks the vacancy procedures for the House of Representatives in requiring that the Governor call a special election to fill the vacancy , but ( unlike in the House ) it vests in the State Legislature the authority to allow the Governor to appoint a temporary replacement until the special election is held . Note , however , that under the original Constitution , the Governors of the states were expressly allowed by the Constitution to make temporary appointments . The current system , under the Seventeenth Amendment , allows Governors to appoint a replacement only if their state legislature has previously decided to allow the Governor to do so ; otherwise , the seat must remain vacant until the special election is held to fill the seat , as in the case of a vacancy in the House .", "12": "Clause 3 : qualifications of Senators ( edit ) No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years , and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States , and who shall not , when elected , be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen . A Senator must be at least 30 years of age , must have been a citizen of the United States for at least nine years before being elected , and must reside in the State he or she will represent at the time of the election . The Supreme Court has interpreted the Qualifications Clause as an exclusive list of qualifications that can not be supplemented by a House of Congress exercising its Section . 5 . authority to `` Judge ... the ... Qualifications of its own Members , '' or by a state in its exercise of its Section . 4 . authority to prescribe the `` Times , Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives , ... '' Clause 4 : Vice President as President of Senate ( edit ) See also : List of tie - breaking votes cast by Vice Presidents of the United States The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no Vote , unless they be equally divided . Section Three provides that the Vice President is the President of the Senate . Excepting the duty to receive the tally of electoral votes for President , this is the only regular responsibility assigned to the office of the Vice President by the Constitution . When serving in this capacity , the Vice President , who is not a member of the Senate , may cast tie - breaking votes . Early in the nation 's history , Vice Presidents frequently presided over the Senate . In modern times , the Vice President usually does so only during ceremonial occasions or when a tie in the voting is anticipated . Through March 30 , 2017 , a tie - breaking vote has been cast 258 times by 36 different Vice Presidents . Clause 5 : President pro tempore and other officers ( edit ) Republican Senator Orrin Hatch of Utah , current President pro tempore of the United States Senate The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other Officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the Absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the Office of the President of the United States .", "13": "Clause five provides for a President pro tempore of the Senate , a Senator elected to the post by the Senate , to preside over the body when the Vice President is either absent or exercising the Office of the President . Although the Constitutional text seems to suggest to the contrary , the Senate 's current practice is to elect a full - time President pro tempore at the beginning of each Congress , as opposed to making it a temporary office only existing during the Vice President 's absence . Since World War II , the senior ( longest serving ) member of the majority party has filled this position . As is true of the Speaker of the House , the Constitution does not require that the President pro tempore be a senator , but by convention , a senator is always chosen . Clause 6 : trial of impeachment ( edit ) The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments . When sitting for that Purpose , they shall be on Oath or Affirmation . When the President of the United States is tried , the Chief Justice shall preside : And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present . Clause Six grants to the Senate the sole power to try impeachments and spells out the basic procedures for impeachment trials . The Supreme Court has interpreted this clause to mean that the Senate has exclusive and unreviewable authority to determine what constitutes an adequate impeachment trial . Of the nineteen federal officials formally impeached by the House of Representatives , eleven were acquitted and seven were convicted by the Senate . On one occasion the Senate declined to hold a trial . The impeachment trial of President Clinton in 1999 , Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding . The constitution 's framers vested the Senate with this power for several reasons . First , they believed Senators would be better educated , more virtuous , and more high - minded than Members of the House of Representatives and thus uniquely able to decide responsibly the most difficult of political questions . Second , they believed that the Senate , being a numerous body , would be well suited to handle the procedural demands of an impeachment trial , in which it , unlike judges and the judiciary system , would `` never be tied down by such strict rules , either in the delineation of the offense by the prosecutor , or in the construction of it by judges , as in the common cases serve to limit the discretion of courts in favor of personal security . ''", "14": "( Alexander Hamilton , The Federalist No. 65 ) . There are three Constitutionally mandated requirements for impeachment trials . The provision that Senators must sit on oath or affirmation was designed to impress upon them the extreme seriousness of the occasion . The stipulation that the Chief Justice is to preside over presidential impeachment trials underscores the solemnity of the occasion and aims to avoid the possible conflict of interest of a Vice President 's presiding over the proceeding for the removal of the one official standing between him ( or her ) and the presidency . The specification that a two - thirds supermajority vote of those Senators present is necessary in order to convict designed to facilitate serious deliberation and to make removal possible only through a consensus that cuts across factional divisions . Clause 7 : Judgment in cases of impeachment ; punishment on conviction ( edit ) Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office , and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor , Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment , Trial , Judgment and Punishment , according to Law . If any officer is convicted on impeachment , he or she is immediately removed from office , and may be barred from holding any public office in the future . No other punishments may be inflicted pursuant to the impeachment proceeding , but the convicted party remains liable to trial and punishment in the courts for civil and criminal charges . Section 4 : congressional elections ( edit ) Clause 1 : time , place , and manner of holding ( edit ) The Times , Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives , shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations , except as to the Places of chusing ( sic ) Senators . The purpose of this clause is twofold . First , it makes clear the division of responsibility with respect to the conduct of the election of federal Senators and Representatives . That responsibility lies primarily with the states and secondarily with Congress . Second , the clause lodges the power to regulate elections in the respective legislative branches of the states and the federal government , not with the executive or judicial . As authorized by this clause , Congress has set a uniform date for federal elections : the Tuesday following the first Monday in November .", "15": "Presently , as there are no on - point federal regulations , the states retain the authority to regulate the dates on which other aspects of the election process are held ( registration , primary elections , etc . ) and where elections will be held . As for regulating the `` manner '' of elections , the Supreme Court has interpreted this to mean `` matters like notices , registration , supervision of voting , protection of voters , prevention of fraud and corrupt practices , counting of votes , duties of inspectors and canvassers , and making and publication of election returns . '' The Supreme Court has held that States may not exercise their power to determine the `` manner '' of holding elections to impose term limits on their congressional delegation . One of the most significant ways that each state regulates the `` manner '' of elections is through their power to draw electoral districts . Although in theory Congress could draw the district map for each State , it has not exercised this level of oversight . Congress has , however , required the States to conform to certain practices when drawing districts . States are currently required to use a single - member district scheme , whereby the State is divided into as many election districts for Representatives in the House of Representatives as the size of its representation in that body ( that is to say , Representatives can not be elected at - large from the whole State unless the State has only one Representative in the House , nor can districts elect more than 1 Representative ) . The Supreme Court has interpreted `` by the Legislature thereof '' to include voters using the initiative process , in those state whose constitutions provide it , to create an independent redistricting commission . Congress first exercised its power to regulate elections nation - wide 1842 , when the 27th Congress passed a law requiring the election of Representatives by districts . In subsequent years , Congress expanded on the requirements , successively adding contiguity , compactness , and substantial equality of population to the districting requirements . These standards were all later deleted in the Reapportionment Act of 1929 . Congress subsequently reinstated the requirement that districts be composed of contiguous territory , be `` compact , '' and have equal populations within each State . Congress has allowed those requirements to lapse , but the Supreme Court has re-imposed the population requirement on the States under the Equal Protection Clause and is suspicious of districts that do not meet the other `` traditional '' districting criteria of compactness and contiguity .", "16": "In 1866 , Congress legislated a remedy for a situation under which deadlocks in state legislatures over the election of Senators were creating vacancies in the office . The act required the two houses of each legislature to meet in joint session on a specified day and to meet every day thereafter until a Senator was selected . The first comprehensive federal statute dealing with elections was adopted in 1870 as a means of enforcing the Fifteenth Amendment 's guarantee against racial discrimination in granting suffrage rights . Under the Enforcement Act of 1870 , and subsequent laws , false registration , bribery , voting without legal right , making false returns of votes cast , interference in any manner with officers of election , and the neglect by any such officer of any duty required by state or federal law were made federal offenses . Provision was made for the appointment by federal judges of persons to attend at places of registration and at elections with authority to challenge any person proposing to register or vote unlawfully , to witness the counting of votes , and to identify by their signatures the registration of voters and election tally sheets . Beginning with the Tillman Act of 1907 , Congress has imposed a growing number of restrictions on elections and campaign financing . The most significant piece of legislation has been the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . It was this legislation that was at issue in the Supreme Court 's seminal decision , Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) , which , in the face of a First Amendment challenge , set the ground rules for campaign finance legislation , generally disallowing restrictions on expenditures by candidates , but permitting restrictions on contributions by individuals and corporations . In addition to statutory constraints , Congress and the States have altered the electoral process through amending the Constitution ( first in the above mentioned Fifteenth Amendment ) . The Seventeenth Amendment altered the manner of conducting the elections of Senators ; establishing that they are to be elected by the people of the states . Also , the Nineteenth Amendment prohibits any U.S. citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex ; the Twenty - fourth Amendment prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax ; and the Twenty - sixth Amendment prohibits the states and the federal government from using age as a reason for denying the right to vote to U.S. citizens who are at least eighteen years old .", "17": "Clause 2 : sessions of Congress ( edit ) The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year , and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December , unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day . Clause 2 fixes an annual date upon which Congress must meet . By doing so , the Constitution empowers Congress to meet , whether or not the President called it into session . Article II , Section 3 does grant the president limited authority to convene and adjourn both Houses ( or either of them ) and mandates that it will meet at least once in a year to enact legislation on behalf of the people . Some delegates to the 1787 constitutional convention believed yearly meetings were not necessary , for there would not be enough legislative business for Congress to deal with annually . Nathaniel Gorham of Massachusetts argued that the time should be fixed to prevent disputes from arising within the legislature , and to allow the states to adjust their elections to correspond with the fixed date . A fixed date also corresponded to the tradition in the states of having annual meetings . Finally , Gorham concluded that the legislative branch should be required to meet at least once a year to act as a check upon the executive department . Although this clause provides that the annual meeting was to be on the first Monday in December , the government established by the 1787 Constitution did not begin operations until March 4 , 1789 . As the 1st Congress held its initial meeting on March 4 , that became the date on which new representatives and senators took office in subsequent years . Therefore , every other year , although a new Congress was elected in November , it did not come into office until the following March , with a `` lame duck '' session convening in the interim . This practice was altered in 1933 following ratification of the Twentieth Amendment , which states ( in Section 2 ) that , `` The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year , and such meeting shall begin at noon on the third day of January , unless they shall by law appoint a different day '' . This change virtually eliminated the necessity of there being a lame duck session of Congress .", "18": "Section 5 : procedure ( edit ) Clause 1 : qualifications of members ( edit ) Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections , Returns and Qualifications of its own Members , and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business ; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day , and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members , in such Manner , and under such Penalties as each House may provide . Section Five states that a majority of each House constitutes a quorum to do business ; a smaller number may adjourn the House or compel the attendance of absent members . In practice , the quorum requirement is all but ignored . A quorum is assumed to be present unless a quorum call , requested by a member , proves otherwise . Rarely do members ask for quorum calls to demonstrate the absence of a quorum ; more often , they use the quorum call as a delaying tactic . Sometimes , unqualified individuals have been admitted to Congress . For instance , the Senate once admitted John Henry Eaton , a twenty - eight - year - old , in 1818 ( the admission was inadvertent , as Eaton 's birth date was unclear at the time ) . In 1934 , a twenty - nine - year - old , Rush Holt , was elected to the Senate ; he agreed to wait six months , until his thirtieth birthday , to take the oath . The Senate ruled in that case that the age requirement applied as of the date of the taking of the oath , not the date of election . Clause 2 : rules ( edit ) Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings , punish its Members for disorderly Behavior , and , with the Concurrence of two thirds , expel a member . Each House can determine its own Rules ( assuming a quorum is present ) , and may punish any of its members . A two - thirds vote is necessary to expel a member . Section 5 , Clause 2 does not provide specific guidance to each House regarding when and how each House may change its rules , leaving details to the respective chambers .", "19": "Clause 3 : record of proceedings ( edit ) Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings , and from time to time publish the same , excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy ; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall , at the desire of one fifth of those present , be entered on the Journal . Each House must keep and publish a Journal , though it may choose to keep any part of the Journal secret . The decisions of the House -- not the words spoken during debates -- are recorded in the Journal ; if one - fifth of those present ( assuming a quorum is present ) request it , the votes of the members on a particular question must also be entered . Clause 4 : adjournment ( edit ) Neither House , during the Session of Congress , shall , without the Consent of the other , adjourn for more than three days , nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting . Neither House may adjourn , without the consent of the other , for more than three days . Often , a House will hold pro forma sessions every three days ; such sessions are merely held to fulfill the constitutional requirement , and not to conduct business . Furthermore , neither House may meet in any place other than that designated for both Houses ( the Capitol ) , without the consent of the other House . Section 6 : compensation , privileges , and restrictions on holding civil office ( edit ) Clause 1 : compensation and legal Protection ( edit ) Main article : Speech or Debate Clause The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services , to be ascertained by Law , and paid out of the Treasury of the United States . They shall in all Cases , except Treason , Felony and Breach of the Peace , be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses , and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any Speech or Debate in either House , they shall not be questioned in any other Place . Senators and Representatives set their own compensation . Under the Twenty - seventh Amendment , any change in their compensation will not take effect until after the next congressional election . Members of both Houses have certain privileges , based on those enjoyed by the members of the British Parliament .", "20": "Members attending , going to or returning from either House are privileged from arrest , except for treason , felony or breach of the peace . One may not sue a Senator or Representative for slander occurring during Congressional debate , nor may speech by a member of Congress during a Congressional session be the basis for criminal prosecution . The latter was affirmed when Mike Gravel published over 4,000 pages of the Pentagon Papers in the Congressional Record , which might have otherwise been a criminal offense . This clause has also been interpreted in Gravel v. United States , 408 U.S. 606 ( 1972 ) to provide protection to aides and staff of sitting members of Congress , so long as their activities relate to legislative matters . Clause 2 : independence from the executive ( edit ) Main article : Ineligibility Clause See also : Saxbe fix No Senator or Representative shall , during the Time for which he was elected , be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States , which shall have been created , or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no Person holding any Office under the United States , shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office . Senators and Representatives may not simultaneously serve in Congress and hold a position in the executive branch . This restriction is meant to protect legislative independence by preventing the president from using patronage to buy votes in Congress . It is a major difference from the political system in the British Parliament , where cabinet ministers are required to be members of parliament . Furthermore , Senators and Representatives can not resign to take newly created or higher - paying political positions ; rather , they must wait until the conclusion of the term for which they were elected . If Congress increases the salary of a particular officer , it may later reduce that salary to permit an individual to resign from Congress and take that position ( known as the Saxbe fix ) . The effects of the clause were discussed in 1937 , when Senator Hugo Black was appointed an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court with some time left in his Senate term . Just prior to the appointment , Congress had increased the pension available to Justices retiring at the age of seventy . It was therefore suggested by some that the office 's emolument had been increased during Black 's Senatorial term , and that therefore Black could not take office as a Justice .", "21": "The response , however , was that Black was fifty - one years old , and would not receive the increased pension until at least 19 years later , long after his Senate term had expired . Section 7 : bills ( edit ) Clause 1 : bills of revenue ( edit ) Main article : Bills of Revenue All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills . This establishes the method for making Acts of Congress that involve taxation . Accordingly , any bill may originate in either House of Congress , except for a revenue bill , which may originate only in the House of Representatives . In practice , the Senate sometimes circumvents this requirement by substituting the text of a revenue bill previously passed by the House with a substitute text . Either House may amend any bill , including revenue and appropriation bills . This clause of the U.S. Constitution stemmed from an English parliamentary practice that all money bills must have their first reading in the House of Commons . This practice was intended to ensure that the power of the purse is possessed by the legislative body most responsive to the people , although the English practice was modified in America by allowing the Senate to amend these bills . The clause was part of the Great Compromise between small and large states ; the large states were unhappy with the lopsided power of small states in the Senate , and so the clause theoretically offsets the unrepresentative nature of the Senate , and compensates the large states for allowing equal voting rights to Senators from small states . Clause 2 : from bill to law ( edit ) Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate , shall , before it become a Law , be presented to the President of the United States ; If he approve he shall sign it , but if not he shall return it , with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated , who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal , and proceed to reconsider it . If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill , it shall be sent , together with the Objections , to the other House , by which it shall likewise be reconsidered , and if approved by two thirds of that House , it shall become a Law .", "22": "But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays , and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively . If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days ( Sundays excepted ) after it shall have been presented to him , the Same shall be a Law , in like Manner as if he had signed it , unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return , in which Case it shall not be a Law . This clause is known as the Presentment Clause . Before a bill becomes law , it must be presented to the President , who has ten days ( excluding Sundays ) to act upon it . If the President signs the bill , it becomes law . If he disapproves of the bill , he must return it to the House in which it originated together with his objections . This procedure has become known as the veto , although that particular word does not appear in the text of Article One . The bill does not then become law unless both Houses , by two - thirds votes , override the veto . If the President neither signs nor returns the bill within the ten - day limit , the bill becomes law , unless the Congress has adjourned in the meantime , thereby preventing the President from returning the bill to the House in which it originated . In the latter case , the President , by taking no action on the bill towards the end of a session , exercises a `` pocket veto '' , which Congress may not override . In the former case , where the President allows a bill to become law unsigned , there is no common name for the practice , but recent scholarship has termed it a `` default enactment . '' What exactly constitutes an adjournment for the purposes of the pocket veto has been unclear . In the Pocket Veto Case ( 1929 ) , the Supreme Court held that `` the determinative question in reference to an ' adjournment ' is not whether it is a final adjournment of Congress or an interim adjournment , such as an adjournment of the first session , but whether it is one that ' prevents ' the President from returning the bill to the House in which it originated within the time allowed . '' Since neither House of Congress was in session , the President could not return the bill to one of them , thereby permitting the use of the pocket veto .", "23": "In Wright v. United States ( 1938 ) , however , the Court ruled that adjournments of one House only did not constitute an adjournment of Congress required for a pocket veto . In such cases , the Secretary or Clerk of the House in question was ruled competent to receive the bill . Clause 3 : presidential veto ( edit ) Every Order , Resolution , or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary ( except on a question of Adjournment ) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the Same shall take Effect , shall be approved by him , or being disapproved by him , shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives , according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill . In 1996 , Congress passed the Line Item Veto Act , which permitted the President , at the time of the signing of the bill , to rescind certain expenditures . The Congress could disapprove the cancellation and reinstate the funds . The President could veto the disapproval , but the Congress , by a two - thirds vote in each House , could override the veto . In the case Clinton v. City of New York , the Supreme Court found the Line Item Veto Act unconstitutional because it violated the Presentment clause . First , the procedure delegated legislative powers to the President , thereby violating the nondelegation doctrine . Second , the procedure violated the terms of Section Seven , which state , `` if he approve ( the bill ) he shall sign it , but if not he shall return it . '' Thus , the President may sign the bill , veto it , or do nothing , but he may not amend the bill and then sign it . Every bill , order , resolution , or vote that must be passed by both Houses , except on a question of adjournment , must be presented to the President before becoming law . However , to propose a constitutional amendment , two - thirds of both Houses may submit it to the states for the ratification , without any consideration by the President , as prescribed in Article V . Some Presidents have made very extensive use of the veto , while others have not used it at all . Grover Cleveland , for instance , vetoed over four hundred bills during his first term in office ; Congress overrode only two of those vetoes .", "24": "Meanwhile , seven Presidents have never used the veto power . There have been 2,560 vetoes , including pocket vetoes . Section 8 : powers of Congress ( edit ) Enumerated powers ( edit ) Newly naturalized citizen , Albert Einstein received his certificate of the United States of America citizenship from Judge Phillip Forman . Main article : Enumerated powers Congress 's legislative powers are enumerated in Section Eight : The Congress shall have power To lay and collect Taxes , Duties , Imposts and Excises , to pay the Debts and provide for the common defence and general Welfare of the United States ; but all Duties , Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow Money on the credit of the United States ; To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes ; To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization , and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States ; To coin Money , regulate the Value thereof , and of foreign Coin , and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures ; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current coin of the United States ; To establish Post Offices and post Roads ; To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts , by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries ; To constitute Tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas , and Offenses against the Law of Nations ; To declare War , grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal , and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water ; To raise and support Armies , but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years ; To provide and maintain a Navy ; To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces ; To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union , suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions ; To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers ,", "25": "and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever , over such District ( not exceeding ten Miles square ) as may , by Cession of particular States , and the Acceptance of Congress , become the Seat of the Government of the United States , and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be , for the Erection of Forts , Magazines , Arsenals , dock - Yards , and other needful Buildings ; -- And To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . Congress 's `` power of the purse '' authorizes taxing citizens , spending money , and minting coins . Many powers of Congress have been interpreted broadly . Most notably , the Taxing and Spending , Interstate Commerce , and Necessary and Proper Clauses have been deemed to grant expansive powers to Congress . Congress may lay and collect taxes for the `` common defense '' or `` general welfare '' of the United States . The U.S. Supreme Court has not often defined `` general welfare , '' leaving the political question to Congress . In United States v. Butler ( 1936 ) , the Court for the first time construed the clause . The dispute centered on a tax collected from processors of agricultural products such as meat ; the funds raised by the tax were not paid into the general funds of the treasury , but were rather specially earmarked for farmers . The Court struck down the tax , ruling that the general welfare language in the Taxing and Spending Clause related only to `` matters of national , as distinguished from local , welfare '' . Congress continues to make expansive use of the Taxing and Spending Clause ; for instance , the social security program is authorized under the Taxing and Spending Clause . Congress has the power to borrow money on the credit of the United States . In 1871 , when deciding Knox v. Lee , the Court ruled that this clause permitted Congress to emit bills and make them legal tender in satisfaction of debts . Whenever Congress borrows money , it is obligated to repay the sum as stipulated in the original agreement .", "26": "However , such agreements are only `` binding on the conscience of the sovereign '' , as the doctrine of sovereign immunity prevents a creditor from suing in court if the government reneges its commitment . The Necessary and Proper Clause , as well as the Commerce and General Welfare Clauses have been interpreted so broadly that to this day , the Federal Government of the United States exercises many powers that are not expressly delegated by the States in the Federal Government by the Constitution , like the different social programs of the American Welfare State . However , James Madison , who wrote much of the Constitution , disagrees that Congress exercises powers that are not expressly granted in the Constitution ; Madison , when he held the Office of President of the United States , exercised his Veto power against the Federal Public Works Bill of 1817 , calling it Unconstitutional , since to him , the Federal Government does not have the power to build infrastructure . To the House of Representatives of the United States : Having considered the bill this day presented to me entitled `` An act to set apart and pledge certain funds for internal improvements , '' and which sets apart and pledges funds `` for constructing roads and canals , and improving the navigation of water courses , in order to facilitate , promote , and give security to internal commerce among the several States , and to render more easy and less expensive the means and provisions for the common defense , '' I am constrained by the insuperable difficulty I feel in reconciling the bill with the Constitution of the United States to return it with that objection to the House of Representatives , in which it originated . The legislative powers vested in Congress are specified and enumerated in the eighth section of the first article of the Constitution , and it does not appear that the power proposed to be exercised by the bill is among the enumerated powers , or that it falls by any just interpretation with the power to make laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution those or other powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United States . `` The power to regulate commerce among the several States '' can not include a power to construct roads and canals , and to improve the navigation of water courses in order to facilitate , promote , and secure such commerce without a latitude of construction departing from the ordinary import of the terms strengthened by the known inconveniences which doubtless led to the grant of this remedial power to Congress .", "27": "-- James Madison , 4th President of the United States , Veto of federal public works bill of March 3 , 1817 . Commerce Clause ( edit ) Chief Justice John Marshall established a broad interpretation of the Commerce Clause . Main article : Commerce Clause The Congress shall have Power ( ... ) To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes ; The Supreme Court has seldom restrained the use of the commerce clause for widely varying purposes . The first important decision related to the commerce clause was Gibbons v. Ogden , decided by a unanimous Court in 1824 . The case involved conflicting federal and state laws : Thomas Gibbons had a federal permit to navigate steamboats in the Hudson River , while the other , Aaron Ogden , had a monopoly to do the same granted by the state of New York . Ogden contended that `` commerce '' included only buying and selling of goods and not their transportation . Chief Justice John Marshall rejected this notion . Marshall suggested that `` commerce '' included navigation of goods , and that it `` must have been contemplated '' by the Framers . Marshall added that Congress 's power over commerce `` is complete in itself , may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution '' . The expansive interpretation of the Commerce Clause was restrained during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , when a laissez - faire attitude dominated the Court . In United States v. E.C. Knight Company ( 1895 ) , the Supreme Court limited the newly enacted Sherman Antitrust Act , which had sought to break up the monopolies dominating the nation 's economy . The Court ruled that Congress could not regulate the manufacture of goods , even if they were later shipped to other states . Chief Justice Melville Fuller wrote , `` commerce succeeds to manufacture , and is not a part of it . '' The U.S. Supreme Court sometimes ruled New Deal programs unconstitutional because they stretched the meaning of the commerce clause . In Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , ( 1935 ) the Court unanimously struck down industrial codes regulating the slaughter of poultry , declaring that Congress could not regulate commerce relating to the poultry , which had `` come to a permanent rest within the State . ''", "28": "As Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes put it , `` so far as the poultry here in question is concerned , the flow of interstate commerce has ceased . '' Judicial rulings against attempted use of Congress 's Commerce Clause powers continued during the 1930s . In 1937 , the Supreme Court began moving away from its laissez - faire attitude concerning Congressional legislation and the Commerce Clause , when it ruled in National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Company , that the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 ( commonly known as the Wagner Act ) was constitutional . The legislation under scrutiny , prevented employers from engaging in `` unfair labor practices '' such as firing workers for joining unions . In sustaining this act , the Court , signaled its return to the philosophy espoused by John Marshall , that Congress could pass laws regulating actions that even indirectly influenced interstate commerce . This new attitude became firmly set into place in 1942 . In Wickard v. Filburn , the Court ruled that production quotas under the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 were constitutionally applied to agricultural production ( in this instance , home - grown wheat for private consumption ) that was consumed purely intrastate , because its effect upon interstate commerce placed it within the power of Congress to regulate under the Commerce Clause . This decision marked the beginning of the Court 's total deference to Congress ' claims of Commerce Clause powers , which lasted into the 1990s . United States v. Lopez ( 1995 ) was the first decision in six decades to invalidate a federal statute on the grounds that it exceeded the power of the Congress under the Commerce Clause . The Court held that while Congress had broad lawmaking authority under the Commerce Clause , the power was limited , and did not extend so far from `` commerce '' as to authorize the regulation of the carrying of handguns , especially when there was no evidence that carrying them affected the economy on a massive scale . In a later case , United States v. Morrison ( 2000 ) , the justices ruled that Congress could not make such laws even when there was evidence of aggregate effect . In contrast to these rulings , the Supreme Court also continues to follow the precedent set by Wickard v. Filburn . In Gonzales v. Raich it ruled that the Commerce Clause granted Congress the authority to criminalize the production and use of home - grown cannabis even where states approve its use for medicinal purposes .", "29": "The court held that , as with the agricultural production in the earlier case , home - grown cannabis is a legitimate subject of federal regulation because it competes with marijuana that moves in interstate commerce . Other powers of Congress ( edit ) Congress authorizes defense spending such as the purchase of the USS Bon Homme Richard . Congress may establish uniform laws relating to naturalization and bankruptcy . It may also coin money , regulate the value of American or foreign currency and punish counterfeiters . Congress may fix the standards of weights and measures . Furthermore , Congress may establish post offices and post roads ( the roads , however , need not be exclusively for the conveyance of mail ) . Congress may promote the progress of science and useful arts by granting copyrights and patents of limited duration . Section eight , clause eight of Article One , known as the Copyright Clause , is the only instance of the word `` right '' used in the original constitution ( though the word does appear in several Amendments ) . Though perpetual copyrights and patents are prohibited , the Supreme Court has ruled in Eldred v. Ashcroft ( 2003 ) that repeated extensions to the term of copyright do not constitute perpetual copyright ; also note that this is the only power granted where the means to accomplish its stated purpose is specifically provided for . Courts inferior to the Supreme Court may be established by Congress . Congress has several powers related to war and the armed forces . Under the War Powers Clause , only Congress may declare war , but in several cases it has , without declaring war , granted the President the authority to engage in military conflicts . Five wars have been declared in United States ' history : the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , the Spanish -- American War , World War I and World War II . Some historians argue that the legal doctrines and legislation passed during the operations against Pancho Villa constitute a sixth declaration of war . Congress may grant letters of marque and reprisal . Congress may establish and support the armed forces , but no appropriation made for the support of the army may be used for more than two years . This provision was inserted because the Framers feared the establishment of a standing army , beyond civilian control , during peacetime . Congress may regulate or call forth the state militias , but the states retain the authority to appoint officers and train personnel . Congress also has exclusive power to make rules and regulations governing the land and naval forces .", "30": "Although the executive branch and the Pentagon have asserted an ever - increasing measure of involvement in this process , the U.S. Supreme Court has often reaffirmed Congress 's exclusive hold on this power ( e.g. Burns v. Wilson , 346 U.S. 137 ( 1953 ) ) . Congress used this power twice soon after World War II with the enactment of two statutes : the Uniform Code of Military Justice to improve the quality and fairness of courts martial and military justice , and the Federal Tort Claims Act which among other rights had allowed military service persons to sue for damages until the U.S. Supreme Court repealed that section of the statute in a divisive series of cases , known collectively as the Feres Doctrine . Congress has the exclusive right to legislate `` in all cases whatsoever '' for the nation 's capital , the District of Columbia . Congress chooses to devolve some of such authority to the elected mayor and council of District of Columbia . Nevertheless , Congress remains free to enact any legislation for the District so long as constitutionally permissible , to overturn any legislation by the city government , and technically to revoke the city government at any time . Congress may also exercise such jurisdiction over land purchased from the states for the erection of forts and other buildings . Necessary and proper Clause ( edit ) Main article : Necessary and Proper Clause The Congress shall have Power ( ... ) To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . Finally , Congress has the power to do whatever is `` necessary and proper '' to carry out its enumerated powers and , crucially , all others vested in it . This has been interpreted to authorize criminal prosecution of those whose actions have a `` substantial effect '' on interstate commerce in Wickard v. Filburn ; however , Thomas Jefferson , in the Kentucky Resolutions , supported by James Madison , maintained that a penal power could not be inferred from a power to regulate , and that the only penal powers were for treason , counterfeiting , piracy and felony on the high seas , and offenses against the law of nations . The necessary and proper clause has been interpreted extremely broadly , thereby giving Congress wide latitude in legislation .", "31": "The first landmark case involving the clause was McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) , which involved the establishment of a national bank . Alexander Hamilton , in advocating the creation of the bank , argued that there was `` a more or less direct '' relationship between the bank and `` the powers of collecting taxes , borrowing money , regulating trade between the states , and raising and maintaining fleets and navies '' . Thomas Jefferson countered that Congress 's powers `` can all be carried into execution without a national bank . A bank therefore is not necessary , and consequently not authorized by this phrase '' . Chief Justice John Marshall agreed with the former interpretation . Marshall wrote that a Constitution listing all of Congress 's powers `` would partake of a prolixity of a legal code and could scarcely be embraced by the human mind '' . Since the Constitution could not possibly enumerate the `` minor ingredients '' of the powers of Congress , Marshall `` deduced '' that Congress had the authority to establish a bank from the `` great outlines '' of the general welfare , commerce and other clauses . Under this doctrine of the necessary and proper clause , Congress has sweepingly broad powers ( known as implied powers ) not explicitly enumerated in the Constitution . However , the Congress can not enact laws solely on the implied powers , any action must be necessary and proper in the execution of the enumerated powers . Section 9 : limits on Congress ( edit ) The ninth section of Article One places limits on Congress ' powers : The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit , shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight , but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation , not exceeding ten dollars for each Person . The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended , unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it . No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed . No Capitation , or other direct , Tax shall be laid , unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken . No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State .", "32": "No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another : nor shall Vessels bound to , or from , one State , be obliged to enter , clear , or pay Duties in another . No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury , but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law ; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time . No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States : And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them , shall , without the Consent of the Congress , accept of any present , Emolument , Office , or Title , of any kind whatever , from any King , Prince , or foreign State . Slave trade ( edit ) U.S. brig Perry confronting the slave ship Martha off Ambriz on June 6 , 1850 The first clause in this section prevents Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves into the United States prior to 1808 . Congress could however , levy a per capita duty of up to ten Spanish milled dollars for each slave imported into the country . This clause was further entrenched into the Constitution by Article V , where it is explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808 . On March 2 , 1807 , Congress approved legislation prohibiting the importation of slaves into the United States , which went into effect January 1 , 1808 , the first day permitted by the Constitution . Civil and legal protections ( edit ) A writ of habeas corpus is a legal action against unlawful detainment that commands a law enforcement agency or other body that has a person in custody to have a court inquire into the legality of the detention . The court may order the person released if the reason for detention is deemed insufficient or unjustifiable . The Constitution further provides that the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus may not be suspended `` unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it '' . In Ex parte Milligan ( 1866 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the suspension of habeas corpus in a time of war was lawful , but military tribunals did not apply to citizens in states that had upheld the authority of the Constitution and where civilian courts were still operating .", "33": "A bill of attainder is a law by which a person is immediately convicted without trial . An ex post facto law is a law which applies retroactively , punishing someone for an act that was only made criminal after it was done . The ex post facto clause does not apply to civil matters . Apportionment of direct taxes ( edit ) Section Nine reiterates the provision from Section Two that direct taxes must be apportioned by state populations . This clause was also explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808 by Article V. In 1913 , the 16th Amendment exempted all income taxes from this clause . This overcame the ruling in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. that the income tax could only be applied to regular income and could not be applied to dividends and capital gains . Furthermore , no tax may be imposed on exports from any state . Congress may not , by revenue or commerce legislation , give preference to ports of one state over those of another ; neither may it require ships from one state to pay duties in another . All funds belonging to the Treasury may not be withdrawn except according to law . Modern practice is that Congress annually passes a number of appropriations bills authorizing the expenditure of public money . The Constitution requires that a regular statement of such expenditures be published . Titles of Nobility ( edit ) Main article : Title of Nobility Clause The Title of Nobility Clause prohibits Congress from granting any title of nobility . In addition , it specifies that no civil officer may accept , without the consent of Congress , any gift , payment , office or title from a foreign ruler or state . Emoluments were a profound concern of the Founders . However , a U.S. citizen may receive foreign office before or after their period of public service . Section 10 : limits on the States ( edit ) Clause 1 : contracts Clause ( edit ) Further information : Contract Clause and Bills of Credit No State shall enter into any Treaty , Alliance , or Confederation ; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal ; coin Money ; emit Bills of Credit ; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts ; pass any Bill of Attainder , ex post facto Law , or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts , or grant any Title of Nobility .", "34": "States may not exercise certain powers reserved for the federal government : they may not enter into treaties , alliances or confederations , grant letters of marque or reprisal , coin money or issue Bills of credit ( such as currency ) . Furthermore , no state may make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts , which expressly forbids any state government ( but not the federal government ) from `` making a tender '' ( i.e. , authorizing something that may be offered in payment ) of any type or form of money to meet any financial obligation , unless that form of money is coins made of gold or silver ( or a medium of exchange backed by and redeemable in gold or silver coins , as noted in Farmers & Merchants Bank v. Federal Reserve Bank ) . Much of this clause is devoted to preventing the States from using or creating any currency other than that created by Congress . In Federalist no . 44 , Madison explains that `` it may be observed that the same reasons which shew the necessity of denying to the States the power of regulating coin , prove with equal force that they ought not to be at liberty to substitute a paper medium in the place of coin . Had every State a right to regulate the value of its coin , there might be as many different currencies as States ; and thus the intercourse among them would be impeded '' . Moreover , the states may not pass bills of attainder , enact ex post facto laws , impair the obligation of contracts , or grant titles of nobility . The Contract Clause was the subject of much contentious litigation in the 19th century . It was first interpreted by the Supreme Court in 1810 , when Fletcher v. Peck was decided . The case involved the Yazoo land scandal , in which the Georgia legislature authorized the sale of land to speculators at low prices . The bribery involved in the passage of the authorizing legislation was so blatant that a Georgia mob attempted to lynch the corrupt members of the legislature . Following elections , the legislature passed a law that rescinded the contracts granted by the corrupt legislators . The validity of the annulment of the sale was questioned in the Supreme Court . In writing for a unanimous court , Chief Justice John Marshall asked , `` What is a contract ? '' His answer was : `` a compact between two or more parties '' .", "35": "Marshall argued that the sale of land by the Georgia legislature , though fraught with corruption , was a valid `` contract '' . He added that the state had no right to annul the purchase of the land , since doing so would impair the obligations of contract . The definition of a contract propounded by Chief Justice Marshall was not as simple as it may seem . In 1819 , the Court considered whether a corporate charter could be construed as a contract . The case of Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward involved Dartmouth College , which had been established under a Royal Charter granted by King George III . The Charter created a board of twelve trustees for the governance of the College . In 1815 , however , New Hampshire passed a law increasing the board 's membership to twenty - one with the aim that public control could be exercised over the College . The Court , including Marshall , ruled that New Hampshire could not amend the charter , which was ruled to be a contract since it conferred `` vested rights '' on the trustees . The Marshall Court determined another dispute in Sturges v. Crowninshield . The case involved a debt that was contracted in early 1811 . Later in that year , the state of New York passed a bankruptcy law , under which the debt was later discharged . The Supreme Court ruled that a retroactively applied state bankruptcy law impaired the obligation to pay the debt , and therefore violated the Constitution . In Ogden v. Saunders ( 1827 ) , however , the court decided that state bankruptcy laws could apply to debts contracted after the passage of the law . State legislation on the issue of bankruptcy and debtor relief has not been much of an issue since the adoption of a comprehensive federal bankruptcy law in 1898 . Clause 2 : import - export Clause ( edit ) Main article : Import - Export Clause No State shall , without the Consent of the Congress , lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports , except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it 's ( sic ) inspection Laws : and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts , laid by any State on Imports or Exports , shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul ( sic ) of the Congress . Still more powers are prohibited of the states .", "36": "States may not , without the consent of Congress , tax imports or exports except for the fulfillment of state inspection laws ( which may be revised by Congress ) . The net revenue of the tax is paid not to the state , but to the federal Treasury . Clause 3 : Compact Clause ( edit ) No State shall , without the Consent of Congress , lay any Duty of Tonnage , keep Troops , or Ships of War in time of Peace , enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State , or with a foreign Power , or engage in War , unless actually invaded , or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay . Under the Compact Clause , states may not , without the consent of Congress , keep troops or armies during times of peace . They may not enter into alliances nor compacts with foreign states , nor engage in war unless invaded . States may , however , organize and arm a militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . ( Article I , Section 8 , enumerated powers of Congress . ) The National Guard , whose members are also members of the militia of the United States as defined by 10 U.S.C. § 311 , fulfill this function , as do persons serving in State Militias with federal oversight under 32 U.S.C. § 109 . The idea of allowing Congress to have say over agreements between states traces back to the numerous controversies that arose between various colonies . Eventually compromises would be created between the two colonies and these compromises would be submitted to the Crown for approval . After the American Revolutionary War , the Articles of Confederation allowed states to appeal to Congress to settle disputes between the states over boundaries or `` any cause whatever '' . The Articles of Confederation also required Congressional approval for `` any treaty or alliance '' in which a state was one of the parties . There have been a number of Supreme Court cases concerning what constitutes valid congressional consent to an interstate compact . In Virginia v. Tennessee , 148 U.S. 503 ( 1893 ) , the Court found that some agreements among states stand even when lacking the explicit consent of Congress . ( One example the court gave was a state moving some goods from a distant state to itself , it would not require Congressional approval to contract with another state to use its canals for transport . )", "37": "According to the Court , the Compact Clause requires congressional consent only if the agreement among the states is `` directed to the formation of any combination tending to the increase of political power in the States , which may encroach upon or interfere with the just supremacy of the United States '' . The congressional consent issue is at the center of the current debate over the constitutionality of the not yet effective National Popular Vote Interstate Compact entered into by several states plus the District of Columbia . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the hand - written engrossed copy of the Constitution maintained in the National Archives , the British spelling `` defence '' is used in Article One , Section 8 ( See the National Archives transcription and the Archives ' image of the engrossed document . Webpages retrieved on 24 October 2009 . ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Atkins v. United States , 556 F. 2d 1028 , 1062 ( Ct . Cl. 1977 ) ( `` The purpose of the ( Vesting C ) lause is to locate the central source of legislative authority in Congress , rather than the Executive or the Judiciary . '' ) , abrogated on other grounds by INS v. Chadha , 462 U.S. 919 ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ See J.W. Hampton , Jr. , & Co. v. United States , 276 U.S. 394 , 406 ( 1928 ) ( `` Our Federal Constitution ... divide ( s ) the governmental power into three branches . The first is the legislative , the second is the executive , and the third is the judicial , and the rule is that in the actual administration of the government Congress ... should exercise the legislative power , the President ... the executive power , and the courts or the judiciary the judicial power ... '' ) Jump up ^ See United States v. Lopez , 514 U.S. 549 , 592 ( 1995 ) ( `` ( Certain ) comments of Hamilton and others about federal power reflected the well - known truth that the new Government would have only the limited and enumerated powers found in the Constitution ... Even before the passage of the Tenth Amendment , it was apparent that Congress would possess only those powers ' herein granted ' by the rest of the Constitution . '' ) .", "38": "Jump up ^ See Touby v. United States , 500 U.S. 160 , 165 ( 1991 ) ( `` From th ( e language of this section of the Constitution ) the Court has derived the nondelegation doctrine : that Congress may not constitutionally delegate its legislative power to another branch of Government . '' ) . Jump up ^ See J.W. Hampton , Jr. , & Co. , 276 U.S. at 409 ( `` If Congress shall lay down by legislative act an intelligible principle to which the person or body authorized to ( administer a statutory scheme ) is directed to conform , such legislative action is not a forbidden delegation of legislative power . '' ) . Jump up ^ Ginsburg , Douglas H. `` Essays on Article I : Legislative Vesting Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ See Mistretta v. United States , 488 U.S. 361 , 373 n. 7 ( 1989 ) ( nondelegation doctrine takes the form of `` giving narrow constructions to statutory delegations that might otherwise be thought to be unconstitutional '' ) . Jump up ^ UAW v. Occupational Health & Safety Admin. , 938 F. 2d 1310 , 1317 ( D.C. Cir. 1991 ) ( `` In effect ( the nondelegation doctrine as a principle of statutory interpretation is used by the courts to ) require a clear statement by Congress that it intended to test the constitutional waters . '' ) ; cf . Edward J. DeBartolo Corp. v. Fla . Gulf Coast Bldg . & Constr . Trades Council , 485 U.S. 568 , 575 ( 1988 ) ( `` ( W ) here an otherwise acceptable construction of a statute would raise serious constitutional problems , the Court will construe the statute to avoid such problems unless such constrjkalbd suction is plainly contrary to the intent of Congress ... This approach not only reflects the prudential concern that constitutional issues not be needlessly confronted , but also recognizes that Congress , like this Court , is bound by and swears an oath to uphold the Constitution . The courts will therefore not lightly assume that Congress intended to infringe constitutionally protected liberties or usurp power constitutionally forbidden it . ''", "39": "( citing NLRB v. Catholic Bishop , 440 U.S. 490 , 499 -- 501 , 504 ( 1979 ) , and Grenada County Supervisors v. Brogden , 112 U.S. 261 ( 1884 ) ) ) ; United States v. Bass , 404 U.S. 336 , 349 ( 1971 ) ( `` ( U ) nless Congress conveys its purpose clearly , it will not be deemed to have significantly changed the federal - state balance . '' ) . Jump up ^ Barenblatt v. United States , 360 U.S. 109 , 111 ( 1959 ) ( `` The power of inquiry has been employed by Congress throughout our history , over the whole range of the national interests concerning which Congress might legislate or decide upon due investigation not to legislate ; it has similarly been utilized in determining what to appropriate from the national purse , or whether to appropriate . '' ) ; e.g. , 3 Annals of Congress 490 -- 94 ( 1792 ) ( House committee appointed to investigate the defeat of Gen. St. Clair by Indians empowered to `` call for such persons , papers , and records , as may be necessary to assist their inquiries . '' ) . Jump up ^ See McGrain v. Daugherty , 273 U.S. 135 , 174 -- 75 ( 1927 ) ( `` ( T ) he power of inquiry - with process to enforce it - is an essential and appropriate auxiliary to the legislative function . It was so regarded and employed in American Legislatures before the Constitution was framed and ratified ... A legislative body can not legislate wisely or effectively in the absence of information respecting the conditions which the legislation is intended to affect or change ; and where the legislative body does not itself possess the requisite information - which not infrequently is true - recourse must be had to others who do possess it . Experience has taught that mere requests for such information often are unavailing , and also that information which is volunteered is not always accurate or complete ; so some means of compulsion are essential to obtain what is needed . All this was true before and when the Constitution was framed and adopted .", "40": "In that period the power of inquiry , with enforcing process , was regarded and employed as a necessary and appropriate attribute of the power to legislate - indeed , was treated as inhering in it . Thus there is ample warrant for thinking ... that the constitutional provisions which commit the legislative function to the two houses are intended to include this attribute to the end that the function may be effectively exercised . '' ) . ^ Jump up to : See Watkins v. United States , 354 U.S. 178 , 187 ( 1957 ) ( `` The power of the Congress to conduct investigations is inherent in the legislative process . That power is broad . It encompasses inquiries concerning the administration of existing laws as well as proposed or possibly needed statutes . It includes surveys of defects in our social , economic or political system for the purpose of enabling the Congress to remedy them . It comprehends probes into departments of the Federal Government to expose corruption , inefficiency or waste . '' ) ; Barenblatt , 360 U.S. at 111 ( `` The scope of the power of inquiry ... is as penetrating and far - reaching as the potential power to enact and appropriate under the Constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ Kilbourn v. Thompson , 103 U.S. 168 , 189 ( 1881 ) . Jump up ^ Watkins , 354 U.S. at 200 . Jump up ^ See McGrain , 273 U.S. at 170 ( `` ( N ) either house of Congress possesses a ' general power of making inquiry into the private affairs of the citizen ' ; ... the power actually possessed is limited to inquiries relating to matters of which the particular house ' has jurisdiction ' and in respect of which it rightfully may take other action ; ( and ) if the inquiry relates to ' a matter wherein relief or redress could be had only by a judicial proceeding ' it is not within the range of this power , but must be left to the courts , conformably to the constitutional separation of governmental powers ... '' ( quoting Kilbourne , 103 U.S. at 193 ) ) ; see also Sinclair v. United States , 279 U.S.", "41": "263 , 295 ( 1929 ) ( `` Congress is without authority to compel disclosures for the purpose of aiding the prosecution of pending suits ... '' ) , overruled on other grounds by United States v. Gaudin , 515 U.S. 506 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Minor v. Happersett , 88 U.S. ( 21 Wall . ) 162 , 178 ( 1875 ) ( `` ( T ) he Constitution of the United States does not confer the right of suffrage upon any one ... '' ) . Jump up ^ See Reynolds v. Sims , 377 U.S. 533 , 561 -- 62 ( 1964 ) ( `` Undoubtedly , the right of suffrage is a fundamental matter in a free and democratic society . '' ) ; Yick Wo v. Hopkins , 118 U.S. 356 , 370 ( 1886 ) ( `` ( Voting ) is regarded as a fundamental political right , because preservative of all rights . '' ) . Jump up ^ See ' Kramer v. Union Free Sch . Dist . No. 15 , 395 U.S. 621 , 626 -- 27 ( 1969 ) ( `` No less rigid an examination ( than close scrutiny ) is applicable to statutes denying the franchise to citizens who are otherwise qualified by residence and age . Statutes granting the franchise to residents on a selective basis always pose the danger of denying some citizens any effective voice in the governmental affairs which substantially affect their lives . '' ) ( emphasis added ) . Jump up ^ Briffault , Richard ( 2002 ) . `` The Contested Right to Vote '' . Michigan Law Review . 100 : 1521 -- 1522 . Jump up ^ Reynolds v. Sims , 377 U.S. 533 , 612 ( 1964 ) . Jump up ^ Oregon v. Mitchell , 400 U.S. 112 ( 1970 ) . ^ Jump up to : Wesberry v. Sanders , 376 U.S.", "42": "1 , 7 -- 9 , 14 ( 1964 ) ( `` ( C ) onstrued in its historical context , the command ... that Representatives be chosen ' by the People of the several States ' means that as nearly as is practicable one man 's vote in a congressional election is to be worth as much as another 's ... The history of the Constitution ... reveals that those who framed the Constitution meant that ... it was population which was to be the basis of the House of Representatives ... It would defeat the principle solemnly embodied in the Great Compromise - equal representation in the House for equal numbers of people - for us to hold that , within the States , legislatures may draw the lines of congressional districts in such a way as to give some voters a greater voice in choosing a Congressman than others . '' ) ; e.g. , White v. Weiser , 412 U.S. 783 ( 1973 ) ( striking down Texas districting plan with a population deviation between the largest and smallest district of 4.13 % of the population of an `` ideal '' district ) ; see Kirkpatrick v. Preisler , 394 U.S. 526 , 530 -- 31 ( 1969 ) ( `` ( T ) he State ( must ) make a good - faith effort to achieve precise mathematical equality . Unless population variances among congressional districts are shown to have resulted despite such effort , the State must justify each variance , no matter how small ... We can see no nonarbitrary way to pick a cutoff point at which population variances suddenly become de minimis ... Equal representation for equal numbers of people is a principle designed to prevent debasement of voting power and diminution of access to elected representatives . Toleration of even small deviations detracts from these purposes . '' ) ; see also Karcher v. Daggett , 462 U.S. 725 ( 1983 ) ( invalidating a New Jersey congressional districting plan where the deviation between the largest and smallest districts was less than the Census 's margin of error , when the state could offer no acceptable explanation for the differences ) ; Vieth v. Pennsylvania , 195 F. Supp . 2d 672 ( M.D. Pa.", "43": "2002 ) ( total deviation of 19 people from largest to smallest district ( 646,380 to 646,361 ) struck down since alternatives with smaller deviations were available ) ; Hastert v. State Bd. of Elections , 777 F. Supp. 634 ( N.D. Ill . 1991 ) ( court selected districting plan where 18 of 20 districts contained 571,530 people and the other two had 571,531 ) . Jump up ^ E.g. , 17 Annals of Cong. 870 -- 902 , 904 -- 20 , 927 -- 47 , 949 -- 50 , 1059 -- 61 , 1231 -- 33 , 1234 -- 38 ( 1807 ) ( House seated William McCreery despite him not satisfying Maryland law requiring Representatives to reside in their district ) . ^ Jump up to : See Powell v. McCormack , 395 U.S. 486 , 550 ( 1969 ) ( invalidating House 's decision not to seat a Member accused of misuse of funds ) ( `` ( I ) n judging the qualifications of its members Congress is limited to the standing qualifications prescribed in the Constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Exon v. Tiemann , 279 F. Supp. 609 , 613 ( D. Neb . 1968 ) ( `` There being no such requirement in the Constitution itself , a state can not require that a Representative live in the District from which he was nominated . '' ) ; State ex rel . Chavez v. Evans , 446 P. 2d 445 , 448 ( N.M. 1968 ) ( `` ( The New Mexico statute , ) by requiring that each candidate for representative in Congress be a resident of and a qualified elector of the district in which he seeks office , adds additional qualifications to becoming a candidate for that office ... ( W ) e must hold the provisions of the Federal Constitution prevail and that this statute unconstitutionally adds additional qualifications . '' ) ; Hellman v. Collier , 141 A. 2d 908 , 912 ( Md. 1958 ) ( same ) ; cf . U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton , 514 U.S.", "44": "779 ( 1995 ) ( state may not impose term limits on its congressional delegation ) . ^ Jump up to : See U.S. Term Limits , Inc. , 514 U.S. at 783 ( invalidating provision in the Arkansas Constitution imposing term limits on the State 's congressional delegation ) ( `` Allowing individual States to adopt their own qualifications for congressional service ( , such as term limitations , ) would be inconsistent with the Framers ' vision of a uniform National Legislature representing the people of the United States . If the qualifications set forth in the text of the Constitution are to be changed , that text must be amended . '' ) ; see also Cook v. Gralike , 531 U.S. 510 ( 2001 ) ( invaliding a Missouri constitutional term providing for labels printed on the election ballot next to the names of candidates who had not pledged to support term limits ) . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Candidacy , Incarceration , and the Constitution 's Inhabitancy Qualification '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . August 12 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Story , Commentaries on the Constitution 2 : § § 630 -- 35 , 641 -- 47 , 673 -- 80 '' . The Founder 's Constitution . The University of Chicago Press . 2000 . p. § 677 . Jump up ^ Cf . Prigg v. Pennsylvania , 41 U.S. ( 16 Pet . ) 539 , 619 ( 1842 ) ( dictum ) ( `` ( Congress ) has , on various occasions , exercised powers which were necessary and proper as means to carry into effect rights expressly given , and duties expressly enjoined thereby . The end being required , it has been deemed a just and necessary implication , that the means to accomplish it are given also ; or , in other words , that the power flows as a necessary means to accomplish the end .", "45": "Thus , for example , although the constitution has declared , that representatives shall be apportioned among the states according to their respective federal numbers ; and for this purpose , it has expressly authorized congress , by law , to provide for an enumeration of the population every ten years ; yet the power to apportion representatives , after this enumeration is made , is nowhere found among the express powers given to congress , but it has always been acted upon , as irresistibly flowing from the duty positively enjoined by the constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Whelan v. Cuomo , 415 F. Supp. 251 , 256 ( E.D.N.Y. 1976 ) ( `` The historical record of the Constitutional Convention supports several conclusions ( , ) ... ( including that ) Congress was given considerable flexibility in determining the actual number of representatives so long as the total did not exceed one representative for every 30,000 inhabitants . '' ) . Jump up ^ See 3 Annals of Cong. 539 ( 1792 ) ( President Washington 's veto of apportionment legislation that would not have exceeded a national average of 1 for every 30,000 inhabitants , but did exceed that ratio for some states ) ; see also U.S. Dep 't of Commerce v. Montana ( Montana II ) , 503 U.S. 442 , 449 -- 50 ( Congress 's response to Washington 's veto was enacting legislation providing for 1 representative per 33,000 of the national population , which avoided exceeding 1 per 30,000 in those states ) . Jump up ^ The United States Code only indirectly provides for a House with 435 members . After each decennial census , the President must submit to Congress a statement `` showing the whole number of Persons in each State '' and , based on this population figure , the number of Representatives the State would have received in the 83rd Congress ( 1951 -- 53 ) . 2 U.S.C. § 2a ( a ) ( 2006 ) . Each State then receives as many representatives in the House as the President 's report provides , until the next decennial census . Id . § 2a ( b ) . The size of the House of Representatives in the 83rd Congress was 435 .", "46": "Thus , the United States Code currently does not expressly use the number `` 435 , '' but instead ties the current size of the House to the `` then existing number of Representatives '' in the 83rd Congress , which was fixed at 435 by legislation that is now omitted from the United States Code . Compare 2 U.S.C. § 2 ( 1926 ) ( `` ( A ) fter the third day of March , nineteen hundred and thirteen , the House of Representatives shall be composed of four hundred and thirty - five members . '' ) with 2 U.S.C. § 2 ( 1934 ) ( section omitted ) . It has been omitted from every subsequent edition of the United States Code , through the present edition ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , 157 U.S. 429 , modified on rehearing , 158 U.S. 601 ( 1895 ) , superseded by U.S. Const . amend . XVI , as recognized in Brushaber v. Union Pac . R.R. , 240 U.S. 1 ( 1916 ) , and overruled on other grounds by South Carolina v. Baker , 485 U.S. 505 ( 1988 ) . ^ Jump up to : Cf. 1 Asher C. Hinds , Hinds ' Precedents of the House of Representatives of the United States § 187 , at 113 ( 1907 ) ( `` The Speaker is always a Member of the House ... '' ) . Jump up ^ Cf . Nixon v. United States , 506 U.S. 224 ( 1993 ) ( construing the Senate 's `` sole power '' to `` try all impeachments '' to mean that the Senate 's impeachment procedures are left to its discretion and concluding generally that Congress 's impeachment powers are outside judicial review ) . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference Presser was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Rossum , Ralph . `` Essays on Article I : Senate '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States Amendments 11 -- 27 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Rossum , Ralph Rossum .", "47": "`` Essays on Article V : Prohibition on Amendment : Equal Suffrage in the Senate '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Tie Votes '' . United States Senate . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Since 1789 , 258 tie - breaking votes have been cast . Jump up ^ Senate Historical Office , President Pro Tempore , http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htm . Jump up ^ See Nixon , 506 U.S. at 230 -- 31 , 233 -- 36 ( holding that the Senate 's sole power to try impeachments made its judgment conclusive as to what constituted an adequate impeachment trial ) ( `` We think that the word ' sole ' is of considerable significance . Indeed , the word ' sole ' appears only one other time in the Constitution - with respect to the House of Representatives ' `` sole Power of Impeachment . '' The commonsense meaning of the word ' sole ' is that the Senate alone shall have authority to determine whether an individual should be acquitted or convicted . The dictionary definition bears this out ... The history and contemporary understanding of the impeachment provisions support our reading of the constitutional language ... ( T ) he Judiciary , and the Supreme Court in particular , were not chosen to have any role in impeachments ... ( J ) udicial review would be inconsistent with the Framers ' insistence that our system be one of checks and balances ... Judicial involvement in impeachment proceedings , even if only for purposes of judicial review , is counterintuitive because it would eviscerate the ' important constitutional check ' placed on the Judiciary by the Framers . ( It would be an improper reading of the Constitution to ) place final reviewing authority with respect to impeachments in the hands of the same body that the impeachment process is meant to regulate ... In addition to the textual commitment argument , ... the lack of finality and the difficulty of fashioning relief counsel against justiciability ... ( O ) pening the door of judicial review to the procedures used by the Senate in trying impeachments would ' expose the political life of the country to months , or perhaps years , of chaos . ' '' ( citations omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ Impeachment History . Infoplease.com . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 .", "48": "^ Jump up to : Gerhardt , Michael J. `` Essay on Trial of Impeachment '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cf . Ritter v. United States , 84 Ct . Cl. 293 , 300 ( 1936 ) ( `` While the Senate in one sense acts as a court on the trial of an impeachment , it is essentially a political body and in its actions is influenced by the views of its members on the public welfare . '' ) ; Staff of H. Comm . on the Judiciary , 93d Cong. , Constitutional Grounds for Presidential Impeachment 24 ( Comm . Print 1974 ) ( `` The purpose of impeachment is not personal punishment ; its function is primarily to maintain constitutional government . '' ( citation omitted ) ) , reprinted in 3 Lewis Deschler , Deschler 's Precedents of the United States House of Representatives , H.R. Doc . No. 94 ‒ 661 ch. 14 , app . at 2269 ( 1977 ) . ^ Jump up to : Peacock , Anthony . `` Essays on Article I : Election Regulations '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ See Foster v. Love , 522 U.S. 67 , 69 , 71 n. 2 ( 1997 ) ( `` The ( Elections ) Clause is a default provision ; it invests the States with responsibility for the mechanics of congressional elections , but only so far as Congress declines to preempt state legislative choices . Thus it is well settled that the Elections Clause grants Congress ' the power to override state regulations ' by establishing uniform rules for federal elections , binding on the States . ' ( T ) he regulations made by Congress are paramount to those made by the State legislature ; and if they conflict therewith , the latter , so far as the conflict extends , ceases to be operative . ' The Clause gives Congress ' comprehensive ' authority to regulate the details of elections , including the power to impose ' the numerous requirements as to procedure and safeguards which experience shows are necessary in order to enforce the fundamental right involved . ' Congressional authority extends not only to general elections , but also to any ' primary election which involves a necessary step in the choice of candidates for election as representatives in Congress . '", "49": ") ( citations omitted ) ; United States v. Manning , 215 F. Supp. 272 , 284 ( W.D. La . 1963 ) ( '' ' ( T ) he manner of holding elections ' ... must be read as referring to the entire electoral process , from the first step of registering to the last step , the State 's promulgation of honest returns. `` ) . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 7 ( 2006 ) ( prescribing `` Tuesday next after the 1st Monday in November '' as the date for electing Representatives ) ; id. § 1 ( elections for Senators to be held on same date as elections for Representatives ) ; see also 3 U.S.C. § 1 ( 2006 ) ( prescribing `` Tuesday next after the first Monday in November '' as the date for electing presidential Electors ) . Jump up ^ Cook v. Gralike , 531 U.S. 510 , 523 -- 24 ( 2001 ) ( internal quotation marks and citation omitted ) . Jump up ^ See Vieth v. Jubelirer , 541 U.S. 267 , 275 ( 2004 ) ( plurality opinion ) ( `` Article I , § 4 , while leaving in state legislatures the initial power to draw districts for federal elections , permitted Congress to ' make or alter ' those districts if it wished . '' ) . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ See Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission ( 576 U.S. __ ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , Centennial Edition , Interim Edition : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . pp. 127 -- 128 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C.", "50": "§ 3 ( 1934 ) ( `` In each State entitled under this apportionment to more than one Representative , ... ( such Representatives ) shall be elected by districts composed of a contiguous and compact territory , and containing as nearly as practicable an equal number of inhabitants . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Wood v. Broom , 287 U.S. 1 ( 1932 ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Shaw v. Reno , 509 U.S. 630 , 642 ( 1993 ) ( `` ( L ) egislation that is so extremely irregular on its face that it rationally can be viewed only as an effort to segregate the races for purposes of voting , without regard for traditional districting principles and without sufficiently compelling justification , '' is subject to strict scrutiny . ) . Jump up ^ Forte , David F. `` Essays on Article I : Meetings of Congress Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` March 4 : A forgotten huge day in American history '' . Philadelphia : National Constitution Center . March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rushing , J. Taylor ( October 1 , 2008 ) . `` Senate easily passes bailout '' . The Senate 's action was a dramatic and rare move that circumvented a constitutional requirement that tax legislation must originate in the House Jump up ^ Mulligan , John E. ( October 2 , 2008 ) . `` Kennedy 's unintended role in history '' . The Providence Journal . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Once the Senate added those provisions to the rescue bill , it qualified as a tax bill , which the upper chamber is constitutionally prohibited from originating . To get around the Constitution , the leaders turned to the time - honored stratagem of finding a live but dormant House bill -- ( Patrick ) Kennedy 's mental - health parity bill -- to use as a shell . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erik and Monaghan , Henry . The Taxing Power : a Reference Guide to the United States Constitution . Greenwood Publishing Group . p.", "51": "170 ( 2005 ) ... ISBN 0 - 313 - 31229 - X Jump up ^ See Ross Wilson , A Third Way : The Presidential Non-Signing Statement , http://ssrn.com/abstract=1593862 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Reference Home > Statistics & Lists > Vetoes by President George W. Bush '' . Senate.gov . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ See e.g. Perry v. United States , 294 U.S. 330 ( 1935 ) . Jump up ^ `` James Madison - Veto of federal public works bill of March 3 , 1817 '' . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Novak , Michael ( 1996 ) . The fire of invention , the fuel of interest : On intellectual property . Washington D.C. : The American Enterprise Institute Press . Jump up ^ Calder v. Bull , 3 U.S. 386 , 399 - 400 ( 1798 ) . Jump up ^ Feldman , Noah ; Weisberg , Jacob ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` What Are Impeachable Offenses ? '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Juilliard v. Greenman , 110 U.S. 421 , 446 ( 1884 ) . Jump up ^ Definition of tender as noun , in Merriam - Webster . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Any '' financial obligation would de facto include financial obligations owed either by or to the state ; see definition of `` any '' as noun ( 5 ) , in Merriam - Webster Jump up ^ 262 U.S. 649 , 659 ( 1923 ) . See also Gwin v. Breedlove , 43 U.S. ( 2 How . ) 29 , 38 ( 1844 ) ; and Griffin v. Thompson , 43 U.S. ( 2 How . ) 244 ( 1844 ) . Jump up ^ Madison , James Federalist Papers No.", "52": "44 Jump up ^ Tribe , Laurence ( 2000 ) . American Constitutional Law . West Publishing Company . pp. 649 -- 51 . ISBN 1 - 56662 - 714 - 1 . Jump up ^ Brody , Michael ( February 17 , 2013 ) . `` Circumventing the Electoral College : Why the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Survives Constitutional Scrutiny Under the Compact Clause '' . Legislation and Policy Brief . Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law . 5 ( 1 ) : 40ff . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Irons , Peter H. ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . New York : Penguin . External links ( edit ) Davis , Z. ( 2001 ) . `` Presidential Vetoes , 1989 -- 2000 . '' Kilman , J. & Costello , G. ( Eds ) . ( 2000 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation . s CRS Annotated Constitution : Article 1 `` Resources Regarding the Origination Clause '' ( from TIFIS ) National Cable Satellite Corporation . ( 2003 ) . `` Capitol Questions . 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-7121388319008571057	what type of writing did ancient egypt use	[ "hieroglyphs", "Egyptian hieroglyphs", "hieroglyphs", "Egyptian hieroglyphs", "hieroglyphs" ]	{ "0": "Egyptian hieroglyphs - wikipedia Egyptian hieroglyphs Jump to : navigation , search `` Hieroglyphics '' redirects here . For other uses , see Hieroglyph ( disambiguation ) . Egyptian hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs from the Great Hypostyle Hall in Karnak ( Seti I , 13th century BC ) Type Logography usable as an abjad Languages Egyptian language Time period c. 3200 BC -- AD 400 Parent systems ( Proto - writing ) Egyptian hieroglyphs Child systems Hieratic , Demotic , Coptic , Meroitic , Proto - Sinaitic Direction Left - to - right ISO 15924 Egyp , 050 Unicode alias Egyptian Hieroglyphs Unicode range U + 13000 -- U + 1342F This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . Egyptian hieroglyphs ( / ˈhaɪrəˌɡlɪf , - roʊ - / ) were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt . It combined logographic , syllabic and alphabetic elements , with a total of some 1,000 distinct characters . Cursive hieroglyphs were used for religious literature on papyrus and wood . The later hieratic and demotic Egyptian scripts were derived from hieroglyphic writing ; Meroitic was a late derivation from demotic . The use of hieroglyphic writing arose from proto - literate symbol systems in the Early Bronze Age , around the 32nd century BC ( Naqada III ) , with the first decipherable sentence written in the Egyptian language dating to the Second Dynasty ( 28th century BC ) . Egyptian hieroglyphs developed into a mature writing system used for monumental inscription in the classical language of the Middle Kingdom period ; during this period , the system made use of about 900 distinct signs . The use of this writing system continued through the New Kingdom and Late Period , and on into the Persian and Ptolemaic periods .", "1": "Late survivals of hieroglyphic use are found well into the Roman period , extending into the 4th century AD . With the final closing of pagan temples in the 5th century , knowledge of hieroglyphic writing was lost . Although attempts were made , the script remained undeciphered throughout the medieval and early modern period . The decipherment of hieroglyphic writing would only be accomplished in the 1820s by Jean - François Champollion , with the help of the Rosetta Stone . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History and evolution 2.1 Origin 2.2 Mature writing system 2.3 Late Period 2.4 Late survival 3 Decipherment 4 Writing system 4.1 Phonetic reading 4.1. 1 Uniliteral signs 4.1. 2 Phonetic complements 4.2 Semantic reading 4.2. 1 Logograms 4.2. 2 Determinatives 4.3 Additional signs 4.3. 1 Cartouche 4.3. 2 Filling stroke 4.4 Signs joined together 4.4. 1 Doubling 4.5 Grammatical signs 5 Spelling 6 Simple examples 7 Encoding and font support 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 Further reading 11 External links Etymology The word hieroglyph comes from the Greek adjective ἱερογλυφικός ( hieroglyphikos ) , a compound of ἱερός ( hierós ' sacred ' ) and γλύφω ( glýphō ' Ι carve , engrave ' ; see glyph ) . The glyphs themselves since the Ptolemaic period were called τὰ ἱερογλυφικὰ ( γράμματα ) ( tà hieroglyphikà ( grámmata ) ) `` the sacred engraved letters '' , the Greek counterpart to the Egyptian expression of mdw. w - nṯr `` god 's words '' .", "2": "Greek ἱερογλυφός meant `` a carver of hieroglyphs '' . In English , hieroglyph as a noun is recorded from 1590 , originally short for nominalised hieroglyphic ( 1580s , with a plural hieroglyphics ) , from adjectival use ( hieroglyphic character ) . History and evolution Origin Seal impression of Seth - Peribsen ( Second Dynasty , c. 28th century BC ) Hieroglyphs emerged from the preliterate artistic traditions of Egypt . For example , symbols on Gerzean pottery from c. 4000 BC have been argued to resemble hieroglyphic writing . Proto - hieroglyphic symbol systems develop in the second half of the 4th millennium BC , such as the clay labels of a Predynastic ruler called `` Scorpion I '' ( Naqada IIIA period , c. 33rd century BC ) recovered at Abydos ( modern Umm el - Qa'ab ) in 1998 or the Narmer Palette ( c. 31st century BC ) . The first full sentence written in hieroglyphs so far discovered was found on a seal impression found in the tomb of Seth - Peribsen at Umm el - Qa'ab , which dates from the Second Dynasty ( 28th or 27th century BC ) . There are around 800 hieroglyphs dating back to the Old Kingdom , Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom Eras . By the Greco - Roman period , there are more than 5,000 . Geoffrey Sampson stated that Egyptian hieroglyphs `` came into existence a little after Sumerian script , and , probably ( were ) , invented under the influence of the latter '' , and that it is `` probable that the general idea of expressing words of a language in writing was brought to Egypt from Sumerian Mesopotamia '' . However , given the lack of direct evidence , `` no definitive determination has been made as to the origin of hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt '' .", "3": "Instead , it is pointed out and held that `` the evidence for such direct influence remains flimsy '' and that `` a very credible argument can also be made for the independent development of writing in Egypt ... '' Since the 1990s , and discoveries such as the Abydos glyphs , it has been held as doubtful whether the Mesopotamian symbol system can be said to predate the Egyptian one . Mature writing system Further information : Middle Egyptian language Hieroglyphs consist of three kinds of glyphs : phonetic glyphs , including single - consonant characters that function like an alphabet ; logographs , representing morphemes ; and determinatives , which narrow down the meaning of logographic or phonetic words . Hieroglyphs on a funerary stela in Manchester Museum Late period Further information : Late Egyptian language As writing developed and became more widespread among the Egyptian people , simplified glyph forms developed , resulting in the hieratic ( priestly ) and demotic ( popular ) scripts . These variants were also more suited than hieroglyphs for use on papyrus . Hieroglyphic writing was not , however , eclipsed , but existed alongside the other forms , especially in monumental and other formal writing . The Rosetta Stone contains three parallel scripts -- hieroglyphic , demotic , and Greek . Late survival Hieroglyphs continued to be used under Persian rule ( intermittent in the 6th and 5th centuries BC ) , and after Alexander the Great 's conquest of Egypt , during the ensuing Ptolemaic and Roman periods . It appears that the misleading quality of comments from Greek and Roman writers about hieroglyphs came about , at least in part , as a response to the changed political situation . Some believed that hieroglyphs may have functioned as a way to distinguish ' true Egyptians ' from some of the foreign conquerors . Another reason may be the refusal to tackle a foreign culture on its own terms , which characterized Greco - Roman approaches to Egyptian culture generally . Having learned that hieroglyphs were sacred writing , Greco - Roman authors imagined the complex but rational system as an allegorical , even magical , system transmitting secret , mystical knowledge . By the 4th century , few Egyptians were capable of reading hieroglyphs , and the `` myth of allegorical hieroglyphs '' was ascendant .", "4": "Monumental use of hieroglyphs ceased after the closing of all non-Christian temples in 391 by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I ; the last known inscription is from Philae , known as the Graffito of Esmet - Akhom , from 394 . The Hieroglyphica of Horapollo ( c. 5th century ) appears to retain some genuine knowledge about the writing system . It offers an explanation of close to 200 signs . Some are identified correctly , such as the `` goose '' hieroglyph ( zꜣ ) representing the word for `` son '' . Decipherment Main article : Decipherment of hieroglyphic writing Ibn Wahshiyya 's translation of the Ancient Egyptian hieroglyph alphabet Knowledge of the hieroglyphs had been lost completely by the medieval period . Early attempts at decipherment are due to Dhul - Nun al - Misri and Ibn Wahshiyya ( 9th and 10th century , respectively ) . The early modern tradition of decipherment attemtps begins with the work of Piero Valeriano Bolzani ( 1556 ) . The most famous of the early `` decipherers '' was Athanasius Kircher . In his Lingua Aegyptiaca Restituta ( 1643 ) , Kircher called hieroglyphics `` this language hitherto unknown in Europe , in which there are as many pictures as letters , as many riddles as sounds , in short as many mazes to be escaped from as mountains to be climbed '' . While some of his notions are long discredited , portions of his work have been valuable to later scholars , and Kircher helped pioneer Egyptology as a field of serious study . All medieval and early modern attempts were hampered by the fundamental assumption that hieroglyphs recorded ideas and not the sounds of the language . As no bilingual texts were available , any such symbolic ' translation ' could be proposed without the possibility of verification . The Rosetta Stone in the British Museum The breakthrough in decipherment came only with the discovery of the Rosetta Stone by Napoleon 's troops in 1799 ( during Napoleon 's Egyptian invasion ) .", "5": "As the stone presented a hieroglyphic and a demotic version of the same text in parallel with a Greek translation , plenty of material for falsifiable studies in translation was suddenly available . In the early 19th century , scholars such as Silvestre de Sacy , Johan David Åkerblad , and Thomas Young studied the inscriptions on the stone , and were able to make some headway . Finally , Jean - François Champollion made the complete decipherment by the 1820s . In his Lettre à M. Dacier ( 1822 ) , he wrote : It is a complex system , writing figurative , symbolic , and phonetic all at once , in the same text , the same phrase , I would almost say in the same word . Hieroglyphs survive today in two forms : directly , through half a dozen Demotic glyphs added to the Greek alphabet when writing Coptic ; and indirectly , as the inspiration for the original alphabet that was ancestral to nearly every other alphabet ever used , including the Latin alphabet . Writing system This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . Visually , hieroglyphs are all more or less figurative : they represent real or illusional elements , sometimes stylized and simplified , but all generally perfectly recognizable in form . However , the same sign can , according to context , be interpreted in diverse ways : as a phonogram ( phonetic reading ) , as a logogram , or as an ideogram ( semagram ; `` determinative '' ) ( semantic reading ) . The determinative was not read as a phonetic constituent , but facilitated understanding by differentiating the word from its homophones . Phonetic reading Hieroglyphs typical of the Graeco - Roman period Most non-determinative hieroglyphic signs are phonetic in nature , meaning that the sign is read independently of its visual characteristics ( according to the rebus principle where , for example , the picture of an eye could stand for the English words eye and I ( the first person pronoun ) ) . This picture of an eye is called a phonogram of the word , ' I ' .", "6": "Phonograms formed with one consonant are called uniliteral signs ; with two consonants , biliteral signs ; with three , triliteral signs . Twenty - four uniliteral signs make up the so - called hieroglyphic alphabet . Egyptian hieroglyphic writing does not normally indicate vowels , unlike cuneiform , and for that reason has been labelled by some an abjad alphabet , i.e. , an alphabet without vowels . Thus , hieroglyphic writing representing a pintail duck is read in Egyptian as sꜣ , derived from the main consonants of the Egyptian word for this duck : ' s ' , ' ꜣ ' and ' t ' . ( Note that ꜣ ( , two half - rings opening to the left ) , sometimes replaced by the digit ' 3 ' , is the Egyptian alef ) . It is also possible to use the hieroglyph of the pintail duck without a link to its meaning in order to represent the two phonemes s and ꜣ , independently of any vowels that could accompany these consonants , and in this way write the word : sꜣ , `` son '' , or when complemented by the context other signs detailed further in the text , sꜣ , `` keep , watch '' ; and sꜣṯ. w , `` hard ground '' . For example : -- the characters sꜣ ; -- the same character used only in order to signify , according to the context , `` pintail duck '' or , with the appropriate determinative , `` son '' , two words having the same or similar consonants ; the meaning of the little vertical stroke will be explained further on : -- the character sꜣ as used in the word sꜣw , `` keep , watch '' As in the Arabic script , not all vowels were written in Egyptian hieroglyphs ; it is debatable whether vowels were written at all . Possibly , as with Arabic , the semivowels / w / and / j / ( as in English W and Y ) could double as the vowels / u / and / i / . In modern transcriptions , an e is added between consonants to aid in their pronunciation . For example , nfr `` good '' is typically written nefer .", "7": "This does not reflect Egyptian vowels , which are obscure , but is merely a modern convention . Likewise , the ꜣ and ʾ are commonly transliterated as a , as in Ra . Hieroglyphs are written from right to left , from left to right , or from top to bottom , the usual direction being from right to left ( although , for convenience , modern texts are often normalized into left - to - right order ) . The reader must consider the direction in which the asymmetrical hieroglyphs are turned in order to determine the proper reading order . For example , when human and animal hieroglyphs face to the left ( i.e. , they look left ) , they must be read from left to right , and vice versa , the idea being that the hieroglyphs face the beginning of the line . As in many ancient writing systems , words are not separated by blanks or by punctuation marks . However , certain hieroglyphs appear particularly common only at the end of words , making it possible to readily distinguish words . Uniliteral signs Hieroglyphs at Amada , at temple founded by Tuthmosis III . Main article : Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian § Uniliteral signs The Egyptian hieroglyphic script contained 24 uniliterals ( symbols that stood for single consonants , much like letters in English ) . It would have been possible to write all Egyptian words in the manner of these signs , but the Egyptians never did so and never simplified their complex writing into a true alphabet . Each uniliteral glyph once had a unique reading , but several of these fell together as Old Egyptian developed into Middle Egyptian . For example , the folded - cloth glyph seems to have been originally an / s / and the door - bolt glyph a / θ / sound , but these both came to be pronounced / s / , as the / θ / sound was lost . A few uniliterals first appear in Middle Egyptian texts . Besides the uniliteral glyphs , there are also the biliteral and triliteral signs , to represent a specific sequence of two or three consonants , consonants and vowels , and a few as vowel combinations only , in the language .", "8": "Phonetic complements Egyptian writing is often redundant : in fact , it happens very frequently that a word might follow several characters writing the same sounds , in order to guide the reader . For example , the word nfr , `` beautiful , good , perfect '' , was written with a unique triliteral that was read as nfr : However , it is considerably more common to add to that triliteral , the uniliterals for f and r . The word can thus be written as nfr + f + r , but one still reads it merely as nfr . The two alphabetic characters are adding clarity to the spelling of the preceding triliteral hieroglyph . Redundant characters accompanying biliteral or triliteral signs are called phonetic complements ( or complementaries ) . They can be placed in front of the sign ( rarely ) , after the sign ( as a general rule ) , or even framing it ( appearing both before and after ) . Ancient Egyptian scribes consistently avoided leaving large areas of blank space in their writing , and might add additional phonetic complements or sometimes even invert the order of signs if this would result in a more aesthetically pleasing appearance ( good scribes attended to the artistic , and even religious , aspects of the hieroglyphs , and would not simply view them as a communication tool ) . Various examples of the use of phonetic complements can be seen below : -- md + d + w ( the complementary d is placed after the sign ) → it reads mdw , meaning `` tongue '' . -- ḫ + p + ḫpr + r + j ( the four complementaries frame the triliteral sign of the scarab beetle ) → it reads ḫpr. j , meaning the name `` Khepri '' , with the final glyph being the determinative for ' ruler or god ' . Notably , phonetic complements were also used to allow the reader to differentiate between signs that are homophones , or which do not always have a unique reading . For example , the symbol of `` the seat '' ( or chair ) : -- This can be read st , ws and ḥtm , according to the word in which it is found .", "9": "The presence of phonetic complements -- and of the suitable determinative -- allows the reader to know which of the three readings to choose : 1st Reading : st -- -- st , written st + t ; the last character is the determinative of `` the house '' or that which is found there , meaning `` seat , throne , place '' ; -- st ( written st + t ; the `` egg '' determinative is used for female personal names in some periods ) , meaning `` Isis '' ; 2nd Reading : ws -- -- wsjr ( written ws+jr , with , as a phonetic complement , `` the eye '' , which is read jr , following the determinative of `` god '' ) , meaning `` Osiris '' ; 3rd Reading : ḥtm -- -- ḥtm. t ( written ḥ + ḥtm + m + t , with the determinative of `` Anubis '' or `` the jackal '' ) , meaning a kind of wild animal ; -- ḥtm ( written ḥ + ḥtm + t , with the determinative of the flying bird ) , meaning `` to disappear '' . Finally , it sometimes happens that the pronunciation of words might be changed because of their connection to Ancient Egyptian : in this case , it is not rare for writing to adopt a compromise in notation , the two readings being indicated jointly . For example , the adjective bnj , `` sweet '' , became bnr . In Middle Egyptian , one can write : -- bnrj ( written b + n + r + i , with determinative ) which is fully read as bnr , the j not being pronounced but retained in order to keep a written connection with the ancient word ( in the same fashion as the English language words through , knife , or victuals , which are no longer pronounced the way they are written . ) Semantic reading Besides a phonetic interpretation , characters can also be read for their meaning : in this instance , logograms are being spoken ( or ideograms ) and semagrams ( the latter are also called determinatives ) . Logograms A hieroglyph used as a logogram defines the object of which it is an image .", "10": "Logograms are therefore the most frequently used common nouns ; they are always accompanied by a mute vertical stroke indicating their status as a logogram ( the usage of a vertical stroke is further explained below ) ; in theory , all hieroglyphs would have the ability to be used as logograms . Logograms can be accompanied by phonetic complements . Here are some examples : -- rꜥ , meaning `` sun '' ; -- pr , meaning `` house '' ; -- swt ( sw+t ) , meaning `` reed '' ; -- ḏw , meaning `` mountain '' . In some cases , the semantic connection is indirect ( metonymic or metaphoric ) : -- nṯr , meaning `` god '' ; the character in fact represents a temple flag ( standard ) ; -- bꜣ , meaning `` Bâ '' ( soul ) ; the character is the traditional representation of a `` bâ '' ( a bird with a human head ) ; -- dšr , meaning `` flamingo '' ; the corresponding phonogram means `` red '' and the bird is associated by metonymy with this color . Determinatives Determinatives or semagrams ( semantic symbols specifying meaning ) are placed at the end of a word . These mute characters serve to clarify what the word is about , as homophonic glyphs are common . If a similar procedure existed in English , words with the same spelling would be followed by an indicator that would not be read , but which would fine - tune the meaning : `` retort ( chemistry ) '' and `` retort ( rhetoric ) '' would thus be distinguished . A number of determinatives exist : divinities , humans , parts of the human body , animals , plants , etc . Certain determinatives possess a literal and a figurative meaning . For example , a roll of papyrus , is used to define `` books '' but also abstract ideas . The determinative of the plural is a shortcut to signal three occurrences of the word , that is to say , its plural ( since the Egyptian language had a dual , sometimes indicated by two strokes ) . This special character is explained below .", "11": "Here , are several examples of the use of determinatives borrowed from the book , Je lis les hiéroglyphes ( `` I am reading hieroglyphs '' ) by Jean Capart , which illustrate their importance : -- nfrw ( w and the three strokes are the marks of the plural : ( literally ) `` the beautiful young people '' , that is to say , the young military recruits . The word has a young - person determinative symbol : -- which is the determinative indicating babies and children ; -- nfr. t (. t is here the suffix that forms the feminine ) : meaning `` the nubile young woman '' , with as the determinative indicating a woman ; -- nfrw ( the tripling of the character serving to express the plural , flexional ending w ) : meaning `` foundations ( of a house ) '' , with the house as a determinative , ; -- nfr : meaning `` clothing '' with as the determinative for lengths of cloth ; -- nfr : meaning `` wine '' or `` beer '' ; with a jug as the determinative . All these words have a meliorative connotation : `` good , beautiful , perfect '' . The Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian by Raymond A. Faulkner , gives some twenty words that are read nfr or which are formed from this word . Additional signs Cartouche Rarely , the names of gods are placed within a cartouche ; the two last names of the sitting king are always placed within a cartouche : jmn - rꜥ , `` Amon - Ra '' ; qljwꜣpdrꜣ. t , `` Cleopatra '' ; Filling stroke A filling stroke is a character indicating the end of a quadrat that would otherwise be incomplete . Signs joined together Some signs are the contraction of several others . These signs have , however , a function and existence of their own : for example , a forearm where the hand holds a scepter is used as a determinative for words meaning `` to direct , to drive '' and their derivatives . Doubling The doubling of a sign indicates its dual ; the tripling of a sign indicates its plural .", "12": "Grammatical signs The vertical stroke , indicating the sign is a logogram ; The two strokes of the `` dual '' and the three strokes of the `` plural '' ; The direct notation of flexional endings , for example : Spelling Standard orthography -- `` correct '' spelling -- in Egyptian is much looser than in modern languages . In fact , one or several variants exist for almost every word . One finds : Redundancies ; Omission of graphemes , which are ignored whether or not they are intentional ; Substitutions of one grapheme for another , such that it is impossible to distinguish a `` mistake '' from an `` alternate spelling '' ; Errors of omission in the drawing of signs , which are much more problematic when the writing is cursive ( hieratic ) writing , but especially demotic , where the schematization of the signs is extreme . However , many of these apparent spelling errors constitute an issue of chronology . Spelling and standards varied over time , so the writing of a word during the Old Kingdom might be considerably different during the New Kingdom . Furthermore , the Egyptians were perfectly content to include older orthography ( `` historical spelling '' ) alongside newer practices , as though it were acceptable in English to use archaic spellings in modern texts . Most often , ancient `` spelling errors '' are simply misinterpretations of context . Today , hieroglyphicists use numerous cataloguing systems ( notably the Manuel de Codage and Gardiner 's Sign List ) to clarify the presence of determinatives , ideograms , and other ambiguous signs in transliteration . Simple examples nomen or birth name Ptolemy in hieroglyphs The glyphs in this cartouche are transliterated as : p `` ua '' l m y ( ii ) s Ptolmys though ii is considered a single letter and transliterated y . Another way in which hieroglyphs work is illustrated by the two Egyptian words pronounced pr ( usually vocalised as per ) . One word is ' house ' , and its hieroglyphic representation is straightforward : Here , the ' house ' hieroglyph works as a logogram : it represents the word with a single sign . The vertical stroke below the hieroglyph is a common way of indicating that a glyph is working as a logogram .", "13": "Another word pr is the verb ' to go out , leave ' . When this word is written , the ' house ' hieroglyph is used as a phonetic symbol : Here , the ' house ' glyph stands for the consonants pr . The ' mouth ' glyph below it is a phonetic complement : it is read as r , reinforcing the phonetic reading of pr . The third hieroglyph is a determinative : it is an ideogram for verbs of motion that gives the reader an idea of the meaning of the word . Encoding and font support Egyptian hieroglyphs were added to the Unicode Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2 which introduced the Egyptian Hieroglyphs block ( U + 13000 -- U + 1342F ) with 1,070 defined characters ( and one reserved codepoint ) . As of July 2013 , four fonts , Aegyptus , NewGardiner , Noto Sans Egyptian Hieroglyphs and JSeshFont support this range . Another font , Segoe UI Historic , comes bundled with Windows 10 and also contains glyphs for the entire Egyptian Hieroglyphs block . See also Ancient Egypt portal List of Egyptian hieroglyphs Gardiner 's sign list Egyptian numerals Egyptian language Middle Bronze Age alphabets Writing in Ancient Egypt Manuel de Codage Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian Notes and references ^ Jump up to : Richard Mattessich ( 2002 ) . `` The oldest writings , and inventory tags of Egypt '' . Accounting Historians Journal . 29 ( 1 ) : 195 -- 208 . JSTOR 40698264 . Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ( 2003 ) ( 1917 ) , Peter Roach , James Hartmann and Jane Setter , eds. , English Pronouncing Dictionary , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 3 - 12 - 539683 - 2 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` hieroglyph '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary .", "14": "^ Jump up to : There were about 1,000 graphemes in the Old Kingdom period , reduced to around 750 to 850 in the classical language of the Middle Kingdom , but inflated to the order of some 5,000 signs in the Ptolemaic period . Antonio Loprieno , Ancient Egyptian : A Linguistic Introduction ( Cambridge : Cambridge UP , 1995 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ The standard inventory of characters used in Egyptology is Gardiner 's sign list ( 1928 -- 1953 ) . A.H. Gardiner ( 1928 ) , Catalogue of the Egyptian hieroglyphic printing type , from matrices owned and controlled by Dr. Alan Gardiner , `` Additions to the new hieroglyphic fount ( 1928 ) '' , in The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 15 ( 1929 ) , p. 95 ; , `` Additions to the new hieroglyphic fount ( 1931 ) '' , in The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 17 ( 1931 ) , pp. 245 - 247 ; A.H. Gardiner , `` Supplement to the catalogue of the Egyptian hieroglyphic printing type , showing acquisitions to December 1953 '' ( 1953 ) . Unicode Egyptian Hieroglyphs as of version 5.2 ( 2009 ) assigned 1,070 Unicode characters . Jump up ^ ἱερογλυφικός , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek -- English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ ἱερός , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek -- English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ γλύφω , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek -- English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ Antonio Loprieno , Ancient Egyptian : A Linguistic Introduction ( Cambridge : Cambridge UP , 1995 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Hieroglyphic Definition of Hieroglyphic by Merriam - Webster '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Sampson ( 1 January 1990 ) .", "15": "Writing Systems : A Linguistic Introduction . Stanford University Press . pp. 78 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1756 - 4 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey W. Bromiley ( June 1995 ) . The international standard Bible encyclopedia . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . pp. 1150 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3784 - 4 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards , et al. , The Cambridge Ancient History ( 3d ed. 1970 ) pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Krebs ; Carolyn A. Krebs ( December 2003 ) . Groundbreaking scientific experiments , inventions , and discoveries of the ancient world . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 91 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31342 - 4 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Simson Najovits , Egypt , Trunk of the Tree : A Modern Survey of an Ancient Land , Algora Publishing , 2004 , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ `` challenge the commonly held belief that early logographs , pictographic symbols representing a specific place , object , or quantity , first evolved into more complex phonetic symbols in Mesopotamia . '' Mitchell , Larkin . `` Earliest Egyptian Glyphs '' . Archaeology . Archaeological Institute of America . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ The latest presently known hieroglyphic inscription date : Birthday of Osiris , year 110 ( of Diocletian ) , dated to August 24 , 394 Jump up ^ Ahmed ibn ' Ali ibn al Mukhtar ibn ' Abd al Karim ( called Ibn Wahshiyah ) ( 1806 ) . Ancient alphabets & hieroglyphic characters explained : with an account of the Egyptian priests , their classes , initiation time , & sacrifices by the aztecs and their birds , in the Arabic language . W. Bulmer & co .", "16": "Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Jean - François Champollion , Letter to M. Dacier , September 27 , 1822 Jump up ^ Sir Alan H. Gardiner , Egyptian Grammar , Third Edition Revised , Griffith Institute ( 2005 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Gardiner , Sir Alan H. ( 1973 ) . Egyptian Grammar . Griffith Institute . ISBN 0 - 900416 - 35 - 1 . Jump up ^ Antonio Loprieno , Ancient Egyptian , A Linguistic Introduction , Cambridge University Press ( 1995 ) , p. 13 Further reading Adkins , Lesley ; Adkins , Roy ( 2000 ) . The Keys of Egypt : The Obsession to Decipher Egyptian Hieroglyphs . HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019439 - 1 . Allen , James P. ( 1999 ) . Middle Egyptian : An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77483 - 7 . Collier , Mark & Bill Manley ( 1998 ) . How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs : a step - by - step guide to teach yourself . British Museum Press . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 1910 - 5 . Selden , Daniel L. ( 2013 ) . Hieroglyphic Egyptian : An Introduction to the Language and Literature of the Middle Kingdom . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 27546 - 2 . Faulkner , Raymond O. ( 1962 ) . Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian . Griffith Institute . ISBN 0 - 900416 - 32 - 7 . Gardiner , Sir Alan H. ( 1957 ) . Egyptian Grammar : Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs , 3rd ed . The Griffith Institute . Hill , Marsha ( 2007 ) . Gifts for the gods : images from Egyptian temples . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 9781588392312 .", "17": "Kamrin , Janice ( 2004 ) . Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs : A Practical Guide . Harry N. Abrams , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4961 - X . McDonald , Angela . Write Your Own Egyptian Hieroglyphs . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2007 ( paperback , ISBN 0 - 520 - 25235 - 7 ) . External links Look up hieroglyph in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Egyptian hieroglyphs . Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics -- Aldokkan Glyphs and Grammars -- Resources for those interested in learning hieroglyphs , compiled by Aayko Eyma Hieroglyphics ! -- Annotated directory of popular and scholarly resources Egyptian Language and Writing Full - text of The stela of Menthu - weser Wikimedia 's hieroglyph writing codes Unicode Fonts for Ancient Scripts -- Ancient scripts free software fonts Ancient Egypt topics Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Funerary practices Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing Egyptology Egyptologists Museums Book Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons Types of writing systems Overview History of writing Grapheme Lists Writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed Languages by writing system / by first written accounts", "18": "( hide ) Types Abjads Numerals Aramaic Hatran Arabic Pitman shorthand Hebrew Ashuri Cursive Rashi Solitreo Tifinagh Manichaean Nabataean Old North Arabian Pahlavi Pegon Phoenician Paleo - Hebrew Proto - Sinaitic Psalter Punic Samaritan South Arabian Zabur Musnad Sogdian Syriac ʾEsṭrangēlā Serṭā Maḏnḥāyā Teeline Shorthand Ugaritic Abugidas Brahmic Northern Asamiya ( Ôxômiya ) Bānglā Bhaikshuki Bhujinmol Brāhmī Devanāgarī Dogri Gujarati Gupta Gurmukhī Kaithi Kalinga Khojki Khotanese Khudawadi Laṇḍā Lepcha Limbu Mahajani Meitei Mayek Modi Multani Nāgarī Nandinagari Odia ' Phags - pa Newar Ranjana Sharada Saurashtra Siddhaṃ Soyombo Sylheti Nagari Takri Tibetan Uchen Umê Tirhuta Tocharian Zanabazar Square Zhang - Zhung Drusha Marchen Marchung Pungs - chen Pungs - chung", "19": "Southern Ahom Balinese Batak Baybayin Bhattiprolu Buhid Burmese Chakma Cham Grantha Goykanadi Hanunó'o Javanese Kadamba Kannada Karen Kawi Khmer Kulitan Lanna Lao Leke Lontara Malayalam Maldivian Dhives Akuru Eveyla Akuru Thaana Mon Old Makassarese Old Sundanese Pallava Pyu Rejang Rencong Sinhala Sundanese Tagbanwa Tai Le Tai Tham Tai Viet Tamil Telugu Thai Tigalari Vatteluttu Kolezhuthu Malayanma Visayan Others Boyd 's syllabic shorthand Canadian syllabics Blackfoot Déné syllabics Fox I Ge'ez Gunjala Gondi Japanese Braille Jenticha Kayah Li Kharosthi Mandombe Masaram Gondi Meroitic Miao Mwangwego Sorang Sompeng Pahawh Hmong Thomas Natural Shorthand Alphabets Linear Abkhaz Adlam Armenian Avestan Avoiuli Bassa Vah Borama Carian Caucasian Albanian Coorgi -- Cox alphabet Coptic Cyrillic Deseret Duployan shorthand Chinook writing Early Cyrillic Eclectic shorthand Elbasan Etruscan Evenki Fox II", "20": "Fraser Gabelsberger shorthand Garay Georgian Asomtavruli Nuskhuri Mkhedruli Glagolitic Gothic Gregg shorthand Greek Greco - Iberian alphabet Hangul Hanifi IPA Kaddare Latin Beneventan Blackletter Carolingian minuscule Fraktur Gaelic Insular Kurrent Merovingian Sigla Sütterlin Tironian notes Visigothic Luo Lycian Lydian Manchu Mandaic Medefaidrin Molodtsov Mongolian Mru Neo-Tifinagh New Tai Lue N'Ko Ogham Oirat Ol Chiki Old Hungarian Old Italic Old Permic Orkhon Old Uyghur Osage Osmanya Pau Cin Hau Runic Anglo - Saxon Cipher Dalecarlian Elder Futhark Younger Futhark Gothic Marcomannic Medieval Staveless Sidetic Shavian Somali Tifinagh Vagindra Visible Speech Vithkuqi Wancho Zaghawa Non-linear Braille Maritime flags Morse code New York Point Semaphore line Flag semaphore Moon type Ideograms / Pictograms Adinkra Aztec Blissymbol Dongba Ersu Shaba Emoji IConji Isotype Kaidā Míkmaq Mixtec New Epoch Notation Painting Nsibidi Ojibwe Hieroglyphs Siglas poveiras", "21": "Testerian Yerkish Zapotec Logograms Chinese family of scripts Chinese Characters Simplified Traditional Oracle bone script Bronze Script Seal Script large small bird - worm Hanja Idu Kanji Chữ nôm Zhuang Chinese - influenced Jurchen Khitan large script Sui Tangut Cuneiform Akkadian Assyrian Elamite Hittite Luwian Sumerian Other logo - syllabic Anatolian Bagam Cretan Isthmian Maya Proto - Elamite Yi ( Classical ) Logo - consonantal Demotic Hieratic Hieroglyphs Numerals Hindu - Arabic Abjad Attic ( Greek ) Muisca Roman Semi-syllabaries Full Celtiberian Northeastern Iberian Southeastern Iberian Khom Redundant Espanca Pahawh Hmong Khitan small script Southwest Paleohispanic Zhuyin fuhao Somacheirograms ASLwrite SignWriting si5s Stokoe Notation Syllabaries Afaka Bamum Bété Byblos Cherokee Cypriot Cypro - Minoan Ditema tsa Dinoko Eskayan Geba Great Lakes", "22": "Algonquian syllabics Iban Japanese Hiragana Katakana Man'yōgana Hentaigana Sogana Jindai moji Kikakui Kpelle Linear B Linear Elamite Lisu Loma Nüshu Nwagu Aneke script Old Persian Cuneiform Vai Woleai Yi ( Modern ) Yugtun Braille ⠃ ⠗ ⠁ ⠊ ⠇ ⠇ ⠑ Braille cell 1829 braille International uniformity ASCII braille Unicode braille patterns Braille scripts French - 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4329295475133508270	where is salt mined in the united states	[ "Hutchinson, Kansas", "Avery Island, Louisiana", "Detroit, Michigan", "Saltville, Virginia", "Western New York and Central New York", "Hutchinson, Kansas", "Avery Island, Louisiana", "Detroit, Michigan", "Saltville, Virginia", "Western New York", "Western New York", "Houston, Texas", "Grand Saline in East Texas", "Hutchinson, Kansas", "Avery Island", "Detroit, Michigan", "Saltville, Virginia", "Western New York", "Central New York", "Syracuse", "Houston, Texas", "Grand Saline in East Texas", "Hutchinson, Kansas", "Avery Island, Louisiana", "Detroit, Michigan", "Saltville, Virginia", "Western New York", "Central New York", "Houston, Texas", "Grand Saline in East Texas", "Hutchinson, Kansas", "Avery Island, Louisiana", "Detroit, Michigan", "Saltville, Virginia", "Western New York and Central New York", "Houston, Texas", "Grand Saline in East Texas" ]	{ "0": "Salt mining - wikipedia Salt mining Jump to : navigation , search This article is about mining for salt . For the secret CIA prison , see Salt Pit . Modern rock - salt mine near Mount Morris , New York A salt mine is a mine from which halite , commonly known as rock salt , is extracted from evaporite formations . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Mining regions around the world 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Diorama of an underground salt mine in Germany . Inside Salina Veche , in Slănic , Prahova , Romania . The railing ( lower middle ) gives the viewer an idea of scale . Before the advent of the modern internal combustion engine and earth moving equipment , mining salt was one of the most expensive and dangerous of operations , due to rapid dehydration caused by constant contact with the salt ( both in the mine passages and scattered in the air as salt dust ) , among other problems borne of accidental excessive sodium intake . While salt is now plentiful , until the Industrial Revolution it was difficult to come by , and salt mining was often done by slave or prison labor and life expectancy among those sentenced was low . In ancient Rome , salt on the table was a mark of a rich patron ; those who sat nearer the host were `` above the salt '' , and those less favored were `` below the salt '' . The Roman historian Pliny the Elder stated as an aside in his Natural History 's discussion of sea water , that `` ( I ) n Rome ... the soldier 's pay was originally salt and the word ' salary ' derives from it ... '' Ancient China was among the earliest civilizations in the world with cultivation and trade of salt mining . They first discovered natural gas when they excavated rock salt . The Chinese writer , poet , and politician Zhang Hua of the Jin Dynasty wrote in his book Bowuzhi how people in Zigong , Sichuan excavated natural gas and used it to boil a rock salt solution . The ancient Chinese gradually mastered and advanced the techniques of producing salt . Salt mining was an arduous task for the ancient Chinese , who faced geographical and technological constraints . Salt was mainly extracted from the sea , and salt works in the coastal areas in late imperial China equated to more than 80 percent of national production .", "1": "In conjunction with this , the Chinese made use of natural crystallization of salt lakes and constructed some artificial evaporation basins close to shore . In 1041 , during the medieval Song dynasty , a well with a diameter about the size of a bowl and several dozen feet deep was drilled for salt production . In Southwestern China , natural salt deposits were mined with bores that could reach to a depth of more than 1000 meters but the yields of ground and salt were relatively low . As salt was a necessity of life for human civilization , salt mining played a pivotal role as one of the most important sources of Imperial Chinese government revenue and state development . Most modern salt mines are privately operated or operated by large multinational companies such K + S , AkzoNobel , Cargill , and Compass Minerals . Mining regions around the world ( edit ) The Crystal Valley region of the Khewra Salt Mines in Pakistan . With around 250,000 visitors a year , the site is a major tourist attraction . A small mosque made of salt bricks inside the Khewra Salt Mines complex Areas known for their salt mines include : Country Site / s Austria Hallstatt and Salzkammergut . Bosnia Tuzla Bulgaria Provadiya ; and Solnitsata , an ancient town believed by Bulgarian archaeologists to be the oldest in Europe and the site of a salt production facility approximately six millennia ago . Canada Sifto Salt Mine in Goderich , Ontario , which , at 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) wide and 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) long , is one of the largest salt mines in the world extending 7 km ( 2.7 sq mi ) . Colombia Zipaquirá England The `` - wich towns '' of Cheshire and Worcestershire . Ethiopia , Eritrea , Djibouti Danakil Desert , where manual labor is used . Germany Rheinberg , Berchtesgaden , Heilbronn Italy Racalmuto , Realmonte and Petralia Soprana within the production sites managed by Italkali . Morocco JMS salt mine in Khemisset .", "2": "N. Ireland Kilroot , near Carrickfergus , more than a century old and containing passages whose combined length exceeds 25 km . Pakistan Khewra Salt Mines , the world 's second largest salt - mining operation , spanning over 300 km . Poland Wieliczka and Bochnia , both established in the mid-13th century and still operating , mostly as museums . Kłodawa Salt Mine . Romania Slănic ( with Salina Veche , Europe 's largest salt mine ) , Cacica , Ocnele Mari , Salina Turda , Târgu Ocna , Ocna Sibiului , Praid and Salina Ocna Dej . Russia Solikamsk United States Hutchinson , Kansas , Underground mining began at Hutchinson in 1923 . In 1990 the Hutchinson Salt Company was formed and purchased the mine . Avery Island , Louisiana ; Detroit , Michigan , 1,100 feet ( 340 m ) beneath which the Detroit Salt Company 's 1,500 - acre ( 10 km ) subterranean complex extends ; Saltville , Virginia , which served as the site of one of the Confederacy 's main saltworks . Western New York and Central New York , location of American Rock Salt , the largest operating salt mine in the United States with a capacity for producing up to 18,000 tons each day . Syracuse earned the nickname `` The Salt City '' for its salt mining , an activity that continues in the region to the present day . Houston , Texas , near Minute Maid Park is a newly discovered saltworks . Grand Saline in East Texas has a Morton Salt mine . It is one of the largest in the world . See also ( edit ) Salt mines Khewra Schacht Asse II Turda Wieliczka Windsor General Salt evaporation pond Salt lake Salt dome Miner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Oilfield Glossary : Term ' evaporite ' '' . Glossary.oilfield.slb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Plinius Naturalis Historia XXXI . ' ' '' . Penelope.uchicago.edu .", "3": "Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Peter ( 2017 ) . Studies in the History of Tax Law . 8 . Hart Publications ( published August 10 , 2017 ) . p. 518 . ISBN 978 - 1509908370 . Jump up ^ Deng , Yinke ( 2011 ) . `` Ancient Chinese Inventions '' . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0521186926 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Höllmann , Thomas O. ( 2013 ) . The Land of the Five Flavors : A Cultural History of Chinese Cuisine . Columbia University Press ( published November 26 , 2013 ) . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0231161862 . Jump up ^ Deng , Yinke ( 2011 ) . `` Ancient Chinese Inventions '' . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0521186926 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Maugh II , Thomas H. ( 1 November 2012 ) . `` Bulgarians find oldest European town , a salt production center '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Industries in Godrich '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV - Geologic Journey - Goderich , Ontario and Detroit Michigan '' . CBC 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Salt mine in the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia , 2015 '' . Independent Travellers . independent-travellers.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italkali Spa - Production Sites '' . Archived from the original ( online ) on 2012 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Detroit Salt Company -- Explore the City under the City '' . Archived from the original ( online ) on 2009 - 04 - 12 .", "4": "Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Spector , Joseph ( 13 Jan 2015 ) . `` American Rock Salt to expand in LIvingston '' . Democrat and Chronicle . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All 17 Cargill Salt Miners Trapped on Underground Elevator Freed '' . NBC News . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salt mining . JMS Salt - production site ( hide ) Salt History History of salt In the American Civil War International Salt Co.", "5": "v. United States In Middlewich Old Salt Route In Chinese history Salt March Salt road Types Abraum Alaea Alberger Bittern Black lava Butter Celery Curing Cyclic Dairy Flake Fleur de sel Garlic Himalayan Iodised Kala namak Kosher ( Korean sea ) LoSalt Calcium chloride Pickling Potassium chloride Potassium nitrate Sodium nitrate Onion Rock Sea salt Seasoned Sel gris Smoked Truffle Food usage Brining Salting Brined cheese Salt - cured meat Salted fish Health effects Salt and cardiovascular disease Commerce and industry Salt Industry Commission Evaporation pond Production Salt mining Open - pan salt making List of countries by salt production By region In Cheshire In Ghana In Syracuse , New York Culture Salt in the Bible Salting the earth Miscellaneous Mineral lick Smelling salts Ximenes Redoubt GND : 4131710 - 5 Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_mining&oldid=833227765 '' Categories : Salt mines Ancient Roman technology Chinese inventions Mining Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using columns with the default column width Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Română Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 10 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2840415450119119129	who started the guinness book of world records	[ "Sir Hugh Beaver,", "Norris and Ross McWhirter", "Sir Hugh Beaver", "Sir Hugh Beaver", "brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter", "The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver", "co-founded by brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter", "Hugh Beaver", "Norris and Ross McWhirter" ]	{ "0": "Guinness World Records - wikipedia Guinness World Records Jump to : navigation , search Guinness World Records Editor Craig Glenday ( ed . ) Cover artist Simon Jones Language English , Arabic , Azerbaijani , Bulgarian , Chinese , Croatian , Czech , Danish , Dutch , Estonian , Filipino , Finnish , French , German , Greek , Hebrew , Hungarian , Icelandic , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Latvian , Lithuanian , Norwegian , Persian , Polish , Portuguese , Romanian , Russian , Slovak , Slovene , Spanish , Swedish and Turkish Subject World Records Genre Reference Publisher Jim Pattison Group Publication date 10 November 1951 -- present Published in English 27 August 1955 -- present Media type Book , television Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best - selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2017 edition , it is now in its 62nd year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records ; the organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Evolution 3 Defining records 3.1 Ethical and safety issues 3.2 Difficulty in defining records 4 Verifying existing records 5 Museums 6 Television series 7 Gamer 's edition 8 British pop music volume 9 Other media 9.1 Video games 9.2 Film 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) On 10 November 1951 , Sir Hugh Beaver , then the managing director of the Guinness Breweries , went on a shooting party in the North Slob , by the River Slaney in County Wexford , Ireland . After missing a shot at a golden plover , he became involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe , the golden plover or the red grouse ( it is the plover ) . That evening at Castlebridge House , he realized that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europe 's fastest game bird . Beaver knew that there must be numerous other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland and abroad , but there was no book in the world with which to settle arguments about records . He realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful . Beaver 's idea became reality when Guinness employee Christopher Chataway recommended University friends Norris and Ross McWhirter , who had been running a fact - finding agency in London . The twin brothers were commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of Records in August 1954 . A thousand copies were printed and given away . After the founding of The Guinness Book of Records at 107 Fleet Street , London , the first 198 - page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British best seller lists by Christmas . The following year , it launched in the US , and sold 70,000 copies . Since then , Guinness World Records has become a household name and the global leader in world records . The book has gone on to become a record breaker in its own right ; with sales of more than 100 million copies in 100 different countries and 37 languages , Guinness World Records is the world 's best selling copyright book ever .", "2": "Japanese competitive eater Takeru Kobayashi with two Guinness World Record certificates The North Beach ( Nazaré , Portugal ) listed on the Guinness World Records for the biggest waves ever surfed . Because the book became a surprise hit , many further editions were printed , eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year , published in September / October , in time for Christmas . The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years . Both brothers had an encyclopedic memory ; on the TV series Record Breakers , based upon the book , they would take questions posed by children in the audience on various world records and were able to give the correct answer . Ross McWhirter was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1975 . Following Ross ' assassination , the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was called Norris on the Spot . Guinness Superlatives ( later Guinness World Records ) Limited was formed in 1954 to publish the first book . Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades . The group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001 , when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment . Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002 . In 2006 , Apax Partners purchased HiT and subsequently sold Guinness World Records in early 2008 to the Jim Pattison Group , the parent company of Ripley Entertainment , which is licensed to operate Guinness World Records ' Attractions . With offices in New York City and Tokyo , Guinness World Records ' global headquarters remain in London , while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando , Florida , US . Evolution ( edit ) Lucky Diamond Rich is `` the world 's most tattooed person '' , and has tattoos covering his entire body . He holds the Guinness world record as of 2006 , being 100 percent tattooed . Recent editions have focused on record feats by person competitors . Competitions range from obvious ones such as Olympic weightlifting to the longest egg tossing distances , or for longest time spent playing Grand Theft Auto IV or the number of hot dogs that can be consumed in ten minutes , although eating and alcohol consumption entries are no longer accepted , possibly for fear of litigation .", "3": "Besides records about competitions , it contains such facts as the heaviest tumour , the most poisonous plant , the shortest river ( Roe River ) , the two longest - running dramas ( General Hospital and Guiding Light ) in the US , and the world 's most successful salesman ( Joe Girard ) , among others . Many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved something , such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world , being Maurizio Giuliano . Clyde Beatty holds the record for mixing 40 lions and tigers in one cage with himself Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness database , as well as select new records ; the criteria for inclusion having changed over the years . The ousting of Norris McWhirter from his consulting role in 1995 and the subsequent decision by Diageo Plc to sell the Guinness World Records brand have shifted it from a text - oriented to an illustrated reference book ( `` style over substance '' ) . The majority of world records are no longer listed in the book or on the website , and can only be determined by a written application to Guinness to ' break ' the record . For those unable to wait the 4 -- 6 weeks for a reply , Guinness will process a ' fast - track ' application for £ 300 ( US $450 ) ( EU300 ) . The Guinness Book of Records is the world 's most sold copyrighted book , earning it an entry within its own pages . A number of spin - off books and television series have also been produced . Guinness World Records bestowed the record of `` Person with the most records '' on Ashrita Furman of Queens , NY in April 2009 . At that time , he held 100 records . In 2005 , Guinness designated 9 November as International Guinness World Records Day to encourage breaking of world records . In 2006 , an estimated 100,000 people participated in over 10 countries . Guinness reported 2,244 new records in 12 months , which was a 173 % increase over the previous year . In February 2008 , NBC aired The Top 100 Guinness World Records of All Time and Guinness World Records made the complete list available on their website .", "4": "Defining Records ( edit ) Sultan Kösen ( Turkey ) is the tallest living person since 17 September 2009 , as verified by Guinness World Records . Play media Cracking open a wheel of Parmigiano - Reggiano cheese as a part of a 2013 world record by Whole Foods Market . For many records , Guinness World Records is the effective authority on the exact requirements for them and with whom records reside , the company providing adjudicators to events to determine the veracity of record attempts . The list of records which the Guinness World Records covers is not fixed ; records may be added and also removed for various reasons . The public are invited to submit applications for records , which can be either the bettering of existing records or substantial achievements which could constitute a new record . The company also provides corporate services for companies to `` harness the power of record - breaking to deliver tangible success for their businesses . '' Ethical and safety issues ( edit ) Steven Petrosino drinking 1 litre of beer in 1.3 seconds in June 1977 . Petrosino set record times for 250 ml , 500 ml and 1.5 litres as well , but Guinness accepted only the record for one litre . They later dropped all beer and alcohol records from their compendium in 1991 , and reinstated the records in 2008 . Guinness World Records states several types of records it will not accept for ethical reasons , such as those related to the killing or harming of animals . Several world records that were once included in the book have been removed for ethical reasons , including concerns for the well being of potential record breakers . For example , following publication of a `` heaviest fish '' record , many fish owners overfed their pets beyond the bounds of what was healthy , and therefore such entries were removed . The Guinness Book also dropped records within their `` eating and drinking records '' section of Human Achievements in 1991 over concerns that potential competitors could harm themselves and expose the publisher to potential litigation . These changes included the removal of all spirit , wine , and beer drinking records , along with other unusual records for consuming such unlikely things as bicycles and trees . Other records , such as sword swallowing and rally driving ( on public roads ) , were closed from further entry as the current holders had performed beyond what are considered safe human tolerance levels .", "5": "There have been instances of closed records being reopened . For example , the sword swallowing record was listed as closed in the 1990 Guinness Book of World Records , but the Guinness World Records Primetime TV show , which started in 1998 , accepted three sword swallowing challenges ( and so did the 2007 edition of the Guinness World Records onwards ) . Similarly , the speed beer drinking records which were dropped from the book in 1991 , reappeared 17 years later in the 2008 edition , but were moved from the `` Human Achievements '' section of the older book to the `` Modern Society '' section of the newer edition . As of 2011 , it is required in the guidelines of all `` large food '' type records that the item be fully edible , and distributed to the public for consumption , to prevent food wastage . Chain letters are also not allowed : `` Guinness World Records does not accept any records relating to chain letters , sent by post or e-mail . If you receive a letter or an e-mail , which may promise to publish the names of all those who send it on , please destroy it , it is a hoax . No matter if it says that Guinness World Records and the postal service are involved , they are not . '' Difficulty in defining Records ( edit ) For some potential categories , Guinness World Records has declined to list some records that are too difficult or impossible to determine . For example , its website states : `` We do not accept any claims for beauty as it is not objectively measurable . '' On 10 December 2010 , Guinness World Records stopped its new `` dreadlock '' category after investigation of its first and only female title holder , Asha Mandela , determining it was impossible to judge this record accurately . Verifying existing Records ( edit ) Guinness World Records website publishes selected records and is not supposed to be used for the record verification purposes , as it explains : `` There are more than 40,000 current records in our database and we try our best to feature as many as possible online . We currently include over 15,000 records online which we update every week , so make sure to check the site regularly ! '' . The book printed annually contains only 4000 records . The only way to verify a record is by contacting Guinness , expecting average response time of 2 weeks .", "6": "Museums ( edit ) Guinness Museum in Hollywood In 1976 , a Guinness Book of World Records museum opened in the Empire State Building . Speed shooter Bob Munden then went on tour promoting The Guinness Book of World Records by performing his record fast draws with a standard weight single - action revolver from a western movie type holster . His fastest time for a draw was 0.02 seconds . Among exhibits were life - size statues of the world 's tallest man ( Robert Wadlow ) and world 's largest earth worm , an X-ray photo of a sword swallower , repeated lightning strike victim Roy Sullivan 's hat complete with lightning holes and a pair of gem - studded golf shoes on sale for $6500 . The museum closed in 1995 . In more recent years , the Guinness company has permitted the franchising of small museums with displays based on the book , all currently ( as of 2010 ) located in towns popular with tourists : Tokyo , Copenhagen , San Antonio . There were once Guinness World Records museums and exhibitions at the London Trocadero , Bangalore , San Francisco , Myrtle Beach , Orlando , Atlantic City , New Jersey , and Las Vegas , Nevada . The Orlando museum , which closed in 2002 , was branded The Guinness Records Experience ; the Hollywood , Niagara Falls , Copenhagen , and Gatlinburg , Tennessee museums also previously featured this branding . Television series ( edit ) Guinness World Records has commissioned various television series documenting world record breaking attempts , including : Country Name Network Broadcast Host ( s ) Australia Australia 's Guinness World Records Seven Network 2005 Grant Denyer Shelley Craft Australia Smashes Guinness World Records James Kerley Bulgaria Световните рекорди Гинес bTV 2006 -- 2007 Krasimir Vankov China The Night of Guinness in China CCTV 2006 -- Wang Xuechun Zhu Xun Lin Hai France L'émission des records ( 1999 -- 2002 ) L'été des records ( 2001 ) TF1 1999 -- 2002 Vincent Perrot L'été de tous les records ( 2003 -- 2005 ) 50 ans ,", "7": "50 records ( 2004 ) France 3 2003 -- 2005 Pierre Sled La nuit des records France 2 2006 Olivier Minne Adriana Karembeu Le monde des records W9 2008 -- 2010 Alexandre Devoise Karine Ferri Les trésors du livre des records Gulli 2015 Fauve Hautot Willy Rovelli Germany Guinness World Records - Die größten Weltrekorde RTL Television 2004 -- 2008 Oliver Welke ( 2004 ) Oliver Geissen ( 2005 -- 2008 ) India Guinness World Records -- Ab India Todega Colors TV 2011 Preity Zinta Shabbir Ahluwalia Italy Lo show dei record Canale 5 2006 ( pilot ) 2008 -- 2012 2015 Barbara d'Urso ( 1 -- 2 ) Paola Perego ( 3 ) Gerry Scotti ( 4 ,", "8": "6 ) Teo Mammucari ( 5 ) New Zealand NZ Smashes Guinness World Records TV2 2009 Marc Ellis Philippines Guinness Book of World Records Philippine Edition ABC Cookie Calabig Poland Światowe Rekordy Guinnessa Polsat 2009 -- 2011 Maciej Dowbor Portugal Guinness World Records Portugal SIC 2014 Rita Andrade João Ricardo Spain El show de los récords Antena 3 2001 -- 2002 Mar Saura Manu Carreño Mónica Martínez Guinness World Records Telecinco 2009 Carmen Alcayde Luis Alfonso Muñoz Sweden Guinness rekord - TV TV3 1999 -- 2000 Mårten Andersson ( 1999 ) Linda Nyberg ( 1999 ) Harald Treutiger ( 2000 ) Suzanne Sjögren ( 2000 ) United Kingdom Record Breakers BBC1 1972 -- 2001 Roy Castle ( 1972 -- 1993 ) Norris McWhirter ( 1972 -- 85 ) Ross McWhirter ( 1972 -- 75 ) Guinness World Records ( UK ) ITV 1999 -- 2001 Ian Wright Kate Charman Ultimate Guinness World Records Challenge Jamie Rickers Guinness World Records Smashed Sky1 2008 -- 2009 Steve Jones Konnie Huq Totally Bonkers Guinness Book of Records ITV2 2012 -- 2015 Matt Edmondson Officially Amazing CBBC 2013 -- Ben Shires United States The Guinness Game Syndicated 1979 -- 1980 Bob Hilton Don Galloway Guinness World Records Primetime Fox 1998 -- 2001 Cris Collinsworth Mark Thompson Guinness World Records Unleashed / Gone Wild truTV 2013 -- 2014 Dan Cortese Specials : Guinness World Records : 50 Years , 50 Records - on ITV ( UK ) , 11 September 2004 With the popularity of reality television ,", "9": "Guinness World Records began to market itself as the originator of the television genre , with slogans such as we wrote the book on Reality TV . Suresh Joachim Arulanantham is a Tamil Canadian film actor and producer and multiple - Guinness World Record holder who has broken over 50 world records set in several countries in attempts to benefit the underprivileged children around the world . Some world record attempts are more unusual than others : he is pictured here minutes away from breaking the ironing world record at 55 hours and 5 minutes , at Shoppers World , Brampton . Gamer 's edition ( edit ) Not to be confused with Guinness World Records : The Videogame . In 2008 , Guinness World Records released its gamer 's edition in association with Twin Galaxies . The Gamer 's Edition contains 258 pages , over 1236 video game related world records and four interviews including one with Twin Galaxies founder Walter Day . The most recent edition is the Guinness World Records Gamer 's Edition , 2018 , which was released August 29 , 2017 . British pop music volume ( edit ) Main article : British Hit Singles & Albums The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums was published from 2003 to 2006 , based on two earlier , separate HiT publications , British Hit Singles and British Hit Albums , which began in 1977 . It was effectively replaced ( in singles part ) by the Virgin Book of British Hit Singles from 2007 onward . Other media ( edit ) Video games ( edit ) A video game , Guinness World Records : The Video Game , was developed by TT Fusion and released for Nintendo DS , Wii and iOS in November 2008 . Film ( edit ) In 2012 , Warner Bros. announced the development of a live - action film version of Guinness World Records with Daniel Chun as scriptwriter . The film version will apparently use the heroic achievements of record holders as the basis for a narrative that should have global appeal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Corporate '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 19 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 24 January 2012 .", "10": "Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Book '' . Guinness Record Book Collecting . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Fionn Davenport ( 2010 ) . Ireland . Lonely Planet . p. 193 . ISBN 9781742203508 . Jump up ^ `` Early history of Guinness World Records '' . 2005 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Cavendish , Richard ( August 2005 ) . `` Publication of the Guinness Book of Records : 27 August 1955 '' . History Today . 55 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2005 . Guinness ; 50th Anniversary edition . 2004 . p. 6 . ISBN 1892051222 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness Book History 1950 - Present '' . spyhunter007.com . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records Corporate - Home '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Record Breakers ' McWhirter dies '' . BBC News . 20 April 2004 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Guinness Book of World Records ( UK ed . ) . 2006 . p. 126 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records honors one man 's historic milestone -- 100 Records Broken ! -- Guinness World Records Blog post '' . community.guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records Shatter Across the Globe in Honor of Guinness World Records Day 2006 '' . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records Live : Top 100 . Guinness World Records . Retrieved on 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Whey to go : Whole Foods Market ® cracks Parmigiano Reggiano Guinness World Records ® Title '' . Yahoo Finance . 22 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 .", "11": "Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records Corportate '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Beer Record '' . 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video clip '' . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` IS YOUR PROPOSAL A POTENTIAL GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS TM ACHIEVEMENT ? '' . `` Guinness World Records '' . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Fish World Records . Fish - World . Retrieved on 19 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Guinness Book of World Records . 1990 . p. 464 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Record Book Entry '' . Guinness World Beer Record . 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Record Book Entry 2008 '' . Guinness World Beer Record . 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Dreadlock Record -- Rested -- Guinness World Records Blog post -- Home of the Longest , Shortest , Fastest , Tallest facts and feats '' . Community.guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Munden Six - Gun Magic Custom Gunsmithing - Bob & Becky Munden - Six - Gun Magic Gunwork '' . bobmunden.com . Jump up ^ In Praise of Facts , by John Leonard , the introduction to the New York Times Desk Reference Jump up ^ `` Travel & Outdoors - The Good , The Bad , The Ugly : A 1995 Travel Retrospective - Seattle Times Newspaper '' . nwsource.com . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Robert H. `` The Guinness World Records Experience : one of Florida 's Lost Tourist Attractions '' .", "12": "Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Ripley Entertainment , Inc . `` Guinness World Records Experience locations '' . Archived from the original on 20 January 2009 . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ripley Entertainment , Inc. ( 20 November 2002 ) . `` Guinness World Records Experience locations '' . Internet Archive Wayback Machine . Archived from the original on 20 November 2002 . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness Book of World Records could be next big brand name to hit cinemas '' . Guardian . 8 June 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guinness World Records . 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6770911139022104689	which president supported the creation of the environmental protection agency (epa)	[ "Richard Nixon", "Richard Nixon", "President Richard Nixon", "Richard Nixon", "President Richard Nixon" ]	{ "0": "United states Environmental Protection agency - wikipedia United states Environmental Protection agency Jump to : navigation , search `` EPA '' and `` Environmental Protection Agency '' redirect here . For other uses , see EPA ( disambiguation ) . Environmental Protection Agency EPA Seal of the Environmental Protection Agency Flag of the Environmental Protection Agency Agency overview Formed December 2 , 1970 ; 47 years ago ( 1970 - 12 - 02 ) Headquarters William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building Washington , D.C. , U.S. 38 ° 53 ′ 38 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 44 '' W / 38.8939 ° N 77.0289 ° W / 38.8939 ; - 77.0289 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 38 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 44 '' W / 38.8939 ° N 77.0289 ° W / 38.8939 ; - 77.0289 Employees 15,376 ( 2016 ) Annual budget $8,139,887,000 ( 2016 ) Agency executives Scott Pruitt , Administrator Mike Flynn , Acting Deputy Administrator Website www.EPA.gov The United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA or sometimes U.S. EPA ) is an agency of the federal government of the United States which was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress . President Richard Nixon proposed the establishment of EPA and it began operation on December 2 , 1970 , after Nixon signed an executive order . The order establishing the EPA was ratified by committee hearings in the House and Senate . The agency is led by its Administrator , who is appointed by the President and approved by Congress . The current Administrator is Scott Pruitt . The EPA is not a Cabinet department , but the Administrator is normally given cabinet rank . The EPA has its headquarters in Washington , D.C. , regional offices for each of the agency 's ten regions , and 27 laboratories . The agency conducts environmental assessment , research , and education . It has the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing national standards under a variety of environmental laws , in consultation with state , tribal , and local governments .", "1": "It delegates some permitting , monitoring , and enforcement responsibility to U.S. states and the federally recognized tribes . EPA enforcement powers include fines , sanctions , and other measures . The agency also works with industries and all levels of government in a wide variety of voluntary pollution prevention programs and energy conservation efforts . In 2016 , the agency had 15,376 full - time employees . More than half of EPA 's employees are engineers , scientists , and environmental protection specialists ; other employees include legal , public affairs , financial , and information technologists . In 2017 the Trump administration proposed a 31 % cut to the EPA 's budget to $5.7 billion from $8.1 billion and to eliminate a quarter of the agency jobs . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Organization 2.1 Offices 2.2 Regions 3 Related legislation 3.1 Air 3.2 Water 3.3 Land 3.4 Endangered species 3.5 Hazardous waste 3.6 Other 4 Programs 4.1 EPA Safer Choice 4.2 Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative 4.3 Energy Star 4.4 Smart Growth 4.5 Pesticides 4.6 Fuel economy 4.7 Air quality 4.8 Oil spill prevention program 4.9 Toxics Release Inventory 4.10 WaterSense 4.11 Drinking water 4.12 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 4.13 Radiation protection 4.14 Tools for Schools 4.15 Environmental Education 4.16 Environmental Impact Statement Reviews 4.17 Clean School Bus USA 4.18 Environmental justice 4.18.", "2": "1 Barriers to enforcing environmental justice 5 Research vessel , 2004 -- 2013 6 Advance identification 7 Freedom of Information Act processing performance 8 Controversies ( 1983 -- present ) 8.1 Fiscal mismanagement , 1983 8.2 Political pressure and scientific integrity , 2001 -- present 8.3 Fuel economy , 2005 -- 2010 8.4 Mercury emissions , 2005 8.5 Climate change , 2007 -- 2010 8.6 Gold King Mine waste water spill , 2015 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Stacks emitting smoke from burning discarded automobile batteries , photo taken in Houston in 1972 by Marc St. Gil ( cs ) , official photographer of recently founded EPA Same smokestacks in 1975 after the plant was closed in a push for greater environmental protection Beginning in the late 1950s and through the 1960s , Congress reacted to increasing public concern about the impact that human activity could have on the environment . Senator James E. Murray introduced a bill , the Resources and Conservation Act of 1959 , in the 86th Congress . The 1962 publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson alerted the public about the detrimental effects on the environment of the indiscriminate use of pesticides . In the years following , similar bills were introduced and hearings were held to discuss the state of the environment and Congress 's potential responses . In 1968 , a joint House -- Senate colloquium was convened by the chairmen of the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs , Senator Henry M. Jackson , and the House Committee on Science and Astronautics , Representative George Miller , to discuss the need for and means of implementing a national environmental policy . In the colloquium , some members of Congress expressed a continuing concern over federal agency actions affecting the environment . The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 ( NEPA ) was modeled on RCA . That bill would have established a Council on Environmental Quality in the office of the President , declared a national environmental policy , and required the preparation of an annual environmental report . President Nixon signed NEPA into law on January 1 , 1970 .", "3": "The law created the Council on Environmental Quality ( CEQ ) in the Executive Office of the President . NEPA required that a detailed statement of environmental impacts be prepared for all major federal actions significantly affecting the environment . The `` detailed statement '' would ultimately be referred to as an environmental impact statement ( EIS ) . Ruckelshaus sworn in as first EPA Administrator . On July 9 , 1970 , Nixon proposed an executive reorganization that consolidated many environmental responsibilities of the federal government under one agency , a new Environmental Protection Agency . After conducting hearings during that summer , the House and Senate approved the proposal . The agency 's first Administrator , William Ruckelshaus , took the oath of office on December 4 , 1970 . EPA staff recall that in the early days there was `` an enormous sense of purpose and excitement '' and the expectation that `` there was this agency which was going to do something about a problem that clearly was on the minds of a lot of people in this country , '' leading to tens of thousands of resumes from those eager to participate in the mighty effort to clean up America 's environment . When EPA first began operation , members of the private sector felt strongly that the environmental protection movement was a passing fad . Ruckelshaus stated that he felt pressure to show a public which was deeply skeptical about government 's effectiveness , that EPA could respond effectively to widespread concerns about pollution . Organization ( edit ) The EPA is led by an Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency . As of 2017 Scott Pruitt is the 14th Administrator .", "4": "Offices ( edit ) Office of the Administrator ( OA ) which as of March 2017 consisted of 11 divisions , the Office of Administrative and Executive Services , Office of Children 's Health Protection , Office of Civil Rights , Office of Congressional and Intergovernmental Relations , Office of the Executive Secretariat , Office of Homeland Security , Office of Policy , Office of Public Affairs , Office of Public Engagement and Environmental Education , Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization , Science Advisory Board Office of Administration and Resources Management ( OARM ) Office of Air and Radiation ( OAR ) Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention ( OCSPP ) Office of the Chief Financial Officer ( OCFO ) Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance ( OECA ) Office of Environmental Information ( OEI ) Office of General Counsel ( OGC ) Office of Inspector General ( OIG ) Office of International and Tribal Affairs ( OITA ) Office of Research and Development ( ORD ) which as of March 2017 consisted of the National Center for Computational Toxicology , National Center for Environmental Assessment , National Center for Environmental Research , National Exposure Research Laboratory , National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , National Homeland Security Research Center , National Risk Management Research Laboratory Office of Land and Emergency Management ( OLEM ) which as of March 2017 consisted of the Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation , Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery , Office of Underground Storage Tanks , Office of Brownfields and Land Revitalization , Office of Emergency Management , Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office . Office of Water ( OW ) which as of March 2017 consisted of the Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water ( OGWDW ) , Office of Science and Technology ( OST ) , Office of Wastewater Management ( OWM ) and Office of Wetlands , Oceans and Watersheds ( OWOW ) . Regions ( edit ) The administrative regions of the United States Environmental Protection Agency . Creating 10 EPA regions was an initiative that came from President Richard Nixon . See Standard Federal Regions . Each EPA regional office is responsible within its states for implementing the Agency 's programs , except those programs that have been specifically delegated to states . Region 1 : responsible within the states of Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Vermont ( New England ) .", "5": "Region 2 : responsible within the states of New Jersey and New York . It is also responsible for the US territories of Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . Region 3 : responsible within the states of Delaware , Maryland , Pennsylvania , Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia . Region 4 : responsible within the states of Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Tennessee . Region 5 : responsible within the states of Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Minnesota , Ohio , and Wisconsin . Region 6 : responsible within the states of Arkansas , Louisiana , New Mexico , Oklahoma , and Texas . Region 7 : responsible within the states of Iowa , Kansas , Missouri , and Nebraska . Region 8 : responsible within the states of Colorado , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Utah , and Wyoming . Region 9 : responsible within the states of Arizona , California , Hawaii , Nevada , the territories of Guam and American Samoa , and the Navajo Nation . Region 10 : responsible within the states of Alaska , Idaho , Oregon , and Washington . Each regional office also implements programs on Indian Tribal lands , except those programs delegated to tribal authorities . Related legislation ( edit ) The laws below are general environmental protection measures , and may also apply to other units of the government , including the Department of the Interior and the Department of Agriculture . Air ( edit ) 1955 : Air Pollution Control Act PL 84 - 159 1963 : Clean Air Act PL 88 - 206 1965 : Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act PL 89 - 272 1966 : Clean Air Act Amendments PL 89 - 675 1967 : Air Quality Act PL 90 - 148 1970 : Clean Air Act Extension PL 91 - 604 1977 : Clean Air Act Amendments PL 95 - 95 1990 : Clean Air Act Amendments PL 101 - 549 Water ( edit ) 1948 : Water Pollution Control Act PL 80 - 845 1965 : Water Quality Act PL 89 - 234 1966 : Clean Waters Restoration Act PL 89 - 753 1970 : Water Quality Improvement Act PL 91 - 224", "6": "1972 : Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972 PL 92 - 500 1974 : Safe Drinking Water Act PL 93 - 523 1977 : Clean Water Act PL 95 - 217 1987 : Water Quality Act PL 100 - 4 1996 : Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 Land ( edit ) 1964 : Wilderness Act PL 88 - 577 1968 : Wild and Scenic Rivers Act PL 90 - 542 1970 : Wilderness Act PL 91 - 504 1977 : Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act PL 95 - 87 1978 : Wilderness Act PL 98 - 625 1980 : Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act PL 96 - 487 1994 : California Desert Protection Act PL 103 - 433 2010 : California Desert Protection Act Endangered species ( edit ) 1946 : Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act PL 79 - 732 1966 : Endangered Species Preservation Act PL 89 - 669 1969 : Endangered Species Conservation Act PL 91 - 135 1972 : Marine Mammal Protection Act PL 92 - 522 1973 : Endangered Species Act PL 93 - 205 1979 : Endangered Species Preservation Act PL 95 335 Hazardous waste ( edit ) 1965 : Solid Waste Disposal Act PL 89 - 272 1970 : Resource Recovery Act PL 91 - 512 1976 : Resource Conservation and Recovery Act PL 94 - 580 1980 : Comprehensive Environmental Response , Compensation , and Liability Act ( `` Superfund '' ) PL 96 - 510 1984 : Hazardous and Solid Wastes Amendments Act PL 98 - 616 1986 : Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act PL 99 - 499 2002 : Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act ( `` Brownfields Law '' ) PL 107 - 118 Other ( edit ) 1947 : Federal Insecticide , Fungicide ,", "7": "and Rodenticide Act PL 80 - 104 1969 : National Environmental Policy Act PL 91 - 190 1972 : Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act PL 92 - 516 1976 : Toxic Substances Control Act PL 94 - 469 1982 : Nuclear Waste Policy Act PL 97 - 425 1996 : Food Quality Protection Act PL 104 - 170 Programs ( edit ) A bulldozer piles boulders in an attempt to prevent lake shore erosion , 1973 ( photograph by Paul Sequeira , photojournalist and contributing photographer to the Environmental Protection Agency 's DOCUMERICA project in the early 1970s ) This section is missing information about several major EPA programs . Please expand the section to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( October 2010 ) It is worth noting that , in looking back in 2013 on the agency he helped shape from the beginning , Administrator William Ruckelshaus observed that a danger for EPA was that air , water , waste and other programs would be unconnected , placed in `` silos , '' a problem that persists more than 50 years later , albeit less so than at the start . EPA safer Choice ( edit ) The EPA Safer Choice label , previously known as the Design for the Environment ( DfE ) label , helps consumers and commercial buyers identify and select products with safer chemical ingredients , without sacrificing quality or performance . When a product has the Safer Choice label , it means that every intentionally - added ingredient in the product has been evaluated by EPA scientists . Only the safest possible functional ingredients are allowed in products with the Safer Choice label . Safer Detergents Stewardship initiative ( edit ) Through the Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative ( SDSI ) , EPA 's Design for the Environment ( DfE ) recognizes environmental leaders who voluntarily commit to the use of safer surfactants . Safer surfactants are the ones that break down quickly to non-polluting compounds and help protect aquatic life in both fresh and salt water . Nonylphenol ethoxylates , commonly referred to as NPEs , are an example of a surfactant class that does not meet the definition of a safer surfactant .", "8": "The Design for the Environment , which was renamed to EPA Safer Choice in 2015 , has identified safer alternative surfactants through partnerships with industry and environmental advocates . These safer alternatives are comparable in cost and are readily available . CleanGredients is a source of safer surfactants . Energy Star ( edit ) In 1992 the EPA launched the Energy Star program , a voluntary program that fosters energy efficiency . As of 2006 , more than 40,000 Energy Star products were available including major appliances , office equipment , lighting , home electronics , and more . In addition , the label can also be found on new homes and commercial and industrial buildings . In 2006 , about 12 percent of new housing in the United States was labeled Energy Star . The EPA estimates it saved about $14 billion in energy costs in 2006 alone . The Energy Star program has helped spread the use of LED traffic lights , efficient fluorescent lighting , power management systems for office equipment , and low standby energy use . Smart Growth ( edit ) EPA 's Smart Growth Program , which began in 1998 , is to help communities improve their development practices and get the type of development they want . Together with local , state , and national experts , EPA encourages development strategies that protect human health and the environment , create economic opportunities , and provide attractive and affordable neighborhoods for people of all income levels . Pesticides ( edit ) EPA administers the Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( FIFRA ) ( which is much older than the agency ) and registers all pesticides legally sold in the United States . Fuel economy ( edit ) Manufacturers selling automobiles in the United States are required to provide EPA fuel economy test results for their vehicles and the manufacturers are not allowed to provide results from alternate sources . The fuel economy is calculated using the emissions data collected during two of the vehicle 's Clean Air Act certification tests by measuring the total volume of carbon captured from the exhaust during the tests . The testing system was originally developed in 1972 and used driving cycles designed to simulate driving during rush - hour in Los Angeles during that era . Until 1984 the EPA reported the exact fuel economy figures calculated from the test .", "9": "In 1984 , the EPA began adjusting city ( aka Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule or UDDS ) results downward by 10 % and highway ( aka HighWay Fuel Economy Test or HWFET ) results by 22 % to compensate for changes in driving conditions since 1972 , and to better correlate the EPA test results with real - world driving . In 1996 , the EPA proposed updating the Federal Testing Procedures to add a new higher - speed test ( US06 ) and an air - conditioner - on test ( SC03 ) to further improve the correlation of fuel economy and emission estimates with real - world reports . In December 2006 the updated testing methodology was finalized to be implemented in model year 2008 vehicles and set the precedent of a 12 - year review cycle for the test procedures . In February 2005 , EPA launched a program called `` Your MPG '' that allows drivers to add real - world fuel economy statistics into a database on the EPA 's fuel economy website and compare them with others and with the original EPA test results . The EPA conducts fuel economy tests on very few vehicles . `` Just 18 of the EPA 's 17,000 employees work in the automobile - testing department in Ann Arbor , Michigan , examining 200 to 250 vehicles a year , or roughly 15 percent of new models . As to that other 85 percent , the EPA takes automakers at their word -- without any testing - accepting submitted results as accurate . '' Two - thirds of the vehicles the EPA tests themselves are randomly selected and the remaining third is tested for specific reasons . Although originally created as a reference point for fossil - fueled vehicles , driving cycles have been used for estimating how many miles an electric vehicle will get on a single charge . Air Quality ( edit ) The Air Quality Modeling Group ( AQMG ) is in the EPA 's Office of Air and Radiation ( OAR ) and leads in the full range of air quality models , air pollution forecast , atmospheric dispersion modeling and other mathematical simulation techniques used in assessing the impacts of air pollution sources and control strategies .", "10": "It serves other EPA headquarters staff , EPA regional Offices , and State and local environmental agencies , coordinates with the EPA 's Office of Research and Development on the development of new models and techniques , and wider issues of atmospheric research and conducts modeling analyses to support policy and regulatory decisions of the EPA 's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards ( OAQPS ) . It is located in Research Triangle Park , North Carolina . Controlling air pollution helps diminish the risk of pollution - related diseases . The EPA began regulating greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) from mobile and stationary sources of air pollution under the Clean Air Act ( CAA ) for the first time on January 2 , 2011 . Standards for mobile sources have been established pursuant to Section 202 of the CAA , and GHGs from stationary sources are controlled under the authority of Part C of Title I of the Act per Regulation of Greenhouse Gases Under the Clean Air Act . The BenMAP open - source tool , created by the agency , estimates the health benefits from improvements in air quality . Oil spill prevention program ( edit ) EPA 's oil spill prevention program includes the Spill Prevention , Control , and Countermeasure ( SPCC ) and the Facility Response Plan ( FRP ) rules . The SPCC Rule applies to all facilities that store , handle , process , gather , transfer , refine , distribute , use or consume oil or oil products . Oil products includes petroleum and non-petroleum oils as well as : animal fats , oils and greases ; fish and marine mammal oils ; and vegetable oils . It mandates a written plan for facilities that store more than 1,320 gallons of fuel above ground or more than 42,000 gallons below - ground , and which might discharge to navigable waters ( as defined in the Clean Water Act ) or adjoining shorelines . Secondary spill containment is mandated at oil storage facilities and oil release containment is required at oil development sites . Toxics release Inventory ( edit ) The Toxics Release Inventory ( TRI ) is a resource for learning about toxic chemical releases and pollution prevention activities reported by industrial and federal facilities . TRI data support informed decision - making by communities , government agencies , companies , and others . Watersense ( edit ) WaterSense is an EPA program launched in June 2006 to encourage water efficiency in the United States through the use of a special label on consumer products .", "11": "Products include high - efficiency toilets ( HETs ) , bathroom sink faucets ( and accessories ) , and irrigation equipment . WaterSense is a voluntary program , with EPA developing specifications for water - efficient products through a public process and product testing by independent laboratories . Drinking water ( edit ) EPA ensures safe drinking water for the public , by setting standards for more than 160,000 public water systems nationwide . EPA oversees states , local governments and water suppliers to enforce the standards under the Safe Drinking Water Act . The program includes regulation of injection wells in order to protect underground sources of drinking water . Select readings of amounts of certain contaminants in drinking water , precipitation , and surface water , in addition to milk and air , are reported on EPA 's Rad Net web site in a section entitled Envirofacts . Despite mandatory reporting certain readings exceeding EPA MCL levels may be deleted or not included . In 2013 , an EPA draft revision relaxed regulations for radiation exposure through drinking water , stating that current standards are impractical to enforce . The EPA recommended that intervention was not necessary until drinking water was contaminated with radioactive iodine 131 at a concentration of 81,000 picocuries per liter ( the limit for short term exposure set by the International Atomic Energy Agency ) , which was 27,000 times the prior EPA limit of 3 picocuries per liter for long term exposure . National Pollutant discharge Elimination system ( edit ) The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ( NPDES ) permit program addresses water pollution by regulating point sources which discharge to US waters . Created in 1972 by the Clean Water Act , the NPDES permit program authorizes state governments to perform its many permitting , administrative , and enforcement aspects . As of 2017 , EPA has approved 46 states to administer all or portions of the permit program . EPA regional offices manage the program in the remaining areas of the country . The Water Quality Act of 1987 extended NPDES permit coverage to industrial stormwater dischargers and municipal separate storm sewer systems . See also : United States regulation of point source water pollution Radiation Protection ( edit ) EPA has the following seven project groups to protect the public from radiation .", "12": "Radioactive Waste Management Emergency Preparedness and Response Programs Protective Action Guides And Planning Guidance for Radiological Incidents : EPA developed a manual as guideline for local and state governments to protect the public from a nuclear accident , the 2017 version being a 15 - year update . EPA 's Role in Emergency Response -- Special Teams Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials ( TENORM ) Program Radiation Standards for Air and Drinking Water Programs Federal Guidance for Radiation Protection Tools for schools ( edit ) EPA 's Indoor Air Quality Tools for Schools Program helps schools to maintain a healthy environment and reduce exposures to indoor environmental contaminants . It helps school personnel identify , solve , and prevent indoor air quality problems in the school environment . Through the use of a multi-step management plan and checklists for the entire building , schools can lower their students ' and staff 's risk of exposure to asthma triggers . Environmental Education ( edit ) The National Environmental Education Act of 1990 requires EPA to provide national leadership to increase environmental literacy . EPA established the Office of Environmental Education to implement this program . Environmental impact statement reviews ( edit ) EPA is responsible for reviewing Environmental Impact Statements of other federal agencies ' projects , under the National Environmental Policy Act ( NEPA ) . Clean school Bus USA ( edit ) Clean School Bus USA is a national partnership to reduce children 's exposure to diesel exhaust by eliminating unnecessary school bus idling , installing effective emission control systems on newer buses and replacing the oldest buses in the fleet with newer ones . Its goal is to reduce both children 's exposure to diesel exhaust and the amount of air pollution created by diesel school buses . Environmental justice ( edit ) The EPA has been criticized for its lack of progress towards environmental justice . Administrator Christine Todd Whitman was criticized for her changes to President Bill Clinton 's Executive Order 12898 during 2001 , removing the requirements for government agencies to take the poor and minority populations into special consideration when making changes to environmental legislation , and therefore defeating the spirit of the Executive Order . In a March 2004 report , the inspector general of the agency concluded that the EPA `` has not developed a clear vision or a comprehensive strategic plan , and has not established values , goals , expectations , and performance measurements '' for environmental justice in its daily operations .", "13": "Another report in September 2006 found the agency still had failed to review the success of its programs , policies and activities towards environmental justice . Studies have also found that poor and minority populations were underserved by the EPA 's Superfund program , and that this situation was worsening . Barriers to enforcing Environmental justice ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many environmental justice issues are local , and therefore difficult to address by a federal agency , such as the EPA . Without strong media attention , political interest , or ' crisis ' status , local issues are less likely to be addressed at the federal level compared to larger , well publicized incidents . Conflicting political powers in successive administrations : The White House maintains direct control over the EPA , and its enforcements are subject to the political agenda of who is in power . Republicans and Democrats differ in their approaches to environmental justice . While President Bill Clinton signed the executive order 12898 , the Bush administration did not develop a clear plan or establish goals for integrating environmental justice into everyday practices , affecting the motivation for environmental enforcement . The EPA is responsible for preventing and detecting environmental crimes , informing the public of environmental enforcement , and setting and monitoring standards of air pollution , water pollution , hazardous wastes and chemicals . `` It is difficult to construct a specific mission statement given its wide range of responsibilities . '' It is impossible to address every environmental crime adequately or efficiently if there is no specific mission statement to refer to . The EPA answers to various groups , competes for resources , and confronts a wide array of harms to the environment . All of these present challenges , including a lack of resources , its self - policing policy , and a broadly defined legislation that creates too much discretion for EPA officers . The EPA `` does not have the authority or resources to address injustices without an increase in federal mandates '' requiring private industries to consider the environmental ramifications of their activities . Research vessel , 2004 -- 2013 ( edit ) OSV Bold docked at Port Canaveral , Florida In March 2004 , the U.S.", "14": "Navy transferred USNS Bold ( T - AGOS - 12 ) , a Stalwart class ocean surveillance ship , to the EPA . The ship had been used in anti-submarine operations during the Cold War , was equipped with sidescan sonar , underwater video , water and sediment sampling instruments used in study of ocean and coastline . One of the major missions of the Bold was to monitor for ecological impact sites where materials were dumped from dredging operations in U.S. ports . In 2013 , the General Services Administration sold the Bold to Seattle Central Community College ( SCCC ) , which demonstrated in a competition that they would put it to the highest and best purpose , at a nominal cost of $5,000 . Advance identification ( edit ) Advance identification , or ADID , is a planning process used by the EPA to identify wetlands and other bodies of water and their respective suitability for the discharge of dredged and fill material . The EPA conducts the process in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and local states or Native American Tribes . As of February 1993 , 38 ADID projects had been completed and 33 were ongoing . Freedom of Information Act processing performance ( edit ) In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act FOIA requests , published in 2015 ( using 2012 and 2013 data , the most recent years available ) , the EPA earned a D by scoring 67 out of a possible 100 points , i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade . Controversies ( 1983 -- present ) ( edit ) EPA headquarters in Washington , D.C. Fiscal mismanagement , 1983 ( edit ) In 1982 Congress charged that the EPA had mishandled the $1.6 billion program to clean up hazardous waste dumps Superfund and demanded records from EPA director Anne M. Gorsuch . She refused and became the first agency director in U.S. history to be cited for contempt of Congress . The EPA turned the documents over to Congress several months later , after the White House abandoned its court claim that the documents could not be subpoenaed by Congress because they were covered by executive privilege . At that point , Gorsuch resigned her post , citing pressures caused by the media and the congressional investigation .", "15": "Critics charged that the EPA was in a shambles at that time . Gorsuch , appointed by Ronald Reagan , resigned under fire in 1983 . Gorsuch based her administration of the EPA on the New Federalism approach of downsizing federal agencies by delegating their functions and services to the individual states . She believed that the EPA was over-regulating business and that the agency was too large and not cost - effective . During her 22 months as agency head , she cut the budget of the EPA by 22 % , reduced the number of cases filed against polluters , relaxed Clean Air Act regulations , and facilitated the spraying of restricted - use pesticides . She cut the total number of agency employees , and hired staff from the industries they were supposed to be regulating . Environmentalists contended that her policies were designed to placate polluters , and accused her of trying to dismantle the agency . Political pressure and scientific integrity , 2001 -- present ( edit ) In April 2008 , the Union of Concerned Scientists said that more than half of the nearly 1,600 EPA staff scientists who responded online to a detailed questionnaire reported they had experienced incidents of political interference in their work . The survey included chemists , toxicologists , engineers , geologists and experts in other fields of science . About 40 % of the scientists reported that the interference had been more prevalent in the last five years than in previous years . The highest number of complaints came from scientists who were involved in determining the risks of cancer by chemicals used in food and other aspects of everyday life . EPA research has also been suppressed by career managers . Supervisors at EPA 's National Center for Environmental Assessment required several paragraphs to be deleted from a peer - reviewed journal article about EPA 's integrated risk information system , which led two co-authors to have their names removed from the publication , and the corresponding author , Ching - Hung Hsu , to leave EPA `` because of the draconian restrictions placed on publishing '' . EPA subjects employees who author scientific papers to prior restraint , even if those papers are written on personal time . EPA employees have reported difficulty in conducting and reporting the results of studies on hydraulic fracturing due to industry and governmental pressure , and are concerned about the censorship of environmental reports .", "16": "In 2015 , the Government Accountability Office stated that the EPA violated federal law with covert propaganda on their social media platforms . The social media messaging that was used promoted materials supporting the Waters of the United States rule , including materials that were designed to oppose legislative efforts to limit or block the rule . In February 2017 , U.S. Representative Matt Gaetz ( R - Fla . ) sponsored H.R. 861 , a bill to abolish the EPA by 2018 . According to Gaetz , `` The American people are drowning in rules and regulation promulgated by unelected bureaucrats . And the Environmental Protection Agency has become an extraordinary offender . '' The bill was co-sponsored by Thomas Massie ( R - Ky . ) , Steven Palazzo ( R - Ms . ) and Barry Loudermilk ( R - Ga . ) . Fuel economy , 2005 -- 2010 ( edit ) In July 2005 , an EPA report showing that auto companies were using loopholes to produce less fuel - efficient cars was delayed . The report was supposed to be released the day before a controversial energy bill was passed and would have provided backup for those opposed to it , but the EPA delayed its release at the last minute . In 2007 , the state of California sued the EPA for its refusal to allow California and 16 other states to raise fuel economy standards for new cars . EPA administrator Stephen L. Johnson claimed that the EPA was working on its own standards , but the move has been widely considered an attempt to shield the auto industry from environmental regulation by setting lower standards at the federal level , which would then preempt state laws . California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger , along with governors from 13 other states , stated that the EPA 's actions ignored federal law , and that existing California standards ( adopted by many states in addition to California ) were almost twice as effective as the proposed federal standards . It was reported that Stephen Johnson ignored his own staff in making this decision . After the federal government had bailed out General Motors and Chrysler in the Automotive industry crisis of 2008 -- 2010 , the 2010 Chevrolet Equinox was released with an EPA fuel economy rating abnormally higher than its competitors . Independent road tests found that the vehicle did not out - perform its competitors , which had much lower fuel economy ratings .", "17": "Later road tests found better , but inconclusive , results . Mercury emissions , 2005 ( edit ) In March 2005 , nine states ( California , New York , New Jersey , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Maine , Connecticut , New Mexico and Vermont ) sued the EPA . The EPA 's Inspector General had determined that the EPA 's regulation of mercury emissions did not follow the Clean Air Act , and that the regulations were influenced by top political appointees . The EPA had suppressed a study it commissioned by Harvard University which contradicted its position on mercury controls . The suit alleged that the EPA 's rule exempting coal - fired power plants from `` maximum available control technology '' was illegal , and additionally charged that the EPA 's system of cap - and - trade to lower average mercury levels would allow power plants to forego reducing mercury emissions , which they objected would lead to dangerous local hotspots of mercury contamination even if average levels declined . Several states also began to enact their own mercury emission regulations . Illinois 's proposed rule would have reduced mercury emissions from power plants by an average of 90 % by 2009 . In 2008 -- by which point a total of fourteen states had joined the suit -- the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled that the EPA regulations violated the Clean Air Act . In response , EPA announced plans to propose such standards to replace the vacated Clean Air Mercury Rule , and did so on March 16 , 2011 . Climate change , 2007 -- 2010 ( edit ) Further information : Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act Wikinews has related news : EPA proposes using Clean Air Act to fight global warming In December 2007 , EPA Administrator Stephen L. Johnson approved a draft of a document that declared that climate change imperiled the public welfare -- a decision that would trigger the first national mandatory global - warming regulations . Associate Deputy Administrator Jason Burnett e-mailed the draft to the White House . White House aides -- who had long resisted mandatory regulations as a way to address climate change -- knew the gist of what Johnson 's finding would be , Burnett said . They also knew that once they opened the attachment , it would become a public record , making it controversial and difficult to rescind . So they did not open it ; rather , they called Johnson and asked him to take back the draft .", "18": "Johnson rescinded the draft ; in July 2008 , he issued a new version which did not state that global warming was danger to public welfare . Burnett resigned in protest . A $3 million mapping study on sea level rise was suppressed by EPA management during both the Bush and Obama Administrations , and managers changed a key interagency report to reflect the removal of the maps . Gold King mine waste water spill , 2015 ( edit ) In August 2015 , the 2015 Gold King Mine waste water spill occurred when EPA contractors examined the level of pollutants such as lead and arsenic in a Colorado mine , and accidentally released over three million gallons of waste water into Cement Creek and the Animas River . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Politics portal Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors Brownfield land Environmental Technology Verification Program EPA Methods Federation of Earth Science Information Partners ( ESIP Federation ) Green Sticker programs MyEnvironment Renewable energy Stormwater Volkswagen diesel scandal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` EPA 's Budget and Spending '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Our Mission and What We Do '' . EPA . 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hiroko Tabuchi ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` What 's at Stake in Trump 's Proposed E.P.A. Cuts '' . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EPA History : Clean Air Act of 1970 / 1977 '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2016 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Guardian : Origins of the EPA '' . EPA Historical Publication . EPA . Spring 1992 . Jump up ^ Griswold , Eliza ( 2012 - 09 - 21 ) . `` How ' Silent Spring ' Ignited the Environmental Movement '' . New York Times Magazine . Jump up ^ Luther , Linda ( 2005 ) .", "19": "The National Environmental Policy Act : Background and Implementation ( PDF ) ( Report ) . U.S. Congressional Research Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ United States . National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 . Pub. L. 91 -- 290 , Approved January 1 , 1970 . 42 U.S.C. § 4321 et seq . Jump up ^ Weiland , Paul S. ( Spring 1997 ) . `` Amending the National Environmental Policy Act : Federal Environmental Protection in the Twenty - First Century '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law : 275 -- 301 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 July 2007 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Accomplishments : Henry M. Jackson Foundation '' . Hmjackson.org . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 , 42 U.S.C. § 4342 Jump up ^ Reorganization Plans Nos. 3 and 4 of 1970 . Message from the President of the United States to the House of Representatives ( PDF ) ( Report ) . House of Representatives , 91st Congress , 2d Session. 1970 - 07 - 09 . Document no . 91 - 366 . Jump up ^ EPA Alumni Association : EPA Administrator Bill Ruckelshaus and some of his closest aides recall the opening months of the new agency in 1970 , Video , Transcript ( see p. 2 ) . Jump up ^ EPA Alumni Association : EPA Administrator Bill Ruckelshaus and some of his closest aides recall the opening months of the new agency in 1970 , Video , Transcript ( see p. 4 ) . Jump up ^ `` EPA 's Administrator : Scott Pruitt '' . EPA . 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ EPA , OA . `` About the Office of the Administrator '' . www.epa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` About the Office of the Administrator About EPA US EPA '' . Epa.gov.", "20": "2010 - 11 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ EPA . `` About the Office of Administration and Resources Management ( OARM ) '' . www.epa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` About the Office of Administration and Resources Management ( OARM ) About EPA US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2010 - 11 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` About the Office of Air and Radiation ( OAR ) About EPA US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2010 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` About the Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention ( OCSPP ) ; '' . Epa.gov. 2014 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` About the Office of the Chief Financial Officer ( OCFO ) About EPA US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2017 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` About the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance ( OECA ) About EPA US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2010 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` About the Office of Environmental Information ( OEI ) About EPA US EPA '' . epa.gov . EPA . 2017 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` About the Office of General Counsel ( OGC ) About EPA US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2010 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ epa.gov Archived May 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` About the Office of International and Tribal Affairs ( OITA ) '' . Epa.gov.", "21": "2010 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` About the Office of Research and Development ( ORD ) About EPA US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2010 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ EPA : Basic Information about the Integrated Risk Information System Jump up ^ `` About the Office of Land and Emergency Management ( OLEM ) About EPA US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2010 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` About the Office of Water About EPA US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2010 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ EPA , OA , OEAEE , OWC , US . `` About the Office of Water '' . www.epa.gov . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ EPA Alumni Association : Former EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus and his senior assistants discuss integrating 10 regional offices into the fledgling agency . Video , Transcript ( see pp. 6 , 9 ) . Jump up ^ Memorandum Of Agreement between The Navajo Nation and The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regions 6 , 8 , and 9 regarding the Implementation of Environmental Standards and Regulations on the Navajo Nation , October 9 , 1991 Jump up ^ EPA Alumni Association : EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus comments on the `` silos '' problem that has dogged EPA from the start in an interview in which he and some of his closest aides recall the opening months of the new agency in 1970 , Video , Transcript ( see p. 11 ) . Jump up ^ `` EPA SDSI Home Page '' . Epa.gov. 2008 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` CleanGredients Home Page '' . Cleangredients.org . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , `` 2006 Annual Report : Energy Star and Other Climate Protection Partnerships . '' .", "22": "Retrieved 1 March 2008 . Jump up ^ EnergyStar.gov , `` History : Energy Star . '' . Retrieved 1 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Smart Growth US EPA '' . Epa.gov . n.d . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Test Procedure Revisions '' . EPA.gov . October 22 , 1996 . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` EPA Fuel Economy '' . EPA.gov . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Your MPG ! '' . FuelEconomy.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dave Vanderwerp ( August 2009 ) . `` The Truth About EPA City / Highway MPG Estimates '' . CarAndDriver.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chuck Squatriglia ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Honda Finds EVs a Perfect Fit Autopia '' . Wired.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oil Spills Prevention and Preparedness Regulations '' . EPA . March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toxics Release Inventory ( TRI ) Program '' . EPA . February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , Washington , DC . `` WaterSense Timeline . '' Revised 2011 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ EPA . `` WaterSense . '' Jump up ^ http://www.epa.gov/radnet/ EPA Jump up ^ Envirofacts EPA Archived 2012 - 10 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sandy Bauers ( 2012 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Spike in iodine - 131 found in city water '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p. 2 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 .", "23": "Jump up ^ `` Iodine - 131 levels in Philadelphia , PA drinking water '' . EPA RadNet Environfacts . EPA . Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeff McMahon ( 2013 - 04 - 10 ) . `` EPA Draft Stirs Fears of Radically Relaxed Radiation Guidelines '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` About NPDES '' . EPA . 2016 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` NPDES State Program Information '' . NPDES . EPA . 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Clean Water Act section 402 ( p ) ; 33 U.S.C. § 1342 ( p ) . Jump up ^ Radiation Protection Programs EPA retrieved 13 March 2017 Jump up ^ `` Radioactive Waste Management '' ( website ) . EPA . 28 February 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Radiological Emergency Response '' ( website ) . EPA . July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EPA Protective Action Guide '' ( PDF ) . EPA . 11 January 2017 . p. 86 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chemical , Biological , Radiological , and Nuclear Consequence Management '' ( website ) . EPA . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naturally - Occurring Radiation Program '' ( website ) . EPA . December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Radiation Regulations and Laws , Standards for Air and Drinking Water '' ( website ) . EPA . 19 January 2017 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Guidance for Radiation Protection '' ( website ) . EPA . September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 .", "24": "Jump up ^ `` Creating Healthy Indoor Air Quality in Schools US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2016 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Education ( EE ) US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2016 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Clean School Bus Clean Diesel and DERA Funding US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2016 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : O'Neil , S.G. ( 2007 ) . Superfund : Evaluating the Impact of Executive Order 12898 Archived 2009 - 03 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Environmental Health Perspectives , Volume 115 , Number 7 , pp. 1087 -- 93 Jump up ^ Bullard , Robert ( 2007 - 07 - 25 ) . 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EPA 842 - F - 05 - 004 .", "25": "Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Long , Katherine . `` What a $5,000 deal : Seattle Central gets former Navy ship Local News '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` EPA -- Wetlands -- Wetlands Fact Sheet '' . Epa.gov. 2006 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Making the Grade : Access to Information Scorecard 2015 March 2015 , 80 pages , Center for Effective Government , retrieved 21 March 2016 Jump up ^ `` Burford Resigns As Administrator of Embattled EPA '' , Toledo Blade , Mar 10 , 1983 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Ingersoll , Bruce . Burford out ; agency is in ' a shambles ' , Spokane Chronicle , March 10 , 1983 Jump up ^ Views from the Former Administrators , EPA Journal , November 1985 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Patricia . Anne Gorsuch Burford , 62 , Dies ; Reagan EPA Director , Washington Post , July 22 , 2004 ; Page B06 . 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More than a quarter - century of efforts by some lawmakers and regulators to force the federal government to police the industry better have been thwarted , as E.P.A. studies have been repeatedly narrowed in scope and important findings have been removed Jump up ^ DiCosmo , Bridget ( 15 May 2012 ) . `` SAB Pushes To Advise EPA To Conduct Toxicity Tests In Fracking Study '' . InsideEPA . Inside Washington Publishers . ( subscription required ) . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 19 . But some members of the chartered SAB are suggesting that the fracking panel revise its recommendation that the agency scale back its planned toxicity testing of chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing , or fracking , process , because of the limited resources and time frame ... Chesapeake Energy supported the draft recommendation , saying that `` an in - depth study of toxicity , the development of new analytical methods and tracers are not practical given the budget and schedule limitation of the study . '' Jump up ^ Satterfield , John ( 30 June 2011 ) . `` Letter from Chesapeake Energy to EPA '' ( PDF ) . InsideEPA . Inside Washington Publishers . ( subscription required ) . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 19 . Flowback and Produced water ... Chesapeake agrees that an indepth study of toxicity , the development of new analytic methods and tracers are not practical given the budget and schedule limitations of the study ... Wastewater Treatment and Waste Disposal ... Chesapeake believes there was unjustified emphasis on the surface disposal of produced water to treatment plants in the SAB 's Review ... Chesapeake disagrees with the inclusion of water distribution network corrosion and burden of analyzing for contaminants by POTW 's into the study . Jump up ^ `` The Debate Over the Hydrofracking Study 's Scope '' . The New York Times . 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 .", "27": "While environmentalists have aggressively lobbied the agency to broaden the scope of the study , industry has lobbied the agency to narrow this focus Jump up ^ `` Natural Gas Documents '' . The New York Times . 27 February 2011 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . The Times reviewed more than 30,000 pages of documents obtained through open records requests of state and federal agencies and by visiting various regional offices that oversee drilling in Pennsylvania . Some of the documents were leaked by state or federal officials . Jump up ^ Adler , Jonathan H. ( 2015 - 12 - 15 ) . `` GAO hits EPA for ' covert propaganda ' to promote ' waters of the United States ' ( WOTUS ) rule '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 861 '' . United States Congress . Jump up ^ Hensley , Nicole ( 5 February 2017 ) . `` Florida congressman pitches bill that would abolish the Environmental Protection Agency '' . New York Daily News . 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Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Janet ( 2007 - 12 - 21 ) . `` EPA chief is said to have ignored staff '' . LATimes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Chevrolet Equinox LT2 Full Test and Video '' . Edmunds InsideLine. 2009 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jared Gall ( August 2009 ) . `` 2010 Chevrolet Equinox LT -- Short Take Road Test '' . Car and Driver . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ John Voelcker ( 2009 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Drive Report : 26mpg in 2010 Chevrolet Equinox Four - Cylinder '' . GreenCarReports.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Why the Chevy Equinox EPA Mileage Numbers Do n't Add Up '' . Thetruthaboutcars.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Chevrolet Equinox vs. 2011 Kia Sorento , Program # 2939 '' . Motorweek. 2010 - 05 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Review : 2010 Chevrolet Equinox LT FWD '' .", "29": "Jump up ^ Proposed Mercury Rules Bear Industry Mark , Washington Post , January 31 , 2004 Jump up ^ EPA Inspector Finds Mercury Proposal Tainted , Washington Post , February 4 , 2005 Jump up ^ New EPA Mercury Rule Omits Conflicting Data , Washington Post , March 22 , 2005 Jump up ^ Bustillo , Miguel. States Sue EPA Over Mercury Emissions , LA Times , March 30 , 2005 Jump up ^ Governor Blagojevich and Illinois EPA Propose Aggressive Mercury Controls For Illinois Power Plants , Environmental Progress , Spring 2006 , page 12 Jump up ^ Baltimore , Chris ( 8 February 2008 ) . `` EPA must rewrite utility mercury rule : U.S. court '' . Reuters . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the MATS Regulation '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ John Shiffman and John Sullivan ( December 7 , 2008 ) . `` An Eroding Mission at EPA ; The Bush administration has weakened the agency charged with safeguarding health and the environment '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Jump up ^ Josh Harkinson and Kate Sheppard ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Coastal Collapse '' . Slate . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Schlanger , Zoë ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` EPA Causes Massive Spill of Mining Waste Water in Colorado , Turns Animas River Bright Orange '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kolb , Joseph J. ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' They 're not going to get away with this ' : Anger mounts at EPA over mining spill '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) EPA Alumni Association , `` Protecting the Environment , A Half Century of Progress '' -- an overview of EPA 's environmental protection efforts over 50 years External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Environmental Protection Agency .", "30": "Official website Environmental Protection Agency in the Federal Register United States government agencies involved in environmental science Environmental Protection Agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global Change Research Program Smithsonian Institution National Science Foundation Department of the Interior National Park Service United States Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Indian Affairs Bureau of Land Management Bureau of Ocean Energy Management , Regulation and Enforcement Bureau of Reclamation Office of Surface Mining , Reclamation , and Enforcement United States Geological Survey Office of Insular Affairs Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service National Ocean Service National Geodetic Survey National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Department of Energy Office of Science Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy National Laboratories Office of Environmental Management Department of Agriculture Farm Service Agency Foreign Agricultural Service United States Forest Service Natural Resources Conservation Service National Water and Climate Center Rural Utilities Service Food and Nutrition Service Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Agricultural Research Service Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service Department of Homeland Security United States Coast Guard Directorate for Science and Technology Department of Health and Human Services National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Department of Defense Office of Naval Research Air Force Research Laboratory United States Army Research , Development and Engineering Command United States environmental law Supreme Court decisions Missouri v. Holland ( 1920 ) Sierra Club v. Morton ( 1972 ) United States v. SCRAP ( 1973 ) Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill ( 1978 ) Vermont Yankee v. NRDC ( 1978 ) Hughes v. Oklahoma ( 1979 ) Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 1992 ) United States v. Bestfoods ( 1998 ) Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services ( 2000 ) SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers ( 2001 ) Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen ( 2004 ) Rapanos v. United States ( 2006 ) Massachusetts v. EPA ( 2007 ) National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 2007 ) Coeur Alaska , Inc.", "31": "v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council ( 2009 ) Major federal legislation and treaties Rivers and Harbors Act ( 1899 ) Lacey Act ( 1900 ) Weeks Act ( 1911 ) North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 ( 1911 ) Migratory Bird Treaty Act ( 1918 ) Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act ( 1934 ) Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act ( 1954 ) Clean Air Act ( 1963 , 1970 ) National Environmental Policy Act ( 1970 ) Clean Water Act ( 1972 ) Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( 1972 ) Noise Control Act ( 1972 ) Endangered Species Act ( 1973 ) Safe Drinking Water Act ( 1974 ) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( 1976 ) Toxic Substances Control Act ( 1976 ) Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act ( 1977 ) CERCLA ( Superfund ) ( 1980 ) Emergency Planning and Community Right - to - Know Act ( 1986 ) Emergency Wetlands Resources Act ( 1986 ) Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act ( 2016 ) Federal agencies Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Council on Environmental Quality Office of Surface Mining United States Environmental Protection Agency United States Fish and Wildlife Service Regulations and concepts Best available technology Citizen suit Discharge Monitoring Report Effluent guidelines Environmental crime Environmental impact statement Environmental justice National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Priorities List New Source Performance Standard Not - To - Exceed ( NTE ) Right to know Total maximum daily load Toxicity category rating Richard Nixon 37th President of the United States ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 36th Vice President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) U.S. Senator from California ( 1950 -- 1953 ) U.S.", "32": "Representative for CA - 12 ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Nixon Doctrine `` Bring Us Together '' Economic policies Nixon shock Tar Baby Option Environmental Protection Agency creation National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space exploration 1971 National Cancer Act Vietnam War Cambodian bombing Paris Peace Accords `` Peace with Honor '' Silent majority Cold War period Linkage policy 1972 Visit to China Shanghai Communiqué Détente 1972 Moscow Summit Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty SALT I Treaty Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement Threshold Test Ban Treaty Endangered Species Act Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse War on Drugs Drug Enforcement Administration Enemies List list of opponents Operation CHAOS Watergate timeline White House tapes United States v. Nixon Senate Watergate Committee impeachment process Resignation speech Pardon State of the Union Address ( 1970 1973 1974 ) Wilson desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Life and politics Presidential Library and Museum Richard Nixon Foundation Birthplace and boyhood home Checkers speech Kitchen Debate Operation 40 `` Last press conference '' Florida White House `` La Casa Pacifica '' Nixon Center Nixon v. General Services Administration Death and funeral Books Six Crises ( 1962 ) Bibliography Elections United States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 U.S.", "33": "Senate election , 1950 California gubernatorial election , 1962 Republican Party presidential primaries , 1960 1964 1968 1972 Republican National Conventions , 1952 1956 1960 1968 1972 Nixon Presidential campaign , 1968 United States presidential elections , 1952 1956 1960 debates 1968 1972 Popular culture Nixon goes to China ( phrase ) Millhouse ( 1971 film ) Four More Years ( 1972 film ) All the President 's Men ( 1976 film ) White House Madness ( 1975 film ) Nixon in China ( 1987 opera ) Nixon ( 1995 film ) Elvis Meets Nixon ( 1997 film ) Dick ( 1999 film ) The Frost - Nixon Interviews ( 2006 play , 2008 film ) Our Nixon ( 2013 film ) U.S. Postage stamp Related Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act Presidential Townhouse Staff Colonel Jack Brennan ( aide de camp ) Manolo Sanchez ( valet ) Rose Mary Woods ( secretary ) Family Thelma `` Pat '' Ryan Nixon ( wife ) Tricia Nixon Cox ( daughter ) Julie Nixon Eisenhower ( daughter ) Frank Nixon ( father ) Hannah Nixon ( mother ) Donald Nixon ( brother ) Edward Nixon ( brother ) Donald A. Nixon ( nephew ) Christopher Nixon Cox ( grandson ) Jennie Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) ← Lyndon B. Johnson Gerald Ford → VIAF : 140707837 ISNI : 0000 0001 2146 2763 GND : 115944 - 6 SELIBR : 268271 SUDOC : 079008291 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&oldid=817607064 '' Categories : United States Environmental Protection Agency Environmental agencies in the United States Environmental protection agencies Environment of the United States 1970 establishments in Washington , D.C.", "34": "1970 in the environment Government agencies established in 1970 Regulators of biotechnology products Environmental policies organizations Environmental policy in the United States Organizations based in Washington , D.C. 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-881265935572829437	when was the last time someone won the super bowl back to back	[ "2004", "2004", "2004" ]	{ "0": "Super Bowl curse - wikipedia Super Bowl curse Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Super Bowl curse or Super Bowl hangover is a phrase that refers to one of three phenomena that may occur in the National Football League ( NFL ) . First , that host teams rarely qualify for the Super Bowl during the year their city will host . Second , that teams rarely win consecutive Super Bowls . Third , that a participating team will follow their Super Bowl appearance with sub-par seasons . These interpretations of the Super Bowl curse are not mutually exclusive . The term has been used since at least 1992 , when The Washington Post used the term in print . Former NFL General Manager Charley Casserly attributed the curse to such factors as `` a shorter offseason , contract problems , ( and ) more demand for your players ' time '' . Casserly also noted that `` once the season starts , you become the biggest game on everybody 's schedule , '' suggesting that pressure from fans and spectators may also have an impact on a team 's performance . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Home Field Advantage Curse 2 The Non-Repeat Curse 3 The Losers ' Curse 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External links The home field advantage curse ( edit ) The home field curse affects the host team of the Super Bowl . So far no team has yet managed to reach the Super Bowl in their home stadium .", "1": "Four teams with Super Bowls in their home venue have qualified for the divisional playoffs : the 1994 Miami Dolphins , the 1998 Miami Dolphins , the 2016 Houston Texans , and the 2017 Minnesota Vikings , the Vikings being the first to qualify for their conference 's title game . From 1966 -- 2011 ( excluding the six Super Bowl games held in a stadium without a professional team ) , the Super Bowl host team has had 11 winning seasons , four split seasons , and 25 losing seasons . Mathematically , the probability of that many losing seasons or more occurring by chance ( assuming a 50 percent chance of having a losing season ( disregarding . 500 seasons ) ) is 7.69 percent . It should be noted , however , that the Super Bowl host stadium is selected several years before the game is played , without regard to the teams that qualify . Only two NFL teams have reached the Super Bowl hosted in their home region : the San Francisco 49ers , who played Super Bowl XIX in Stanford Stadium , rather than Candlestick Park , and the Los Angeles Rams , who played Super Bowl XIV in the Rose Bowl , rather than the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . Besides Stanford Stadium and the Rose Bowl , the only other Super Bowl venue that was not the home stadium to an NFL team at the time was Rice Stadium in Houston : the Houston Oilers had played there previously , but moved to the Astrodome several years prior to Super Bowl VIII . The Miami Orange Bowl was the only AFL stadium to host a Super Bowl and the only stadium to host consecutive Super Bowls , hosting Super Bowl II and III . MetLife Stadium in New Jersey , which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII , is the home stadium of two NFL teams : the New York Giants and the New York Jets . This list of examples is not exhaustive ; no team has every qualified for the Super Bowl played in their home stadium .", "2": "Team Host Field Season Season Record Houston Oilers Rice Stadium , Houston , TX 1973 ( Super Bowl VIII ) 1 -- 13 Atlanta Falcons Georgia Dome , Atlanta , GA 1999 ( Super Bowl XXXIV ) 5 -- 11 Indianapolis Colts Lucas Oil Stadium , Indianapolis , IN 2011 ( Super Bowl XLVI ) 2 -- 14 New Orleans Saints Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans , LA 2012 ( Super Bowl XLVII ) 7 -- 9 New York Jets MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , NJ 2013 ( Super Bowl XLVIII ) 8 -- 8 New York Giants MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , NJ 2013 ( Super Bowl XLVIII ) 7 -- 9 San Francisco 49ers Levi 's Stadium , Santa Clara , CA 2015 ( Super Bowl 50 ) 5 -- 11 Minnesota Vikings US Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , MN 2017 ( Super Bowl LII ) 13 -- 3 The non-repeat curse ( edit ) Since 1993 , few winning teams have followed up their Super Bowl appearances with a second Super Bowl appearance , or even advanced to a conference title game in the subsequent season ( the 1994 Dallas Cowboys qualified for their conference title but did not qualify for the Super Bowl ) . Only seven teams have won back - to - back Super Bowl championships , and only one of these seven have made more than two consecutive winning appearances in the Super Bowl . The only franchise to reach more than three straight title games was the Buffalo Bills who lost four Super Bowls in a row from 1990 -- 93 . Since 2005 , no incumbent holder has managed to successfully defend their title . Between 2006 and 2013 , every defending Super Bowl champion would conclude the following season either losing their opening playoff game or failing to qualify for the playoffs . This list of examples includes every team that has ever had back - to - back appearances at the Super Bowl . Team First Super Bowl Appearance Score Second Super Bowl Appearance Score Third Super Bowl Appearance Score Fourth Super Bowl Appearance Score Dallas Cowboys 1970 ( Super Bowl V", "3": ") 13 -- 16 1971 ( Super Bowl VI ) 24 -- 3 - - - - Miami Dolphins 1971 ( Super Bowl VI ) 3 -- 24 1972 ( Super Bowl VII ) 14 -- 7 1973 ( Super Bowl VIII ) - - Pittsburgh Steelers 1974 ( Super Bowl IX ) 16 - 6 1975 ( Super Bowl X ) 17 -- 21 - - - - Pittsburgh Steelers 1978 ( Super Bowl XIII ) 35 -- 31 1979 ( Super Bowl XIV ) 19 -- 31 - - - - San Francisco 49ers 1989 ( Super Bowl XXIII ) 20 -- 16 1990 ( Super Bowl XXIV ) 55 -- 10 - - - - Buffalo Bills 1990 ( Super Bowl XXV ) 19 -- 20 1991 ( Super Bowl XXVI ) 24 -- 37 1992 ( Super Bowl XXVII ) 17 -- 52 1993 ( Super Bowl XXVIII ) 13 -- 30 Dallas Cowboys 1992 ( Super Bowl XXVII ) 52 -- 17 1993 ( Super Bowl XXVIII ) 30 -- 13 - - - - Green Bay Packers 1996 ( Super Bowl XXXI ) 35 -- 21 1997 ( Super Bowl XXXII ) 24 -- 31 - - - - Denver Broncos 1997 ( Super Bowl XXXII ) 31 -- 24 1998 ( Super Bowl XXXIII ) 34 -- 19 - - -", "4": "- New England Patriots 2003 ( Super Bowl XXXVIII ) 32 -- 29 2004 ( Super Bowl XXXIX ) 24 -- 21 - - - - Seattle Seahawks 2013 ( Super Bowl XLVIII ) 31 -- 34 2014 ( Super Bowl XLIX ) 43 -- 8 - - - - New England Patriots 2016 ( Super Bowl LI ) 34 -- 28 2017 ( Super Bowl LII ) 33 -- 41 - - - - The losers ' curse ( edit ) Although many teams experience this phenomenon , it is certainly not the rule . There are many speculations made about potential causal factors for this trend , including the team having a shorter offseason due to their extended postseason play , difficulty settling contracts , more pressure on the players , and an increase in visibility , which could contribute to nervous playing . One piece of the Super Bowl curse asserts the team that loses the Super Bowl will go into losing seasons overall . The trend was especially evident during the early 2000s . This list of examples is not exhaustive . Team Super Bowl Season Season Record Super Bowl Score Season Record Cincinnati Bengals 1988 ( Super Bowl XXIII ) 12 -- 4 16 -- 20 1989 8 -- 8 Denver Broncos 1989 ( Super Bowl XXIV ) 11 -- 5 10 -- 55 1990 5 -- 11 Buffalo Bills 1993 ( Super Bowl XXVIII ) 12 -- 4 13 -- 30 7 -- 9 Atlanta Falcons 1998 ( Super Bowl XXXIII ) 14 -- 2 19 -- 34 1999 5 -- 11 New York Giants 2000 ( Super Bowl XXXV ) 12 -- 4 7 -- 34 2001 7 -- 9 St.", "5": "Louis Rams 2001 ( Super Bowl XXXVI ) 14 -- 2 17 -- 20 2002 7 -- 9 Oakland Raiders 2002 ( Super Bowl XXXVII ) 11 -- 5 21 -- 48 2003 4 -- 12 Carolina Panthers 2003 ( Super Bowl XXXVIII ) 11 -- 5 29 -- 32 7 -- 9 Philadelphia Eagles 2004 ( Super Bowl XXXIX ) 13 -- 3 21 -- 24 2005 6 -- 10 Chicago Bears 2006 ( Super Bowl XLI ) 13 -- 3 17 -- 29 2007 7 -- 9 Carolina Panthers 2015 ( Super Bowl 50 ) 15 -- 1 10 -- 24 2016 6 -- 10 Further reading ( edit ) `` Credit Belichick for beating Super Bowl curse '' . The Sacramento Bee . October 25 , 2006 . pp. C3 . Freeman , Mike ( December 12 , 1991 ) . `` Fans cry : Off with Giants ' Head ( Coach ) ! '' . The Washington Post . Green Jr. , Ron ( November 5 , 2004 ) . `` Lost - the - Super-Bowl blues afflict Panthers , Raiders '' . The Charlotte Observer . pp. 2C . `` Less and more than rumored Miami and the Super Bowl curse '' . Sarasota Herald Tribune . January 30 , 1999 . Penner , Mike ( August 27 , 2006 ) . `` Curses are reality to fantasy leaguers '' . Los Angeles Times . pp. D. 2 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( September 21 , 1992 ) . `` A Curse but not yet a sin '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gruber , Jack ( February 6 , 2007 ) . `` Champions , for now -- Super Bowl curse could vex Colts , Bears '' . USA Today .", "6": "Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gruber , Jack ( February 6 , 2007 ) . `` Champions , for now -- Super Bowl curse could vex Colts , Bears '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Matt ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` Seattle out to break Super Bowl curse '' . East Valley Tribune . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Maske , Mark ( June 15 , 2006 ) . `` Seahawks hope to buck Super Bowl curse '' . Washington Post . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6885378859177561056	who plays the protagonist peter rabbit in the 2018 motion picture release	[ "James Corden", "James Corden", "James Corden", "James Corden" ]	{ "0": "Peter Rabbit ( film ) - wikipedia Peter Rabbit ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Peter Rabbit Theatrical release poster Directed by Will Gluck Produced by Will Gluck Zareh Nalbandian Screenplay by Rob Lieber Will Gluck Based on Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter Starring Rose Byrne Domhnall Gleeson Sam Neill Daisy Ridley Elizabeth Debicki Margot Robbie James Corden Music by Dominic Lewis Cinematography Peter Menzies Jr . Edited by Christian Gazal Production company Columbia Pictures Sony Pictures Animation Olive Bridge Entertainment Animal Logic 2.0 Entertainment Screen Australia Screen NSW Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing Release date February 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 03 ) ( The Grove ) February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) ( United States ) March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) ( Australia ) Running time 95 minutes Country United States Australia Language English Budget $50 million Box office $310.6 million Peter Rabbit is a 2018 live - action / computer - animated comedy film directed by Will Gluck from a screenplay by Rob Lieber and Gluck , based on the stories of Peter Rabbit created by Beatrix Potter . The film stars Rose Byrne , Domhnall Gleeson , Sam Neill , Daisy Ridley , Elizabeth Debicki , Margot Robbie , and James Corden . The film was released on February 9 , 2018 , received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $310 million worldwide , making it the seventh highest - grossing film of 2018 .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Trailer criticism 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 `` Allergy bullying '' controversy 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In England 's Lake District Peter Rabbit , his cousin Benjamin , and his triplet sisters ( who can be distinguished by the colour of jackets they each wear ) Flopsy ( red ) , Mopsy ( yellow ) , and Cottontail ( teal ) , spend most of their days picking on Mr. Joe McGregor and stealing vegetables from his garden . They are friends with a local woman named Bea who spends her time painting pictures of the rabbits as well as the surrounding nature . Bea takes on a mother - like relationship with the rabbits due to the death of their mother and father . One day Peter accidentally leaves his jacket in McGregor 's garden and goes back to retrieve it . McGregor spots and catches him , but suddenly dies of a heart attack . Enthralled , Peter invites all of the woodland critters , and then takes over McGregor 's old house . Meanwhile in London , McGregor 's nephew Thomas works at Harrods department store where he waits for a promotion . He coldly accepts the news about his uncle 's death , but is infuriated over not getting the promotion and is fired for losing his temper , which proves to be as short as his uncle 's . When he learns that his uncle 's house is valuable , he decides to refurbish it so he can sell it and start his own toy store to rival Harrods . He kicks out Peter and his friends and begins to secretly wall up the garden , despite Bea 's objections . When Peter and Benjamin sneak back into the garden , Thomas catches the latter and attempts to drown Benjamin . Peter and the triplets rescue him and Thomas accidentally tosses the binoculars that Bea had given him earlier . Thomas and Peter start a war with each other by setting up traps and other offensive nuisances . Thomas and Bea end up falling in love with each other , which causes Peter to become jealous and wanting to separate them more .", "2": "Thomas framed Peter for ruining Bea 's paintings and she sent Peter outside along with the other rabbits . Soon , Bea turns on Thomas when his violent tendencies begin to show . This all culminates when Thomas throws dynamite at Peter 's burrow , and uses it to attack Peter in the garden , before telling him that his antics caused him to become aggressive . When Peter detonates the dynamite to prove to Bea that Thomas was using it , he ends up knocking down the tree on top of the burrow , which crushes Bea 's art studio . Thinking that Thomas was responsible for the detonation , Bea breaks up with him , and he goes back to London to work at Harrods again . Peter feels bad for what he has done , and upon learning that Bea intends to leave the neighborhood , he and Benjamin head to London to find Thomas at Harrods . They make up and rush back to the country where Peter reveals that he had activated the detonator , and he and Thomas apologize to Bea for their fighting . Thomas discovers that he can not go home because a snobbish couple , whom Thomas had an ugly encounter with prior , had just bought the house . Peter and his friends use their tricks to force the couple out of the house , allowing Thomas and Bea to move back in . In a mid-credits scene , Thomas sets up his own toy shop in the village , and Bea begins to write and illustrate books based on Peter and his friends . Cast ( edit ) Domhnall Gleeson as Thomas McGregor Rose Byrne as Bea Sam Neill as Mr. Joe McGregor Marianne Jean - Baptiste as Harrods General Manager Felix Williamson as Derek Voice cast ( edit ) James Corden as Peter Rabbit Daisy Ridley as Cottontail Rabbit Margot Robbie as Flopsy Rabbit and the Narrator Elizabeth Debicki as Mopsy Rabbit Colin Moody as Benjamin Bunny Domhnall Gleeson as Mr. Jeremy Fisher Sam Neill as Tommy Brock Sia as Mrs. Tiggy - Winkle Fayssal Bazzi as Mr. Tod Ewen Leslie as Pigling Bland Rose Byrne as Jemima Puddle - Duck Christian Gazal as Felix D'eer Rachel Ward as Josephine Rabbit Bryan Brown as Mr.", "3": "Rabbit David Wenham as Johnny Town - Mouse Alexandra Gluck and Taryn Gluck as London Street Rats Will Reichelt as JW Rooster II Jensen Karp as Rap Bird The Singing Sparrows were voiced by Jessica Freedman , Shana Halligan , Katharine Hoye , Chris Mann , Chad Reisser , and Fletcher Sheridan Production ( edit ) The film was first revealed in April 2015 through email leaks as a result of the Sony Pictures hack . The official announcement of the film came that December . On August 4 , 2016 , it was reported that Will Gluck would be directing the live - action / computer - animated film from a script by Gluck and Rob Lieber , with James Corden cast to voice Peter Rabbit and Rose Byrne to play one of the live - action roles . The report also said Gluck would produce the film along with Zareh Nalbandian of Animal Logic , which will be providing the visual effects and animation for the film . On September 26 , 2016 , Daisy Ridley and Elizabeth Debicki had joined the cast , with the live action production scheduled to commence in Sydney , Australia in January 2017 . On October 18 , Domhnall Gleeson was cast as Thomas McGregor , the descendent of the original Mr. McGregor , and on October 24 , Margot Robbie joined the cast , expected to voice a bunny . On November 7 , Sia was cast to join the film as Mrs Tiggy - Winkle . Filming ( edit ) On December 18 , 2016 , a first image of the title character , along with the movie 's logo , had been revealed . Production began in December 2016 . Live action scenes were filmed at Centennial Park in Sydney . In March 2017 , filming took place at Central railway station , Sydney , which was depicted as London Paddington station . In April 2017 , a film crew were seen in Ambleside and Windermere in the Lake District . A local toy shop on Compston Road , Ambleside , was adapted to be Mr McGregor 's . Release ( edit ) Peter Rabbit was originally scheduled to be released on March 23 , 2018 , but it was moved up to February 9 , 2018 .", "4": "Trailer criticism ( edit ) The first trailer received negative feedback from critics and fans of the character , many of whom labelled the film as being too modern and insulting to Beatrix Potter 's works . Collider slammed the trailer as `` garbage '' and a `` low brow ' comedy ' cringe fest . '' Stuart Heritage from The Guardian stated that `` the Peter Rabbit film looks like the result of some blisteringly inept manhandling ( ... ) there 's something genuinely harrowing about the sight of Peter Rabbit -- gentle , Edwardian Peter Rabbit -- thoughtlessly injuring some birds , or grabbing a pile of lettuce leaves and making it rain like a banker in a strip club , or literally twerking '' and argued `` there is no way on Earth that ( Beatrix Potter would ) have ever given the green light to a slow motion car crash like this . '' Metro writer James Baldock found that the trailer was `` so gut wrenchingly bad '' and that `` if the movie lives up to its two minute preview -- ( it ) is set to be the greatest abomination to grace the big screen since The Emoji Movie . '' He finished by writing `` Listen carefully , and you can just about hear the sound of Beatrix Potter , turning furiously in her grave . '' On November 7 , a new trailer for the United Kingdom was released . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) As of April 24 , 2018 , Peter Rabbit has grossed $114.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $196.3 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $310.6 million , against a production budget of $50 million . In the United States and Canada , the film was released alongside Fifty Shades Freed and The 15 : 17 to Paris , and was projected to gross around $16 million from 3,725 theaters in its opening weekend , with some estimates as high as $25 million . It ended up making $25 million over the weekend , finishing second at the box office behind Fifty Shades ( $38.8 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 62 % based on 124 reviews , with an average rating of 5.8 / 10 .", "5": "The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Peter Rabbit updates Beatrix Potter 's classic characters with colorfully agreeable results that should entertain younger viewers while admittedly risking the wrath of purists . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 based on 25 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . `` Allergy bullying '' controversy ( edit ) In the first week after the film 's release , groups in multiple countries criticized it for `` allergy bullying '' and called for an apology from Sony . The accusations focused on a scene where Thomas McGregor -- whose character has a known severe allergy to blackberries -- is pelted with the berries until one enters his mouth , causing him to enter anaphylactic shock and grab for his Epipen . In response , Sony published a statement saying `` We sincerely regret not being more aware and sensitive to this issue , and we truly apologise '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ filmmusicreporter ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Dominic Lewis to Score ' Peter Rabbit ' '' . Film Music Reporter . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film Releases '' . Variety Insight . Variety Media . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PETER RABBIT ( PG ) '' . BBFC . February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) '' . AllMovie . RhythmOne . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CENtRAL ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Rabbit film set takes shape in Sydney '' . The Daily Telegraph . News Corp Australia . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pressburg , Matt ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Why Sony , LStar Movie Finance Deal Fell Apart : Flops , ' Ghostbusters ' and Feet on Desk ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap .", "6": "Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tweedie , Steven ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Leaked Sony emails reveal ' Peter Rabbit ' feature film is in the works '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Emoji Movie , Animated Spider - Man and Peter Rabbit Get Release Dates '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Siegel , Tatiana ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` James Corden , Rose Byrne in Talks to Star in Sony 's ' Peter Rabbit ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Daisy Ridley , Elizabeth Debicki Join ' Peter Rabbit ' Live - Action / Animated Pic ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gaul , Lou ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wish ' list : Bruce Willis to fill Charles Bronson 's shoes '' . Burlington County Times . GateHouse Media . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Rabbit Movie Coming from Columbia Pictures '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Domhnall Gleeson to Play Mr McGregor in Live - Action ' Peter Rabbit ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( October 24 , 2016 ) .", "7": "`` Margot Robbie in Talks to Join ' Peter Rabbit ' Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sia ( @ Sia ) ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` The new UK trailer for # PeterRabbitMovie has arrived ! Catch Sia as Mrs. Tiggy - Winkle in 2018 - Team Siapic.twitter.com/2fNIdnJwX5 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Chipman , Bob ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Rabbit Images Offers First Look at New Beatrix Potter Adaptation '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PETER RABBIT '' . Movie Insider . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Rabbit First Look Photo Shows Off The Bunny Voice by James Corden '' . / Film . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rose Byrne , look alike body double , Domhnall Gleeson begin filming for Peter Rabbit in Centennial Park '' . The Daily Telegraph . News Corp Australia . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crofts , Cassie ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` These new signs at Central station are freaking Sydneysiders out '' . Smoothfm . NOVA Entertainment . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` First ' Peter Rabbit ' Trailer Gives Us Another Reason to Be Mad at James Corden '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Heritage , Stuart ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` James Corden 's Peter Rabbit : another kids ' classic wrecked forever '' .", "8": "The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baldock , James ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the trailer for the new Peter Rabbit movie -- and it 's a total disaster '' . Metro . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cowdrey , Katherine ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Sony launches trailer for upcoming Peter Rabbit film '' . The Bookseller . Bookseller Media . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Worldwide Opening Weekend Will Steam Franchise Past $1 Billion -- B.O. Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Builds E.L. James Trilogy To $1 Billion Climax ; ' Peter Rabbit ' Bounces To $25 M Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Guardian staff ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Peter Rabbit film criticised for depicting allergy bullying '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seselja , Edwina ; Dawes , Samantha ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Peter Rabbit : Calls for Sony Pictures to apologise after food allergy bullying scene in new movie '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , Victoria ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Peter Rabbit film accused of food bullying as rabbits pelt allergic man with blackberries '' . The Daily Telegraph .", "9": "Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit film producers apologise over allergy scene '' . BBC News . BBC . February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter Rabbit movie set , Centennial Park . Official website Peter Rabbit on IMDb Beatrix Potter The Tales The Tale of Peter Rabbit The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin The Tailor of Gloucester The Tale of Benjamin Bunny The Tale of Two Bad Mice The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy - Winkle The Tale of the Pie and the Patty - Pan The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit The Story of Miss Moppet The Tale of Tom Kitten The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly - Poly Pudding The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies The Tale of Ginger and Pickles The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes The Tale of Mr.", "10": "Tod The Tale of Pigling Bland Appley Dapply 's Nursery Rhymes The Tale of Johnny Town - Mouse Cecily Parsley 's Nursery Rhymes The Tale of Little Pig Robinson Other books Tom Kitten 's Painting Book Jemima Puddle - Duck 's Painting Book Peter Rabbit 's Almanac for 1929 The Fairy Caravan Sister Anne Wag - by - Wall The Tale of the Faithful Dove The Sly Old Cat The Tale of Kitty - in - Boots Other media The Tales of Beatrix Potter The Tailor of Gloucester The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends Miss Potter Beswick Pottery The Game of Peter Rabbit Peter Rabbit ( television series ) Beatrix Potter 's The Tales of Peter Rabbit and Friends Peter Rabbit ( film ) People Annie Moore Norman Warne Hardwicke Rawnsley Charlie McIntosh Leslie Linder Judy Taylor Locations Hill Top , Cumbria Beatrix Potter Gallery Near and Far Sawrey Dalguise Lake District Derwentwater St Herbert 's Island Little Town , Cumbria Newlands Church Newlands Valley Hawkshead Keswick , Cumbria Carleton Crematorium and Cemetery Armitt Library Esthwaite Water Sawrey Near Sawrey Melford Hall Moss Eccles Tarn Characters Peter Rabbit Mr.", "11": "McGregor Tabitha Twitchit Publishers Frederick Warne & Co David McKay The Horn Book Magazine Sony Pictures Animation Feature films Computer - animated Open Season ( 2006 ) Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 ( 2013 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) The Star ( 2017 ) Live - action / animated The Smurfs ( 2011 ) The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) Goosebumps ( 2015 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) Produced with Aardman Animations Arthur Christmas ( 2011 ) The Pirates ! In an Adventure with Scientists ! ( 2012 ) Upcoming films Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation ( 2018 ) Goosebumps : Haunted Halloween ( 2018 ) Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video Open Season 2 ( 2008 ) Open Season 3 ( 2010 ) Open Season : Scared Silly ( 2015 ) Surf 's Up 2 : WaveMania ( 2017 ) Television series Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2017 -- ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 -- ) Ghostbusters : Ecto Force ( TBA ) Online series Go ! Cartoons ( 2017 -- 18 ) Short films The ChubbChubbs ! ( 2002 ) Early Bloomer ( 2003 ) Boog and Elliot 's Midnight Bun Run ( 2007 ) The ChubbChubbs Save Xmas ( 2007 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) So You Want to Be a Pirate ! ( 2012 ) Goodnight Mr.", "12": "Foot ( 2012 ) The Smurfs : The Legend of Smurfy Hollow ( 2013 ) Super Manny ( 2013 ) Earl Scouts ( 2013 ) Steve 's First Bath ( 2014 ) Attack of the 50 - Foot Gummi Bear ( 2014 ) Puppy ! ( 2017 ) Franchises Open Season ( 2006 -- present ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 -- present ) The Smurfs ( 2011 -- present ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 -- present ) See also Sony Pictures Imageworks Cartoon Hangover Screen Gems Cartoons Films directed by Will Gluck Fired Up !", "13": "( 2009 ) Easy A ( 2010 ) Friends with Benefits ( 2011 ) Annie ( 2014 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Rabbit_(film)&oldid=838293289 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films Peter Rabbit 2018 3D films American films American adventure comedy films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated fantasy films American fantasy adventure films Australian films Australian animated films Australian animated fantasy films Columbia Pictures animated films Columbia Pictures films Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about animals Films about rabbits and hares Films directed by Will Gluck Films scored by Dominic Lewis Films set in London Films shot in Sydney Films with live action and animation Sony Pictures Animation films 2018 computer - animated films Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Русский Simple English Тоҷикӣ Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 03 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5057857655271506779	which is one effect of the team halo effect	[ "when an individual noticing that the person in the photograph is attractive, well groomed, and properly attired, assumes, using a mental heuristic, that the person in the photograph is a good person based upon the rules of that individual’s social concept" ]	{ "0": "Halo effect - wikipedia Halo effect Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The halo effect is a type of immediate judgement discrepancy , or cognitive bias , where a person making an initial assessment of another person , place , or thing will assume ambiguous information based upon concrete information . A simplified example of the halo effect is when an individual noticing that the person in the photograph is attractive , well groomed , and properly attired , assumes , using a mental heuristic , that the person in the photograph is a good person based upon the rules of that individual 's social concept . This constant error in judgment is reflective of the individual 's preferences , prejudices , ideology , aspirations , and social perception . The halo effect is an evaluation by an individual and can affect the perception of a decision , action , idea , business , person , group , entity , or other whenever concrete data is generalized or influences ambiguous information . The halo effect can also be explained as the behavior ( usually unconscious ) of using evaluations based on things unrelated , to make judgments about something or someone . The halo effect specifically refers to when this behavior has a positive correlation , such as viewing someone who is attractive is more likely to be seen as successful and more popular . When this judgement has a negative connotation , such as someone unattractive being charged more firmly for a crime than someone attractive , it is referred to as the horn effect .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Supporting evidence 2 Cognitive bias 3 Role of attractiveness 3.1 On personality 3.2 Academics and intelligence 3.3 Political effects 3.4 The judicial context 3.5 Gender differences 3.6 Possible cause 4 The reverse halo effect 5 The horn effect 6 Education 6.1 Observations 7 Branding 8 Other Use 8.1 Non-psychology / business use 9 The Halo Effect on the Dead 10 Further research findings 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 Further reading History ( edit ) The halo effect was named by psychologist Edward Thorndike in reference to a person being perceived as having a halo . He gave the phenomenon its name in his 1920 article , `` A Constant Error in Psychological Ratings '' . In `` Constant Error '' , Thorndike set out to replicate the study in hopes of pinning down the bias that he thought was present in these ratings . Subsequent researchers have studied it in relation to attractiveness and its bearing on the judicial and educational systems . Thorndike originally coined the term referring only to people ; however , its use has been greatly expanded especially in the area of brand marketing . Supporting Evidence ( edit ) In `` A Constant Error in Psychological Ratings '' , Thorndike asked two commanding officers to evaluate their soldiers in terms of physical qualities ( neatness , voice , physique , bearing , and energy ) , intellect , leadership skills , and personal qualities ( including dependability , loyalty , responsibility , selflessness , and cooperation ) . His goal was to see how the ratings of one characteristic affected other characteristics . Thorndike 's study showed how there was too great a correlation in the commanding officers ' responses . In his review he stated : `` The correlations are too high and too even . For example , for the three raters next studied ( , ) the average correlation for physique with intelligence is . 31 ; for physique with leadership , . 39 ; and for physique with character , . 28 '' . The ratings of one of the special qualities of an officer often started a trend in the rating results .", "2": "If an officer had a particular `` negative '' attribute given off to the commanding officer , it would correlate in the rest of that soldier 's results . Cognitive bias ( edit ) The term `` halo '' is used in analogy with the religious concept : a glowing circle crowning the heads of saints in countless medieval and Renaissance paintings , bathing the saint 's face in heavenly light . The observer may be subject to overestimating the worth of the observed by the presence of a quality that adds light on the whole like a halo . In other words , observers tend to bend their judgement according to one patent characteristic of the person ( the `` halo '' ) , generalizing towards a judgement of that person 's character ( e.g. , in the literal hagiologic case , `` entirely good and worthy '' ) . The effect works in both positive and negative directions ( and is hence sometimes called the horns and halo effect ) . If the observer likes one aspect of something , they will have a positive predisposition toward everything about it . If the observer dislikes one aspect of something , they will have a negative predisposition toward everything about it . Role of attractiveness ( edit ) A person 's attractiveness has also been found to produce a halo effect . Attractiveness provides a valuable aspect of the halo effect to consider because of its multifaceted nature ; attractiveness may be influenced by several specific traits . These perceptions of attractiveness may affect judgments tied to personality traits . Physical attributes contribute to perceptions of attractiveness ( e.g. , weight , hair , eye color ) . For example , someone who is perceived as attractive , due in part to physical traits , may be more likely to be perceived as kind or intelligent . The role of attractiveness in producing the halo effect has been illustrated through a number of studies . Recent research , for example , has revealed that attractiveness may affect perceptions tied to life success and personality . In this study , attractiveness was correlated with weight , indicating that attractiveness itself may be influenced by various specific traits . Included in the personality variables were trustworthiness and friendliness . People perceived as being more attractive were more likely to be perceived as trustworthy and friendly . What this suggests is that perceptions of attractiveness may influence a variety of other traits , which supports the concept of the halo effect .", "3": "On Personality ( edit ) Dion , Berscheid & Walster ( 1972 ) conducted a study on the relationship between attractiveness and the halo effect . Sixty students , thirty male and thirty female ) from the University of Minnesota took part in the experiment . Each subject was given three different photos to examine : one of an attractive individual , one of an individual of average attractiveness , and one of an unattractive individual . The participants judged the photos ' subjects along 27 different personality traits ( including altruism , conventionality , self - assertiveness , stability , emotionality , trustworthiness , extraversion , kindness , and sexual promiscuity ) . Participants were then asked to predict the overall happiness the photos ' subjects would feel for the rest of their lives , including marital happiness ( least likely to get divorced ) , parental happiness ( most likely to be a good parent ) , social and professional happiness ( most likely to experience life fulfillment ) , and overall happiness . Finally , participants were asked if the subjects would hold a job of high status , medium status , or low status . Results showed that most of the participants overwhelmingly believed more attractive subjects have more socially desirable personality traits than either averagely attractive or unattractive subjects . Participants also believed that attractive individuals would lead happier lives in general , have happier marriages , and have more career success than the others . Also , results showed that attractive people were believed to be more likely to hold secure , prestigious jobs compared to unattractive individuals . Participants however believed that attractive individuals would be worse parents than both average attractive and unattractive individuals . Academics and intelligence ( edit ) A study by Landy & Sigall ( 1974 ) demonstrated the halo effect on judgments of intelligence and competence on academic tasks . Sixty male undergraduate students rated the quality of essays which included both well and poorly written samples . One third were presented with a photo of an attractive female as author , another third with that of an unattractive female as author , and the last third were shown neither . In average most of the Participants gave significantly better writing evaluations for the more attractive author . On a scale of 1 to 9 , the well - written essay by the attractive author received an average of 6.7 while the unattractive author received a 5.9 ( with a 6.6 as a control ) .", "4": "The gap was larger on the poor essay : the attractive author received an average of 5.2 , the control a 4.7 , and the unattractive a 2.7 , suggesting readers are generally more willing to give physically attractive people the benefit of the doubt when performance is below standard than others . Research conducted by Moore , Filippou , & Perrett ( 2011 ) , sought residual cues to intelligence in female and male faces while attempting to control for the attractiveness halo effect . Over 300 photographs of Caucasian British college students were rated for perceived intelligence . The photographs that were scored lowest in low perceived intelligence were used to create a low - intelligence composite face and those photographs that were scored highest for high perceived intelligence were used to create high - intelligence composite face . Both female and male , of high - and low - perceived intelligence were created resulting in four groups of composite faces . Participants for the study were recruited online ; 164 female and 92 male heterosexual residents of the UK rated each of the composite faces for intelligence and attractiveness . Of the female composites , attractiveness seemed to be controlled as both the high - and low - perceived intelligence groups were rated as equally attractive . However , of the male face composites , the high - perceived intelligence group was rated as significantly more attractive than the low - perceived intelligence group , suggesting that either the authors could not adequately control for the attractiveness halo effect for the male composite photographs or that intelligence is an integral factor of attractiveness in high intelligent male faces . The second part of the study found that the composites in the high - perceived intelligence group were rated highest in the factors of friendly and funny as markers of intelligence in both the female and male group . While intelligence does not seem to be a factor that contributes to attractiveness in women , with regards to men , attractive faces are perceived to be more intelligent , friendly , and funny by women and men . Political Effects ( edit ) A study by Verhulst , Lodge & Lavine ( 2010 ) found that attractiveness and familiarity are strong predictors of decisions regarding who is put in a position of leadership . Judgments made following one - second exposures to side - by - side photos of two US congressional candidates were reasonably predictive of election outcomes . Attractiveness and familiarity were correlated with competence in this study .", "5": "Candidates who appeared more attractive and familiar were also seen as more competent and were found more likely to be elected . Similar studies ( Palmer & Peterson 2012 ) found that even when taking factual knowledge into account , candidates who were rated as more attractive were still perceived as more knowledgeable . These results suggest that the halo effect greatly impacts how individuals perceive political knowledge and it demonstrates the powerful influence of the halo effect in politics . The judicial context ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2014 ) Study results showing the influence of the halo effect in the judicial context exist : Efran ( 1974 ) found subjects were more lenient when sentencing attractive individuals than unattractive ones , even though exactly the same crime was committed . The researchers attributed the result to a societal perception that people with a high level of attractiveness are seen as more likely to have successful futures due to corresponding socially desirable traits . Monahan ( 1941 ) studied social workers who were accustomed to interacting with a diverse range of people and found that the majority experienced difficulty when asked to consider that a beautiful person was guilty of a crime . A study presented two hypothetical crimes : a burglary and a swindle . The burglary involved a woman illegally obtaining a key and stealing $2,200 ; the swindle involved a woman manipulating a man to invest $2,200 in a nonexistent corporation . The results showed that when the offense was not related to attractiveness ( as in the burglary ) the unattractive defendant was punished more severely than the attractive one . However , when the offense was related to attractiveness ( the swindle ) , the attractive defendant was punished more severely than the unattractive one . The study imputes that the usual leniency given to the attractive woman ( as a result of the halo effect ) was negated or reversed when the nature of the crime involved her looks . Gender Differences ( edit ) A study by Kaplan ( 1978 ) yielded much of the same results as are seen in other studies focusing on the halo effect -- attractive individuals were rated more highly in qualities such as creativity , intelligence , and sensitivity than unattractive individuals . However , in addition to these results Kaplan found that some women were influenced by the halo effect on attractiveness only when presented with members of the opposite sex .", "6": "When presented with an attractive member of the same sex , the effect was attenuated for some women . Dermer & Thiel ( 1975 ) continue this line of research , going on to demonstrate that jealousy of an attractive individual has slight effect in evaluation of that person . Their work shows this to be more prevalent among females than males , with some females being less influenced by the halo effect . Later research by Moore , Filippou , & Perrett ( 2011 ) was able to control for attractiveness in composite photographs of females who were perceived to be of high or low intelligence , while showing that the attractiveness halo effect was seen in high intelligent male composite faces by heterosexual residents of the UK . Either the halo effect is negated by feelings of jealousy in women or the halo effect is lessened when women are looking at same sex individuals or the attractiveness halo effect can be controlled for in women it appears that there is a difference in affect produced by the attractiveness halo effect at least between binary genders . Possible cause ( edit ) Kanazawa & Kovarb ( 2004 ) have reasoned that if the following four assumptions were true , beautiful people are indeed likely to be more intelligent and provided empirical evidence for these assumptions . More intelligent men are more likely to attain higher status . Higher - status men are more likely to mate with more beautiful women . Intelligence is heritable . Beauty is heritable . The reverse halo effect ( edit ) The reverse halo effect occurs when positive evaluations of an individual cause negative consequences . Dermer and Thiel ( 1975 ) had female undergraduates rate pictures of highly attractive , moderately attractive , and unattractive females and evaluate them on a number of dimensions . Their hypothesis that jealousy would moderate attractiveness ratings was partially supported . Unattractive raters did not rate attractive females as highly , and thought that they would be less competent parents and more likely to cheat . A follow up study with both men and women participants supported this , as well as showing that attractive women were expected to be conceited and have a higher socioeconomic status . Eagly et al. ( 1991 ) also commented on this phenomenon , showing that more attractive individuals of all sexes were expected to be higher in vanity and possibly egotistic .", "7": "Applied instances of the reverse halo effect include negative evaluations of criminals who use their attractiveness to their advantage ( Sigall & Ostrove , 1975 ) and rating a philosophical essay lower when written by a young female than an old male . The horn effect ( edit ) The horn effect , is when people allow an undesirable trait to influence their evaluation of other traits . The Guardian wrote of the devil effect in relation to Hugo Chavez : `` Some leaders can become so demonized that it 's impossible to assess their achievements and failures in a balanced way . '' When someone is seen in a negative light , anything they do that is negative is exemplified , while the positive things they do are not seen , or are doubted . Education ( edit ) Abikoff et al. ( 1993 ) found the halo effect is also present in the classroom . In this study , both regular and special education elementary school teachers watched videotapes of what they believed to be children in regular 4th - grade classrooms . In reality , the children were actors , depicting behaviors present in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , oppositional defiant disorder ( ODD ) , or standard behavior . The teachers were asked to rate the frequency of hyperactive behaviors observed in the children . Teachers rated hyperactive behaviors accurately for children with ADHD ; however , the ratings of hyperactivity were much higher for the children with ODD - like behaviors , showing a halo effect for children with ODD . Foster & Ysseldyke ( 1976 ) also found the halo effect present in teachers ' evaluations of children . Regular and special education elementary school teachers watched videos of a normal child whom they were told was either emotionally disturbed , possessing a learning disorder , mentally retarded , or `` normal '' . The teachers then completed referral forms based on the child 's behavior . The results showed that teachers held negative expectancies toward emotionally disturbed children , maintaining these expectancies even when presented with normal behavior . In addition , the mentally retarded label showed a greater degree of negative bias than the emotionally disturbed or learning disabled . Observations ( edit ) `` In the classroom , teachers are subject to the halo effect rating error when evaluating their students . For example , a teacher who sees a well - behaved student might tend to assume this student is also bright , diligent , and engaged before that teacher has objectively evaluated the student 's capacity in these areas .", "8": "When these types of halo effects occur , they can affect students ' approval ratings in certain areas of functioning and can even affect students ' grades . '' ( Rasmussen , Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology , Volume 1 , 2008 ) `` In the work setting , the halo effect is most likely to show up in a supervisor 's appraisal of a subordinate 's job performance . In fact , the halo effect is probably the most common bias in performance appraisal . Think about what happens when a supervisor evaluates the performance of a subordinate . The supervisor may give prominence to a single characteristic of the employee , such as enthusiasm , and allow the entire evaluation to be colored by how he or she judges the employee on that one characteristic . Even though the employee may lack the requisite knowledge or ability to perform the job successfully , if the employee 's work shows enthusiasm , the supervisor may very well give him or her a higher performance rating than is justified by knowledge or ability . '' ( Schneider , F.W. , Gruman , J.A. , & Coutts , L.M. , Applied Social Psychology , 2012 ) Branding ( edit ) The term halo effect is used in marketing to explain customer bias toward certain products because of favorable experience with other products made by the same company . The halo effect is also present in the field of brand marketing . One common halo effect is when the perceived positive features of a particular item extend to a broader brand . A notable example is the manner in which the popularity of Apple 's iPod generated enthusiasm for the corporation 's other products . A halo effect with regard to health , dubbed a `` health halo '' , is used in food marketing to increase sales of a product ; it can result in increased consumption of the product in the halo which may be unhealthy . The term `` halo effect '' has also been applied to human rights organizations that have used their status to move away from their stated goals . Political scientist Gerald Steinberg has claimed that non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) take advantage of the halo effect and are `` given the status of impartial moral watchdogs '' by governments and the news media . The Ronald McDonald House , a widely known NGO , openly celebrates the positive outcomes it receives from the halo effect . The web page for the Ronald McDonald House in Durham , North Carolina , states that 95 % of survey participants were aware of Ronald McDonald House Charities .", "9": "This awareness is attributed to the halo effect , as employees , customers , and stakeholders are more likely to be involved in a charity that they recognize and trust , with a name and logo that are familiar . A brand 's halo effect can protect its reputation in the event of a crisis . An event that is detrimental to a brand that is viewed favorably would not be as threatening or damaging to a brand that consumers view unfavorably . Other use ( edit ) Non-psychology / business use ( edit ) Non-psychology / business use of the term `` halo effect '' can refer to the monetary value of expenditures either in subsequent time periods A published 2012 study included this additional usage as `` Lastly , there are halo effects ; for instance , spend on TV was found to be influencing response in other channels . '' The halo effect on the dead ( edit ) The difference between how one is looked at during their life and how they are viewed after their death , vary drastically . Often when people who are viewed as bad die , we tend to replace it with the great things they did or accomplished in their life . An example of this is what took place after Michael Jackson passed away in 2009 . Before Michael Jackson 's death in 2009 , he was only a few years removed from accusations of sexual molestation of minors . The public deemed him as a `` child molester '' and `` sex offender . '' However , since his death discussion of sexual misconduct has subsided and public perception mainly focuses on his success and status as the King of Pop . Another person whose view has been changed since their death is the legendary Penn State football coach , Joe Paterno . Before his untimely death , Joe Paterno was in the center of controversy after he was involved in a sexual abuse allegation at Penn State . The controversy eventually led to a bad public perception of the head coach and many of his accomplishments and achievements were taken away from his resume . His statue was removed from the Penn State 's Beaver Stadium after the allegations and many then questioned the legitimacy of his coaching style and technique . However , after his death in 2012 , many people gathered where his statue once was and celebrated his life and achievements . Ever since his death , the perception of him has changed and he is now regarded as one of the best college football coaches in history .", "10": "Further research findings ( edit ) Murphy , Jako & Anhalt ( 1993 ) argue : `` Since 1980 , there have been a large number of studies dealing directly or indirectly with halo error in rating . Taken together , these studies suggest that all seven of the characteristics that have defined halo error for much of its history are problematic and that the assumptions that underlie some of them are demonstrably wrong . '' Their work claims that the assumption that the halo effect is always detrimental is incorrect , with some halo effects resulting in an increase in the accuracy of the rating , in their opinion . Additionally , they discuss the idea of `` true halo '' -- the actual correlation between , for example , attractiveness and performance as an instructor -- and `` illusory halo '' that refers to cognitive distortions , errors in observation and judgement , and the rating tendencies of the individual rater . They claim that any true differentiation between true and illusory halos is impossible in a real - world setting , because the different ratings are strongly influenced by the specific behaviors of the person observed by the raters . A study by Forgas ( 2011 ) states that one 's mood can affect the degree of the halo effect 's influence . When someone is in a favorable mood , the halo effect is more likely to be influential -- this was demonstrated by study participants choosing between pictures of an elderly man with a beard and a young woman , and deciding which subject possessed more philosophical attributes . Additionally , when asked to list the happy times in their life , the halo effect was more evident in the perceptions of the participants . Forgas 's study suggests that when one is gauging the extent of the halo effect in a situation , one must consider the emotional state of the person making the judgment . See also ( edit ) Psychology portal Affect heuristic Association fallacy Attribute substitution Dunning -- Kruger effect Illusory superiority List of cognitive biases Lookism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kahneman , Daniel ( 2013 ) . Thinking , fast and slow ( 1st ed ed . ) . New York : Farrar , Straus , and Giroux . pp. 82 -- 88 . ISBN 9780374533557 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Rosenzweig , Philip M.", "11": "( 2014 ) . The Halo Effect and the Eight Other Business Delusions That Deceive Managers . New York , NY : Free Press . pp. xi . ISBN 9781476784038 . ^ Jump up to : Lachman , Sheldon J. ; Bass , Alan R. ( November 1985 ) . `` A Direct Study of Halo Effect '' . Journal of Psychology . 119 ( 6 ) : 535 -- 540 -- via Taylor & Francis Online . Jump up ^ Thorndike , E.L. ( 1920 ) . `` A constant error in psychological ratings '' . Journal of Applied Psychology . 4 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 29 . doi : 10.1037 / h0071663 . ISSN 0021 - 9010 . Jump up ^ Nisbett , Richard E. ; Wilson , Timothy D. ( 1977 ) . `` The halo effect : Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 35 ( 4 ) : 250 -- 256 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.35. 4.250 . ISSN 0022 - 3514 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , Jeremy L. ; Gore , Jonathan S. ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Is He a Hero or a Weirdo ? How Norm Violations Influence the Halo Effect '' . Gender Issues . 33 ( 4 ) : 299 -- 310 . doi : 10.1007 / s12147 - 016 - 9173 - 6 . ISSN 1098 - 092X . Jump up ^ Wade , T. Joel ; DiMaria , Cristina ( 2003 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Weight Halo Effects : Individual Differences in Perceived Life Success as a Function of Women 's Race and Weight '' . Sex Roles. 48 ( 9 - 10 ) : 461 -- 465 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1023582629538 . ISSN 0360 - 0025 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Anthony G. ; Banaji , Mahzarin R.", "12": "( 1995 ) . `` Implicit Social Cognition : Attitudes , Self - Esteem , and Stereotypes '' . Psychological Review . 102 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 27 -- via Psycnet.apa.org . Jump up ^ Levy , Leon H. ; Dugan , Robert D. ( July 1960 ) . `` A constant error approach to the study of dimensions of social perception '' . The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology . 61 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 24 . doi : 10.1037 / h0042208 . ISSN 0096 - 851X . Jump up ^ Kahneman , Daniel ( 2013 ) . Thinking , Fast and Slow . New York , NY : Farrar , Straus , and Giroux . pp. 82 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 3374533557 Check isbn = value : checksum ( help ) . Jump up ^ Rosenzweig , Phil ( 2014 ) . The Halo Effect and the Eight Other Business Delusions That Deceive Managers . New York , NY : Free Press . pp. xi . ISBN 9781476784038 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Anthony G. ; Banaji , Mahzarin R. ( 1995 ) . `` Implicit Social Cognition : Attitudes , Self - Esteem , and Stereotypes '' . Psychological Review . 102 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 27 -- via Psycnet.apa.org . Jump up ^ Zhang , Zhongheng ; Poucke , Sven Van ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Citations for Randomized Controlled Trials in Sepsis Literature : The Halo Effect Caused by Journal Impact Factor '' . PLOS ONE . 12 ( 1 ) : e0169398 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0169398 . PMC 5207738 . 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( 2011 - 09 ) . `` Intelligence and attractiveness in the face : Beyond the attractiveness halo effect '' . Journal of Evolutionary Psychology . 9 ( 3 ) : 205 -- 217 . doi : 10.1556 / jep. 9.2011. 3.2 . ISSN 1789 - 2082 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ostrove , Nancy ; Sigall , Harold ( 1975 ) . `` Beautiful but Dangerous : Effects of Offender Attractiveness and Nature of the Crime on Juridic Judgment '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 31 ( 3 ) : 410 -- 14 . doi : 10.1037 / h0076472 . ^ Jump up to : Dermer , Marshall ; Thiel , Darrel ( 1975 ) . `` When Beauty May Fail '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 31 ( 6 ) : 1168 -- 1176 .", "14": "doi : 10.1037 / h0077085 . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Robert M. ( 1978 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Is beauty talent ? Sex interaction in the attractiveness halo effect '' . Sex Roles. 4 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 204 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00287500 . ISSN 0360 - 0025 . Jump up ^ Eagly , Alice H. ; Ashmore , R.D. ; Makhijani , M.G. ; Longo , L.C. ( 1991 ) . `` What is Beautiful is Good , But ... A Meta - Analytic Review of Research on the Physical Attractiveness Stereotype '' ( PDF ) . Psychological Bulletin . 110 ( 1 ) : 109 -- 128 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.110. 1.109 . Jump up ^ Sigall , H. ; Ostrove , N. ( 1975 ) . `` Beautiful but Dangerous : Effects of Offender Attractiveness and Nature of Crime on Juridic Judgement '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 31 : 410 -- 414 . doi : 10.1037 / h0076472 . Jump up ^ Forgas , J.P. ( 2011 ) . `` She just does n't look like a philosopher ... ? Affective influence on the halo effect in impression formation '' . European Journal of Social Psychology . 41 : 812 -- 817 . doi : 10.1002 / ejsp. 842 . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Nisbett , Richard E ; Wilson , Timothy D ( 1977 ) . `` The halo effect : Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . American Psychological Association . 35 ( 4 ) : 250 -- 56 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.35. 4.250 . Jump up ^ Glennie , Jonathan ( 3 May 2011 ) . `` Hugo Chávez 's reverse - halo effect '' .", "15": "The Guardian . Jump up ^ Staff , Investopedia ( 2008 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Halo Effect '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Apple shares surfs on big profits '' . BBC News . 13 January 2005 . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Provencher , V ; Jacob , R ( March 2016 ) . `` Impact of Perceived Healthiness of Food on Food Choices and Intake '' . Current obesity reports . 5 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 71 . doi : 10.1007 / s13679 - 016 - 0192 - 0 . PMID 26820622 . Open access preprint Jump up ^ Polivy , J ( 2017 ) . `` What 's that you 're eating ? Social comparison and eating behavior '' . Journal of eating disorders . 5 : 18 . doi : 10.1186 / s40337 - 017 - 0148 - 0 . PMC 5408479 . PMID 28465828 . Jump up ^ Jeffray , Nathan ( 24 June 2010 ) . `` Interview : Gerald Steinberg '' . The Jewish Chronicle . Jump up ^ Balanson , Naftali ( 8 October 2008 ) . `` The ' halo effect ' shields NGOs from media scrutiny '' . The Jerusalem Post . Jump up ^ Jones , Nancy . `` Corporate Donors '' . Ronald House Durham . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Coombs , Timothy W ; Holladay , Sherry J ( 2006 ) . `` Unpacking the halo effect : reputation and crisis management '' . Journal of Communication Management . 10 ( 2 ) : 123 -- 37 . doi : 10.1108 / 13632540610664698 . Jump up ^ Klein , Jill ; Dawar , Niraj ( 2004 ) . `` Evaluations in a Product - Harm Crisis '' . International Journal of Research in Marketing . 21 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 17 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijresmar.", "16": "2003.12. 003 . Jump up ^ 1966 , `` The Marketing Game '' - a textbook and a software package . They referred to the future monetary value of a marketing expenditure that has subsequently been reduced as `` Halo effect . '' Jump up ^ Rowson , Paul ; Thompson , Howard ; Berry , Julian ( 30 Apr 2012 ) . `` Using a decision support optimisation software tool to maximise returns from an overall marketing budget '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management . No . Vol. 19 , 2 . Macmillan Publishing . pp. 138 -- 142 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Coombs , Timothy ( 2006 ) . `` Unpacking the Halo Effect : Reputation and Crisis Management '' . Emerald Insight . Jump up ^ Goetz , Andrew ( 7 / 2 / 2009 ) . `` The Halo Effect in Overdrive '' . Psychology Today . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Candiotti , Susan ( 1 / 23 / 2012 ) . `` Outpouring of grief at Penn State after death of legendary coach '' . CNN . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Bibliography ( edit ) Abikoff , H ; Courtney , M ; Pelham , WE ; Koplewicz , HS ( 1993 ) , `` Teachers ' Ratings of Disruptive Behaviors : The Influence of Halo Effects '' , Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 21 ( 5 ) : 519 -- 33 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00916317 , PMID 8294651 . Dermer , M ; Thiel , DL ( 1975 ) , `` When beauty may fail '' ( PDF ) , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 31 ( 6 ) : 1168 -- 76 , doi : 10.1037 / h0077085 .", "17": "Dion , K ; Berscheid , E ; Walster , E ( 1972 ) , `` What is beautiful is good '' , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 24 ( 3 ) : 285 -- 90 , doi : 10.1037 / h0033731 , PMID 4655540 . Efran , M.G. ( 1974 ) , `` The Effect of Physical Appearance on the Judgment of Guilt , Interpersonal Attraction , and Severity of Recommended Punishment in Simulated Jury Task '' , Journal of Research in Personality , 8 : 45 -- 54 , doi : 10.1016 / 0092 - 6566 ( 74 ) 90044 - 0 . Forgas , Joseph P. ( 2011 ) , `` She just does n't look like a philosopher ... ? Affective influences on the halo effect in impression formation '' , European Journal of Social Psychology , 41 ( 7 ) : 812 -- 817 , doi : 10.1002 / ejsp. 842 . Foster , Glen ; Ysseldyke , James ( 1976 ) , `` Expectancy and Halo Effects as a Result of Artificially Induced Teacher Bias '' , Contemporary Educational Psychology , 1 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 45 , doi : 10.1016 / 0361 - 476X ( 76 ) 90005 - 9 . Kaplan , Robert M. ( 1978 ) , `` Is Beauty Talent ? Sex Interaction in the Attractiveness Halo Effect '' , Sex Roles , 4 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 204 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00287500 . Landy , D ; Sigall , H ( 1974 ) , `` Task Evaluation as a Function of the Performers ' Physical Attractiveness '' , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 29 ( 3 ) : 299 -- 304 , doi : 10.1037 / h0036018 . Monahan , F. ( 1941 ) , Women in Crime , New York : Washburn .", "18": "Moore , FR ; Filippou , D ; Perrett , D ( 2011 ) , `` Intelligence and Attractiveness in the Face : Beyond the Attractiveness Halo Effect '' , Journal of Evolutionary Psychology , 9 ( 3 ) : 205 -- 17 , doi : 10.1556 / JEP. 9.2011. 3.2 . Murphy , Kevin R ; Jako , Robert A ; Anhalt , Rebecca L ( 1993 ) , `` Nature and consequences of halo error : A critical analysis '' , Journal of Applied Psychology , 78 ( 2 ) : 218 -- 25 , doi : 10.1037 / 0021 - 9010.78. 2.218 . Palmer , CL ; Peterson , RD ( 2012 ) , `` Beauty and the Pollster : The Impact of Halo Effects on Perceptions of Political Knowledge and Sophistication '' ( PDF ) , Midwest Political Science Association , Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 09 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Thorndike , EL ( 1920 ) , `` A constant error in psychological ratings '' , Journal of Applied Psychology , 4 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 29 , doi : 10.1037 / h0071663 . Verhulst , Brad ; Lodge , M ; Lavine , H ( 2010 ) , `` The Attractiveness Halo : Why Some Candidates are Perceived More Favorably than Others '' , Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 34 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 2 , doi : 10.1007 / s10919 - 009 - 0084 - z . Kanazawa , S ; Kovarb , J ( May 2004 ) , `` Why beautiful people are more intelligent '' , Intelligence , 32 ( 3 ) : 227 -- 243 , doi : 10.1016 / j. intell. 2004.03. 003 . Further reading ( edit ) Chandra , Ramesh ( 2004 ) . Social development in India . Delhi , IN : Isha . ISBN 81 - 8205 - 024 - 3 . Dean , Jeremy ( 2007 ) .", "19": "`` The Halo Effect : When Your Own Mind is a Mystery '' . PsyBlog . Rosenzweig , Phil ( 2007 ) . The halo effect : ... and the eight other business delusions that deceive managers ( 1st Free Press trade pbk ed . ) . New York , NY : Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 9125 - 5 . Steinberg , Gerald M ( 30 December 2009 ) . `` Human Rights NGOs Need a Monitor '' . The Jewish Daily Forward . Sutherland , Stuart ( 2007 ) . Irrationality ( reprint ed . ) . London : Pinter & Martin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905177 - 07 - 3 . `` Halo and horns effects in rating errors '' . Right Attitudes. 2010 .", "20": "( hide ) Biases Cognitive biases Acquiescence Anchoring Attentional Attribution Authority Automation Belief Blind spot Choice - supportive Confirmation Congruence Cultural Distinction Dunning -- Kruger Egocentric Emotional Extrinsic incentives Fading affect Correspondence Halo effect Hindsight Horn effect Hostile attribution Impact In - group Mere - exposure effect Negativity Normalcy Omission Optimism Outcome Precision Pro-innovation Response Restraint Self - serving Social comparison Status quo Time - saving Trait ascription von Restorff effect Zero - risk In animals Statistical biases Estimator Forecast Healthy user Information Lead time Length time Non-response Omitted - variable Participation Recall Sampling Selection Self - selection Social desirability Spectrum Survivorship Systematic error Systemic Verification Wet Other biases Academic Funding FUTON Inductive Infrastructure Inherent in education Media Vietnam War Norway South Asia Sweden United States Arab -- Israeli conflict Ukraine Net Publication Reporting White hat Bias reduction Cognitive bias mitigation Debiasing Heuristics in judgment and decision - making Lists : General Memory GND : 4158867 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "21": "php?title=Halo_effect&oldid=838238224 '' Categories : Cognitive biases Educational psychology 1920 introductions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text CS1 errors : ISBN CS1 errors : dates Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2018 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles to be expanded from April 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша ລາວ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 19 : 41 . About Wikipedia", "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 17, 2, 0, 18, 4, 3, 12, 5, 6, 10, 14, 1, 13, 11, 20, 7, 9, 19, 8, 15, 21, 16 ]	[ 17, 2, 0, 18, 4 ]
-7001569795804002884	who sings i'm going to soak up the sun	[ "Sheryl Crow", "American artist Sheryl Crow", "covered by the Kidz Bop Kids in 2003", "Sheryl Crow", "Kidz Bop Kids", "American artist Sheryl Crow", "backing vocals by Liz Phair", "Sheryl Crow" ]	{ "0": "Soak up the Sun - wikipedia Soak up the Sun Jump to : navigation , search `` Soak Up the Sun '' Single by Sheryl Crow from the album C'mon , C'mon B - side `` Chances Are '' , `` You 're Not the One '' Released 25 March 2002 Format CD single Genre Pop R&B Length 4 : 52 ( album version ) 3 : 17 ( radio edit ) Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Sheryl Crow Jeff Trott Producer ( s ) Sheryl Crow Sheryl Crow singles chronology `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' ( 1999 ) `` Soak Up the Sun '' ( 2002 ) `` Steve McQueen '' ( 2002 ) `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' ( 1999 ) `` Soak Up the Sun '' ( 2002 ) `` Steve McQueen '' ( 2002 ) Music video `` Soak Up The Sun '' at CMT.com `` Soak Up the Sun '' is the title of a song recorded by American artist Sheryl Crow . It was released in March 2002 as the lead single from her album C'mon C'mon . The song , which features backing vocals by Liz Phair , peaked at number - one on the Billboard Adult Top 40 chart and hit number 5 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and # 17 on the Hot 100 chart . In addition , `` Soak Up the Sun '' ( remixed by noted DJ Victor Calderone ) spent one week at # 1 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in June 2002 ; to date , this is Crow 's only song to top this chart . It reached # 16 on the UK Singles Chart . It was covered by the Kidz Bop Kids in 2003 . The song was also included on the album `` Nolee Mix '' which was released to promote the My Scene dolls . The song was a staple of radio airplay during the summer of 2002 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Track listing 2.1 European CD single ( Cat No.", "1": ": 497 688 - 2 ) 2.2 UK CD single # 1 ( Cat No. : 497 704 - 2 ) 2.3 UK CD single # 2 ( Cat . No. : 497 705 - 2 ) 2.4 CD remixes single ( Cat . No. : 497 721 - 2 ) 3 Chart performance 3.1 Year - end charts 4 References 5 External links Music video ( edit ) The video directed by Wayne Isham and shot on the North Shore of Oahu , Hawaii features Crow performing on the beach , as well as various vacationers surfing in the ocean and jumping off a waterfall . Track listing ( edit ) European CD single ( Cat No. : 497 688 - 2 ) ( edit ) `` Soak Up the Sun '' ( radio edit ) `` Chances Are '' `` You 're Not the One '' `` Soak Up the Sun '' ( album version ) UK CD single # 1 ( Cat No. : 497 704 - 2 ) ( edit ) `` Soak Up the Sun '' ( radio edit ) `` Chances Are '' ( non LP track ) `` You 're Not the One '' ( non LP track ) `` Soak Up the Sun '' ( video ) UK CD single # 2 ( Cat . No. : 497 705 - 2 ) ( edit ) `` Soak Up the Sun '' ( album version ) `` My Favorite Mistake '' ( live version ) `` A Change Would Do You Good '' ( live version ) CD - ROM Segment , including preview of new album CD remixes single ( Cat . No.", "2": ": 497 721 - 2 ) ( edit ) `` Soak Up the Sun '' - album version `` Soak Up the Sun '' - Sunsweep radio mix `` Soak Up the Sun '' - Sunsweep club mix `` Soak Up the Sun '' - Sunsweep dub `` Soak Up the Sun '' - Sunsweep Ultimix `` Soak Up the Sun '' - Ultimix Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Austrian Singles Chart 15 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 18 Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) 24 France ( SNEP ) 51 Netherlands ( Mega Top 100 ) 76 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 19 Poland ( ZPAV ) 41 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 39 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 15 United Kingdom ( The Official Charts Company ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) Victor Calderone & Mac Quayle Mixes US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 15 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 35 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://lp3.polskieradio.pl/utwor/artykul444,187_soak_up_the_sun.aspx Jump up ^ `` Romanian peak '' . Web.archive.org. 2004 - 12 - 25 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 03 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Crow Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Crow Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Crow Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard .", "3": "Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Crow Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Crow Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` They Say Vision '' by Res Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number - one single June 1 , 2002 Succeeded by `` Days Go By '' by Dirty Vegas ( hide ) Sheryl Crow Studio albums Tuesday Night Music Club Sheryl Crow The Globe Sessions C'mon , C'mon Wildflower Detours Home for Christmas 100 Miles from Memphis Feels Like Home Be Myself Compilation albums The Very Best of Sheryl Crow iTunes Originals Hits & Rarities Live albums Sheryl Crow and Friends : Live from Central Park Singles `` Leaving Las Vegas '' `` All I Wanna Do '' `` Strong Enough '' `` Ca n't Cry Anymore '' `` Run Baby Run '' `` What I Can Do for You '' `` If It Makes You Happy '' `` Everyday Is a Winding Road '' `` Hard to Make a Stand '' `` A Change Would Do You Good '' `` Home '' `` Tomorrow Never Dies '' `` My Favorite Mistake '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Anything but Down '' `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' `` Soak Up the Sun '' `` Steve McQueen '' `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' `` Light in Your Eyes '' `` Good Is Good '' `` Perfect Lie '' `` Always on Your Side '' `` Real Gone '' `` Not Fade Away '' `` Shine over Babylon '' `` Love Is Free '' `` Now That You 're Gone '' `` Motivation '' `` Summer Day '' `` Sign Your Name '' `` Easy '' `` Callin ' Me When I 'm Lonely '' `` Shotgun '' Guest singles `` Picture '' ( with Kid Rock ) `` Building Bridges '' ( with Brooks & Dunn and Vince Gill ) `` Just Stand Up ! ''", "4": "`` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' ( with Miranda Lambert and Loretta Lynn ) Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Ghost Brothers of Darkland County Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soak_Up_the_Sun&oldid=833024077 '' Categories : 2002 singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Sheryl Crow songs Songs written by Sheryl Crow Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Music videos directed by Wayne Isham Songs written by Jeff Trott Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 07 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2067016910489049269	where did the last name edwards come from	[ "arose separately in England and Wales", "England", "Wales", "Scotland", "England", "Wales" ]	{ "0": "Edwards ( surname ) - wikipedia Edwards ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the surname `` Edwards '' . For other uses , see Edwards . Edwards Origin Region of origin England , Wales and Scotland Word / Name English , Welsh and Scottish Meaning rarely the `` Son of Edward '' this would be Edwardson , the Modern interpretation of Edward is as the plural `` The family of Edward were known as Edwards '' Footnotes : Frequency Comparison : Edwards is a patronymic surname , which arose separately in England and Wales . It means ' son of Edward ' . Edwards is the 14th most common surname in Wales and 21st most common in England . Within the United States , it was ranked as the 49th-most common surname as surveyed in 1990 , falling to 51st in 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Persons with surname Edwards 1.3 C 1.4 D 1.5 E 1.6 F 1.7 G 1.8 H 1.9 I 1.10 J 1.11 K 1.12 L 1.13 M 1.14 N 1.15 P 1.16 R 1.17 S 1.18 T 1.19 W 2 Others 3 See also 4 References Persons with surname Edwards ( edit ) Edwards ( baseball ) Aaron Edwards ( born 1984 ) , Australian rules footballer Alex Edwards ( born 1975 ) , English cricketer Alex Edwards ( footballer ) ( born 1946 ) , Scottish footballer Alexander Edwards ( 1885 -- 1918 ) , Scottish soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross Allen Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Amelia Edwards ( 1831 -- 1892 ) , English novelist , journalist and Egyptologist Amy Edwards , Australian actress and singer Arthur Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Austin Burton Edwards ( 1909 -- 1960 ) , Australian geologist Becky Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Bela Bates Edwards ( 1802 -- 1852 ) , American clergyman ,", "1": "author and periodical editor Benjamin Edwards ( disambiguation ) , Benjamin and Ben , multiple people Bernard Edwards ( American football ) ( born 1969 ) , American football player Blake Edwards ( 1922 -- 2010 ) , American film director , screenwriter , and producer Brian Edwards ( disambiguation ) , Brian and Bryan , multiple people Braylon Edwards ( born 1983 ) , American football player Caitlyn Edwards ( born 1996 ) , Australian rules footballer Carl Edwards ( born 1979 ) , NASCAR driver Carl Johannes Edwards ( 1914 -- 85 ) , English stained glass designer Charlotte Edwards ( born 1979 ) , English cricketer Clancy Edwards ( born 1955 ) , American track and field sprinter Chet Edwards ( born 1951 ) , American Democratic Party member of the United States House of Representatives Clement Edwards ( 1869 -- 1938 ) , Welsh lawyer , journalist , trade union activist and Liberal politician Clarence Ransom Edwards ( 1860 -- 1931 ) , American general Colin Edwards ( born 1974 ) , professional motorcycle racer Colin Edwards ( footballer ) ( 1991 -- 2013 ) , Guyanese footballer Colin Edwards ( journalist ) ( 1924 -- 1994 ) , Welsh journalist Craig Edwards ( Australian footballer ) ( born 1961 ) Craig Edwards ( English footballer ) ( born 1982 ) Craig Edwards ( tennis ) ( born 1955 ) , American tennis player Daniel Edwards , sculptor Daniel R. Edwards , American World War I Medal of Honor recipient David Edwards ( disambiguation ) , Dave and David , multiple people Derek Edwards , Canadian comedian Derek Edwards ( rugby league ) , English rugby fullback Douglas Edwards , ( 1917 -- 1990 ) , American television news anchor Donna Edwards ( born before 1960 ) , American a lawyer community activist Donnie Edwards ( born 1973 ) , former American football linebacker who played for Kansas City Chiefs and the San Diego Chargers Duncan Edwards ( 1936 -- 1958 ) , English footballer who played for Manchester United Eddie Edwards ( tennis ) , South African tennis player Edward Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Edwin Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people ,", "2": "including : Edwin Edwards , governor of Louisiana Fidel Edwards ( born 1982 ) , Barbadian cricketer Gareth Edwards ( born 1947 ) , Welsh rugby union player Gary Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Geoff Edwards ( 1931 -- 2014 ) , TV & radio personality George Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Glen Edwards ( pilot ) , test pilot , namesake of Edwards Air Force Base Graham Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Gus Edwards ( songwriter ) ( 1879 -- 1945 ) , US - American songwriter and vaudevillian Harold Edwards ( mathematician ) ( born 1936 ) , American mathematician Harry Stillwell Edwards ( 1855 -- 1938 ) , American journalist , novelist , and poet Henrietta Edwards , Canadian feminist and author Henry Sutherland Edwards ( 1828 -- 1906 ) , English journalist and author Sir Herbert Benjamin Edwardes ( 1819 -- 68 ) , British East India soldier and administrator Herm Edwards , Professional American football player and coach Hugh Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Sir Hughie Edwards , RAF Air Commodore , Governor of Western Australia Huw Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people India Edwards ( died 1990 ) , Vice Chairwoman of the Democratic National Committee Iwan Edwards ( born 1937 ) , Canadian choral conductor J ( edit ) Jack Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Jackie Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Jango Edwards , US - American clown and entertainer Jimmy Edwards , English Comedian John Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Jonathan Edwards ( theologian ) ( 1703 -- 1758 ) American theologian Jonathan Edwards ( the younger ) ( 1745 -- 1801 ) , also a theologian Jonathan Edwards ( triple jumper ) ( born 1966 ) , British triple jumper and religious commentator Junior D. Edwards ( 1926 -- 1951 ) , American Medal of Honor recipient Kathleen Edwards ( born 1978 ) , Canadian singer - songwriter Kathryn Edwards ( born 1964 ) , reality television star in The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Kenny Edwards ( rugby league ) ( born 1989 ) ,", "3": "New Zealand rugby league player Kirk Edwards ( born 1983 ) , Barbadian cricketer LaVell Edwards ( 1930 -- 2016 ) , American football coach LeRoy Edwards ( 1914 -- 1971 ) , pioneer of early American professional basketball Lewis Edwards ( 1809 -- 1887 ) , Welsh educator Lewis A. Edwards ( 1811 -- 1879 ) , New York politician Louis Edwards ( 1914 -- 1980 ) , Chairman of Manchester United Luke Edwards ( born 1980 ) American politician , Republican Mark Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Martin Edwards ( born 1945 ) , English football chairman Martin Edwards ( author ) ( born 1955 ) , English writer Mary Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Michael Edwards ( disambiguation ) , also Mike Edwards , multiple people Monroe Edwards ( 1808 - 1847 ) , American forger and slave trader Myrtle Edwards ( 1921 -- 2010 ) , Australian cricketer and softball player Nelson `` Jack '' Edwards ( died 1974 ) , first African - American to hold a seat on the UAW 's International Executive Board Ninian Edwards , American politician Ninian Wirt Edwards , American politician Patrick Edwards , American football player Paul Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Perrie Edwards , Singer Phil Edwards ( disambiguation ) , Phil and Philip , multiple people Pierpont Edwards ( 1750 -- 1826 ) , American lawyer R.T. Edwards , pseudonym of Ron Goulart , writer Ray Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Ray K. Edwards ( 1923 -- 1942 ) , United States Marine who received the Silver Star Richey Edwards ( 1967 -- 1995 ( presumed ) ) , Welsh musician ( Manic Street Preachers ) Robert Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Roger Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Ronnie Claire Edwards ( 1933 - 2016 ) , American actress Ronnie Edwards ( c.", "4": "1952 - 2016 ) , American politician Sally Edwards ( born 1947 ) , American triathlete Sam Edwards ( disambiguation ) , Sam and Samuel , multiple people Sara Edwards ( born 1962 ) , Welsh television presenter Sara Edwards ( American television presenter ) Sarah Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Sebastián Edwards , ( born 1953 ) Chilean economist , writer , speaker , UCLA professor , consultant Sean Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Shane Edwards ( born 1988 ) , Australian rules football player Shane Edwards ( basketball ) ( born 1987 ) , American basketball player Shania Twain ( née Eilleen Regina Edwards , born 1965 ) , Canadian singer Shaun Edwards ( born 1966 ) , Rugby League player and Rugby Union coach Stacy Edwards ( born 1965 ) , American actress Stan Edwards ( born 1960 ) , American football player Stan Edwards ( footballer born 1942 ) , English footballer Stan Edwards ( footballer born 1926 ) ( 1926 -- 1989 ) , English footballer Steve Edwards ( born 1980 ) , English singer Tommy Edwards ( 1922 -- 1969 ) , American singer - songwriter Torri Edwards ( born 1977 ) , American sprinter Trevor Edwards ( born 1937 ) , Welsh footballer Walter Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people William Edwards ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Wynn Edwards ( 1842 - 1900 ) , American politician Others ( edit ) Matilda Betham - Edwards ( 1836 -- 1919 ) , English novelist and writer Alphonse Milne - Edwards ( 1835 -- 1900 ) , French zoologist Henri Milne - Edwards ( 1800 -- 1885 ) , French naturalist V.C. Wynne - Edwards ( 1906 -- 1997 ) , British zoologist See also ( edit ) Edwards family , of Chile Edward References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Edwards Surname Meaning and Distribution '' . forebears.co.uk . Retrieved 21 January 2014 Jump up ^ U.S.", "5": "Census Bureau ; `` Frequently Occurring First Names and Surnames From the 1990 Census , ( Table ) Name Files dist. all. last '' ; published 9 May 1995 ; < https://www.census.gov/genealogy/names/dist.all.last > This page lists people with the surname Edwards . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwards_(surname)&oldid=813879095 '' Categories : Surnames Welsh - language surnames English - language surnames Surnames of English origin Surnames of Welsh origin Anglicised Welsh - language surnames Patronymic surnames Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from September 2011 All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 18 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8497815888777511426	who is mostly responsible for writing the declaration of independence	[ "Thomas Jefferson", "Thomas Jefferson", "Thomas Jefferson", "Thomas Jefferson", "Thomas Jefferson" ]	{ "0": "United States Declaration of Independence - Wikipedia United States Declaration of Independence Jump to : navigation , search United States Declaration of Independence 1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy Created June -- July 1776 Ratified July 4 , 1776 Location Engrossed copy : National Archives Rough draft : Library of Congress Author ( s ) Thomas Jefferson et al. ( engrosser : probably Timothy Matlack ) Signatories 56 delegates to the Continental Congress Purpose To announce and explain separation from Great Britain The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House ( Independence Hall ) in Philadelphia on July 4 , 1776 , which announced that the thirteen American colonies , then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain , regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states , no longer under British rule . These states would found a new nation -- the United States of America . John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence , which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast . A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration , to be ready when Congress voted on independence . John Adams persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document , which Congress would edit to produce the final version . The Declaration was ultimately a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain , more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . The next day , Adams wrote to his wife Abigail : `` The Second Day of July 1776 , will be the most memorable Epocha , in the History of America . '' But Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4 , the date that the Declaration of Independence was approved . After ratifying the text on July 4 , Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms . It was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public . The source copy used for this printing has been lost , and may have been a copy in Thomas Jefferson 's hand . Jefferson 's original draft , complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin , and Jefferson 's notes of changes made by Congress , are preserved at the Library of Congress .", "1": "The best - known version of the Declaration is a signed copy that is displayed at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. , and which is popularly regarded as the official document . This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19 and signed primarily on August 2 . The sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry . The Declaration justified the independence of the United States by listing colonial grievances against King George III , and by asserting certain natural and legal rights , including a right of revolution . Having served its original purpose in announcing independence , references to the text of the Declaration were few in the following years . Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his rhetoric ( as in the Gettysburg Address of 1863 ) and his policies . Since then , it has become a well - known statement on human rights , particularly its second sentence : We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . This has been called `` one of the best - known sentences in the English language '' , containing `` the most potent and consequential words in American history '' . The passage came to represent a moral standard to which the United States should strive . This view was notably promoted by Abraham Lincoln , who considered the Declaration to be the foundation of his political philosophy and argued that it is a statement of principles through which the United States Constitution should be interpreted . The U.S. Declaration of Independence inspired many other similar documents in other countries , the first being the 1789 Declaration of Flanders issued during the Brabant Revolution in the Austrian Netherlands ( modern - day Belgium ) . It also served as the primary model for numerous declarations of independence across Europe and Latin America , as well as Africa ( Liberia ) and Oceania ( New Zealand ) during the first half of the 19th century .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Congress convenes 2 Toward independence 2.1 Revising instructions 2.2 May 15 preamble 2.3 Lee 's resolution 2.4 The final push 3 Draft and adoption 4 Annotated text of the engrossed declaration 5 Influences and legal status 6 Signing 7 Publication and reaction 8 History of the documents 9 Legacy 9.1 Influence in other countries 9.2 Revival of interest 9.3 John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) 9.4 Slavery and the Declaration 9.5 Lincoln and the Declaration 9.6 Women 's suffrage and the Declaration 9.7 Twentieth century and later 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background Thomas Jefferson , the principal author of the Declaration Believe me , dear Sir : there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do . But , by the God that made me , I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose ; and in this , I think I speak the sentiments of America . -- Thomas Jefferson , November 29 , 1775 By the time that the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain had been at war for more than a year . Relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763 . Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies , such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767 . Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the British Empire . Many colonists , however , had developed a different conception of the empire . The colonies were not directly represented in Parliament , and colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them . This tax dispute was part of a larger divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliament 's authority in the colonies .", "3": "The orthodox British view , dating from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , was that Parliament was the supreme authority throughout the empire , and so , by definition , anything that Parliament did was constitutional . In the colonies , however , the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government could violate , not even Parliament . After the Townshend Acts , some essayists even began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all . Anticipating the arrangement of the British Commonwealth , by 1774 American writers such as Samuel Adams , James Wilson , and Thomas Jefferson were arguing that Parliament was the legislature of Great Britain only , and that the colonies , which had their own legislatures , were connected to the rest of the empire only through their allegiance to the Crown . Congress convenes The issue of Parliament 's authority in the colonies became a crisis after Parliament passed the Coercive Acts ( known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies ) in 1774 to punish the Province of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party of 1773 . Many colonists saw the Coercive Acts as a violation of the British Constitution and thus a threat to the liberties of all of British America . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to coordinate a response . Congress organized a boycott of British goods and petitioned the king for repeal of the acts . These measures were unsuccessful because King George and the ministry of Prime Minister Lord North were determined not to retreat on the question of parliamentary supremacy . As the king wrote to North in November 1774 , `` blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent '' . Most colonists still hoped for reconciliation with Great Britain , even after fighting began in the American Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . The Second Continental Congress convened at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia in May 1775 , and some delegates hoped for eventual independence , but no one yet advocated declaring it . Many colonists no longer believed that Parliament had any sovereignty over them , yet they still professed loyalty to King George , who they hoped would intercede on their behalf .", "4": "They were disappointed in late 1775 , when the king rejected Congress 's second petition , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion , and announced before Parliament on October 26 that he was considering `` friendly offers of foreign assistance '' to suppress the rebellion . A pro-American minority in Parliament warned that the government was driving the colonists toward independence . Toward Independence Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense was published in January 1776 , just as it became clear in the colonies that the king was not inclined to act as a conciliator . Paine had only recently arrived in the colonies from England , and he argued in favor of colonial independence , advocating republicanism as an alternative to monarchy and hereditary rule . Common Sense introduced no new ideas and probably had little direct effect on Congress 's thinking about independence ; its importance was in stimulating public debate on a topic that few had previously dared to openly discuss . Public support for separation from Great Britain steadily increased after the publication of Paine 's enormously popular pamphlet . The Assembly Room in Philadelphia 's Independence Hall , where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence Some colonists still held out hope for reconciliation , but developments in early 1776 further strengthened public support for independence . In February 1776 , colonists learned of Parliament 's passage of the Prohibitory Act , which established a blockade of American ports and declared American ships to be enemy vessels . John Adams , a strong supporter of independence , believed that Parliament had effectively declared American independence before Congress had been able to . Adams labeled the Prohibitory Act the `` Act of Independency '' , calling it `` a compleat Dismemberment of the British Empire '' . Support for declaring independence grew even more when it was confirmed that King George had hired German mercenaries to use against his American subjects . Despite this growing popular support for independence , Congress lacked the clear authority to declare it . Delegates had been elected to Congress by thirteen different governments , which included extralegal conventions , ad hoc committees , and elected assemblies , and they were bound by the instructions given to them . Regardless of their personal opinions , delegates could not vote to declare independence unless their instructions permitted such an action . Several colonies , in fact , expressly prohibited their delegates from taking any steps towards separation from Great Britain , while other delegations had instructions that were ambiguous on the issue .", "5": "As public sentiment grew for separation from Great Britain , advocates of independence sought to have the Congressional instructions revised . For Congress to declare independence , a majority of delegations would need authorization to vote for independence , and at least one colonial government would need to specifically instruct ( or grant permission for ) its delegation to propose a declaration of independence in Congress . Between April and July 1776 , a `` complex political war '' was waged to bring this about . Revising instructions In the campaign to revise Congressional instructions , many Americans formally expressed their support for separation from Great Britain in what were effectively state and local declarations of independence . Historian Pauline Maier identifies more than ninety such declarations that were issued throughout the Thirteen Colonies from April to July 1776 . These `` declarations '' took a variety of forms . Some were formal written instructions for Congressional delegations , such as the Halifax Resolves of April 12 , with which North Carolina became the first colony to explicitly authorize its delegates to vote for independence . Others were legislative acts that officially ended British rule in individual colonies , such as the Rhode Island legislature declaring its independence from Great Britain on May 4 , the first colony to do so . Many `` declarations '' were resolutions adopted at town or county meetings that offered support for independence . A few came in the form of jury instructions , such as the statement issued on April 23 , 1776 by Chief Justice William Henry Drayton of South Carolina : `` the law of the land authorizes me to declare ... that George the Third , King of Great Britain ... has no authority over us , and we owe no obedience to him . '' Most of these declarations are now obscure , having been overshadowed by the declaration approved by Congress on July 2 , and signed July 4 . Some colonies held back from endorsing independence . Resistance was centered in the middle colonies of New York , New Jersey , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and Delaware . Advocates of independence saw Pennsylvania as the key ; if that colony could be converted to the pro-independence cause , it was believed that the others would follow . On May 1 , however , opponents of independence retained control of the Pennsylvania Assembly in a special election that had focused on the question of independence .", "6": "In response , Congress passed a resolution on May 10 which had been promoted by John Adams and Richard Henry Lee , calling on colonies without a `` government sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs '' to adopt new governments . The resolution passed unanimously , and was even supported by Pennsylvania 's John Dickinson , the leader of the anti-independence faction in Congress , who believed that it did not apply to his colony . May 15 preamble This Day the Congress has passed the most important Resolution , that ever was taken in America . -- John Adams , May 15 , 1776 As was the custom , Congress appointed a committee to draft a preamble to explain the purpose of the resolution . John Adams wrote the preamble , which stated that because King George had rejected reconciliation and was hiring foreign mercenaries to use against the colonies , `` it is necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority under the said crown should be totally suppressed '' . Adams 's preamble was meant to encourage the overthrow of the governments of Pennsylvania and Maryland , which were still under proprietary governance . Congress passed the preamble on May 15 after several days of debate , but four of the middle colonies voted against it , and the Maryland delegation walked out in protest . Adams regarded his May 15 preamble effectively as an American declaration of independence , although a formal declaration would still have to be made . Lee 's resolution Main article : Lee Resolution On the same day that Congress passed Adams 's radical preamble , the Virginia Convention set the stage for a formal Congressional declaration of independence . On May 15 , the Convention instructed Virginia 's congressional delegation `` to propose to that respectable body to declare the United Colonies free and independent States , absolved from all allegiance to , or dependence upon , the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain '' . In accordance with those instructions , Richard Henry Lee of Virginia presented a three - part resolution to Congress on June 7 . The motion was seconded by John Adams , calling on Congress to declare independence , form foreign alliances , and prepare a plan of colonial confederation . The part of the resolution relating to declaring independence read : Resolved , that these United Colonies are , and of right ought to be , free and independent States , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is , and ought to be , totally dissolved .", "7": "Lee 's resolution met with resistance in the ensuing debate . Opponents of the resolution conceded that reconciliation was unlikely with Great Britain , while arguing that declaring independence was premature , and that securing foreign aid should take priority . Advocates of the resolution countered that foreign governments would not intervene in an internal British struggle , and so a formal declaration of independence was needed before foreign aid was possible . All Congress needed to do , they insisted , was to `` declare a fact which already exists '' . Delegates from Pennsylvania , Delaware , New Jersey , Maryland , and New York were still not yet authorized to vote for independence , however , and some of them threatened to leave Congress if the resolution were adopted . Congress , therefore , voted on June 10 to postpone further discussion of Lee 's resolution for three weeks . Until then , Congress decided that a committee should prepare a document announcing and explaining independence in the event that Lee 's resolution was approved when it was brought up again in July . The final push Support for a Congressional declaration of independence was consolidated in the final weeks of June 1776 . On June 14 , the Connecticut Assembly instructed its delegates to propose independence and , the following day , the legislatures of New Hampshire and Delaware authorized their delegates to declare independence . In Pennsylvania , political struggles ended with the dissolution of the colonial assembly , and a new Conference of Committees under Thomas McKean authorized Pennsylvania 's delegates to declare independence on June 18 . The Provincial Congress of New Jersey had been governing the province since January 1776 ; they resolved on June 15 that Royal Governor William Franklin was `` an enemy to the liberties of this country '' and had him arrested . On June 21 , they chose new delegates to Congress and empowered them to join in a declaration of independence . Only Maryland and New York had yet to authorize independence towards the end of June . Previously , Maryland 's delegates had walked out when the Continental Congress adopted Adams 's radical May 15 preamble , and had sent to the Annapolis Convention for instructions . On May 20 , the Annapolis Convention rejected Adams 's preamble , instructing its delegates to remain against independence . But Samuel Chase went to Maryland and , thanks to local resolutions in favor of independence , was able to get the Annapolis Convention to change its mind on June 28 . Only the New York delegates were unable to get revised instructions .", "8": "When Congress had been considering the resolution of independence on June 8 , the New York Provincial Congress told the delegates to wait . But on June 30 , the Provincial Congress evacuated New York as British forces approached , and would not convene again until July 10 . This meant that New York 's delegates would not be authorized to declare independence until after Congress had made its decision . This idealized depiction was widely reprinted , of ( left to right ) Franklin , Adams , and Jefferson working on the Declaration ( Jean Leon Gerome Ferris , 1900 ) . Draft and adoption Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence Political maneuvering was setting the stage for an official declaration of independence even while a document was being written to explain the decision . On June 11 , 1776 , Congress appointed a `` Committee of Five '' to draft a declaration , consisting of John Adams of Massachusetts , Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania , Thomas Jefferson of Virginia , Robert R. Livingston of New York , and Roger Sherman of Connecticut . The committee left no minutes , so there is some uncertainty about how the drafting process proceeded ; contradictory accounts were written many years later by Jefferson and Adams , too many years to be regarded as entirely reliable -- although their accounts are frequently cited . What is certain is that the committee discussed the general outline which the document should follow and decided that Jefferson would write the first draft . The committee in general , and Jefferson in particular , thought that Adams should write the document , but Adams persuaded the committee to choose Jefferson and promised to consult with him personally . Considering Congress 's busy schedule , Jefferson probably had limited time for writing over the next seventeen days , and likely wrote the draft quickly . He then consulted the others and made some changes , and then produced another copy incorporating these alterations . The committee presented this copy to the Congress on June 28 , 1776 . The title of the document was `` A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress assembled . '' Portable writing desk that Jefferson used to draft and write the Declaration of Independence Congress ordered that the draft `` lie on the table '' . For two days , Congress methodically edited Jefferson 's primary document , shortening it by a fourth , removing unnecessary wording , and improving sentence structure .", "9": "They removed Jefferson 's assertion that Britain had forced slavery on the colonies in order to moderate the document and appease persons in Britain who supported the Revolution . Jefferson wrote that Congress had `` mangled '' his draft version , but the Declaration that was finally produced was `` the majestic document that inspired both contemporaries and posterity , '' in the words of his biographer John Ferling . Congress tabled the draft of the declaration on Monday , July 1 and resolved itself into a committee of the whole , with Benjamin Harrison of Virginia presiding , and they resumed debate on Lee 's resolution of independence . John Dickinson made one last effort to delay the decision , arguing that Congress should not declare independence without first securing a foreign alliance and finalizing the Articles of Confederation . John Adams gave a speech in reply to Dickinson , restating the case for an immediate declaration . A vote was taken after a long day of speeches , each colony casting a single vote , as always . The delegation for each colony numbered from two to seven members , and each delegation voted amongst themselves to determine the colony 's vote . Pennsylvania and South Carolina voted against declaring independence . The New York delegation abstained , lacking permission to vote for independence . Delaware cast no vote because the delegation was split between Thomas McKean ( who voted yes ) and George Read ( who voted no ) . The remaining nine delegations voted in favor of independence , which meant that the resolution had been approved by the committee of the whole . The next step was for the resolution to be voted upon by Congress itself . Edward Rutledge of South Carolina was opposed to Lee 's resolution but desirous of unanimity , and he moved that the vote be postponed until the following day . `` Declaration House '' , the boarding house at Market and S. 7th Street where Jefferson wrote the Declaration On July 2 , South Carolina reversed its position and voted for independence . In the Pennsylvania delegation , Dickinson and Robert Morris abstained , allowing the delegation to vote three - to - two in favor of independence . The tie in the Delaware delegation was broken by the timely arrival of Caesar Rodney , who voted for independence . The New York delegation abstained once again since they were still not authorized to vote for independence , although they were allowed to do so a week later by the New York Provincial Congress .", "10": "The resolution of independence had been adopted with twelve affirmative votes and one abstention . With this , the colonies had officially severed political ties with Great Britain . John Adams predicted in a famous letter , written to his wife on the following day , that July 2 would become a great American holiday . He thought that the vote for independence would be commemorated ; he did not foresee that Americans -- including himself -- would instead celebrate Independence Day on the date when the announcement of that act was finalized . `` I am apt to believe that ( Independence Day ) will be celebrated , by succeeding Generations , as the great anniversary Festival . It ought to be commemorated , as the Day of Deliverance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Almighty . It ought to be solemnized with Pomp and Parade , with shews , Games , Sports , Guns , Bells , Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more . '' After voting in favor of the resolution of independence , Congress turned its attention to the committee 's draft of the declaration . Over several days of debate , they made a few changes in wording and deleted nearly a fourth of the text and , on July 4 , 1776 , the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved and sent to the printer for publication . The opening of the original printing of the Declaration , printed on July 4 , 1776 under Jefferson 's supervision . The engrossed copy was made later ( shown at the top of this article ) . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . There is a distinct change in wording from this original broadside printing of the Declaration and the final official engrossed copy . The word `` unanimous '' was inserted as a result of a Congressional resolution passed on July 19 , 1776 : Resolved , That the Declaration passed on the 4th , be fairly engrossed on parchment , with the title and stile of `` The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America , '' and that the same , when engrossed , be signed by every member of Congress . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status .", "11": "America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . Annotated text of the engrossed Declaration The declaration is not divided into formal sections ; but it is often discussed as consisting of five parts : introduction , preamble , indictment of King George III , denunciation of the British people , and conclusion . Introduction Asserts as a matter of Natural Law the ability of a people to assume political independence ; acknowledges that the grounds for such independence must be reasonable , and therefore explicable , and ought to be explained . In CONGRESS , July 4 , 1776 . The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America , When in the Course of human events , it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another , and to assume among the powers of the earth , the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God entitle them , a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation . Preamble Outlines a general philosophy of government that justifies revolution when government harms natural rights . We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed , That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends , it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it , and to institute new Government , laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form , as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness . Prudence , indeed , will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shewn , that mankind are more disposed to suffer , while evils are sufferable , than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed .", "12": "But when a long train of abuses and usurpations , pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism , it is their right , it is their duty , to throw off such Government , and to provide new Guards for their future security . Indictment A bill of particulars documenting the king 's `` repeated injuries and usurpations '' of the Americans ' rights and liberties . Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government . The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations , all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States . To prove this , let Facts be submitted to a candid world . He has refused his Assent to Laws , the most wholesome and necessary for the public good . He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance , unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended , he has utterly neglected to attend to them . He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people , unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature , a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only . He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual , uncomfortable , and distant from the depository of their Public Records , for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures . He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly , for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people . He has refused for a long time , after such dissolutions , to cause others to be elected , whereby the Legislative Powers , incapable of Annihilation , have returned to the People at large for their exercise ; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without , and convulsions within . He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither , and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands . He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers .", "13": "He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices , and the amount and payment of their salaries . He has erected a multitude of New Offices , and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance . He has kept among us , in times of peace , Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures . He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power . He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution , and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them , by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States : For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world : For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent : For depriving us in many cases , of the benefit of Trial by Jury : For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province , establishing therein an Arbitrary government , and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies For taking away our Charters , abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments : For suspending our own Legislatures , and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever . He has abdicated Government here , by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us . He has plundered our seas , ravaged our coasts , burnt our towns , and destroyed the lives of our people . He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death , desolation , and tyranny , already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages , and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation . He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country , to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren , or to fall themselves by their Hands .", "14": "He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us , and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers , the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare , is an undistinguished destruction of all ages , sexes and conditions . In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury . A Prince , whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant , is unfit to be the ruler of a free people . Denunciation This section essentially finishes the case for independence . The conditions that justified revolution have been shown . Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren . We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us . We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here . We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity , and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations , which , would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence . They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity . We must , therefore , acquiesce in the necessity , which denounces our Separation , and hold them , as we hold the rest of mankind , Enemies in War , in Peace Friends . Conclusion The signers assert that there exist conditions under which people must change their government , that the British have produced such conditions and , by necessity , the colonies must throw off political ties with the British Crown and become independent states . The conclusion contains , at its core , the Lee Resolution that had been passed on July 2 .", "15": "We , therefore , the Representatives of the united States of America , in General Congress , Assembled , appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions , do , in the Name , and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies , solemnly publish and declare , That these united Colonies are , and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States ; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain , is and ought to be totally dissolved ; and that as Free and Independent States , they have full Power to levy War , conclude Peace , contract Alliances , establish Commerce , and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do . And for the support of this Declaration , with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence , we mutually pledge to each other our Lives , our Fortunes and our sacred Honor . Signatures The first and most famous signature on the engrossed copy was that of John Hancock , President of the Continental Congress . Two future presidents ( Thomas Jefferson and John Adams ) and a father and great - grandfather of two other presidents ( Benjamin Harrison ) were among the signatories . Edward Rutledge ( age 26 ) was the youngest signer , and Benjamin Franklin ( age 70 ) was the oldest signer . The fifty - six signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows ( from north to south ) : New Hampshire : Josiah Bartlett , William Whipple , Matthew Thornton Massachusetts : Samuel Adams , John Adams , John Hancock , Robert Treat Paine , Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island : Stephen Hopkins , William Ellery Connecticut : Roger Sherman , Samuel Huntington , William Williams , Oliver Wolcott New York : William Floyd , Philip Livingston , Francis Lewis , Lewis Morris New Jersey : Richard Stockton , John Witherspoon , Francis Hopkinson , John Hart , Abraham Clark Pennsylvania : Robert Morris , Benjamin Rush , Benjamin Franklin , John Morton , George Clymer , James Smith , George Taylor , James Wilson , George Ross Delaware : George Read , Caesar Rodney , Thomas McKean Maryland : Samuel Chase , William Paca , Thomas Stone , Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia : George Wythe , Richard Henry Lee , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Harrison , Thomas Nelson , Jr.", "16": ", Francis Lightfoot Lee , Carter Braxton North Carolina : William Hooper , Joseph Hewes , John Penn South Carolina : Edward Rutledge , Thomas Heyward , Jr. , Thomas Lynch , Jr. , Arthur Middleton Georgia : Button Gwinnett , Lyman Hall , George Walton Influences and legal status English political philosopher John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) Historians have often sought to identify the sources that most influenced the words and political philosophy of the Declaration of Independence . By Jefferson 's own admission , the Declaration contained no original ideas , but was instead a statement of sentiments widely shared by supporters of the American Revolution . As he explained in 1825 : Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment , nor yet copied from any particular and previous writing , it was intended to be an expression of the American mind , and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion . Jefferson 's most immediate sources were two documents written in June 1776 : his own draft of the preamble of the Constitution of Virginia , and George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights . Ideas and phrases from both of these documents appear in the Declaration of Independence . They were , in turn , directly influenced by the 1689 English Declaration of Rights , which formally ended the reign of King James II . During the American Revolution , Jefferson and other Americans looked to the English Declaration of Rights as a model of how to end the reign of an unjust king . The Scottish Declaration of Arbroath ( 1320 ) and the Dutch Act of Abjuration ( 1581 ) have also been offered as models for Jefferson 's Declaration , but these models are now accepted by few scholars . Jefferson wrote that a number of authors exerted a general influence on the words of the Declaration . English political theorist John Locke is usually cited as one of the primary influences , a man whom Jefferson called one of `` the three greatest men that have ever lived '' . In 1922 , historian Carl L. Becker wrote , `` Most Americans had absorbed Locke 's works as a kind of political gospel ; and the Declaration , in its form , in its phraseology , follows closely certain sentences in Locke 's second treatise on government . ''", "17": "The extent of Locke 's influence on the American Revolution has been questioned by some subsequent scholars , however . Historian Ray Forrest Harvey argued in 1937 for the dominant influence of Swiss jurist Jean Jacques Burlamaqui , declaring that Jefferson and Locke were at `` two opposite poles '' in their political philosophy , as evidenced by Jefferson 's use in the Declaration of Independence of the phrase `` pursuit of happiness '' instead of `` property '' . Other scholars emphasized the influence of republicanism rather than Locke 's classical liberalism . Historian Garry Wills argued that Jefferson was influenced by the Scottish Enlightenment , particularly Francis Hutcheson , rather than Locke , an interpretation that has been strongly criticized . Legal historian John Phillip Reid has written that the emphasis on the political philosophy of the Declaration has been misplaced . The Declaration is not a philosophical tract about natural rights , argues Reid , but is instead a legal document -- an indictment against King George for violating the constitutional rights of the colonists . Historian David Armitage has argued that the Declaration was strongly influenced by de Vattel 's The Law of Nations , the dominant international law treatise of the period , and a book that Benjamin Franklin said was `` continually in the hands of the members of our Congress '' . Armitage writes , `` Vattel made independence fundamental to his definition of statehood '' ; therefore , the primary purpose of the Declaration was `` to express the international legal sovereignty of the United States '' . If the United States were to have any hope of being recognized by the European powers , the American revolutionaries first had to make it clear that they were no longer dependent on Great Britain . The Declaration of Independence does not have the force of law domestically , but nevertheless it may help to provide historical and legal clarity about the Constitution and other laws . Signing The signed copy of the Declaration is now badly faded because of poor preserving practices in the 19th century . It is on display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. Main article : Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence The Declaration became official when Congress voted for it on July 4 ; signatures of the delegates were not needed to make it official . The handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence that was signed by Congress is dated July 4 , 1776 .", "18": "The signatures of fifty - six delegates are affixed ; however , the exact date when each person signed it has long been the subject of debate . Jefferson , Franklin , and Adams all wrote that the Declaration had been signed by Congress on July 4 . But in 1796 , signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4 , pointing out that some signers were not then present , including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date . The Declaration was transposed on paper , adopted by the Continental Congress , and signed by John Hancock , President of the Congress , on July 4 , 1776 , according to the 1911 record of events by the U.S. State Department under Secretary Philander C. Knox . On August 2 , 1776 , a parchment paper copy of the Declaration was signed by 56 persons . Many of these signers were not present when the original Declaration was adopted on July 4 . Signer Matthew Thornton from New Hampshire was seated in the Continental Congress in November ; he asked for and received the privilege of adding his signature at that time , and signed on November 4 , 1776 . On July 4 , 1776 , Continental Congress President John Hancock 's signature authenticated the United States Declaration of Independence . Historians have generally accepted McKean 's version of events , arguing that the famous signed version of the Declaration was created after July 19 , and was not signed by Congress until August 2 , 1776 . In 1986 , legal historian Wilfred Ritz argued that historians had misunderstood the primary documents and given too much credence to McKean , who had not been present in Congress on July 4 . According to Ritz , about thirty - four delegates signed the Declaration on July 4 , and the others signed on or after August 2 . Historians who reject a July 4 signing maintain that most delegates signed on August 2 , and that those eventual signers who were not present added their names later . Two future U.S. presidents were among the signatories : Thomas Jefferson and John Adams . The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock , who presumably signed first as President of Congress .", "19": "Hancock 's large , flamboyant signature became iconic , and the term John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for `` signature '' . A commonly circulated but apocryphal account claims that , after Hancock signed , the delegate from Massachusetts commented , `` The British ministry can read that name without spectacles . '' Another apocryphal report indicates that Hancock proudly declared , `` There ! I guess King George will be able to read that ! '' Various legends emerged years later about the signing of the Declaration , when the document had become an important national symbol . In one famous story , John Hancock supposedly said that Congress , having signed the Declaration , must now `` all hang together '' , and Benjamin Franklin replied : `` Yes , we must indeed all hang together , or most assuredly we shall all hang separately . '' The quotation did not appear in print until more than fifty years after Franklin 's death . The Syng inkstand used at the signing was also used at the signing of the United States Constitution in 1787 . Publication and reaction Johannes Adam Simon Oertel 's painting Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 , depicts citizens destroying a statue of King George after the Declaration was read in New York City on July 9 , 1776 . After Congress approved the final wording of the Declaration on July 4 , a handwritten copy was sent a few blocks away to the printing shop of John Dunlap . Through the night , Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides for distribution . Before long , the Declaration was read to audiences and reprinted in newspapers throughout the thirteen states . The first official public reading of the document was by John Nixon in the yard of Independence Hall on July 8 ; public readings also took place on that day in Trenton , New Jersey and Easton , Pennsylvania . A German translation of the Declaration was published in Philadelphia by July 9 . President of Congress John Hancock sent a broadside to General George Washington , instructing him to have it proclaimed `` at the Head of the Army in the way you shall think it most proper '' . Washington had the Declaration read to his troops in New York City on July 9 , with thousands of British troops on ships in the harbor .", "20": "Washington and Congress hoped that the Declaration would inspire the soldiers , and encourage others to join the army . After hearing the Declaration , crowds in many cities tore down and destroyed signs or statues representing royal authority . An equestrian statue of King George in New York City was pulled down and the lead used to make musket balls . William Whipple , signer of the Declaration of Independence , freed his slave believing that he could not both fight for liberty and own a slave . British officials in North America sent copies of the Declaration to Great Britain . It was published in British newspapers beginning in mid-August , it had reached Florence and Warsaw by mid-September , and a German translation appeared in Switzerland by October . The first copy of the Declaration sent to France got lost , and the second copy arrived only in November 1776 . It reached Portuguese America by Brazilian medical student `` Vendek '' José Joaquim Maia e Barbalho , who had met with Thomas Jefferson in Nîmes . The Spanish - American authorities banned the circulation of the Declaration , but it was widely transmitted and translated : by Venezuelan Manuel García de Sena , by Colombian Miguel de Pombo , by Ecuadorian Vicente Rocafuerte , and by New Englanders Richard Cleveland and William Shaler , who distributed the Declaration and the United States Constitution among creoles in Chile and Indians in Mexico in 1821 . The North Ministry did not give an official answer to the Declaration , but instead secretly commissioned pamphleteer John Lind to publish a response entitled Answer to the Declaration of the American Congress . British Tories denounced the signers of the Declaration for not applying the same principles of `` life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness '' to African Americans . Thomas Hutchinson , the former royal governor of Massachusetts , also published a rebuttal . These pamphlets challenged various aspects of the Declaration . Hutchinson argued that the American Revolution was the work of a few conspirators who wanted independence from the outset , and who had finally achieved it by inducing otherwise loyal colonists to rebel . Lind 's pamphlet had an anonymous attack on the concept of natural rights written by Jeremy Bentham , an argument that he repeated during the French Revolution . Both pamphlets asked how the American slaveholders in Congress could proclaim that `` all men are created equal '' without freeing their own slaves .", "21": "William Whipple , a signer of the Declaration of Independence who had fought in the war , freed his slave Prince Whipple because of revolutionary ideals . In the postwar decades , other slaveholders also freed their slaves ; from 1790 to 1810 , the percentage of free blacks in the Upper South increased to 8.3 percent from less than one percent of the black population . All Northern states abolished slavery by 1804 . History of the documents Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence The official copy of the Declaration of Independence was the one printed on July 4 , 1776 under Jefferson 's supervision . It was sent to the states and to the Army and was widely reprinted in newspapers . The slightly different `` engrossed copy '' ( shown at the top of this article ) was made later for members to sign . The engrossed version is the one widely distributed in the 21st century . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . The copy of the Declaration that was signed by Congress is known as the engrossed or parchment copy . It was probably engrossed ( that is , carefully handwritten ) by clerk Timothy Matlack . A facsimile made in 1823 has become the basis of most modern reproductions rather than the original because of poor conservation of the engrossed copy through the 19th century . In 1921 , custody of the engrossed copy of the Declaration was transferred from the State Department to the Library of Congress , along with the United States Constitution . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the documents were moved for safekeeping to the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox in Kentucky , where they were kept until 1944 . In 1952 , the engrossed Declaration was transferred to the National Archives and is now on permanent display at the National Archives in the `` Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom '' . The Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom in the National Archives building The document signed by Congress and enshrined in the National Archives is usually regarded as the Declaration of Independence , but historian Julian P. Boyd argued that the Declaration , like Magna Carta , is not a single document . Boyd considered the printed broadsides ordered by Congress to be official texts , as well .", "22": "The Declaration was first published as a broadside that was printed the night of July 4 by John Dunlap of Philadelphia . Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides , of which 26 are known to survive . The 26th copy was discovered in The National Archives in England in 2009 . In 1777 , Congress commissioned Mary Katherine Goddard to print a new broadside that listed the signers of the Declaration , unlike the Dunlap broadside . Nine copies of the Goddard broadside are known to still exist . A variety of broadsides printed by the states are also extant . Several early handwritten copies and drafts of the Declaration have also been preserved . Jefferson kept a four - page draft that late in life he called the `` original Rough draught '' . It is not known how many drafts Jefferson wrote prior to this one , and how much of the text was contributed by other committee members . In 1947 , Boyd discovered a fragment of an earlier draft in Jefferson 's handwriting . Jefferson and Adams sent copies of the rough draft to friends , with slight variations . During the writing process , Jefferson showed the rough draft to Adams and Franklin , and perhaps to other members of the drafting committee , who made a few more changes . Franklin , for example , may have been responsible for changing Jefferson 's original phrase `` We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable '' to `` We hold these truths to be self - evident '' . Jefferson incorporated these changes into a copy that was submitted to Congress in the name of the committee . The copy that was submitted to Congress on June 28 has been lost , and was perhaps destroyed in the printing process , or destroyed during the debates in accordance with Congress 's secrecy rule . On April 21 , 2017 it was announced that a second engrossed copy had been discovered in an archive in Sussex , England . Named by its finders the `` Sussex Declaration '' , it differs from the National Archives copy ( which the finders refer to as the `` Matlack Declaration '' ) in that the signatures on it are not grouped by States .", "23": "How it came to be in England is not yet known , but the finders believe that the randomness of the signatures points to an origin with signatory James Wilson , who had argued strongly that the Declaration was made not by the States but by the whole people . Legacy The Declaration was neglected in the years immediately following the American Revolution , having served its original purpose in announcing the independence of the United States . Early celebrations of Independence Day largely ignored the Declaration , as did early histories of the Revolution . The act of declaring independence was considered important , whereas the text announcing that act attracted little attention . The Declaration was rarely mentioned during the debates about the United States Constitution , and its language was not incorporated into that document . George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights was more influential , and its language was echoed in state constitutions and state bills of rights more often than Jefferson 's words . `` In none of these documents '' , wrote Pauline Maier , `` is there any evidence whatsoever that the Declaration of Independence lived in men 's minds as a classic statement of American political principles . '' Influence in other countries Many leaders of the French Revolution admired the Declaration of Independence but were also interested in the new American state constitutions . The inspiration and content of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen ( 1789 ) emerged largely from the ideals of the American Revolution . Its key drafts were prepared by Lafayette , working closely in Paris with his friend Thomas Jefferson . It also borrowed language from George Mason 's Virginia Declaration of Rights . The declaration also influenced the Russian Empire . The document had a particular impact on the Decembrist revolt and other Russian thinkers . According to historian David Armitage , the Declaration of Independence did prove to be internationally influential , but not as a statement of human rights . Armitage argued that the Declaration was the first in a new genre of declarations of independence that announced the creation of new states . Other French leaders were directly influenced by the text of the Declaration of Independence itself .", "24": "The Manifesto of the Province of Flanders ( 1790 ) was the first foreign derivation of the Declaration ; others include the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence ( 1811 ) , the Liberian Declaration of Independence ( 1847 ) , the declarations of secession by the Confederate States of America ( 1860 -- 61 ) , and the Vietnamese Proclamation of Independence ( 1945 ) . These declarations echoed the United States Declaration of Independence in announcing the independence of a new state , without necessarily endorsing the political philosophy of the original . Other countries have used the Declaration as inspiration or have directly copied sections from it . These include the Haitian declaration of January 1 , 1804 during the Haitian Revolution , the United Provinces of New Granada in 1811 , the Argentine Declaration of Independence in 1816 , the Chilean Declaration of Independence in 1818 , Costa Rica in 1821 , El Salvador in 1821 , Guatemala in 1821 , Honduras in ( 1821 ) , Mexico in 1821 , Nicaragua in 1821 , Peru in 1821 , Bolivian War of Independence in 1825 , Uruguay in 1825 , Ecuador in 1830 , Colombia in 1831 , Paraguay in 1842 , Dominican Republic in 1844 , Texas Declaration of Independence in March 1836 , California Republic in November 1836 , Hungarian Declaration of Independence in 1849 , Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand in 1835 , and the Czechoslovak declaration of independence from 1918 drafted in Washington D.C. with Gutzon Borglum among the drafters . The Rhodesian declaration of independence , ratified in November 1965 , is based on the American one as well ; however , it omits the phrases `` all men are created equal '' and `` the consent of the governed '' . The South Carolina declaration of secession from December 1860 also mentions the U.S. Declaration of Independence , though it , like the Rhodesian one , omits references to `` all men are created equal '' and `` consent of the governed '' . Revival of interest Interest in the Declaration was revived in the 1790s with the emergence of the United States 's first political parties . Throughout the 1780s , few Americans knew or cared who wrote the Declaration .", "25": "But in the next decade , Jeffersonian Republicans sought political advantage over their rival Federalists by promoting both the importance of the Declaration and Jefferson as its author . Federalists responded by casting doubt on Jefferson 's authorship or originality , and by emphasizing that independence was declared by the whole Congress , with Jefferson as just one member of the drafting committee . Federalists insisted that Congress 's act of declaring independence , in which Federalist John Adams had played a major role , was more important than the document announcing it . But this view faded away , like the Federalist Party itself , and , before long , the act of declaring independence became synonymous with the document . A less partisan appreciation for the Declaration emerged in the years following the War of 1812 , thanks to a growing American nationalism and a renewed interest in the history of the Revolution . In 1817 , Congress commissioned John Trumbull 's famous painting of the signers , which was exhibited to large crowds before being installed in the Capitol . The earliest commemorative printings of the Declaration also appeared at this time , offering many Americans their first view of the signed document . Collective biographies of the signers were first published in the 1820s , giving birth to what Garry Wills called the `` cult of the signers '' . In the years that followed , many stories about the writing and signing of the document were published for the first time . When interest in the Declaration was revived , the sections that were most important in 1776 were no longer relevant : the announcement of the independence of the United States and the grievances against King George . But the second paragraph was applicable long after the war had ended , with its talk of self - evident truths and unalienable rights . The Constitution and the Bill of Rights lacked sweeping statements about rights and equality , and advocates of groups with grievances turned to the Declaration for support . Starting in the 1820s , variations of the Declaration were issued to proclaim the rights of workers , farmers , women , and others . In 1848 , for example , the Seneca Falls Convention of women 's rights advocates declared that `` all men and women are created equal '' .", "26": "John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) Main article : Declaration of Independence ( Trumbull ) John Trumbull 's famous painting is often identified as a depiction of the signing of the Declaration , but it actually shows the drafting committee presenting its work to the Congress . A key step marking the evolution of the Declaration in the nation 's consciousness is the now well - known painting Declaration of Independence by Connecticut political painter John Trumbull . It was commissioned by the United States Congress in 1817 . 12 - by - 18 - foot ( 3.7 by 5.5 m ) in size , it has hung in the United States Capitol Rotunda since 1826 . It has been often reproduced , and is the visual image most associated by Americans with the Declaration . The painting is sometimes incorrectly described as the signing of the Declaration of Independence . In fact , the painting actually shows the five - man drafting committee presenting their draft of the Declaration to the Second Continental Congress , an event that took place on June 28 , 1776 , and not the signing of the document , which took place later . The painting , the figures painted from life when possible , does not contain all the signers . Some had died and images could not be located . One figure had participated in the drafting but did not sign the final document ; another refused to sign . In fact the membership of the Second Continental Congress changed as time passed , and the figures in the painting were never in the same room at the same time . It is , however , an accurate depiction of the room in the building known today as Independence Hall , the centerpiece of the Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Trumbull visited the room , which was where the Second Continental Congress met , when researching for his painting . At the time it was the Pennsylvania State House . Slavery and the Declaration Further information : Slavery in the colonial United States The apparent contradiction between the claim that `` all men are created equal '' and the existence of American slavery attracted comment when the Declaration was first published . As mentioned above , Jefferson had included a paragraph in his initial draft that strongly indicted Great Britain 's role in the slave trade , but this was deleted from the final version . Jefferson himself was a prominent Virginia slave holder , having owned hundreds of slaves .", "27": "Referring to this seeming contradiction , English abolitionist Thomas Day wrote in a 1776 letter , `` If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . '' In the 19th century , the Declaration took on a special significance for the abolitionist movement . Historian Bertram Wyatt - Brown wrote that `` abolitionists tended to interpret the Declaration of Independence as a theological as well as a political document '' . Abolitionist leaders Benjamin Lundy and William Lloyd Garrison adopted the `` twin rocks '' of `` the Bible and the Declaration of Independence '' as the basis for their philosophies . `` As long as there remains a single copy of the Declaration of Independence , or of the Bible , in our land , '' wrote Garrison , `` we will not despair . '' For radical abolitionists such as Garrison , the most important part of the Declaration was its assertion of the right of revolution . Garrison called for the destruction of the government under the Constitution , and the creation of a new state dedicated to the principles of the Declaration . The controversial question of whether to add additional slave states to the United States coincided with the growing stature of the Declaration . The first major public debate about slavery and the Declaration took place during the Missouri controversy of 1819 to 1821 . Antislavery Congressmen argued that the language of the Declaration indicated that the Founding Fathers of the United States had been opposed to slavery in principle , and so new slave states should not be added to the country . Proslavery Congressmen led by Senator Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina argued that the Declaration was not a part of the Constitution and therefore had no relevance to the question . With the antislavery movement gaining momentum , defenders of slavery such as John Randolph and John C. Calhoun found it necessary to argue that the Declaration 's assertion that `` all men are created equal '' was false , or at least that it did not apply to black people . During the debate over the Kansas -- Nebraska Act in 1853 , for example , Senator John Pettit of Indiana argued that the statement `` all men are created equal '' was not a `` self - evident truth '' but a `` self - evident lie '' .", "28": "Opponents of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , including Salmon P. Chase and Benjamin Wade , defended the Declaration and what they saw as its antislavery principles . Lincoln and the Declaration Congressman Abraham Lincoln Shepherd , 1845 -- 1846 The Declaration 's relationship to slavery was taken up in 1854 by Abraham Lincoln , a little - known former Congressman who idolized the Founding Fathers . Lincoln thought that the Declaration of Independence expressed the highest principles of the American Revolution , and that the Founding Fathers had tolerated slavery with the expectation that it would ultimately wither away . For the United States to legitimize the expansion of slavery in the Kansas - Nebraska Act , thought Lincoln , was to repudiate the principles of the Revolution . In his October 1854 Peoria speech , Lincoln said : Nearly eighty years ago we began by declaring that all men are created equal ; but now from that beginning we have run down to the other declaration , that for some men to enslave others is a `` sacred right of self - government ''. ... Our republican robe is soiled and trailed in the dust. ... Let us repurify it . Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence , and with it , the practices , and policy , which harmonize with it. ... If we do this , we shall not only have saved the Union : but we shall have saved it , as to make , and keep it , forever worthy of the saving . The meaning of the Declaration was a recurring topic in the famed debates between Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in 1858 . Douglas argued that the phrase `` all men are created equal '' in the Declaration referred to white men only . The purpose of the Declaration , he said , had simply been to justify the independence of the United States , and not to proclaim the equality of any `` inferior or degraded race '' . Lincoln , however , thought that the language of the Declaration was deliberately universal , setting a high moral standard to which the American republic should aspire . `` I had thought the Declaration contemplated the progressive improvement in the condition of all men everywhere , '' he said .", "29": "During the seventh and last joint debate with Steven Douglas at Alton , Illinois on October 15 , 1858 , Lincoln said about the declaration : I think the authors of that notable instrument intended to include all men , but they did not mean to declare all men equal in all respects . They did not mean to say all men were equal in color , size , intellect , moral development , or social capacity . They defined with tolerable distinctness in what they did consider all men created equal -- equal in `` certain inalienable rights , among which are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . '' This they said , and this they meant . They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth that all were then actually enjoying that equality , or yet that they were about to confer it immediately upon them . In fact , they had no power to confer such a boon . They meant simply to declare the right , so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit . They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society which should be familiar to all , constantly looked to , constantly labored for , and even , though never perfectly attained , constantly approximated , and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence , and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people , of all colors , everywhere . According to Pauline Maier , Douglas 's interpretation was more historically accurate , but Lincoln 's view ultimately prevailed . `` In Lincoln 's hands , '' wrote Maier , `` the Declaration of Independence became first and foremost a living document '' with `` a set of goals to be realized over time '' . ( T ) here is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence , the right to life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . I hold that he is as much entitled to these as the white man . Abraham Lincoln , 1858 Like Daniel Webster , James Wilson , and Joseph Story before him , Lincoln argued that the Declaration of Independence was a founding document of the United States , and that this had important implications for interpreting the Constitution , which had been ratified more than a decade after the Declaration . The Constitution did not use the word `` equality '' , yet Lincoln believed that the concept that `` all men are created equal '' remained a part of the nation 's founding principles .", "30": "He famously expressed this belief in the opening sentence of his 1863 Gettysburg Address : `` Four score and seven years ago ( i.e. in 1776 ) our fathers brought forth on this continent , a new nation , conceived in Liberty , and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal . '' Lincoln 's view of the Declaration became influential , seeing it as a moral guide to interpreting the Constitution . `` For most people now , '' wrote Garry Wills in 1992 , `` the Declaration means what Lincoln told us it means , as a way of correcting the Constitution itself without overthrowing it . '' Admirers of Lincoln such as Harry V. Jaffa praised this development . Critics of Lincoln , notably Willmoore Kendall and Mel Bradford , argued that Lincoln dangerously expanded the scope of the national government and violated states ' rights by reading the Declaration into the Constitution . Women 's suffrage and the Declaration Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her two sons ( 1848 ) . In July 1848 , the first woman 's rights convention , the Seneca Falls Convention , was held in Seneca Falls , New York . The convention was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Lucretia Mott , Mary Ann McClintock , and Jane Hunt . In their `` Declaration of Sentiments '' , patterned on the Declaration of Independence , the convention members demanded social and political equality for women . Their motto was that `` All men and women are created equal '' and the convention demanded suffrage for women . The suffrage movement was supported by William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass . Twentieth century and later Presentation of the Declaration depicted on a United States postal issue of 1869 Bicentennial Eisenhower dollar ( 1976 ) . Obverse : Eisenhower portrait , US national motto , `` Liberty '' on top , US Independence year ( 1776 ) and year of minting ( 1976 ) . Reverse : Liberty Bell in front of the moon , country name , face value , two stars , and E pluribus unum ( Out of many , one ) . Dollar coin made of silver . Minted to commemorate 200th anniversary of United States Independence .", "31": "The adoption of the Declaration of Independence was dramatized in the 1969 Tony Award -- winning musical 1776 , and the 1972 movie of the same name , as well as in the 2008 television miniseries John Adams . The Declaration was chosen to become the first digitized text ( 1971 ) . Since 1976 ( the United States Bicentennial ) , Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence has been used on the back of the United States two - dollar bill . In 1984 , the Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration was dedicated in Constitution Gardens on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , where the signatures of all the original signers are carved in stone with their names , places of residence , and occupations . The new One World Trade Center building in New York City ( 2014 ) is 1776 feet high , to symbolize the year that the Declaration of Independence was signed . References Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 5 . Jump up ^ The thirteen colonies were : New Hampshire , Massachusetts Bay , Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia . ^ Jump up to : `` Declaring Independence '' , Revolutionary War , Digital History , University of Houston . From Adams ' notes : `` Why will you not ? You ought to do it . '' `` I will not . '' `` Why ? '' `` Reasons enough . '' `` What can be your reasons ? '' `` Reason first , you are a Virginian , and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business . Reason second , I am obnoxious , suspected , and unpopular . You are very much otherwise . Reason third , you can write ten times better than I can . '' `` Well , '' said Jefferson , `` if you are decided , I will do as well as I can . '' `` Very well . When you have drawn it up , we will have a meeting . '' Jump up ^ Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 3 July 1776 Jump up ^ Boyd ( 1976 ) , The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original , p.", "32": "438 Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ... Independence Day Should Actually Be July 2 ? '' ( Press release ) . National Archives and Records Administration . June 1 , 2005 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Declaration of Independence : A History , The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Lucas , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Ellis , American Creation , 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 . Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2007 ) . The Declaration of Independence : A Global History . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 113 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02282 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 19 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 31 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 162 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 200 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 180 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 -- 42 . The writings in question include Wilson 's Considerations on the Authority of Parliament and Jefferson 's A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( both 1774 ) , as well as Samuel Adams 's 1768 Circular Letter . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 168 ; Ferling , Leap in the Dark , 123 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 13 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 .", "33": "The text of the 1775 king 's speech is online , published by the American Memory project . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 88 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 270 ; Maier , American Scripture , 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 667 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 89 ; Maier , American Scripture , 33 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 ; Maier , American Scripture , 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 67 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 77 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 30 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 59 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 671 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 78 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 , and Appendix A , which lists the state and local declarations . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 678 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 679 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 69 -- 72 , quoted on 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 . The modern scholarly consensus is that the best - known and earliest of the local declarations is most likely inauthentic , the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence , allegedly adopted in May 1775 ( a full year before other local declarations ) ; Maier , American Scripture , 174 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Founding , 682 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 683 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Maier , American Scripture , 37 . For the full text of the May 10 resolve , see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 159 . The text of Adams 's letter is online .", "34": "Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 37 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 . For the full text of the May 15 preamble see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 96 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 94 . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 97 ; Jensen , Founding , 685 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 38 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 18 ; Maier , American Scripture , 63 . The text of the May 15 Virginia resolution is online Archived June 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . at Yale Law School 's Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas ( July 4 , 1776 ) . `` Declaration of Independence . In Congress , July 4 , 1776 , a Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress Assembled '' . World Digital Library . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 41 ; Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 -- 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 42 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 ; Armitage , Global History , 33 -- 34 . The quotation is from Jefferson 's notes ; Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 311 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 42 -- 43 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 691 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 -- 07 ; Jensen , Founding , 691 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 692 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 693 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 -- 96 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 96 ; Maier , American Scripture , 68 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 118 ; Jensen , Founding , 698 .", "35": "Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 119 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Dupont and Onuf , 3 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 97 -- 105 ; Boyd , Evolution , 21 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 22 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 104 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 4 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 701 . ^ Jump up to : John E. Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution , Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513409 - 4 . OCLC 468591593 , pp. 131 -- 37 Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 181 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 699 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 182 ; Jensen , Founding , 700 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 45 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 703 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 160 -- 61 . Jump up ^ As quoted in Adams , John ( 2007 ) . My Dearest Friend : Letters of Abigail and John Adams . Harvard University Press . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02606 - 3 . Adams predicted that the celebration date would be July 2 , the date the independence resolution was adopted , rather than July 4 , the date the declaration was approved . Though he may have predicted the wrong celebration date , his thoughts were prophetic . ^ Jump up to : Julian P. Boyd , `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , p. 456 Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress -- FRIDAY , JULY 19 , 1776 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lucas , Stephen E.", "36": "`` The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Index of Signers by State '' . ushistory.org -- Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia . Retrieved October 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` TO HENRY LEE -- Thomas Jefferson The Works , vol. 12 ( Correspondence and Papers 1816 -- 1826 ; 1905 ) '' . The Online Library of Liberty . May 8 , 1825 . Retrieved March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Malone , Jefferson the Virginian , 221 ; Maier , American Scripture , 125 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 126 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 53 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Maier found no evidence that the Dutch Act of Abjuration served as a model for the Declaration , and considers the argument `` unpersuasive '' ( American Scripture , p. 264 ) . Armitage discounts the influence of the Scottish and Dutch acts , and writes that neither was called `` declarations of independence '' until fairly recently ( Global History , pp. 42 -- 44 ) . For the argument in favor of the influence of the Dutch act , see Stephen E. Lucas , `` The ' Plakkaat van Verlatinge ' : A Neglected Model for the American Declaration of Independence '' , in Rosemarijn Hofte and Johanna C. Kardux , eds. , Connecting Cultures : The Netherlands in Five Centuries of Transatlantic Exchange ( Amsterdam , 1994 ) , 189 -- 207 , and Barbara Wolff , `` Was the Declaration of Independence Inspired by the Dutch ? '' University of Wisconsin Madison News , June 29 , 1988 , http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049 Accessed July 3 , 2013 Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Three Greatest Men '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jefferson identified Bacon , Locke , and Newton as `` the three greatest men that have ever lived , without any exception '' .", "37": "Their works in the physical and moral sciences were instrumental in Jefferson 's education and world view . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 27 . Jump up ^ Ray Forrest Harvey , Jean Jacques Burlamaqui : A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism ( Chapel Hill , North Carolina , 1937 ) , 120 . Jump up ^ A brief , online overview of the classical liberalism vs. republicanism debate is Alec Ewald , `` The American Republic : 1760 -- 1870 '' ( 2004 ) . In a similar vein , historian Robert Middlekauff argues that the political ideas of the independence movement took their origins mainly from the `` eighteenth - century commonwealthmen , the radical Whig ideology '' , which in turn drew on the political thought of John Milton , James Harrington , and John Locke . See Robert Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause , pp. 3 -- 6 , 51 -- 52 , 136 Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , especially chs. 11 -- 13 . Wills concludes ( p. 315 ) that `` the air of enlightened America was full of Hutcheson 's politics , not Locke 's '' . Jump up ^ Hamowy , `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment '' , argues that Wills gets much wrong ( p. 523 ) , that the Declaration seems to be influenced by Hutcheson because Hutcheson was , like Jefferson , influenced by Locke ( pp. 508 -- 09 ) , and that Jefferson often wrote of Locke 's influence , but never mentioned Hutcheson in any of his writings ( p. 514 ) . See also Kenneth S. Lynn , `` Falsifying Jefferson '' , Commentary 66 ( Oct. 1978 ) , 66 -- 71 . Ralph Luker , in `` Garry Wills and the New Debate Over the Declaration of Independence '' ( The Virginia Quarterly Review , Spring 1980 , 244 -- 61 ) agreed that Wills overstated Hutcheson 's influence to provide a communitarian reading of the Declaration , but he also argued that Wills 's critics similarly read their own views into the document . Jump up ^ John Phillip Reid , `` The Irrelevance of the Declaration '' , in Hendrik Hartog , ed.", "38": ", Law in the American Revolution and the Revolution in the Law ( New York University Press , 1981 ) , 46 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Franklin to Charles F.W. Dumas , December 19 , 1775 , in The Writings of Benjamin Franklin , ed . Albert Henry Smyth ( New York : 1970 ) , 6 : 432 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 21 , 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Gulf , C. & SFR Co. v. Ellis , 165 US 150 ( 1897 ) : `` While such declaration of principles may not have the force of organic law , or be made the basis of judicial decision as to the limits of right and duty ... it is always safe to read the letter of the Constitution in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence . '' Jump up ^ Wills , Gary . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence , p. 25 ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2002 ) : `` the Declaration is not a legal instrument , like the Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Cuomo , Mario . Why Lincoln Matters : Now More Than Ever , p. 137 ( Harcourt Press 2004 ) ( it `` is not a law and therefore is not subjected to rigorous interpretation and enforcement '' ) . Jump up ^ Strang , Lee `` Originalism 's Subject Matter : Why the Declaration of Independence Is Not Part of the Constitution '' , Southern California Law Review , Vol. 89 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 242 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 299 -- 302 ; Burnett , Continental Congress , 192 . ^ Jump up to : The U.S. State Department ( 1911 ) , The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , pp. 10 , 11 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 245 -- 46 ; Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 ; Wills , Inventing America , 341 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 179 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 194 .", "39": "Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster online ; Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` TeachAmericanHistory.org : John Hancock '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 91 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 156 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 155 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 73 . Jump up ^ `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Contagion of Sovereignty : Declarations of Independence since 1776 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 75 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jessup , John J. ( September 20 , 1943 ) . `` America and the Future '' . Life : 105 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Thomas ( 1776 ) , Eicholz , Hans , ed. , Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia in a Letter to a Noble Lord , &c. , London Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 74 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 79 -- 80 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 76 -- 77 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 ( 1993 ) , pp. 77 -- 79 , 81 ^ Jump up to : `` The Declaration of Independence : A History '' . Charters of Freedom . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 263 .", "40": "Jump up ^ `` Charters of Freedom Re-encasement Project '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rare copy of United States Declaration of Independence found in Kew '' . The Daily Telegraph . July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Marie Dube ( May 1996 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence '' . A Multitude of Amendments , Alterations and Additions : The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution of the United States . National Park Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 446 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 421 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 142 note 1 . Boyd ( Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 427 -- 28 ) casts doubt on Becker 's belief that the change was made by Franklin . Jump up ^ Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 448 -- 50 . Boyd argued that , if a document was signed on July 4 ( which he thought unlikely ) , it would have been the Fair Copy , and probably would have been signed only by Hancock and Thomson . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` From the Here '' , speculates that the Fair Copy was immediately sent to the printer so that copies could be made for each member of Congress to consult during the debate . All of these copies were then destroyed , theorizes Ritz , to preserve secrecy . Jump up ^ Yuhas , Alan ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Rare parchment copy of US Declaration of Independence found in England '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sussex Declaration '' . Declaration Resources Project . Harvard University . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 87 -- 88 ; Maier , American Scripture , 162 , 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 178 -- 79 ; Maier , American Scripture , 160 .", "41": "Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 92 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 165 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 167 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 82 . Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias , ed. ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 92 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 1999 ) pp. 143 -- 45 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 113 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 120 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 104 , 113 . Jump up ^ Palley , Claire ( 1966 ) . The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888 -- 1965 , with Special Reference to Imperial Control ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 750 . OCLC 406157 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Tim ( 1998 ) . Sourcebook on Public International Law ( First ed . ) . London & Sydney : Cavendish Publishing . p. 207 . ISBN 1 - 85941 - 050 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gowlland - Debbas , Vera ( 1990 ) . Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law : United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia ( First ed . ) . Leiden and New York : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0811 - 5 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 , 179 .", "42": "Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 179 ; Maier , American Scripture , 168 -- 71 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 180 -- 84 ; Maier , American Scripture , 171 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 571 -- 72 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 76 ; Wills , Inventing America , 324 . See also John C. Fitzpatrick , Spirit of the Revolution ( Boston 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 176 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 90 . Jump up ^ Armitage , `` Global History '' , 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 . See also Philip S. Foner , ed. , We , the Other People : Alternative Declarations of Independence by Labor Groups , Farmers , Woman 's Rights Advocates , Socialists , and Blacks , 1829 -- 1975 ( Urbana 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 ; Armitage , Global History , 95 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 348 . Jump up ^ John Hazelton , The Historical Value of Trumbull 's -- Declaration of Independence , The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography -- Volume 31 , ( Historical Society of Pennsylvania , 1907 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 146 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Cohen ( 1969 ) , Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Armitage , Global History , 77 . ( 2 ) Day , Thomas . Fragment of an original letter on the Slavery of the Negroes , written in the year 1776 . London : Printed for John Stockdale ( 1784 ) .", "43": "Boston : Re-printed by Garrison and Knapp , at the office of `` The Liberator '' ( 1831 ) . p. 10 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . At : Internet Archive : The Johns Hopkins University Sheridan Libraries : James Birney Collection of Antislavery Pamphlets . Jump up ^ Wyatt - Brown , Lewis Tappan , 287 . Jump up ^ Mayer , All on Fire , 53 , 115 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 198 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 598 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 604 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 605 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 199 ; Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 246 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 -- 01 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln ( 1809 -- 1865 ) : Political Debates Between Lincoln and Douglas 1897 '' . Bartleby . p. 415 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 207 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 100 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 129 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 145 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 147 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 39 , 145 -- 46 .", "44": "See also Harry V. Jaffa , Crisis of the House Divided ( 1959 ) and A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War ( 2000 ) ; Willmoore Kendall and George W. Carey , The Basic Symbols of the American Political Tradition ( 1970 ) ; and M.E. Bradford , `` The Heresy of Equality : A Reply to Harry Jaffa '' ( 1976 ) , reprinted in A Better Guide than Reason ( 1979 ) and Modern Age , the First Twenty - five Years ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Norton , et al ( 2010 ) , p. 301 . Jump up ^ `` Modern History Sourcebook : Seneca Falls : The Declaration of Sentiments , 1848 '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Hart , inventor of the ebook , dies aged 64 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Crews finish installing World Trade Center spire '' . CNN . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings in NY '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings under construction in the world '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Bibliography Main article : Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson Armitage , David . The Declaration Of Independence : A Global History , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02282 - 9 . Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Enlarged edition . Originally published 1967 . Harvard University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44302 - 0 . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study in the History of Political Ideas. 1922 . Available online from The Online Library of Liberty and Google Book Search . Revised edition New York : Vintage Books , 1970 .", "45": "ISBN 0 - 394 - 70060 - 0 . Boyd , Julian P . The Declaration of Independence : The Evolution of the Text . Originally published 1945 . Revised edition edited by Gerard W. Gawalt . University Press of New England , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0980 - 4 . Boyd , Julian P. , ed . The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 1 . Princeton University Press , 1950 . Boyd , Julian P . `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , 438 -- 67 . Burnett , Edward Cody . The Continental Congress . New York : Norton , 1941 . Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence , 1760 -- 1776 : A British - American Dialogue on the Coming of the American Revolution . New York : Norton , 1976 . Detweiler , Philip F. `` Congressional Debate on Slavery and the Declaration of Independence , 1819 -- 1821 '' , American Historical Review 63 ( April 1958 ) : 598 -- 616 . in JSTOR Detweiler , Philip F. `` The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 19 ( 1962 ) : 557 -- 74 . in JSTOR Dumbauld , Edward . The Declaration of Independence And What It Means Today . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1950 . Ellis , Joseph . American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic . New York : Knopf , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26369 - 8 . Dupont , Christian Y. and Peter S. Onuf , eds . Declaring Independence : The Origins and Influence of America 's Founding Document . Revised edition . Charlottesville , Virginia : University of Virginia Library , 2010 .", "46": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 9799997 - 1 - 0 . Ferling , John E. A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515924 - 1 . Friedenwald , Herbert . The Declaration of Independence : An Interpretation and an Analysis . New York : Macmillan , 1904 . Accessed via the Internet Archive . Gustafson , Milton . `` Travels of the Charters of Freedom '' . Prologue Magazine 34 , no 4 . ( Winter 2002 ) . Hamowy , Ronald . `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment : A Critique of Garry Wills 's Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 36 ( October 1979 ) , 503 -- 23 . Hazelton , John H. The Declaration of Independence : Its History . Originally published 1906 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 71987 - 8 . 1906 edition available on Google Book Search Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , Vol. 5 ( Library of Congress , 1904 -- 1937 ) Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1968 . Mahoney , D.J. ( 1986 ) . `` Declaration of independence '' . Society . 24 : 46 -- 48 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02695936 . Lucas , Stephen E. , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 .", "47": "Malone , Dumas . Jefferson the Virginian . Volume 1 of Jefferson and His Time . Boston : Little Brown , 1948 . Mayer , David ( 2008 ) . `` Declaration of Independence '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 113 -- 15 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . Mayer , Henry . All on Fire : William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 18740 - 8 . McDonald , Robert M.S. `` Thomas Jefferson 's Changing Reputation as Author of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . Journal of the Early Republic 19 , no . 2 ( Summer 1999 ) : 169 -- 95 . McPherson , James . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . New York : Oxford University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505542 - X . Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . Revised and expanded edition . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . Norton , Mary Beth , et al. , A People and a Nation , Eighth Edition , Boston , Wadsworth , 2010 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 17558 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . New York : Knopf , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2864 - 3 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 '' . Law and History Review 4 , no . 1 ( Spring 1986 ) : 179 -- 204 . Ritz , Wilfred J.", "48": "`` From the Here of Jefferson 's Handwritten Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence to the There of the Printed Dunlap Broadside '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 116 , no . 4 ( October 1992 ) : 499 -- 512 . Tsesis , Alexander . For Liberty and Equality : The Life and Times of the Declaration of Independence ( Oxford University Press ; 2012 ) 397 pages ; explores the impact on American politics , law , and society since its drafting . Warren , Charles . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly , Third Series , vol. 2 , no . 3 ( July 1945 ) : 238 -- 72 . JSTOR 1921451 . United States Department of State , `` The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , 1911 . Wills , Garry . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 08976 - 7 . Wills , Garry . Lincoln at Gettysburg : The Words That Rewrote America . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 76956 - 1 . Wyatt - Brown , Bertram . Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery . Cleveland : Press of Case Western Reserve University , 1969 . ISBN 0 - 8295 - 0146 - 0 . 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6316577464072726065	who plays the saint of killers on preacher	[ "Graham McTavish", "Graham McTavish", "Graham McTavish", "Graham McTavish", "Graham McTavish" ]	{ "0": "Saint of Killers - wikipedia Saint of Killers Jump to : navigation , search Saint of Killers The Saint of Killers , as drawn by Glenn Fabry Publication information Publisher Vertigo Comics First appearance Cameo : Preacher # 1 ( 1995 ) Full : Preacher # 2 ( 1995 ) Created by Garth Ennis Steve Dillon In - story information Species God Place of origin Earth Team affiliations Confederacy Notable aliases Patron Saint of Murderers and Assassination , Death Bringer Abilities Divinity Immortality Invulnerability Superhuman strength , speed , and stamina Extrasensory perception Physiological manipulation ( density ) Magic gun Outstanding swordsman and marksman Master tracker No need for air , food or water Multiple magical powers Saint of Killers Genre Superhero The Saint of Killers is a fictional character who appears in the comic book series Preacher , published by Vertigo Comics in 1995 . The Saint of Killers was created by writer Garth Ennis with artist Steve Dillon . The Saint is described as , `` a grim , taciturn , implacable killing machine '' , with supernatural abilities involving divinity , immortality , and influence over Heaven and Hell . His goals typically center on bringing down individuals through destruction and death by the laws of Paradise . The Saint of Killers first appeared as a heartless murderer , who is transformed into the Angel of Death under the condition that he takes up the role of collecting the souls of those who die by violence . Following his reanimation , Heaven arranged for him to be put into a deep slumber , until he was needed to kill people . The Saint was a primary antagonist in the Preacher series , who is tasked by Heaven to kill protagonist Jesse Custer due to his possession of the entity Genesis . Aside from Ennis and Dillon 's Preacher , the Saint was featured in his own four - issue limited series , Preacher : Saint of Killers , which expanded on the Saint 's background and motivation , and has appeared briefly in the DC Comics series Hitman , centered on a `` wise - cracking assassin plying his trade in Gotham City '' , and is portrayed by Graham McTavish in the television series adaptation of Preacher .", "1": "Ennis initially cited Lee Marvin and Clint Eastwood , both actors , as his inspiration for the Saint , with artists Dillon and Glenn Fabry making him look far more physically imposing . The Saint 's character and the nature of his evil have been the subject of considerable critical attention . Empire ranked The Saint of Killers number 43 in their 50 Greatest Comic Characters of All Time , Topless Robot placed him number 3 in their Top 10 Least Heroic Antiheroes , What Culture placed the Saint # 57 on their list of the 100 Greatest Comic Book Villains Of All Time , and the character ranked # 74 on IGN 's Top 100 Comic Book Villains compilation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Origins 2.2 The Making of the Saint 2.3 The Preacher 2.4 God 3 Characterization 3.1 Appearance 3.2 Personality 3.3 Powers and abilities 3.4 Weapons 3.4. 1 Weaknesses 3.5 Analysis and themes 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.2 References in other works 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Publication History ( edit ) `` ( ... ) specifically in his later movies , the long coat , the wide brimmed hat , the old Colt revolvers , but ( Steve Dillon ) preferred Lee Marvin and that 's why you 've got this character who I always think moves , speaks and has all the mannerisms of Eastwood but has that kind of handsome ugliness that Lee Marvin had . '' -- Garth Ennis , describing his creation of the Saint of Killers . In his foreword to Preacher : Ancient History , Ennis reveals that Clint Eastwood provided the inspiration for the character of the Saint of Killers , with the face of Lee Marvin influencing Steve Dillon 's visual depiction of him . Ennis wished to place a certain degree of emphasis on the outlaw nature of the Saint simultaneously establishing that the Saint , like the lead character of Clint Eastwood 's Unforgiven , remains `` unforgiven '' . Regarding the Saint 's origin story , Ennis declared , `` His story is a myth . All Westerns are . ''", "2": "Fictional character biography ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Little is known of the Saint of Killers ' past , but he fought for the Confederacy in the American Civil War , and was one of the most violent , bloodthirsty soldiers on the battlefield . His reputation grew throughout the conflict , and after the war he was held in high regard and feared not only by the people he fought against and alongside , but by people who 'd only heard of his legend . When the war ended , he returned to Texas , earning money from bounties on Indian scalps . During a raid on a group of Apaches , he met a captive young girl . The girl was injured , but whole , and thanked him for saving her from the horrible and savage acts they would commit , although he maintained that his intention was not to save her , and that she just happened to be there . Nevertheless , he offered her transportation back to her home in Laredo , Texas ; but she refused , asking to go on with him . She saw a good man within him , and felt it her mission to bring the goodness out . They were together for a decade , having a daughter and living off the land together in the wild , happy and settled . For the first time in his life , he felt satisfaction and knew that there was more to his life than killing and the sport of death . At some point , his wife and daughter caught a fever and became bedridden , with the only medicine being a week away by horse . He pledged to get the medicine and get back in time . However , his journey was delayed by a gang of outlaws , led by the despicable Gumbo McCready , in the gritty town of Ratwater , Texas . As a result , by the time he returned home he found his wife and daughter dead . Grief - stricken , he returned to the town of Ratwater and went on a killing spree , hunting down each of the gang members until all but McCready were dead . McCready took a girl hostage , but the gunslinger shot her through the head to get to his prey , damning himself . This shot was his downfall , however : having spent his last bullet on the girl , he pulled the trigger on McCready only to find he was out of ammo ; McCready then knocked him out and impaled him in the chest with a shovel .", "3": "The soldier died , and his soul went to Hell . The making of the Saint ( edit ) Due to his many murders , the soldier was sent to Hell . When a soul enters Hell , the horror of the environment 's sheer hostility evaporates away the humanity from it , along with all the love , fear and hatred . However , the soldier 's hatred could not be contained , and the freezing cold soul of the gunman caused Hell to literally freeze over . Disturbed and intrigued , the Devil personally came out of his palace to learn what had happened . The Devil tried beating the hatred out of the soldier , to no avail . The soldier 's hatred remained cold , untouchable and resilient . But eventually the soldier revealed the source of his intractable hate : the only good thing in his bad life was taken from him , and he died without killing McCready , leaving his thirst for vengeance unsated . The Angel of Death , in the area for a poker game and weary of his position , suggested a solution to both of their problems : the gunman would take his place , bringing death at God 's will . He would wield two pistols , cast from the Angel 's sword , and he could have his revenge and much , much more . The man agreed . The Devil tended to the gunman 's wounds , the magical Walker Colts were cast , and the man left Hell -- but not before gunning down the Devil after the latter insulted him . He returned to earth and slaughtered everyone in the town of Ratwater , including McCready and the corrupt preacher who travelled with him . His killing was indiscriminate : no man , woman , nor child in the town was spared . Due to his dangerously uncontrollable nature , Heaven arranged for him to be put into a deep slumber , until God had need of him as His instrument of death and destruction . Four years after the events at Ratwater , he was summoned at a place called Wounded Knee Creek . The Preacher ( edit ) For the final time , an Angel was sent to wake the Saint of Killers and to instruct him with the task of finding and killing a young man named Jesse Custer . Before being shot through the head by the Saint , he spoke to him about the offspring of both demon and angel , Genesis ; whose power was greater than God 's .", "4": "Because of Genesis 's possession of Jesse , the young preacher has been granted ability of The Word of God , allowing him to give vocal orders that can not be disobeyed , and this frightened the Angels . The Saint agreed . Within a few hours of appointment , he shot his way through the county sheriff 's department and was hot on Custer 's trail . He eventually found Jesse in a small motel , but both of his guns were stayed by Jesse 's voice . This marked the first time that the Saint of Killers was held back from his mission , and a target was allowed to flee . Apart from that , the angel revealed that God , the only power in the Universe that could command the Saint , abandoned Heaven . He let the Preacher go , but vowed to track him down . He crossed Jesse 's path after Jesse left Angelville , the estate of Marie L'Angell , the monstrous matriarch of the L'Angell clan . Angelville was burned to the ground , and all of L'Angell's henchmen were killed . Jesse eluded him for a while , but it was time for the Saint to find him again . The Saint realised that without God in Heaven , there was no one who could command him . The Saint was now able to follow his own path to find Jesse Custer , with no constraints . He traveled to Las Vegas , to find the angels , who started a casino and were easy to find . In their terror , the angels told him everything - Jesse went to France to confront The Grail , a worldwide organization dedicated to triggering the Apocalypse and ruling the world . The Saint hijacked a freighter , killing everyone on board , and sailed it directly to Europe . When he discovered The Grail 's headquarters , he homed in on Custer . The Preacher was in a basement with The Grail 's Sacred Executioner , Herr Starr ; and the Saint was more than willing to kill both Custer and Starr . Yet again , his hand was stayed . In their possession , The Grail held captive an Angel , to which the Seraph told them that the entity Genesis was the key in gaining answers to God 's abandonment of Heaven , as well as the reasons as to why the Saint 's wife and daughter died ; which intrigued the man , thus taking up the offer .", "5": "He held off the soldiers of The Grail , giving both Jesse and Starr the chance to get the information they needed from the Seraph - they learned that Jesse possessed all the knowledge of Genesis , but in order to unlock its memories they should travel to the American West and use Native American peyote . Jesse and Starr escaped before the whole base exploded , burying the Saint under several millions of tons of rock and masonry , from which the Saint unearthed himself and made his way back to the United States of America . Many months later , the Saint encountered Custer and Tulip O'Hare . Jesse told the Saint the truth about why McCready delayed him from his family , which revealed that their deaths were not accidental . Discovering the truth placed the Saint into a fit of rage , and he stepped out and confronted the forces of the U.S. Army and the Grail ; single - handedly taking on hundreds of soldiers , tanks and helicopters , and destroying every force that was pitted up against him , which drove Starr to pressure the President into sending a stealth bomber to Monument Valley , turning it into an irradiated wasteland with the Saint in the center of it . Amongst the flames and the ubiquitous radiation , the Saint stood up and spat , `` Not enough gun . '' God ( edit ) With no one to command him and no targets , the Saint had no purpose . His activities during this point in time are relatively unknown ; though after one year he felt a strong sensation which compelled him to go back to Ratwater , Texas ; where Jesse was with the Saint 's human remains . Custer told the Saint everything he learned in his quest for God - that God was an attention - fiend , and that he was willing to cause pain , destruction and death for no other reason than to see who would love him . He sparked a war between the angels to find out who would stay on his side . He created a world full of humans who would fight in his name , just to see who adored him more , and that he engineered the creation of Genesis , a being as powerful as Him , in order to see if He could make it love Him . Custer had a plan ; a way of paying God back for the horrors he inflicted upon his creation . But Jesse would require the Saint 's help if such a thing were to work .", "6": "The guns the Saint carried were lethal - no shot hit that did not kill , and their first kill was none other than the Devil himself . But they could n't simply shoot God , as he shielded himself from Jesse and Genesis 's detection . As long as they were looking for Him , God would n't budge , but it was the belief of Jesse that if Genesis were out of the picture , that God would head straight for Heaven ; where the Saint of Killers would be waiting for him . When the Saint entered Heaven , the entire Heavenly host was arrayed against him . Rank upon rank of angel flew to keep him away from the heavenly gates , and they were all shot down by his guns . And when Jesse 's plan worked , when Genesis was released and God returned to retake his throne , the Saint was waiting for him . God begged for his life , and offered the Saint whatever he wanted - power , life , the lives of his family , anything . But the Saint did n't want anything God offered him . All he wanted , he said , was to rest . He shot God dead . Then he sat on God 's throne , pulled his hat over his eyes , and went to sleep for presumably forever . Characterization ( edit ) Appearance ( edit ) The Saint of Killers towering over Jesse The Saint of Killers ' body is humanoid and its composition is similar to that of a normal human , with a build similar to a tall muscular male in great physical shape . He is extremely imposing in both height and relative size throughout the Preacher series ; generally remains above that of average human height ; is distinctly broad - shouldered , generally towering over his fellow characters , including Jesse Custer . Chronologically speaking , his first description was given as , `` Just a stooped and weathered man on a flea - bit mare , the Walker Colt worn backwards on his hip and the Henry rifle by his saddle silent now for many a year . '' As the Saint of Killers grew up during the early 19th Century and the trade to which he was in , his costume started out differently . As time progressed and came the period where he was tracking the band of Kiowa and meeting of his future wife , we see the Saint sans - coat donning a blue shirt , cross-suspenders , grey trousers and his wide brimmed hat .", "7": "While in Hell much of his clothing remained , until Satan whipped him repeatedly which tore his coat to shreds along with the skin and flesh from his back . Shortly after being bequeathed the title of ' The Saint of Killers ' , by the Angel of Death , he was presented with the attire he would remain with while placed on Earth : a long loose - fitting yellow duster coat , a wide brimmed hat , two Colt revolvers , and a cross draw holster at the trouser belt line . Personality ( edit ) The Saint of Killers , though supremely powerful and feared , suffers with an explosive temper , which has been triggered through insolence or disrespect , of which the latter was seen when he slew the Devil . His resolve and vengeance were so strong that during the events of Ratwater he was killing indiscriminately , with children dying at his hand . However , perhaps due to his longevity and realisation of `` damning himself '' , he begins to show leniency in certain areas , for example , he will not necessarily kill unless provoked . He too has shown new - found compassion and awareness when he learns of information pertaining to his family from Custer , by which he was approaching the role of an anti-hero . From his radically altered perspective , which awakens when he learns of God 's purpose and when he fulfills his vengeance , almost all human concerns appear pointless and without obvious merit , to which he sleeps . Custer once stated , `` Before the world shook to the thunder of his guns , there was yet some good in his heart : and that was the tragedy . '' while Jesse acknowledged the Saint 's `` ten long years '' of attempting to change from his past during the Civil War ; he trembled when Custer brought up the events of Ratwater , and he too has shown aspects of compassion through mercy killing . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Throughout Preacher , he is shown to be immensely powerful and seemingly invulnerable to all harm , to an extent rarely seen in comics ; bullets bounced off him , a direct hit from a tank did n't affect him , being underneath a collapsing mountain simply meant he had to dig himself out , and being hit in the chest with a nuclear missile caused no damage to him or his clothes . He also felt no pain and shrugged off the whole affair with the words , `` Not enough gun . ''", "8": "He is also apparently immovable unless he wishes to be moved : At one point an M - 1 Abrams tank moving at speed rammed him , and he stopped it with a kick . The Saint has demonstrated a degree of superhuman strength . For example , when hit by the vampire Cassidy in a speeding truck the Saint did not budge and the truck was flipped . When Jesse Custer tried to put his hand on the Saint 's shoulder the Saint of Killers flung him several feet like a rag doll . While possessing these abilities , he apparently has the power to enter and leave Heaven at will , although it is not known whether or not he could similarly travel to Hell . Several other transportation abilities have been suggested in his possession , due to him threatening to `` Kill his way across half Creation '' ; albeit he had to commandeer a ship to travel from America to France . Additionally , even before being made a saint he was an expert marksman . Now , however , he is able to draw his guns faster than a man can see , at a seemingly superhuman rate ; coupled with a perfect aim -- even when men were hanging off his arms the Saint could shoot true and find his target mark . Also , whilst in combat , he has also displayed proficient swordsmanship . His hatred appears to be his greatest power . His hatred was cold enough to temporarily extinguish the fires of Hell and has been the driving force of his existence ever since . Weapons ( edit ) The Saint of Killers possesses a pair of Walker Colt revolver pistols , which were bequeathed to him by the Angel of Death , composed from the previous Angel 's steel sword and forged in the last fire that burned in Hell , because of the nature of their making , the guns are demonic in nature : They possess unlimited ammunition , and never need to be reloaded . They never jam . Any shot fired from these guns will always hit its mark , even piercing modern tank armor to reach the intended target . His weapons are ultimately lethal to anything : humans , angels , demons , Satan , or even God , any wound inflicted is always fatal regardless of circumstance .", "9": "The only way to survive the gun is if the target is already dead ( as in Cassidy 's favor , though the gun could arguably be seen as ultimately lethal to him as it sent him on the path to help Jesse and eventually regain his humanity , which would have been a mortal and ultimately ending life ) . Whoever holds the guns can see the mutilated spirits of the victims of the Saint of Killers . Before becoming the Saint of Killers , his arsenal included a Henry repeating rifle a Model 1860 Light Cavalry Saber , a Bowie knife , as well as a pair of non-divine Walker Colt pistols . Weaknesses ( edit ) His only definite technical weakness appears to be information pertaining to his former life , particularly that of his family ; when Herr Starr uses this against him ; and as Jesse convinces him that God is at fault for his family 's death , which instead alters the Saint 's trail from Jesse 's to the deity 's . Jesse 's usage of the Saint 's buried remains , in the act of summoning the being , may too be seen as an exploitation in terms of a weakness of inquisitiveness . While possessed by Genesis , Jesse used the ' Word of God ' to perform the feat of command and compelled the Saint of Killers to stay his hand , which was the only time in the Saint 's existence where he was prevented from killing . Analysis and themes ( edit ) The character of The Saint of Killer is an eternal bounty hunter , one who delights in gratuitous violence on the American frontier in the 1880 following a personal disaster . Ennis described his creation of the Saint as owing much to Clint Eastwood `` specifically in his later movies , the long coat , the wide brimmed hat , the old Colt revolvers '' , however , co-creator ( Dillon ) preferred Lee Marvin and , as Ennis explained , `` that 's why you 've got this character who I always think moves , speaks and has all the mannerisms of Eastwood but has that kind of handsome ugliness that Lee Marvin had . ''", "10": "Dr Julia Round of The Media School , Bournemouth University has suggested such symbols were described as being somewhat reflective commentary on the west , by being `` conscious appropriations of its underlying mechanisms '' , as both Ennis and Dillon based the character of the Saint specifically on the actors as not the characters they played ; which is seen throughout Preacher as a means of reflecting the `` expectations and genre anxiety '' of the readers through the acknowledgement of sources and usage of `` implicit commentary . Michael Grimshaw of the University of Canterbury observes that the Preacher 's undercurrent of the violent frontier of the Saint of Killers acts both as a `` sub-narrative and explanatory device '' . He highlights the significance of `` blood '' and the `` murderous acts '' committed which have tainted the lands and its denizens , while adding `` a land founded on violence can never be pure or peaceful . '' and placing a degree of emphasis on the link between ideological basis of `` blood sacrifice '' in the Easter Rising , of which he deems a just comparison . And expresses acknowledgement to Garth Ennis ' critique of `` neo-romantic ideology '' in terms of the `` sacrificial outpouring of blood '' and its involvement in the alteration of the environment . Within general summary , Grimshaw makes references to Jean Baudrillard 's Hyperrealism and Friedrich Nietzsche 's God is dead statement . Grimshaw additionally highlights Ennis ' respect and influence , when composing the Saint , as `` major '' with regard him and the character of William Munny in Clint Eastwood 's Unforgiven , placing a juxtaposition through the said commentary , `` The Saint of Killers returns to his vigilante ways when his family is brutally murdered in his absence . '' He then explains and points out the link between the Saint 's indestructibility and that of `` recent pop - culture vigilantes '' such as Robocop and The Terminator , while at the same time noting that there is to be a difference by describing the Saint as a `` spiritual alien cyborg '' from the past acting in the present , as opposed to the future and past dynamic by the latter of the two ; he also makes references to Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein .", "11": "He too points out the `` theological '' nature of Preacher and emphasises that the Saint of Killers is `` a reminder of the destructiveness that lurks within humanity '' whilst adding `` ... unleashed by God 's interference and then abandonment '' , only if the `` future mechanical cyborg killer '' was indeed a result of humanity 's deemed inherit interference with the natural created order . Using the perspective of Philosopher Julia Kristeva , Grimshaw places significance on the Kristevan outlook in that `` The world is a site of Kristevan abjection '' , whilst adding that `` The corpse , seen without God and outside of science , is the utmost of abjection . It is death infecting life . '' Infusing such an ideology into Ennis ' Preacher , specifically tying it to the Saint , he deduces that the reanimated corpse of the Saint of Killers which `` ( stalks ) heaven and earth in pursuit of his divine prey '' is in actual fact a leakage of death into life . Niall Kitson believes every character in Ennis and Dillon 's work has a sort of value system , stating , `` those who appear good have an innate darkness to them and even the blackest of demons is capable of acting to a moral code '' , of which the Saint of Killers himself is n't immune to due to displays of such a logical moral system of thought , while Kitson builds upon such proposition by further adding , `` ( The Saint ) has a background steeped in pathos and is not averse to making a deal when it suits his needs '' . Thus Kitson believes that in some cases the Saint epitomises the antihero , as in his identification of a `` narrative construction '' with the vampire Cassidy , which he stated to provide a `` continuity between the world of men and God '' , he acknowledges that the same could be of the Saint , `` ( ... ) but for the fact that his origins remain undisclosed until later in the narrative and his character as gun for hire only later transforms in a sympathetic loner with a mission '' . The Saint 's background has been explored , as well as Ennis ' spaghetti western influences . Kjartan Fossberg Jónsson argues that while Jesse is Ennis ' representation on the `` western hero '' while the Saint represents `` the old west , film , and myth . ''", "12": "Jónsson specifically identifies similarities between the opening panels of Preacher : The Saint of Killers and the opening scenes of Sergio Corbucci 's The Great Silence ( 1968 ) . While showing additional comparisons to Sergio Leone 's films , by commenting on Leone 's fusion of landscape and facial features , and concluded such a point by suggesting , `` All characters in the miniseries have peculiar faces , especially the gang of outlaws '' ; he concluded by suggesting that Clint Eastwood 's influence on the Saint `` strengthens ( the ) ink '' of the Spaghetti western influence throughout . In other Media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) On 6 February 2014 , AMC and Sony TV officially announced the development of Preacher . In the series , he is portrayed by Scottish actor Graham McTavish . Graham McTavish portrays the Saint of Killers References in other works ( edit ) The Saint of Killers has also been referenced or parodied in other forms of media , including : The Saint of Killers made a cameo appearance in Garth Ennis 's DC Comics series Hitman . Belgian band Diablo Boulevard released a song titled `` Saint of Killers '' on their 2011 album Builders of Empires . The Saint of Killers is the subject of the song `` Bury Me With My Guns On '' by American metal band Bobaflex , from the Hell in my Heart album . The song specifically references the deaths of both the Devil and God at the hands of the Saint of Killers , including the massacre of angels when the Saint reached the gates of heaven . See also ( edit ) List of DC Comics characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . The Saint of Killers # 3 . Vertigo Comics . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . The Saint of Killers # 4 . Vertigo Comics . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . The Saint of Killers # 4 . Vertigo Comics .", "13": "p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1995 ) . Preacher # 2 . Vertigo Comics . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . The Saint of Killers # 2 . Vertigo Comics . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 405 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1995 ) . Preacher # 1 . Vertigo Comics . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire - The 50 Greatest Comic Book Characters '' . Empire Magazine . 2 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1995 ) . Preacher # 32 . Vertigo Comics . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` PREACHER BOOK ONE '' . Vertigo Comics. 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Ennis '' . Vertigo Comics. 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Orders Pilot for ' Preacher ' Comic Book Adaptation From Seth Rogen '' . Variety . 3 December 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Undead in the West II : They Just Keep Coming '' . Google Books . 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Least Heroic Antiheroes '' . Topless Robot. 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Comic Book Villains Of All Time '' . What Culture . 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 October 2013 .", "14": "Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Comic Book Villains '' . IGN. 2 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's all relative . Breaking barriers and binaries in Garth Ennis / Steve Dillon 's Preacher '' ( PDF ) . Comicforschung. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . The Saint of Killers # 3 . Vertigo Comics . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Ennis , Garth ( 1995 ) . Preacher # 37 . Vertigo Comics . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 490 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` God - Vertigo Universe '' . Whiskey Media . 25 February 2015 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . The Saint of Killers # 3 . Vertigo Comics . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Ideal Casting For Preacher '' . Entertainment Fuse. 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . The Saint of Killers # 1 . Vertigo Comics . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . The Saint of Killers # 2 . Vertigo Comics . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . The Saint of Killers # 3 . Vertigo Comics . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) .", "15": "The Saint of Killers # 4 . Vertigo Comics . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . The Saint of Killers # 1 . Vertigo Comics . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . The Saint of Killers # 2 . Vertigo Comics . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . Preacher # 3 . Vertigo Comics . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Ennis , Garth ( 1995 ) . Preacher # 23 . Vertigo Comics . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . Preacher # 32 . Vertigo Comics . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . Preacher # 32 . Vertigo Comics . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . Preacher # 36 . Vertigo Comics . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 490 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . The Saint of Killers # 1 . Vertigo Comics . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1995 ) . Preacher # 2 . Vertigo Comics . p. 6 .", "16": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . Preacher # 28 . Vertigo Comics . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 428 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1995 ) . Preacher # 37 . Vertigo Comics . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 490 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . Preacher # 37 . Vertigo Comics . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 490 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . Preacher # 4 . Vertigo Comics . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . Preacher # 4 . Vertigo Comics . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . Preacher # 4 . Vertigo Comics . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 490 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . Preacher # 2 . Vertigo Comics . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 490 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . The Saint of Killers # 2 . Vertigo Comics . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . The Saint of Killers # 3 . Vertigo Comics . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) .", "17": "The Saint of Killers # 3 . Vertigo Comics . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . The Saint of Killers # 4 . Vertigo Comics . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1998 ) . The Saint of Killers # 2 . Vertigo Comics . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1995 ) . Preacher # 23 . Vertigo Comics . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1995 ) . Preacher # 36 . Vertigo Comics . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1995 ) . Preacher # 32 . Vertigo Comics . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Garth ( 1995 ) . Preacher # 4 . Vertigo Comics . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 261 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preacher , or the Death of God in Pictures '' . University of Canterbury. 25 February 2015 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Round : `` It 's all relative . Breaking barriers and binaries in Garth Ennis / Steve Dillon 's Preacher '' `` . Comicforschung. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Round - Bournemouth University '' . University of Bournemouth. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 .", "18": "Jump up ^ `` It 's all relative : breaking barriers and binaries in Preacher '' ( PDF ) . University of Bournemouth. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Kitson , Niall ( 2007 ) . `` Rebel Yells : Genre Hybridity and Irishness in Garth Ennis & Steve Dillon 's Preacher '' ( PDF ) . Irish Journal of Gothic and Horror Studies . 2 . ISSN 2009 - 0374 . Retrieved 3 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Ennis ' Preacher and the Western or how Preacher is a western '' ( PDF ) . University of Iceland . 3 January 2010 . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Confirms Development of ' Preacher ' With Seth Rogen , Evan Goldberg '' . Variety . 6 February 2014 . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( May 21 , 2016 ) . `` ( SPOILER ) Is Cast As ( SPOILER ) In Preacher '' . BleedingCool . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo Boulevard - Bio '' . Diablo Boulevard . 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo Blvd - Saint Of Killers '' . YouTube . 9 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NI ROCKS interview with BOBAFLEX '' . NI ROCKS. 7 March 2013 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 .", "19": "External links ( edit ) The Saint of Killers at the Comic Book DB ( hide ) Preacher Garth Ennis Steve Dillon Characters Jesse Custer Saint of Killers Television series `` Pilot '' `` See '' `` The Possibilities '' `` Monster Swamp '' Related articles Story arcs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_of_Killers&oldid=819971751 '' Categories : Western ( genre ) comics DC Comics supervillains DC Comics Western characters Fictional murderers Characters created by Garth Ennis Vertigo titles DC Comics titles Fantasy comics Comics by Garth Ennis Comics characters introduced in 1995 Mythology in DC Comics DC Comics cosmic entities DC Comics fantasy characters Fictional characters with superhuman strength DC Comics adapted into films Fictional American Civil War veterans Fictional bounty hunters Fictional cowboys and cowgirls Fictional mass murderers Fictional soldiers Fictional vigilantes Fictional people of the Confederate States of America Western ( genre ) characters Science fiction Westerns Preacher ( comics ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2015 Character pop Title pop Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 09 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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682243000439863277	where was the movie last stand at saber river filmed	[ "Bonanza Creek Ranch, 15 Bonanza Creek Lane, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA", "Charles R Ranch, County Road 24, Las Vegas, New Mexico, USA", "Las Vegas, New Mexico, USA", "Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico, USA", "Valle Grande, New Mexico, USA", "Bonanza Creek Ranch, 15 Bonanza Creek Lane, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA", "Charles R Ranch, County Road 24, Las Vegas, New Mexico, USA", "Las Vegas, New Mexico, USA", "Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico, USA", "Valle Grande, New Mexico, USA", "Bonanza Creek Ranch, 15 Bonanza Creek Lane, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA", "Charles R Ranch, County Road 24, Las Vegas, New Mexico, USA", "Las Vegas, New Mexico, USA", "Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico, USA", "Valle Grande, New Mexico, USA", "Bonanza Creek Ranch, 15 Bonanza Creek Lane, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA", "Charles R Ranch, County Road 24, Las Vegas, New Mexico, USA", "Las Vegas, New Mexico, USA", "Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico, USA", "Valle Grande, New Mexico, USA" ]	{ "0": "Last Stand at Saber River - wikipedia Last Stand at Saber River Jump to : navigation , search Last Stand at Saber River DVD cover Based on Last Stand at Saber River by Elmore Leonard Written by Ronald M. Cohen Directed by Dick Lowry Starring Tom Selleck Suzy Amis Rachel Duncan Haley Joel Osment Music by David Shire Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Brandman Tom Selleck Producer ( s ) Steven Brandman Mary Ann Braubach Thomas Kane Cinematography Ric Waite Editor ( s ) William B. Stich Running time 96 minutes Production company ( s ) Turner Network Television Distributor Turner Network Television Release Original network TNT Original release January 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 01 - 19 ) Last Stand at Saber River is a 1997 American made - for - television western drama film directed by Dick Lowry and starring Tom Selleck , Suzy Amis , Haley Joel Osment , Keith Carradine , David Carradine , Tracey Needham , David Dukes and Harry Carey Jr ... Based on the 1959 novel of the same title by Elmore Leonard , the film is about a Civil War veteran who tries to put the pieces of his life back together but finds himself fighting a new battle on the frontier . Seeking to reclaim his Arizona homestead from rebel pioneers who sympathize with the Union war effort , he joins forces with his Union adversary to make a last stand for the one thing worth fighting for , his family . In 1997 , Osment won a YoungStar Award for Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Made For TV Movie . In 1998 , the film received the Western Heritage Awards Bronze Wrangler for Television Feature Film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming locations 4 Reception 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) As America recovers from the Civil War , Paul Cable ( Tom Selleck ) returns home to Texas after being away from his family for years while fighting for the Confederacy .", "1": "His wife , Martha ( Suzy Amis ) , is a pretty but strong - willed frontier woman , whose independence makes her a force in and of herself . She had been told that he was killed in action . Upon her husband 's unexpected return , she once again devotes herself to being his wife , but resents him for having left her and their children behind to fight a war she did n't care to understand . Despite having loved each other since childhood and being married , Paul and Martha are now like strangers to each other , and the tension between them is evident . During his absence , their youngest daughter died from a fever , and Martha , having borne that without him , has developed a hatred for her husband . Her father , James Sanford ( Harry Carey Jr . ) , scolds her for her attitude toward Cable , but she stands her ground , never backing down from her stance on the subject . Her father knows her well , and subsequently leaves the subject alone . Cable decides he will return to Arizona and reclaim the ranch he owns there . The family members , consisting of Paul , Martha , and their daughter and son , load up their belongings , bid farewell to Martha 's father , and make their way to Arizona . While en route , they come into contact with Lorraine Kidston ( Tracey Needham ) , the beautiful ramrod cowgirl daughter of rancher Duane Kidston ( David Carradine ) . During the night , horses headed by her men accidentally stampede through the Cables ' camp , leading Paul and Martha to scold the men . Lorraine agrees that her men were foolish to run the horses at night , and scolds them . Through this interaction , the cowhands and Lorraine learn that the man in front of them is , in fact , Paul Cable . They had been told that he was dead , and since then , her father has assumed control of Cable 's ranch . Lorraine 's father , Duane Kidston , is a former Union Army soldier , as is his brother Vern ( Keith Carradine ) . They have little use for former Confederates , and feel that Cable 's ranch now belongs to them . Upon reaching the ranch , Cable confronts the Kidston men staying in his house .", "2": "However , when one man attempts to draw on Cable , he is shot and killed by Martha Cable , who is in the dark shadows . The shooting leads to an ongoing feud between Paul Cable and the Kidston men , during which several of Kidston 's hired guns are killed by Cable . Vern and Lorraine Kidston , however , begin to sympathize with the Cables , feeling it is better to simply return the ranch to them and let things be . Duane disagrees , but relents to his daughter and brother 's wishes . In the end , the real threat to the Cables ' new life in Arizona does not come from the Kidstons , but from a one - armed Confederate sympathizer and former soldier , Edward Janroe ( David Dukes ) , who kills Duane , an event for which Cable is blamed . Despite everything pointing to Cable as Duane 's killer , not even Duane 's brother Vern believes it . Janroe kidnaps Cable 's daughter as security during an illegal gun transaction with Mexican bandits . Cable and Vern team up and chase down Janroe , killing him , then get involved in a shootout with the bandits . Cable eventually asks Vern to take his daughter out of harm 's way , which Vern does . Cable then takes on the remaining bandits alone , with them eventually just deciding to take the guns from Janroe 's wrecked wagon and leave . Cable returns home wounded , where he is nursed by Martha , who has finally learned to accept him as he is . She decides to forgive him , forget all the animosity between them , and love her husband again . Cast ( edit ) Tom Selleck as Paul Cable Suzy Amis as Martha Cable David Dukes as Edward Janroe Rachel Duncan as Clare Cable Haley Joel Osment as Davis Cable Keith Carradine as Vern Kidston David Carradine as Duane Kidston Tracey Needham as Lorraine Kidston Chris Stacy as Chris Harry Carey Jr.", "3": "as James Sanford Patrick Kilpatrick as Austin Dodd Rex Linn as Bill Dancy Eugene Osment as Wynn Dodd Denis Forest as Cornet Lumi Cavazos as Luz Raymond Cruz as Manuel Production ( edit ) Filming locations ( edit ) Bonanza Creek Ranch , 15 Bonanza Creek Lane , Santa Fe , New Mexico , USA Charles R Ranch , County Road 24 , Las Vegas , New Mexico , USA Las Vegas , New Mexico , USA Santa Clara Pueblo , New Mexico , USA Valle Grande , New Mexico , USA Reception ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) 1997 YoungStar Awards for Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Made For TV Movie ( Haley Joel Osment ) 1998 Western Heritage Awards Bronze Wrangler for Television Feature Film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Last Stand at Saber River '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards for Last Stand at Saber River '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full cast and crew for Last Stand at Saber River '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Locations for Last Stand at Saber River '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Last Stand at Saber River on IMDb Last Stand at Saber River at AllMovie Last Stand at Saber River at the TCM Movie Database Works by Elmore Leonard Novels Hombre ( 1961 ) The Big Bounce ( 1969 ) Swag ( 1976 ) Unknown Man No.", "4": "89 ( 1977 ) The Hunted ( 1977 ) City Primeval ( 1980 ) Split Images ( 1981 ) La Brava ( 1983 ) Glitz ( 1985 ) Killshot ( 1989 ) Get Shorty ( 1990 ) Rum Punch ( 1992 ) Pronto ( 1993 ) Riding the Rap ( 1995 ) Naked Came the Manatee ( 1996 ) Out of Sight ( 1996 ) Cuba Libre ( 1998 ) Pagan Babies ( 2000 ) Tishomingo Blues ( 2002 ) A Coyote 's in the House ( 2004 ) The Hot Kid ( 2005 ) Road Dogs ( 2009 ) Djibouti ( 2010 ) Raylan ( 2012 ) Short stories `` Three - Ten to Yuma '' ( 1953 ) Screenplays Joe Kidd ( 1972 ) Mr.", "5": "Majestyk ( 1974 ) High Noon , Part II : The Return of Will Kane ( 1980 ) Stick ( 1985 ) The Rosary Murders ( 1987 ) Film adaptations The Tall T ( 1957 ) 3 : 10 to Yuma ( 1957 ) Hombre ( 1967 ) The Big Bounce ( 1969 ) The Moonshine War ( 1970 ) Valdez Is Coming ( 1971 ) The Ambassador ( 1984 ) Stick ( 1985 ) 52 Pick - Up ( 1986 ) Cat Chaser ( 1989 ) Get Shorty ( 1995 ) Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) Last Stand at Saber River ( 1997 ) Touch ( 1997 ) Out of Sight ( 1998 ) The Big Bounce ( 2004 ) Be Cool ( 2005 ) 3 : 10 to Yuma ( 2007 ) Killshot ( 2009 ) Life of Crime ( 2013 ) Television adaptations Maximum Bob ( 1998 ) Karen Sisco ( 2003 ) Justified ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Get Shorty ( 2017 ) Films directed by Dick Lowry Kenny Rogers as The Gambler ( 1980 ) The Jayne Mansfield Story ( 1980 ) Living Proof : The Hank Williams Jr . Story ( 1983 ) Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 ( 1983 ) Wet Gold ( 1984 ) Murder with Mirrors ( 1985 ) Dream West ( 1986 ) In the Line of Duty : The F.B.I. Murders ( 1988 ) Miracle Landing ( 1990 ) Archie : To Riverdale and Back Again ( 1990 ) In the Line of Duty : Street War ( 1992 ) In the Line of Duty : Ambush in Waco ( 1993 ) Forgotten Sins ( 1996 ) Last Stand at Saber River ( 1997 ) Two Came Back ( 1997 ) Mr.", "6": "Murder ( 1998 ) Atomic Train ( 1999 ) Follow the Stars Home ( 2001 ) Category 6 : Day of Destruction ( 2004 ) Category 7 : The End of the World ( 2005 ) Silver Bells ( 2005 ) Jesse Stone : Innocents Lost ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Stand_at_Saber_River&oldid=809687803 '' Categories : 1997 television films 1990s Western ( genre ) films 1990s drama films American films American television films American Western ( genre ) films American political drama films TNT Network original films Films set in the 1860s English - language films Films based on works by Elmore Leonard American novels adapted into films Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 19 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7828031544474342246	what was the dred scott v sandford case	[ "held that \"a negro, whose ancestors were imported into [the U.S.], and sold as slaves\",[2][3] whether enslaved or free, could not be an American citizen and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court,[4][5] and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States" ]	{ "0": "Dred Scott v. Sandford - wikipedia Dred Scott v. Sandford This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 24 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Dred Scott v. Sandford Supreme Court of the United States Argued February 11 -- 14 , 1856 Reargued December 15 -- 18 , 1856 Decided March 6 , 1857 Full case name Dred Scott v. John F.A. Sandford Citations 60 U.S. 393 ( more ) 19 How . 393 ; 15 L. Ed . 691 ; 1856 WL 8721 ; 1857 U.S. LEXIS 472 Prior history Judgment for defendant , C.C.D. Mo . Holding Judgment reversed and suit dismissed for lack of jurisdiction . Persons of African descent can not be , nor were ever intended to be , citizens under the U.S. Const . Plaintiff is without standing to file a suit . The Property Clause is only applicable to lands possessed at the time of ratification ( 1787 ) . As such , Congress can not ban slavery in the territories . Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional . Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment prohibits the federal government from freeing slaves brought into federal territories . Court membership Chief Justice Roger B. Taney Associate Justices John McLean James M. Wayne John Catron Peter V. Daniel Samuel Nelson Robert C. Grier Benjamin R. Curtis John A. Campbell Case opinions Majority Taney , joined by Wayne , Catron , Daniel , Nelson , Grier , Campbell Concurrence Wayne Concurrence Catron Concurrence Daniel Concurrence Nelson , joined by Grier Concurrence Grier Concurrence Campbell Dissent McLean Dissent Curtis Laws applied U.S. Const . amend . V ; Missouri Compromise Superseded by U.S. Const . amends . XIII , XIV Dred Scott v. Sandford , 60 U.S. ( 19 How . )", "1": "393 ( 1857 ) , also known as the Dred Scott case , was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on US labor law and constitutional law . It held that `` a negro , whose ancestors were imported into ( the U.S. ) , and sold as slaves '' , whether enslaved or free , could not be an American citizen and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court , and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States . Dred Scott , an enslaved man of `` the negro African race '' who had been taken by his owners to free states and territories , attempted to sue for his freedom . In a 7 -- 2 decision written by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney , the court denied Scott 's request . The decision was only the second time that the Supreme Court had ruled an Act of Congress to be unconstitutional . Although Taney hoped that his ruling would finally settle the slavery question , the decision immediately spurred vehement dissent from anti-slavery elements in the North , and proved to be an indirect catalyst for the American Civil War . It was functionally superseded by the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , adopted in 1868 , which gave African Americans full citizenship . The Supreme Court 's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford is unanimously denounced by modern scholars . Many contemporary lawyers , and most modern legal scholars , consider the ruling regarding slavery in the territories to be obiter dictum and not a binding precedent . Bernard Schwartz says it `` stands first in any list of the worst Supreme Court decisions -- Chief Justice C.E. Hughes called it the Court 's greatest self - inflicted wound '' . Junius P. Rodriguez says it is `` universally condemned as the U.S. Supreme Court 's worst decision '' . Historian David Thomas Konig says it was `` unquestionably , our court 's worst decision ever '' .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Procedural history 2.1 First attempt 2.2 Scott v. Emerson 2.3 Scott v. Sanford 2.4 Influence of President Buchanan 3 Supreme Court ruling 3.1 Opinion of the Court 3.2 Concurrence by Justice Nelson 3.3 Dissents by Justice Curtis and Justice McLean 4 Consequences 4.1 Economic 4.2 Political 5 Reaction 6 The Scott family 's fate 7 Sanford as defendant 8 Later references 9 Legacy 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Dred Scott Dred Scott Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumter Dred Scott was born a slave in Virginia in 1795 . Little is known of his early years . His owner , Peter Blow , moved to Alabama in 1818 , taking his six slaves along to work a farm near Huntsville . In 1830 , Blow gave up farming and settled in St. Louis , Missouri , where he sold Scott to U.S. Army surgeon Dr. John Emerson . After purchasing Scott , Emerson took him to Fort Armstrong in Illinois . A free state , Illinois had been free as a territory under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 , and had prohibited slavery in its constitution in 1819 when it was admitted as a state .", "3": "In 1836 , Emerson moved with Scott from Illinois to Fort Snelling in the Wisconsin territory in what has become the state of Minnesota . Slavery in the Wisconsin Territory ( some of which , including Fort Snelling , was part of the Louisiana Purchase ) was prohibited by the United States Congress under the Missouri Compromise . During his stay at Fort Snelling , Scott married Harriet Robinson in a civil ceremony by Harriet 's owner , Major Lawrence Taliaferro , a justice of the peace who was also an Indian agent . The ceremony would have been unnecessary had Dred Scott been a slave , as slave marriages had no recognition in the law . In 1837 , the army ordered Emerson to Jefferson Barracks Military Post , south of St. Louis , Missouri . Emerson left Scott and his wife at Fort Snelling , where he leased their services out for profit . By hiring Scott out in a free state , Emerson was effectively bringing the institution of slavery into a free state , which was a direct violation of the Missouri Compromise , the Northwest Ordinance , and the Wisconsin Enabling Act . Before the end of the year , the army reassigned Emerson to Fort Jesup in Louisiana , where Emerson married Eliza Irene Sanford in February , 1838 . Emerson sent for Scott and Harriet , who proceeded to Louisiana to serve their master and his wife . While en route to Louisiana , Scott 's daughter Eliza was born on a steamboat underway on the Mississippi River between Illinois and what would become Iowa . Because Eliza was born in free territory , she was technically born as a free person under both federal and state laws . Upon entering Louisiana , the Scotts could have sued for their freedom , but did not . Finkelman suggests that in all likelihood , the Scotts would have been granted their freedom by a Louisiana court , as it had respected laws of free states that slaveholders forfeited their right to slaves if they brought them in for extended periods . This had been the holding in Louisiana state courts for more than 20 years . Toward the end of 1838 , the army reassigned Emerson to Fort Snelling . By 1840 , Emerson 's wife Irene returned to St. Louis with their slaves , while Dr. Emerson served in the Seminole War . While in St. Louis , she hired them out .", "4": "In 1842 , Emerson left the army . After he died in the Iowa Territory in 1843 , his widow Irene inherited his estate , including the Scotts . For three years after John Emerson 's death , she continued to lease out the Scotts as hired slaves . In 1846 , Scott attempted to purchase his and his family 's freedom , but Irene Emerson refused , prompting Scott to resort to legal recourse . Procedural History ( edit ) First attempt ( edit ) Having been unsuccessful in his attempt to purchase freedom for his family and himself , and with the help of abolitionist legal advisers , Scott sued Emerson for his freedom in a Missouri court in 1846 . Scott received financial assistance for his case from the family of his previous owner , Peter Blow . Blow 's daughter Charlotte was married to Joseph Charless , an officer at the Bank of Missouri . Charless signed the legal documents as security for Dred Scott and secured the services of the bank 's attorney , Samuel Mansfield Bay , for the trial . Scott based his legal argument on precedents such as Somersett v. Stewart , Winny v. Whitesides , and Rachel v. Walker , claiming his presence and residence in free territories required his emancipation . Scott 's lawyers argued the same for Scott 's wife , and further claimed that Eliza Scott 's birth on a steamboat between a free state and a free territory had made her free upon birth . It was expected that the Scotts would win their freedom with relative ease , since Missouri courts had previously heard more than ten other cases in which they had freed slaves who had been taken into free territory . Furthermore , the case had been assigned to Judge Alexander Hamilton , who was known to be sympathetic to slave freedom suits . Scott was represented by three lawyers during the course of the case because it was over a year from the time of the original petition filing to the trial . His first lawyer was Francis B. Murdoch , who was replaced by Charles D. Drake . When Drake left St. Louis in 1847 , Samuel M. Bay took over as Scott 's lawyer . In June 1847 , Scott lost his case due to a technicality : Scott had not proven that he was actually enslaved by Irene Emerson .", "5": "At the trial , grocer Samuel Russell had testified that he was leasing Scott from Irene Emerson , but on cross-examination he admitted that the leasing arrangements had actually been made by his wife Adeline . Thus , Russell 's testimony was ruled hearsay and the jury returned a verdict for Emerson . Scott v. Emerson ( edit ) In December 1847 , Judge Hamilton granted Scott a new trial . Emerson appealed this decision to the Supreme Court of Missouri , which affirmed the trial court 's order in 1848 . Due to a major fire , a cholera epidemic , and two continuances , the new trial did not begin until January 1850 . While the case awaited trial , Scott and his family were placed in the custody of the St. Louis County Sheriff , who continued to lease out the services of Scott and his family . The proceeds were placed in escrow , to be paid to Scott 's owner or himself upon resolution of the case . In the 1850 trial , Scott was represented by Alexander P. Field and David N. Hall , both of whom had previously shared offices with Charles Edmund LaBeaume , the brother of Peter Blow 's daughter - in - law . The hearsay problem was surmounted by a deposition from Adeline Russell , stating that she had leased the Scotts from Emerson . The jury found in favor of Scott and his family . Unwilling to accept the loss of four slaves and a substantial escrow account , Emerson appealed to the Supreme Court of Missouri , although by that point she had moved to Massachusetts and transferred ownership of Scott to her brother , John F.A. Sanford . In November 1852 , the Missouri Supreme Court reversed the trial court 's decision , holding that the Scotts were still legally slaves and that they should have sued for freedom while living in a free state . Chief Justice William Scott declared : Times are not now as they were when the former decisions on this subject were made . Since then not only individuals but States have been possessed with a dark and fell spirit in relation to slavery , whose gratification is sought in the pursuit of measures , whose inevitable consequences must be the overthrow and destruction of our government . Under such circumstances it does not behoove the State of Missouri to show the least countenance to any measure which might gratify this spirit .", "6": "She is willing to assume her full responsibility for the existence of slavery within her limits , nor does she seek to share or divide it with others . Scott v. Sanford ( edit ) At this point , the case looked hopeless , and the Blow family decided that they could no longer pay for Scott 's legal costs . Scott also lost both of his lawyers , as Alexander Field had moved to Louisiana and David Hall had died . The case was now undertaken pro bono by Roswell Field , whose office employed Dred Scott as a janitor . Field also discussed the case with LaBeaume , who had taken over the lease on the Scotts in 1851 . Following the Missouri Supreme Court decision , Judge Hamilton turned down a request by Emerson 's lawyers to release the rent payments from escrow and to deliver the slaves into their owner 's custody . In 1853 , Dred Scott again sued his current owner , John Sanford , but now in federal court . Sanford had returned to New York , so the federal courts now had diversity jurisdiction under Article III , Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution . In addition to the existing complaints , Scott also alleged that Sanford had assaulted his family and held them captive for six hours on January 1 , 1853 . At trial in 1854 , Judge Robert William Wells directed the jury to rely on Missouri law to settle the question of Scott 's freedom . Since the Missouri Supreme Court had held that Scott remained a slave , the jury found in favor of Sanford . Scott then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court , where the case was recorded as Dred Scott v. Sandford and entered history with that title . Scott was represented before the Supreme Court by Montgomery Blair and George Ticknor Curtis , whose brother Benjamin was a Supreme Court Justice . Sanford was represented by Reverdy Johnson and Henry S. Geyer . Influence of President Buchanan ( edit ) Historians discovered that after the Supreme Court had heard arguments in the case but before it had issued a ruling , President - elect James Buchanan wrote to his friend , U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice John Catron , asking whether the case would be decided by the U.S. Supreme Court before his inauguration in March 1857 .", "7": "Buchanan hoped the decision would quell unrest in the country over the slavery issue by issuing a ruling that put the future of slavery beyond the realm of political debate . Buchanan later successfully pressured Associate Justice Robert Cooper Grier , a Northerner , to join the Southern majority in Dred Scott to prevent the appearance that the decision was made along sectional lines . Both by present - day standards and under the more lenient standards of the time , Buchanan 's applying such political pressure to a member of a sitting court would be regarded as highly improper . Republicans fueled speculation as to Buchanan 's influence by publicizing that Chief Justice Roger B. Taney had secretly informed Buchanan of the decision before Buchanan declared , in his inaugural address , that the slavery question would `` be speedily and finally settled '' by the Supreme Court . Supreme Court ruling ( edit ) Opinion of the Court ( edit ) In a 7 - 2 decision penned by Chief Justice Roger Taney , the Supreme Court held that it lacked Subject - matter jurisdiction by Article III 's provision for diversity of citizenship because Scott was not a `` citizen '' in the relevant sense of the term and states could not naturalize as Article - III citizens the descendants of African slaves . Taney 's majority opinion continued , in obiter dictum , to deem the Missouri Compromise of 1820 unconstitutional and foreclose Congress from freeing slaves within Federal territories . The principal holding that Scott was not an Article - III citizen was abrogated in 1868 by the Birthright Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . By opinining on the fate of the Missouri Compromise , the decision , in effect , became the second in U.S. history to strike down an act of Congress as unconstitutional . The prohibition on territories from freeing slaves was the first time the Supreme Court invoked the legal doctrine of substantive due process .", "8": "Taney relied on historical analysis to support the Court 's decision that Scott was not an Article - III citizen , and summarized the historical attitudes thusly : ( Black Africans imported as slaves ) had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order , and altogether unfit to associate with the white race , either in social or political relations ; and so far inferior , that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect ; and that the negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit . He was bought and sold , and treated as an ordinary article of merchandise and traffic , whenever a profit could be made by it . This opinion was at that time fixed and universal in the civilized portion of the white race . It was regarded as an axiom in morals as well as in politics , which no one thought of disputing , or supposed to be open to dispute ; and men in every grade and position in society daily and habitually acted upon it in their private pursuits , as well as in matters of public concern , without doubting for a moment the correctness of this opinion . Concurrence by Justice Nelson ( edit ) Justice Samuel Nelson Technically , Associate Justice Samuel Nelson did not concur in the judgment of the Supreme Court , for the formal judgment of that Court was that `` the judgment ( of the Circuit Court ) for the defendant ... be reversed , and a mandate issued directing the suit ( of plaintiff Scott ) to be dismissed for want of jurisdiction '' , 60 U.S. at 454 , whereas Nelson would have affirmed the judgment of the Circuit Court , 60 U.S. at 469 . However , in terms of the practical effect on Scott and his family , it was immaterial as to whether his case was to be dismissed , as ordered by the Court , or the judgment declaring on the merits that they were all still slaves be affirmed , as Nelson would have held . However , the legal theories of Nelson and the Court were very different . Nelson expressly declined to address the jurisdictional issue , but instead addressed the merits of Scott 's case . The Supreme Court , which addressed the merits in dictum , expressed the view that the federal statute which had prohibited slavery in the `` Territory of Upper Louisiana '' was unconstitutional . ( At the time of Scott 's sojourn this area was administered as the Wisconsin Territory .", "9": "The term `` Territory of Upper Louisiana '' was used in Nelson 's opinion and the formal Statement of the Case . However , that was the name used for the area during French administration , not the American administration . ) Nelson found it unnecessary to reach this constitutional issue . To Nelson , the merits properly turned on a principle of states ' rights . He assumed for purposes of argument that Scott might have been emancipated during his sojourn in Illinois and / or his sojourn in Upper Louisiana . In Nelson 's view , however , each state that permitted slavery had the constitutional right to determine what effect it would give to any emancipation that might have occurred elsewhere once the Negro person had returned to that state . A state might , as the State of Louisiana did for a period by court decision , decide to honor extraterritorial emancipation ; or a state might , as the State of Missouri did when its Supreme Court reversed Scott 's initial victory in the Missouri court , decide to nullify any extraterritorial emancipation and revive the slave status . Since the State of Missouri had clearly determined that it considered Scott still to be a slave , irrespective of any prior emancipation , that foreclosed the issue for Nelson , and the federal Circuit Court properly found him and his family to be slaves while they were in Missouri . Dissents by Justice Curtis and Justice McLean ( edit ) Justice John McLean was the senior justice of the two dissenting opinions . Justice John McLean dissented , writing that there was no basis for the claim that blacks could not be citizens . At the time of the ratification of the Constitution , black men could vote in five of the thirteen states . This made them citizens not only of their states but of the United States . Therefore , Justice McLean concluded that the argument that Scott was not a citizen was `` more a matter of taste than of law '' . In his dissent , Justice McLean cited as precedent Marie Louise v. Marot , an 1835 case in which Louisiana Supreme Court Chief Justice George Mathews Jr. ruled that `` being free for one moment in France , it was not in the power of her former owner to reduce her again to slavery . '' Justice Curtis was the junior dissenting justice .", "10": "Justice Benjamin Robbins Curtis , in dissent , attacked much of the Court 's decision as obiter dicta , on the ground that once the Court determined that it did not have jurisdiction to hear Scott 's case , it must simply dismiss the action , and not pass judgment on the merits of the claims . The dissents by Curtis and McLean also attacked the Court 's overturning of the Missouri Compromise on its merits , noting both that it was not necessary to decide the question , and also that none of the authors of the Constitution had ever objected on constitutional grounds to the United States Congress ' adoption of the antislavery provisions of the Northwest Ordinance passed by the Continental Congress , or the subsequent acts that barred slavery north of 36 ° 30 ' N . Consequences ( edit ) Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Wage slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S.", "11": "Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Emancipation Day Economic ( edit ) Perhaps the most immediate business consequence of the decision was to help trigger the Panic of 1857 .", "12": "Economist Charles Calomiris and historian Larry Schweikart discovered that uncertainty about whether the entire West would suddenly become either slave territory or engulfed in combat like `` Bleeding Kansas '' , immediately gripped the markets . The east -- west railroads collapsed immediately ( although north -- south - running lines were unaffected ) , causing , in turn , the near - collapse of several large banks and the runs that ensued . What followed these runs has been called the Panic of 1857 and it differed sharply from the Panic of 1837 , in that its effects were almost exclusively confined to the North . Calomiris and Schweikart found this resulted from the South 's superior system of branch banking ( as opposed to the North 's unit banking system ) , in which the transmission of the panic was minor due to the diversification of the southern branch banking systems . Information moved reliably among the branch banks , whereas in the North , the unit banks ( competitors ) seldom shared such vital information . Political ( edit ) The decision was hailed in Southern slaveholding society as a proper interpretation of the United States Constitution . According to Jefferson Davis , then a United States Senator from Mississippi , and later President of the Confederate States of America , the Dred Scott case was merely a question of `` whether Cuffee should be kept in his normal condition or not '' . At that time , `` cuffee '' was a term commonly used to describe a black person . Prior to Dred Scott , Democratic Party politicians had sought repeal of the Missouri Compromise , and were finally successful in 1854 with the passage of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act . This act permitted each newly admitted state south of the 40th parallel to decide whether to be a slave state or free state . Now , with Dred Scott , the Supreme Court under Taney sought to permit the unhindered expansion of slavery into the territories . The Dred Scott decision , then , represented a culmination of what many at that time considered a push to expand slavery . Southerners at the time , who had grown uncomfortable with the Kansas - Nebraska Act , argued that they had a right , under the federal constitution , to bring slaves into the territories , regardless of any decision by a territorial legislature on the subject . The Dred Scott decision seemed to endorse that view .", "13": "The expansion of the territories and resulting admission of new states would mean a loss of political power for the North , as many of the new states would be admitted as slave states , and counting slaves as three - fifths of a person would add to the slave holding states ' political representation in Congress . Although Taney believed that the decision represented a compromise that would settle the slavery question once and for all by transforming a contested political issue into a matter of settled law , it produced the opposite result . It strengthened Northern opposition to slavery , divided the Democratic Party on sectional lines , encouraged secessionist elements among Southern supporters of slavery to make bolder demands , and strengthened the Republican Party . Reaction ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Opponents of slavery fiercely attacked the Dred Scott decision . The Evening Journal of Albany , New York , combined two themes and denounced the decision as both an offense to the principles of liberty on which the nation was founded , and a victory for slave states over the free states : The three hundred and forty - seven thousand five hundred and twenty - five Slaveholders in the Republic , accomplished day before yesterday a great success -- as shallow men estimate success . They converted the Supreme Court of Law and Equity of the United States of America into a propagandist of human Slavery . Fatal day for a judiciary made reputable throughout the world , and reliable to all in this nation , by the learning and the virtues of Jay , Rutledge , Ellsworth , Marshall and Story ! The conspiracy is nearly completed . The Legislation of the Republic is in the hands of this handful of Slaveholders . The United States Senate assures it to them . The Executive power of the Government is theirs . Buchanan took the oath of fealty to them on the steps of the Capitol last Wednesday .", "14": "The body which gives the supreme law of the land , has just acceded to their demands , and dared to declare that under the charter of the Nation , men of African descent are not citizens of the United States and can not be -- that the Ordinance of 1787 was void -- that human Slavery is not a local thing , but pursues its victims to free soil , clings to them wherever they go , and returns with them -- that the American Congress has no power to prevent the enslavement of men in the National Territories -- that the inhabitants themselves of the Territories have no power to exclude human bondage from their midst -- and that men of color can not be suitors for justice in the Courts of the United States ! That editorial ended on a martial note : All who love Republican institutions and who hate Aristocracy , compact yourselves together for the struggle which threatens your liberty and will test your manhood ! Many abolitionists and some supporters of slavery believed that Taney was prepared to rule , as soon as the issue was presented in a subsequent case , as for instance , Lemmon v. New York , that the states had no power to prohibit slavery within their borders and that state laws providing for the emancipation of slaves brought into their territory or forbidding the institution of slavery were likewise unconstitutional . Abraham Lincoln stressed this danger during his famous `` House Divided '' speech at Springfield , Illinois , on June 16 , 1858 : Put this and that together , and we have another nice little niche , which we may , ere long , see filled with another Supreme Court decision , declaring that the Constitution of the United States does not permit a State to exclude slavery from its limits ... We shall lie down pleasantly dreaming that the people of Missouri are on the verge of making their State free , and we shall awake to the reality instead , that the Supreme Court has made Illinois a slave State . That fear of the next Dred Scott decision shocked many in the North who had been content to accept slavery as long as it was confined within its then present borders . It also put the Northern Democrats , such as Stephen A. Douglas , in a difficult position . The Northern wing of the Democratic Party had supported the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 under the banner of popular sovereignty . They argued that even if Congress did not bar the expansion of slavery into those territories , the residents of those territories could prohibit it by territorial legislation .", "15": "The Dred Scott decision squarely stated that they could not exercise such prohibition , even though , strictly speaking , that issue was not before the Court . Without challenging the Court 's decision directly , Douglas attempted to overcome that obstacle by creating his Freeport Doctrine . Douglas insisted that , even if a territory could not bar slavery outright , the institution could not take root without local police regulations to protect it and a territory could refuse to pass such local support . This doctrine was wholly unacceptable to Southern Democrats , who reached a different conclusion from the same premise . They argued that if hostile territorial governments could obstruct their right to bring their slaves into a territory by refusing to protect that right , then Congress must intervene to pass a federal slave code for all the territories . They often coupled this position with threats to secede if Congress did not comply . At the same time , Democrats characterized Republicans as lawless rebels , provoking disunion by their unwillingness to accept the Supreme Court 's decision as the law of the land . Many Northern opponents of slavery offered a legalistic argument for refusing to recognize the Dred Scott decision as binding . As they noted , the Court 's decision began with the proposition that the federal courts did not have jurisdiction to hear Scott 's case because he was not a citizen of the State of Missouri . Therefore , so the opponents argued , the remainder of the decision concerning the Missouri Compromise was unnecessary ( i.e. , beyond the Court 's power to decide ) and therefore a passing remark rather than an authoritative interpretation of the law ( i.e. , obiter dictum ) . Douglas attacked this position in the Lincoln -- Douglas debates : Mr. Lincoln goes for a warfare upon the Supreme Court of the United States , because of their judicial decision in the Dred Scott case . I yield obedience to the decisions in that court -- to the final determination of the highest judicial tribunal known to our constitution . Democrats had previously refused to accept the Court 's interpretation of the Constitution as permanently binding .", "16": "During the Jackson administration , Roger B. Taney , working as Attorney General , wrote : Whatever may be the force of the decision of the Supreme Court in binding the parties and settling their rights in the particular case before them , I am not prepared to admit that a construction given to the constitution by the Supreme Court in deciding any one or more cases fixes of itself irrevokably ( sic ) and permanently its construction in that particular and binds the states and the Legislative and executive branches of the General government , forever afterwards to conform to it and adopt it in every other case as the true reading of the instrument although all of them may unite in believing it erroneous . Southern supporters of slavery claimed that the Dred Scott decision was essential to the preservation of the union . As the Richmond Enquirer stated : Thus has a politico - legal question , involving others of deep import , been decided emphatically in favor of the advocates and supporters of the Constitution and the Union , the equality of the States and the rights of the South , in contradistinction to and in repudiation of the diabolical doctrines inculcated by factionists and fanatics ; and that too by a tribunal of jurists , as learned , impartial and unprejudiced as perhaps the world has ever seen . A prize , for which the athletes of the nation have often wrestled in the halls of Congress , has been awarded at last , by the proper umpire , to those who have justly won it . The `` nation '' has achieved a triumph , `` sectionalism '' has been rebuked , and abolitionism has been staggered and stunned . Another supporting pillar has been added to our institutions ; the assailants of the South and enemies of the Union have been driven from their point d'appui ; a patriotic principle has been pronounced ; a great , national , conservative , union saving sentiment has been proclaimed . While some supporters of slavery treated the decision as a vindication of their rights within the union , others treated it as merely a step to spreading slavery throughout the nation , as the Republicans claimed . Convinced that any restrictions on their right to own slaves and to take them anywhere they chose were unlawful , they boasted that the coming decade would see slave auctions on Boston Common . These Southern radicals were ready to split the Democratic Party and -- as events showed -- the nation on that principle .", "17": "Frederick Douglass , a prominent African - American abolitionist who thought the decision unconstitutional and the Chief Justice 's reasoning contrary to the founders ' vision , prophesied that political conflict could not be avoided : The highest authority has spoken . The voice of the Supreme Court has gone out over the troubled waves of the National Conscience ... ( But ) my hopes were never brighter than now . I have no fear that the National Conscience will be put to sleep by such an open , glaring , and scandalous tissue of lies ... The Scott family 's fate ( edit ) Irene Emerson had moved to Massachusetts in 1850 and married Calvin C. Chaffee , a doctor and abolitionist who was elected to Congress on the Know Nothing and Republican tickets . Following the Supreme Court ruling , proslavery newspapers attacked Chaffee as a hypocrite . Chaffee protested that Dred Scott belonged to his brother - in law and that he had nothing to do with Scott 's enslavement . Nevertheless , the Chaffees executed a deed transferring the Scott family to Taylor Blow , son of Scott 's former owner Peter Blow . Field suggested the transfer to Chaffee as the most convenient way of freeing Scott , as Missouri law required manumitters to appear in person before the Court . Taylor Blow filed the manumission papers with Judge Hamilton on May 26 , 1857 . The emancipation of Dred Scott and his family was national news and was celebrated in northern cities . Scott worked as a porter in a hotel in St. Louis , where he was a minor celebrity . His wife took in laundry . Dred Scott died of tuberculosis only 18 months after attaining freedom , on November 7 , 1858 . Harriet died on June 17 , 1876 . Sanford as defendant ( edit ) When the case was filed , the two sides agreed on a statement of facts that claimed Scott had been sold by Dr. Emerson to John Sanford . However , this was a legal fiction . Dr. Emerson had died in 1843 , and Dred Scott had filed his 1847 suit against Irene Emerson . There is no record of Dred Scott 's transfer to Sanford , or of his transfer back to Irene Chaffee .", "18": "John Sanford died shortly before Scott 's manumission , but Scott is not listed in the probate records of Sanford 's estate . Nor was Sanford acting as Dr. Emerson 's executor , as he was never appointed by a probate court , and the Emerson estate had already been settled by the time the federal case was filed . Because of the murky circumstances surrounding ownership , it has been suggested that the parties to Dred Scott v. Sandford contrived to create a test case . Mrs. Emerson 's remarriage to an abolitionist Congressman seemed suspicious to contemporaries , and Sanford seemed to be a front who allowed himself to be sued despite not actually being Scott 's owner . However , Sanford had been involved in the case since 1847 , before his sister married Chaffee . He had secured counsel for his sister in the state case , and he engaged the same lawyer for his own defense in the federal case . Sanford also consented to be represented by genuine pro-slavery advocates before the Supreme Court , rather than putting up a token defense . Later references ( edit ) Justice John Marshall Harlan was the lone dissenting vote in Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) , which declared racial segregation constitutional and created the concept of `` separate but equal '' . In his dissent , Harlan wrote that the majority 's opinion would `` prove to be quite as pernicious as the decision made by this tribunal in the Dred Scott case . '' Charles Evans Hughes , writing in 1927 on the Supreme Court 's history , described Dred Scott v. Sandford as a `` self - inflicted wound '' from which the Court would not recover for over a decade . In a memo to Justice Robert H. Jackson in 1952 ( for whom he was clerking at the time ) on the subject of Brown v. Board of Education , future Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist wrote that `` Scott v. Sandford was the result of Taney 's effort to protect slaveholders from legislative interference . '' Justice Antonin Scalia made the comparison between Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) and Dred Scott in an effort to see Roe v. Wade overturned : Dred Scott ... rested upon the concept of `` substantive due process '' that the Court praises and employs today .", "19": "Indeed , Dred Scott was very possibly the first application of substantive due process in the Supreme Court , the original precedent for ... Roe v. Wade . Scalia noted that the Dred Scott decision , written and championed by Taney , left the justice 's reputation irrevocably tarnished . Taney , while attempting to end the disruptive question of the future of slavery , wrote a decision that aggravated sectional tensions and was considered to contribute to the American Civil War . Chief Justice John Roberts compared Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) to the Dred Scott case , as another example of trying to settle a contentious issue through a ruling that went beyond the scope of the Constitution . Legacy ( edit ) 1977 : The Scotts ' great - grandson , John A. Madison , Jr. , an attorney , gave the invocation at the ceremony at the Old Courthouse ( St. Louis ) in St. Louis , a National Historic Landmark , for the dedication of a National Historic Marker commemorating the Scotts ' case tried there . 2000 : Harriet and Dred Scott 's petition papers in their freedom suit were displayed at the main branch of the St. Louis Public Library , following discovery of more than 300 freedom suits in the archives of the U.S. circuit court . 2006 : A new historic plaque was erected at the Old Courthouse to honor the active roles of both Dred and Harriet Scott in their freedom suit and the case 's significance in U.S. history . See also ( edit ) American slave court cases List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 60 List of United States Supreme Court cases Origins of the American Civil War Timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind United States labor law Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : While the name of the Supreme Court case is Scott vs. Sandford , the respondent 's surname was actually `` Sanford '' . A clerk misspelled the name , and the court never corrected the error . Vishneski , John ( 1988 ) . `` What the Court Decided in Dred Scott v. Sandford '' . The American Journal of Legal History . Temple University . 32 ( 4 ) : 373 -- 390 .", "20": "doi : 10.2307 / 845743 . JSTOR 845743 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the court opinion on the Dredd Scott case '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Remarks of the Chief Justice '' . Supreme Court of the United States . March 21 , 2003 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Frederic D. Schwarz Archived 2008 - 12 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . `` The Dred Scott Decision '' , American Heritage , February / March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Finkelman , Paul ( 2007 ) . `` Scott v. Sandford : The Court 's Most Dreadful Case and How it Changed History '' ( PDF ) . Chicago - Kent Law Review . 82 ( 3 ) : 3 -- 48 . Jump up ^ D.R. Tarr ; A. O'Connor , eds. ( 2003 ) . `` Legislation declared unconstitutional '' . Congress A to Z ( 4th ed . ) . Washington : CQ Press . doi : 10.4135 / 9781483302768. n191 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bernard Schwartz ( 1997 ) . A Book of Legal Lists : The Best and Worst in American Law . Oxford UP . p. 70 . Jump up ^ Junius P. Rodriguez ( 2007 ) . Slavery in the United States : A Social , Political , and Historical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 1 . Jump up ^ David Konig ; et al. ( 2010 ) . The Dred Scott Case : Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Race and Law . Ohio UP . p. 213 . Jump up ^ Ethan Greenberg ( 2010 ) . Dred Scott and the Dangers of a Political Court . Lexington Books . p. 6 .", "21": "Jump up ^ Earl M. Maltz , Dred Scott and the Politics of Slavery ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Missouri 's Dred Scott Case , 1846 - 1857 '' . Missouri Digital Heritage : African American HIstory Initiative . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Don E. Fehrenbacher , The Dred Scott Case : Its Significance in American Law and Politics ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ 1 Mo . 472 , 475 ( Mo . 1824 ) . Jump up ^ 4 Mo . 350 ( Mo . 1836 ) . Rachel is remarkable as its fact pattern was on point for Scott 's case . Rachel had been a female slave taken into the free Wisconsin Territory by her owner , who was an army officer . In Rachel , the Supreme Court of Missouri held she was free as a consequence of having been taken by her master into a free jurisdiction . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , Walter ( 2007 ) . They Have No Rights : Dred Scott 's Struggle for Freedom . Applewood Books . Jump up ^ Scott v. Emerson , 15 Mo . 576 , 586 ( Mo . 1852 ) Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ehrlich , Walter ( September 1968 ) . `` Was the Dred Scott Case Valid ? '' . The Journal of American History . Organization of American Historians. 55 ( 2 ) : 256 -- 265 . JSTOR 1899556 . ^ Jump up to : Hardy , David T. ( 2012 ) . `` Dred Scott , John San ( d ) ford , and the Case for Collusion '' ( PDF ) . Northern Kentucky Law Review . 41 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Maltz , Earl M. ( 2007 ) . Dred Scott and the politics of slavery . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . p. 115 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1502 - 4 . Jump up ^ Faragher , John Mack ; et al. ( 2005 ) .", "22": "Out of Many : A History of the American People ( Revised Printing ( 4th Ed ) ed . ) . Englewood Cliffs , N.J : Prentice Hall . p. 388 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 195130 - 0 . Jump up ^ Baker , Jean H. ( 2004 ) . James Buchanan : The American Presidents Series : The 15th President , 1857 - 1861 . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6946 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` James Buchanan : Inaugural Address . U.S. Inaugural Addresses. 1989 '' . Bartleby.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` CK Law Review '' ( PDF ) . cklawreview.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Alexander Bickel , School desegregation cases and legislative history of the Fourteenth Amendment in the 39th Congress : Internal Memorandum for Justice Felix Frankfurter , The Felix Frankfurter Papers , Part II : United States Supreme Court , Case Files of Opinions and Memoranda , October Terms 1953 - 1961 Jump up ^ See Antonin Scalia , Constitutional Interpretation the Old Fashioned Way ( March 14 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Abraham Lincoln 's Speech on the Dred Scott Decision , June 26 , 1857 Archived September 8 , 2002 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Champion of Civil Rights : Judge John Minor Wisdom . Southern Biography Series : LSU Press , 2009 , p 24 . https://books.google.com/books?id=atfIkRdwQ9kC&pg=PA24&dq=%22louisiana%22+%22george+mathews%22&hl=en#v=onepage&q=%20%22george%20mathews%22&f=false Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Charles Calomiris and Larry Schweikart , `` The Panic of 1857 : Origins , Transmission , Containment , '' Journal of Economic History , LI , December 1990 , pp.", "23": "807 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Speech to the United States Senate , May 7 , 1860 Jump up ^ Blassingame , John W. ( 15 September 2008 ) . `` Black New Orleans , 1860 - 1880 '' . University of Chicago Press . Retrieved 8 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Benson , Lloyd ( editor ) . `` The Issue Forced Upon Us '' . Secession Era Editorials Project . Furman University . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 17 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Don E. Fehrenbacher ( 1978 / 2001 ) , The Dred Scott Case : Its Significance in American Law and Politics , reprint , New York : Oxford , Part 3 , `` Consequences and Echoes '' , Chapter 18 , `` The Judges Judged '' , p. 441 ; unpublished opinion , transcript in Carl B. Swisher Papers , Manuscript Division , Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Dred Scott vs. Sandford : A Brief History with Documents - Google Boeken . Jump up ^ Fehrenbacher , p. 580 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the court opinion on the Dred Scott case '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks of the Chief Justice '' . Supreme Court of the United States . March 21 , 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Rehnquist , William . `` A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases '' Archived 2008 - 09 - 21 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey , 505 U.S. 833 ( 1992 ) . FindLaw . Jump up ^ Carey , Patrick W. ( April 2002 ) . `` Political Atheism : Dred Scott , Roger Brooke Taney , and Orestes A. Brownson '' . The Catholic Historical Review . The Catholic University of America Press . 88 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 229 .", "24": "doi : 10.1353 / cat. 2002.0072 . ISSN 1534 - 0708 . ( requires subscription ) Jump up ^ Obergefell v. Hodges , 576 U.S. ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Adam Arenson , `` Dred Scott versus the Dred Scott Case '' , The Dred Scott Case : Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Race and Law , Ohio University Press , 2010 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Arenson ( 2010 ) , Dred Scott Case , p. 38 Jump up ^ Arenson ( 2010 ) , Dred Scott Case , p. 39 Further reading ( edit ) Dennis - Jonathan Mann & Kai Purnhagen : The Nature of Union Citizenship between Autonomy and Dependency on ( Member ) State Citizenship - A Comparative Analysis of the Rottmann Ruling , or : How to Avoid a European Dred Scott Decision ? , in : 29 : 3 Wisconsin International Law Journal ( WILJ ) , ( Fall 2011 ) , pp. 484 -- 533 ( PDF ) . Fehenbacher , Don E. , The Dred Scott Case : Its Significance in American Law and Politics New York : Oxford ( 1978 ) ( winner of Pulitzer Prize for History ) . Fehrenbacher , Don E. Slavery , Law , and Politics : The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective ( 1981 ) ( abridged version of The Dred Scott Case ) . Konig , David Thomas , Paul Finkelman , and Christopher Alan Bracey , eds . The `` Dred Scott '' Case : Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Race and Law ( Ohio University Press ; 2010 ) 272 pages ; essays by scholars on the history of the case and its afterlife in American law and society . Potter , David M. The Impending Crisis , 1848 -- 1861 ( 1976 ) pp 267 -- 96 . VanderVelde , Lea . Mrs. Dred Scott : A Life on Slavery 's Frontier ( Oxford University press , 2009 ) 480 pp . Swain , Gwenyth ( 2004 ) . Dred and Harriet Scott : A Family 's Struggle for Freedom .", "25": "Saint Paul , MN : Borealis Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87351 - 482 - 8 . Tushnet , Mark ( 2008 ) . I Dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases . Boston : Beacon Press . pp. 31 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 0036 - 6 . Listen to : American Pendulum II - http://one.npr.org/i/555247859:555247861 External links ( edit ) Texts on Wikisource : Dred Scott v. Sandford `` Dred Scott Case '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Dred Scott Case '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . Text of Dred Scott v. Sandford , 60 U.S. ( 19 How . ) 393 ( 1857 ) is available from : Cornell Findlaw Justia Oyez OpenJurist Primary documents and bibliography about the Dred Scott case , from the Library of Congress `` Dred Scott decision '' , Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 17 December 2006 . www.yowebsite.com Gregory J. Wallance , `` Dred Scott Decision : The Lawsuit That Started The Civil War '' , History.net , originally in Civil War Times Magazine , March / April 2006 Jefferson National Expansion Memorial , National Park Service Infography about the Dred Scott Case The Dred Scott Case Collection , Washington University in St. Louis Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice Dred Scott case articles from William Lloyd Garrison 's abolitionist newspaper The Liberator `` Supreme Court Landmark Case Dred Scott v. Sandford '' from C - SPAN 's Landmark Cases : 12 Historic Supreme Court Decisions Report of the Decision of the Supreme Court of the United States and the Opinions of the Judges Thereof , in the Case of Dred Scott Versus John F.A. Sandford .", "26": "December Term , 1856 via Google Books Missouri in the American Civil War 1861 Governor refuses to furnish quota of militia to the United States Seizure of United States Arsenal at Liberty Seizure of United States ordnance stores at Kansas City Capture of Camp Jackson Convention between Brig. Gen. William S. Harney , U.S. Army , and Maj. Gen. Sterling Price , Missouri State Guard Engagement at Boonville Skirmish at Cole Camp Engagement near Carthage Skirmish at Athens Martial law declared in St. Louis Battle of Wilson 's Creek Action at Dry Wood Creek Siege of Lexington Action at Blue Mills Landing Destruction of Osceola Operations about Ironton and Fredericktown Action at Springfield Engagement at Belmont Missouri admitted as a member of the Confederate States of America Brig. Gen. John M. Schofield , U.S. Army , assumes command of the Missouri Militia Skirmish at Blackwater Creek Action at Mount Zion Church 1862 Action at Roan 's Tan - Yard Operations at New Madrid Brig. Gen. Mosby M. Parsons , Mo . S.G. , assumes command of the Missouri State Guard Action at Moore 's Mill Action at Kirksville Action at Independence Action at Lone Jack Engagement at Newtonia Skirmish at Island Mound Action at Clark 's Mill 1863 Engagement at Springfield Engagement at Hartville Action at Cape Girardeau Skirmish at Chalk Bluff Enrolled Militia of Missouri placed under command of Maj. Gen. Schofield General Order No. 11 Shelby 's raid in Arkansas and Missouri 1864 Maj. Gen. Sterling Price , C.S. Army , assumes command of the expeditionary forces at Princeton , Ark . Price enters Missouri Affair at Centralia Attack on Fort Davidson Action at Glasgow Action at Lexington Action at the Little Blue Action at Independence Action at the Big Blue Engagement at Westport Engagement at the Marmiton Engagement at Newtonia 1865 Negotiations for the surrender of the Confederate forces in the Trans - Mississippi Department Gen.", "27": "E. Kirby Smith , C.S. Army , surrenders troops in Trans - Mississippi Department ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J.", "28": "Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AK AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Price Semmes E.K.", "29": "Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S.", "30": "Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S.", "31": "Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Music Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dred_Scott_v._Sandford&oldid=822163693 '' Categories : 1857 in United States case law Abrogated United States Supreme Court decisions Freedom suits in the United States History of St.", "32": "Louis History of the United States ( 1849 -- 65 ) Pre-emancipation African - American history Presidency of James Buchanan United States slavery case law United States substantive due process case law United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court cases of the Taney Court Missouri in the American Civil War Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles needing additional references from March 2011 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 19 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2238872939740015368	where does kfc get their chicken in south africa	[ "reared in South Africa", "South Africa" ]	{ "0": "KFC in South Africa - wikipedia KFC in South Africa Jump to : navigation , search KFC is the largest fast food chain in South Africa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Operations 2 History 3 References 4 External links Operations ( edit ) As of 2016 , there are 828 KFC outlets in South Africa , and the company dominates the fast food market . 10 percent of outlets are company owned , and 90 percent are franchise owned . Outlets sell the regional pap dish . South Africa is one of the few countries where KFC does not sell PepsiCo owned soft drinks , due to the company 's historically small presence in the country . All of the chicken sold is reared in South Africa . History ( edit ) KFC first entered the South African market in 1971 . The company was forced to divest its 60 company owned outlets and trademarks to a South African holding company called Devco in 1987 after the US Congress passed a law forbidding American companies from owning South African assets . The company 's 120 franchised outlets were not affected . KFC continued to collect an administrative fee from Devco . The company reacquired its former assets when sanctions were lifted in 1994 . By 1994 there were around 300 KFC outlets in the country . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.yum.com/company/ Jump up ^ Hedley , Nick ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Yum to push KFC into Africa ' as fast as possible ' '' . Business Day . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Food in South Africa '' . Euromonitor . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yum 's Global Restaurant System '' . Yum ! Brands . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Steyn , Lisa ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` KFC 's secret recipe for growth '' . Mail & Guardian . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` KFC Menu : Drinks '' . KFC South Africa . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 .", "1": "Jump up ^ http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1034&context=history_theses Jump up ^ Maritz , Jaco . `` KFC 's African adventure '' . How We Made It In Africa . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dodds , Paisley ( June 20 , 1994 ) . `` Kentucky Fried Chicken Returns to South Africa '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` KFC Getting Out of South Africa '' . Adweek . March 16 , 1987 . Jump up ^ `` KFC returns to South Africa with Devco purchase '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . June 27 , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Kfc Makes Re-entry Into S. Africa Market '' . Chicago Tribune . 21 June 1994 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` KFC expanding in South Africa '' . The Atlanta Journal and Constitution . June 21 , 1994 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to KFC in South Africa . Official KFC Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KFC_in_South_Africa&oldid=832762825 '' Categories : KFC 1971 introductions 1971 establishments in South Africa Hidden categories : Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 21 : 27 . 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-2937491632716380332	who does april end up with on parks and rec	[ "Andy", "Andy", "Andy", "Andy Dwyer", "Andy" ]	{ "0": "April Ludgate - wikipedia April Ludgate Jump to : navigation , search April Ludgate - Dwyer Parks and Recreation character Aubrey Plaza portrays April Ludgate First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` One Last Ride '' Portrayed by Aubrey Plaza Information Aliases Janet Snakehole Judy Hitler Satan 's Niece Gender Female Occupation Intern , City of Pawnee Parks and Recreation ( former ) Assistant to Ron Swanson ( former ) Assistant to Chris Traeger ( former ) Assistant to Ben Wyatt during a congressional campaign Deputy Director of Pawnee Animal Control ( former ) Employee at the National Park Service : Midwest Branch ( former ) Employee at American Service Foundation Family Larry Ludgate ( father ) Rita Ludgate ( mother ) Natalie Ludgate ( sister ) Spouse ( s ) Andy Dwyer Significant other ( s ) Derek ( ex-boyfriend ) Eduardo ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Burt Snakehole Ludgate Karate Dracula Macklin Demon Jack - o - Lantern `` Jack '' Dwyer ( b . 2023 ) Unnamed Child ( b . 2025 ) Nationality American ( English and Puerto Rican descent ) April Roberta Ludgate - Dwyer ( portrayed by Aubrey Plaza ) is a fictional character in the NBC comedy Parks and Recreation . She is first seen as an apathetic college student working as an intern in the Pawnee Department of Parks and Recreation , before being hired as Ron Swanson 's assistant . She later becomes the Deputy Director of Animal Control . April , along with Plaza 's performance , garnered universal acclaim and has gained popularity for her goth - like behavior and deadpan - style comedy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Character arc 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Season 5 2.6 Season 6 2.7 Season 7 3 Development 4 References Background ( edit ) April Ludgate is a college student who starts out working as an intern in the Pawnee parks and recreation department .", "1": "April is extremely uninterested in the job , regularly napping at her desk and texting constantly , and acts very dry and sarcastic around her co-workers . She was assigned the internship because she overslept on intern sign - up date , which she blamed on her sister Natalie for not waking her up . April is of English and Puerto Rican descent ( she claims that this explains her ' lively and colorful ' personality ) , and she speaks and understands Spanish fairly well as a result . Her family refers to her as Zuzu . April was responsible for uploading the staff bios onto the Pawnee parks and recreation site , and she jokingly made a fictional bio for herself that reads as follows : `` April Ludgate - Dwyer was born in Björk 's house in Iceland and grew up on Easter Island , where her parents were giant stone heads . She has the ability to fire beams of tacos out of her hands and she can turn her legs into tigers . On Sundays , April enjoys reading Family Circus and traveling through time . Her favorite color is greenish - transparent and her favorite movie is the one you just watched . April is in charge of uploading the staff bios to the website , and no one has checked over her work . '' While picking Spirit dogs in season six , Donna described her as follows : `` `` You 're beautiful yet cold and aloof . You pride yourself on being a loner . You do not obey , you choose to cooperate . And when you stop baring your fangs to pick a mate , it 's for life . And you 're fiercely loyal to your pack . Which makes you a rare black Siberian husky . '' '' Character arc ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) April starts as a 19 - year - old intern at the parks department who is somewhat rebellious and is often annoyed by her fellow parks department workers . For the first two seasons , her boyfriend was Derek , who is openly bisexual and who simultaneously dates an openly gay college student named Ben , whom April dislikes . ( Aubrey Plaza herself came up with the idea of her character 's boyfriend being bisexual and her boyfriend himself dating another guy . )", "2": "Season 2 ( edit ) Although still dating her openly bisexual boyfriend , Derek , who is still dating his gay boyfriend , Ben , April begins to develop a crush on Andy Dwyer ( who works at city hall ) , the ex-boyfriend of Ann Perkins . Andy is able to make April smile , which is something she rarely does . April flirts with Andy and even convinces Andy to let her give him hickeys on his neck in order to make Ann jealous , but Andy nevertheless remains unaware of her feelings toward him . In order to remain close to Andy , April volunteers to work as Ron 's assistant , ending her time as an intern and establishing a full - time position at the Pawnee town hall . April finally breaks up with Derek after he makes fun of Andy and gives her a hard time about spending too much time with him . Toward the end of the season Andy and April 's relationship begins to grow to the point that he begins to reciprocate her feelings but their age difference continues to be a wedge between them . They admit their mutual attraction to each other in the season finale , but she tells him she does not want to get involved with him due to what she perceives as his lasting feelings for Ann . She changes her mind after he gets into a car accident and the two kiss for the first time , but she leaves abruptly after he reveals Ann kissed him just two minutes earlier . Season 3 ( edit ) April traveled to Venezuela between seasons but has returned to Pawnee to continue her job at the Parks Dept. and has a new Spanish - speaking Venezuelan boyfriend , Eduardo. April eventually breaks up with Eduardo after he becomes friends with Andy because Eduardo was used only to make Andy jealous . April tells Andy to do all of the things she hates doing for her for a month . After only one day of him doing this , April kisses Andy . Andy and April decide to get married in `` April and Andy 's Fancy Party '' after only one month of dating . Andy had proposed to April the day before the party asking , `` What if we got married tomorrow ? '' to which April replied , `` Fine . '' They were married at their dinner party ( which was actually a surprise ceremony ) in front of their friends and family .", "3": "With a great deal of help from new housemate Ben Wyatt they have learned , to a limited extent , how to live and act like working adults . Season 4 ( edit ) April and Andy throw a Halloween party at which Ron and Ann go around fixing all of the problems in her and Andy 's house . She becomes a member of Leslie 's campaign as the `` youth outreach '' . April takes over a large portion of Leslie 's duties in the Parks and Rec department towards the end of the season to allow Leslie to concentrate on the election . April is shown to somewhat enjoy and excel in this position . In `` Bus Tour '' , April becomes legally known as April Ludgate - Dwyer . Season 5 ( edit ) April is working as Ben 's assistant at Washington D.C. as he successfully runs a congressional re-election campaign . She actively supports Andy while he tries to get into the Pawnee Police Department . Following her passion for animals , she develops plans to have Lot 48 become a dog park . She reveals that she wants to become a veterinarian and asks Ann to write her a recommendation letter . April becomes Deputy Director of the Animal Control by suggesting it be absorbed into the Parks Department due to its inefficiency . Season 6 ( edit ) At the beginning of Season 6 , April is planning on attending Veterinary School ; however , upon going to the orientation with Ann she realizes it is not what she wants to do . While she supports Andy for having a job away in London , she is very upset while he is away and misses him . She develops a closer relationship with Donna , and they both try to stop Tom leaving the Parks Department by being unhelpful as he searches for a property for his restaurant . However , they later feel guilty , and help him find the perfect place . When Andy returns , she actively supports him on playing music for children , deciding to become his manager . While she makes out she is excited that Ann is leaving Pawnee , the pair share a nostalgic farewell at the Pawnee Commons site in `` Ann and Chris '' . Along with Andy , Tom and some other Pawnee youths , she comes up with the idea of holding a Unity concert celebrating the merger .", "4": "In the season finale , April has Leslie named a founder of the revamped city of Pawnee and motivates her to convince the National Park Service to move the Midwest Branch to Pawnee , which allows Leslie and Ben to stay . In addition , it is revealed that April and Andy are still happily married in 2017 , with April working for Leslie . Season 7 ( edit ) It 's 2017 and April laments , as time has passed and she has remained in her government career , she fears she and Andy are becoming ordinary and boring . While driving through the warehouse district , they spot a creepy old house with an equally creepy owner . He tells them it was a place for old factory workers who ended up going mad . They decide to purchase it . When Joan Callamezzo is honored by the mayor , April starts to feel that her life has n't been fulfilled yet , and realises working in the Parks Department really is n't her dream job . In `` Ms. Ludgate - Dwyer Goes to Washington '' , April is trying to find a way to tell Leslie that she wants to leave the Parks Department . When she finally tells Leslie , after a bit of reluctance , Leslie decides to help her . Leslie takes April to the American Service Foundation , which helps determine potential occupations for job - seekers . After April 's meeting , April tells Leslie that she would like to work at the Foundation itself . April and Andy decide to relocate to Washington D.C when April gets an offer to work for the Foundation . However , she feels guilty for making Andy give up ' the best job he 's ever had ' working as Johnny Karate on his own TV show . Andy assures her that she is the best thing that ever happened to him and after all the support she has given him , helping him to become a children 's entertainment phenomenon , she deserves his support in her search for happiness . In a series of flash - forwards in the final episode , April and Andy ask Leslie and Ben for advice regarding the prospect of having children , which Andy very much wants but April does not . They decide to try for it and their son Jack ( short for Jack - o - Lantern ) is born on Halloween 2023 . By 2025 the couple is expecting their second child . Development ( edit ) The role of April Ludgate was written specifically for Aubrey Plaza .", "5": "Upon meeting the actress , Parks and Recreation casting director Allison Jones contacted series co-creator Michael Schur and said , `` I just met the weirdest girl I 've ever met in my life . You have to meet her and put her on your show . '' Schur said he met with her and was taken so off - guard by her quiet and deadpan personality that he felt incredibly awkward and uncomfortable , spending the whole meeting trying to keep her entertained . Schur said that from that meeting on , he and fellow co-creator Greg Daniels knew they wanted to cast her on the show . When the scripts for Parks and Recreation were first written , the character was referred to simply as `` Aubrey '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Review : ' Parks and Recreation ' - ' Andy and April 's Fancy Party ' : Impulse power '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kandell , Steve ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Parks and Recreation Recap : A Wedding '' . New York . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Parks & Recreation : Season One ( Film ( DVD ) ) . Universal Studios Home Entertainment . Event occurs at Deleted Scenes : Pilot . Jump up ^ `` Parks and Recreation - Pilot : April the Intern '' . NBC . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2009 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : `` Sister City '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` City of Pawnee - Parks and Recreation '' . Pawneeindiana.com . December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schur , Michael ( 2009 ) . Parks and Recreation : Season One : `` Rock Show '' ( DVD ) . Universal Studios Home Entertainment .", "6": "Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : Leslie and Co . Have Love Woes '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : `` Hunting Trip '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2009 . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Steve ( November 19 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : `` Hunting Trip '' `` . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2009 . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` '' Parks and Recreation '' recap : Will Arnett can see your insides `` . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` '' Parks and Recreation '' recap : Breaking up is hard to do `` . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Parks and Recreation ' : I now pronounce you man and ... wait , seriously ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Heisler , Steve ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Interview : Michael Schur '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Parks & Recreation - Paul Schneider & Aubrey Plaza ( Paley Center , 2009 ) '' . Paley Center for Media . October 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 .", "7": "( hide ) Parks and Recreation Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Canvassing '' `` The Reporter '' `` Boys ' Club '' `` The Banquet '' `` Rock Show '' Season 2 `` Pawnee Zoo '' `` The Stakeout '' `` Beauty Pageant '' `` Practice Date '' `` Sister City '' `` Kaboom '' `` Greg Pikitis '' `` Ron and Tammy '' `` The Camel '' `` Hunting Trip '' `` Tom 's Divorce '' `` Christmas Scandal '' `` The Set Up '' `` Leslie 's House '' `` Sweetums '' `` Galentine 's Day '' `` Woman of the Year '' `` The Possum '' `` Park Safety '' `` Summer Catalog '' `` 94 Meetings '' `` Telethon '' `` The Master Plan '' `` Freddy Spaghetti '' Season 3 `` Go Big or Go Home '' `` Flu Season '' `` Time Capsule '' `` Ron & Tammy : Part Two '' `` Media Blitz '' `` Indianapolis '' `` Harvest Festival '' `` Camping '' `` Andy and April 's Fancy Party '' `` Soulmates '' `` Jerry 's Painting '' `` Eagleton '' `` Road Trip '' `` The Fight '' `` The Bubble '' `` Li'l Sebastian '' Season 4 `` I 'm Leslie Knope '' `` Ron and Tammys '' `` Born & Raised '' `` Pawnee Rangers '' `` End of the World '' `` Bowling for Votes '' `` Operation Ann '' `` The Debate '' `` Bus Tour '' `` Win , Lose , or Draw '' Season 5 `` Ms.", "8": "Knope Goes to Washington '' `` Soda Tax '' `` How a Bill Becomes a Law '' `` Sex Education '' `` Halloween Surprise '' Season 6 Season 7 `` Leslie and Ron '' `` One Last Ride '' Characters Leslie Knope Ron Swanson Tom Haverford Ann Perkins April Ludgate Andy Dwyer Ben Wyatt Chris Traeger Jerry Gergich Donna Meagle Mark Brendanawicz Craig Middlebrooks Jean - Ralphio Saperstein Marlene Griggs - Knope Related Pawnee Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_Ludgate&oldid=834392659 '' Categories : Parks and Recreation characters Fictional civil servants Fictional American people of Puerto Rican descent Fictional American people of English descent Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional polyamorous characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 13 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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734309880189507498	who played dwight's brother on the office	[ "Thomas Middleditch", "Thomas Middleditch", "Thomas Middleditch", "Thomas Middleditch", "Thomas Middleditch" ]	{ "0": "The Farm ( the Office ) - wikipedia The Farm ( the Office ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Farm '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 9 Episode 17 Directed by Paul Lieberstein Written by Paul Lieberstein Production code 9005 Original air date March 14 , 2013 Running time 22 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Majandra Delfino as Fannie Matt Jones as Zeke Thomas Middleditch as Jeb Blake Garrett Rosenthal as Cammy David Koechner as Todd Packer Allan Havey as Henry Nora Kirkpatrick as Esther Mary Gillis as Aunt Shirley Tom Bower as Heinrich Manheim ( deleted scene ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` Moving On '' Next → `` Promos '' The Office ( U.S. season 9 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes `` The Farm '' is the seventeenth episode of the ninth season of the American comedy television series The Office and the 192nd overall . It originally aired on NBC on March 14 , 2013 . The episode guest stars Matt Jones as Dwight 's cousin Zeke , Majandra Delfino as Dwight 's sister Fannie , Blake Garrett Rosenthal as his nephew , and Thomas Middleditch as his brother . The series -- presented as if it were a real documentary -- depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . The episode revolves around Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) and Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) who attend the funeral of Dwight 's Aunt Shirley at Schrute Farms . Dwight receives his aunt 's property , and he and his siblings decide to run it . Meanwhile , Todd Packer ( David Koechner ) returns to the office to get back at them for his firing a year prior . `` The Farm '' was produced to serve as a backdoor pilot for a proposed spin - off series starring Wilson as Dwight , which NBC ultimately did not pick up . The episode received mostly negative reviews from television critics , with many criticizing Dwight 's farm storyline and some critics calling it a `` Frankenstein episode '' .", "1": "The episode was viewed by 3.54 million viewers and received a 1.9 / 5 rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . The episode ranked fourth in its timeslot , and it was the highest - rated NBC series of the night . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Broadcast and reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Reviews 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) receives news that his Aunt Shirley has died , and he informs the office . The only co-worker he invites to the funeral is Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) , who flees when Dwight begins shooting the corpse with a shotgun to ensure it is really dead . At the funeral , Dwight 's family gathers : his cousins Mose ( Michael Schur ) and Zeke ( Matt Jones ) , his brother Jeb ( Thomas Middleditch ) , his sister Fannie ( Majandra Delfino ) , his nephew Cammy ( Blake Garrett Rosenthal ) , and his uncle Heinrich ( Tom Bower ) . The family learns that Aunt Shirley has willed the siblings her estate on the condition that they all come back home to run it . Despite Dwight 's enthusiasm in inheriting it , Fannie and Jeb are unwilling to move back in due to the lack of sophistication farm life offers . Nevertheless , Dwight convinces them to help him run the farm . Meanwhile , Todd Packer ( David Koechner ) visits the office and announces that he wants to make amends for his past behavior . He makes rude remarks masked as apologies and hands out store - bought cupcakes . Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) argues that they should not eat the cupcakes , to spite Packer . She remains adamant on this point even after Packer leaves , but once Pam goes home the remaining employees eat the cupcakes . Packer reveals to the documentary crew that he spiked the cupcakes with drugs , supposedly as revenge for getting him fired ( though none of the employees present save Nellie had anything to do with his being fired ) . He then visits Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) and Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) at Athlead in Philadelphia , pulling the same trick on them .", "2": "In the morning , Pam returns to the office and announces she is going to eat her cupcake , only to find everyone else reeling from the aftereffects of Packer 's deed . Production ( edit ) Majandra Delfino guest starred as Dwight 's sister . The episode was written and directed by executive producer and former showrunner Paul Lieberstein , marking his thirteenth writing credit , sixth directorial credit and fourth dual credit . `` The Farm '' was the fifth episode produced , but was the seventeenth aired , as noted by its production number . It was originally supposed to act as a backdoor pilot for a spin - off series starring Wilson and focusing on Dwight . As such , Wilson was initially slated to appear in only 13 episodes of The Office 's ninth season before leaving for the spin - off . Paul Lieberstein , the showrunner for The Office for seasons five through eight , stepped down at the start of season nine in order to focus more energy on the potential spin - off . However , upon review , the spin - off was not picked up by NBC . Executive producer Greg Daniels revealed that the episode would have additional material shot so that it fits better into the season , as the original version contained `` certain aspects that were appropriate for a pilot of a new show '' . The episode guest stars Majandra Delfino , Blake Garrett Rosenthal , Thomas Middleditch , Matt Jones , and Tom Bower as members of Dwight 's family ; Delfino plays Dwight 's sister Fannie , Rosenthal plays Dwight 's nephew Cammy , Middleditch portrays Dwight 's brother Jeb , Jones portrays Dwight 's cousin Zeke , and Bower appears as Dwight 's great uncle Heinrich , in a deleted scene . Jones had previously appeared in the ninth season entry , `` Junior Salesman '' . Broadcast and reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) `` The Farm '' originally aired on NBC on March 14 , 2013 , after a four - week hiatus . In its original American broadcast , the episode was viewed by an estimated 3.54 million viewers and received a 1.9 rating / 5 percent share .", "3": "This means that it was seen by 1.9 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds , and 5 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a decrease in the ratings from the previous episode , `` Moving On '' . The Office ranked fourth in its timeslot , being beaten by an episode of the CBS police procedural Person of Interest which received a 2.9 / 8 percent rating , an entry of the ABC series Grey 's Anatomy which received a 2.6 / 7 percent rating , and an installment of the Fox series Glee which received a 2.0 / 6 percent rating . Despite this , the episode was the highest - rated NBC series for the night . 1.90 million viewers watched the episode via DVR playback , bringing the total viewership to 5.36 million viewers and a 3.0 18 -- 49 rating . Reviews ( edit ) `` Then there was the open - endedness of Dwight walking onto the farm with his brother and sister , the beginning of the new life . The tone did n't match . None of this was necessarily bad on its own , but because we know what we know , it came off less like a weird outing for Dwight and revealed the stitching of people trying to patch in a standalone episode ... which by mere approach made it feel larger and grander , the seams of the monster . '' -- Nick Campbell , TV.com `` The Farm '' received mostly negative reviews from critics , many criticizing Dwight 's farm storyline and some critics calling it a `` Frankenstein episode '' . M. Giant of Television Without Pity awarded the episode a C. Alan Sepinwall of HitFix considered NBC 's decision not to pick the spin - off for more episodes the right decision , writing that the characters and scenes were `` barely sketches '' and featured too much `` cartoonishness '' . Sepinwall also criticized the Todd Packer scenes , and only saw Dwight 's interactions with his nephew , Cammy , in a positive light . TV.com columnist Nick Campbell called the farm storyline `` unnatural '' compared to the episode and the series , as a whole , and wrote that the tone to the ending `` did n't match '' .", "4": "Despite this , he complimented the storyline for `` establishing tone , characters , and direction in literally half the time usually allotted '' . The A.V. Club reviewer Erik Adams complimented the episode for serving as a `` breather '' from the season 's long arcs , and gave good background information into Dwight 's personality . He went on to criticize the pilot 's broad humor , writing that following the scene featuring Dwight shooting a shotgun into his aunt 's casket , `` it would be next to impossible for The Farm to heighten from that point '' . Adams graded the episode a B . Damon Houx of Screen Crush called the two storylines `` two pieces of that ( sic ) did n't work all that well together '' , which all added to a `` dull '' episode . Houx complimented Koechner 's performance , calling him a `` great improviser '' but wrote that the whole plot was lacking . He also considered the farm plotline to be pointless and aimless , especially due to it airing in the last few episodes of the series . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Rainn ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Remember all of these ? # FinalSeason '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uncle Heinrich '' . NBC.com . March 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paul Lieberstein ( writer & director ) ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Farm '' . The Office . Season 9 . Episode 17 . NBC . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` Greg Daniels and the Future of ' The Office ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Office ' Adds Two EPs for Season 9 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 .", "5": "^ Jump up to : Bricker , Tierney ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Rainn Wilson 's Office Spinoff , The Farm , Not Picked Up by NBC '' . E ! Online . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Office Boss : Retooled Spin - Off Episode Will Still Air -- and Change Up the Dwangela Plan '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Two More People Cast in The Office spinoff The Farm , Including the Wacky Nazi Uncle '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` The Office : `` Junior Salesman '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A -- Z -- Office , The on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Community ' Adjusted Up ; ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Zero Hour ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Community ' , ' Idol ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains ; ' 90210 ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 25 '' .", "6": "TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Nick ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Office `` The Farm '' Review : Try Not to Laugh When We Say `` Backdoor '' `` . TV.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Office : `` The Farm '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ M. Giant ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Office TV Show -- The Office Photos & Videos , The Office Reviews & The Office Recaps TWoP '' . Television Without Pity . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Review : The Office -- The Farm : The spin - off that was n't '' . HitFix . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` '' The Farm '' The Office TV Club TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Houx , Damon ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Office ' Review : `` The Farm '' `` . Screen Crush . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` The Farm '' at NBC.com `` The Farm '' on IMDb `` The Farm '' at TV.com ( hide ) The Office ( U.S. )", "7": "episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? ''", "8": "`` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs.", "9": "California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Farm_(The_Office)&oldid=808810420 '' Categories : 2013 American television episodes The Office ( U.S. season 9 ) episodes Television pilots not picked up as a series Television pilots within series Television episodes about funerals Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 09 : 21 . 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-2598748625975521828	when was corporal punishment banned in south africa	[ "1997", "1997", "1997", "1997", "1997" ]	{ "0": "Abolition of corporal punishment Act , 1997 - wikipedia Abolition of corporal punishment Act , 1997 Jump to : navigation , search Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act , 1997 Act to provide for the abolishment of corporal punishment authorised in legislation ; and to provide for matters connected therewith . Citation Act No. 33 of 1997 Enacted by Parliament of South Africa Date assented to 28 August 1997 Date commenced 5 September 1997 Status : Spent The Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act , 1997 ( Act No. 33 of 1997 ) is an act of the Parliament of South Africa that abolished judicial corporal punishment . It followed the Constitutional Court 's 1995 decision in the case of S v Williams and Others that caning of juveniles was unconstitutional . Although the ruling in S v Williams was limited to the corporal punishment of males under the age of 21 , Justice Langa mentioned in dicta that there was a consensus that corporal punishment of adults was also unconstitutional . The act contains two substantive sections . The first provides that `` any law which authorises corporal punishment by a court of law , including a court of traditional leaders , '' is repealed to the extent that it authorises such a punishment . The second makes specific textual amendments various statutes , including the Black Administration Act , the Magistrates ' Courts Act and the Criminal Procedure Act , to remove references to corporal punishment . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Section 13 : The abolition of JCP '' . Judicial Corporal Punishment in South Africa . World Corporal Punishment Research . 2005 . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ S v Williams and Others ( 1995 ) ZACC 6 at para.", "1": "10 , 1995 ( 3 ) SA 632 , 1995 ( 7 ) BCLR 861 ( 9 June 1995 ) , Constitutional Court ( South Africa ) External links ( edit ) Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act , 1997 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_Corporal_Punishment_Act,_1997&oldid=742293306 '' Categories : South African legislation Penal system in South Africa 1997 in South African law Corporal punishments Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 October 2016 , at 21 : 20 . About Wikipedia", "2": null, "3": null, "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 1, 0 ]	[ 1, 0 ]
-745462523697378219	where was the first colony in north america located	[ "Virginia" ]	{ "0": "Jamestown , Virginia - wikipedia Jamestown , Virginia Jump to : navigation , search Jamestown , Virginia Jamestowne , Virginia Fort ( 1606 -- 1607 ) ; Town ( 1619 ) The ruined tower of the 17th century Jamestown Church ; the nave was reconstructed in 1907 on the original foundations Location in Virginia Jamestown , Virginia Jamestown , Virginia Show map of Virginia Show map of the US Show all Location in the United States Coordinates : 37 ° 12 ′ 33 '' N 76 ° 46 ′ 39 '' W / 37.20917 ° N 76.77750 ° W / 37.20917 ; - 76.77750 Coordinates : 37 ° 12 ′ 33 '' N 76 ° 46 ′ 39 '' W / 37.20917 ° N 76.77750 ° W / 37.20917 ; - 76.77750 Present Country United States of America State Virginia Historic Country Kingdom of England Colony Colony of Virginia Established May 14 , 1607 Abandoned briefly in 1610 ; again after 1699 Founded by Virginia Company of London Named for James VI and I The Jamestown settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas . William Kelso writes that Jamestown `` is where the British Empire began '' . It was established by the Virginia Company of London as `` James Fort '' on May 4 , 1607 ( O.S. ; May 14 , 1607 N.S. ) , and was considered permanent after brief abandonment in 1610 . It followed several failed attempts , including the Lost Colony of Roanoke . Jamestown served as the capital of the colony of Virginia for 83 years , from 1616 until 1699 . The settlement was located within the country of Tsenacommacah , which was ruled by the Powhatan Confederacy , and specifically in that of the Paspahegh tribe . The natives initially welcomed and provided crucial provisions and support for the colonists , who were not agriculturally inclined .", "1": "Relations soured fairly early on , however , leading to the total annihilation of the Paspahegh in warfare within three years . Mortality was very high at Jamestown itself due to disease and starvation , with over 80 - percent of the colonists perishing in 1609 -- 10 in what became known as the `` Starving Time '' . The Virginia Company brought eight Polish and German colonists in 1608 in the Second Supply , some of whom built a small glass factory -- although the Germans and a few others soon defected to the Powhatans with weapons and supplies from the settlement . The Second Supply also brought the first two European women to the settlement . In 1619 , the first documented Africans came to Jamestown -- about 50 men , women , and children aboard a Portuguese slave ship that had been captured in the West Indies and brought to the Jamestown region . They most likely worked in the tobacco fields as indentured servants , but they became slaves as time went on . The modern conception of slavery in the United States was formalized in 1640 ( the John Punch hearing ) and was fully entrenched in Virginia by 1660 . The London Company 's second settlement in Bermuda claims to be the site of the oldest town in the English New World , as St. George 's , Bermuda was officially established in 1612 as New London , whereas James Fort in Virginia was not converted into James Towne until 1619 , and further did not survive to the present day . In 1676 , Jamestown was deliberately burned during Bacon 's Rebellion , though it was quickly rebuilt . In 1699 , the capital was relocated from Jamestown to what is today Williamsburg , Virginia , after which Jamestown ceased to exist as a settlement , existing today only as an archaeological site . Today , Jamestown is one of three locations comprising the Historic Triangle of Colonial Virginia , along with Williamsburg and Yorktown , with two primary heritage sites . Historic Jamestowne is the archaeological site on Jamestown Island and is a cooperative effort by Jamestown National Historic Site ( part of Colonial National Historical Park ) and Preservation Virginia . Jamestown Settlement , a living history interpretive site , is operated by the Jamestown Yorktown Foundation , a state agency of the Commonwealth of Virginia .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Settlement 1.1 Arrival and beginning ( 1607 -- 1609 ) 1.2 Starving Time and Third Supply ( 1609 -- 1610 ) 1.3 Rising fortunes ( 1610 -- 1624 ) 1.4 Later years ( 1624 -- 1699 ) 2 Aftermath and preservation 2.1 American Civil War 2.2 Preservation and early archaeology 3 Today 3.1 Historic Jamestowne 3.2 Jamestown Settlement 4 Commemorations 4.1 200th anniversary ( 1807 ) 4.2 250th anniversary ( 1857 ) 4.3 300th anniversary ( 1907 ) : Jamestown Exposition 4.4 350th Anniversary ( 1957 ) : Jamestown Festival 4.5 400th anniversary : Jamestown 2007 4.6 2019 Commemoration 5 Jamestown in fiction 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Settlement ( edit ) Main article : History of Jamestown , Virginia ( 1607 -- 99 ) See also : European colonization of the Americas Spain , Portugal , and France moved quickly to establish a presence in the New World , while other European countries moved more slowly . The English did not attempt to found colonies until many decades after the explorations of John Cabot , and early efforts were failures -- most notably the Roanoke Colony which vanished about 1590 . Arrival and beginning ( 1607 -- 1609 ) ( edit ) Map of Jamestown Island , showing the terrain and location of the original 1607 fort . ( Modern roads , causeway , and buildings not shown ) Late in 1606 , English colonizers set sail with a charter from the London Company to establish a colony in the New World . The fleet consisted of the ships Susan Constant , Discovery , and Godspeed , all under the leadership of Captain Christopher Newport . They made a particularly long voyage of four months , including a stop in Canary Islands and subsequently Puerto Rico , and finally departed for the American mainland on April 10 , 1607 .", "3": "The expedition made landfall on April 26 , 1607 at a place which they named Cape Henry . Under orders to select a more secure location , they set about exploring what is now Hampton Roads and an outlet to the Chesapeake Bay which they named the James River in honor of King James I of England . Captain Edward Maria Wingfield was elected president of the governing council on April 25 , 1607 . On May 14 , he selected a piece of land on a large peninsula some 40 miles ( 64 km ) inland from the Atlantic Ocean as a prime location for a fortified settlement . The river channel was a defensible strategic point due to a curve in the river , and it was close to the land , making it navigable and offering enough land for piers or wharves to be built in the future . Perhaps the most favorable fact about the location was that it was not inhabited by nearby Virginia Indian tribes , who regarded the site as too poor and remote for agriculture . The island was swampy and isolated , and it offered limited space , was plagued by mosquitoes , and afforded only brackish tidal river water unsuitable for drinking . The Jamestown settlers arrived in Virginia during a severe drought , according to a research study conducted by the Jamestown Archaeological Assessment ( JAA ) team in the 1990s . The JAA analyzed information from a study conducted in 1985 by David Stahle and others , who obtained borings of 800 year - old baldcypress trees along the Nottoway and Blackwater rivers . The lifespan of these trees is up to 1,000 years and their rings offer a good indication of an area 's annual amount of rainfall . The borings revealed that the worst drought in 700 years occurred between 1606 and 1612 . This severe drought affected the Jamestown colonist and Powhatan tribe 's ability to produce food and obtain a safe supply of water . Salt marshes along Jamestown Island . The ample wetlands on the island proved to be a breeding ground for mosquitoes . The settlers also arrived too late in the year to get crops planted . Many in the group were either gentlemen unused to work or their manservants , both equally unaccustomed to the hard labor demanded by the harsh task of carving out a viable colony .", "4": "One of these was Robert Hunt , a former vicar of Reculver , England who celebrated the first known Eucharist in the territory of the future United States on June 21 , 1607 . In a few months , 80 % of the party were dead ; some of the survivors were deserting to the Indians whose land they had colonized . Virginia Native Americans had established settlements long before the English settlers arrived , and there were an estimated 14,000 in the region who were politically known as Tsenacommacah and who spoke an Algonquian language . They were the Powhatan Confederacy , ruled by their paramount chief known as Wahunsenacawh or `` Chief Powhatan '' . Wahunsenacawh initially sought to resettle the English colonists from Jamestown , considered part of Paspahegh territory , to another location known as Capahosick where they would make metal tools for him as members of his Confederacy , but this never transpired . The first explorers had been welcomed by the Indians with dancing , feasting , and tobacco ceremonies . Despite the hospitality of Wahunsenacawh , the presence of the English settlers and perhaps a further expedition up the James River by Captain Christopher Newport provoked the Paspahegh , Weyanock , and other groups to mount a series of attacks on the fort during period of violence lasting from May 27 to July 14 , 1607 . Detail of the map made by Pedro de Zúñiga , depicting the fort in about 1608 Two - thirds of the settlers died before ships arrived in 1608 with supplies and German , Polish , and Slovak craftsmen , who helped to establish the first manufactories in the colony . As a result , glassware became the foremost American products to be exported to Europe at the time . Clapboard had already been sent back to England beginning with the first returning ship . Names of those on the Second Supply - Page 445 ( or Page 72 ) `` The Generall Historie of Virginia , New - England , and the Summer Isles '' , by Capt . John Smith - The delivery of supplies in 1608 on the First and Second Supply missions of Captain Newport had also added to the number of hungry settlers .", "5": "It seemed certain at that time that the colony at Jamestown would meet the same fate as earlier English attempts to settle in North America , specifically the Roanoke Colony ( Lost Colony ) and the Popham Colony , unless there was a major relief effort . The Germans who arrived with the Second Supply and a few others defected to the Powhatans , with weapons and equipment . The Germans even planned to join a rumored Spanish attack on the colony and urged the Powhatans to join it . The Spanish were driven off by the timely arrival in July 1609 of Captain Samuel Argall in Mary and John , a larger ship than the Spanish reconnaissance ship La Asunción de Cristo . The investors of the Virginia Company of London expected to reap rewards from their speculative investments . With the Second Supply , they expressed their frustrations and made demands upon the leaders of Jamestown in written form . They specifically demanded that the colonists send commodities sufficient to pay the cost of the voyage , a lump of gold , assurance that they had found the South Sea , and one member of the lost Roanoke Colony . It fell to the third president of the Council Captain John Smith to deliver a bold and much - needed wake - up call in response to the investors in London , demanding practical laborers and craftsmen who could help make the colony more self - sufficient . Starving time and Third Supply ( 1609 -- 1610 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Starving Time and Third Supply After Smith was forced to return to England due to an explosion which gave him deep burn wounds during a trading expedition , the colony was led by George Percy , who proved incompetent in negotiating with the native tribes . There are indications that those in London comprehended and embraced Smith 's message . The Third Supply mission of 1609 was to be by far the largest and best equipped . They also had a new purpose - built flagship , Sea Venture , constructed , and placed in the most experienced of hands , Christopher Newport . Mass grave at Jamestown discovered by archaeologists , beneath the foundations of one of the later capitol buildings On June 2 , 1609 , Sea Venture set sail from Plymouth as the flagship of a seven - ship fleet ( towing two additional pinnaces ) destined for Jamestown , Virginia as part of the Third Supply , carrying 214 settlers .", "6": "On July 24 , the fleet ran into a strong storm , likely a hurricane , and the ships were separated . Although some of the ships did make it to Jamestown , the leaders , and most of the supplies had been aboard Sea Venture , which fought the storm for three days before Admiral of the Company , Sir George Somers , deliberately drove her onto the reefs of Bermuda to prevent her foundering . This allowed all aboard to be landed safely . The survivors ( including Lieutenant - General Sir Thomas Gates , Captain Christopher Newport , Sylvester Jordain , Stephen Hopkins , later of Mayflower , and secretary William Strachey ) were stranded on Bermuda for approximately nine months . During that time , they built two new ships , the pinnaces Deliverance and Patience . The original plan was to build only one vessel , Deliverance , but it soon became evident that she would not be large enough to carry the settlers and all of the food ( salted pork ) that was being sourced on the islands . While the Third Supply was stranded in Bermuda , the colony at Jamestown was in even worse shape . In the `` Starving Time '' of 1609 -- 1610 , the Jamestown settlers faced rampant starvation for want of additional provisions . During this time , lack of food drove people to eat snakes and even boil the leather from shoes for sustenance . Only 60 of the original 214 settlers at Jamestown survived . There is scientific evidence that the settlers at Jamestown had turned to cannibalism during the starving time . The ships from Bermuda arrived in Jamestown on 23 May 1610 . Many of the surviving colonists were near death , and Jamestown was judged to be unviable . Everyone was boarded onto Deliverance and Patience , which set sail for England . However , on June 10 , 1610 , the timely arrival of another relief fleet , bearing Governor Baron De La Warr ( who would eventually give his name to the colony of Delaware ) , which met the two ships as they descended the James River , granted Jamestown a reprieve . The Colonists called this The Day of Providence . The fleet brought not only supplies , but also additional settlers . All the settlers returned to the colony , though there was still a critical shortage of food .", "7": "Relations between the colonists and the Powhatans quickly deteriorated after De La Warr 's arrival , eventually leading to conflict . The Anglo - Powhatan War lasted until Samuel Argall captured Wahunsenacawh 's daughter Matoaka , better known by her nickname Pocahontas , after which the chief accepted a treaty of peace . Rising fortunes ( 1610 -- 1624 ) ( edit ) Due to the aristocratic backgrounds of many of the new colonists , a historic drought and the communal nature of their work load , progress through the first few years was inconsistent at best . By 1613 , six years after Jamestown 's founding , the organizers and shareholders of the Virginia Company were desperate to increase the efficiency and profitability of the struggling colony . Without stockholder consent the Governor , Sir Thomas Dale , assigned 3 - acre ( 12,000 m ) plots to its `` ancient planters '' and smaller plots to the `` settlement 's '' later arrivals . Measurable economic progress was made , and the settlers began expanding their planting to land belonging to local native tribes . That this turnaround coincided with the end of a drought that had begun the year before the English settlers ' arrival probably indicates multiple factors were involved besides the colonists ' ineptitude . Among the colonists who survived the Third Supply was John Rolfe , who carried with him a cache of untested new tobacco seeds from Bermuda , which had grown wild there after being planted by shipwrecked Spaniards years before . In 1614 , Rolfe began to successfully harvest tobacco . Prosperous and wealthy , he married Pocahontas , daughter of Chief Powhatan , bringing several years of peace between the English and natives . However , at the end of a public relations trip to England , Pocahontas became sick and died on March 21 , 1617 . The following year , her father also died . Powhatan 's brother , a fierce warrior named Opchanacanough , became head of the Powhatan Confederacy . As the English continued to appropriate more land for tobacco farming , relations with the natives worsened .", "8": "Due to the high cost of the trans - atlantic voyage at this time , many English settlers came to Jamestown as indentured servants : in exchange for the passage , room , board , and the promise of land or money , these immigrants would agree to work for three to seven years . Immigrants from continental Europe , mainly Germans , were usually redemptioners -- they purchased some portion of their voyage on credit and , upon arrival , borrowed or entered into a work contract to pay the remainder of their voyage costs . Along with European indentured servants , around 20 African slaves arrived in Jamestown in 1619 . These slaves were captives taken from a ship headed for Mexico . Though these Africans started in Jamestown as slaves , some were able to obtain the status of indentured servant later in life . In 1619 , the first representative assembly in America convened in the Jamestown Church , `` to establish one equal and uniform government over all Virginia '' which would provide `` just laws for the happy guiding and governing of the people there inhabiting . '' This became known as the House of Burgesses ( forerunner of the Virginia General Assembly ) . Initially , only men of English origin were permitted to vote . On June 30 , 1619 , in what was the first recorded strike in Colonial America , the Polish artisans protested and refused to work if not allowed to vote ( `` No Vote , No Work '' ) . On July 21 , 1619 , the court granted the Poles and Slovaks equal voting rights . Afterwards , the labor strike ( the first `` in American history '' ) was ended and the artisans resumed their work . Individual land ownership was also instituted , and the colony was divided into four large `` boroughs '' or `` incorporations '' called `` citties '' by the colonists . Jamestown was located in James Cittie . After several years of strained coexistence , Chief Opchanacanough and his Powhatan Confederacy attempted to eliminate the English colony once and for all . On the morning of March 22 , 1622 , they attacked outlying plantations and communities up and down the James River in what became known as the Indian Massacre of 1622 . More than 300 settlers were killed in the attack , about a third of the colony 's English - speaking population .", "9": "Sir Thomas Dale 's development at Henricus , which was to feature a college to educate the natives , and Wolstenholme Towne at Martin 's Hundred , were both essentially wiped out . Jamestown was spared only through a timely warning by a Virginia Indian employee . There was not enough time to spread the word to the outposts . Of the 6,000 people who came to the settlement between 1608 and 1624 , only 3,400 survived . Later years ( 1624 -- 1699 ) ( edit ) In 1624 , King James revoked the Virginia Company 's charter , and Virginia became a royal colony . Despite the setbacks , the colony continued to grow . Ten years later , in 1634 , by order of King Charles I , the colony was divided into the original eight shires of Virginia ( or counties ) , in a fashion similar to that practiced in England . Jamestown was now located in James City Shire , soon renamed the `` County of James City '' , better known in modern times as James City County , Virginia , the nation 's oldest county . Another large - scale `` Indian attack '' occurred in 1644 . In 1646 , Opchanacanough was captured and while in custody an English guard shot him in the back -- against orders -- and killed him . Subsequently , the Powhatan Confederacy began to decline . Opechancanough 's successor signed the first peace treaties between the Powhatan Indians and the English . The treaties required the Powhatan to pay yearly tribute payment to the English and confined them to reservations . A generation later , during Bacon 's Rebellion in 1676 , Jamestown was burned , eventually to be rebuilt . During its recovery , the Virginia legislature met first at Governor William Berkeley 's nearby Green Spring Plantation , and later at Middle Plantation , which had been started in 1632 as a fortified community inland on the Virginia Peninsula , about 8 miles ( 13 km ) distant . When the statehouse burned again in 1698 , this time accidentally , the legislature again temporarily relocated to Middle Plantation , and was able to meet in the new facilities of the College of William and Mary , which had been established after receiving a royal charter in 1693 .", "10": "Rather than rebuilding at Jamestown again , the capital of the colony was moved permanently to Middle Plantation in 1699 . The town was soon renamed Williamsburg , to honor the reigning monarch , King William III . A new Capitol building and `` Governor 's Palace '' were erected there in the following years . This was a revolutionary change . Aftermath and Preservation ( edit ) 1854 image of the ruins of Jamestown showing the tower of the old Jamestown Church built in the 17th century Due to the movement of the capital to Williamsburg , the old town of Jamestown began to slowly disappear from view . Those who lived in the general area attended services at Jamestown 's church until the 1750s , when it was abandoned . By the mid-18th century , the land was heavily cultivated , primarily by the Travis and Ambler families . During the American Revolutionary War , although the Battle of Green Spring was fought nearby at the site of former Governor Berkeley 's plantation , Jamestown was apparently inconsequential . In 1831 , David Bullock purchased Jamestown from the Travis and Ambler families . American Civil War ( edit ) During the American Civil War , in 1861 , Confederate William Allen , who owned the Jamestown Island , occupied Jamestown with troops he raised at his own expense with the intention of blockading the James River and Richmond from the Union Navy . He was soon joined by Lieutenant Catesby ap Roger Jones , who directed the building of batteries and conducted ordnance and armor tests for the first Confederate ironclad warship , CSS Virginia , which was under construction at the Gosport Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth in late 1861 and early 1862 . Jamestown had a peak force of 1,200 men . During the Peninsula Campaign , which began later that spring , Union forces under General George B. McClellan moved up the Peninsula from Fort Monroe in an attempt to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond . The Union forces captured Yorktown in April 1862 , and the Battle of Williamsburg was fought the following month . With these developments , Jamestown and the lower James River were abandoned by the Confederates .", "11": "Some of the forces from Jamestown , and the crew of Virginia , relocated to Drewry 's Bluff , a fortified and strategic position high above the river about 8 miles ( 13 km ) below Richmond . There , they successfully blocked the Union Navy from reaching the Confederate capital . Once in Federal hands , Jamestown became a meeting place for runaway slaves , who burned the Ambler house , an eighteenth - century plantation house , which along with the old church was one of the few remaining signs of old Jamestown . When Allen sent men to assess the damage in late 1862 , they were killed by the former slaves . Following the Confederate surrender at Appomattox Courthouse , the oath of allegiance was administered to former Confederate soldiers at Jamestown . Preservation and early Archaeology. ( edit ) See also : Jamestown Rediscovery Ruins of Jamestown Church at the turn of the 20th century , prior to the Tercentennial in 1907 In the years after the Civil War , Jamestown became quiet and peaceful once again . In 1892 , Jamestown was purchased by Mr. and Mrs. Edward Barney . The following year , the Barneys donated 221⁄2 acres of land , including the ruined church tower , to the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities ( now known as Preservation Virginia ) . By this time , erosion from the river had eaten away the island 's western shore . Visitors began to conclude that the site of James Fort lay completely underwater . With federal assistance , a sea wall was constructed in 1900 to protect the area from further erosion . The archaeological remains of the original 1607 fort , which had been protected by the sea wall , were discovered in 1994 . In 1932 , George Craghead Gregory of Richmond was credited with discovering the foundation of the first brick statehouse ( capitol ) building , circa 1646 , at Jamestown on the land owned by Preservation Virginia . Around 1936 , Gregory , who was active with the Virginia Historical Society , founded the Jamestowne Society for descendants of stockholders in the Virginia Company of London and the descendants of those who owned land or who had domiciles in Jamestown or on Jamestown Island prior to 1700 . Colonial National Monument was authorized by the U.S.", "12": "Congress on July 3 , 1930 and established on December 30 , 1930 . In 1934 , the National Park Service obtained the remaining 1,500 acre ( 6.1 km2 ) portion of Jamestown Island which had been under private ownership by the Vermillion family . The National Park Service partnered with Preservation Virginia to preserve the area and present it to visitors in an educational manner . On June 5 , 1936 , the national monument was re-designated a national historical park , and became known as Colonial National Historical Park . From 1936 J.C. `` Pinky '' Harrington worked on the NPS 's excavations at Jamestown . In 1954 John L. Cotter took charge of field projects at Jamestown , conducted with the site 's 350th anniversary ( 1957 ) in mind . Cotter worked with Edward B. Jelks and Harrington to survey the area 's colonial sites . In 1957 Cotter and J. Paul Hudson co-authored New Discoveries at Jamestown . Cotter contributed , along with Jelks , Georg Neumann , and Johnny Hack , to the 1958 report Archaeological Excavations at Jamestown . Today ( edit ) In the present time , as part of the Colonial National Historical Park , the Jamestown Island area is home to two heritage tourism sites related to the original fort and town . Nearby , the Jamestown - Scotland Ferry service provides a link across the navigable portion of the James River for vehicles and affords passengers a view of Jamestown Island from the river . Historic Jamestowne ( edit ) Main article : Historic Jamestowne Historic Jamestowne , located at the original site of Jamestown , is administered by Preservation Virginia and the National Park Service . The central 221⁄2 acres of land , where the archaeological remains of the original James Fort were found , are owned by Preservation Virginia ( formerly known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities ) ; the remaining 1,500 acres ( 6.1 km ) are held by the National Park Service and is part of the Colonial National Historical Park .", "13": "The site gained renewed importance when in 1996 the Jamestown Rediscovery project began excavations in search of the original James Fort site , originally in preparation for the quadricentennial of Jamestown 's founding . The primary goal of the archaeological campaign was to locate archaeological remains of `` the first years of settlement at Jamestown , especially of the earliest fortified town ; ( and the ) subsequent growth and development of the town '' . Today , visitors to Historic Jamestowne can view the site of the original 1607 James Fort , the 17th - century church tower and the site of the 17th - century town , as well as tour an archaeological museum called the Archaearium and view many of the close to two million artifacts found by Jamestown Rediscovery . They also may participate in living history ranger tours and Archaeological tours given by the Jamestown Rediscovery staff . Visitors can also often observe archaeologists from the Jamestown Rediscovery Project at work , as archaeological work at the site continues . As of 2014 , the archaeological work and studies are ongoing . In addition to their newsletter and website , new discoveries are frequently reported in the local newspaper , the Virginia Gazette based in nearby Williamsburg , and by other news media , often worldwide . Jamestown settlement ( edit ) Main article : Jamestown Settlement Jamestown Settlement is a living - history park and museum located 1.25 miles ( 2.01 km ) from the original location of the colony and adjacent to Jamestown Island . Initially created for the celebration of the 350th anniversary in 1957 , Jamestown Settlement is operated by the Jamestown - Yorktown Foundation , and largely sponsored by the Commonwealth of Virginia . The museum complex features a reconstruction of a Powhatan village , the James Fort as it was c. 1610 -- 1614 , and replicas of the three ships that brought the first settlers , Susan Constant , Godspeed , Discovery . Commemorations ( edit ) With the national independence of the United States established by the end of the 18th century , Jamestown came to be looked at as a starting point . Its founding in 1607 has been regularly commemorated , with the most notable events being held every fifty years .", "14": "200th anniversary ( 1807 ) ( edit ) The bicentennial of Jamestown on May 13 -- 14 , 1807 , was called the Grand National Jubilee . Over 3,000 people attended the event , many arriving on vessels which anchored in the river off the island . May 13 was the opening day of the festival , which began with a procession which marched to the graveyard of the old church , where the attending bishop delivered the prayer . The procession then moved to the Travis mansion , where the celebrants dined and danced in the mansion that evening . Also during the festivities , students of the College of William and Mary gave orations . An old barn on the island was used as a temporary theater , where a company of players from Norfolk performed . Attending were many dignitaries , politicians , and historians . The celebration concluded on May 14 with a dinner and toast at the Raleigh Tavern in Williamsburg . 250th anniversary ( 1857 ) ( edit ) In 1857 , the Jamestown society organized a celebration marking the 250th anniversary of Jamestown 's founding . According to the Richmond Enquirer , the site for the celebration was on 10 acres ( 40,000 m ) on the spot where some of the colonists ' houses were originally built . However , it is also speculated that the celebration was moved further east on the island closer to the Travis grave site , in order to avoid damaging Major William Allen 's corn fields . The attendance was estimated at between 6,000 and 8,000 people . Sixteen large steam ships anchored offshore in the James River and were gaily decorated with streamers . Former US President John Tyler of nearby Sherwood Forest Plantation gave a 21⁄2 hour speech , and there were military displays , a grand ball and fireworks . 300th anniversary ( 1907 ) : Jamestown Exposition ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Jamestown Exposition The Jamestown Tercentenary Monument , erected on Jamestown Island in 1907 . It stands 103 feet ( 31 m ) tall .", "15": "The 100th anniversary of the Surrender at Yorktown in 1781 had generated a new interest in the historical significance of the colonial sites of the Peninsula . Williamsburg , a sleepy but populated town of shops and homes , was still celebrating Civil War events . However , as the new century dawned , thoughts turned to the upcoming 300th anniversary of the founding of Jamestown . The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities ( now known as Preservation Virginia ) started the movement in 1900 by calling for a celebration honoring the establishment of the first permanent English colony in the New World at Jamestown to be held on the 300th anniversary in 1907 . As a celebration was planned , virtually no one thought that the actual isolated and long - abandoned original site of Jamestown would be suitable for a major event because Jamestown Island had no facilities for large crowds . The original fort housing the Jamestown settlers was believed to have been long ago swallowed by the James River . The general area in James City County near Jamestown was also considered unsuitable , as it was not very accessible in the day of rail travel before automobiles were common . As the tricentennial of the 1607 Founding of the Jamestown neared , around 1904 , despite an assumption in some quarters that Richmond would be a logical location , leaders in Norfolk began a campaign to have a celebration held there . The decision was made to locate the international exposition on a mile - long frontage at Sewell 's Point near the mouth of Hampton Roads . This was about 30 miles ( 48 km ) downstream from Jamestown in a rural section of Norfolk County . It was a site which could become accessible by both long - distance passenger railroads and local streetcar service , with considerable frontage on the harbor of Hampton Roads . This latter feature proved ideal for the naval delegations which came from points all around the world . The Jamestown Exposition of 1907 was one of the many world 's fairs and expositions that were popular in the early part of the 20th century . Held from April 26 , 1907 to December 1 , 1907 , attendees included US President Theodore Roosevelt , Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany , the Prince of Sweden , Mark Twain , Henry H. Rogers , and dozens of other dignitaries and famous persons .", "16": "A major naval review featuring the United States ' Great White Fleet was a key feature . U.S. Military officials and leaders were impressed by the location , and the Exposition site later formed the first portion of the large U.S. Naval Station Norfolk in 1918 during World War I . 350th anniversary ( 1957 ) : Jamestown Festival ( edit ) Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and her consort Prince Philip inspect the replica of Susan Constant at Jamestown Festival Park in Virginia on October 16 , 1957 With America 's increased access to automobiles , and with improved roads and transportation , it was feasible for the 350th anniversary celebration to be held at Jamestown itself in 1957 . Although erosion had cut off the land bridge between Jamestown Island and the mainland , the isthmus was restored and new access provided by the completion of the National Park Service 's Colonial Parkway which led to Williamsburg and Yorktown , the other two portions of Colonial Virginia 's Historic Triangle . There were also improvements of state highways . The north landing for the popular Jamestown Ferry and a portion of State Route 31 were relocated . Major projects such were developed by non-profit , state and federal agencies . Jamestown Festival Park was established by the Commonwealth of Virginia adjacent to the entrance to Jamestown Island . Full - sized replicas of the three ships that brought the colonists , Susan Constant , Godspeed , and Discovery were constructed at a shipyard in Portsmouth , Virginia and placed on display at a new dock at Jamestown , where the largest , Susan Constant , could be boarded by visitors . On Jamestown Island , the reconstructed Jamestown Glasshouse , the Memorial Cross and the visitors center were completed and dedicated . A loop road was built around the island . Special events included army and navy reviews , air force fly - overs , ship and aircraft christenings and even an outdoor drama at Cape Henry , site of the first landing of the settlers . This celebration continued from April 1 to November 30 with over a million participants , including dignitaries and politicians such as the British Ambassador and U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon . The highlight for many of the nearly 25,000 at the Festival Park on October 16 , 1957 was the visit and speech of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and her consort , Prince Philip .", "17": "Queen Elizabeth II loaned a copy of the Magna Carta for the exhibition . It was her first visit to the United States since assuming the throne . The 1957 Jamestown Festival was so successful that tourists still kept coming long after the official event was completed . Jamestown became a permanent attraction of the Historic Triangle , and has been visited by families , school groups , tours , and thousands of other people continuously ever since . 400th anniversary : Jamestown 2007 ( edit ) Main article : Jamestown 2007 Virginia State Quarter ( Reverse ) Obverse of Jamestown 400th Anniversary silver dollar , the `` Three Faces of Diversity '' of Jamestown Obverse of the Jamestown 400th Anniversary gold five dollar coin Coins released in commemoration of the 400th anniversary Early in the 21st century , new accommodations , transportation facilities and attractions were planned in preparation for the quadricentennial of the founding of Jamestown . Numerous events were promoted under the banner of America 's 400th Anniversary and promoted by the Jamestown 2007 Commission . The commemoration included 18 months of statewide , national and international festivities and events , which began in April 2006 with a tour of the new replica Godspeed . In January 2007 , the Virginia General Assembly held a session at Jamestown . On May 4 , 2007 , Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and Prince Philip attended a ceremony commemorating the 400th anniversary of the settlement 's arrivals , reprising the honor they paid in 1957 . In addition to the Virginia State Quarter , Jamestown was also the subject of two United States commemorative coins celebrating the 400th anniversary of its settlement . A silver dollar and a gold five dollar coin were issued in 2007 . 2019 commemoration ( edit ) In 2019 Jamestown , in cooperation with Williamsburg , will hold a commemoration that marks the 400th anniversary of three landmark events in American history : the first meeting of the Virginia House of Burgesses , the arrival of the first Africans to English North America , and the first Thanksgiving . Jamestown in fiction ( edit ) A fictional romantic adventure set at Jamestown , To Have and to Hold , was the bestselling novel in the United States in 1900 .", "18": "The novel was later adapted into two feature films , in 1916 and 1922 . A highly fictionalized version of the Jamestown settlement is depicted in the animated Disney film Pocahontas ( 1995 ) as well as its direct - to - video sequel Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World ( 1998 ) . Among other inaccuracies it is shown as being near mountains , when it was actually located on the Tidewater region . A feature - length film , The New World ( 2005 ) , directed by Terrence Malick , covers the story of Jamestown 's colonization . Although the historical details are accurate in most ways , the plot focuses on a dramatized relationship between John Smith , played by Colin Farrell , and Pocahontas , played by Q'orianka Kilcher . It also features John Rolfe , played by Christian Bale . Many scenes were filmed on - location along the James and Chickahominy Rivers and at Henricus Historical Park in Chesterfield County , Virginia . Another feature - length film , First Landing : The Voyage from England to Jamestown ( 2007 ) , documents the 1607 landing of English colonists . In 2017 , Sky 1 launched a new series based in Jamestown . The series , named after its eponymous setting , revolves around the societal change triggered by the arrival of women to the settlement to marry the male citizens of the area , and is made by the producers of Downton Abbey . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Previously also written variously as James Town , James Towne , Jamestowne , and James City . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Laurie Gwen , `` Pocahontas : Fantasy and Reality '' in Slate . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of Jamestown '' . Apva.org . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2009 . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John Marshall p. 45 Jump up ^ Staff ( September 28 , 1958 ) . `` Jamestown Pioneers From Poland '' . Polish American Congress . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 .", "19": "^ Jump up to : Holshouser , Joshua D. ; Brylinsk - Padnbey , Lucyna ; Kielbasa , Katarzyna ( July 2007 ) . `` Jamestown : The Birth of American Polonia 1608 -- 2008 ( The Role and Accomplishments of Polish Pioneers in the Jamestown Colony ) '' . Polish American Congress . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jamestowne Rediscovery : A Timeline of Events and References Archived 2014 - 06 - 06 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Billings , Warren M. Jamestown and the Founding of the Nation . Gettysburg , PA : Thomas Publications , 1991 . Originally published 1988 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 939631 - 27 - 8 . p. 35 . See also previous citation . ^ Jump up to : Horn , James ( 2006 ) . A Land as God Made It : Jamestown and the Birth of America , New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 03094 - 7 . pp. 123 -- 124 . ^ Jump up to : `` And yet the Powhatan chief no longer needed Smith ; now that he could depend on the Germans , he could get what he wanted by treachery rather than trade . '' Horn , 2006 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ `` first documented Africans in Jamestown '' . The History Channel . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal African Company -- Supplying Slaves to Jamestown '' . Historic Jamestowne . NPS.gov . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Royal Gazette , World Heritage ( Town of St. George 's and related fortifications ) Supplement , 22 February 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Jamestowne ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . Historic Jamestowne . NPS.gov . August 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jamestown - Why There ? '' .", "20": "www.virginiaplaces.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Mello , Tara Baukus ; Jr , Arthur M. Schlesinger ( 2009 ) . John Smith : English Explorer and Colonist . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 9781438101132 . Jump up ^ `` Extracts from account of Capt . John Smith '' . Etext.lib.virginia.edu . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cotter , John L. ( 1958 ) . Archeological Excavations at Jamestown ( Archeological Research Series No. 4 ) . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . pp. 1 -- 3 , 6 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Secretary of Natural Resources -- Doug Domenech '' ( PDF ) . Indians.vipnet.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Jamestowne -- An Unoccupied Site ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . Historic Jamestowne . NPS.gov . June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blanton , Dennis B. `` Drought as a Factor in the Jamestown Colony , 1607 - 1612 . '' Historical Archaeology 34 , no . 4 ( 2000 ) : 74 - 81 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/25616853 . ^ Jump up to : Do n't Know Much About History , Kenneth C. Davis Jump up ^ `` Hunt , Robert ( 1568 / 9 -- 1608 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 14202 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ George Percy , 1608 , `` Observations by George Percy '' Jump up ^ `` list of settlers in 1608 expedition '' .", "21": "Apva.org . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2009 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record ( 1975 ) . `` Congressional Record 1975 '' . Congressional Record . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record ( 1976 ) . `` Congressional Record 1976 '' . Congressional Record . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Smith , 1580 - 1631 . The Generall Historie of Virginia , New - England , and the Summer Isles : With the Names of the Adventurers , Planters , and Governours From Their First Beginning Ano : 1584 . To This Present 1624 . With the Procedings of Those Severall Colonies and the Accidents That Befell Them in All Their Journyes and Discoveries . Also the Maps and Descriptions of All Those Countryes , Their Commodities , People , Government , Customes , and Religion Yet Knowne . Divided Into Sixe Bookes . By Captaine Iohn Smith , Sometymes Governour in Those Countryes & Admirall of New England '' . docsouth.unc.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Horn , 2006 , pp. 129 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Horn , 2006 , p. 154 -- 156 . Jump up ^ Horn , 2006 , pp. 128 -- 129 . Jump up ^ John Marshall p. 44 ^ Jump up to : `` History of Jamestown - Jamestown Rediscovery '' . Apva.org . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Horn , James ( 2006 ) . A Land as God Made It : Jamestown and the Birth of America , pp. 158 -- 60 . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 03094 - 7 . Jump up ^ Evans , Cerinda W. ( 1957 ) . Some Notes On Shipbuilding and Shipping in Colonial Virginia .", "22": "Williamsburg , Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corp. p. 7 . Jump up ^ LaCombe , Michael ( 2012 ) . Political Gastronomy : Food and Authority in the English Atlantic World . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 53 . Jump up ^ `` Jane O'Brien '' ( 1 May 2013 ) . `` ' Proof ' Jamestown settlers turned to cannibalism '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Skull proves settlers resorted to cannibalism '' . ABC News . 2 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ M. , , Kelso , William . Jamestown , the truth revealed . Charlottesville . ISBN 9780813939933 . OCLC 964303596 . Jump up ^ Vaughan ( 1991 ) , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Evans , Cerinda W. ( 1957 ) . Some Notes On Shipbuilding and Shipping in COlonial Virginia . Williamsburg , Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corp. p. 5 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Alden T. , and Vaughan , Virginia Mason ( 1991 ) . Shakespeare 's Caliban : A Cultural History , pp. 38 -- 40 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 45817 - X . Jump up ^ Woodward , Hobson . A Brave Vessel : The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Viking ( 2009 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The lost colony and Jamestown droughts . '' , Stahle , D.W. , M.K. Cleaveland , D.B. Blanton , M.D. Therrell , and D.A. Gay. 1998 . Science 280 : 564 - 567 . Jump up ^ `` John Rolfe '' . Historic Jamestowne . NPS.gov . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John Marshall p. 52 Jump up ^ `` history of Pocahontas '' . Apva.org .", "23": "Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Jamestowne -- Pocahontas : Her Life and Legend ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . Historic Jamestowne . NPS.gov . January 4 , 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gary Walton ; History of the American Economy ; page 32 Jump up ^ Odrowaz - Sypniewska , Margaret ( Jun 29 , 2007 ) . `` Poles and Powhatans in Jamestown , Virginia ( 1606 - 1617 ) '' . self - published . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holshouser , Joshua D. ; Brylinsk - Padnbey , Lucyna ; Kielbasa , Katarzyna ( July 2007 ) . `` Jamestown : The Birth of American Polonia 1608 - 2008 ( The Role and Accomplishments of Polish Pioneers in the Jamestown Colony ) '' . Polish American Congress . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Badaczewski , Dennis ( February 28 , 2002 ) . Poles in Michigan . Michigan State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0870136184 . Jump up ^ Obst , Peter J. ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Dedication of Historical Marker to Honor Jamestown Poles of 1608 - The First Poles in Jamestown '' . Poles.org . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Spuscizna - History of Poles in the USA '' . The Spuscizna Group . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , John ( 1624 ) . `` VII '' . The generall historie of Virginia , New England & the Summer Isles , together with The true travels , adventures and observations . 1 . American Memory . pp. 150 -- 184 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 .", "24": "Jump up ^ Seroczynski , Felix Thomas ( 1911 ) . Poles in the United States . XII . Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Jamestowne -- Powhatan '' . Historic Jamestowne . NPS.gov . January 4 , 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ How Jamestown Got Us Started . `` Four Centuries American History Lives at American Heritage '' . Americanheritage.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Riggs , David F. ( 12 April 1999 ) . `` Jamestown During the Civil War '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Publications : Popular Study Series '' . Nps.gov . October 20 , 2001 . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Jamestowne Society ! '' . Jamestowne.org . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Daniel G. ; John L. Cotter ( 1999 ) . `` A Conversation with John L. Cotter '' . Historical Archaeology. 33 ( 2 ) : 6 -- 50 . JSTOR 25616685 . Jump up ^ `` Jamestown - Scotland Ferry '' . Virginia Dot . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 Interim Field Report -- Jamestown Rediscovery '' . Apva.org . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2009 . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Where are we digging now ? '' . Historic Jamestown . Historic Jamestowne ( Preservation Virginia ) . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Billings , Malcolm ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` Programmers From Our Own Correspondent Putting Jamestown into context '' . BBC News . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 .", "25": "^ Jump up to : `` Chronology of Jamestown Commemorations '' . Colonial National Historical Park ( National Park Service ) . 15 April 1999 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Telegraph Dead Link '' . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2007 . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2019 Commemoration - History Is Fun '' . Jamestown Settlement & Yorktown Victory Center . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` First Landing at the Internet Movie Database '' . IMDb . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's 10 things you need to know about new TV series Jamestown '' . The Sun . 2017 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.premiumherald.com/2016/04/21/downton-abbey-creator-carnival-films-produce-jamestown/ Attribution : This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document `` Jamestown During the Civil War '' . This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document `` Chronology of Jamestown Commemorations '' . Further reading ( edit ) Chesapeake , a novel ( 1978 ) by author James A. Michener James M. Lindgren , Preserving the Old Dominion : Historic Preservation and Virginia Traditionalism ( Virginia , 1993 ) Ernie Gross , `` The American Years '' ( Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1999 ) David A. Price , Love and Hate in Jamestown ( Alfred A. Knopf , 2003 ) James Horn , A Land as God Made It ( Perseus Books , 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 465 - 03094 - 7 William M. Kelso , Jamestown , The Buried Truth ( University of Virginia Press , 2006 ) Jocelyn R. Wingfield , Virginia 's True Founder : Edward Maria Wingfield and His Times ( Booksurge , 2007 ) ISBN 1 - 4196 - 6032 - 2 Christopher M.B.", "26": "Allison , `` Jamestown 's Relics : Sacred Presence in the English New World . '' Essay . In Conversations : An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion ( 2016 ) . doi : 10.22332 / con. ess. 2016.2 http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/essays/jamestown-s-relics-sacred-presence-english-new-world External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jamestown , Virginia . Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Jamestown , Virginia . APVA web site for the Jamestown Rediscovery project Historic Jamestowne Where are We Digging Now ? Jamestown 1607 Jamestown Settlement and Yorktown Victory Center Virtual Jamestown National Park Service : Jamestown National Historic Site New Discoveries at Jamestown by John L. Cotter and J. Paul Hudson , ( 1957 ) at Project Gutenberg Following in Godspeeds Wake Jamestown records on The UK National Archives ' website . Archaeology of the Paspahegh settlement . 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-2315980566643853836	what does it cost to play golf at augusta national	[ "believed to cost between $10,000 and $30,000 and annual dues were estimated in 2009 to be less than $10,000 per year" ]	{ "0": "Augusta National Golf club - wikipedia Augusta National Golf club Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Augusta National Golf Club The 10th fairway and green in 2006 Club information Show map of the US Show map of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Show all Coordinates 33 ° 30 ′ N 82 ° 01 ′ W / 33.5 ° N 82.02 ° W / 33.5 ; - 82.02 Coordinates : 33 ° 30 ′ N 82 ° 01 ′ W / 33.5 ° N 82.02 ° W / 33.5 ; - 82.02 Location Augusta , Georgia , U.S. Elevation 160 -- 310 feet ( 50 -- 95 m ) Established 1933 , 85 years ago Type Private Total holes 18 Tournaments hosted Masters Tournament ( 1934 -- present ) PGA Seniors ' Championship 1937 -- 38 Greens Bentgrass Fairways Ryegrass Website masters.com Designed by Bobby Jones and Alister MacKenzie Par 72 Length 7,435 yd ( 6,799 m ) Longest hole is # 2 575 yd ( 526 m ) Course rating 78.1 ( unofficial ) Slope rating 137 ( unofficial ) Course record 63 - Nick Price ( 1986 ) , Greg Norman ( 1996 ) Augusta National Golf Club , located in Augusta , Georgia , is one of the most famous golf clubs in the world . Founded by Bobby Jones and Clifford Roberts on the site of the former Fruitland ( later Fruitlands ) Nursery , the course was designed by Jones and Alister MacKenzie and opened for play in January 1933 . Since 1934 , it has played host to the annual Masters Tournament , one of the four major championships in professional golf , and the only major played each year at the same course .", "1": "It was the top - ranked course in Golf Digest 's 2009 list of America 's 100 greatest courses and was the number ten - ranked course based on course architecture on Golfweek Magazine 's 2011 list of best classic courses in the United States . The club has drawn criticism for its exclusionary membership policies : Augusta National barred African Americans until 1990 and women until 2012 . The club , which long required all caddies to be black , barred black golfers from the Masters Tournament for 40 years until Lee Elder participated in the 1975 Tournament . Tiger Woods was the only person of color who won the tournament . In 2018 , Augusta National Golf Club was voted the number one Platinum Club of the World , Golf & Country Clubs by the election conducted by Club Leaders Forum . On April 4 , 2018 , Fred Ridley , in his first major appearance as chairman of Augusta National Golf Club , announced that the Augusta National Women 's Amateur Championship would start in 2019 . The tournament will take place a week before the 2019 Masters Tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 1.1 Amen Corner 1.2 `` The Big Oak Tree '' 1.3 Eisenhower Tree 1.4 Ike 's Pond 1.5 Rae 's Creek 2 Membership 2.1 Notable members 2.2 Chairmen 2.3 2002 membership controversy 3 Green jacket 4 Caddies 5 Appearances in video games 6 References 7 External links Course ( edit ) The course was formerly a plant nursery , and each hole on the course is named after the tree or shrub with which it has become associated . Several of the holes on the first nine have been renamed , as well as hole # 11 .", "2": "Hole Name Yards Par Hole Name Yards Par Tea Olive 445 10 Camellia 495 Pink Dogwood 575 5 11 White Dogwood 505 Flowering Peach 350 12 Golden Bell 155 Flowering Crab Apple 240 13 Azalea 510 5 5 Magnolia 455 14 Chinese Fir 440 6 Juniper 180 15 Firethorn 530 5 7 Pampas 450 16 Redbud 170 8 Yellow Jasmine 570 5 17 Nandina 440 9 Carolina Cherry 460 18 Holly 465 Out 3,725 36 In 3,710 36 Source : Total 7,435 72 Masters Course Tee Rating / Slope 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total Par 5 5 36 5 5 36 72 Masters 455 575 350 240 455 180 450 570 460 3735 495 505 155 510 440 530 170 440 465 3710 7445 Member 365 515 340 170 400 165 330 480 395 3160 450 400 145 455 380 475 145 370 385 3205 6365 Lengths of the course for the Masters at the start of each decade : 2010 : 7,435 yards ( 6,799 m ) 2000 : 6,985 yards ( 6,387 m ) 1990 : 6,", "3": "905 yards ( 6,314 m ) 1980 : 7,040 yards ( 6,437 m ) 1970 : 6,980 yards ( 6,383 m ) 1960 : 6,980 yards ( 6,383 m ) 1950 : 6,900 yards ( 6,309 m ) 1940 : 6,800 yards ( 6,218 m ) Unlike most other private or public golf courses in the US , Augusta National has never been rated . During the 1990 Masters Tournament , a team of USGA raters , organized by Golf Digest , evaluated the course and gave it an unofficial rating of 76.2 . It was re-evaluated in 2009 and given an unofficial rating of 78.1 . The golf course architecture website GolfClubAtlas.com has said , `` Augusta National has gone through more changes since its inception than any of the world 's twenty or so greatest courses . To call it a MacKenzie course is false advertising as his features are essentially long gone and his routing is all that is left . '' The authors of the site also add that MacKenzie and Jones were heavily influenced by the Old Course at St Andrews , and intended that the ground game be central to the course . Almost from Augusta 's opening , Roberts sought to make changes to minimize the ground game , and effectively got free rein to do so because MacKenzie died shortly after the course 's opening and Jones went into inactivity due to World War II and then a crippling illness . The authors add , `` With the ground game gone , the course was especially vulnerable to changes in technology , and this brought on a slew of changes from at least 15 different ' architects ' . '' Golf Course Histories has an aerial comparison of the architectural changes for Augusta National Golf Club for the year 1938 versus 2013 . Among the changes to the course were several made by architect Perry Maxwell in 1937 , including an important alteration involving the current 10th hole . When Augusta National originally opened for play in January 1933 , the opening hole ( now the 10th ) was a relatively benign par 4 that played just in excess of 400 yards . From an elevated tee , the hole required little more than a short iron or wedge for the approach .", "4": "Maxwell moved the green in 1937 to its present location -- on top of the hill , about 50 yards back from the old site -- and transformed it into the toughest hole in Masters Tournament history . Ben Crenshaw referred to Maxwell 's work on the 10th hole as `` one of the great strokes in golf architecture '' . For the 1999 tournament , a short rough was instated around the fairways . Referred to as the second cut , it is substantially shorter than the comparable primary rough at other courses , with an average length of 1.625 inches ( 4.13 cm ) . It is meant to reduce a player 's ability to control the ball coming out of this lie , and encourage better accuracy for driving onto the fairway . Amen Corner ( edit ) The second shot at the 11th , all of the 12th , and the first two shots at the 13th hole at Augusta are nicknamed `` Amen Corner '' . This term was first used in print by author Herbert Warren Wind in his April 21 , 1958 , Sports Illustrated article about the Masters that year . In a Golf Digest article in April 1984 , 26 years later , Wind told about its origin . He said he wanted a catchy phrase like baseball 's `` hot - corner '' or football 's `` coffin - corner '' to explain where some of the most exciting golf had taken place ( the Palmer - Venturi rules issue at twelve , over an embedded ball ruling and how it was handled , in particular ) . Thus `` Amen Corner '' was born . He said it came from the title of a jazz record he had heard in the mid-1930s by a group led by Chicago 's Mezz Mezzrow , Shouting in that Amen Corner . In a Golf Digest article in April 2008 , writer Bill Fields added some new updated information about the origin of the name . He wrote that Richard Moore , a golf and jazz historian from South Carolina , tried to purchase a copy of the old Mezzrow 78 RPM disc for an `` Amen Corner '' exhibit he was putting together for his Golf Museum at Ahmic Lake , Ontario . After extensive research , Moore found that the record never existed . As Moore put it , Wind , himself a jazz buff , must have `` unfortunately bogeyed his mind , 26 years later '' .", "5": "While at Yale , he was no doubt familiar with , and meant all along , the popular version of the song ( with the correct title , `` Shoutin ' in that Amen Corner '' written by Andy Razaf ) , which was recorded by the Dorsey Brothers Orchestra , vocal by Mildred Bailey ( Brunswick label No. 6655 ) in 1935 . Moore told Fields that , being a great admirer of Wind 's work over the years , he was reluctant , for months , to come forth with his discovery that contradicted Wind 's memory . Moore 's discovery was first reported in Golf World magazine in 2007 , before Fields ' longer article in Golf Digest in 2008 . In 1958 Arnold Palmer outlasted Ken Venturi to win the tournament with heroic escapes at Amen Corner . Amen Corner also played host to Masters moments such as Byron Nelson 's birdie - eagle at 12 and 13 in 1937 , and Sam Snead 's water save at 12 in 1949 that sparked him to victory . On the flip side of fate , Jordan Spieth 's quadruple bogey on 12 during Sunday 's final round in 2016 cost him his 2 - stroke lead and ultimately the championship . `` The big Oak Tree '' ( edit ) `` The Big Oak Tree '' is on the golf course side of the clubhouse and was planted in the 1850s . Eisenhower Tree ( edit ) Main article : Eisenhower Tree Eisenhower Tree in 2011 Also known as the `` Eisenhower Pine '' , a loblolly pine was located on the 17th hole , approximately 210 yards ( 192 m ) from the Masters tee . President Dwight D. Eisenhower , an Augusta National member , hit the tree so many times that , at a 1956 club meeting , he proposed that it be cut down . Not wanting to offend the president , the club 's chairman , Clifford Roberts , immediately adjourned the meeting rather than reject the request . In February 2014 , the Eisenhower Tree was removed after suffering extensive damage during an ice storm .", "6": "Ike 's Pond ( edit ) During a visit to Augusta National , then - General Eisenhower returned from a walk through the woods on the eastern part of the grounds , and informed Clifford Roberts that he had found a perfect place to build a dam if the club would like a fish pond . Ike 's Pond was built and named , and the dam is located just where Eisenhower said it should be . This is also the location that Roberts committed suicide by gunshot in 1977 . At age 83 , he had been in ill health for several months with cancer and had a debilitating stroke . Rae 's Creek ( edit ) Rae 's Creek cuts across the southeastern corner of the Augusta National property . It flows along the back of the 11th green , in front of the 12th green , and ahead of the 13th tee . This is the lowest point in elevation of the course . The Hogan and Nelson Bridges cross the creek after the 12th and 13th tee boxes , respectively . The creek was named after former property owner John Rae , who died in 1789 . Rae 's Creek runs in front of No. 12 green , has a tributary evident at No. 13 tee , and flows at the back of No. 11 green . It was Rae 's house which was the farthest fortress up the Savannah River from Fort Augusta . The house kept residents safe during Indian attacks when the fort was out of reach . Membership ( edit ) Augusta National Golf Club has about 300 members at any given time . Membership is strictly by invitation : there is no application process . In 2004 , USA Today published a list of all the current members . Membership is believed to cost between $10,000 and $30,000 and annual dues were estimated in 2009 to be less than $10,000 per year . Augusta invited and accepted its first African - American member , TV executive Ron Townsend , in 1990 following a controversy at Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club . Shoal Creek , an all - white golf club in Alabama , refused membership to African Americans . The club also faced demands that the PGA Championship not be held there because of racist comments by the club 's founder .", "7": "In his 2012 pre-Masters press conference , Chairman Billy Payne declined to discuss the club 's then - continued refusal to admit women . He defended the club 's position by noting that in 2011 , more than 15 % of the non-tournament rounds were played by female players who were member guests or spouses of active members . However , on August 20 , 2012 , Augusta National admitted its first two female members , Condoleezza Rice and Darla Moore . Notable members ( edit ) Notable current members include : Warren Buffett , CEO of Berkshire Hathaway Pete Coors , former chairman and CEO of Coors Brewing Company and Molson Coors Brewing Company , current chairman of MillerCoors Bill Gates , co-founder and chairman of Microsoft Roger Goodell , commissioner of the National Football League Pat Haden , former NFL player and former athletic director at the University of Southern California Lou Holtz , former college football coach Hugh L. McColl Jr. , former CEO of Bank of America Darla Moore , South Carolina businesswoman Sam Nunn , former United States Senator from Georgia Sam Palmisano , former CEO of IBM T. Boone Pickens , Jr. , oil tycoon Condoleezza Rice , former United States Secretary of State Henry Waite , former Chairman of HUFF Productions Simon Chirayath , British businessman James D. Robinson III , former CEO of American Express Lynn Swann , former NFL player and current athletic director at the University of Southern California Jack Welch , former CEO of General Electric Matt Rose , former CEO of BNSF Railway Jack Nicklaus , Hall of Fame golfer , six - time Masters champion , and the only Masters champion who is currently a regular member of the club Recently deceased members include : Arnold Palmer , Hall of Fame golfer and four - time Masters champion , was also a regular member when he died in September 2016 .", "8": "Melvin Laird , former United States Secretary of Defense ( died November 2016 ) Robert Sumner former pastor ( died December 2016 ) Frank Broyles , former athletic director at the University of Arkansas ( died August 2017 ) Chairmen ( edit ) Clifford Roberts ( 1931 -- 1976 ) William Lane ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Hord Hardin ( 1980 -- 1991 ) Jackson T. Stephens ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Hootie Johnson ( 1998 -- 2006 ) Billy Payne ( 2006 -- 2017 ) Fred Ridley ( 2017 -- present ) In 1966 , the governing board of Augusta National passed a resolution honoring founder Bobby Jones with the position of President in Perpetuity . 2002 membership controversy ( edit ) Augusta National and its Chairman Hootie Johnson are widely known for a disagreement beginning in 2002 with Martha Burk , then chair of the Washington - based National Council of Women 's Organizations ; the dispute arose over Augusta National 's refusal to admit female members to the club . Burk said she found out about the club 's policies in a USA Today column by Christine Brennan published April 11 , 2002 . She then wrote a private letter to Johnson , saying that hosting the Masters Tournament at a male - only club constituted sexism . Johnson characterized Burk 's approach as `` offensive and coercive '' . Responding to efforts to link the issue to sexism and civil rights , Johnson maintained that the issue had to do with the rights of any private club : `` Our membership is single gender just as many other organizations and clubs all across America . These would include Junior Leagues , sororities , fraternities , Boy Scouts , Girl Scouts , and countless others . And we all have a moral and legal right to organize our clubs the way we wish . '' Burk , whose childhood nickname was also Hootie , claimed to have been `` called a man hater , anti-family , lesbian , all the usual things . '' Johnson was portrayed as a Senator Claghorn type -- `` a blustery defender of all things Southern '' .", "9": "Following the discord , two club members resigned : Thomas H. Wyman , a former CEO of CBS , and John Snow , when President George W. Bush nominated him to serve as Secretary of the Treasury . Pressure on corporate sponsors led the club to broadcast the 2003 and 2004 tournaments without commercials . The controversy was discussed by the International Olympic Committee when re-examining whether golf meets Olympic criteria of a `` sport practiced without discrimination with a spirit of friendship , solidarity and fair play '' . Augusta National extended membership to Condoleezza Rice and Darla Moore on August 20 , 2012 . Green jacket ( edit ) Every member of Augusta National receives a green sport coat with the club 's logo on the left breast . The idea of the green jacket originated with club co-founder Clifford Roberts . Many believe it is because he wanted patrons visiting during the tournament to be able to readily identify members . Since Sam Snead 's victory in 1949 , the winner of each year 's Masters Tournament has received a green jacket , although he does not receive membership . The jacket is presented to the new winner by the winner of the previous tournament . If the previous champion is either unavailable or has won consecutive tournaments , then the current chairman acts as the presenter . Until 1967 , the jackets were manufactured by Brooks Brothers and since have been made by Hamilton of Cincinnati , Ohio , with the imported wool produced at the Victor Forstmann plant in Dublin , Georgia . The current Masters champion is the only owner of a green jacket permitted to remove it from the grounds of Augusta National , and only for a period of one year . Before this time limit was in place , the jacket of a few long - past Masters champions had been sold , after their deaths , to collectors . Consequently , the members of Augusta National have gone to great lengths to secure the remaining examples . Now , two jackets remain outside the grounds of Augusta National with the club 's permission . When Gary Player first won the Masters in 1961 , he brought his jacket home to South Africa . For years the board insisted that Player return the jacket but Player kept `` forgetting '' or coming up with humorous creative excuses why he did not return the jacket . After becoming something of a running joke , Augusta National 's members allowed him to keep it , where it is on display in his personal museum .", "10": "The second jacket belongs to 1938 champion Henry Picard . Before the traditions surrounding one of golf 's greatest awards were well established , the jacket was removed by Picard from Augusta National . It is now currently on display in the `` Picard Lounge '' at Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood , Ohio . Along with Snead , the nine previous winners were also awarded green jackets in 1949 , and these became known as the `` original ten '' jackets . Horton Smith 's jacket , awarded for his wins in 1934 and 1936 , sold at auction in September 2013 for over $682,000 ; the highest price ever paid for a piece of golf memorabilia. Smith died at age 55 in 1963 and it had been in the possession of his brother Ren 's stepsons for decades . Caddies ( edit ) Augusta National employs a staff of caddies to assist members , guests , and professionals . Before 1983 , staff caddies were assigned to players at the Masters , and all were black males . Club co-founder Roberts once said , `` As long as I 'm alive , all the golfers will be white and all the caddies will be black . '' Roberts comitted suicide at Augusta in 1977 and five years later in November 1982 , chairman Hord Hardin announced that players were henceforth permitted to use their regular caddies at the Masters . This decision followed an incident that occurred during the 1982 tournament . Following a Thursday rain delay , many of the caddies failed to show up at the proper time on Friday morning . As a result of the confusion , two - time champion Tom Watson and others sent scathing complaint letters to Hardin . Twelve players , including then five - time champion Jack Nicklaus , defending champion Craig Stadler , and future two - time champion Ben Crenshaw , employed club caddies in 1983 . Well into the 1970s , all four majors and some tour events required the use of the host club 's caddies ; the U.S. Open had this policy through 1975 , but by 1980 , only the Masters and the Western Open near Chicago retained the requirement . Augusta 's caddie staff continues to wear its trademark white jumpsuits year - round .", "11": "Female caddies are permitted . Most of them are professional golfers ' regular caddies , such as Fanny Sunesson . Sunesson is one of the PGA Tour 's few female caddies , and has caddied for several players at the Masters , most notably three - time champion Nick Faldo , and more recently Henrik Stenson . The first female caddie at Augusta was George Archer 's daughter Elizabeth in 1983 , her 21st event carrying the bag for her father . Archer , the 1969 champion , tied for twelfth for one of his better finishes at Augusta . During the pre-tournament events in 2007 , Golf Channel 's Kelly Tilghman caddied for Arnold Palmer in the par - 3 contest . Fuzzy Zoeller 's daughter Gretchen was his caddie for his last year as a competitor in the tournament in 2009 . Tennis pro Caroline Wozniacki , ex-fiancée of Rory McIlroy , caddied for him in the par - 3 contests of 2013 and 2014 . Crenshaw won his 1984 and 1995 Masters titles with Augusta National caddie Carl Jackson . Appearances in video games ( edit ) Augusta National Golf Club is featured in the Japan - exclusive video game franchise Harukanaru Augusta , which started in 1989 . The games were produced by T&E Soft . One of its last titles Masters ' 98 : Haruka Naru Augusta was released for the Nintendo 64 . Augusta National Golf Club and the Masters Tournament are also featured in the video game Tiger Woods PGA Tour 12 : The Masters , and has subsequently featured in later iterations of the game . This is the first time that the course has been officially used in the Tiger Woods franchise . Augusta National was also previously used in the 1986 computer game Mean 18 , published by Accolade . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Masters Tournament '' ( PDF ) . GCSAA . Tournament fact sheets . April 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside the course : Augusta National Golf Club '' . PGA Tour . April 1 , 2012 .", "12": "Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knuth , Dean ( April 2010 ) . `` How Tough Is Augusta National ? '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Szurlej , Stephen ( 2009 ) . `` America 's 100 Greatest Golf Courses / 2008 - 09 : America 's 100 Greatest '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best Classic Courses '' . Golfweek. 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Michael ; Brady , Erik ( September 27 , 2002 ) . `` Privacy becomes public at Augusta '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Crouse , Karen ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Treasure of Golf 's Sad Past , Black Caddies Vanish in Era of Riches '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Platinum Golf & Country Clubs of the World 2018 - 19 -- Platinum Clubs of the World '' . clubleadersforum.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Bill ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Augusta National Takes an Unexpected Turn Toward Women 's Golf '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Meyers , Christopher C. ( 2015 ) . `` Fruitland Nursery : A ' Horticultural Mecca ' '' . Georgia Historical Quarterly . 99 ( 1 ) : 48 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyette , John ( April 3 , 2006 ) . `` Augusta National 's natural beauty was born in nursery '' . Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Course Tour : 2012 Masters '' . PGA of America : Major Championships . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Augusta National '' .", "13": "GolfClubAtlas.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golf Course Histories : Augusta National Golf Club '' . GolfCourseHistories.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyette , John . `` Maxwell made No. 10 a monster '' . www.Augusta.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Augusta National Gets a Little Rough Around the Edges '' . Los Angeles Times . March 12 , 1998 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newfort , John Paul ( April 12 , 2008 ) . `` The ' Second Cut ' at the Masters Still Draws Controversy , 10 Years On '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wind , Herbert Warren ( April 21 , 1958 ) . `` The fateful corner '' . Sports Illustrated : 48 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( April 5 , 2008 ) , 50 years later , Palmer 's first Masters win still remains controversial , ESPN Jump up ^ The Making of the Masters , by David Owen , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Fun facts about the Masters '' . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2006 . Retrieved August 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Eisenhower Tree : Where is it , and how did it get its name ? '' . Golf.About.com . Jump up ^ Boyette , John ( February 16 , 2014 ) . `` Masters landmark Ike 's Tree suffers major damage , removed '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Jump up ^ Pavey , Rob ( April 12 , 2009 ) . `` In 60 years , little about Ike 's Pond has changed '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Course -- Landmarks '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 16 , 2009 .", "14": "^ Jump up to : `` Augusta National Golf Club members list '' . USA Today . August 4 , 2004 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dicker , Ron ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Masters Tournament 2012 : How Much Does It Cost To Join Elite Augusta Golf Club ? '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1990-09-12/sports/sp-242_1_black-member Jump up ^ Johnson , William Oscar ( August 13 , 1990 ) . `` The Gates Open '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hiltzik , Michael ( March 31 , 2012 ) . `` Augusta National 's woman problem '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Augusta Chairman Billy Payne refused to comment on female memberships '' . Golf.com. April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Augusta National admits two women , including Condoleezza Rice '' . USA Today . August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shipnuck , Alan ( April 6 , 2004 ) . `` Taking on The Times '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Clayton , Ward ( April 6 , 1999 ) . `` Corporate club nears final stage '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Foss , Mike ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Roger Goodell is at the Masters , wearing his green jacket '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Hummer , Steve ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` NFL Hall of Famer Lynn Swann catches on at Augusta National '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Go Fish ESPN.com , Rick Reilly . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ Dangremond , Sam ( April 12 , 2013 ) . `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' . Town & Country . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arnold Palmer dies at 87 of complications from heart problems '' . ESPN.com . September 25 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Palmer won the Masters in 1958 , 1960 , 1962 and 1964 and is one of two champions -- along with Jack Nicklaus -- who are members of Augusta National . Jump up ^ Maisel , Ivan ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Frank Broyles ' Arkansas legacy lives on '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 10 , 2003 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Hootie Is Handling the Heat on the Eve of the Masters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Mariah Burton ( December 2003 ) . `` Women of the Year 2003 Martha Burk '' . Ms. Magazine . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , Doug ( November 11 , 2002 ) . `` An interview with Augusta 's Hootie Johnson '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Augusta defends male - only members policy '' . Golf Today . Jump up ^ `` GOLF ; A Private Club 's Defense '' . The New York Times . November 12 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` A Master 's Challenge '' . Quintess Charities . Jump up ^ Ostler , Scott ( April 12 , 2003 ) . `` Hat in hand , Hootie 's nemesis set for big day at Masters '' . San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to : Blauvelt , Harry ( October 21 , 2002 ) . `` Augusta leader 's record defies image '' . USA Today .", "16": "Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . All agree Johnson , who has a record of access and inclusion , is one of the most unlikely people to have gotten caught up in the firestorm over Augusta membership . Yet the former University of South Carolina football player and prominent banker is being characterized nationally as a rube . `` His whole life has been just the opposite of what he 's being portrayed , '' says U.S. Rep. Jim Clyburn , D-S. C. `` He 's always come down on the side of access and equality . He 's not a prejudiced person in any way . He is not deserving of this controversy . '' Jump up ^ Cohen , Randy ( August 18 , 2009 ) . `` Is Golf Unethical ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio firm fashions green jackets from Georgia cloth '' . February 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kindred , Dave ( August 2013 ) . `` The case of the missing green jacket '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Green jacket nets $682 K at auction '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1934 & 1936 Masters Champion Horton Smith 's Green Jacket '' . Green Jacket Auctions . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wade , Harless ( April 6 , 1983 ) . `` Tradition bagged at Masters '' . Spokane Chronicle . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Grimsley , Will ( April 5 , 1973 ) . `` Caddie controversy : Aaron holds slim Masters lead '' . The Journal . Jump up ^ `` Tour caddies at Augusta ? '' . Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . November 12 , 1982 . p. 14 .", "17": "Jump up ^ Wade , Harless ( April 6 , 1983 ) . `` Tradition bagged at Masters '' . Spokane Chronicle . ( Dallas Morning News ) . p . C1 . ^ Jump up to : Litke , Jim ( April 8 , 2005 ) . `` One caddie carries on tradition at Augusta '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . p . D3 . ^ Jump up to : Greenday , Joe ( April 11 , 1983 ) . `` Elizabeth Archer enjoying a first in golf at Masters '' . Boca Raton News . Knight Ridder Newspapers . p. 1D . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 10 , 1983 ) . `` New Masters caddies collide '' . Sunday Star - News . Wilmington , NC . ( New York Times ) . p. 6D . Jump up ^ Loomis , Tom ( April 6 , 1973 ) . `` Chi Chi prefers own caddy '' . Toledo Blade . Associated Press . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Westchester winner may bypass events '' . Victoria Advocate . Victoria , Texas . Associated Press . August 26 , 1974 . p. 1B . Jump up ^ `` Touring golf pros prefer their own caddies '' . Reading Eagle . Associated Press . May 5 , 1974 . p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Open golfers to pick own caddies in 1976 '' . Toledo Blade . Associated Press . November 15 , 1975 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Break for some '' . Rome News - Tribune . Rome , Georgia . Associated Press . January 18 , 1976 . p. 3B . Jump up ^ `` Caddies draw golfers in Western Open play '' . Rome News - Tribune . Rome , GA . Associated Press . July 2 , 1980 . p. 8A . Jump up ^ `` Pro Archer has daughter carry bag '' . News and Courier . Charleston , South Carolina . Associated Press .", "18": "August 17 , 1980 . p. 8B . Jump up ^ `` King of caddies '' . Calhoun Times Plus . Calhoun , GA . June 6 , 1995 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Harukanaru Augusta ( Franchise ) - Giant Bomb '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ List of Harukanaru Augusta video games at GameFAQs Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods PGA TOUR 13 Blog '' . EA . March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pigna , Kris ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Tiger Woods Takes Backseat in New Game '' . 1up.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mean 18 : Hall Of Light -- The database of Amiga games '' . Hol.abime.net . November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Augusta.com coverage from the Augusta Chronicle Aerial view from Google Maps Augusta , Georgia , a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary Guide to Augusta National at BBC Guide to Augusta National at Golflink 3D Course Planner at ProVisualizer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augusta_National_Golf_Club&oldid=837648156 '' Categories : Masters Tournament Golf clubs and courses in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Golf clubs and courses designed by Alister MacKenzie Sports venues in Augusta , Georgia Men 's organizations in the United States Sports organisations established in 1933 Sports venues completed in 1933 1933 establishments in Georgia ( U.S.", "19": "state ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Wikipedia external links cleanup from May 2017 Wikipedia spam cleanup from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Svenska Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 03 : 39 . 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8528577323396442254	when did sierra nevada brewery open in asheville	[ "January 2012", "2014", "early 2014", "2014", "early 2014" ]	{ "0": "Sierra Nevada Brewing company - wikipedia Sierra Nevada Brewing company Jump to : navigation , search Sierra Nevada Brewing Co . Type Private Location Chico , California , United States Opened 1980 Annual production volume 1,250,000 US beer barrels ( 1,470,000 hl ) Owned by Ken Grossman Employees 1050 Website sierranevada.com Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. was established in 1979 by homebrewers Ken Grossman and Paul Camusi in Chico , California , United States . Sierra Nevada Brewing is one of the top breweries operating in the United States . As of 2016 , it is the seventh - largest brewing company in the United States . The brewery produced 786,000 US bbl ( 922,000 hl ) in 2010 . The brewery was named `` Green Business of the Year '' by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 2010 for its practices in sustainability . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Influence 3 Environmental record 4 Beers 4.1 Sierra Nevada Classics 4.2 Seasonals 4.3 Special release 4.4 Awards 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Headquarters in Chico , CA Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. was founded in 1979 , with founders Ken Grossman and Paul Camusi expanding their homebrewing hobby into a brewery in Chico , California . Along with the brewery 's location , Grossman claims the company 's name comes from his love of hiking in the mountains of the Sierra Nevada . With $50,000 in loans from friends and family , Grossman and Camusi rented a 3,000 sq ft ( 280 m ) warehouse and pieced together discarded dairy equipment and scrapyard metal to create their brewing equipment . They later were able to acquire second - hand copper brewing kettles from Germany before moving to their larger , current brewing facility in 1989 . The first batch brewed on premises was its Pale Ale , in November 1980 . The following year , the brewery introduced Celebration , an IPA , which it continues to release as a winter seasonal .", "1": "The company sold 950 US beer barrels ( 1,110 hl ) of beer in its first year , and double that amount in the second . The company 's first employee was Steve Harrison , who was put in charge of marketing and sales . The head brewer is Steve Dresler , who has been with the brewery since 1983 , when its output was 25 to 30 barrels per week . The company distributed the beer itself in the early 1980s , struggling with financial and marketing problems . A 1982 article in the San Francisco Chronicle highlighting the brewery , as well as having its beer sold in prominent restaurants such as Berkeley 's Chez Panisse , helped establish a market for Sierra Nevada 's beer . By 1987 , the brewery was distributing to seven states and production had reached 12,000 US beer barrels ( 14,000 hl ) per year , causing the company to pursue building a new brewery . In 1988 , the brewery moved into a 100 - barrel brewhouse , with four open fermenters , and eleven 200 US bbl ( 230 hl ) secondary fermenters . A year later , Grossman and Camusi added the Sierra Nevada Taproom and Restaurant , which serves lunch and dinner and includes a giftshop . In 2000 , the brewery opened `` The Big Room '' , a live - music venue located inside the brewery 's facilities , featuring a variety of acts including country , bluegrass , folk , rock , blues , and other musical genres . Camusi retired in 1998 and sold his share in the company to Grossman . In 2010 , Sierra Nevada Brewing partnered with the Abbey of New Clairvaux , with the monastery beginning production of Trappist - style beers in 2011 . The Abbey has not yet been sanctioned by the International Trappist Association , and therefore the monastery will not be brewing official Trappist beer . The brewery employed about 450 people in 2011 . Entrance to Mills River brewery In January 2012 , Sierra Nevada announced it would build a second brewing facility with an attached restaurant in Mills River , North Carolina .", "2": "The LEED - Platinum - certified building opened in early 2014 on a forested tract adjacent to Asheville Regional Airport , re-using the cut - down trees as lumber both in the building and for the rainwater cisterns that flush the toilets . In 2013 , the company opened the `` Torpedo Room '' in Berkeley , their first tasting room outside of Chico . In January 2017 , Sierra Nevada issued a voluntary recall of certain 12 - ounce bottles of different beers in 36 states due to a manufacturing defect that had possibly introduced chipped pieces of glass into the bottle . Influence ( edit ) Along with Anchor Brewing Company in San Francisco and the now - defunct New Albion Brewing Company in Sonoma , whose owners offered Grossman and Camusi early guidance in their venture , Sierra Nevada is considered one of the earliest and most influential breweries which spawned the craft beer movement of the 1980s - 90s . Grossman has been dubbed a `` pioneer '' by fellow craft brewers in the United States . Whereas many of the newly spawned microbreweries of the 1980s went out of business , Sierra Nevada Brewing endured to become one of the largest independent brewers in the country , whose beers were noted for their `` character and complexity '' . Grossman believed many microbrewers of the early 1980s had put out an inferior product due to lack of preparation for the financial and mechanical realities of commercial brewing , which were a `` much different process '' from homebrewing . For its 30th anniversary in 2010 , the company released a series of collaborative beers with the assistance of those Grossman considered an early influence on his brewing : Charlie Papazian , Fred Eckhardt , Fritz Maytag ( Anchor ) and Jack McAuliffe ( New Albion ) . In November 2010 , Stansbury Publishing released Hops and Dreams : The Story of Sierra Nevada Brewing Co , written by California State University , Chico professor Rob Burton who researched the company for three years . The company has claimed to be neutral on political issues , and reiterated this stance in 2010 when it was erroneously linked by a beer industry group to opposing the California Proposition 19 of that year , which would have legalized marijuana in the state . Environmental record ( edit ) Sierra Nevada Brewing Co.", "3": "won the US Environmental Protection Agency 's `` Green Business of the Year '' award for 2010 . The brewery is powered by solar energy , having 10,000 photovoltaic modules covering its rooftops and parking lot . In all , the brewery uses 2.6 megawatts of solar electricity on premises . It also has built a charging station for electric vehicles on its premises . The company uses a small - scale BioPro TM biodiesel processor to convert the used cooking oil from its restaurant for biodiesel use in its delivery trucks . In 2009 , it reached an agreement with a local ethanol company to produce high - grade ethanol fuel from its discarded yeast . Spent grain is sold to local cattle ranchers for livestock feed ; spent water is sent to the brewery 's own water treatment plant , where it is reused , mainly as drip irrigation for its fields . Over 99.5 % of the brewery plant 's solid waste is diverted from landfill . The company owns one mile of railway for use in intermodal freight transport , which aids in reducing the brewery 's carbon footprint . Each rail car can hold the equivalent of four semi-trailers of grain ; rail transport is more fuel efficient than road transport . Sierra Nevada is the largest buyer of organic hops in the United States . It also farms its own organic hops and barley for use in its annual Chico Estate Harvest Ale release . Beers ( edit ) Sierra Nevada classics ( edit ) Sierra Nevada Pale Ale Sierra Nevada Torpedo Ale label , from a bottle purchased in Chico , California . The brewery 's year - round offerings include its Pale Ale , Porter , Stout , Torpedo ' Extra ' IPA , Kellerweis Hefeweizen , Nooner Pilsner , and Hop Hunter IPA . Sierra 's flagship Pale Ale has been described as `` a balance between aggressive hops and hearty malt flavor '' , with its Cascade hops offering a grapefruit aroma and fruity palate . Like several other Sierra Nevada offerings , it is bottle - conditioned . It is the best - selling pale ale in the United States as of 2012 . Sierra Nevada 's Porter , along with its heavier Stout version , have been described by writer Michael Jackson as `` gently coffeish '' and `` beautifully roasty '' examples of their respective styles .", "4": "The two offerings have been brewed since the company 's first year of operation . Torpedo is an American India Pale Ale and Kellerweis is a traditional Bavarian hefeweizen . Both were introduced as nationwide offerings in 2009 . Seasonals ( edit ) The brewery 's current lineup of seasonals include Beer Camp Hoppy Lager , Summerfest Lager , Oktoberfest , and Celebration Ale . Sierra Nevada 's Celebration Ale has been brewed as a winter seasonal since 1981 . While it has won medals under the IPA category , it has also been described as a hoppy , malty amber ale , as well as a `` bigger version '' of the company 's pale ale . Previous Autumn seasonal Tumbler Brown Ale has been described as a full - bodied , malt - heavy brown ale and is sold for the autumn months . Previous Spring seasonal Ruthless Rye IPA is an IPA brewed with rye and whole - cone hops for the spring , while Summerfest is a pilsner brewed in the Czech tradition . Special release ( edit ) Bigfoot , 2006 Edition Annual `` Special Release '' beers produced by Sierra Nevada include Bigfoot Barleywine Style Ale , Hemisphere Harvest Ales and Chico Harvest Estate Ale . Bigfoot is brewed with two types of malt and three differing hops , and tops out at 9.6 % ABV . It is a barleywine , but due to alcohol laws in the U.S. it must be marketed as a `` barleywine style ale '' . Only alcohols derived from fruits , not grains , can be marketed as wine . It first won medals at the Great American Beer Festival in 1987 . It is generally released January -- February of each year . The brewery releases both a Northern and Southern Hemisphere Harvest `` wet hop '' ale . Introduced in 1996 as Harvest Ale , Northern Hemisphere utilizes wet ( undried ) hops from eastern Washington for its `` fresh harvest '' ale . It was the first fresh - hop ale brewed in the United States . The brewery later introduced Southern Hemisphere which features wet hops from New Zealand . The Chico Estate Harvest Ale is brewed with organic wet hops and barley grown in land on the brewery 's premises .", "5": "Old Chico Crystal Wheat , a wheat beer , is named in memory of the Chico Brewery which operated in the town during the 19th century . Old Chico brand beers are only distributed in the northern California area around Chico . Awards ( edit ) Name Style Awards Barrel - Aged Narwhal Wood - Aged Strong Stout 2013 Great American Beer Festival Silver Bigfoot Barley Wine 2012 World Beer Cup Silver , 2005 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 1997 Great American Beer Festival Silver , 1995 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 1992 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 1988 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 1987 Great American Beer Festival Gold Celebration India Pale Ale 1994 Great American Beer Festival Silver , 1990 Great American Beer Festival Bronze Estate Homegrown Ale Fresh Hop Ale 2012 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 2010 Great American Beer Festival Silver Imperial Stout Imperial Stout 2012 Great American Beer Festival Silver IPA India Pale Ale 2005 Great American Beer Festival Gold Kellerweis Hefeweizen 2012 World Beer Cup Silver Kolsch Kölsch 2009 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 2008 Great American Beer Festival Silver Ovila Dubbel Dubbel 2012 World Beer Cup Bronze Pilsner Pilsner 2010 World Beer Cup Gold Porter Porter 2009 U.S.", "6": "Open Beer Championship Bronze , 2000 Great American Beer Festival Bronze , 1983 Great American Beer Festival Silver Ruthless Rye PA Rye Ale 2012 World Beer Cup Gold Sierra 30 Jack and Ken 's Ale Barley Wine 2010 Great American Beer Festival Gold Pale Ale Pale Ale 1995 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 1993 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 1992 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 1990 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 1989 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 1987 Great American Beer Festival Bronze , 1983 Great American Beer Festival Gold Stout Stout 2004 World Beer Cup Bronze , 1989 Great American Beer Festival Silver , 1988 Great American Beer Festival Silver , 1987 Great American Beer Festival Bronze Summerfest Lager 2004 Great American Beer Festival Bronze , 1991 Great American Beer Festival Silver Weizenbock Wheat Ale 2011 Great American Beer Festival Silver Wheat Wheat Ale 1998 Great American Beer Festival Bronze See also ( edit ) Beer portal California portal Drink portal California breweries Craft beer References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ariel ( 27 Apr 2009 ) . `` Sierra Nevada Brewing Co . Gets Electric Vehicle Charging Stations '' . Fastcompany.com . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brewers Association Releases Top 50 Breweries of 2016 '' . Brewers Association . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orr , Patrick ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Sierra Nevada Brewing is a true innovator '' . Idaho Statesman . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada Brewing named EPA Green Business of the Year '' . Beer News . December 28 , 2010 . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Irving , Alexandra ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Sierra Nevada founder talks beer with students '' . State Press ( Arizona ) . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ogle , Maureen ( 2006 ) .", "7": "Ambitious Brew : the story of American beer . Orlando : Harcourt . pp. 300 -- 306 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 101012 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Michael ( 2000 ) . Michael Jackson 's great beer guide . New York : Dorling Kindersley . p. 428 . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 5156 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Michael ( 1993 ) . Michael Jackson 's Beer Companion . Philadelphia : Running Press . p. 88 . ISBN 1 - 56138 - 288 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Kolesar , Bryan . ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Sierra Nevada turns 30 '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sierra Nevada Brewing Company '' . Reference for Business . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Calagione , Sam ( March -- April 2010 ) . `` Sierra Nevada Turns 30 : An Interview with Ken Grossman '' . Brewers Association . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Jay R. ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Sierra Nevada Partners With The Abbey of New Clairvaux '' . Ale Street News . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Brian ( May 29 , 2010 ) . `` Growing Up With the Family Brewery '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada beer plans eastward expansion with N.C. brewery '' . San Jose Mercury News ( Associated Press ) . January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada 's Torpedo Room opens in Berkeley '' . Inside Scoop. 26 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada Brewery Issues 36 - State Recall of Select Beers '' . NBC News .", "8": "22 Jan 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wills , Joe ( Fall 2010 ) . `` Chico 's Brew Turns 30 '' . Chico Statements . CSU Chico . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada 's Stance on Proposition 19 ( CA Marijuana Law ) '' . The Full Pint . September 20 , 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Arcuate , Francisco ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` EPA Turns 40 , Honors Environmental Heroes '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hops and Dreams : The Story of Sierra Nevada Brewing Co '' . Rocklin & Roseville Today . Rocklin , California . November 5 , 2010 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Demont - Heinrich , Christof ( March 6 , 2011 ) . `` Solar brews beer , charges EVs at Sierra Nevada '' . Solar Charged Driving . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.springboardbiodiesel.com/BioPro-Success-Stories Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada to turn beer yeast into fuel '' . The Full Pint . February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Underwood , Kristin ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` It 's Harvest Time at the Sierra Nevada Brewery '' . Treehugger . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Feder , Mandy ( 26 February 2009 ) . `` On the right track '' . 2016 CHICO COMMUNITY PUBLISHING , INC . Chico News & Review . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Foyston , John ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` Sierra Nevada Chico Estate Harvest Ale on tap at the Basement Pub '' . The Oregonian . Oregon Live . Retrieved 21 March 2011 .", "9": "Jump up ^ Harper , Timothy ; Oliver , Garrett ( 1997 ) . The Good Beer Book . New York : Berkley . p. 128 . ISBN 0 - 425 - 15614 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Christine P. ( 1995 ) . The Encyclopedia of Beer . New York : Henry Holt & Co. p. 214 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 3799 - 3 . Jump up ^ Cizmar , Martin ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` President of Beers : # 18 Sierra Nevada Pale Ale '' . Willamette Week . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 craft beers '' . Gayot . FoxNews.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Michael ( 1993 ) . Michael Jackson 's Beer Companion . Philadelphia : Running Press . pp. 174 , 183 . ISBN 1 - 56138 - 288 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada Introduces Kellerweis as Newest Year - Round Beer '' ( Press release ) . Sierra Nevada . 6 March 2009 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada Introduces Year - Round Extra IPA '' ( Press release ) . Sierra Nevada . January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada Celebration Ale '' . Sierra Nevada . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Fabricant , Florence ( December 18 , 1991 ) . `` Brews From Near and Far '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Christopher ( January 16 , 2003 ) . `` Ales with extra kick for winter '' . San Francisco Chronicle . p. 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Goble , Steve . ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` Brewologist : Sierra Nevada Tumbler brown ale '' . Mansfield News Journal . Mansfield , Ohio .", "10": "Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada Summerfest '' . Beer Advocate . Jump up ^ `` Barleywine Style '' . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada Bigfoot '' . Sierra Nevada . Jump up ^ Brooks , Jay R. ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Fresh hop brews now on tap '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . External links ( edit ) Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. official website Mutineer Magazine Issue # 4 Hops and Dreams : The Story of Sierra Nevada Brewing Co . Springboard Biodiesel , LLC . BioPro TM Biodiesel Processor Manufacture Coordinates : 39 ° 43 ′ 29.7 '' N 121 ° 48 ′ 46.9 '' W / 39.724917 ° N 121.813028 ° W / 39.724917 ; - 121.813028 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada_Brewing_Company&oldid=815320233 '' Categories : American beer brands Beer brewing companies based in California Beer in California Companies based in Chico , California American companies established in 1980 Food and drink companies established in 1980 1980 establishments in California Privately held companies in the United States Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 04 : 21 . 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1453227198324349389	who plays the mother of howard on big bang theory	[ "Carol Ann Susi", "Carol Ann Susi", "Carol Ann Susi", "Carol Ann Susi", "Carol Ann Susi" ]	{ "0": "Carol Ann Susi - wikipedia Carol Ann Susi Jump to : navigation , search Carol Ann Susi ( 1952 - 02 - 02 ) February 2 , 1952 Brooklyn , New York , U.S. November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) ( aged 62 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Cancer Nationality American Occupation Actress Years active 1974 -- 2014 Carol Ann Susi ( February 2 , 1952 -- November 11 , 2014 ) was an American actress . She was known for providing the voice of recurring unseen character Mrs. Wolowitz , mother of Howard Wolowitz , on the television series The Big Bang Theory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Susi made her first screen appearance in Kolchak : The Night Stalker . Other television and film credits included : McMillan & Wife , Coyote Ugly , Just Go with It , The Big Bang Theory , Becker , Grey 's Anatomy , That ' 70s Show , Out of Practice , Cats & Dogs , Just Shoot Me , Married ... with Children , Night Court , The King of Queens , Death Becomes Her , Seinfeld , The Secret of My Success , My Blue Heaven , and Sabrina , the Teenage Witch . She also had extensive experience in live theatre and voiced a character on the video game installment of CSI : NY . Personal life ( edit ) Carol Ann Susi was born in Brooklyn , of Italian descent . She studied acting at HB Studio in New York City before moving to Los Angeles in the 1970s . Susi died of cancer on November 11 , 2014 , in Los Angeles , California , at age 62 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Jason ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Carol Ann Susi , ' Big Bang Theory 's ' Mrs. Wolowitz , Dead at 62 '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Bang Theory actress dies at 62 '' . The Globe and Mail .", "1": "November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Joan ( March 14 , 2009 ) . `` Who 's the Voice of ' Big Bang ' Mother ? '' . Contra Costa Times . p. 2A . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Salem , Rob ( January 24 , 2009 ) . `` Nerd herd doing a bang - up job '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` TV Q&A with Rob Owen '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Johnny ( September 27 , 1974 ) . `` Radio and TV plus Video Versions '' . Lewiston Evening Journal . p. 21 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Drake , Sylvie ( September 16 , 1988 ) . `` ' Ladies ' Room ' Lives Up to Expectations of Racy Domain '' . Los Angeles Times . p . C6 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( December 19 , 1995 ) . `` Ollstein 's ' Pot Roast ' Is Rich in Flavor '' . Los Angeles Times . p . F8 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Carol Ann Susi , ' Big Bang Theory 's Mrs. Wolowitz , Dead '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Carol Ann Susi , Voice Behind Big Bang Theory 's Mrs. Wolowitz , Dead at 62 '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 .", "2": "External links ( edit ) Carol Ann Susi on IMDb VIAF : 311656933 GND : 1061791513 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carol_Ann_Susi&oldid=823767932 '' Categories : 1952 births 2014 deaths 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Los Angeles Actresses from New York City Actresses of Italian descent American film actresses American people of Italian descent American television actresses American voice actresses Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin People from Brooklyn Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Türkçe 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 08 : 02 . 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3593586556051918438	when did the bill of rights come out	[ "1689", "16 December 1689" ]	{ "0": "Bill of Rights 1689 - wikipedia Bill of Rights 1689 Jump to : navigation , search The Bill of Rights Parliament of England Long title An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown . Citation 1 William & Mary Sess 2 c 2 Dates Royal assent 16 December 1689 Commencement 1689 Status : Amended Revised text of statute as amended The Bill of Rights Created 1689 Location Parliamentary Archives Author ( s ) Parliament of England Purpose Assert the rights of Parliament and the individual , and ensure a Protestant political supremacy The Bill of Rights , also known as the English Bill of Rights , is an Act of the Parliament of England that deals with constitutional matters and sets out certain basic civil rights . It received the Royal Assent on 16 December 1689 and is a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William III and Mary II in February 1689 , inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England . The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament , including the requirement for regular parliaments , free elections , and freedom of speech in Parliament . It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment and reestablished Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law . Furthermore , the Bill of Rights described and condemned several misdeeds of James II of England . These ideas reflected those of the political thinker John Locke and they quickly became popular in England . It also sets out -- or , in the view of its drafters , restates -- certain constitutional requirements of the Crown to seek the consent of the people , as represented in Parliament . In the United Kingdom , the Bill of Rights is further accompanied by Magna Carta , the Petition of Right , the Habeas Corpus Act 1679 and the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 as some of the basic documents of the uncodified British constitution . A separate but similar document , the Claim of Right Act 1689 , applies in Scotland . The Bill of Rights 1689 was one of the inspirations for the United States Bill of Rights .", "1": "Along with the Act of Settlement 1701 , the Bill of Rights is still in effect in all Commonwealth realms . Following the Perth Agreement in 2011 , legislation amending both of them came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Glorious Revolution 1.2 Declaration of Right 2 Provisions of the Act 3 Date and title 4 Augmentation and effect 5 Legal status 5.1 United Kingdom 5.2 Australia 5.3 Canada 5.4 New Zealand 5.5 Republic of Ireland 6 Modern recognition 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Background ( edit ) During the 17th century , there was renewed interest in Magna Carta . The Parliament of England passed the Petition of Right in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects . The English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament , during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647 . Subsequently , the Protectorate ( 1653 - 59 ) and the English Restoration ( 1660 ) restored more autocratic rule although Parliament passed the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679 , which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence . Glorious Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Glorious Revolution Objecting to the policies of King James II of England ( James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland ) , a group of English Parliamentarians invited the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange - Nassau ( William of Orange ) to overthrow the King . William 's successful invasion with a Dutch fleet and army led to James fleeing to France . In December 1688 , William took over the provisional government by appointment of the peers of the realm , as was the legal right of the latter in circumstances when the King was incapacitated , and summoned an assembly of certain members of parliament . This assembly called for an English Convention Parliament to be elected , which convened on 22 January 1689 .", "2": "Declaration of Right ( edit ) Main article : Declaration of Right , 1689 An 18th - century engraving , based on a drawing by Samuel Wale , of the Bill of Rights being presented to William III and Mary II The proposal to draw up a statement of rights and liberties and James 's violation of them was first made on 29 January 1689 in the House of Commons , with members arguing that the House `` can not answer it to the nation or Prince of Orange till we declare what are the rights invaded '' and that William `` can not take it ill if we make conditions to secure ourselves for the future '' in order to `` do justice to those who sent us hither '' . On 2 February a committee specially convened reported to the Commons 23 Heads of Grievances , which the Commons approved and added some of their own . However , on 4 February the Commons decided to instruct the committee to differentiate between `` such of the general heads , as are introductory of new laws , from those that are declaratory of ancient rights '' . On 7 February the Commons approved this revised Declaration of Right , and on 8 February instructed the committee to put into a single text the Declaration ( with the heads which were `` introductory of new laws '' removed ) , the resolution of 28 January and the Lords ' proposal for a revised oath of allegiance . It passed the Commons without division . On 13 February the clerk of the House of Lords read the Declaration of Right , and the Marquess of Halifax , in the name of all the estates of the realm , asked William and Mary to accept the throne . William replied for his wife and himself : `` We thankfully accept what you have offered us '' . They then went in procession to the great gate at Whitehall . The Garter King at Arms proclaimed them King and Queen of England , France and Ireland , whereupon they adjourned to the Chapel Royal , with the Bishop of London preaching the sermon . They were crowned on 11 April , swearing an oath to uphold the laws made by Parliament . The Coronation Oath Act 1688 had provided a new coronation oath , whereby the monarchs were to `` solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this kingdom of England , and the dominions thereunto belonging , according to the statutes in parliament agreed on , and the laws and customs of the same '' .", "3": "They were also to maintain the laws of God , the true profession of the Gospel , and the Protestant Reformed faith established by law . This replaced an oath which had deferred more to the monarch . The previous oath required the monarch to rule based on `` the laws and customs ... granted by the Kings of England '' . Provisions of the Act ( edit ) The Declaration of Right was enacted in an Act of Parliament , the Bill of Rights 1689 , which received the Royal Assent in December 1689 . The Act asserted `` certain ancient rights and liberties '' by declaring that : the pretended power of suspending the laws and dispensing with laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal ; the commission for ecclesiastical causes is illegal ; levying taxes without grant of Parliament is illegal ; it is the right of the subjects to petition the king , and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal ; keeping a standing army in time of peace , unless it be with consent of Parliament , is against law ; Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law ; election of members of Parliament ought to be free ; the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament ; excessive bail ought not to be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted ; jurors in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders ; promises of fines and forfeitures before conviction are illegal and void ; for redress of all grievances , and for the amending , strengthening and preserving of the laws , Parliaments ought to be held frequently . The Act declared James ' flight from England following the Glorious Revolution to be an abdication of the throne . It listed twelve of James 's policies by which James designed to `` endeavour to subvert and extirpate the protestant religion , and the laws and liberties of this kingdom '' .", "4": "These were : by assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament ; by prosecuting the Seven Bishops ; by establishing of the court of commissioners for ecclesiastical causes ; by levying taxes for the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative as if the same was granted by Parliament ; by raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of Parliament ; by causing Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law ; by violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament ; by prosecutions in the Court of King 's Bench for matters and causes cognizable only in Parliament , and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses ; by employing unqualified persons on juries in trials , and jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders ; by imposing excessive bail on persons committed in criminal cases against the laws made for the liberty of the subjects ; by imposing excessive fines and illegal and cruel punishments ; by making several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied ; all which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm . In a prelude to the Act of Settlement to come twelve years later , the Bill of Rights barred Roman Catholics from the throne of England as `` it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a papist prince '' ; thus William III and Mary II were named as the successors of James II and that the throne would pass from them first to Mary 's heirs , then to her sister , Princess Anne of Denmark and her heirs ( and , thereafter , to any heirs of William by a later marriage ) . Date and title ( edit ) The Bill of Rights is commonly dated in legal contexts to 1688 . This convention arises from the legal fiction ( prior to the passage of the Acts of Parliament ( Commencement ) Act 1793 ) that an Act of Parliament came into force on the first day of the session in which it was passed .", "5": "The Bill was therefore deemed to be effective from 13 February 1689 ( New Style ) , or , under the Old Style calendar in use at the time , 13 February 1688 . Under the Short Titles Act 1896 , the Bill was given the official short title of `` The Bill of Rights '' , without a calendar year suffix . Augmentation and effect ( edit ) See also : Glorious Revolution § Legacy The Bill of Rights was later supplemented by the Act of Settlement 1701 ( which was agreed to by the Parliament of Scotland as part of the Treaty of Union ) . The Act of Settlement altered the line of succession to the throne laid out in the Bill of Rights . However , both the Bill of Rights and the Claim of Right contributed a great deal to the establishment of the concept of parliamentary sovereignty and the curtailment of the powers of the monarch . Leading , ultimately , to the establishment of constitutional monarchy , while also ( along with the penal laws ) settling the political and religious turmoil that had convulsed Scotland , England and Ireland in the 17th century . The Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) reinforced the Petition of Right ( 1628 ) and the Habaes Corpus Act ( 1679 ) by codifying certain rights and liberties . The rights expressed in these Acts became associated with the idea of the rights of Englishmen , and described as Fundamental Laws of England . The Bill of Rights directly influenced the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights , which in turn influenced the Declaration of Independence . Although not a comprehensive statement of civil and political liberties , the Bill of Rights stands as one of the landmark documents in the development of civil liberties in the United Kingdom and a model for later , more general , statements of rights ; these include the United States Bill of Rights , the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights . For example , as with the Bill of Rights 1689 , the US Constitution prohibits excessive bail and `` cruel and unusual punishment '' . Similarly , `` cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment '' is banned under Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights .", "6": "Legal status ( edit ) The Bill of Rights remains in statute and continues to be cited in legal proceedings in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms , particularly Article 9 on parliamentary freedom of speech . Following the Perth Agreement in 2011 , legislation amending the Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement 1701 came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015 which changed the laws of succession to the British throne . Part of the Bill of Rights remains in statute in the Republic of Ireland . United Kingdom ( edit ) The Bill of Rights applies in England and Wales ; it was enacted in the Kingdom of England which at the time included Wales . Scotland has its own legislation , the Claim of Right Act 1689 , passed before the Act of Union between England and Scotland . There are doubts as to whether , or to what extent , the Bill of Rights applies in Northern Ireland . On 21 July 1995 a libel case brought by Neil Hamilton ( then a member of parliament ) against The Guardian was stopped after Justice May ruled that the Bill of Rights ' prohibition on the courts ' ability to question parliamentary proceedings would prevent The Guardian from obtaining a fair hearing . Section 13 of the Defamation Act 1996 , was subsequently enacted to permit MPs to waive their parliamentary privilege and thus cite their own speeches if relevant to litigation . Following the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum in 2016 , the Bill of Rights was quoted in a court ruling on a legal challenge seeking a judicial declaration that triggering EU exit must first be authorised by an act of Parliament . Australia ( edit ) The ninth article , regarding parliamentary freedom of speech , is actively used in Australia . Canada ( edit ) The article on parliamentary freedom of speech is in active use in Canada . New Zealand ( edit ) The Bill of Rights was invoked in New Zealand in the 1976 case of Fitzgerald v Muldoon and Others , which centred on the purporting of newly appointed Prime Minister Robert Muldoon that he would advise the Governor - General to abolish a superannuation scheme established by the New Zealand Superannuation Act , 1974 , without new legislation . Muldoon felt that the dissolution would be immediate and he would later introduce a bill in parliament to retroactively make the abolition legal .", "7": "This claim was challenged in court and the Chief Justice declared that Muldoon 's actions were illegal as they had violated Article 1 of the Bill of Rights , which provides `` that the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority ... is illegal . '' Republic of Ireland ( edit ) The Act was retained in the Republic of Ireland although sections were repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 2007 section 2 ( 2 ) ( a ) , and Part 2 of Schedule 1 . Section 2 ( 3 ) of that Act repealed : all of the Preamble down to `` Upon which Letters Elections having been accordingly made '' the seventh paragraph `` Subjects ' Arms . That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . '' all words from `` And they doe Claime Demand and Insist '' down to , but not including , section 2 , bars Roman Catholics from Crown or Government , succession et cetera . Modern recognition ( edit ) Two special designs of commemorative two pound coins were issued in the United Kingdom in 1989 to celebrate the tercentenary of the Glorious Revolution . One referred to the Bill of Rights and the other to the Claim of Right . Both depict the Royal Cypher of William and Mary and the mace of the House of Commons , one also shows a representation of the St Edward 's Crown and the other the Crown of Scotland . In May 2011 , the Bill of Rights was inscribed in UNESCO 's UK Memory of the World Register . As part of the Parliament in the Making programme , the Bill of Rights was on display at the Houses of Parliament in February 2015 . See also ( edit ) Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689 English Civil War Financial Revolution History of liberalism Toleration Act 1689 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Act is cited as `` The Bill of Rights '' in the United Kingdom , as authorised by section 1 of , and the First Schedule to , the Short Titles Act 1896 . Owing to the repeal of those provisions , it is now authorised by section 19 ( 2 ) of the Interpretation Act 1978 .", "8": "In the Republic of Ireland , it is cited as `` The Bill of Rights 1688 '' , as authorised by section 1 of , and the First Schedule to , the Short Titles Act 1896 ( as amended by section 5 ( a ) of the Statute Law Revision Act 2007 ) . The short title of this Act was previously `` The Bill of Rights '' . Jump up ^ i.e. ignoring Jump up ^ Arguably , this right is subject to continuing derogation in modern times ; see , for example , Armed Forces Act and discussion of the same in Military Covenant . Jump up ^ Section Seven of the Virginia Declaration of Rights reads , That all power of suspending laws , or the execution of laws , by any authority , without consent of the representatives of the people , is injurious to their rights and ought not to be exercised . which strongly echoes the first two `` ancient rights and liberties '' asserted in the Bill of Rights 1689 : That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal ; That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority , as it hath been assumed and exercised of late , is illegal ; And the Virginia Declaration 's Section Nine , That excessive bail ought not to be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . is borrowed word for word from the Bill of Rights 1689 . Jump up ^ In Quebec the validity of the Canadian parliament 's legislation is under judicial review . Blanchfield , Mike ( 22 July 2013 ) . `` Quebec government to mount legal challenge to new royal succession law '' . National Post ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The United Kingdom consists of four countries and three distinct legal systems : England and Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland . These jurisdictions have particular legal considerations of their own , arising from differences in English law , Scots law and Northern Ireland law . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Britain 's unwritten constitution '' . British Library . Retrieved 27 November 2015 .", "9": "The key landmark is the Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown ... The Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch 's prerogatives , providing for the regular meeting of Parliament , free elections to the Commons , free speech in parliamentary debates , and some basic human rights , most famously freedom from ' cruel or unusual punishment ' . Jump up ^ Schwoerer 1990 , pp. 531 -- 548 . Jump up ^ Maurice Adams ; Anne Meuwese ; Ernst Hirsch Ballin ( 2017 ) . Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law : Bridging Idealism and Realism . Cambridge UP . p. 97 . Jump up ^ `` From legal document to public myth : Magna Carta in the 17th century '' . The British Library . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 ; `` Magna Carta : Magna Carta in the 17th Century '' . The Society of Antiquaries of London . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Origins and growth of Parliament '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of Parliament '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Putney debates '' . The British Library . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Anon. 2010 , pp. 2 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights '' . British Library . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Horwitz 1977 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1956 , pp. 145 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , pp. 37 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Convention and Bill of Rights '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Thatcher 1907 , pp. 10 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 27 .", "10": "Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights ( 1688 ) '' . legislation.gov.uk . note X1 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Act of Settlement '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill of Rights '' . British Library . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . This vigorous assertion of the rights of the subject meant that the Bill of Rights is often seen as parallel in importance with Magna Carta itself . Jump up ^ `` Rise of Parliament '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Although the Bill of Rights attacked the abuse of prerogative power rather than prerogative power itself , it had the virtue of enshrining in statute what many regarded as ancient rights and liberties . However , some historians maintain that a more profound change in the relationship between sovereign and Parliament emerged as a result of the financial settlement that Parliament negotiated with William and Mary . Jump up ^ `` Constitutionalism : America & Beyond '' . Bureau of International Information Programs ( IIP ) , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . The earliest , and perhaps greatest , victory for liberalism was achieved in England . The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th , and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and , eventually , of the House of Commons . What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law ( although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism ) . This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages . What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced . Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects ... However , as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights , the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property ( in the narrow sense ) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth .", "11": "The `` rights of man '' enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England , notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789 . Jump up ^ Walker 2009 , p. 2 : `` thereby establishing a constitutional monarchy '' . Jump up ^ Billias 2011 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Maier 1997 , pp. 126 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 UK Memory of the World Register '' . United Kingdom National Commission for UNESCO . 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . All the main principles of the Bill of Rights are still in force today , and the Bill of Rights continues to be cited in legal cases in the UK and in Commonwealth countries . It has a primary place in a wider national historical narrative of documents which established the rights of Parliament and set out universal civil liberties , starting with Magna Carta in 1215 . It also has international significance , as it was a model for the US Bill of Rights 1789 , and its influence can be seen in other documents which establish rights of human beings , such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man , the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights . Jump up ^ `` Facts About the Bill of Rights on Its 220th Anniversary '' . History.com. 15 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lock 1989 , pp. 540 -- 561 . Jump up ^ Toporoski , Richard ( Summer 1996 ) . `` Monarchy Canada : The Invisible Crown '' . Archived from the original on 17 June 1997 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to the UK Legal System '' . Hauser Global Law School Program , New York University School of Law . November 2005 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legal System of the United Kingdom '' . The Chartered Institute of Legal Executives . Archived from the original on 13 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 .", "12": "Jump up ^ Alexander Horne ; Oonagh Gay ( 21 May 2014 ) . `` Ending the Hamilton Affair ? '' . UK Constitutional Law Association Blog . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miller & Anor , R ( On the Application Of ) v The Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union ( 2016 ) EWHC 2768 ( Admin ) ( 03 November 2016 ) '' . England and Wales High Court ( Administrative Court ) Decisions. 3 November 2016 . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . This subordination of the Crown ( i.e. the executive government ) to law is the foundation of the rule of law in the United Kingdom . It has its roots well before the war between the Crown and Parliament in the seventeenth century but was decisively confirmed in the settlement arrived at with the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and has been recognised ever since , Sir Edward Coke reports the considered view of himself and the senior judges of the time in The Case of Proclamations ( 1610 ) 12 Co . Rep. 74 , that : `` the King by his proclamation or other ways can not change any part of the common law , or statute law , or the customs of the realm '' and that : `` the King hath no prerogative , but that which the law of the land allows him . '' The position was confirmed in the first two parts of section 1 of the Bill of Rights 1688 : `` Suspending power - That the pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regall authority without consent of Parlyament is illegall . Late dispensing power - That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regall authoritie as it hath beene assumed and exercised of late is illegall . '' Jump up ^ `` Brexit court ruling : Your questions answered '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitutional Setting '' . States Services Commission , New Zealand . Archived from the original on 16 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The legitimacy of judicial review of executive decision - making '' . New Zealand Law Society . Archived from the original on 4 February 2010 .", "13": "Jump up ^ `` Statute Law Revision Act 2007 Section 2 '' . Irish Statute Book . Jump up ^ `` Statute Law Revision Act 2007 Schedule 1 '' . Irish Statute Book . Jump up ^ `` Two Pound Coin '' . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Life , death and everything in between '' . UK Parliament . 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta & Parliament Exhibition '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Anon. ( 2010 ) . `` The Glorious Revolution '' . Factsheet General Series . G4 . House of Commons Information Office . Billias , George Athan ( 2011 ) . American constitutionalism heard round the world , 1776 - 1989 : a global perspective . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 9780814725177 . Blick , Andrew ( 2015 ) . `` Magna Carta and contemporary constitutional change '' . History and Policy . Carpenter , Edward ( 1956 ) . The Protestant Bishop . Being the Life of Henry Compton , 1632 -- 1713 . Bishop of London . London : Longmans , Green and Co . OCLC 1919768 . Horwitz , Henry ( 1977 ) . Parliament , Policy and Politics in the Reign of William III . Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 0661 - 6 . Lock , Geoffrey ( 1989 ) . `` The 1689 Bill of Rights '' . Political Studies . 37 ( 4 ) : 540 -- 561 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9248.1989. tb00288. x . Maier , Pauline ( 1997 ) . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . Schwoerer , Lois G. ( 1990 ) .", "14": "`` Locke , Lockean Ideas , and the Glorious Revolution '' . Journal of the History of Ideas . University of Pennsylvania Press . 51 ( 4 ) . JSTOR 2709645 . Thatcher , Oliver Joseph ( ed . ) ( 1907 ) . The library of original sources . University Research Extension . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Walker , Aileen ; Gay , Oonagh ; Maer , Lucinda ( 2009 ) . `` Bill of Rights 1689 '' . House of Commons Library . Williams , E.N. ( 1960 ) . The Eighteenth - Century Constitution . 1688 -- 1815 . Cambridge University Press . OCLC 1146699 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Bill of Rights 1689 Wikimedia Commons has media related to English Bill of Rights of 1689 . Text of the Bill of Rights Yale Law School Law Library Text of the Bill of Rights 1689 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.", "15": "uk The Parliamentary Archives holds the original document Succession to the British throne Legislation Succession Act 1533 Succession Act 1536 Succession Act 1543 Coronation Oath Act 1688 Bill of Rights 1689 Act of Settlement 1701 Act of Union 1706 Accession Declaration Act 1910 Perth Agreement 2011 Succession to the Crown Act 2013 Regency Acts United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1706 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.", "16": "uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders - in - Council / Orders in Council Orders - in - Council for Northern Ireland ( 1972 - 2009 ) Orders in Council for Northern Ireland Secondary legislation United Kingdom Statutory Instruments various Scottish Statutory Instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal all others Constitution of Canada List of constitutional documents Quasi-constitutional law ( hide ) Pre-Confederation constitutional documents Iroquois constitution Mi'kmaq constitution Constitution of New France Royal Proclamation of 1763 Quebec Act of 1774 Constitutional Act of 1791 Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada ( 1838 ) Report on the Affairs of British North America ( 1839 ) Act of Union 1840 Confederation Charlottetown Conference , 1864 Quebec Conference , 1864 Quebec Resolutions London Conference , 1866 Fathers of Confederation Constitution Act , 1867 Canadian federalism Preamble Section 121 Section 125 Powers under Section 91 Peace , order , and good government Trade and commerce Criminal law Matters excepted from s . 92 Powers under Section 92 Licensing Works and undertakings Property and civil rights Administration of justice Fines and penalties for provincial laws Matters of a local or private nature Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867 -- 1982 British North America Acts , 1867 -- 1982 Manitoba Act , 1870 Alberta Act , 1905 Saskatchewan Act , 1905 Statute of Westminster , 1931 Newfoundland Act , 1949 Patriation Fulton -- Favreau formula Victoria Charter Kitchen Accord / Night of the Long Knives Constitution Act ,", "17": "1982 Part I -- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Preamble 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16.1 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Part II -- Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada 35 Part III -- Equalization and regional disparities 36 Part VII -- General 52 59 Conventions At Her Majesty 's pleasure Cabinet collective responsibility Disallowance and reservation Responsible government Fusion of powers Queen - in - Parliament Implied repeal Individual ministerial responsibility Interpellation Question Period Parliamentary privilege Parliamentary sovereignty Reserve power Royal prerogative Constitutional debate since 1982 Triple - E Senate Meech Lake Accord Charlottetown Accord Calgary Declaration Other unsuccessful amendments Interpretation of the Constitution Aboriginal self - government Pith and substance Double aspect Equal authenticity rule Paramountcy Living tree Implied Bill of Rights Interjurisdictional immunity Purposive theory Dialogue principle Provincial constitutional law Constitution of Alberta Constitution of Quebec Constitution Act ( British Columbia ) WikiProject VIAF : 200966891 GND : 4145518 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "18": "php?title=Bill_of_Rights_1689&oldid=818519550 '' Categories : Constitution of Canada Constitutional laws of England Constitution of the United Kingdom Succession to the British crown Succession to the Canadian Crown Acts of the Parliament of England Acts of the Parliament of England still in force 1689 in law 1689 in England Political charters History of human rights Christianity and law in the 17th century Glorious Revolution Mary II of England Civil rights and liberties legislation Civil rights and liberties in the United Kingdom Constitution of New Zealand Succession acts William III of England 1689 in politics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Alemannisch Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lumbaart Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 01 : 06 . 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6268752976507719216	when do you celebrate birthday if born on feb 29	[ "February 28", "March 1", "February 29" ]	{ "0": "February 29 - wikipedia February 29 This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 22 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the calendar day . For the South Korean film , see February 29 ( film ) . For the Malaysian film , see 29 Februari . `` Leap Day '' redirects here . For the `` 30 Rock '' episode , see Leap Day ( 30 Rock ) . For the `` Modern Family '' episode , see Leap Day ( Modern Family ) . < < February > > Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2018 February 29 in recent years 2016 ( Monday ) 2012 ( Wednesday ) 2008 ( Friday ) February 29 , also known as leap day or leap year day , is a date added to most years that are divisible by 4 , such as 2008 , 2012 , 2016 , 2020 , and 2024 . A leap day is added in various solar calendars ( calendars based on the Earth 's revolution around the Sun ) , including the Gregorian calendar standard in most of the world . Lunisolar calendars ( whose months are based on the phases of the Moon ) instead add a leap or intercalary month . In the Gregorian calendar , years that are divisible by 100 , but not by 400 , do not contain a leap day . Thus , 1700 , 1800 , and 1900 did not contain a leap day ; neither will 2100 , 2200 , and 2300 . Conversely , 1600 and 2000 did and 2400 will . Years containing a leap day are called leap years . Years not containing a leap day are called common years .", "1": "February 29 is the 60th day of the Gregorian calendar , in such a year , with 306 days remaining until the end of the year . In the Chinese calendar , this day will only occur in years of the monkey , dragon , and rat . A leap day is observed because the Earth 's period of orbital revolution around the Sun takes approximately 6 hours longer than 365 whole days . A leap day compensates for this lag , realigning the calendar with the Earth 's position in the Solar System ; otherwise , seasons would occur later than intended in the calendar year . The Julian calendar used in Christendom until the 16th century added a leap day every four years ; but this rule adds too many days ( roughly 3 every 400 years ) , making the equinoxes and solstices shift gradually to earlier dates . By the 16th century the vernal equinox had drifted to March 11 , and the Gregorian calendar was introduced both to shift it back by omitting several days , and to reduce the number of leap years via the `` century rule '' to keep the equinoxes more or less fixed and the date of Easter consistently close to the vernal equinox . Contents ( hide ) 1 Leap years 1.1 Modern ( Gregorian ) calendar 1.2 Early Roman calendar 1.3 Julian reform 2 Born on February 29 2.1 Legal status 2.2 In fiction 3 Events 4 Births 5 Deaths 6 Holidays and observances 7 Folk traditions 8 References 9 External links Leap years ( edit ) Main article : Leap year Although most modern calendar years have 365 days , a complete revolution around the Sun ( one solar year ) takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours . An extra 24 hours thus accumulates every four years , requiring that an extra calendar day be added to align the calendar with the Sun 's apparent position . Without the added day , in future years the seasons would occur later in the calendar , eventually leading to confusion about when to undertake activities dependent on weather , ecology , or hours of daylight . A solar year is actually slightly shorter than 365 days and 6 hours ( 365.25 days ) .", "2": "As early as the 13th century it was recognized that the year is shorter than the 365.25 days assumed by the Julian calendar : the Earth 's orbital period around the Sun was derived from the medieval Alfonsine tables as 365 days , 5 hours , 49 minutes , and 16 seconds ( 365.2425 days ) . The currently accepted modern figure is 365 days , 5 hours , 48 minutes , 45 seconds . Adding a calendar day every four years , therefore , results in an excess of around 44 minutes for those four years , or about 3 days every 400 years . To compensate for this , three days are removed every 400 years . The Gregorian calendar reform implements this adjustment by making an exception to the general rule that there is a leap year every four years . Instead , a year divisible by 100 is not a leap year unless that year is also divisible by 400 . This means that the years 1600 , 2000 , and 2400 are leap years , while the years 1700 , 1800 , 1900 , 2100 , 2200 , 2300 , and 2500 are common years . Modern ( Gregorian ) calendar ( edit ) The Gregorian calendar repeats itself every 400 years , which is exactly 20,871 weeks including 97 leap days ( 146,097 days ) . Over this period , February 29 falls on Sunday , Tuesday , and Thursday 13 times each ; 14 times each on Friday and Saturday ; and 15 times each on Monday and Wednesday . Excepting when a century mark that is not a multiple of 400 intervenes , consecutive leaps days fall in order Thursday , Tuesday , Sunday , Friday , Wednesday , Monday , and Saturday ; then repeating with Thursday again . Early Roman calendar ( edit ) Adding a leap day ( after 23 February ) shifts the commemorations in the 1962 Roman Missal . Main article : Roman calendar The calendar of the Roman king Numa Pompilius had only 355 days ( even though it was not a lunar calendar ) which meant that it would quickly become unsynchronized with the solar year . An earlier Roman solution to this problem was to lengthen the calendar periodically by adding extra days to February , the last month of the year .", "3": "February consisted of two parts , each with an odd number of days . The first part ended with the Terminalia on the 23rd , which was considered the end of the religious year , and the five remaining days formed the second part . To keep the calendar year roughly aligned with the solar year , a leap month , called Mensis Intercalaris ( `` intercalary month '' ) , was added from time to time between these two parts of February . The ( usual ) second part of February was incorporated in the intercalary month as its last five days , with no change either in their dates or the festivals observed on them . This followed naturally , because the days after the Ides ( 13th ) of February ( in an ordinary year ) or the Ides of Intercalaris ( in an intercalary year ) both counted down to the Kalends of March ( i.e. they were known as `` the nth day before the Kalends of March '' ) . The Nones ( 5th ) and Ides of Intercalaris occupied their normal positions . The third - century writer Censorinus says : When it was thought necessary to add ( every two years ) an intercalary month of 22 or 23 days , so that the civil year should correspond to the natural ( solar ) year , this intercalation was in preference made in February , between Terminalia ( 23rd ) and Regifugium ( 24th ) . Julian reform ( edit ) Main article : Julian calendar The set leap day was introduced in Rome as a part of the Julian reform in the 1st century BC . As before , the intercalation was made after February 23 . The day following the Terminalia ( February 23 ) was doubled , forming the `` bis sextum '' -- literally ' twice sixth ' , since February 24 was ' the sixth day before the Kalends of March ' using Roman inclusive counting ( March 1 was the Kalends of March and was also the first day of the calendar year ) . Inclusive counting initially caused the Roman priests to add the extra day every three years instead of four ; Augustus was compelled to omit leap years for a few decades to return the calendar to its proper position .", "4": "Although there were exceptions , the first day of the bis sextum ( February 24 ) was usually regarded as the intercalated or `` bissextile '' day since the 3rd century AD . February 29 came to be regarded as the leap day when the Roman system of numbering days was replaced by sequential numbering in the late Middle Ages , although this has only been formally enacted in Sweden and Finland . In Britain , the extra day added to leap years remains notionally the 24th , although the 29th remains more visible on the calendar . Born on February 29 ( edit ) A person born on February 29 may be called a `` leapling '' , a `` leaper '' , or a `` leap - year baby '' . In non-leap years , some leaplings celebrate their birthday on either February 28 or March 1 , while others only observe birthdays on the authentic intercalary date , February 29 . Legal status ( edit ) The effective legal date of a leapling 's birthday in non-leap years varies between jurisdictions . In the United Kingdom and Hong Kong , when a person born on February 29 turns 18 , they are considered to have their birthday on March 1 in the relevant year . In New Zealand , a person born on February 29 is deemed to have their birthday on February 28 in non-leap years , for the purposes of Driver Licensing under § 2 ( 2 ) of the Land Transport ( Driver Licensing ) Rule 1999 . The net result is that for drivers aged 75 , or over 80 , their driver licence expires at the end of the last day of February , even though their birthday would otherwise fall on the first day in March in non-leap years . Otherwise , New Zealand legislation is silent on when a person born on 29 February has their birthday , although case law would suggest that age is computed based on the number of years elapsed , from the day after the date of birth , and that the person 's birth day then occurs on the last day of the year period . This differs from English common law where a birthday is considered to be the start of the next year , the preceding year ending at midnight on the day preceding the birthday .", "5": "While a person attains the same age on the same day , it also means that , in New Zealand , if something must be done by the time a person attains a certain age , that thing can be done on the birthday that they attain that age and still be lawful . In Taiwan ( Republic of China ) , the legal birthday of a leapling is February 28 in common years : If a period fixed by weeks , months , and years does not commence from the beginning of a week , month , or year , it ends with the ending of the day which proceeds the day of the last week , month , or year which corresponds to that on which it began to commence . But if there is no corresponding day in the last month , the period ends with the ending of the last day of the last month . Thus , in England and Wales or in Hong Kong , a person born on February 29 will have legally reached 18 years old on March 1 . If they were born in Taiwan they legally become 18 on February 28 , a day earlier . In the United States , according to John Reitz , a professor of law at the University of Iowa , there is no `` ... statute or general rule that has anything to do with leap day . '' Reitz speculates that `` March 1 would likely be considered the legal birthday in non-leap years of someone born on leap day , '' using the same reasoning as described for the United Kingdom and Hong Kong . In fiction ( edit ) There are many instances in children 's literature where a person 's claim to be only a quarter of their actual age turns out to be based on counting only their leap - year birthdays . A similar device is used in the plot of Gilbert and Sullivan 's 1879 comic opera The Pirates of Penzance . As a child , Frederic was apprenticed to a band of pirates until his 21st birthday . Having passed his 21st year , he leaves the pirate band and falls in love . However , since he was born on February 29 , his 21st birthday will not arrive until he is eighty - four , so he must leave his fiancée and return to the pirates . Events ( edit ) 1504 -- Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Native Americans to provide him with supplies .", "6": "1644 -- Abel Tasman 's second Pacific voyage began . 1704 -- Queen Anne 's War : French forces and Native Americans stage a raid on Deerfield , Massachusetts Bay Colony , killing 56 villagers and taking more than 100 captive . 1712 -- February 29 is followed by February 30 in Sweden , in a move to abolish the Swedish calendar for a return to the Julian calendar . 1720 -- Ulrika Eleonora , Queen of Sweden abdicates in favour of her husband , who becomes King Frederick I on 24 March . 1752 -- King Alaungpaya founds Konbaung Dynasty , the last dynasty of Burmese monarchy . 1768 -- Polish nobles formed Bar Confederation . 1796 -- The Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain comes into force , facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations . 1864 -- American Civil War : Kilpatrick -- Dahlgren Raid fails : Plans to free 15,000 Union soldiers being held near Richmond , Virginia are thwarted . 1892 -- St. Petersburg , Florida is incorporated . 1912 -- The Piedra Movediza ( Moving Stone ) of Tandil falls and breaks . 1916 -- Tokelau is annexed by the United Kingdom . 1916 -- Child labor : In South Carolina , the minimum working age for factory , mill , and mine workers is raised from twelve to fourteen years old . 1920 -- Czechoslovak National assembly adopted the Constitution . 1936 -- February 26 Incident in Tokyo ends . 1940 -- For her performance as `` Mammy '' in Gone with the Wind , Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African American to win an Academy Award . 1940 -- Finland initiates Winter War peace negotiations . 1940 -- In a ceremony held in Berkeley , California , because of the war , physicist Ernest Lawrence receives the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics from Sweden 's Consul General in San Francisco . 1944 -- World War II : The Admiralty Islands are invaded in Operation Brewer led by American General Douglas MacArthur . 1960 -- The 5.7 M Agadir earthquake shakes coastal Morocco with a maximum perceived intensity of X ( Extreme ) , destroying Agadir , and leaving 12,000 dead and another 12,000 injured .", "7": "1964 -- In Sydney , Australian swimmer Dawn Fraser sets a new world record in the 100 - meter freestyle swimming competition ( 58.9 seconds ) . 1972 -- Vietnam War : Vietnamization : South Korea withdraws 11,000 of its 48,000 troops from Vietnam . 1980 -- Gordie Howe of the then Hartford Whalers makes NHL history as he scores his 800th goal . 1988 -- South African archbishop Desmond Tutu is arrested along with 100 clergymen during a five - day anti-apartheid demonstration in Cape Town . 1988 -- Svend Robinson becomes the first member of the House of Commons of Canada to come out as gay . 1992 -- First day of Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum . 1996 -- Faucett Flight 251 crashes in the Andes , all 123 passengers and crew died . 1996 -- Siege of Sarajevo officially ends . 2000 -- Second Chechen War : Eighty - four Russian paratroopers are killed in a rebel attack on a guard post near Ulus Kert . 2004 -- Jean - Bertrand Aristide is removed as President of Haiti following a coup . 2008 -- The United Kingdom 's Ministry of Defence decides to withdraw Prince Harry from a tour of Afghanistan `` immediately '' after a leak led to his deployment being reported by foreign media . 2008 -- Misha Defonseca admits to fabricating her memoir , Misha : A Mémoire of the Holocaust Years , in which she claimed to have lived with a pack of wolves in the woods during the Holocaust . 2012 -- Tokyo Skytree construction completed . It is , as of 2017 , the tallest tower in the world , 634 meters high , and second tallest ( man - made ) structure on Earth , next to Burj Khalifa . Births ( edit ) 1468 -- Pope Paul III ( d . 1549 ) 1528 -- Albert V , Duke of Bavaria ( d . 1579 ) 1528 -- Domingo Báñez , Spanish theologian ( d . 1604 ) 1572 -- Edward Cecil , 1st Viscount Wimbledon ( d . 1638 ) 1576 -- Antonio Neri , Florentine priest and glassmaker ( d .", "8": "1614 ) 1640 -- Benjamin Keach , Particular Baptist preacher and author whose name was given to Keach 's Catechism ( d . 1704 ) 1692 -- John Byrom , English poet and educator ( d . 1763 ) 1724 -- Eva Marie Veigel , Austrian - English dancer ( d . 1822 ) 1736 -- Ann Lee , English - American religious leader , founded the Shakers ( d . 1784 ) 1792 -- Gioachino Rossini , Italian pianist and composer ( d . 1868 ) 1812 -- James Milne Wilson , Scottish - Australian soldier and politician , 8th Premier of Tasmania ( d . 29 February 1880 ) 1828 -- Emmeline B. Wells , American journalist , poet , and activist ( d . 1921 ) 1836 -- Dickey Pearce , American baseball player and manager ( d . 1908 ) 1852 -- Frank Gavan Duffy , Irish - Australian lawyer and judge , 4th Chief Justice of Australia ( d . 1936 ) 1860 -- Herman Hollerith , American statistician and businessman , co-founded the Computing - Tabulating - Recording Company ( d . 1929 ) 1884 -- Richard S. Aldrich , American lawyer and politician ( d . 1941 ) 1892 -- Augusta Savage , American sculptor ( d . 1962 ) 1896 -- Morarji Desai , Indian civil servant and politician , 4th Prime Minister of India ( d . 1995 ) 1896 -- William A. Wellman , American actor , director , producer , and screenwriter ( d . 1975 ) 1904 -- Rukmini Devi Arundale , Indian dancer and choreographer ( d . 1986 ) 1904 -- Jimmy Dorsey , American saxophonist , composer , and bandleader ( d . 1957 ) 1904 -- Pepper Martin , American baseball player and manager ( d . 1965 ) 1908 -- Balthus , French - Swiss painter and illustrator ( d . 2001 ) 1908 -- Dee Brown , American historian and author ( d .", "9": "2002 ) 1908 -- Alf Gover , English cricketer and coach ( d . 2001 ) 1908 -- Louie Myfanwy Thomas , Welsh writer ( d . 1968 ) 1916 -- Dinah Shore , American singer and actress ( d . 1994 ) 1916 -- James B. Donovan , American lawyer ( d . 1970 ) 1916 -- Leonard Shoen , founder of U-Haul Corp. ( d . 1999 ) 1920 -- Fyodor Abramov , Russian author and critic ( d . 1983 ) 1920 -- Arthur Franz , American actor ( d . 2006 ) 1920 -- James Mitchell , American actor and dancer ( d . 2010 ) 1920 -- Michèle Morgan , French - American actress and singer ( d . 2016 ) 1920 -- Howard Nemerov , American poet and academic ( d . 1991 ) 1920 -- Rolland W. Redlin , American lawyer and politician ( d . 2011 ) 1924 -- David Beattie , New Zealand judge and politician , 14th Governor - General of New Zealand ( d . 2001 ) 1924 -- Carlos Humberto Romero , Salvadoran politician , President of El Salvador ( d . 2017 ) 1924 -- Al Rosen , American baseball player and manager ( d . 2015 ) 1928 -- Joss Ackland , English actor 1928 -- Vance Haynes , American archaeologist , geologist , and author 1928 -- Seymour Papert , South African mathematician and computer scientist , co-created the Logo programming language ( d . 2016 ) 1932 -- Gene H. Golub , American mathematician and academic ( d . 2007 ) 1932 -- Masten Gregory , American race car driver ( d . 1985 ) 1932 -- Reri Grist , American soprano and actress 1932 -- Jaguar , Brazilian cartoonist 1932 -- Gavin Stevens , Australian cricketer 1936 -- Jack R. Lousma , American colonel , astronaut , and politician 1936 -- Henri Richard , Canadian ice hockey player 1936 -- Alex Rocco , American actor ( d .", "10": "2015 ) 1940 -- Bartholomew I of Constantinople 1940 -- William H. Turner , Jr . American horse trainer 1944 -- Ene Ergma , Estonian physicist and politician 1944 -- Dennis Farina , American police officer and actor ( d . 2013 ) 1944 -- Nicholas Frayling , English priest and academic 1944 -- Phyllis Frelich , American actress ( d . 2014 ) 1944 -- Steve Mingori , American baseball player ( d . 2008 ) 1944 -- Paolo Eleuteri Serpieri , Italian author and illustrator 1948 -- Hermione Lee , English author , critic , and academic 1948 -- Patricia A. McKillip , American author 1948 -- Henry Small , American - born Canadian singer 1952 -- Sharon Dahlonega Raiford Bush , American journalist and producer 1952 -- Tim Powers , American author and educator 1952 -- Raisa Smetanina , Russian cross-country skier 1952 -- Bart Stupak , American police officer and politician 1956 -- Jonathan Coleman , English - Australian radio and television host 1956 -- Bob Speller , Canadian businessman and politician , 30th Canadian Minister of Agriculture 1956 -- Aileen Wuornos , American serial killer ( d . 2002 ) 1960 -- Lucian Grainge , English businessman 1960 -- Khaled , Algerian singer - songwriter 1960 -- Richard Ramirez , American serial killer ( d .", "11": "2013 ) 1960 -- Tony Robbins , American motivational speaker and author 1964 -- Dave Brailsford , English cyclist and coach 1964 -- Lyndon Byers , Canadian ice hockey player and radio host 1964 -- Mervyn Warren , American tenor , composer , and producer 1968 -- Suanne Braun , South African - English actress 1968 -- Chucky Brown , American basketball player and coach 1968 -- Pete Fenson , American curler and sportscaster 1968 -- Naoko Iijima , Japanese actress and model 1968 -- Bryce Paup , American football player and coach 1968 -- Howard Tayler , American author and illustrator 1968 -- Eugene Volokh , Ukrainian - American lawyer and educator 1968 -- Frank Woodley , Australian actor , producer , and screenwriter 1972 -- Mike Pollitt , English footballer and coach 1972 -- Antonio Sabàto , Jr. , Italian - American model and actor 1972 -- Pedro Sánchez , Spanish politician 1972 -- Dave Williams , American singer ( d . 2002 ) 1972 -- Saul Williams , American singer - songwriter 1972 -- Pedro Zamora , Cuban - American activist and educator ( d .", "12": "1994 ) 1976 -- Zoë Baker , English - New Zealand swimmer and coach 1976 -- Gehad Grisha , Egyptian soccer referee 1976 -- Terrence Long , American baseball player 1976 -- Ja Rule , American rapper and actor 1980 -- Çağdaş Atan , Turkish footballer 1980 -- Chris Conley , American singer - songwriter and guitarist 1980 -- Patrick Côté , Canadian mixed martial artist 1980 -- Simon Gagné , Canadian ice hockey player 1980 -- Rubén Plaza , Spanish cyclist 1980 -- Clinton Toopi , New Zealand rugby league player 1980 -- Taylor Twellman , American soccer player and sportscaster 1984 -- Darren Ambrose , English footballer 1984 -- Megan Bernard , Australian audio artist 1984 -- Mark Foster , American musician ( Foster the People ) 1984 -- Rica Imai , Japanese model and actress 1984 -- Cullen Jones , American swimmer 1984 -- Nuria Martínez , Spanish basketball player 1984 -- Adam Sinclair , Indian field hockey player 1984 -- Rakhee Thakrar , English actress 1984 -- Dennis Walger , German rugby player 1984 -- Cam Ward , Canadian ice hockey player 1988 -- Lena Gercke , German model and television host 1988 -- Scott Golbourne , English footballer 1988 -- Benedikt Höwedes , German footballer 1988 -- Nadav Ben Yehuda , Israeli Mountaineer and SAR Specialist 1988 -- Brent Macaffer , Australian Rules footballer 1988 -- Bobby Sanguinetti , American ice hockey player 1992 -- Sean Abbott , Australian cricketer 1992 -- Ben Hampton , Australian rugby league player 1992 -- Perry Kitchen , American soccer player 1992 -- Caitlin EJ Meyer , American actress 1992 -- Saphir Taïder , French - Algerian footballer 1996 -- Nelson Asofa - Solomona , New Zealand rugby league player 1996 -- Claudia Williams , New Zealand tennis player Deaths ( edit ) 468 -- Pope Hilarius 992 -- Oswald of Worcester , French archbishop and saint ( b .", "13": "925 ) 1212 -- Hōnen , Japanese monk , founded Jōdo - shū ( b . 1133 ) 1460 -- Albert III , Duke of Bavaria - Munich ( b . 1401 ) 1528 -- Patrick Hamilton , Scottish Protestant reformer and martyr ( b . 1504 ) 1592 -- Alessandro Striggio , Italian composer and diplomat ( b . 1540 ) 1600 -- Caspar Hennenberger , German pastor , historian and cartographer ( b . 1529 ) 1604 -- John Whitgift , English archbishop and academic ( b . 1530 ) 1740 -- Pietro Ottoboni , Italian cardinal ( b . 1667 ) 1744 -- John Theophilus Desaguliers , French - English physicist and philosopher ( b . 1683 ) 1792 -- Johann Andreas Stein , German piano builder ( b . 1728 ) 1820 -- Johann Joachim Eschenburg , German historian and critic ( b . 1743 ) 1848 -- Louis - François Lejeune , French general , painter and lithographer ( b . 1775 ) 1852 -- Matsudaira Katataka , Japanese daimyo ( b . 1806 ) 1868 -- Ludwig I of Bavaria ( b . 1786 ) 1880 -- James Milne Wilson , Scottish - Australian soldier and politician , 8th Premier of Tasmania ( b . 29 February 1812 ) 1908 -- Pat Garrett , American sheriff ( b . 1850 ) 1908 -- John Hope , 1st Marquess of Linlithgow , Scottish - Australian politician , 1st Governor - General of Australia ( b . 1860 ) 1920 -- Ernie Courtney , American baseball player ( b . 1875 ) 1928 -- Adolphe Appia , Swiss architect and theorist ( b . 1862 ) 1928 -- Ina Coolbrith , American poet and librarian ( b . 1841 ) 1940 -- E.F. Benson , English archaeologist and author ( b .", "14": "1867 ) 1944 -- Pehr Evind Svinhufvud , Finnish lawyer , judge and politician , 3rd President of Finland ( b . 1861 ) 1948 -- Robert Barrington - Ward , English lawyer and journalist ( b . 1891 ) 1948 -- Rebel Oakes , American baseball player and manager ( b . 1883 ) 1952 -- Quo Tai - chi , Chinese politician and diplomat , Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations ( b . 1888 ) 1956 -- Elpidio Quirino , Filipino lawyer and politician , 6th President of the Philippines ( b . 1890 ) 1960 -- Melvin Purvis , American police officer and FBI agent ( b . 1903 ) 1960 -- Walter Yust , American journalist and author ( b . 1894 ) 1964 -- Frank Albertson , American actor and singer ( b . 1909 ) 1968 -- Lena Blackburne , American baseball player , coach and manager ( b . 1886 ) 1968 -- Tore Ørjasæter , Norwegian poet and educator ( b . 1886 ) 1972 -- Tom Davies , American football player and coach ( b . 1896 ) 1976 -- Florence P. Dwyer , American politician ( b . 1902 ) 1980 -- Yigal Allon , Israeli general and politician , Prime Minister of Israel ( b . 1918 ) 1980 -- Gil Elvgren , American painter and illustrator ( b . 1914 ) 1984 -- Ludwik Starski , Polish screenwriter and songwriter ( b . 1903 ) 1988 -- Sidney Harmon , American screenwriter and producer ( b . 1907 ) 1992 -- Ruth Pitter , English poet and author ( b . 1897 ) 1996 -- Wes Farrell , American singer - songwriter and producer ( b . 1939 ) 1996 -- Ralph Rowe , American baseball player , coach and manager ( b . 1924 ) 2000 -- Dennis Danell , American guitarist ( b . 1961 ) 2004 -- Kagamisato Kiyoji , Japanese sumo wrestler , the 42nd Yokozuna ( b .", "15": "1923 ) 2004 -- Jerome Lawrence , American playwright and author ( b . 1915 ) 2004 -- Harold Bernard St. John , Barbadian lawyer and politician , 3rd Prime Minister of Barbados ( b . 1931 ) 2004 -- Lorrie Wilmot , South African cricketer ( b . 1943 ) 2008 -- Janet Kagan , American author ( b . 1946 ) 2008 -- Erik Ortvad , Danish painter and illustrator ( b . 1917 ) 2008 -- Akira Yamada , Japanese scholar and philosopher ( b . 1922 ) 2012 -- Roland Bautista , American guitarist ( b . 1951 ) 2012 -- Davy Jones , English singer , guitarist and actor ( b . 1945 ) 2012 -- Sheldon Moldoff , American illustrator ( b . 1920 ) 2012 -- P.K. Narayana Panicker , Indian social leader ( b . 1930 ) 2016 -- Wenn V. Deramas , Filipino director and screenwriter ( b . 1968 ) 2016 -- Gil Hill , American police officer , actor and politician ( b . 1931 ) 2016 -- Josefin Nilsson , Swedish singer ( b . 1969 ) 2016 -- Louise Rennison , English author ( b . 1951 ) Holidays and observances ( edit ) Christian feast day : Auguste Chapdelaine ( one of Martyr Saints of China ) Oswald of Worcester ( in leap year only ) February 29 ( Eastern Orthodox liturgics ) Saint John Cassian The fourth day of Ayyám - i - Há ( Bahá'í Faith ) ( Please note that this observance is only locked into this date the Gregorian calendar on this date if Bahá'í Naw - Rúz takes place on March 21 , which it does n't in all years ) Rare Disease Day ( in leap years , otherwise is February 28th ) Bachelor 's Day ( Ireland , United Kingdom ) In Discordianism , February 29 is coterminus with St.", "16": "Tibs ' day in the Discordian calendar Folk traditions ( edit ) There is a popular tradition known as Bachelor 's Day in some countries allowing a woman to propose marriage to a man on February 29 . If the man refuses , he then is obliged to give the woman money or buy her a dress . In upper - class societies in Europe , if the man refuses marriage , he then must purchase 12 pairs of gloves for the woman , suggesting that the gloves are to hide the woman 's embarrassment of not having an engagement ring . In Ireland , the tradition is supposed to originate from a deal that Saint Bridget struck with Saint Patrick . In the town of Aurora , Illinois , single women are deputized and may arrest single men , subject to a four - dollar fine , every February 29 . In Greece , it is considered unlucky to marry on a leap day . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lerner , Ed . K. Lee ; Lerner , Brenda W. ( 2004 ) . `` Calendar '' . The Gale Encyclopedia of Science . Detroit , MI : Gale . pp. 679 -- 82 . Jump up ^ `` Calendar Reform '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Censorinus , The Natal Day , 20.28 , tr . William Maude , New York 1900 , available at ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Bonnie Blackburn and Leofranc Holford - Strevens , The Oxford companion to the year ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1999 ) 678 -- 680 . Jump up ^ `` Ante Diem Bis Sextum Kalendras Martii '' , News , The British Sundial Society , 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Rob . `` Leap year February 29 : 29 things you need to know about leap years and their extra day '' . Mirror Online . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Part B -- Entitlement to register '' ( PDF ) . The Electoral Commission . February 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cap 410 , s. 5 Chapter 410 : Age of Majority ( Related Provisions ) Ordinance '' .", "17": "Department of Justice . The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China . June 30 , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Land Transport ( Driver Licensing ) Rule 1999 § 2 ( 2 ) '' . Parliamentary Counsel Office . December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Re an Infant ( 1936 ) 31 MCR 42 Jump up ^ Article 121 of the Civil Code Part I General Principles of the Republic of China in effect in Taiwan . ^ Jump up to : `` Leap day not a significant concern in field of law , government '' . University of Iowa News Service . The University of Iowa . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Arthur ; Gilbert , W.S. ( August 20 , 2011 ) . `` The Pirates of Penzance '' . Gilbert and Sullivan Archive . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' ' Excuse Me , But I Think You 're Sitting on My Hershey Bar ' and Other Openers `` , The Washington Post , February 29 , 1980 . p . D5 Jump up ^ Oblander , Terry . `` Leap Year : It Depends on How You Figure It '' . Akron Beacon Journal . February 29 , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Leap Day customs & traditions '' . Time and Date AS . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tan , Tiffany . `` ' Will you marry me ? ' she says '' , ChinaDaily.com.cn , February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Convenient Year for a Leap '' . Wisconsin State Journal ( Madison , Wisconsin ) . February 28 , 1992 . `` Tradition dies hard in Aurora , Ill. , where every Feb. 29 single women are deputized and allowed to arrest bachelors and fine them $4 . '' Jump up ^ Krucoff , Carol . `` By Leaps and Seconds : It 's Feb. 29 : Call It a Time - Consuming Day '' , The Washington Post .", "18": "February 29 , 1984 , p . F9 . `` Leap Day was not created , as rumor has it , to give women one day out of 1,461 to chase men ( who needs a special day for that ? ) -- even though the town of Aurora , Ill. , deputizes single women and allows them to arrest bachelors ( fine , $4 ) every Feb. 29 . '' Jump up ^ Mudhar , Raju ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Leap Day 2012 : What you need to know '' . The Star . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to February 29 . BBC : On This Day The New York Times : On This Day On This Day in Canada Leap year ( Calendar ) at Encyclopædia Britannica ( hide ) Months and days of the year Today : April 22 , 2018 January 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 February 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 March 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14", "19": "15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16", "20": "17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17", "21": "18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Related : January 0 February 30 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=February_29&oldid=837730946 '' Categories : Days of the year February Discordian holidays Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2016 Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 M w Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Аҧсшәа Aragonés Arpetan", "22": "Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай -", "23": "малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Livvinkarjala Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Перем Коми Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa Scots Sesotho", "24": "sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 166 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 17 : 51 . 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5896404449689779007	what is the number one selling christmas song of all time	[ "\"White Christmas\" by Bing Crosby", "\"White Christmas\" by Bing Crosby", "\"White Christmas\" by Bing Crosby", "\"White Christmas\" by Bing Crosby", "\"White Christmas\" by Bing Crosby" ]	{ "0": "List of best - selling Christmas singles in the United States - wikipedia List of best - selling Christmas singles in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This page shows the best - selling Christmas singles in the United States . It includes artists from around the world , but it only reflects sales in the United States of America . According to the Guinness Book of World Records , `` White Christmas '' by Bing Crosby is not only the best - selling Christmas / holiday single in the United States , but also the best - selling single of all time , with estimated sales in excess of 50 million copies worldwide . Prior to March 1 , 1991 , the only means of tracking sales figures for record albums and singles in the United States was via the certification system of the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , based specifically on shipments ( less potential returns ) on a long - term basis . From March 1 , 1991 through the present day , the Nielsen SoundScan tracking system has been more widely used to accurately track sales of record albums and singles at the point of sale ( POS ) based on inventory bar code scans , as well as digital music download sales starting in 2003 . As of November 25 , 2016 , the holiday single with the most digital downloads is Mariah Carey 's 1994 track `` All I Want for Christmas Is You , '' which SoundScan estimates as having sold 3,200,000 copies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Best - selling Christmas / holiday singles since Nielsen SoundScan tracking began 1.1 Best - selling Christmas singles 2 Best - selling Christmas / holiday singles by RIAA certification 2.1 Digital singles 2.2 Cellular ringtones 2.3 Physical singles 3 See also 4 References Best - selling Christmas / holiday singles since Nielsen SoundScan tracking began ( edit ) This is a list of the top ten best - selling Christmas singles of the SoundScan era in the United States according to the Nielsen Company , as last updated on November 25 , 2016 . Nielsen SoundScan began tracking digital download sales data at the end of June 2003 .", "1": "Best - selling Christmas singles ( edit ) Rank Title Artist Released Label ( s ) Digital Downloads `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' Carey , Mariah Mariah Carey Columbia 3,200,000 `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' Bell , Kristen Kristen Bell , Agatha Lee Monn & Katie Lopez 2013 Walt Disney 1,600,000 `` Christmas Eve / Sarajevo 12 / 24 '' Trans - Siberian Orchestra Lava 1,300,000 `` Mistletoe '' Bieber , Justin Justin Bieber 2011 Island 1,100,000 `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee 1958 Decca 1,000,000 6 `` Christmas Canon '' Trans - Siberian Orchestra 1998 Lava 918,000 7 `` Where Are You Christmas ? '' Hill , Faith Faith Hill 2000 Interscope 897,000 8 `` Feliz Navidad '' Feliciano , José José Feliciano 1970 RCA 808,000 9 `` Jingle Bell Rock '' Helms , Bobby Bobby Helms 1957 Decca 780,000 10 `` Last Christmas '' Wham ! 1984 Columbia 751,000 Best - selling Christmas / holiday singles by RIAA certification ( edit ) This is an incomplete list of the best - selling Christmas / holiday singles in the United States based on certification by the RIAA . This list provides a more complete representation of the best - selling Christmas / holiday albums in history , as it includes those released well before the Nielsen / SoundScan era of music sales . Digital singles ( edit ) Year of Release Title Artist Label ( s ) Certification Award Certification Date 2013 `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? ''", "2": "Bell , Kristen Kristen Bell , Agatha Lee Monn & Katie Lopez Walt Disney Platinum 2014 - 04 - 23 2011 `` Mistletoe '' Bieber , Justin Justin Bieber Island Platinum 2015 - 02 - 27 2007 `` This Christmas '' Brown , Chris Chris Brown RCA Gold 2017 - 11 - 22 2003 `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' Carey , Mariah Mariah Carey Columbia Gold 2005 - 12 - 13 `` Chanukah Song '' Sandler , Adam Adam Sandler Warner Bros . Gold 2009 - 10 - 05 2003 `` Christmas Eve / Sarajevo 12 / 24 '' Trans - Siberian Orchestra Lava Gold 2009 - 12 - 14 Cellular ringtones ( edit ) Year of Release Title Artist Label ( s ) Certification Award Certification Date 2006 `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' Carey , Mariah Mariah Carey Columbia 2x Multi-Platinum 2009 - 12 - 15 2003 `` Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer '' Elmo & Patsy Legacy / Epic Gold 2008 - 12 - 10 2003 `` Santa Baby '' Kitt , Eartha Eartha Kitt Legacy Gold 2008 - 12 - 09 Physical singles ( edit ) According to the most recent record album certifications , the holiday single title with the highest RIAA certification is Elvis Presley 's 1964 single `` Blue Christmas '' , which is certified Platinum by the RIAA ( though its date of certification came more than ten years after the RIAA reduced the threshold for Platinum level for singles from two million copies to one million copies ) .", "3": "Year of Release Title ( A-side / B - side ) Artist ( s ) Label ( s ) Certification Award Certification Date 1964 `` Blue Christmas '' / `` Santa Claus Is Back in Town '' Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley RCA Victor Platinum 1999 - 12 - 15 `` This One 's for the Children '' / `` Funky , Funky Xmas '' New Kids on the Block Columbia Gold 1990 - 01 - 09 1984 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' / `` Feed the World '' Band Aid Columbia Gold 1984 - 12 - 19 1959 `` Alvin 's Harmonica '' / `` Mediocre '' ( David Seville ) The Chipmunks Liberty Gold 1958 `` The Chipmunk Song '' / `` Almost Good '' ( David Seville ) The Chipmunks with the Music of David Seville Liberty Gold 1958 `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' / `` Papa Noël '' Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee Decca Gold 1957 `` Jingle Bell Rock '' / `` Captain Santa Claus ( and His Reindeer Space Patrol ) '' Bobby Helms Decca Gold 1955 `` Nuttin ' for Christmas '' / `` Santa Claus Looks Just Like Daddy '' Mooney , Art Art Mooney and His Orchestra Vocal by Barry Gordon MGM Gold 1952 `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' / `` Thumbelina '' Boyd , Jimmy Jimmy Boyd Columbia Gold 1950 `` Frosty the Snow Man '' / `` When Santa Claus Gets Your Letter '' Autry , Gene Gene Autry and The Cass County Boys Columbia Gold 1949 `` I Yust Go Nuts at Christmas '' / `` Yingle Bells '' Yorgesson , Yogi Yogi Yorgesson Capitol Gold 1949 `` Rudolph , the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' / `` If It Does n't Snow on Christmas '' Autry ,", "4": "Gene Gene Autry & The Pinafores Columbia Gold 1969 - 11 - 10 1948 `` All I Want for Christmas ( Is My Two Front Teeth ) '' / `` Happy New Year '' Jones , Spike Spike Jones and his City Slickers RCA Victor Gold 1948 `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' / `` I 'm A-Tellin ' You , Sam '' Brown , Les Les Brown and his Orchestra Columbia Gold 1947 `` Here Comes Santa Claus ( Down Santa Claus Lane ) '' / `` An Old - Fashioned Christmas '' Autry , Gene Gene Autry Columbia Gold 1946 `` Christmas Island '' / `` Winter Wonderland '' Andrews Sisters and Guy Lombardo and His Royal Canadians Decca Gold 1946 `` The Christmas Song ( Merry Christmas to You ) '' / `` In the Cool of Evening '' The King Cole Trio Capitol Gold 1944 `` White Christmas '' / `` If You Are But a Dream '' Sinatra , Frank Frank Sinatra Columbia Gold 1943 `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas ( If Only in My Dreams ) '' / `` Danny Boy '' Crosby , Bing Bing Crosby Decca Gold 1943 `` Jingle Bells '' / `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' Crosby , Bing Bing Crosby and the Andrews Sisters Decca Gold 1942 `` White Christmas '' / `` Let 's Start the New Year Right '' Crosby , Bing Bing Crosby Decca Gold 1942 `` White Christmas '' / `` Abraham '' Martin , Freddy Freddy Martin and his Orchestra Victor Gold 1935 `` Silent Night '' / `` Adeste Fideles ( O Come , All Ye Faithful ) '' Crosby , Bing Bing Crosby Decca Gold See also ( edit ) Christmas portal Christmas music List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom List of Christmas hit singles in the United States Best - selling Christmas / holiday albums in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guinness Book of Records , 2007 Edition , page 187 Archived 2015 - 03 - 19 at the Wayback Machine .", "5": "Jump up ^ Guinness Book of Records , 2008 Edition , page 181 Jump up ^ Guinness Book of Records , 2009 Edition , pages 14 , 15 & 169 Archived 2013 - 02 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Roy J. Harris , Jr . ( December 5 , 2009 ) . `` The Best - Selling Record of All . ' White Christmas ' and the reasons it endures '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . It was a peaceful song that became a wartime classic . Its unorthodox , melancholy melody -- and mere 54 words , expressing the simple yearning for a return to happier times -- sounded instantly familiar when sung by America 's favorite crooner . But 67 years after its introduction , some still are surprised to learn that Bing Crosby 's recording of the Irving Berlin ballad `` White Christmas '' became not only the runaway smash - hit for the World War II holidays , but the best - selling record of all time . ^ Jump up to : Billboard Staff ( November 25 , 2016 ) . `` What Are the Top - Selling Holiday Songs ? '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA Gold & Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold & Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA Gold & Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc.", "6": "p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 .", "7": "Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St.", "8": "Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs.", "9": "Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St.", "10": "Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best-selling_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States&oldid=818195643 '' Categories : Lists of best - selling albums Christmas albums Christmas music Christian music lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Articles created via the Article Wizard Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 04 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.", "11": ", a non-profit organization . 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5051078441273503298	what is the coldest it has ever been in antarctica	[ "−89.2 °C (−128.6 °F)", "−128.6 °F", "−89.2 °C (−128.6 °F)", "−89.2 °C (−128.6 °F)" ]	{ "0": "Climate of Antarctica - wikipedia Climate of Antarctica Jump to : navigation , search Surface temperature of Antarctica in winter and summer from the European Centre for Medium - Range Weather Forecasts Antarctica has the coldest climate on the Earth . Antarctica 's lowest air temperature record was set on 21 July 1983 , with − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) at Vostok Station . Satellite measurements have identified even lower ground temperatures , down to − 93.2 ° C ( − 135.8 ° F ) at the cloud free East Antarctic Plateau on 10 August 2010 . It is also extremely dry ( technically a desert ) , averaging 166 mm ( 6.5 in ) of precipitation per year . On most parts of the continent the snow rarely melts and is eventually compressed to become the glacier ice that makes up the ice sheet . Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent , because of the katabatic winds . Most of Antarctica has an ice cap climate ( Köppen EF ) with very cold , generally extremely dry weather . Contents ( hide ) 1 Temperature 2 Precipitation 2.1 Weather condition classification 3 Ice cover 3.1 Ice shelves 4 Global warming 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links 8.1 Climate 8.2 Climate change in Antarctica 8.3 Antarctic ice Temperature ( edit ) The Antarctic temperature changes during the last several glacial and interglacial cycles of the present ice age The lowest reliably measured temperature of a continuously occupied station on Earth of − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) was on 21 July 1983 at Vostok Station . For comparison , this is 10.7 ° C ( 19.3 ° F ) colder than subliming dry ice ( at sea level pressure ) . The altitude of the location is 3,900 meters ( 12,800 feet ) .", "1": "The lowest recorded temperature of any location on Earth 's surface was − 93.2 ° C ( − 135.8 ° F ) at 81 ° 48 ′ S 63 ° 30 ′ E / 81.8 ° S 63.5 ° E / - 81.8 ; 63.5 , which is on an unnamed Antarctic plateau between Dome A and Dome F , on 10 August 2010 . The temperature was deduced from radiance measured by the Landsat 8 satellite , and discovered during a National Snow and Ice Data Center review of stored data in December , 2013 . This temperature is not directly comparable to the - 89.2 quoted above , since it is a skin temperature deduced from satellite - measured upwelling radiance , rather than a thermometer - measured temperature of the air 1.5 m ( 4.9 ft ) above the ground surface . On the coast Antarctic average temperatures are around - 10 ° C ( in the warmest parts of Antarctica ) and in the elevated inland they average about - 55 ° C in Vostok . The highest temperature ever recorded in Antarctica was 17.5 ° C ( 63.5 ° F ) at Esperanza Base , on the Antarctic Peninsula , on 24 March 2015 . The mean annual temperature of the interior is − 57 ° C ( − 70.6 ° F ) . The coast is warmer . Monthly means at McMurdo Station range from − 26 ° C ( − 14.8 ° F ) in August to − 3 ° C ( 26.6 ° F ) in January . At the South Pole , the highest temperature ever recorded was − 12.3 ° C ( 9.9 ° F ) on 25 December 2011 . Along the Antarctic Peninsula , temperatures as high as 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) have been recorded , though the summer temperature is below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) most of the time . Severe low temperatures vary with latitude , elevation , and distance from the ocean . East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation . The Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate . Higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing .", "2": "Precipitation ( edit ) Map of average annual precipitation on Antarctica ( mm liquid equivalent ) The total precipitation on Antarctica , averaged over the entire continent , is about 166 millimetres ( 6.5 inches ) per year ( Vaughan et al. , J Climate , 1999 ) . The actual rates vary widely , from high values over the Peninsula ( 15 to 25 inches a year ) to very low values ( as little as 50 millimetres ( 2.0 inches ) in the high interior ( Bromwich , Reviews of Geophysics , 1988 ) . Areas that receive less than 250 millimetres ( 9.8 inches ) of precipitation per year are classified as deserts . Almost all Antarctic precipitation falls as snow . Rainfall is rare and mainly occurs during the summer in coastal areas and surrounding islands . Note that the quoted precipitation is a measure of its equivalence to water , rather than being the actual depth of snow . The air in Antarctica is also very dry . The low temperatures result in a very low absolute humidity , which means that dry skin and cracked lips are a continual problem for scientists and expeditioners working in the continent . Weather condition classification ( edit ) See also : Antarctica Weather Danger Classification The weather in Antarctica can be highly variable , and the weather conditions can often change dramatically in short periods of time . There are various classifications for describing weather conditions in Antarctica ; restrictions given to workers during the different conditions vary by station and nation . In Antarctic , there are different stations scattered everywhere in Antarctica , 16 total in Antarctica ( Amery , Burger Hills , Cape Poinsett , Casey , Davis , Dumont D'urville , Haupt Nunatak , Law Dome , Mawson , McMurdo , Mirnyj , Novolazarevskaja , Skiway South , Syowa , Whoop Whoop and Wilkins Runway ) and one in sub-Antarctica ( Macquarie Island ) . The three places that have the lowest temperature are Amery , Law Dome and Wilkins Runway ( temperature in order : - 24.1 , - 12.8 , - 10.2 ) . Ice cover ( edit ) Nearly all of Antarctica is covered by a sheet of ice that is , on average , a mile thick or more ( 1.6 km ) .", "3": "Antarctica contains 90 % of the world 's ice and more than 70 % of its fresh water . If all the land - ice covering Antarctica were to melt -- around 30 million cubic kilometres ( 7.2 million cubic miles ) of ice -- the seas would rise by over 60 metres ( 200 feet ) . This is , however , very unlikely within the next few centuries . The Antarctic is so cold that even with increases of a few degrees , temperatures would generally remain below the melting point of ice . Higher temperatures are expected to lead to more snow , which would increase the amount of ice in Antarctica , offsetting approximately one third of the expected sea level rise from thermal expansion of the oceans . During a recent decade , East Antarctica thickened at an average rate of about 1.8 centimetres per year while West Antarctica showed an overall thinning of 0.9 centimetres per year . For the contribution of Antarctica to present and future sea level change , see sea level rise . Because ice flows , albeit slowly , the ice within the ice sheet is younger than the age of the sheet itself . Morphometric data for Antarctica ( from Drewry , 1983 ) Surface Area ( km2 ) Percent Mean ice thickness ( m ) Volume ( km3 ) Percent Inland ice sheet 11,965,700 85.97 2,450 29,324,700 97.00 Ice shelves 1,541,710 11.08 475 731,900 2.43 Ice rises 78,970 . 57 670 53,100 . 18 Glacier ice ( total ) 13,586,380 2,160 30,109,800 1 Rock outcrop 331,690 2.38 Antarctica ( total ) 13,918,070 100.00 2,160 30,109,800 1 100.00 1The total ice volume is different from the sum of the component parts because individual figures have been rounded .", "4": "Regional ice data ( from Drewry and others , 1982 ; Drewry , 1983 ) Region Area ( km2 ) Mean ice thickness ( m ) Volume ( km3 ) East Antarctica Inland ice 9,855,570 2,630 25,920,100 Ice shelves 293,510 400 117,400 Ice rises 4,090 400 1,600 West Antarctica ( excluding Antarctic Peninsula ) Inland ice sheet 1,809,760 1,780 3,221,400 Ice shelves 104,860 375 39,300 Ice rises 3,550 375 1,300 Antarctic Peninsula Inland ice sheet 300,380 610 183,200 Ice shelves 144,750 300 43,400 Ice rises 1,570 300 500 Ross Ice Shelf Ice shelf 525,840 427 224,500 Ice rises 10,320 500 5,100 Filchner - Ronne Ice Shelf Ice shelf 472,760 650 307,300 Ice rises 59,440 750 44,600 Ice shelves ( edit ) This section needs attention from an expert in glaciers . The specific problem is : unintelligible English and lack of clarity . WikiProject Glaciers may be able to help recruit an expert . ( April 2017 ) Antarctic ice shelves , 1998 About 75 % of the coastline of Antarctica is ice shelves . The utmost parts consist of floating ice until the grounding line of land based glaciers is reached , which is determined through affords such as Operation IceBridge . Ice shelves lose mass through iceberg breakup ( calving ) , or basal melting ( at the foot of the glacier , when warm ocean water impacts ) , and this can affect ice sheet stability when the land based glaciers start to retreat ; melting or breakup of floating shelf ice does not directly affect global sea levels , however , when sea ice freezes , it preferentially expels salt , in the process becoming purer than the sea water it is floating in .", "5": "Pure water is less dense than salty water , so when the ice melts it will overflow the ' hole in the water ' that the ice had occupied , and when it overflows , it raises the water level . Known changes in coastline ice : Around the Antarctic Peninsula : 1936 -- 1989 : Wordie Ice Shelf significantly reduced in size . 1995 : Ice in the Prince Gustav Channel disintegrated . Parts of the Larsen Ice Shelf broke up in recent decades . 1995 : The Larsen A ice shelf disintegrated in January 1995 . 2001 : 3,250 square kilometres ( 1,250 square miles ) of the Larsen B ice shelf disintegrated in February 2001 . It had been gradually retreating before the breakup event . 2015 : A study concluded that the remaining Larsen B ice - shelf will disintegrate by the end of the decade , based on observations of faster flow and rapid thinning of glaciers in the area . The George VI Ice Shelf , which may be on the brink of instability , has probably existed for approximately 8,000 years , after melting 1,500 years earlier . Warm ocean currents may have been the cause of the melting . Not only the ice sheets are losing mass , but they are losing mass at an accelerating rate . Global warming ( edit ) Main article : Global warming in Antarctica Antarctic Skin Temperature Trends between 1981 and 2007 , based on thermal infrared observations made by a series of NOAA satellite sensors . Skin temperature trends do not necessarily reflect air temperature trends . The continent - wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is positive and significant at > 0.05 ° C / decade since 1957 . The West Antarctic ice sheet has warmed by more than 0.1 ° C / decade in the last 50 years , and is strongest in winter and spring . Although this is partly offset by fall cooling in East Antarctica , this effect is restricted to the 1980s and 1990s . Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s , a finding consistent with the influence of man - made climate change : `` We ca n't pin it down , but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels '' , said NASA scientist Drew Shindell , another study co-author .", "6": "Some of the effects also could be natural variability , he said . The British Antarctic Survey , which has undertaken the majority of Britain 's scientific research in the area , stated in 2009 : West Antarctic ice loss could contribute to 1.4 metres ( 4 feet 7 inches ) sea level rise Antarctica predicted to warm by around 3 ° C ( 5.4 ° F ) over this century 10 % increase in sea ice around the Antarctic Rapid ice loss in parts of the Antarctic Warming of the Southern Ocean will cause changes in Antarctic ecosystem Hole in ozone layer , which has shielded most of Antarctica from global warming 0 September 2007 NASA map showing previously un-melted snowmelt The area of strongest cooling appears at the South Pole , and the region of strongest warming lies along the Antarctic Peninsula . A possible explanation is that loss of UV - absorbing ozone may have cooled the stratosphere and strengthened the polar vortex , a pattern of spinning winds around the South Pole . The vortex acts like an atmospheric barrier , preventing warmer , coastal air from moving into the continent 's interior . A stronger polar vortex might explain the cooling trend in the interior of Antarctica . In their latest study ( 20 September 2007 ) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time , melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica 's largest ice shelf . There is also evidence for widespread glacier retreat around the Antarctic Peninsula . Researchers reported on 21 December 2012 in Nature Geoscience that from 1958 to 2010 , the average temperature at the mile - high Byrd Station rose by 2.4 ° C ( 4.3 ° F ) , with warming fastest in its winter and spring . The spot which is in the heart of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is one of the fastest - warming places on Earth . In 2015 , the temperature showed changes but in a stable manner and the only months that have drastic change in that year are August and September . It also did show that the temperature was very stable throughout the year .", "7": "See also ( edit ) Antarctica cooling controversy Global warming in Antarctica Climate of the Arctic Effects of global warming Retreat of glaciers since 1850 Polar amplification References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The Coldest Place on Earth : - 90 ° C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors , Ted Scambos , Allen Pope , Garrett Campbell , and Terry Haran , American Geophysical Union fall meeting , 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite , Jonathan Amos , BBC News , 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Budretsky , A.B. ( 1984 ) . `` New absolute minimum of air temperature '' . Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition ( in Russian ) . Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat ( 105 ) . Jump up ^ `` World : Lowest Temperature - ASU World Meteorological Organization '' . asu.edu . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Natasha Vizcarra ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Landsat 8 helps unveil the coldest place on Earth '' . National Snow and Ice Data Center . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Amos ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite '' . BBC News Science & Environment . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Antarctic weather '' . www.antarctica.gov.au . Jump up ^ `` Climate statistics for Australian locations '' . www.bom.gov.au . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Region VII ( Antarctica mainland & adjoining islands ) : Highest Temperature '' . World Meteorological Organization . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Antarctica Climate data and graphs , South Pole , McMurdo and Vostok '' . coolantarctica.com . Jump up ^ Matthew A. Lazzara ( 2011 - 12 - 28 ) .", "8": "`` Preliminary Report : Record Temperatures at South Pole ( and nearby AWS sites ... ) '' . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` La Antártida '' ( in Spanish ) . Dirección Nacional del Antártico . Archived from the original on 13 November 2016 . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Weather Observations for Antarctica '' . www.bom.gov.au . Jump up ^ `` Weathering The Conditions '' ( PDF ) . The Antarctic Sun . 18 October 1997 . p. 8 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jim Scott . `` Weather and Travel '' ( PDF ) . Welcome to McMurdo Station . McMurdo Station . p. 6 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Field Manual '' ( PDF ) . Antarctica New Zealand . New Zealand Government . p. 37 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change 2001 : The Scientific Basis '' . Grida.no . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change 2001 : The Scientific Basis '' . Grida.no . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Davis ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Snowfall - Driven Growth in East Antarctic Ice Sheet Mitigates Recent Sea - Level Rise , '' . Science . 308 ( 5730 ) : 1898 -- 1901 . Bibcode : 2005Sci ... 308.1898 D . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1110662 . PMID 15905362 . Jump up ^ `` Does Melting Sea Ice Raise Sea Levels ? - Peace Legacy '' . peacelegacy.org . Jump up ^ E. Rignot ; S. Jacobs ; J. Mouginot ; B. Scheuchl . `` Ice - Shelf Melting Around Antarctica '' . Science . 341 : 266 -- 270 .", "9": "Bibcode : 2013Sci ... 341 ... 266R . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1235798 . PMID 23765278 . Jump up ^ NASA ( 14 May 2015 ) . `` NASA Study Shows Antarctica 's Larsen B Ice Shelf Nearing Its Final Act '' . Jump up ^ Mike Bentley ; Dominic Hodgson . `` Millennial - scale variability of George VI Ice Shelf , Antarctic Peninsula '' . Natural Environment Research Council . Archived from the original on 12 September 2002 . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Bentley , M.J. ( 1 ) , Hjort , C. ( 2 ) Ingolfsson , O. ( 3 ) and Sugden , D.E. ( 4 ) . `` Holocene Instability of the George VI Ice Shelf , Antarctic Peninsula '' . Archived from the original on 20 October 2004 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Press Release -- New Year ? s Honours for British Antarctic Survey Personnel '' . British Antarctic Survey . 2006 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - Is Antarctica Melting ? '' . www.nasa.gov . ^ Jump up to : Tenney Naumer . `` Climate Change : The Next Generation '' . climatechangepsychology.blogspot.com . ^ Jump up to : Retrieved = 2009 - 01 - 22 Archived December 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7228/full/nature07669.html Retrieved = 2009 - 01 - 22 Jump up ^ `` Global warming hitting all of Antarctica : scientists '' . The Sydney Morning Herald .", "10": "Jump up ^ Antarctica study challenges warming skeptics , Jan 21 , 2009 Jump up ^ http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/press/press_releases/press_release.php?id=1065 Jump up ^ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17257 Jump up ^ `` NASA - NASA Researchers Find Snowmelt in Antarctica Creeping Inland '' . nasa.gov . Jump up ^ IPCC 2007 , Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Cambridge University Press , 2007 , page 376 . Jump up ^ Nicolas , Julien . `` Reconstructed Byrd temperature record '' . polarmet.osu.edu . Jump up ^ Witze , Alexandra ( 14 April 2014 ) . `` West Antarctica warming fast '' . Jump up ^ `` Map of Antarctica and annual spatial footprint of the Byrd temperature record . : Central West Antarctica among the most rapidly warming regions on Earth '' . Nature Geoscience. 6 : 139 -- 145 . Bibcode : 2013NatGe ... 6 ... 139B . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo1671 . Jump up ^ Bromwich , D.H. ; Nicolas , J.P. ; Monaghan , A.J. ; Lazzara , M.A. ; Keller , L.M. ; Weidner , G.A. ; Wilson , A.B. ( 2012 ) . `` Central West Antarctica among the most rapidly warming regions on Earth '' . Nature Geoscience. 6 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 145 . Bibcode : 2013NatGe ... 6 ... 139B . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo1671 . Sources D.G. Vaughan ; G.J. Marshall ; W.M. Connolley ; J.C. King ; R.M. Mulvaney ( 2001 ) . `` Devil in the detail '' . Science . 293 ( 5536 ) : 1777 -- 9 .", "11": "doi : 10.1126 / science. 1065116 . PMID 11546858 . M.J. Bentley ; D.A. Hodgson ; D.E. Sugden ; S.J. Roberts ; J.A. Smith ; M.J. Leng ; C. Bryant ( 2005 ) . `` Early Holocene retreat of the George VI Ice Shelf , Antarctic Peninsula '' . Geology. 33 ( 3 ) : 173 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2005Geo ... 33 ... 173B . doi : 10.1130 / G21203. 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Warm Snap Turned Antarctica Green Around the Edges ; Thawed - out continent was lined with trees 15 million years ago , study says . June 20 , 2012 National Geographic Taking Antarctica 's temperature ; Frozen continent may not be immune to global warming July 27 , 2013 ; Vol. 184 # 2 Science News External links ( edit ) Climate ( edit ) Climate data from Antarctic surface stations with trends Temperature data from the READER project A pamphlet about the weather and climate of Antarctica Antarctica 's central ice cap grows while glaciers melt `` AWS and AMRC Real - Time Weather Observations and Data '' . University of Wisconsin - Madison 's Antarctic Weather Stations Project and Antarctic Meteorological Research Center . Retrieved May 31 , 2005 . Antarctica Climate and Weather Climate change in Antarctica ( edit ) Western Antarctica warming confirmed December 23 , 2012 USA Today NASA experts explain ice melt in Antarctica ( 2014 ) Antarctic ice ( edit ) `` Sea Ice Index -- Trends in extent -- Southern Hemisphere ( Antarctic ) '' . National Snow and Ice Data Center . Retrieved Jan 9 , 2009 . `` Coastal - Change and Glaciological Maps of Antarctica '' . USGS Fact Sheet 2005 -- 3055 . Retrieved May 31 , 2005 . `` Coastal - Change and Glaciological Maps of Antarctica '' . USGS Fact Sheet 050 -- 98 . Retrieved February 28 , 2005 .", "12": "`` Coastal - change and glaciological map of the Eights Coast area , Antarctica ; 1972 -- 2001 '' . U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Series Map , I - 2600 - E. Retrieved February 28 , 2005 . `` Coastal - change and glaciological map of the Bakutis Coast area , Antarctica ; 1972 -- 2002 '' . U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Series Map , I - 2600 - F. Retrieved February 28 , 2005 . `` Coastal - change and glaciological map of the Saunders Coast area , Antarctica ; 1972 -- 1997 '' . U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Series Map , I - 2600 - G. Retrieved February 28 , 2005 . `` Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World -- Antarctica '' . U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386 - B. Retrieved February 28 , 2005 .", "13": "( hide ) Antarctica General Antarctic Treaty System Climate Colonization Demographics Economy Expeditions Field camps Flags Flora Geography Geology History Mammals Microorganisms Military activity Protected areas Religion Research stations Telecommunications Territorial claims Time Tourism Transport Volcanoes Wildlife Geographic regions Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Ecozone Extreme points Floristic Kingdom Islands Waterways Lake Vostok List of rivers McMurdo Sound Ross Sea Southern Ocean Weddell Sea Lake CECs Famous explorers Roald Amundsen Richard E. Byrd Douglas Mawson James Clark Ross Robert Falcon Scott Ernest Shackleton more ... Commons Antarctica portal Index Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Antarctica&oldid=834488610 '' Categories : Climate of Antarctica Environment of Antarctica Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles needing expert attention from April 2017 All articles needing expert attention Miscellaneous articles needing expert attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Čeština Eesti Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Српски / srpski 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 00 : 28 . 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840886606125679914	what's the population of prince edward island	[ "142,907 residents", "142,907", "142,907 residents" ]	{ "0": "Prince Edward Island - Wikipedia Prince Edward Island Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Canadian province . For the sub-Antarctic islands , see Prince Edward Islands . `` PEI '' redirects here . For other meanings of `` PEI '' , see Pei ( disambiguation ) . Prince Edward Island Île - du - Prince - Édouard ( French ) Epekwitk ( Mi'kmaq ) Flag Coat of arms Motto ( s ) : Latin : Parva sub ingenti ( The small protected by the great ) BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU Confederation July 1 , 1873 ( 8th ) Capital Charlottetown Largest city Charlottetown Largest metro Charlottetown Government Lieutenant Governor Antoinette Perry Premier Wade MacLauchlan ( Liberal ) Legislature Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island Federal representation ( in Canadian Parliament ) House seats 4 of 338 ( 1.2 % ) Senate seats 4 of 105 ( 3.8 % ) Area Total 5,660 km ( 2,190 sq mi ) Land 5,660 km ( 2,190 sq mi ) Water 0 km ( 0 sq mi ) 0 % Area rank Ranked 13th 0.1 % of Canada Population ( 2016 ) Total 142,907 Estimate ( 2018 Q1 ) 152,768 Rank Ranked 10th Density 25.25 / km ( 65.4 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Prince Edward Islander , Islander Official languages English ( de facto ) GDP Rank 10th Total ( 2011 ) C $5.353 billion Per capita C $36,740 ( 13th ) Time zone Atlantic : UTC - 4 Postal abbr .", "1": "PE Postal code prefix ISO 3166 code CA - PE Flower Pink lady 's slipper Tree Red oak Bird Blue jay Website www.princeedwardisland.ca Rankings include all provinces and territories Prince Edward Island ( PEI or P.E.I. ; French : Île - du - Prince - Édouard ) is a province of Canada consisting of the island of the same name , and several much smaller islands . Prince Edward Island is one of the three Maritime Provinces and is the smallest province in both land area and population . It is part of the traditional lands of the Mi'kmaq , and became a British colony in the 1700s and was federated into Canada as a province in 1873 . Its capital is Charlottetown . According to the 2016 census , the province of Prince Edward Island has 142,907 residents . The backbone of the economy is farming ; it produces 25 % of Canada 's potatoes . The island has several informal names : `` Garden of the Gulf '' , referring to the pastoral scenery and lush agricultural lands throughout the province ; and `` Birthplace of Confederation '' or `` Cradle of Confederation '' , referring to the Charlottetown Conference in 1864 , although PEI did not join Confederation until 1873 , when it became the seventh Canadian province . Historically , PEI is one of Canada 's older settlements and demographically still reflects older immigration to the country , with Celtic , Anglo - Saxon and French surnames being dominant to this day . PEI is located about 200 kilometres ( 120 miles ) north of Halifax , Nova Scotia , and 600 kilometres ( 370 miles ) east of Quebec City . It consists of the main island and 231 minor islands . Altogether , the entire province has a land area of 5,686.03 km ( 2,195.39 sq mi ) . The main island is 5,620 km ( 2,170 sq mi ) in size , slightly larger than the U.S. state of Delaware . It is the 104th - largest island in the world and Canada 's 23rd - largest island .", "2": "PEI is the only subnational jurisdiction of North America outside the Caribbean to have no mainland territory , and the only such jurisdiction to have no land boundary , as the U.S. state of Hawaii is a part of Oceania , not North America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Geology 2.3 Water supply 2.4 Flora and fauna 3 History 3.1 French colony 3.1. 1 Battle at Port - la - Joye ( 1745 ) 3.1. 2 Battle at Port - la - Joye ( 1746 ) 3.1. 3 Expulsion of the Acadians 3.2 British colony 3.2. 1 Land distribution 3.2. 2 Raid on Charlottetown ( 1775 ) 3.3 Confederation 4 Demographics 4.1 Language 4.2 Religion 5 Economy 5.1 Energy 6 Government and politics 6.1 Municipalities 7 Transportation 8 Education 9 Health care 10 Culture 10.1 Arts 10.2 Festivals 10.3 Sports 11 Notable people 12 Sister province 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Etymology ( edit ) 1834 Edward Scriven engraving of Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn , after W. Beechey 's portrait In 1798 , the British named the island colony for Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn ( 1767 -- 1820 ) , the fourth son of King George III and the father of Queen Victoria . Prince Edward has been called `` Father of the Canadian Crown '' .", "3": "The following island landmarks are also named after the Duke of Kent : Prince Edward Battery , Victoria Park , Charlottetown Kent College ( Established in 1804 by Lieutenant Governor Edmund Fanning and his Legislative Council , the college would eventually become the University of Prince Edward Island ) , Charlottetown Kent Street , Charlottetown West Kent Elementary School Kent Street , Georgetown In French , the island is called today Île - du - Prince - Édouard , but its former French name , as part of Acadia , was Île Saint - Jean ( St. John 's Island ) . The island is known in Scottish Gaelic as Eilean a ' Phrionnsa ( lit . `` the Island of the Prince '' , the local form of the longer ' Eilean a ' Phrionnsa Iomhair / Eideard ' ) or Eilean Eòin for some Gaelic speakers in Nova Scotia though not on PEI ( lit . `` John 's Island '' in reference to the island 's former name ) . The island is known in the Mi'kmaq language as Abegweit or Epekwitk roughly translated as `` land cradled in the waves '' . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Prince Edward Island This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A wooden boardwalk in Prince Edward Island National Park in Greenwich Prince Edward Island is located in the Gulf of St. Lawrence , west of Cape Breton Island , north of the Nova Scotia peninsula , and east of New Brunswick . Its southern shore bounds the Northumberland Strait . The island has two urban areas . The largest surrounds Charlottetown Harbour , situated centrally on the island 's southern shore , and consists of the capital city Charlottetown , and suburban towns Cornwall and Stratford and a developing urban fringe . A much smaller urban area surrounds Summerside Harbour , situated on the southern shore 40 km ( 25 mi ) west of Charlottetown Harbour , and consists primarily of the city of Summerside .", "4": "As with all natural harbours on the island , Charlottetown and Summerside harbours are created by rias . The island 's landscape is pastoral . Rolling hills , woods , reddish white sand beaches , ocean coves and the famous red soil have given Prince Edward Island a reputation as a province of outstanding natural beauty . The provincial government has enacted laws to preserve the landscape through regulation , although there is a lack of consistent enforcement , and an absence of province - wide zoning and land - use planning . Under the Planning Act of the province , municipalities have the option to assume responsibility for land - use planning through the development and adoption of official plans and land use bylaws . Thirty - one municipalities have taken responsibility for planning . In areas where municipalities have not assumed responsibility for planning , the Province remains responsible for development control . The landward side of sand dunes in Cavendish The island 's lush landscape has a strong bearing on its economy and culture . The author Lucy Maud Montgomery drew inspiration from the land during the late Victorian Era for the setting of her classic novel Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) . Today , many of the same qualities that Montgomery and others found in the island are enjoyed by tourists who visit year - round . They enjoy a variety of leisure activities , including beaches , various golf courses , eco-tourism adventures , touring the countryside , and enjoying cultural events in local communities around the island . The smaller , rural communities as well as the towns and villages throughout the province , retain a slower - paced , old - world flavour . Prince Edward Island has become popular as a tourist destination for relaxation . The economy of most rural communities on the island is based on small - scale agriculture . Industrial farming has increased as businesses buy and consolidate older farm properties . The coastline has a combination of long beaches , dunes , red sandstone cliffs , salt water marshes , and numerous bays and harbours . The beaches , dunes and sandstone cliffs consist of sedimentary rock and other material with a high iron concentration , which oxidises upon exposure to the air . The geological properties of a white silica sand found at Basin Head are unique in the province ; the sand grains cause a scrubbing noise as they rub against each other when walked on , and have been called the `` singing sands '' .", "5": "Large dune fields on the north shore can be found on barrier islands at the entrances to various bays and harbours . The magnificent sand dunes at Greenwich are of particular significance . The shifting , parabolic dune system is home to a variety of birds and rare plants ; it is also a site of significant archeological interest . Despite Prince Edward Island 's small size and reputation as a largely rural province , it is the most densely populated province in Canada . Prince Edward Island amongst the Maritimes Climate ( edit ) The climate of the island is considered to be moderate and strongly influenced by the surrounding seas . As such , it is milder than inland locations owing to the warm waters from the Gulf of St. Lawrence . The climate is characterized by changeable weather throughout the year ; it has some of the most variable day - to - day weather in Canada , in which specific weather conditions seldom last for long . During July and August , the average daytime high in PEI is 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) ; however , the temperature can sometimes exceed 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) during these months . In the winter months of January and February , the average daytime high is − 3.3 ° C ( 26 ° F ) . The Island receives an average yearly rainfall of 855 millimetres ( 33.7 in ) and an average yearly snowfall of 285 centimetres ( 112 in ) . Winters are moderately cold and long but are milder than inland locations , with clashes of cold Arctic air and milder Atlantic air causing frequent temperature swings . The climate is considered to be more continental than oceanic since the Gulf of St. Lawrence freezes over , thus eliminating any moderation . The mean temperature is − 7 ° C ( 19 ° F ) in January . During the winter months , the island usually has many storms ( which may produce rain as well as snow ) and blizzards since during this time , storms originating from the North Atlantic or the Gulf of Mexico frequently pass through . Springtime temperatures typically remain cool until the sea ice has melted , usually in late April or early May . Summers are moderately warm , but rarely uncomfortable , with the daily maximum temperature only occasionally reaching as high as 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) .", "6": "Autumn is a pleasant season , as the moderating Gulf waters delay the onset of frost , although storm activity increases compared to the summer . There is ample precipitation throughout the year , although it is heaviest in the late autumn , early winter and mid spring . Geology ( edit ) Between 250 and 300 million years ago , freshwater streams flowing from ancient mountains brought silt , sand and gravel into what is now the Gulf of St. Lawrence . These sediments accumulated to form a sedimentary basin , and make up the island 's bedrock . When the Pleistocene glaciers receded about 15,000 years ago , glacial debris such as till were left behind to cover most of the area that would become the island . This area was connected to the mainland by a strip of land , but when ocean levels rose as the glaciers melted this land strip was flooded , forming the island . As the land rebounded from the weight of the ice , the island rose up to elevate it further from the surrounding water . Most of the bedrock in Prince Edward Island is composed of red sandstone , part of the Permian aged Pictou Group . Although commercial deposits of minerals have not been found , exploration in the 1940s for natural gas beneath the northeastern end of the province resulted in the discovery of an undisclosed quantity of gas . The Island was reported by government to have only 0.08 tcf of `` technically recoverable '' natural gas . Twenty exploration wells for hydrocarbon resources have been drilled on Prince Edward Island and offshore . The first reported well was Hillsborough No. # 1 , drilled in Charlottetown Harbour in 1944 ( the world 's first offshore well ) , and the most recent was New Harmony No. # 1 in 2007 . Since the resurgence of exploration in the mid-1990s , all wells that have shown promising gas deposits have been stimulated through hydraulic fracture or `` fracking '' . All oil and natural gas exploration and exploitation activities on the Island are governed by the Oil and Natural Gas Act R.S.P.E.I. 1988 , Cap . 0 - 5 and its associated regulations and orders . Water supply ( edit ) The Province of Prince Edward Island is completely dependent on groundwater for its source of drinking water . As groundwater flows through an aquifer it is naturally filtered .", "7": "The water for City of Charlottetown is extracted from thirteen wells in three wellfields and distributed to customers . The water removed is replenished by precipitation . Infrastructure in Charlottetown that was installed in 1888 is still in existence . With the age of the system in the older part of Charlottetown , concern has been raised regarding lead pipes . The Utility has been working with its residents on a lead replacement program . A plebiscite in 1967 was held in Charlottetown over fluoridation , and residents voted in favour . Under provincial legislation , the Utility is required to report to its residents on an annual basis . It is also required to do regular sampling of the water and an overview is included in each annual report . The Winter River watershed provides about 92 per cent of the 18 million litre water supply for the city of Charlottetown , which had difficulty in each of 2011 , 2012 and 2013 with its supply , until water meters were installed . Minister of Communities , Land and Environment Robert Mitchell tabled a discussion paper on the proposed Water Act for the province on July 8 , 2015 . The use of groundwater came under scrutiny as the potato industry , which accounts for $1 billion every year and 50 % of farm receipts , has pressed the government to lift a moratorium on high - capacity water wells for irrigation . The release of the discussion paper was to set off a consultation process in the autumn of 2015 . Detailed information about the quality of drinking water in PEI communities and watersheds can be found at the Department of Environment , Labour and Justice . It provides a summary of the ongoing testing of drinking water done by the Prince Edward Island Analytical Laboratories . Average drinking water quality results are available , and information on the following parameters are provided : alkalinity , cadmium , calcium , chloride , chromium , iron , magnesium , manganese , nickel , nitrate , pH , phosphorus , potassium , sodium , and sulfate , as well as the presence of pesticides . Water testing services are provided for a variety of clients through the PEI Analytical Laboratories , which assesses according to the recommendations of the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality published by Health Canada .", "8": "Flora and fauna ( edit ) Prince Edward Island used to have native moose , bear , caribou , wolf , and other larger species . Due to hunting and habitat disruption these species are no longer found on the island . Some species common to P.E.I. are red foxes , coyote , blue jays , and robins . Skunks and raccoons are common non-native species . Species at risk in P.E.I. include piping plovers , american eel , bobolinks , little brown bat , and beach pinweed . Some species are unique to the province . In 2008 , a new ascomycete species , Jahnula apiospora ( Jahnulales , Dothideomycetes ) , was collected from submerged wood in a freshwater creek on Prince Edward Island , Canada . North Atlantic right whales , one of the rarest whale species , were once thought to be rare visitors into St. Lawrence regions until 1994 , have been showing dramatic increases ( annual concentrations were discovered off Percé in 1995 and gradual increases across the regions since in 1998 ) , and since in 2014 , notable numbers of whales have been recorded around Cape Breton to Prince Edward Island as 35 to 40 whales were seen in these areas in 2015 . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Prince Edward Island Lighthouse on Panmure Island Since before the influx of Europeans , the Mi'kmaq First Nations have inhabited Prince Edward Island as part of the region of Mi'kma'ki . They named the Island Epekwitk , meaning `` cradled on the waves '' ; Europeans represented the pronunciation as Abegweit . Another name is Minegoo . The Mi'kmaq's legend is that the island was formed by the Great Spirit placing on the Blue Waters some dark red crescent - shaped clay . There are two Mi'kmaq First Nation communities on Epekwitk today . French colony ( edit ) In 1534 , Jacques Cartier was the first European to see the island . In 1604 , France claimed the lands of the Maritimes , including Prince Edward Island , establishing the French colony of Acadia . The island was named Île Saint - Jean by the French .", "9": "The Mi'kmaq never recognized the claim but welcomed the French as trading partners and allies . Battle at Port - la - Joye ( 1745 ) ( edit ) After the Siege of Louisbourg ( 1745 ) during the War of the Austrian Succession , the New Englanders also captured Île Saint - Jean ( Prince Edward Island ) . An English detachment landed at Port - la - Joye . Under the command of Joseph du Pont Duvivier , the French had a garrison of 20 French troops at Port - la - Joye . The troops fled and New Englanders burned the capital to the ground . Duvivier and the twenty men retreated up the Northeast River ( Hillsborough River ) , pursued by the New Englanders until the French troops received reinforcements from the Acadian militia and the Mi'kmaq . The French troops and their allies were able to drive the New Englanders to their boats , nine New Englanders killed , wounded or made prisoner . The New Englanders took six Acadian hostages , who would be executed if the Acadians or Mi'kmaq rebelled against New England control . The New England troops left for Louisbourg . Duvivier and his 20 troops left for Quebec . After the fall of Louisbourg , the resident French population of Île Royal were deported to France . The Acadians of Île Saint - Jean lived under the threat of deportation for the remainder of the war . Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot Battle at Port - la - Joye ( 1746 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle at Port - la - Joye The New Englanders had a force of two war ships and 200 soldiers stationed at Port - La - Joye . To regain Acadia , Ramezay was sent from Quebec to the region to join forces with the Duc d'Anville expedition . Upon arriving at Chignecto , he sent Boishebert to Île Saint - Jean on a reconnaissance to assess the size of the New England force . After Boishebert returned , Ramezay sent Joseph - Michel Legardeur de Croisille et de Montesson along with over 500 men , 200 of whom were Mi'kmaq , to Port - La - Joye .", "10": "In July 1746 , the battle happened near York River . Montesson and his troops killed forty New Englanders and captured the rest . Montesson was commended for having distinguished himself in his first independent command . Expulsion of the Acadians ( edit ) Roughly one thousand Acadians lived on the island , many of whom had fled to the island from mainland Nova Scotia during the first wave of the British - ordered expulsion in 1755 , reaching a population of 5,000 . However , many more were forcibly deported during the second wave of the expulsion after the Siege of Louisbourg ( 1758 ) . In the Île Saint - Jean Campaign ( 1758 ) General Jeffery Amherst ordered Colonel Andrew Rollo to capture the island . Many Acadians died in the expulsion en route to France ; on December 13 , 1758 , the transport ship Duke William sank and 364 died . A day earlier the Violet sank and 280 died ; several days later Ruby sank with 213 on board . British colony ( edit ) Great Britain claimed the island as part of Nova Scotia in 1763 , when France gave up its claim to the island . This was under the terms of the Treaty of Paris which settled the Seven Years ' War . The island was split into a separate colony in 1769 , which the British called St. John 's Island ( also the Island of St. John 's ) . The high influx of Scottish Highlanders in the late 1700s resulted in P.E.I. having the highest provincial percentage of Scottish immigrants in Canada . ( Not to underestimate the highest percentage of Scottish on nearby Cape Breton Island , however only being a part thereof the province of Nova Scotia . ) This , in turn , led to a higher proportion of Scottish Gaelic speakers and thriving culture surviving on P.E.I. than Scotland itself , as the settlers avoided English influence overseas . Hence the formally existing Prince Edward Island Highland Regiment founded in 1875 . The first British governor of St. John 's Island , Walter Patterson , was appointed in 1769 . Assuming office in 1770 , he had a controversial career during which land title disputes and factional conflict slowed the initial attempts to populate and develop the island under a feudal system .", "11": "In an attempt to attract settlers from Ireland , in one of his first acts ( 1770 ) Patterson led the island 's colonial assembly to rename the island `` New Ireland '' , but the British Government promptly vetoed this as exceeding the authority vested in the colonial government ; only the Privy Council in London could change the name of a colony . Land distribution ( edit ) In the mid-1760s , a survey team divided the Island into 67 lots . On July 1 , 1767 , these properties were allocated to supporters of King George III by means of a lottery . Ownership of the land remained in the hands of landlords in England , angering Island settlers who were unable to gain title to land on which they worked and lived . Significant rent charges ( to absentee landlords ) created further anger . The land had been given to the absentee landlords with a number of conditions attached regarding upkeep and settlement terms ; many of these conditions were not satisfied . Islanders spent decades trying to convince the Crown to confiscate the lots , however the descendants of the original owners were generally well connected to the British government and refused to give up the land . In 1853 , the Island government passed the Land Purchase Act which empowered them to purchase lands from those owners who were willing to sell , and then resell the land to settlers for low prices . This scheme collapsed when the Island ran short of money to continue with the purchases . Many of these lands also were fertile , and were some of the key factors to sustaining Prince Edward Island 's economy . Raid on Charlottetown ( 1775 ) ( edit ) During the American Revolutionary War Charlottetown was raided in 1775 by a pair of American - employed privateers . Two armed schooners , Franklin and Hancock , from Beverly , Massachusetts , made prisoner of the attorney - general at Charlottetown , on advice given them by some Pictou residents after they had taken eight fishing vessels in the Gut of Canso . During and after the American Revolutionary War , from 1776 to 1783 , the colony 's efforts to attract exiled Loyalist refugees from the rebellious American colonies met with some success .", "12": "Walter Patterson 's brother , John Patterson , one of the original grantees of land on the island , was a temporarily exiled Loyalist and led efforts to persuade others to come . The 1787 dismissal of Governor Patterson and his recall to London in 1789 dampened his brother 's efforts , leading John to focus on his interests in the United States ( one of John 's sons , Commodore Daniel Patterson , became a noted United States Navy hero , and John 's grandsons , Rear Admiral Thomas H. Patterson and Lt. Carlile Pioou ) . Edmund Fanning , also a Loyalist exiled by the Revolution , took over as the second governor , serving until 1804 . His tenure was more successful than Patterson 's . On November 29 , 1798 , during Fanning 's administration , Great Britain granted approval to change the colony 's name from St. John 's Island to Prince Edward Island to distinguish it from similar names in the Atlantic , such as the cities of Saint John , New Brunswick and St. John 's in Newfoundland . The colony 's new name honoured the fourth son of King George III , Prince Edward Augustus , the Duke of Kent ( 1767 -- 1820 ) , who subsequently led the British military forces on the continent as Commander - in - Chief , North America ( 1799 -- 1800 ) , with his headquarters in Halifax . ( Prince Edward later became the father of the future Queen Victoria . ) Confederation ( edit ) The flag of the Dominion of Prince Edward Island . In September 1864 , Prince Edward Island hosted the Charlottetown Conference , which was the first meeting in the process leading to the Quebec Resolutions and the creation of Canada in 1867 . Prince Edward Island did not find the terms of union favourable and balked at joining in 1867 , choosing to remain a colony of the United Kingdom . In the late 1860s , the colony examined various options , including the possibility of becoming a discrete dominion unto itself , as well as entertaining delegations from the United States , who were interested in Prince Edward Island joining the United States . Prince Edward Island , then St.", "13": "John 's Island , map 1775 In 1871 , the colony began construction of a railway and , frustrated by Great Britain 's Colonial Office , began negotiations with the United States . In 1873 , Canadian Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald , anxious to thwart American expansionism and facing the distraction of the Pacific Scandal , negotiated for Prince Edward Island to join Canada . The Dominion Government of Canada assumed the colony 's extensive railway debts and agreed to finance a buy - out of the last of the colony 's absentee landlords to free the island of leasehold tenure and from any new immigrants entering the island ( accomplished through the passage of the Land Purchase Act , 1875 ) . Prince Edward Island entered Confederation on July 1 , 1873 . As a result of having hosted the inaugural meeting of Confederation , the Charlottetown Conference , Prince Edward Island presents itself as the `` Birthplace of Confederation '' and this is commemorated through several buildings , a ferry vessel , and the Confederation Bridge ( constructed 1993 to 1997 ) . The most prominent building in the province honouring this event is the Confederation Centre of the Arts , presented as a gift to Prince Edward Islanders by the 10 provincial governments and the Federal Government upon the centenary of the Charlottetown Conference , where it stands in Charlottetown as a national monument to the `` Fathers of Confederation '' . The Centre is one of the 22 National Historic Sites of Canada located in Prince Edward Island . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Prince Edward Island Historical populations Year Pop .", "14": "± % 1851 62,678 -- 1861 80,857 + 29.0 % 1871 94,021 + 16.3 % 1881 108,891 + 15.8 % 1891 109,078 + 0.2 % 1901 103,259 − 5.3 % 1911 93,728 − 9.2 % 1921 88,615 − 5.5 % 1931 88,038 − 0.7 % 1941 95,047 + 8.0 % 1951 98,429 + 3.6 % 1956 99,285 + 0.9 % 1961 104,629 + 5.4 % 1966 108,535 + 3.7 % 1971 111,635 + 2.9 % 1976 118,225 + 5.9 % 1981 122,506 + 3.6 % 1986 126,640 + 3.4 % 1991 129,765 + 2.5 % 134,557 + 3.7 % 2001 135,294 + 0.5 % 2006 135,851 + 0.4 % 2011 140,204 + 3.2 % 2016 142,907 + 1.9 % Source : Statistics Canada According to the 2011 National Household Survey , the largest ethnic group consists of people of Scottish descent ( 39.2 % ) , followed by English ( 31.1 % ) , Irish ( 30.4 % ) , French ( 21.1 % ) , German ( 5.2 % ) , and Dutch ( 3.1 % ) descent . Prince Edward Island 's population is largely white ; there are few visible minorities .", "15": "Chinese Canadians are the largest visible minority group of Prince Edward Island , comprising 1.3 % of the province 's population . Almost half of respondents identified their ethnicity as `` Canadian '' . * among provinces . † Preliminary 2006 census estimate . Source : Statistics Canada Language ( edit ) Mother tongue in Prince Edward Island ( red : English , blue : French ) . The only part of the province to have a Francophone majority is the Evangeline Region . The Canada 2016 Census showed a population of 142,910 . Of the 140,020 singular responses to the census question concerning mother tongue , the most commonly reported languages were as follows : Rank Language Number Percent 1 . English 128,005 94.9 % 2 . French 4,865 3.5 % 3 . Mandarin 2,165 1.6 % 4 . Arabic 575 0.4 % 5 . Dutch 465 0.3 % 6 . Tagalog 365 0.3 % 7 . German 320 0.2 % 8 . Spanish 305 0.2 % 9 . Chinese languages , not otherwise specified 295 0.2 % 10 . Cantonese 210 0.2 % 11 . Nepali 200 0.1 % 12 . Farsi 175 0.1 % 13 . Russian 140 0.1 % 14 . Korean 120 < 0.1 % In addition , there were 460 responses of both English and a `` non-official language '' ; 30 of both French and a `` non-official language '' ; 485 of both English and French ; and 20 of English , French , and a `` non-official language '' . ( Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single - language responses . ) Religion ( edit ) Traditionally the population has been evenly divided between Catholic and Protestant affiliations .", "16": "The 2001 census indicated number of adherents for the Roman Catholic Church with 63,240 ( 47 % ) and various Protestant churches with 57,805 ( 43 % ) . This included the United Church of Canada with 26,570 ( 20 % ) ; the Presbyterian Church with 7,885 ( 6 % ) and the Anglican Church of Canada with 6,525 ( 5 % ) ; those with no religion were among the lowest of the provinces with 8,705 ( 6.5 % ) . If one considers that the founders of the United Church of Canada were largely Presbyterians in Prince Edward Island , the Island has one of the highest percentages of Presbyterians in the country . The Island also has one of the largest number of Free Church of Scotland buildings in Canada , though attendance at many of these churches is very low today . Economy ( edit ) Fisheries form one of the major industries of Prince Edward Island 1872 $10 Bank of Prince Edward Island banknote depicting fishing Sandstone cliffs at North Cape shrouded in fog Rolling hills cover a significant portion of the island 's landscape . The provincial economy is dominated by the seasonal industries of agriculture , tourism , and the fishery . The province is limited in terms of heavy industry and manufacturing , though Cavendish Farms runs extensive food manufacturing operations on PEI . Agriculture remains the dominant industry in the provincial economy , as it has since colonial times . The Island has a total land area of 1.4 million acres ( 570,000 hectares ) with approximately 594,000 acres ( 240,383 hectares ) cleared for agricultural use . In 2006 , the Census of Agriculture counted 1700 farms on the Island . During the 20th century , potatoes replaced mixed farming as the leading cash crop , accounting for one - third of provincial farm income . The number of acres under potato production in 2010 was 88,000 , while soy accounted for 55,000 . There are approximately 330 potato growers on PEI , with the grand majority of these being family farms , often with multiple generations working together . The province currently accounts for a third of Canada 's total potato production , producing approximately 1.3 billion kilograms ( 1,400,000 short tons ) annually .", "17": "Comparatively , the state of Idaho produces approximately 6.2 billion kilograms ( 6,800,000 short tons ) annually , with a population approximately 9.5 times greater . The province is a major producer of seed potatoes , exporting to more than twenty countries around the world . An estimated total of 70 % of the land is cultivated and 25 % of all potatoes grown in Canada originate from P.E.I. The processing of frozen fried potatoes , green vegetables , and berries is a leading business activity . As a legacy of the island 's colonial history , the provincial government enforces extremely strict rules for non-resident land ownership , especially since the PEI Lands Protection Act of 1982 . Residents and corporations are limited to maximum holdings of 400 and 1,200 hectares respectively . There are also restrictions on non-resident ownership of shorelines . Farmland on Prince Edward Island . The island 's economy has grown significantly over the last decade in key areas of innovation . Aerospace , Bioscience , ICT and Renewable energy have been a focus for growth and diversification . Aerospace alone now accounts for over 25 % of the province 's international exports and is the island 's fourth largest industry at $355 million in annual sales . The Bioscience industry employs over 1300 people and generates over $150 million in sales . Many of the province 's coastal communities rely upon shellfish harvesting , particularly lobster fishing as well as oyster fishing and mussel farming . The sale of carbonated beverages such as beer and soft drinks in non-refillable containers , such as aluminum cans or plastic bottles , was banned in 1976 as an environmental measure in response to public concerns over litter . Beer and soft drink companies opted to use refillable glass bottles for their products which were redeemable at stores and bottle depots . Though often environmental and economic agendas may be at odds , the ' ban the can ' legislation along with being environmentally driven , was also economically motivated as it protected jobs . Seaman 's Beverages , a bottling company and carbonated beverage manufacturer , was established in 1939 and a major employer in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island . Making it illegal to retail cans led to a bigger share of the carbonated beverage market for Seamans .", "18": "Seamans Beverages was eventually acquired by Pepsi Bottling Group Inc in 2002 prior to the lifting of the legislation . The introduction of recycling programs for cans and plastic bottles in neighbouring provinces in recent years ( also using a redemption system ) has seen the provincial government introduce legislation to reverse this ban with the restriction lifted on May 3 , 2008 . Prince Edward Island has one of Canada 's highest provincial retail sales tax rate at 9 % . The tax is applied to almost all goods and services except some clothing , food and home heating fuel . The tax , along with the Federal Goods and Services Tax , is incorporated into the Harmonized Sales Tax in the province . The provincial government provides consumer protection in the form of regulation for certain items , ranging from apartment rent increases to petroleum products including gas , diesel , propane and heating oil . These are regulated through the Prince Edward Island Regulatory and Appeals Commission ( IRAC ) . IRAC is authorized to limit the number of companies who are permitted to sell petroleum products . The average family income on Prince Edward Island is $62,110 / year , and the minimum wage of $10.50 / hour as of July 1 , 2015 . Energy ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2018 ) At present , approximately fifteen percent of electricity consumed on the island is generated from renewable energy ( largely wind turbines ) ; the provincial government has set renewable energy targets as high as 30 - 50 % for electricity consumed by 2015 . Until wind generation , the province relied entirely on electricity imports on a submarine cable from New Brunswick . A thermal oil - fired generating station in Charlottetown is also available . Electricity rates in the province were in 2011 the highest in Canada , at a domestic rate of 0.161 $ / kWh . The province imports about 85 per cent of its power through New Brunswick . The maintenance shutdown of Point Lepreau nuclear plant forced the province to acquire most of its electrons on the expensive open market . The result was a steep price hikes of about 25 per cent in the three years to 2011 but the province later subsidised rates .", "19": "Residents were to pay 11.2 per cent more for electricity when the harmonized sales tax was adopted in April 2013 , according to the P.E.I. Energy Accord that was tabled in the legislature on December 7 , 2012 . and passed as the Electric Power ( Energy Accord Continuation ) Amendment Act , which establishes electric pricing from April 1 , 2013 , to March 1 , 2016 . Regulatory powers are derived for IRAC from the Electric Power Act . Since 1918 Maritime Electric has delivered electricity to customers on the Island . The utility is currently owned and operated by Fortis Inc . Government and politics ( edit ) Main articles : Government of Prince Edward Island and Politics of Prince Edward Island The provincial government is responsible for such areas as health and social services , education , economic development , labour legislation and civil law . These matters of government are carried out in the provincial capital , Charlottetown . Prince Edward Island is governed by a parliamentary government within the construct of constitutional monarchy ; the monarchy in Prince Edward Island is the foundation of the executive , legislative , and judicial branches . The sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II , who also serves as head of state of 15 other Commonwealth countries , each of Canada 's nine other provinces , and the Canadian federal realm , and resides predominantly in the United Kingdom . As such , the Queen 's representative , the Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island ( presently Antoinette Perry ) , carries out most of the royal duties in Prince Edward Island . The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in any of these areas of governance is limited ; in practice , their use of the executive powers is directed by the Executive Council , a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the unicameral , elected Legislative Assembly and chosen and headed by the Premier of Prince Edward Island ( presently Wade MacLauchlan ) , the head of government . To ensure the stability of government , the lieutenant governor will usually appoint as premier the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the Legislative Assembly . The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the Leader of Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition ( presently Jamie Fox ) and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check .", "20": "Each of the 27 Members of the Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) is elected by simple plurality in an electoral district . General elections are called by the lieutenant governor on the first Monday in October four years after the previous election , or may be called , on the advice of the premier , should the government lose a confidence vote in the legislature . Traditionally , politics in the province have been dominated by both the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party . But however , since 2015 election , Green Party of Prince Edward Island has to begin rising in couple districts as of late 2017 with then - recent was Charlottetown - Parkdale district has elected one of Party 's member Hannah Bell from formerly seated Liberal MLA Doug Currie . The Mi'kmaq Confederacy of PEI is the tribal council and provincial - territorial organization in the province that represents both the Lennox Island and Abegweit First Nations . Municipalities ( edit ) See also : List of municipalities in Prince Edward Island Ten largest communities by population Community 2011 2001 Charlottetown 32,545 32,455 Summerside 15,654 14,433 Stratford 8,043 6,314 Cornwall 5,375 4,412 Montague 2,034 1,095 Kensington 1,445 1,379 Souris 1,162 1,238 Alberton 1,081 975 Tignish 998 846 Georgetown 678 680 Census agglomeration population : 58,358 . Census agglomeration population : 16,200 . Census agglomeration population : 6,011 . Transportation ( edit ) Cardigan River , one of The Three Rivers Prince Edward Island 's transportation network has traditionally revolved around its seaports of Charlottetown , Summerside , Borden , Georgetown , and Souris -- linked to its railway system , and the two main airports in Charlottetown and Summerside , for communication with mainland North America . The railway system was abandoned by CN in 1989 in favour of an agreement with the federal government to improve major highways .", "21": "Until 1997 , the province was linked by two passenger - vehicle ferry services to the mainland : one , provided by Marine Atlantic , operated year - round between Borden and Cape Tormentine , New Brunswick ; the other , provided by Northumberland Ferries Limited , operates seasonally between Wood Islands and Caribou , Nova Scotia . A third ferry service provided by CTMA operates all year round with seasonal times between Souris and Cap - aux - Meules , Quebec , in the Magdalen Islands . Confederation Bridge On June 1 , 1997 , the Confederation Bridge opened , connecting Borden - Carleton to Cape Jourimain , New Brunswick . The world 's longest bridge over ice - covered waters , it replaced the Marine Atlantic ferry service . Since then , the Confederation Bridge 's assured transportation link to the mainland has altered the province 's tourism and agricultural and fisheries export economies . Several airlines service the Charlottetown Airport ( CYYG ) ; the Summerside Airport ( CYSU ) is an additional option for general aviation . The Island has the highest concentration of roadways in Canada . The provincially managed portion of the network consists of 3,824 kilometres ( 2,376 mi ) of paved roadways and 1,558 kilometres ( 968 mi ) of non-paved or clay roads . The province has very strict laws regarding use of road - side signs . Billboards and the use of portable signs are banned . There are standard direction information signs on roads in the province for various businesses and attractions in the immediate area . Some municipalities ' by - laws also restrict the types of permanent signs that may be installed on private property . There is an extensive bicycling / hiking trail that spans the island . The Confederation Trail is a 470 kilometres ( 290 mi ) recreational trail system . The land was once owned and used by Canadian National Railway ( CN ) as a rail line on the island . Education ( edit ) Holland College Prince Edward Island is home to one university , the University of Prince Edward Island ( UPEI ) , located in the city of Charlottetown . The university was created by the Island legislature to replace Prince of Wales College and St. Dunstan 's University .", "22": "UPEI is also home to the Atlantic Veterinary College , which offers the region 's only veterinary medicine program . Holland College is the provincial community college , with campuses across the province , including specialised facilities such as the Atlantic Police Academy , Marine Training Centre , and the Culinary Institute of Canada . Prince Edward Island is also home to Maritime Christian College . It is also home to Immanuel Christian School , a private Christian School in Charlottetown . Prince Edward Island 's public school system has an English school district named the English Language School Board , as well as a Francophone district , the Commission scolaire de langue française . The English language districts have a total of 10 secondary schools and 54 intermediate and elementary schools while the Francophone district has 6 schools covering all grades . 22 per cent of the student population is enrolled in French immersion . This is one of the highest levels in the country . Today 23.5 per cent of residents aged 15 to 19 have bilingual skills , an increase of 100 per cent in a decade . Prince Edward Island , along with most rural regions in North America , is experiencing an accelerated rate of youth emigration . The provincial government has projected that public school enrollment will decline by 40 % during the 2010s . Health care ( edit ) See also : Health care in Canada Panorama of the banks of the Hunter River in New Glasgow The coast of Prince Edward Island around Cavendish The province has a single health administrative region ( or district health authority ) called Health PEI . Health PEI receives funding for its operations and is regulated by the Department of Health and Wellness . Many PEI homes and businesses are serviced by central sewage collection and / or treatment systems . These are operated either by a municipality or a private utility . Many industrial operations have their own wastewater treatment facilities . Staff members with the Department of Environment , Labour and Justice provide advice to operators , as needed , on proper system maintenance . The IRAC regulates municipal water and sewer in the province , now under the Environmental Protection Act . Since around 1900 , the residents of the City of Charlottetown have benefited from a central sanitary sewer service . Early disposal practices , while advanced for their time , eventually were found to compromise the ecological integrity of the nearby Hillsborough River and the Charlottetown Harbour .", "23": "By 1974 , the Commission had spearheaded the development of a primary wastewater treatment plant , known as the Charlottetown Pollution Control Plant , together with the construction of several pumping stations along the City 's waterfront , and outfall piping deep into the Hillsborough River . There are eight hospitals in the province . Queen Elizabeth Hospital ( Charlottetown ) Prince County Hospital ( Summerside ) Kings County Memorial Hospital ( Montague ) Community Hospital ( O'Leary ) Souris Hospital ( Souris ) Western Hospital ( Alberton ) Hillsborough Hospital ( Charlottetown ) - the province 's only psychiatric hospital Prince Edward Island offers programs and services in areas such as acute care , primary care , home care , palliative care , public health , chronic disease prevention , and mental health and addictions , to name a few . The provincial government has opened several family health centres in recent years in various rural and urban communities . A provincial cancer treatment centre at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital provides support to those dealing with various types of cancer - related illnesses . A family medicine residency program was established in 2009 with the Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine as a means to encourage new physicians to work in Prince Edward Island . Long - term - care services are also available with several programs in place to support seniors wishing to remain independent in their communities . Many medications for seniors are subsidized through a provincial pharmaceutical plan , however , Prince Edward Island remains one of the only provinces lacking a catastrophic drug coverage program for its residents . The provincial government has several programs for early illness detection , including mammography and pap screening clinics . There are also asthma education and diabetes education programs , as well as prenatal programs , immunization programs and dental health risk prevention programs for children . The government is also attempting to implement a comprehensive integrated Electronic Health Record system . The provincial government has recently committed to enhancing primary care and home care services and has invested in health care facilities in recent capital budgets ; mostly replacements and upgrades to provincial government operated nursing homes and hospitals . Some specialist services require patients to be referred to clinics and specialists in neighbouring provinces . Specialist operations and treatments are also provided at larger tertiary referral hospitals in neighbouring provinces such as the IWK Health Centre and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre in Nova Scotia or the Saint John Regional Hospital , Moncton Hospital , and Dr. Georges - L.", "24": "- Dumont University Hospital Centre in New Brunswick . Ground ambulance service in Prince Edward Island is provided under contract by Island EMS . Air ambulance service is provided under contract by LifeFlight . In recent decades , Prince Edward Island 's population has shown statistically significant and abnormally high rates of diagnosed rare cancers , particularly in rural areas . Health officials , ecologists and environmental activists point to the use of pesticides for industrial potato farming as a primary contaminant . Prince Edward Island is the only province in Canada that does not provide abortion services through its hospitals . The last abortion was performed in the province in 1982 prior to the opening of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital which saw the closure of the Roman Catholic - affiliated Charlottetown Hospital and the non-denominational Prince Edward Island Hospital ; a condition of the `` merger '' being that abortions not be performed in the province . In 1988 , following the court decision R. v. Morgentaler , the then - opposition Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island tabled a motion demanding that the ban on abortions be upheld at the province 's hospitals ; the then - governing Prince Edward Island Liberal Party under Premier Joe Ghiz acquiesced and the ban was upheld . The Government of Prince Edward Island will fund abortions for women who travel to another province . Women from Prince Edward Island may also travel to the nearest private user - pay clinic , where they must pay for the procedure using their own funds . Formerly this was the Morgentaler Clinic in Fredericton , New Brunswick until this clinic closed due to lack of funds in July 2014 . The clinic was reopened under new ownership in 2016 as Clinic 554 with expanded services . During that gap , women had to travel to Halifax or further . In 2016 , the Liberal government led by Premier Wade MacLauchlan announced they would open a women 's reproductive health clinic to provide abortions within the province . Culture ( edit ) See also : Music of Prince Edward Island Sandstone arch off the coast of Darnley Arts ( edit ) The island 's cultural traditions of art , music and creative writing are supported through the public education system . There is an annual arts festival , the Charlottetown Festival , hosted at the Confederation Centre of the Arts .", "25": "Lucy Maud Montgomery , who was born in Clifton ( now New London ) in 1874 , wrote some 20 novels and numerous short stories that have been collected into anthologies . Her first Anne book Anne of Green Gables was published in 1908 . The musical play Anne of Green Gables has run every year at the Charlottetown festival for more than four decades . The sequel , Anne & Gilbert , premiered in the Playhouse in Victoria in 2005 . The actual location of Green Gables , the house featured in Montgomery 's Anne books , is in Cavendish , on the north shore of PEI . Elmer Blaney Harris founded an artists colony at Fortune Bridge and set his famous play Johnny Belinda on the island . Robert Harris was a well - known artist . Prince Edward Island 's documented music history begins in the 19th century with religious music , some written by the local pump and block maker and organ - importer , Watson Duchemin . Several big bands including the Sons of Temperance Band and the Charlottetown Brass Band were active . Today , Acadian , Celtic , folk , and rock music prevail , with exponents including Gene MacLellan , his daughter Catherine MacLellan , Al Tuck , Lennie Gallant , Two Hours Traffic and Paper Lions . The celebrated singer - songwriter Stompin ' Tom Connors spent his formative years in Skinners Pond . Celtic music is certainly the most common traditional music on the island , with fiddling and step dancing being very common . This tradition , largely Scottish , Irish and Acadian in origin is very similar to the music of Cape Breton and to a lesser extent , Newfoundland and is unique to the region . Due to the Islands influence as a former Highlander Clans Scottish colony , a March 4 / 4 for bagpipes was composed in honour of Prince Edward Island . There is also an annual jazz festival , the P.E.I. Jazz and Blues Festival . Festivals ( edit ) See also : Category : Festivals in Prince Edward Island There is an annual arts festival , the Charlottetown Festival , hosted at the Confederation Centre of the Arts as well as the Island Fringe Festival that takes place around Charlottetown . An annual jazz festival , the P.E.I. Jazz and Blues Festival.", "26": "is a one - week - long series of concerts taking place at several venues including Murphy 's Community Center , outdoor stages , and churches in Charlottetown . The moving of its date to mid-August caused in 2011 a serious loss in funding from Ottawa 's regional development agency ACOA . The musician 's line up in 2011 included Oliver Jones , Sophie Milman , Matt Dusk , Jack de Keyzer , Jack Semple , Meaghan Smith , Meaghan Blanchard , Hupman Brothers , Alex Dean , Charlie A'Court , Sean Ferris , Jimmy Bowskill , West End Blues Band , Bad Habits , Brian McConnell and Mellotones . There is also Canada Rocks , and the Cavendish Beach Music Festival . With agriculture and fishery playing a large role in the economy , P.E.I. has been marketed as a food tourism destination . Several food festivals have become popular such as the Fall Flavours festival and the Shellfish Festival . Sports ( edit ) Water sports are very popular on Prince Edward Island during the summer , perhaps because the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Northumberland Strait are warmer than the Atlantic Ocean off the shores of nearby New England . In 1991 , Prince Edward Island hosted the Canada Winter Games . In 2009 , Prince Edward Island hosted the Canada Summer Games . The Charlottetown Islanders play in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League . The Island Storm play in the National Basketball League of Canada . The Summerside Western Capitals play in the Maritime Junior A Hockey League . In 2008 and 2009 , Prince Edward Island hosted the Tour de PEI , a province - wide cycling race consisting of women from around the world . The most common sports played on the Island are hockey , curling , golf , horse racing , baseball , soccer , rugby , football and basketball .", "27": "Notable people ( edit ) Milton James Rhode Acorn -- poet / playwright Francis Bain -- author , scientist , farmer Catherine Callbeck -- former premier , first woman to be elected as premier in a general election Dave Cameron -- Calgary Flames assistant coach Alex Campbell -- former premier George Coles -- former premier , Father of Confederation Jared Connaughton -- former Olympic sprinter Lloyd Duffy -- thoroughbred jockey , harness racing driver Mike Duffy -- television journalist , senator Gerard Gallant -- Vegas Golden Knights head coach Millie Gamble -- early amateur photographer Joe Ghiz -- former premier George Godfrey -- boxer Francis Longworth Haszard -- politician , jurist Haywire -- rock band Hangman Hughes ( aka Kowboy Mike Hughes ) -- professional wrestler Lorie Kane -- professional golfer Forbes Kennedy -- retired NHL player Joey Kitson -- singer David Laird -- framer of the Indian Act and first resident Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories Amber MacArthur -- broadcasting personality and author Alexander Wallace Matheson -- politician John Alexander Mathieson -- educator , politician , jurist David ( Eli ) MacEachern -- Olympic gold medalist and world champion in bobsledding Martha MacIsaac -- actress Adam McQuaid -- Boston Bruins defenceman Lucy Maud Montgomery -- author Heather Moyse - two - time Olympic gold medalist in bobsledding Steve Ott - retired -- tired NHL player Claire Rankin -- actress Brad Richards -- retired NHL Player James Jeffrey Roche -- poet and diplomat Jacob Gould Schurman -- educator and diplomat Michael Smith -- chef and television host Mark Strand -- poet Joe O'Brien -- harness racing driver , trainer Lemuel Cambridge Owen -- shipbuilder , banker Edward Palmer -- lawyer , politician Paper Lions -- pop band James Colledge Pope -- businessman , former premier William Henry Pope -- land agent , lawyer , jurist Whitney Rose -- country musician Jonathan Torrens -- actor and television host Two Hours Traffic -- pop band Weston Thomas `` Bucko '' Trainor -- hockey player Alexander Bannerman Warburton -- former premier George Wood -- professional baseball player Sister province ( edit ) Hainan Province , China , has been the sister province of Prince Edward Island since 2001 .", "28": "This came about after Vice-Governor Lin Fanglue stayed for two days to hold discussions about partnership opportunities and trade . See also ( edit ) Prince Edward Island portal Acadia portal Book : Canada Main article : Outline of Prince Edward Island Acadiensis , scholarly history journal covering Atlantic Canada Index of Canada - related articles List of people from Prince Edward Island References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Land and freshwater area , by province and territory '' . Statistics Canada . February 1 , 2005 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , 2016 and 2011 censuses '' . Statistics Canada . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population by year of Canada of Canada and territories '' . Statistics Canada . September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product , expenditure - based , by province and territory ( 2011 ) '' . Statistics Canada . November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Prince Edward Island . Britannica Concise Encyclopedia . 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Natural Resources Canada ( August 2009 ) . `` The Atlas of Canada - Sea Islands '' . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tidridge , Nathan . Prince Edward , Duke of Kent : Father of the Canadian Crown . Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prince Edward Island '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Climate of Prince Edward Island '' . The Climates of Canada . Environment Canada . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Climate and Weather '' . Government of Prince Edward Island . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Russel , F. The Atlantic Coast . The Illustrated Natural History of Canada .", "29": "Natural Science of Canada Ltd . Toronto . 1970 . pp. 30 -- 31 . LCCCN 70109048 . Jump up ^ Parks Canada , Teacher Resource Centre , Prince Edward Island National Park of Canada Retrieved : April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lexicon of Canadian Geological Units . `` Pictou Group '' . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ thecanadianencyclopedia.ca : `` Prince Edward Island - Mining '' Jump up ^ nrcan.gc.ca : `` Prince Edward Island 's Shale and Tight Resources '' ^ Jump up to : carlottetown.pe.ca : `` Water Utility '' ^ Jump up to : cbc.ca : `` Water supply worries prompt Charlottetown meeting '' , November 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : cbc.ca : `` Charlottetown opens emergency water supply '' , July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ cbc.ca : `` Charlottetown relies on secondary water source '' , August 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PEI Potato '' . PEI Potato . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ cbc.ca : `` Water Act white paper tabled by P.E.I. government '' , July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ gov.pe.ca : `` Environment - Drinking Water Quality '' Jump up ^ gov.pe.ca : `` Getting your water tested '' Jump up ^ `` Macphail Woods : Watersheds '' . macphailwoods.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Canada , Parks Canada Agency , Government of . `` Parks Canada - Prince Edward Island National Park - especesenperil - speciesatrisk '' . www.pc.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Freshwater ascomycetes : Jahnula apiospora ( Jahnulales , Dothideomycetes ) , a new species from Prince Edward Island , Canada '' . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 .", "30": "Jump up ^ http://baleinesendirect.org/une-baleine-noire-en-vue-merci-dappeler-urgences-mammiferes-marins/ Jump up ^ http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1312707-right-whales-off-cape-breton-going-the-wrong-way-for-shipping-fishing ^ Jump up to : Island Information : Quick Facts , website of the Government of Prince Edward Island , 2010 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved on October 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sark , John Joe ( 1988 ) . Micmac Legends of Prince Edward Island . Lennox Island Band Council & Ragwee Press . p. 6 . ISBN 0920304915 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Sara ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It 's all Mi'kmaq land ' : Why First Nations claim P.E.I. as their own '' . CBC News . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harvey , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Harvey , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Boishebert Canadian Biography On Line . Jump up ^ John Clarence Webster 's , `` Memorial on Behalf of Sieur de Boishebert '' ( Saint John : Historical Studies No. 4 , Publications of the New Brunswick Museum , 1942 ) at p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Mi'kmaw History -- Timeline ( Post-Contact ) '' . Muiniskw.org. 2011 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` LEGARDEUR DE CROISILLE ET DE MONTESSON , JOSEPH - MICHEL - Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online '' . Biographi.ca. 2007 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia , Hurtig Publishers , Edmonton , Alberta ( 1988 ) , p. 1753 . Jump up ^ Johnston , A.J.B. ( 2007 ) .", "31": "Endgame 1758 : The Promise , the Glory and the Despair of Louisbourg 's Last Decade . University of Nebraska Press . p. 366 . Jump up ^ Earl Lockerby . The Deportation of the Acadians from Prince Edward Island . Jump up ^ Brendan O'Grady , Exiles and Islanders : The Irish Settlers of Prince Edward Island , p. 15 . Jump up ^ PEI Provincial Government . `` Historical Milestones '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Julian Gwyn . Frigates and Foremasts . University of British Columbia , 2003 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` Assembly Timeline '' ( PDF ) . Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island . Government of Prince Edward Island . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Library and Archives Canada . `` Canadian Confederation , Provinces and Territories , Prince Edward Island '' . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Edward Island '' . Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada . Parks Canada . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Confederation Centre of the Arts National Historic Site of Canada . Canadian Register of Historic Places . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Population urban and rural , by province and territory '' . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , 2006 and 2001 censuses -- 100 % data '' . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) , National Household Survey ( NHS ) Profile , 2011 . Jump up ^ Statistics Canada ( 2002 ) . `` Population of Canada 's Provinces '' . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2007 . Retrieved April 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ PEI population trend Archived February 21 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Statistics Canada ) . Jump up ^ Population urban and rural , by province and territory Archived November 21 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine .", "32": "( Statistics Canada , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Prince Edward Island ( Economic region ) , Prince Edward Island and Canada ( Country ) ( table ) . Census Profile '' . Ottawa : Statistics Canada . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Religions in Canada '' . 2.statcan.ca . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ gov.pe.ca : `` Agriculture on Prince Edward Island '' Jump up ^ statcan.gc.ca : `` Census of Agriculture counts 1700 farms in Prince Edward Island '' Jump up ^ maisonneuve.org : `` When the Monks Come to Town '' , June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho Potato Production '' . Potatopro.com . November 12 , 2008 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weihs , Jean ( 1995 ) . Facts about Canada , its provinces and territories . New York : H.W. Wilson Co. p. 159 . ISBN 9780824208646 . Jump up ^ Prince Edward Island ( P.E.I. ) . Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2013 . ^ Jump up to : irac.pe.ca : `` The Prince Edward Island Lands Protection Act - Frequently Asked Questions Including Information on Non-Resident , Corporate & Global Permit Applications for Land Acquisition in Prince Edward Island '' Jump up ^ `` PEI BioScience Cluster - Prince Edward Island BioAlliance - Overview '' . peibioalliance.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Lobster Fishing Jump up ^ `` Government of Prince Edward Island '' . Jump up ^ `` Pepsi Bottling Group To Acquire Seaman 's Beverages '' . SmartBrief. 2002 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Government of PEI . `` PEI Bans the Can '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2006 . Retrieved April 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ CBC ( April 26 , 2007 ) .", "33": "`` End to can ban receives full support of legislature '' . CBC News . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Government of PEI . `` Government to lift `` can - ban '' May 3 beverage container management system encourages returns and recycling `` . Retrieved April 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Island Regulatory and Appeals Commission ( PEI Government ) . Jump up ^ `` Summary Tables '' . 0.statcan.ca . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Government of PEI . `` Minimum Wage Order '' . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2009 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ cbc.ca : `` Electricity in Prince Edward Island '' , March 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ cbc.ca : `` Electricity rates rising 11.2 % next year '' , December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ irac.pe.ca : `` Electric Regulation '' Jump up ^ maritimeelectric.com : `` About Us '' Jump up ^ Canadian Heritage ( February 2009 ) . `` Department of Canadian Heritage Portfolio '' ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Queen 's Printer for Canada : 3 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 100 - 11529 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island . `` Role > Role and Responsibilities '' . Queen 's Printer for Prince Edward Island . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Library of Parliament . `` The Opposition in a Parliamentary System '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 2008 ) . `` Election Act '' ( PDF ) . 4.1 ( 2 ) ( b ) : Queen 's Printer for Prince Edward Island . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Confederation Bridge '' . September 2009 . ( official website ) .", "34": "Jump up ^ `` New School Board '' . Jump up ^ gov.pe.ca : `` Central Wastewater Systems '' Jump up ^ irac.pe.ca : `` PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND - MUNICIPAL WATER & SEWERAGE UTILITIES - GENERAL RULES & REGULATIONS '' Jump up ^ irac.pe.ca : `` CHAPTER E-9 - ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT - DRINKING WATER AND WASTEWATER FACILITY OPERATING REGULATIONS '' Jump up ^ charlottetown.pe.ca : `` City of Charlottetown Wastewater Treatment Expansion & Upgrading '' ( ca 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Mittelstaedt , Martin ( December 6 , 2006 ) . `` Pesticides are what 's killing our kids '' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved April 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Boesveld , Sarah ( December 23 , 2011 ) . `` P.E.I. to ' stay with status quo ' on abortions '' . National Post . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wright , Teresa ( July 7 , 2008 ) . `` Abortion policy to remain same : Ghiz '' . The Guardian . Charlottetown , PUI . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` P.E.I. wo n't change abortion policy '' . CBC News . July 19 , 2000 . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Abortion information line disconnected '' . CBC News . January 29 , 2008 . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Joyce ( November 2000 ) . `` Canada Health Act Violates Abortion Services : Five Basic Principles Not Met '' . Pro-Choice Action Network . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Your province and tax - funded abortions '' . Life Canada Inc. 2003 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 .", "35": "Jump up ^ `` Morgentaler clinic in N.B. to close , citing no provincial funding '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` New health centre in old Morgentaler clinic in N.B. to provide abortions '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` P.E.I. moves to provide abortion services on the Island '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Archie Cairns - Book 1 Pipe Music ' Prince Edward Island ' March 4 / 4 , 1995 . ^ Jump up to : `` P.E.I. Jazz and Blues Festival '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the Island Fringe Festival '' . Island Fringe Festival . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz festival loses ACOA funding '' . CBC news . cbc.ca . August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` P.E.I. to become ' Canada 's Food Island ' '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ilê - du - Prince - Edouard : Communiqué ( Vice-Governor from Chinese Sister Province Visits Prince Edward Island ) '' . Gov.pe.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 19 . Further reading ( edit ) Arsenault , Georges ( 1989 ) . The Island Acadians , 1720 -- 1980 . Charlottetown : Ragweed Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 920304 - 81 - 5 . OCLC 42887917 . Baglole , Harry ( 1977 ) . Exploring Island History : A Guide to the Historical Resources of Prince Edward Island . Belfast , P.E.I. : Ragweed Press . ISBN 0 - 920304 - 01 - X . OCLC 4114534 . Bolger , Francis ( 1973 ) .", "36": "Canada 's Smallest Province : A History of Prince Edward Island . Charlottetown : Prince Edward Island 1973 Centennial Commission . OCLC 1031515 . Also under OCLC 223434609 Beck , E. Boyde ; Burden , P. John ( 1996 ) . Prince Edward Island : an ( un ) authorized history . Charlottetown : Acorn Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9698606 - 1 - 7 . OCLC 36817364 . Bumsted , J.M. ( 1987 ) . Land , settlement , and politics on eighteenth - century Prince Edward Island . Kingston , ON : McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 0566 - 7 . OCLC 17199722 . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Clark , Andrew Hill ( 1959 ) . Three Centuries and the Island . A Historical Geography of Settlement and Agriculture in Prince Edward Island , Canada . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . OCLC 203962 . A very broad look at the historical geography of P.E.I. Ives , Edward D. ( 1999 ) . Drive Dull Care Away : Folksongs from Prince Edward Island . Charlottetown : Institute of Island Studies . ISBN 978 - 0 - 919013 - 34 - 6 . OCLC 123276052 . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Johnston , A.J.B. ; Francis , Jesse ( 2013 ) . Ni'n na L'nu : The Mi'kmaq of Prince Edward Island . Charlottetown : Acorn Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894838 - 93 - 1 . MacKinnon , Frank ( 1995 ) . Church politics and education in Canada : the P.E.I. experience . Calgary : Detselig Enterprises . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55059 - 104 - 0 . OCLC 35292426 . MacKinnon , Wayne ( 1973 ) .", "37": "The Life of the Party : A History of the Liberal Party in Prince Edward Island . Summerside , P.E.I. : Prince Edward Island Liberal Party . Sharpe , Errol ( 1976 ) . A people 's history of Prince Edward Island . Toronto : Steel Rail . ISBN 0 - 88791 - 003 - 3 . OCLC 2893908 . Verner Smitheram ; David Milne ; Satadal Dasgupta ( 1982 ) . The Garden transformed : Prince Edward Island , 1945 - 1980 . Charlottetown : Ragweed Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 920304 - 10 - 5 . OCLC 9469420 . Livingston , Walter Ross ( 1931 ) . Responsible Government in Prince Edward Island : A Triumph of Self - Government under the Crown . Iowa City , IA : University of Iowa Press . OCLC 1678512 . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Weale , David ; Baglole , Harry ( 1973 ) . The Island and Confederation : the end of an era . Summerside , P.E.I. : Williams and Crue . OCLC 1340051 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prince Edward Island . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Prince Edward Island .", "38": "The Government of Prince Edward Island Government official website University of Prince Edward Island Digital Historical Archives Prince Edward Island at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) The Government Prince Edward Island Visitor 's Guide CBC Digital Archives -- PEI Elections : Liberal landslides and Tory tides Confederation Bridge City of Charlottetown PEI info Mi'kmaq Confederacy home page Links to related articles Subdivisions of Prince Edward Island Subdivisions Counties Parishes Townships Municipalities Population centres Cities Charlottetown Summerside Towns Alberton Borden - Carleton Cornwall Georgetown Kensington Montague North Rustico O'Leary Souris Stratford Incorporated communities Abrams Village Afton Alexandra Annandale - Little Pond - Howe Bay Bedeque and Area Belfast Bonshaw Brackley Breadalbane Brudenell Cardigan Central Kings Clyde River Crapaud Darlington Eastern Kings Ellerslie - Bideford Grand Tracadie Greenmount - Montrose Hampshire Hazelbrook Hunter River Kingston Kinkora Lady Slipper Linkletter Lorne Valley Lot 11 and Area Lower Montague Malpeque Bay Meadowbank Miltonvale Park Miminegash Miscouche Morell Mount Stewart Murray Harbour Murray River New Haven - Riverdale North Shore North Wiltshire Northport Pleasant Grove Resort Municipality Sherbrooke Souris West St. Felix St. Louis St. Nicholas St. Peters Bay Tignish Tignish Shore Tyne Valley Union Road Valleyfield Victoria Warren Grove Wellington West River Winsloe South York Unincorporated communities Bedeque Belmont Cavendish Central Bedeque Foxley River Freeland Hebron Knutsford Long River Mont - Carmel Category : Prince Edward Island Portal : Prince Edward Island WikiProject : Prince", "39": "Edward Island Provinces and territories of Canada Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Historical Former colonies and territories in Canada Territorial evolution of Canada after 1867 Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Related Area Bibliography Extreme points Government spending Gross domestic product Language policies Mountains Museums Name etymologies Population Regions Symbols Topics Unemployment Book Category Portal WikiProject Canada History Year list ( Timeline ) Pre-colonization New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) British Canada ( 1763 -- 1867 ) Post-Confederation ( 1867 -- 1914 ) World Wars and Interwar Years ( 1914 -- 1945 ) Modern times : 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 since 1992 Topics Constitutional Crown & Aboriginals Economic Etymology Former colonies & territories Immigration Military Monarchical National Historic Sites Persons of significance Territorial evolution Women Provinces and territories Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Government Law", "40": "Constitution Monarch Governor General Parliament ( Senate House of Commons ) Prime Minister list Courts Supreme Court Military Local government Foreign relations Law enforcement Politics Elections LGBT rights Multiculturalism Geography Regions ( west to east ) Pacific Northwest Western Canada Great Plains Canadian Prairies Northern Canada Canadian Shield Great Lakes Central Canada The Maritimes Eastern Canada Atlantic Canada Topics Animals Cities Earthquakes Islands Mountains National Parks Plants Great Lakes Regions Rivers Volcanoes Economy Agriculture Banking Bank of Canada Dollar Communications Companies Energy Fishing Oil Stock exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Science and technology Social programs Poverty Society Education Healthcare Crime Values Demographics Topics Canadians Immigration Languages Religion 2001 Census 2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Population Top 100s Metropolitan areas and agglomerations Population centres Municipalities Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Festivals Folklore People Holidays Identity Literature Music Nationalisms Online media Protectionism Sports Theatre Symbols Coat of arms Flags Provincial and territorial Royal Heraldic Article overviews Index Outline Topics Research Bibliography Historiography", "41": "Book Category Portal Coordinates : 46 ° 15 ′ N 063 ° 00 ′ W / 46.250 ° N 63.000 ° W / 46.250 ; - 63.000 VIAF : 137121494 LCCN : n79034411 GND : 4116107 - 5 SELIBR : 157006 BNF : cb11962516b ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Island&oldid=838263090 '' Categories : Prince Edward Island 1873 establishments in Canada Atlantic Canada British North America Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas Islands of Prince Edward Island The Maritimes States and territories established in 1873 Provinces of Canada Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Mi'kmaq - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles needing additional references from April 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents", "42": "About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut Kapampangan ქართული Kernowek Kiswahili Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄", "43": "Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro 文言 Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 92 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 22 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5677793720723651646	this poster was created to increase support for the war effort.the poster links food rationing to	[ "aiding the war effort" ]	{ "0": "Victory Garden - wikipedia Victory Garden Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Victory garden ( disambiguation ) . American WWII - era poster promoting victory gardens Victory gardens , also called war gardens or food gardens for defense , were vegetable , fruit , and herb gardens planted at private residences and public parks in the United States , United Kingdom , Canada , Australia and Germany during World War I and World War II . George Washington Carver wrote an agricultural tract and promoted the idea of what he called a `` Victory Garden '' . They were used along with Rationing Stamps and Cards to reduce pressure on the public food supply . Besides indirectly aiding the war effort , these gardens were also considered a civil `` morale booster '' in that gardeners could feel empowered by their contribution of labor and rewarded by the produce grown . This made victory gardens a part of daily life on the home front . Two American war gardeners in 1918 Contents ( hide ) 1 World War I 1.1 Canada 1.2 United States 2 World War II 2.1 Australia 2.2 Britain 2.3 United States 3 Postwar 4 Films 5 Television 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links World War I ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Victory Gardens became popular in Canada in 1917 . Under the Ministry of Agriculture 's campaign , `` A Vegetable Garden for Every Home '' , residents of cities , towns and villages utilized backyard spaces to plant vegetables for personal use and war effort . In the city of Toronto , ladies organizations brought expert gardeners into the schools to get school children and their families interested in gardening . In addition to gardening , home owners were encouraged to keep hens in their yards for the purpose of collecting eggs . The result was large production of potatoes , beets , cabbage and other useful vegetables . United States ( edit ) WWI - era U.S. victory poster . In March 1917 , Charles Lathrop Pack organized the US National War Garden Commission and launched the war garden campaign . Food production had fallen dramatically during World War I , especially in Europe , where agricultural labor had been recruited into military service and remaining farms devastated by the conflict .", "1": "Pack and others conceived the idea that the supply of food could be greatly increased without the use of land and manpower already engaged in agriculture , and without the significant use of transportation facilities needed for the war effort . The campaign promoted the cultivation of available private and public lands , resulting in over five million gardens in the USA and foodstuff production exceeding $1.2 billion by the end of the war . President Woodrow Wilson said that `` Food will win the war . '' To support the home garden effort , a United States School Garden Army was launched through the Bureau of Education , and funded by the War Department at Wilson 's direction . World War II ( edit ) See also : Food waste in the United Kingdom § History The British `` Dig on for Victory '' poster by Peter Fraser A victory garden in a bomb crater in London during WWII . Australia ( edit ) Australia launched a Dig for Victory campaign in 1942 as rationing and a shortage of agricultural workers began to affect food supplies . The situation began to ease in 1943 ; however , home gardens continued throughout the war . Britain ( edit ) In Britain , `` digging for victory '' used much land such as waste ground , railway edges , ornamental gardens and lawns , while sports fields and golf courses were requisitioned for farming or vegetable growing . Sometimes a sports field was left as it was but used for sheep - grazing instead of being mown ( for example see Lawrence Sheriff School § Effects of the Second World War ) . By 1943 , the number of allotments had roughly doubled to 1,400,000 , including rural , urban and suburban plots . C.H. Middleton 's radio programme In Your Garden reached millions of listeners keen for advice on growing potatoes , leeks and the like , and helped ensure a communal sense of contributing to the war effort ( as well as a practical response to food rationing ) . County Herb Committees were established to collect medicinal herbs when German blockades created shortages , for instance in Digitalis purpurea ( Foxglove ) which was used to regulate heartbeat . Victory gardens were planted in backyards and on apartment - building rooftops , with the occasional vacant lot `` commandeered for the war effort ! '' and put to use as a cornfield or a squash patch .", "2": "During World War II , sections of lawn were publicly plowed for plots in Hyde Park , London to promote the movement , while allotments growing onions in the shadow of the Albert Memorial also pointed to everybody , high and low , chipping in to the national struggle . United States ( edit ) Amid regular rationing of food in Britain , the United States Department of Agriculture encouraged the planting of victory gardens during the course of World War II . Around one third of the vegetables produced by the United States came from victory gardens . It was emphasized to American home front urbanites and suburbanites that the produce from their gardens would help to lower the price of vegetables needed by the US War Department to feed the troops , thus saving money that could be spent elsewhere on the military : `` Our food is fighting , '' one US poster read . By May 1943 , there were 18 million victory gardens in the United States - 12 million in cities and 6 million on farms . Although at first the Department of Agriculture objected to Eleanor Roosevelt 's institution of a victory garden on the White House grounds , fearing that such a movement would hurt the food industry , basic information about gardening appeared in public services booklets distributed by the Department of Agriculture , as well as by agribusiness corporations such as International Harvester and Beech - Nut . Fruit and vegetables harvested in these home and community plots was estimated to be 9,000,000 -- 10,000,000 short tons ( 8,200,000 -- 9,100,000 t ) in 1944 , an amount equal to all commercial production of fresh vegetables . In New York City , the lawns around vacant `` Riverside '' were devoted to victory gardens , as were portions of San Francisco 's Golden Gate Park . The slogan `` grow your own , can your own '' , was a slogan that started at the time of the war and referred to families growing and canning their own food in victory gardens . `` A Victory Garden is like a share in an airplane factory . It helps win the War and it pays dividends too . '' -- Claude Wickard , U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Postwar ( edit ) In 1946 , with the war over , many British residents did not plant victory gardens , in expectation of greater availability of food .", "3": "However , shortages remained in the United Kingdom , and rationing remained in place for at least some food items until 1954 . Land at the centre of the Sutton Garden Suburb in Sutton , London was first put to use as a victory garden during World War II ; before then it had been used as a recreation ground with tennis courts . The land continued to be used as allotments by local residents for more than 50 years until they were evicted by the then landowner in 1997 . The land has since fallen into disuse . The Fenway Victory Gardens in the Back Bay Fens of Boston , Massachusetts and the Dowling Community Garden in Minneapolis , Minnesota remain active as the last surviving public examples from World War II . Most plots in the Fenway Victory Gardens now feature flowers instead of vegetables while the Dowling Community Garden retains its focus on vegetables . Since the turn of the 21st century , interest in victory gardens has grown . A campaign promoting such gardens has sprung up in the form of new victory gardens in public spaces , victory garden websites and blogs , as well as petitions to renew a national campaign for the victory garden and to encourage the re-establishment of a victory garden on the White House lawn . In March 2009 , First Lady Michelle Obama planted an 1,100 - square - foot ( 100 m ) `` Kitchen Garden '' on the White House lawn , the first since Eleanor Roosevelt 's , to raise awareness about healthy food . Films ( edit ) Several countries produced numerous information films about growing victory gardens . Canada World War II He Plants for Victory ( 1943 ) United Kingdom World War I Grow Vegetables For War Effort War Garden Parade World War II Dig For Victory !", "4": "( 1940 , 1941 , 1942 ) Children 's Allotment Gardens ( 1942 ) Compost Heaps for Feeding ( 1942 ) Digging For Victory ( 1943 ) Winter Greens ( 1943 ) Blitz on Bugs ( 1944 ) Dig for Victory - Proceed According To Plan ( 1944 ) United States World War II Victory Gardens ( 1941 , 1942 , 1943 ) Barney Bear 's Victory Garden ( 1942 ) As Ye Sow ( 1945 ) Television ( edit ) Historical documentary and reality television series such as The 1940s House , Wartime Farm and the second season of Coal House place modern families in a recreated wartime settings , including digging victory gardens . The WGBH public - television series The Victory Garden took the familiar expression to promote composting and intensive cropping for homeowners who wanted to raise some vegetables ( and some flowers ) . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victory gardens . Australian Women 's Land Army Community garden Home front during World War II List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom Rationing in the United Kingdom United States home front during World War II Women 's Land Army Woman 's Land Army of America References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hopkins , John Castell ( 1919 ) . The Province of Ontario in the War : A Record of Government and People . Toronto : Warwick Brothers and Rutter . pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Pack , Charles Lathrop . War Gardens Victorious ( Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott , 1919 ) p. 15 . Jump up ^ Eyle , Alexandra . Charles Lathrop Pack : Timberman , Forest Conservationist , and Pioneer in Forest Education ( Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press , 1994 ) p. 142 . Jump up ^ Hayden - Smith , Rose : Sowing the Seeds of Victory ( Jefferson , NC : McFarland , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ `` Victory gardens , Second World War '' . Australian War Memorial . Jump up ^ D. Matless , Landscape and Englishness ( London 2016 ) p.", "5": "246 Jump up ^ A. Harris , Romantic Moderns ( London 2010 ) p. 240 - 1 Jump up ^ A. Harris , Romantic Moderns ( London 2010 ) p. 241 Jump up ^ Kallen , Stuart A. ( 2000 ) . The War at Home . San Diego : Lucent Books . ISBN 1 - 56006 - 531 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Where our men are fighting , our food is fighting '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 18,000,000 Gardens for Victory '' . Popular Mechanics . May 1943 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Victory Gardens during World War II '' . livinghistoryfarm.org . Jump up ^ http://www.victorygardenfoundation.org/VGhistory/Facts%20about%201945%20VGs.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400530/pdf/hist/bhnhe_1944_misc_pub_550.pdf Jump up ^ `` World war II : Civic responsibility '' ( PDF ) . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Sutton Garden Suburb Conservation Area Character Appraisal Archived 2016 - 10 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Dowling Community Garden History '' . Jump up ^ Burrows , Marian ( March 19 , 2009 ) . `` Obamas to Plant Vegetable Garden at White House '' . New York Times . Further reading ( edit ) Hayden - Smith , Rose ( 2014 ) . Sowing the Seeds of Victory : American Gardening Programs of World War I. McFarland Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7020 - 4 . Hayden - Smith , Rose ( 2005 ) . `` Soldiers of the Soil : The Work of the United States School Garden Army in World War 1 '' . University of California 4 - H Youth Development Center . Retrieved 12 May 2014 .", "6": "Kuhn , Clifford M. , `` ' It Was a Long Way from Perfect , but It Was Working ' : The Canning and Home Production Initiatives in Green County , Georgia , 1940 -- 1942 , '' Agricultural History ( 2012 ) 86 # 1 pp 68 -- 90 . Madsen , Joseph . `` Fighting the War Through Gardening : Ballard High School 's WWII Victory Garden '' ( PDF ) . C.H. Middleton , Digging for Victory ( ( 1942 ) London 2008 ) Pack , Charles Lathrop ( 1919 ) . The War Garden Victorious . J.P. Lippincott Co . OCLC 425762 . Smith , Daniel ( 2011 ) . The Spade as Mighty as the Sword : The Story of World War Two 's Dig for Victory Campaign . Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84513 - 617 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Recipe for Victory : Food and Cooking in Wartime PBS : The Victory Garden A Visual History of Victory Gardens curated by Michigan State University Victory Gardens Handbook of the Victory Garden Committee War Services , Pennsylvania State Council of Defense ( April 1944 ) Victory Garden complete film at archive.org History of Urban Gardening in the United States GARDENS FOR VICTORY reference pubbed Mar. 1942 , intro / first chapter Victory Garden Initiative - a grassroots organization in Milwaukee , Wisconsin promoting revival of the victory garden movement as a means to address food system and environmental issues . Oldest Remaining Victory Gardens in Boston 1943 propaganda film He Plants for Victory ( National Film Board of Canada ) 1941 propaganda film Victory Gardens ( United States Department of Agriculture ) Horticulture and gardening Gardening History Design computer - aided Garden tool Green wall Arboretum Allotment Butterfly Community Forest French intensive Guerrilla Garden Historic conservation Landscape Native Parterre Raised bed Square foot Sustainable Xeriscaping Types", "7": "of gardens Back Biblical Botanical Butterfly Byzantine Cactus Cantonese Chinese Color Container Cottage Dutch English Fernery Floating Flower French formal landscape Renaissance Front Greek Greenhouse Hanging Hügelkultur Islamic Italian Japanese Kitchen Knot Korean Market Mary Monastic Mughal Orangery Orchard Persian Bagh Charbagh Paradise Philosophical Pleasure Roman Spanish Rain Rose Roof Sacred Scottish Sculpture Sensory Shade Therapeutic Trial Tropical Victory Vineyard Walled Water Wildlife Winter Zen Zoological Horticulture Agriculture stock - free sustainable urban Arboriculture Botany Companion planting Crop most valuable Flora Floriculture Fruticulture Genetically modified tree Hydroculture Indigenous Intercropping Landscape architecture Oenology Olericulture Plant breeding propagation drought tolerance hardiness Pomology Postharvest physiology Tropical Urban agriculture horticulture forestry reforestation Viticulture Organic Biodynamic agriculture List of organic gardening and farming topics Vegan organic gardening Plant protection Fungicide Herbicide Index of pesticide articles List of fungicides Pesticide Plant disease forecasting Pruning Weed control Agriculture and agronomy portal Gardening portal Commons Agriculture in the United Kingdom", "8": "Economy of the United Kingdom Agriculture Companies ADAS ( company ) Arla Foods UK Bernard Matthews Farms Dairy Crest Faccenda Group Farmcare Frontier Agriculture Genus Müller Wiseman Dairies NFU Mutual Norbrook Group Openfield Vestey Group Conservation Grazing marsh Hedgerow removal Rare Breeds Survival Trust Government and regulation Agricultural Land Classification Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board Potato Council Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency British Cattle Movement Service The Country Code Crown Estate Department of Agriculture and Rural Development ( Northern Ireland ) Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Institute for Animal Health Legislation Meat and Livestock Commission Natural England Rights of way in Scotland Rural Development Council Rural Payments Agency Scottish Government Enterprise and Environment Directorate Single Payment Scheme History Agricultural Revolution British timber trade Celtic field Common land Corn Laws Diggers Dutch barn Enclosure Haughley Experiment Highland Clearances Highland Potato Famine Lowland Clearances Napier Commission Rationing Run rig Rural Reconstruction Association Scottish Agricultural Revolution Swing Riots Victory garden Women 's Land Army Foot - and - mouth 1967 2007 Nations and regions England Agriculture in London Cuisine Cornwall Devon Fishing Scotland Animal breeds Shetland Crofting Scottish Crofting Foundation Cuisine Factor Fishing Royal Highland Show Wales Cuisine Royal Welsh Show Tŷ unnos Non-governmental organisations Unions Farmers ' Union of Wales National Farmers ' Union of England and Wales National Farmers ' Union of Scotland Ulster Farmers ' Union Young Farmers ' Clubs of Ulster British Egg Industry Council British Poultry Council Country Land and Business Association Fresh Start Initiative Institute of Biological ,", "9": "Environmental and Rural Sciences James Hutton Institute Museums Museum of English Rural Life National Museum of Rural Life National Non-Food Crops Centre Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre Rothamsted Research Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland Soil Association Tenant Farmers Association Universities and colleges CAFRE Royal Agricultural University Scotland 's Rural College Sectors Beekeeping June Gap Fell farming Forestry Other Countryfile Eglu Farmers Weekly Farming Today Hurdles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victory_garden&oldid=822157534 '' Categories : Civilians in war Types of garden Landscape history Landscape design history Landscape architecture Urban agriculture Home front during World War II United States home front during World War II Horticulture and gardening Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 19 : 01 . 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-2362041234838636399	who was the first coronated king of manipur at kangla	[ "Pamheiba", "Pamheiba", "Pakhangba" ]	{ "0": "Kangla palace - wikipedia Kangla palace Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The main entrance of the Kangla Fort in Imphal . Kingdom of Manipur Part of History of Manipur Kings of Manipur Pamheiba 1720 -- 1751 Gaurisiam 1752 -- 1754 Chitsai 1754 -- 1756 Ching - Thang Khomba 1769 -- 1798 Rohinchandra 1798 -- 1801 Maduchandra Singh 1801 -- 1806 Chourjit Singh 1806 -- 1812 Marjit Singh 1812 -- 1819 Gambhir Singh 1825 -- 1834 Raja Nara Singh 1844 -- 1850 Debindro Singh 1850 Chandrakirti Singh 1850 -- 1886 Raja Surchandra 1886 -- 1890 Kulachandra Singh 1890 -- 1891 Churachandra Singh 1891 -- 1941 Bodhchandra Singh 1941 -- 1949 Manipur monarchy data Ningthouja dynasty ( Royal family ) Pakhangba ( Symbol of the kingdom ) Cheitharol Kumbaba ( Royal chronicle ) Imphal ( Capital of the kingdom ) Kangla Palace ( Royal residence ) The Palace of Kangla is an old palace at Imphal in Manipur ( Kangleipak ) . It was situated on both sides ( western and eastern ) of the bank of the Imphal River . But now it remains only on the western side of the bank . Only the ruins remain now . Kangla means `` dry land '' in old Meitei . It was the traditional seat of the past Meitei rulers of Manipur .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 Historical and archeological significance 3 Anglo - Manipur War of 1891 4 Holy / Sacred places of Kangla 4.1 Nungjeng Pukhri and other ponds 4.2 Nunggoibi 4.3 Manglen 4.4 Kangla Men Surung 4.5 Site of Lord Wangbaren 4.6 Site for Lord Koubru 5 Monuments and archaeological sites in Kangla Fort 5.1 Ruins of the Citadel 5.2 Ruins of the Uttra 5.3 Site of the two ' Kangla Sha ' 5.4 Temple of Shree - Shree Govindajee 5.5 Stone inscription 6 Important structures of the British / Post Independence period 7 Concept Development Plan ( CDP ) of ' Kangla ' Fort Archaeological Park ( KFAP ) 8 Assurances from the Government of India 9 ' Kangla Fort Ordinance. 2004 ' 10 Historical and archeological significance 11 References 12 External links Introduction ( edit ) Channel around a part of Kangla ' Kangla ' was the ancient capital of Manipur from the ancient times down to the year 1891 AD . It is located at the heart of the Imphal city almost intersected by 24 ° N Latitude , 94 ° E Longitude and it is 2,619 feet ( 798 m ) above mean sea level . It is situated on the western bank of the Imphal River . In ancient times , ' Kangla ' was the royal palace since the reign of Pakhangba who ascended the throne in 33 AD , according to `` Cheitharol Kummaba '' , the royal Chronicle of Manipur . In pre-Pakhangba period , a ruling clan named Khaba ruled from ' Kangla ' . ' Kangla ' is not only the seat of political power but also a holy place for religious worship and ceremonies . There are a number of ancient treaties / manuscripts especially `` Sakoklamlen '' `` Chinglon Laihui '' , `` Nunglon '' etc.", "2": ", which lay down the rules for the construction , worship , ceremonies relating to ' Kangla '. these palace was surrounded by a huge channel called `` kangla pat '' Historical and archeological significance ( edit ) Kangla gate ( view from inside ) The main Kangla Gate today Kangla is the most important historical and archeological site of Manipur . The kingdom of Manipur was established and developed at Kangla . Being a site of political and religious centre , Kangla has grown into a formidable fortress city through the centuries . It is from this capital that the Ningthouja clan gradually wielded enough political and military power and grew up to be the most dominant clan in Manipur . The royal chronicle gives many references to the construction of Kangla by successive reigning kings in Manipur . The major landmarks in the growth of Kangla Fort were constructed by King Khagemba ( 1597 -- 1652 AD ) , the conqueror of the Chinese . The royal chronicle records that in 1632 AD , Khagemba constructed a brick wall at the western gate of Kangla Fort . It appears that the art of brick making was acquired from the Chinese prisoners who were captured during the Chinese invasion of the eastern frontier of Manipur . Khagemba 's son Khunjaoba ( 1632 -- 1666 AD ) improved on the fortification and beautification work of Kangla Fort . It is said that the king excavated a moat ( Thangapat ) on the western side of the Fort . During his period , the power and prestige of Manipur was at its peak . Burmese kings / chiefs approached him to settle their disputes and beg the hands of Manipuri princesses . The Fort was further improved and enlarged by King Garibaniwaz and after him by successive kings of Manipur . Since the reign of Maharaja Bhagyachandra ( 1762 -- 1798 AD ) , due to repeated invasion by the Burmese , Kangla was deserted several times . Maharaj Gambhir Singh , with the help of the Manipur Levy , liberated Manipur from the hands of the Burmese invading forces which occupied Manipur for seven years .", "3": "This period of Burmese Rule is known as `` Chahi Taret Khuntakpa '' ( Seven Years Devastation ) in the annals of Manipur . Gambhir Singh , however , established his capital at Langthabal which is now known as Canchipur . During the reign of Nara Singh , the capital was shifted to Kangla in 1844 . Anglo - Manipur War of 1891 ( edit ) Remains of an inner wall inside the fort . King Chandrakriti was succeeded by his eldest son Surchandra . However , he could not control his step brothers . As a result , Senapati Tikendrajit revolted against him and put his own brother Yubaraj Kulachandra to the Throne of Manipur . By this time , the Britishers took advantage to intervene in the internal affairs of Manipur . They sent Mr. J.W. Quinton , the Chief Commissioner of Assam to negotiate the palace revolt and to exile Senapati Tikendrajit . Thus , the first battle of the Anglo - Manipur War of 1891 broke out when the British forces , under orders from Mr. J.W. Quinton , the Chief Commissioner of Assam , attacked on ' Kangla ' , the Manipur Fort , in the early hours of 24 March 1891 . Manipur was an independent Asiatic power in alliance with the British Sovereign . This undeclared aggression left the Manipuris infuriated . However , they agreed to negotiate with the British officials when approached . The negotiation failed and the Manipuri commander ordered to execute the British Officers , though the King asked to keep them as prisoners . Thereafter , the British Empire declared war against Manipur and attacked it from three sides i.e. , Silchar , Kohima and Tamu ( in Myanmar ) . They conquered ' Kangla Fort ' on 27 April 1891 . Yubaraj Tikendrajit and Thangal General etc. , were publicly executed by the British . Since then , ' Kangla ' has been under occupation by the Security forces / Assam Rifles till 2004 . Holy / sacred places of Kangla ( edit ) ' Kangla ' is regarded as the holiest place for the Manipuris .", "4": "It is a centre of pilgrimage for all the Manipuris who are residing in Manipur , Assam , Bengal , Uttar Pradesh , Bangladesh and Myanmar etc . It is believed that Lord Pakhangba resides under ' Kangla ' and ruled the Kingdom of Manipur and the Universe . It is also believed that there are 360 important holy / sacred places in ' Kangla ' . Some of the important holy places in ' Kangla ' are : Nungjeng Pukhri and other ponds ( edit ) This is a sacred pond believed to be the abode of Lord Pakhangba . It is located to the north - west of the `` Uttra '' . Religious rituals are performed here . Besides this , there are other holy ponds like `` Chingkhei Nungjeng '' , `` Manung Nungjeng '' and `` Lai Pukhri '' etc . Nunggoibi ( edit ) The site is a sacred place of worship of the Goddess of War . The `` Huyein Lalu Chanba '' ritual was performed here , whenever a King of Manipur emerged victorious in battle . Manglen ( edit ) It is the cremation site of the Kings of Manipur . The `` Manglen '' is believed to have been developed by Maharaj Garibaniwaz in 1738 . According to the royal chronicle , the Cheitharol Kumbaba , Nara Singh Maharaj ( 1844 -- 50 ) was cremated here at the `` Manglen '' . Kangla men surung ( edit ) This is a sacred place where the kings of Manipur performed their coronation ceremony / erat - thouni . It is believed that the king will be able to rule the state or not according to the results of the ceremony / erat - thouni . Site of Lord wangbaren ( edit ) This is located to the southeastern corner of ' Kangla ' where ceremony / erat - thouni were performed in connection with flood and natural calamities . Site for Lord koubru ( edit ) It is located to the northwestern corner of ' Kangla ' and is worshipped mainly for good rainfall etc .", "5": "Besides these holy / sacred places , there are `` Paotak Pung '' , `` Pakhangba Pung '' , `` Pakhangba Khuda '' , `` Nata Pung '' , `` Yaorei Khukal Tetnou Yotli Chingba Ching '' , `` Yaoreibi '' `` Yaichampat '' , `` Lukhrapat '' , the site of `` Mangang Guru '' , `` Shumshang '' , `` Yumjaolairenbi '' , `` Lai - Nongshaba '' , etc . Monuments and Archaeological sites in Kangla Fort ( edit ) Ruins of the Citadel ( edit ) Cheitharol Kumbaba , the royal chronicle , records the construction of the Citadel in 1611 , that is , during the reign of King Khagemba ( 1597 -- 1652 ) . Twenty feet high , the Citadel is built of well - burnt bricks . A number of sacred places , including the coronation site of Pakhangba , were located within the enclosure of the citadel . The citadel enclosure had three entrances , two on the western side and one on the southern side . The entrance on the left end of the western face was opposite to the coronation hall and the entrance to the right end of the same wall faced the Darbar Hall . The southern entrance was connected with the passage leading to the Shree - Shree Govindajee Temple . Ruins of the Uttra ( edit ) The `` Uttra '' is the ancestral coronation hall of the Manipur kings . The installation ceremonies took place here . The building housing the coronation hall was destroyed in air raids during the Second World War The flight of the steps and the ruins of the foundation are the only remains of the `` Uttra '' . Site of the two ' Kangla Sha ' ( edit ) See also : Pakhangba A file picture of the Kangla Sha , which were destroyed in the Anglo - Manipur war of 1891 . The Kangla Sha , actually - 2007 - under restoration Two huge ' Kangla Sha ' made of brick used to stand in front of the `` Uttra '' but just beyond the flight of steps leading to the `` Uttra '' - on either side of the path leading to the `` Uttra '' . Mr. T.C.", "6": "Hudson wrote in his book / The Meitheis ' , this was the National Emblem of the Meiteis . According to Sir James Johnstone , Kangla sha were originally erected by the Chinese war captives . But it is wrong . It is said that it existed even before the reign of Nongda lairen Pakhangba ( 33 AD ) . According to archaic belief the Kangla Sha is the Protector of the King and repelled the Omen . Whenever the King is in distress , the King used to worship / perform a sacred ritual , eating or drinking nothing , then if the kangla - Sha bless him HE shall protect the King . ' Kangla Sha ' were blown to pieces by the British after their occupation of ' Kangla ' Fort in 1891 . The site is remembered historically as the place where four British officers were beheaded by the Manipuri soldiers . Temple of Shree - Shree Govindajee ( edit ) The temple of Shree - Shree Govindajee was originally built in 1846 , that is , during the reign of Maharaja Nara Singh ( 1844 -- 50 ) . It was severely damaged in the great earthquake of 1868 . The deities ( murtis ) of Radha Govinda was damaged when parts of the temple collapsed in the earthquake ( Cheitharol Kumbaba , p. 375 ) . Maharaj Chandrakriti ( 1859 -- 86 ) , the then ruler of Manipur , reconstructed the temple in its original form . The temple is dedicated to Lord Govinda and His consort Radha . Stone inscription ( edit ) There is a stone inscription belonging to the period of Maharaja Marjit . Important structures of the British / post independence period ( edit ) There are many important historical and Architectural buildings / structures which belong to the British and post-independence period viz. : Field Marshal General Slim 's Cottage - the famous General of Second World War Unit Hospital of the Assam Rifles . Sir Akbar Hydri 's tomb - the Governor of Assam . Residence / Bungalows of the British Officers / Assam Rifle Officers , Samadhi of Maharaj Bodhachandra of Manipur etc .", "7": "Memorial Stone at Kekrupat , which was erected in memory of those who sacrificed their life during the historic event of June 18 , 2002 . The 1st I.R.B. Memorial . 17 Assam Rifle Commandants Office . Concept development Plan ( CDP ) of ' Kangla ' Fort Archaeological Park ( KFAP ) ( edit ) The Government of Manipur , to translate into action the general desire and aspirations of the people , had allocated a place for the Assam Rifles at Mahakoireng and had also requested the Union Government frequently to shift the Assam Rifles from ' Kangla ' . The State Government also engaged Prof. Nalini Thakur of School of Planning and Architecture , New Delhi to prepare a Concept Development Plan ( CDP ) of ' Kangla Fort ' . The ' CDP ' to develop ' Kangla Fort ' as a unique Archaeological Park in the region has been approved by the State Government . The development of ' Kangla ' has started recently . After completion of the development works , ' Kangla Fort ' will become a unique Archaeological Park ( Heritage Park ) , in the entire North - Eastern region . The essence of ' Kangla Development Project ' is the preservation of the state heritage and to restore ' Kangla ' to its pristine glory . The salient features of the ' Project ' are the development and beautification of the ancient historical ruins and sacred and holy places inside ' Kangla ' , including the Citadel and temples in ruins , the `` Nungjeng Pukhri '' and reconstruction of ' Kangla Sha ' ( the State emblem ) , which were razed to the ground by the British Colonial forces at the end of the Anglo - Manipuri War of 1891 . Documentation of the ancient structures , holy and sacred places , publication of book on ' Kangla ' with rare photographs are also one of the major target of the ' Project ' . Plantation of indigenous trees , medicinal plants etc. , are other distinct features of the ' Project ' . Excavation of the inner moat , which is now lying as a dry ditch , conservation of the historical structures are parts of the ' Project ' to restore ' Kangla ' to its glorious past .", "8": "Lastly , a majestic temple of Lord Pakhangba is also proposed for construction at a suitable place to fulfill the general wish and aspirations of the people of Manipur . As per the Concept Development Plan , about Rs 15.00 crore is required for development of ' Kangla Fort ' into ' Kangla Fort Archaeological Park ' . Further , about Rs 1.50 crore would be required annually for maintenance of ' KFAP ' after its proper development . Currently , development of ' KFAP ' is taking place from Rs 5.00 crore sanctioned under the 11th Finance Commission Award . The remaining amount of Rs 10.00 crore for development of ' KFAP ' had to be provided by State Government besides making provisions for Rs 1.50 crore annually for its maintenance . Assurances from the Government of India ( edit ) Shri M.M. Jacob , the then Union Minister of State ( Home ) visited Manipur in 1992 and a section of the Assam Rifles , then stationed at ' Kangla ' Fort was shifted to Mahakoireng in a symbolic ceremony indicating the sincere gesture of the Union Government to vacate ' Kangla ' to fulfill the common wish of the people of Manipur . The vacation of ' Kangla Fort ' by the Assam Rifles and its subsequent handing over to the State Government has also been assured by the then Union Home Ministers like Shri S.B. Chavan , Shri Indrajit Gupta and the present Union Home Minister Shri Sivaraj Patil . ' Kangla Fort Ordinance 2004 ' ( edit ) Since the Government of India is considering to hand over the historical ' Kangla Fort ' measuring about 237.62 acres ( 0.9616 km ) , after its vacation by the Assam Rifles , on 20 November 2004 in presence of the Prime Minister of India , the State Cabinet has recently approved the draft ' Kangla Fort Ordinance , 2004 ' . It is proposed to promulgate this ' Ordinance ' soon after the possession of the ' Kangla Fort ' is handed over to the State Government by the Assam Rifles .", "9": "Once the proposed law comes into force , the administration and management of the ' Kangla Fort ' would vest in the ' Kangla Fort Board ' under the Chairmanship of the Hon'ble Chief Minister , Manipur . In the proposed law , specific provision has been made to prohibit sale , lease , letting - out , transfer or alienation of entire land under ' Kangla Fort ' in any form whatsoever . Historical and archeological significance ( edit ) The Kingdom of Manipur developed at Kangla . Being a political and religious centre , Kangla grew into a formidable fortress city over the centuries . It is from this capital that the Ningthouja clan gradually wielded enough political and military power to become the most dominant clan in Manipur . The royal chronicle of Manipur , Cheitharol Kumbaba , contains many references to the development of Kangla by successive reigning kings in Manipur . The royal chronicle records that King Khagemba ( 1597 -- 1652 ) , the conqueror of the Chinese , constructed a brick wall at the western gate of ' Kangla Fort ' in 1632 . It appears that the art of brick making was acquired from the Chinese prisoners who were captured during the Chinese invasion of the eastern frontier of Manipur . His son , King Khunjaoba ( 1632 -- 1666 ) , carried out fortification and beautification work of Kangla Fort . It is believed that the king excavated a moat ( Thangapat ) on the western side of the Fort . The Fort was further enlarged by King Gharib Nawaz and other successive kings of Manipur . It is famous in the history of Manipur . In the evening of March 24 , 1891 British Gorkha troops attacked Juvraj Tikendrajit 's residence in the Palace Compound , killing many innocent civilians including women and children who were watching a Ras Lila dance . The Manipuris struck back and the British was put on the defensive . In the ensuing chaos , five British officers including Frank St. Clair Grimwood , the Political Agent , and James Wallace Quinton , the Chief Commissioner of Assam , were lynched by a mob . This resulted in the Anglo - Manipur War in 1891 .", "10": "The British forces finally defeated the Manipuri forces and hoisted the Union Flag in Kangla on 27 April 1892 . It was occupied by the British , declaring it as the cantonment area or the ' British Reserve ' till they left Manipur in 1947 . Its occupation by the Assam Rifles , an Indian paramilitary force was a major source of discontent of the local people . M.M. Jacob , the then Minister of State for Home in 1992 had announced in a speech that the Assam Rifles would hand over the historic fort to the state government . This finally came true on November 20 , 2004 , when Prime Minister Manmohan Singh handed over the historic Kangla Fort to Manipur state government . References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kangla Palace . The ancient capital of Manipur : E-Pao.Net Rediscovering a heritage - By SUSHANTA TALUKDAR Kangla Fort Beautiful Photos - KanglaOnline.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangla_Palace&oldid=832114827 '' Categories : History of Manipur Palaces in Manipur Royal residences in India Tourist attractions in Manipur Former capital cities in India Imphal Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Manipur articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 22 : 53 . 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2701074088023820739	how many episodes curse of oak island season 5	[ "18", "18", "18", "18", "18" ]	{ "0": "The Curse of Oak Island - wikipedia The Curse of Oak Island Jump to : navigation , search The Curse of Oak Island Genre Reality Narrated by Robert Clotworthy Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 62 Production Executive producer ( s ) Kevin Burns Camera setup Multiple Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Prometheus Entertainment Distributor A&E Networks Release Original network History Canada Original release January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) -- present External links Website Production website The Curse of Oak Island is an active reality television series that first premiered in Canada on the History network on January 5 , 2014 . The show features what is known as the Oak Island mystery , showing efforts to search for historical artifacts and treasure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Background 1.2 Theories 2 Series overview 3 Production 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 4.4 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 4.5 Season 5 ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Overview ( edit ) The Curse of Oak Island follows brothers Marty and Rick Lagina , originally from Kingsford , Michigan , through their efforts to find the speculated treasure or historical artifacts believed to be on Oak Island . The series discusses the history of the island , recent discoveries , theories , and prior attempts to investigate the site . Areas of interest include the `` Money Pit '' , Borehole 10 - x , Smith 's Cove , `` Nolan 's Cross '' , the `` Hatch '' , the `` Watchtower '' and the `` Swamp '' .", "1": "Background ( edit ) The Lagina brothers became fascinated with the island after reading the January 1965 issue of Reader 's Digest magazine that features an article on the Restall family 's work to investigate the so - called `` Money Pit '' . Marty and his brother Rick obtained a controlling interest in Oak Island Tours , which reportedly owns most of the island . The brothers were later approached by Prometheus Entertainment to do a reality show . Rick and Marty have engaged the assistance of father - and - son Dan and Dave Blankenship , permanent residents of the island who have likewise been searching for treasure since the 1960s . Theories ( edit ) The series explores various Oak Island theories and conjectures through conversations with independent researchers . Persons featured have included Zena Halpern discussing her theory about North African gold and sharing copies of a French map of the island which she claims is dated 1347 ; J. Hutton Pulitzer discussing his theory of ancient mariner visitations ; Petter Amundsen discussing his theory about codes hidden in Shakespearen literature and a secret project involving Sir Francis Bacon and the Rosicrucians ; Daniel Ronnstam discussing his theory about the 90 foot stone being a dual cypher containing instructions as how to defeat the money pit flood tunnels with corn ; authors Kathleen McGowen and Alen Butler discussing their theory involving the fabled Knights Templar treasure and an alleged relocation of historical religious artifacts to the island ; and John O'Brien discussing his theory that the island contains treasures of the Aztec Empire . It has also been suggested by Zena Halpern , without evidence , that the Templars worshipped the Phoenician goddess Tanit .", "2": "Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 5 January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) 10 November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 13 November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 16 November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 5 18 November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) Production ( edit ) Having started in 2014 , The Curse of Oak Island is currently in its fifth season . On August 2 , 2016 , it was announced that Nova Scotia Business Inc. approved $1,271,546 in film funding for the production of the 4th season . In October 2017 , a fifth season was announced , which began airing on November 7 , 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date Viewers ( millions ) `` What Lies Below '' January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) 2.53 Brothers Rick and Marty Lagina now own most of Oak Island . Determined to resume the search for treasure on the island , they explore an abandoned shaft called Borehole 10 - X and use water pressure to pump material to the surface . They find a tiny piece of metal .", "3": "`` The Mystery of Smith 's Cove '' January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) 2.35 A scuba team that includes Marty 's son Alex Lagina dives Smith 's Cove and finds what are claimed to be non-indigenous coconut fibres and anomalous stones . Meanwhile , more metal fragments and cat bones are found in the slurry from 10 - X . `` Voices from the Grave '' January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) 2.33 As Rick and Marty Lagina begin working to drain a swamp , they are visited by a woman who lost her father and brother to a tragic accident on Oak Island . `` The Secret of Solomon 's Temple '' January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) 2.72 A visitor to the island presents Rick and Marty Lagina with his theory about where the treasure on Oak Island is located and the idea that the Menorah might be among the treasures for which they are searching . 5 5 `` The Find '' February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) 2.97 The team digs in a shallow muddy swamp and finds what appears to be an antique Spanish copper coin . A diver is later sent into the swamp and finds no additional objects . Season 2 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date Viewers ( millions ) 6 `` Once In , Forever In '' November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 2.60 After dating the Spanish coin they found last summer to 1652 , brothers Rick and Marty Lagina return to Oak Island and begin searching the swamp again . Two men perform a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance test in which they present a map of ground voids and metals under the ground . 7 `` Return To The Money Pit '' November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 2.15 The team drills in the area of the money pit but is unable to drill through the underground material .", "4": "A visitor shows them alleged evidence that the treasures from King Solomon 's Temple could be buried on Oak Island . 8 `` The Eight - Pointed Star '' November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 2.23 A treasure hunter presents a theory that Phoenicians visited the island 2500 years ago and left behind the ark of the covenant . Rick and Marty Lagina unsuccessfully look for evidence to prove it while also trying to locate the original Money Pit . 9 `` The Breakthrough '' November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 2.15 A tree stump in the swamp is examined . Core samples extracted by drilling are discovered to contain rocks and wood . 10 5 `` The 90 - Foot Stone '' December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 2.46 A visitor comes to the island suggesting that he has discovered a secret method of getting to the treasure . He claims that Francis Bacon has left behind instructions to the effect that the `` flood tunnels '' can be disabled by pouring corn into the money pit . The team declines to test the theory and instead visits a masonic lodge . The team searches the swamp again and finds nothing . 11 6 `` Seven Must Dye '' December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 2.90 Rick searches for man - made flood tunnels without success ; Marty and John visit Europe to track down a lead . 12 7 `` The Trail of the Templars '' December 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 16 ) 2.47 While work begins in the swamp , Rick and Marty travel to Scotland to investigate more corn - related theories about the money pit . They are also presented with a theory that Oak Island is a copy of King Solomon 's Temple and that the entrance to the Money Pit is in the swamp . 13 8 `` X Marks the Spot '' December 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 23 ) 2.72 Rick and Marty search the swamp for an alternate entrance into the Money Pit , without success .", "5": "14 9 `` A Dangerous Dive '' January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 2.59 Rick and Marty take a team of divers to Oak Island . 15 10 `` The Big Reveal '' January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 3.06 Rick and Marty use sonar to map out the bottom chamber of the 10 - X borehole . Season 3 ( 2015 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date Viewers ( millions ) 16 `` The Hole Truth '' November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 2.26 Rick and Marty search for underground tunnels on Oak Island and prep borehole 10 - X for a dive . 17 `` Pipe Down '' November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 2.56 Prep work for a dive in borehole 10X continues while the team simultaneously searches the area near the Money Pit for shallow treasure . 18 `` Time to Dig '' November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) 2.60 Rick , Marty and the team go shopping for excavation equipment , investigate the location of a possible Knight 's Templar treasure and search for the original location of the Money Pit . 19 `` The Overton Stone '' December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 3.05 Work continues to locate the Money Pit while the team investigates a stone with purported Portuguese carvings . 20 5 `` Disappearing Act '' December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 3.22 The team completes preparations for a dive expedition down borehole 10X by investigating the shaft with a camera . 21 6 `` Carved in Stone '' December 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 15 ) 2.47 Rick , Marty and the team investigate rocks on Oak Island .", "6": "A researcher visits the island and claims that the Aztecs may have visited the island in the past . 22 7 `` The Missing Peace '' December 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 22 ) 3.40 Rick and Marty welcome long - time rival Fred Nolan into the team . 23 8 `` Phantoms of the Deep '' December 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 29 ) 3.30 The team conducts a sonar sweep of the waters surrounding Oak Island and begin digging on Fred Nolan 's property . 24 9 `` Columbus Day '' January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) 2.79 The team preps for a dive of borehole 10X . They also listen to a theory about Christopher Columbus visiting the Island . 25 10 `` Silence in the Dark '' January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) 3.11 Difficulties are encountered during the dive to the bottom of borehole 10X , the team further investigates Fred Nolan 's property and an alleged Roman sword found in the waters off Oak Island is presented to the team . 26 11 `` Sword Play '' January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 2.82 The team has the Roman sword investigated and find that it is a modern reproduction . There is an unproductive search for treasure north of the Money Pit . 27 12 `` Voices from Below '' January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 3.17 The team dives to the bottom of borehole 10X . In a separate investigation , a cavity is found far underground near the Money Pit . 28 13 `` Secrets and Revelations '' February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 3.41 The diving investigation of borehole 10X concludes with nothing found . Relatives of the original Oak Island treasure hunters present a gold cross which is said to have come from the treasure .", "7": "Season 4 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date Viewers ( millions ) 29 `` Going for Broke '' November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 2.62 The team agrees to turn focus over to the Money Pit and review what they have collected . Researcher Zena Halpern presents a handmade copy of what she claims is a French map from 1347 of Oak Island . The map shows locations for a `` hatch '' , a `` valve '' and an `` anchor '' on the Island . A theory is presented based on a purported decoding of a cipher that Joab at the time of King David transported the Ark of the Covenant to North Africa from which it was later transported onward by the Knights Templar from the then - Portuguese town of Safi in Morocco to Oak Island . 30 `` Always Forward '' November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 2.66 While preparing to excavate the Money Pit , the team investigates an 18th century well on mainland Nova Scotia . The team brings in an archaeologist to inspect a hole on Dave Blankenship 's property which they think is a potential `` hatch '' . 31 `` Swamp Things '' November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 2.97 A piece of rock with scratches is found , before the team revisits the swamp for another look and finds very little . 32 `` No Stone Unturned '' December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 2.95 Part of the team unsuccessfully attempts to track down the ' 90 - foot stone ' in nearby Halifax ; while the first excavation in over 50 years begins in the Money Pit . 33 5 `` Bullseye '' December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) 2.82 A new theory that Inca gold is buried on Oak Island is offered , albeit without evidence to support it . Meanwhile the team supposedly inches their way to the alleged target in the Money Pit .", "8": "34 6 `` Circles in Wood '' December 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 20 ) 3.44 A few coins are found on the island , a long way from the money pit . The money pit search for the ' Chappel Vault ' ends in failure so a new target is set for 170ft C - 1 shaft in the Money Pit area . 35 7 `` All That Glitters '' December 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) 3.68 The swamp is drained and searched with a metal detector revealing an old spike . Object not dated . C - 1 Dig Site is drilled to target depth of 170 ft. where previously inserted camera may have seen something shiny and gold colored . 36 8 `` The Mystery of Samuel Ball '' January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) 3.43 A tiny amount of evidence is offered supposedly linking an 18th - century slave to the mystery . 37 9 `` Echoes from the Deep '' January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) 3.35 A camera sent down 10X confirms the divers impression that there is nothing there of note , undermining the camera 's operators previous assertion that they were 90 % certain there was a chest there . Some of the team are in denial about this and insist there is still some point in exploring 10 - X further on the basis that Dan Blankenship has spent so much time on it , it must be the key to the alleged puzzle . 38 10 `` About Face '' January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 3.04 Divers are sent to the bottom of borehole C - 1 . Nothing is found . A rock fifty miles from Oak Island is examined . The team decides to do a new examination of borehole 10X . 39 11 `` Presidential Secrets '' January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) 3.20 The new examination of borehole 10X concludes .", "9": "Equipment failure delays excavation of a new hole . Rick heads to the Franklin D. Roosevelt library to learn why the late President was interested in Oak Island . 40 12 `` Hyde Park & Seek '' January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 3.15 A cofferdam is built at Smith 's Cove and the beach is excavated . The team debates where the `` money pit '' might have been . 41 13 `` One Of Seven '' February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 3.24 The team attempts to decode a cipher and concludes that they only possess 1 / 7th of the cipher . Rocks are found at Smith 's Cove . The investigation of the cove is halted for the year . A man from Arizona claims , without any evidence , that several hundred tons of gold are hidden in tunnels near Oak Island . 42 14 `` Sticks and Stones '' February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 3.20 Rocks are examined on Oak Island . Pieces of wood are carbon dated . The third excavation on the island this season reaches bedrock with nothing found . The team decides to dig another hole . 43 15 `` Blood is Thicker '' February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 3.79 The final excavation of the season leads to the discovery of scrap metal pieces , a washer , several hex nuts and a button . Season finale featured McGinnis gold cross , iron spike , and other artifacts evaluated by antiques appraiser Dr. Lori Verderame ( Ph. D. - History of Art and Architecture ) . Note : This episode aired as a 2 - hour special . 44 16 `` Drilling Down '' February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 1.72 The team is interviewed at the end of season . The wood from borehole 10 - X is carbon dated as being from 1670 - 1780 .", "10": "A new cipher is decoded leading the team to once again believe that there is a `` hatch '' somewhere on the island . The team wants to continue searching the swamp . The team proposes pumping borehole 10 - X dry to enable yet another round of searches . The team wants to search more of the Island with metal detectors in the future . Note : This episode is a special . Season 5 ( 2017 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date Viewers ( millions ) 45 `` Forever Family '' November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 2.95 A diver is sent to the bottom of borehole C - 1 . Mud is recovered . A nail is found in an old spoils pile from GAL - 1 . A copper coin is found in the woods near Issac 's Point . 46 `` Dead Man 's Chest '' November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 2.98 The sea chest of a captain who lived in Nova Scotia in the 1780s is examined . Salt water starts coming out the top of borehole C - 1 . Another copper coin is found on the island . 47 `` Obstruction '' November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 2.85 Two old British copper coins are found in the woods . The Province of Nova Scotia requests that an archaeologist be on site on Oak Island as an adviser to the treasure hunters . Part of a metal spoon and round rocks are discovered under tree stumps . Based on the rocks and the spoon pieces , Marty Lagina concludes that `` something must have happened here '' . A small piece of scrap metal is found in the mud brought up from one of the new boreholes being drilled in the `` money pit '' area . 48 `` Close Call '' November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 3.36 Drilling below bedrock , the team discovers a void in the rock . A hose on the drill detaches resulting in a worker falling backward and suffering a minor injury to his wrist .", "11": "Drilling is halted for over a week . A toy gun is found in the woods and the team launches an investigation of it . Lee Lamb and Richard Restall visit the island . Richard Restall is identified conclusively as the owner of the toy gun . 49 5 `` Bone Dry '' December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 3.16 An iron spike is found on the beach . Some small pottery fragments are brought up from one of the boreholes . Two human bone fragments were recovered and sent in for testing . 50 6 `` Remains of the Day '' December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 3.01 A piece of leather is found . Rick Lagina has headaches and a rash . He is later diagnosed as having lyme disease . The team intends to have the previously discovered human bone fragments carbon dated . 51 7 `` The Lot Thickens '' December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) 3.13 A theory is presented that Sir Francis Drake is buried on Oak Island in a vault with gold treasure . It is suggested that the lack of any records documenting Drake travelling to Canada is proof that he must have travelled to Canada . A theory is presented that the scrap leather piece found is from a book binding . A patch of ground is excavated and nothing is found . 52 8 `` Dan 's Breakthrough '' January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) 3.31 The team discovers a horseshoe , a piece of shot and another coin . It is discovered that one of the words on the Zena Halpern map is the name of a French family ( Rochefoucauld ) who participated in the Crusades . The team presents an unsupported theory that Samuel de Champlain was ordered to incorrectly map Nova Scotia to hide Oak Island by Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons at the direction of Rochefoucauld family . The team decides to send several members to France for further investigation of the theory .", "12": "The testing on the human bone fragments ( found in episode 5 ) indicated that they dated in a range from 1682 AD to 1764 AD . 53 9 `` The French Connection '' January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 3.02 A small pottery fragment is found on Lot 24 . It is determined that the rocks found in Season Five Episode 3 are not consistent with the foundation of a house . The team theorizes , without evidence , that there must have been a `` watchtower '' on Lot 24 . In France , the team establishes that there is no connection between the Rochefoucauld family and the Knights Templar . A Zena Halpern map is examined again and it is determined that the English translations of the map done to present have been incorrect . The team looks at cave carvings in France and consults an expert in the Knights Templar . The team observes a pattern in part of a cave carving that they claim is roughly similar to an upside - down image of the Rochefoucauld family coat of arms and conclude that the family must be linked to the Knights Templar . They find a carving of a multi-armed cross and offer an unsupported theory that it is a representation of the `` Tree of Life '' and that it is the same as Nolan 's Cross on the island . A theory is presented that the cave carving may represent an `` earlier version '' of the `` Tree of Life '' . Based on the information discovered in France , the team concludes that the Oak Island swamp should be excavated again . 54 10 `` The Signs Of A Cross '' January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 3.34 Eight pages of what is alleged to be a transcript of an incomplete log of an unnamed ship are presented . It is claimed , without any evidence , that the log is from a French ship which participated in the Duc d'Anville Nova Scotia expedition of 1746 . More wood , a bone and a metal spike are brought up from a borehole in the money pit area . The shaft excavation reaches an obstruction at 170 feet . A small lead cross is found at Smith 's Cove .", "13": "It is theorized , with no supporting evidence , that crosses with an attaching loop at the top were used by members of the Knights Templar and that this lead cross dates from the years 1200 to 1600 . 55 11 `` Moving Targets '' January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 3.32 A spoon handle and a piece of brass are found at Smith 's Cove . More pottery fragments , another bone and small bits of leather are found in the material brought up from borehole H8 . The team debates the location of the `` Chappel Vault '' . 56 12 `` A Key to the Mystery '' January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) 3.25 The team gains access to Fred Nolan 's survey maps of the island but have difficulty interpreting them . A folding metal key is examined . Searching for a local dumpsite , the team digs a trench on Lot 12 near the former house of Fred Nolan . Pottery fragments are found in the trench . 57 13 `` Unhinged '' February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 3.32 More pottery fragments and a metal hinge are found at the Nolan dumpsite . A part of the swamp is drained and a wooden stake is found . Zena Halpern is shown a picture of the lead cross and claims it is not a cross , but the symbol of the Phoenician goddess Tanit . She further makes unsupported claims that the cross is around 3200 years old ( dating to 1200 BC ) and that the Knights Templar worshiped Tanit . The drilling of the latest borehole encounters an obstruction at 75 feet . 58 14 `` The Templar Connection '' February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 2.34 A history of the Knights Templar is presented along with speculative theories about how they might have been involved with Oak Island . Note : This episode is a special .", "14": "59 15 `` Steel Trapped '' February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) 2.99 Independent researcher Kathleen McGowan Coppens offers an unsupported theory that the lead cross was part of a necklace used by Templars to smuggle gold . She also claims that the country of Canada was named by the Templars after the town of Sarlat - la - Canéda in France . A rusty keyhole plate is found in the woods . On examination , the exposed surface of the drilling obstruction at the money pit appears to be rocks and clay soil . The borehole later fills with water . The team arranges for a diver to go down the borehole . 60 16 `` Seeing Red '' February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 3.02 An excavation is done at Smith 's cove and wood is found . The team plans for further excavations at Smith 's cove next year . A button claimed to be from the 1700s and an old jewelry fragment are located by metal detector . 61 17 `` A Family Album '' February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 1.98 The episode includes accounts of activities on the Oak Island by the McGinnis family , descendants of Samuel Ball , William Chappell 's family , the Restall Family and the family of Robert Dunfield . The Blankenship / Nolan disputes on Oak Island are discussed . The episode ends with a short history of the Lagina brothers ' interest in Oak Island . Note : This episode is a special . 62 18 `` Amazing Discoveries '' March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 2.89 The gem in the Jewelry fragment found on the island is a Rhodolite Garnet stone of small value . The drilling obstruction in the `` money pit '' borehole is determined by divers to be a granite boulder . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - curse of oak island , the on history '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 .", "15": "^ Jump up to : `` History to Premiere New Series ' The Curse of Oak Island ' , 1 / 5 '' . BroadwayWorld . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` History Announces New Series ' The Curse of Oak Island ' '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Hunters : U.P. Natives on History Channel tonight '' . The Mining Journal . Marquette , MI . Associated Press . January 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Lagina 's Wiki : Net Worth , Brother , Wife & Facts to Know '' . Earn The Necklace. 2017 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` About ' The Curse of Oak Island ' '' . History Channel . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matthes , Ilsa ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Treasure or Money Pit ? : History Channel Star Visits Escanaba School '' . Daily Press . Escanaba , Michigan . Jump up ^ Conaton , Chris ( January 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Curse of Oak Island ' : Slow Going '' . PopMatters . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History Channel 's Curse of Oak Island gets film funding for Season 4 '' . The Chronicle Herald . 2016 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Facebook , `` Curse of Oak Island '' . Accessed October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' Blood , Sweat & Heels ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' Thicker Than Water ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' True Detective ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' Shameless ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Shameless ' , ' True Detective ' , ' Girls ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Live From the Red Carpet ' , ' Curse of Oak Island ' , ' Sister Wives ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.4. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 11.11. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.18. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.25. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.2. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.9. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.16. 2014 '' .", "17": "Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.23. 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Real World ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Hole Truth Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : Republican debate sets a Fox Business record '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Pipe Down Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : ESPN leads quiet primetime , plus ' Curse of Oak Island , ' ' Being Mary Jane ' - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Time To Dig Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : NBA on TNT leads , plus ' Chrisley Knows Best , ' ' Curse of Oak Island ' - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Overton Stone Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : It 's a ' Big Bang ' kind of day - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Disappearing Act Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Family Guy ' leads day , ' Curse of Oak Island ' and ' Moonshiners ' top originals - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .", "18": "Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Carved In Stone Episode Guide '' . history.ca . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - curse of oak island , the on history - TheFutonCritic.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : Republican debate delivers big numbers for CNN '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Missing Peace Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Curse of Oak Island ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' win the day - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Phantoms of the Deep Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.29. 2015 '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Curse of Oak Island : Columbus Day '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.5. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Silence in the Dark Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.12. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Sword Play Episode Guide '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.19. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Curse of Oak Island : Voices From Below '' . history.ca . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.26. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 .", "19": "Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.2. 2016 '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ history.com , `` The Curse of Oak Island : Season 4 '' . Accessed November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.29. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 29 , 2016 ) .", "20": "`` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.27. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14.", "21": "2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 13 , 2017 ) .", "22": "`` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily .", "23": "Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) MacDonald , David ( 1965 ) . `` Treasure Hunt : The Mystery of Oak Island '' . Reader 's Digest -- via readersdigest.ca .", "24": "External links ( edit ) Official website Official Facebook Page The Curse of Oak Island on IMDb History original programming Current Alone American Pickers American Restoration Ancient Aliens Counting Cars The Curse of Oak Island Forged in Fire Hunting Hitler Ice Road Truckers Knightfall Mountain Men Ozzy & Jack 's World Detour Pawn Stars Six Swamp People Vikings Former 20th Century with Mike Wallace Appalachian Outlaws Alaska Off - Road Warriors America Unearthed American Eats Ancient Discoveries Ancients Behaving Badly Around the World in 80 Ways Ax Men Barbarians Battle 360 ° Battlefield Detectives Battles BC Big Easy Motors Big Rig Bounty Hunters Big Shrimpin ' Billion Dollar Wreck Boneyard Brad Meltzer 's Decoded Breaking Vegas Cajun Pawn Stars Cities of the Underworld Civil War Combat Clash of the Gods The Conquerors Conquest The Crusades : Crescent and the Cross Decisive Battles Declassified Decoding the Past Deep Sea Detectives Digging for the Truth Dogfights Down East Dickering Engineering an Empire Evolve Expedition Africa Extreme Trains Food Tech Full Metal Jousting Gangland Gangland Undercover Great Minds with Dan Harmon Greatest Tank Battles God , Guns & Automobiles Great Lake Warriors Hairy Bikers Haunted History The History of Sex History 's Business History 's Lost & Found History 's Mysteries How the Earth Was Made How the States Got Their Shapes Human Weapon Ice Pilots NWT Join or Die with Craig Ferguson Jurassic Fight Club Last Stand of the 300 Life After People The Lost Evidence Lost in Transmission Lost Worlds MadHouse Mail Call Man , Moment ,", "25": "Machine Mega Disasters Mega Movers Military Blunders Modern Marvels ( episodes ) MonsterQuest Monumental Challenge The Most Mounted in Alaska MysteryQuest Nostradamus Effect Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy Patton 360 ° Pawnography Prehistoric Megastorms The Presidents Reel to Real Rome : Rise and Fall of an Empire Save Our History Shark Wranglers Shootout Shockwave Sliced The States Stan Lee 's Superhumans Surviving History Tactical to Practical Tales of the Gun That 's Impossible Top Gear Top Guns Top Shot Tougher In Alaska UFO Files UFO Hunters United Stats of America The Universe Warriors Weird U.S. Wild West Tech The XY Factor Upcoming Blue Book The Commanders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Curse_of_Oak_Island&oldid=832882458 '' Categories : 2014 American television series debuts History ( U.S. TV channel ) original programs English - language television programs 2010s American television series Television shows set in Nova Scotia Oak Island Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Latviešu Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 14 : 10 . 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