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who is the owner of the mandalay bay in vegas
|
[
"MGM Resorts International",
"MGM Resorts International",
"MGM Resorts International",
"MGM Resorts International",
"MGM Resorts International"
] |
{
"0": "Mandalay Bay - wikipedia Mandalay Bay Jump to : navigation , search Mandalay Bay Location Paradise , Nevada , U.S. Address 3950 South Las Vegas Boulevard Opening date March 2 , 1999 ; 18 years ago ( March 2 , 1999 ) Theme Tropical No. of rooms 3,309 Total gaming space 135,000 sq ft ( 12,500 m ) Permanent shows Michael Jackson : One Signature attractions Mandalay Bay Convention Center Mandalay Bay Events Center Shark Reef House of Blues Mandalay Beach Notable restaurants Aureole Alain Ducasse Rivea Charlie Palmer Steak Fleur by Hubert Keller Kumi Lupo Red Square RM Seafood Stripsteak Border Grill Las Vegas Casino type Land - based Owner MGM Resorts International Renovated in 2002 , 2007 Coordinates 36 ° 5 ′ 30 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 29 '' W / 36.09167 ° N 115.17472 ° W / 36.09167 ; - 115.17472 Coordinates : 36 ° 5 ′ 30 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 29 '' W / 36.09167 ° N 115.17472 ° W / 36.09167 ; - 115.17472 Website mandalaybay.com Mandalay Bay is a 43 - story luxury resort and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . It is owned and operated by MGM Resorts International . One of the property 's towers operates as the Delano ; the Four Seasons Hotel is independently operated within the Mandalay Bay tower , occupying 5 floors ( 35 -- 39 ) . Mandalay Bay has 3,309 hotel rooms , 24 elevators and a casino of 135,000 square feet ( 12,500 m ) . Adjacent to the hotel is the 2,000,000 square feet ( 190,000 m ) Mandalay Bay Convention Center and the 12,000 - seat Mandalay Bay Events Center .",
"1": "The Mandalay Bay Tram connects the resort to its sister properties , Excalibur and Luxor , all three of which were constructed by Circus Circus Enterprises before its sale to MGM . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2017 shooting 2 Hotels 2.1 Penthouse suites 2.2 Four Seasons Hotel 2.3 Delano Las Vegas ( adjacent building ) 3 Attractions 3.1 Shows 3.2 Mandalay Beach 3.3 Mandalay Bay Events Center 3.4 Mandalay Bay Convention Center 3.5 The Shoppes at Mandalay Place 4 Restaurants 4.1 Bars and lounges 5 Media references 5.1 Film and television 5.2 Music 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) View from Mandalay Bay hotel looking north ( 2014 ) In 1995 , Circus Circus Enterprises bought the Hacienda for $80 million and an adjacent 74 - acre ( 30 ha ) site for $73 million . They closed the Hacienda on December 1 , 1996 , and imploded it a month later on New Year 's Eve . Plans for the tropical - themed `` Project Paradise '' were revealed the same day , with an estimated budget of $800 million to $1 billion . In February 1998 the project was renamed Mandalay Bay to evoke the exotic tropical romanticism of the poem `` Mandalay '' . Problems arose during construction because of excessive and uneven settling of the soil beneath the building ; the core of the building sank by 17 inches ( 430 mm ) , while one of the wings had settled by only 2 inches ( 51 mm ) . Rumors about the severity of the issues depressed Circus Circus 's stock price . The problem was solved by installing 536 micropiles ( 200 - foot - long metal pipes filled with grout , each capped with a hydraulic jack ) below the building , at an estimated cost of $8 to $10 million .",
"2": "The resort opened on March 2 , 1999 , with grand opening festivities that included the Blues Brothers ( Dan Aykroyd , James Belushi , and John Goodman ) leading a procession of 200 motorcycles to Mandalay Bay 's front doors , and a concert by Bob Dylan at the House of Blues . In June 1999 , Circus Circus changed its name to Mandalay Resort Group . Construction of a major convention center at Mandalay Bay was begun in June 2001 , with its opening originally set for the summer of 2002 . After a delay in the wake of the September 11 , 2001 attacks , the Mandalay Bay Convention Center opened in January 2003 . With 1.5 million square feet ( 140,000 m ) of space , it was the fifth largest convention center in the nation . On May 23 , 2002 , the Mandalay Resort Group announced a second 1,122 - room hotel tower , with a cost of at least $200 million . Construction began on the project in September 2002 . The name of the tower , THEhotel at Mandalay Bay , was revealed in October 2003 . The tower opened on December 17 , 2003 . In February 2005 , Mandalay Resort Group was sold to MGM Mirage ( later MGM Resorts International ) , who currently own the resort . The acquisition was finalized on April 25 , 2005 . 2017 shooting ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Las Vegas shooting On October 1 , 2017 , gunman Stephen Paddock opened fire on the Route 91 Harvest , a country music festival , from a room on the 32nd floor of the hotel , killing 58 and wounding 546 . The shooting ended when Paddock committed suicide before Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department officers breached the hotel room . The shooting brought attention to a legal device called a bump - fire stock , which is used to mimic an automatic weapon . Automatic weapons are restricted by the National Firearms Act of 1934 and the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986 . This incident is the deadliest mass shooting by a lone gunman in recent U.S. history . Hotels ( edit ) Penthouse suites ( edit ) The gold coloring of the hotel is a result of gold leaf used on the windows .",
"3": "Levels 40 - 42 ( numbered as floors 60 -- 62 ) are designed as penthouse suites , with a penthouse lounge on level 62 for guests staying in the penthouses . Level 43 ( numbered as 64 ) is the Foundation Room , a restaurant and bar . Four Seasons hotel ( edit ) Five floors ( floors 35 -- 39 ) of the main hotel building are occupied by the five - star and AAA Five - Diamond Four Seasons Hotel Las Vegas . Delano Las Vegas ( adjacent building ) ( edit ) Main article : Delano Las Vegas The resort 's second tower , with 45 stories and 1,117 suites , previously operated as THEhotel at Mandalay Bay , now operates as Delano Las Vegas . Each suite is at least 750 square feet ( 70 m ) . Attractions ( edit ) Shows ( edit ) A production of the classic Broadway musical Chicago debuted at Mandalay Bay 's 1999 grand opening and ran for one year . Storm , an original production show featuring Latin music , ran from April 2001 to July 2002 . Mamma Mia ! was a long - running stage production at the resort from 2003 to 2009 . The show was replaced with Disney 's The Lion King , which opened on May 15 , 2009 . Its run ended in 2011 to make way for Michael Jackson : One , by Cirque du Soleil , which opened May 2013 . Another popular attraction is the House of Blues , a venue for live music and a restaurant , with a capacity of approximately 1,800 . On the top floor of the hotel is the House of Blues Foundation Room , featuring a dining room , private dining rooms , and a balcony looking down the Las Vegas Strip . Mandalay Beach ( edit ) Mandalay Bay pool . Mandalay Beach is an 11 acres ( 4.5 ha ) pool area with three heated pools , a wave pool with connecting pool for small children , and a lazy river that features a small waterfall . The wave pool features 1.6 million gallons of water and waves in 90 - second intervals with heights ranging anywhere from two to four feet . Because of this , it has a strict 48 '' height requirement .",
"4": "The European - style pool , called Moorea , features its own private bar as well as the allowance of female guests to bathe topless . Because of this , Moorea is separated from the rest of the pool by smoked glass windows and has an over-21 requirement . There are also two restaurants at the Beach . The pool area won the Las Vegas Review Journal 's Reader 's `` Best Pool of Las Vegas '' award for seven years in a row . One pool remains open throughout the winter months . In keeping with the resort 's tropical theme , it features a saltwater aquarium , the Shark Reef Aquarium , which contains the third largest tank in North America . Shark Reef Aquarium contains numerous other exhibits , including two tunnel - shaped , walk - through aquariums . Mandalay Bay events center ( edit ) Main article : Mandalay Bay Events Center The Mandalay Bay Events Center , a 12,000 - seat arena , hosts major events including concerts , boxing matches , and Ultimate Fighting Championship events . It has played host to the Latin Grammy Awards several times , and the Miss Universe pageant . Mandalay Bay convention center ( edit ) Main article : Mandalay Bay Convention Center This 1,000,000 square feet ( 93,000 m ) facility is one of the largest privately owned convention centers in the world . It has several ballrooms ranging in size up to 100,000 square feet ( 9,300 m ) , and can support up to 75 breakout sessions . The Shoppes at Mandalay Place ( edit ) The Shoppes at Mandalay Place is a 310 - foot ( 94 m ) - long retail sky bridge . Restaurants ( edit ) There are 24 restaurants at the resort . Michael Mina , Alain Ducasse , Rick Moonen , Charlie Palmer , Hubert Keller , Wolfgang Puck , Mary Sue Milliken and Susan Feniger are all associated with restaurants on the property .",
"5": "Aureole Bayside Buffet Beach Bar & Grill Burger Bar Border Grill Charlie Palmer Steak Citizens ( Formerly Red , White , and Blue ) Fleur Foundation Room Boardwalk Pizza & Pasta ( Formerly Wolf Grill ) House of Blues at Crossroads House of Blues Restaurant Hussong 's Cantina Lupo Mizuya Alain Ducasse Mix Noodle Shop Orchid Raffles Café Restaurant RM Rx Boiler Room Red Square Ri Ra Irish Pub RM Seafood Seabreeze Slice of Vegas Michael Mina Stripsteak 3940 Coffee + Tea Della 's Kitchen Franklin Sports Book Grill Verandah at Four Seasons Starbucks -- 2 locations Bars and lounges ( edit ) Evening Call Eyecandy Lounge Foundation Room Franklin Mix Lounge O.N.E. Oasis Bar Orchid Lounge Sports Book Lounge Media references ( edit ) Film and television ( edit ) Play It to the Bone 2000 Ocean 's Eleven 2001 -- Foreground shot when the ' pinch ' knocks out power Las Vegas 2003 -- 2005 -- was the interior of the fictional Montecito casino Fear Factor 2003 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation 2006 -- 2008 -- From opening credits as a symbol of Las Vegas . Rocky Balboa 2006 Ocean 's Thirteen 2007 Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List 2007 The Hangover 2009 -- various background shots . Wisin & Yandel -- Te Siento ( promotional video ) . Top Chef 2009 -- Bryan Voltaggio used the resort for his inspiration for his dish . The Amazing Race 15 2009 -- Team members had to rappel down the building . What Happens in Vegas 2008 -- The group heads off to Las Vegas .",
"6": "Defiance 2012 -- supplementary material states that it was converted into a for - profit prison Modern Family 2014 -- setting of the episode `` Las Vegas '' Dominion 2014 -- establishing shot of the city in the pilot episode shows it to be battle - damaged and outside the fortified protective wall Music ( edit ) `` Me and My Monkey '' , from the album Escapology by Robbie Williams , 2002 `` No Beef '' Afrojack & Steve Aoki ( featuring Miss Palmer ) 2011 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Circus Circus buys hotel , land in Las Vegas '' . Dallas Morning News . March 7 , 1995 -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ `` Hacienda goes quietly into night '' . Las Vegas Sun . December 2 , 1996 -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ `` Historic Hacienda hotel is now history '' . UPI . January 1 , 1997 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berns , Dave ( January 1 , 1997 ) . `` Circus Circus creating Paradise on south Strip '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Ward , Greg ( 2002 ) . The Rough Guide to Las Vegas ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Rough Guides . p. 20 . ISBN 1 - 85828 - 890 - 8 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Gary ( August 20 , 1998 ) . `` Mandalay Bay settling halted '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berns , Dave ( July 9 , 1998 ) . `` Mandalay Bay foundation to get a boost '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Richards , T.D. ; Kartofilis , D. ( February 17 , 2006 ) . `` Micropile Underpinning of the Mandalay Bay Hotel & Casino '' ( PDF ) . Nicholson Construction Company . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leong , Grace ( February 25 , 2000 ) .",
"7": "`` Mandalay sues insurer over sinking costs '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macy , Robert ( March 2 , 1999 ) . `` Public eyes new $1 billion resort ; Wall Street watches for the numbers '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weatherford , Mike ( March 4 , 1999 ) . `` Bono enlivens Dylan 's House of Blues show '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Thompson , Gary ( June 18 , 1999 ) . `` Circus Circus holders clear name change '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strow , David ( April 27 , 2001 ) . `` Mandalay Bay plans mammoth center '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Road work to tie up traffic '' . Las Vegas Sun . June 11 , 2001 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Convention center opening pushed to January 2003 '' . Las Vegas Sun . October 16 , 2001 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First convention at new venue showcases pool , spa industry '' . Las Vegas Sun . January 6 , 2003 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( January 4 , 2003 ) . `` Drawing on business travelers '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Benston , Liz ( May 24 , 2002 ) . `` Mandalay building all - suite tower '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Company finalizes name for new tower '' . Las Vegas Sun . October 15 , 2003 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scherzer , Barbara ( December 19 , 2003 ) . `` New tower , THEhotel , opens at Strip resort '' . Las Vegas Business Press -- via NewsBank .",
"8": "Jump up ^ `` At least 50 dead , more than 400 injured after shooting at Las Vegas Strip music festival '' . KSNV . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What we know about Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock '' . News.com.au . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Darran ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas police officers describe storming gunman 's room '' . CNN . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nestel , M.L. ; Miller , Andrea ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` These are the 10 deadliest mass shootings in modern US history '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ POV - MHotel Reviews ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Penthouse Suite Mandalay Bay '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Guest rooms and suites '' . Four Seasons Hotel Las Vegas . June 9 , 2006 . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chicago ' toddles into Vegas '' . Las Vegas Sun . March 3 , 1999 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paskevich , Michael ( February 27 , 2000 ) . `` ' Chicago ' to close after impressive showing on Strip '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Maddox , Kate ( April 10 , 2001 ) . `` Yet another ' Storm ' warning '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Joe ( April 20 , 2001 ) . `` Taking the wind out of ' Storm 's sails '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Norm ( July 14 , 2002 ) . `` ' Storm ' to end Mandalay Bay run July 28 '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Delaney , Joe ( August 1 , 2002 ) .",
"9": "`` Short - term future clouded at Mandalay Bay Theatre '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weatherford , Mike ( February 18 , 2003 ) . `` '' Mamma Mia ! '' makes big splash on opening weekend `` . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Arseniuk , Melissa ( January 5 , 2009 ) . `` After six years , curtain closes for ' Mamma Mia ! ' '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cirque : Michael Jackson show to debut at Mandalay Bay in 2013 '' . Las Vegas Weekly . April 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best Pool '' . 2006 Best of Las Vegas survey . Las Vegas Review Journal . 2006 . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Stapells , Cathy ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` Escada , Gucci , Dior , oh my ! ; Vegas takes shopping to a new level '' . The Toronto Sun . Jump up ^ `` The Shoppes at Mandalay Place '' . Mandalay Bay . 2010 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino , Las Vegas '' . Mandalay Bay . Jump up ^ `` 2046 Map '' . Definance . Syfy . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Las Vegas area casinos Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood",
"10": "Slots - A-Fun SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds The Strip ) Aztec Inn Ellis Island Gold Coast Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Rio Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Wild Wild West Other areas Airport Slots Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Eldorado Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Green Valley Ranch Jerry 's Nugget Jokers Wild Klondike Sunset Lucky Club MonteLago Opera House Poker Palace Rampart Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silver Nugget Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Casinos never opened Fontainebleau Grand Central Hotel Las Vegas Plaza Resorts World Las Vegas Former Aladdin Bill 's Boardwalk Bourbon Street California Club Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Holy Cow Imperial Palace Key Largo Klondike La Bayou Landmark Las Vegas Club Marina Hotel Mermaids Mint Moulin Rouge",
"11": "Northern Club Pioneer Club Riviera Sands Sahara Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westin Westward Ho Las Vegas area hotels Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Delano Encore Excalibur Flamingo Four Seasons Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Signature Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Artisan Aztec Inn Gold Coast Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Platinum Rio Rumor Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Westin Wild Wild West Other areas Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Grandview Green Valley Ranch JW Marriott Lucky Club Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station",
"12": "Tahiti Village Texas Station Proposed Charlie Palmer Hotel Crown Las Vegas Resorts World Las Vegas Fontainebleau Grand Central Hotel Las Vegas Plaza Former Aladdin Boardwalk Bourbon Street Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Harmon Key Largo Klondike La Concha Las Vegas Club Landmark Marina Hotel Mint Moulin Rouge Riviera Sands Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westward Ho Las Vegas area skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Delano Elara Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's Hilton Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood Riviera Signature Sky SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Veer Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D The Ogden World Market Center Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Allure Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters",
"13": "Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Palms Place Panorama Rio Stratosphere Turnberry Place Turnberry Towers Westgate Westin Other Aliante JW Marriott Red Rock Santa Fe Station South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Dynasty Flatiron Fontainebleau Grand Central St.",
"14": "Regis Resorts World Las Vegas Unbuilt Alon Las Vegas Ivana Las Vegas Las Ramblas Resort Las Vegas Plaza Majestic / Conrad The Merrill Sandhurst Las Vegas W Las Vegas Former Aladdin Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes Hacienda Las Vegas Club Harmon Landmark Sands Stardust Vegas World Las Vegas Strip South end Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign West side casinos Aria Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Excalibur Lucky Dragon Luxor Mandalay Bay The Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Resorts World ( proposed ) Slots - A-Fun Stratosphere Treasure Island East side casinos Bally 's Casino Royale Cromwell Encore Flamingo Fontainebleau ( on hold ) Harrah 's The Linq MGM Grand O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Tropicana Venetian Wynn Former casinos Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho El Rancho Vegas Hacienda Klondike Marina New Frontier Riviera Sahara Sands Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Thunderbird Westward Ho Shopping Crystals Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops Grand Canal Shoppes Harmon Corner Miracle Mile Shops Showcase Mall Attractions Adventuredome High Roller The Roller Coaster Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay Skyvue T - Mobile Arena Transportation Aria Express The Deuce Las Vegas Monorail Mandalay Bay Tram RTC Transit McCarran Airport Related List of Las Vegas Strip hotels Paradise , Nevada Winchester ,",
"15": "Nevada 2017 Las Vegas shooting Strip Gaming Area MGM Resorts International California Primm Valley Golf Club Illinois Grand Victoria ( 50 % stake ) Maryland MGM National Harbor Mississippi Gold Strike Tunica Beau Rivage Michigan MGM Grand Detroit New Jersey Borgata Las Vegas Bellagio Circus Circus Adventuredome Slots - A-Fun CityCenter Aria Mandarin Oriental Vdara Veer Excalibur Festival Grounds Las Vegas Aces Luxor Mandalay Bay Delano Convention Center Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena Signature Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Shadow Creek T - Mobile Arena ( 50 % stake ) China MGM Macau Former Circus Circus Reno Colorado Belle Crystals Edgewater Gold Strike Jean The Harmon MGM Grand Atlantic City Nevada Landing Primm Valley Resorts Railroad Pass Silver Legacy Treasure Island Under construction MGM Springfield Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&oldid=818165744 '' Categories : 1999 establishments in Nevada Casino hotels Casinos completed in 1999 Casinos in the Las Vegas Valley Darts venues Hotel buildings completed in 1999 Hotels established in 1999 Las Vegas Strip Mandalay Resort Group MGM Resorts International Resorts in the Las Vegas Valley Skyscraper hotels in Paradise , Nevada 2017 Las Vegas Strip shooting Mandalay Bay Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bikol Central Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Dorerin Naoero Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 00 : 05 .",
"16": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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3599421094587589904
|
who kicks the ball first to start a football game
|
[
"awarded to the team that lost the pre-game coin toss",
"the team that lost the pre-game coin toss",
"the team that lost the pre-game coin toss",
"the team that lost the pre-game coin toss"
] |
{
"0": "Kick - off ( association football ) - wikipedia Kick - off ( association football ) Jump to : navigation , search Kick - off at the final of the 2005 Confederations Cup A kick - off is the method of starting and , in some cases , restarting play in a game of association football . The rules concerning the kick - off are part of Law 8 of the Laws of the Game . Contents ( hide ) 1 Award 2 Procedure 3 Infringements 4 References Award ( edit ) A kick - off is used to start each half of play , and each period of extra time where applicable . The kick - off to start a game is awarded to the team that lost the pre-game coin toss ( the team that won the coin - toss chooses which direction they wish to play ) . The kick - off begins when the referee blows the whistle . The kick - off to start the second half is taken by the other team . If extra time is played another coin - toss is used at the beginning of this period . A kick - off is also used to restart play after a goal is scored , and is taken by the team that conceded the goal . Procedure ( edit ) Luis Suárez and Andy Carroll preparing to kick - off . The kick - off is taken from the centre spot . All players must be in their own half of the field of play , and all opposing players must remain at least 10 yards ( 9.16 m ) from the ball ( a distance marked on the pitch by the centre circle ) , until the ball is in play . The ball is initially stationary until it is put into play by being kicked . The player who has first kicked the ball may not touch it again until it has been touched by another player . A stipulation that this kick must be towards the opponents ' goal existed in the rules from 1883 until 2016 . This resulted in kick - offs typically involving two persons ( as pictured ) , with one tapping the ball forward and the other passing it back to the rest of the team . A goal may be scored directly from a kick - off against the opponent . Infringements ( edit ) If a player moves from their required position as detailed above the kick is retaken .",
"1": "Failure to maintain position may constitute misconduct and be punished by a caution ( yellow card ) . It is an offence for the kicker to touch the ball a second time until it has been touched by another player ; this is punishable by an indirect free kick to the defending team from where the offence occurred , unless the second touch was also a more serious handling offence , in which case it is punishable by a direct free kick . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LAW 8 - THE START AND RESTART OF PLAY - FIFA.com '' . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 04 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Laws of the Game ( 1883 ) . The Football Association . Wikisource. 1883 . Jump up ^ Football : IFAB Confirm Series of Changes to Football Rules Ahead of Next Season Yahoo !",
"2": "Sport , 16 April 2016 Jump up ^ http://www.theifab.com/#!/laws/the-start-and-restart-of-play/chapters/kick-off The IFAB Laws of the Game , Law 8 FIFA Laws of the Game ( PDF ) ( hide ) Laws of the Game ( rules of association football ) Terms Law 1 : The Field of Play Law 2 : The Ball Law 3 : The Number of Players Law 4 : The Players ' Equipment Law 5 : The Referee Law 6 : The Other Match Officials Law 7 : The Duration of the Match Law 8 : The Start and Restart of Play Law 9 : The Ball In and Out of Play Law 10 : The Method of Scoring Law 11 : Offside Law 12 : Fouls and Misconduct Law 13 : Free kicks ( direct and indirect ) Law 14 : The Penalty Kick Law 15 : The Throw - In Law 16 : The Goal Kick Law 17 : The Corner Kick Comparisons Rugby union Futsal International Football Association Board ( IFAB ) The Football Association Scottish Football Association Football Association of Wales Irish Football Association FIFA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kick-off_(association_football)&oldid=809482705 '' Categories : Laws of association football Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Hrvatski Italiano 日本 語 Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 11 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
1,
2,
0
] |
[
0,
1,
2
] |
-4960762045917431768
|
who came in last place on amazing race
|
[
"Kevin & Jenn",
"Kevin & Jenn",
"Kevin & Jenn"
] |
{
"0": "The Amazing Race 29 - wikipedia The Amazing Race 29 Jump to : navigation , search The Amazing Race 29 Season run March 30 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) -- June 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 01 ) Filming dates June 10 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) -- July 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 02 ) No. of episodes 12 Presenter Phil Keoghan Winning team Brooke Camhi & Scott Flanary Season statistics Continents visited 5 Countries visited 9 Cities visited 17 Distance traveled 36,000 mi ( 58,000 km ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 28 Next → Season 30 The Amazing Race 29 is the twenty - ninth installment of the reality television show The Amazing Race . Unlike previous seasons , which almost exclusively feature teams with preexisting relationships , this edition features 22 contestants who were all complete strangers ; they met for the first time and formed eleven teams of two at the starting line . These teams competed in a race around the world for a US $1 million grand prize . The season premiered on Thursday March 30 , 2017 , on CBS for the 2016 -- 17 television season replacing the low - rated action series Training Day . The season finale aired on June 1 , 2017 . Brooke Camhi and Scott Flanary were the winners of this season of the Race .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Production and filming 1.1 Development 2 Results 3 Episode title quotes 4 Prizes 5 Race summary 5.1 Leg 1 ( United States → Panama ) 5.2 Leg 2 ( Panama → Brazil ) 5.3 Leg 3 ( Brazil → Tanzania ) 5.4 Leg 4 ( Tanzania ) 5.5 Leg 5 ( Tanzania → Norway ) 5.6 Leg 6 ( Norway → Italy ) 5.7 Leg 7 ( Italy ) 5.8 Leg 8 ( Italy → Greece ) 5.9 Leg 9 ( Greece → Vietnam ) 5.10 Leg 10 ( Vietnam ) 5.11 Leg 11 ( Vietnam → South Korea ) 5.12 Leg 12 ( South Korea → United States ) 6 Ratings 7 References 8 External links Production and filming ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Miraflores Locks on the Panama Canal was the first destination visited in the 29th season of The Amazing Race after teams started off at Grand Hope Park in Downtown Los Angeles . In March 2016 , CBS renewed The Amazing Race for the 2016 -- 17 TV season , but was left out of the Fall schedule for the first time since season 12 and the entire Fall schedule run since the 2003 -- 04 TV season . The show 's Friday time slot instead went to new drama series MacGyver . It was announced in November 2016 that the season would premiere Friday , April 21 , 2017 in its regular Friday time slot after MacGyver had finished its season run . On March 10 , 2017 , CBS announced that it was moving low - rated new drama Training Day to Saturdays and would move the Race premiere up to March 30 to fill the now vacated Thursday , 10pm time slot . The season will include 17 cities across five continents and nine countries over 36,000 miles ( 58,000 km ) with visits including Panama , Tanzania , Norway and Greece . Filming began on June 10 , 2016 in Los Angeles , and concluded on July 2 , 2016 in Chicago .",
"2": "For the first time in race history , the current route markers were used in Vietnam . This season also introduced a few alterations to the Race rules . While the traditional limit on Roadblock performances were still enforced , there was an additional requirement wherein team members could not perform more than four Roadblocks before the ninth leg of the race . Additionally , there was no limit on how many times a team could use the U-Turn on this season . Results ( edit ) See also : List of The Amazing Race ( U.S. TV series ) contestants As announced by CBS , the following teams participated in the race . Unlike the traditional format of the Race , these contestants arrived at the starting line unpaired , an idea that Race producers claim fans have repeatedly suggested to the them in the past . A challenge prior to the official start of the race was used to determine a ranking of the 22 contestants . The highest - ranked unpaired contestant was then allowed to draft any remaining unpaired contestant as his or her teammate ; the process continued until all eleven teams were determined . Selections were based solely on first impressions and the interactions contestants had with each other during the first challenge . Each team is listed with the unique hashtag the show 's graphics use to identify them . Team Team hashtag Position ( by leg ) Roadblocks 5ε 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Brooke & Scott # TeamBrookeandScott 4th 6th 6th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd ⊃ 4th 2nd 1st 1st Brooke 5 , Scott 6 Tara & Joey # TeamMomandDad 6th 7th 2nd ⊃ 1st 1st 3rd 3rd 1st ⋑ 5th 3rd 3rd 2nd Tara 5 ,",
"3": "Joey 6 London & Logan # TeamLoLo 8th 8th 5th 5th 5th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 4th 2nd 3rd London 6 , Logan 5 Matt & Redmond # TheBoys 3rd 3rd 4th ⋐ 4th 2nd 2nd 1st 2nd 2nd 1st 4th Matt 6 , Redmond 5 Becca & Floyd # TeamFun 2nd 5th 8th 2nd 3rd ƒ 1st ⋑ 2nd 5th ⋐ 1st 5th Becca 4 , Floyd 4 Liz & Michael # TeamLizandMike 10th 1st 1st 3rd 7th 4th ⊃ 6th 6th ⊂ Liz 4 , Michael 3 Vanck & Ashton # TeamVanckandAshton 7th 2nd 3rd ⊃ 6th 4th 7th ⊂ Vanck 3 , Ashton 2 Shamir & Sara # TheSandSExpress 5th 9th 7th 8th Shamir 2 , Sara 1 Seth & Olive # TeamAmerica 1st 4th 9th ⊂ Seth 1 , Olive 1 Jessie & Francesca # SwoleSisters 9th 10th Jessie 0 , Francesca 1 Kevin & Jenn # LongHairDontCare 11th Kevin 0 , Jenn 0 A red team placement indicates the team was eliminated . A brown ⊃ or a cyan ⋑ indicates that the team chose to use one of the two U-Turns in a Double U-Turn , while a ⊂ or ⋐ indicates the team who received it . A green ƒ indicates that the team won a Fast Forward .",
"4": "An underlined leg number indicates there was no mandatory rest period at the Pit Stop , and all teams were ordered to continue racing . An underlined team placement indicates that the team came in last on a `` continue racing '' leg and was ordered to continue racing . An underlined blue placement indicates the team came in last on a non-elimination leg and had to perform a Speed Bump during the next leg of the race . A purple ε indicates the team decided to use the Express Pass on that leg ; if next to a leg number , it indicates that the team with the Express Pass forfeited the Pass at the Pit Stop of that leg without ever having used it . ^ Due to a storm at the site of the Detour , several teams still performing the Detour received time credit . Time credit given to Tara & Joey and Vanck & Ashton pushed London & Logan from 6th to 8th . This went unaired . ^ Kevin & Jenn initially arrived 10th , but were issued a 2 - hour penalty upon reaching the Pit Stop because they were unable to complete either Detour option before safety and darkness made it too unsafe to continue . Liz & Michael checked in during their penalty time , dropping Kevin & Jenn to last place and resulting in their elimination . ^ Becca & Floyd initially arrived 5th but because Floyd did not have his passport , they were not allowed to check in until they found it and brought it back to the pit stop . Three teams ( London & Logan , Brooke & Scott , and Shamir & Sara ) checked - in while they went back , dropping Becca & Floyd to 8th . ^ Shamir & Sara were unable to complete the Roadblock due to darkness and closing of the shop ; as a result , after all the other teams had already checked in at the Pit Stop . Phil went to the Roadblock location ( the DASICO Umasida Dispensary ) to inform them of their elimination . ^ Becca & Floyd found the Express Pass on Leg 1 during the Start Line task , and were required to use it by the end of Leg 5 ; they elected to go for the Fast Forward in that leg rather than use the Express Pass . ^ Becca & Floyd used their U-Turn power on Liz & Michael ; however , they had already passed the U-Turn point and were therefore unaffected by it .",
"5": "^ Becca & Floyd were issued a 10 - minute penalty for speeding ; they elected to serve the penalty immediately . However , this did not affect their placement , and it was unaired . ^ On the way to Đền Thái Vi , Floyd became dizzy due to fatigue from the Roadblock , and medics were called out . Long after all the other teams had already checked in at the Pit Stop , Phil came out to their location to inform them of their elimination . Episode title quotes ( edit ) Episode titles are often taken from quotes made by the racers . `` We 're Coming For You , Phil ! '' -- Seth `` Scared Spitless '' -- Liz `` Bucket List Type Stuff '' -- Logan `` Another One Bites the Dust '' -- Liz `` Have Faith in Me , Broski '' -- Liz `` Double U-Turn Ahead '' -- Phrase on Clue `` Have Fun and Get It Done '' -- Tara `` Good Job , Donkey '' -- Tara `` I Thought We Were Playing It Nice '' -- London `` Riding a Bike Is Like Riding a Bike '' -- London `` As Easy As Stacking Cups '' -- Redmond `` We 're Going To Victory Lane '' -- Race - car driver at Chicagoland Speedway ( non-racer ) Prizes ( edit ) The prize for each leg was awarded to the first place team for that leg . Trips were provided by Travelocity .",
"6": "The prizes were : Leg 1 : US $ 2,000 each ( unaired ) Leg 2 : A trip for two to Barbados Leg 3 : A trip for two to Amsterdam Leg 4 : US $5,000 each Leg 5 : None Leg 6 : A trip for two to Ushuaia , Argentina Leg 7 : A trip for two to Grenada Leg 8 : US $7,500 each Leg 9 : A trip for two to Galapagos Islands Leg 10 : A trip for two to Costa Rica Leg 11 : None Leg 12 : US $1,000,000 Race summary ( edit ) Complete race map and countries visited during the season Destinations Air travel Rail travel Water travel Bus travel Route Markers Detour Roadblock Fast Forward U-Turn Speed Bump Pit Stop Leg 1 ( United States → Panama ) ( edit ) The pavement of Cinta Costera , overlooking the skyline of downtown Panama City , served as the first Pit Stop of the Race . Airdate : March 30 , 2017 Los Angeles , California , United States ( Grand Hope Park ) ( Team Pairing & Starting Line ) Los Angeles ( F&M Gallery -- Luggage Shop ) Los Angeles ( Los Angeles International Airport ) to Panama City , Panama ( Tocumen International Airport ) Panama City ( Panama Canal -- Miraflores Locks ) Soberanía National Park ( Panama Rainforest Discovery Center -- Canopy Tower ) Gamboa ( Gamboa Rainforest Resort ) Panama City ( Cinta Costera III ) The first Detour of the Race was a choice between Scoot or Shoot . Both options required teams to paddle a traditional Panamanian vessel called a cayuco . In Scoot , teams had to beat a pair of professional canoers in a 400 metres ( 0.25 mi ) regatta . Once teams finished the race before the rowers , they received their next clue . Teams that lost on the first attempt received a 50 - meter head start for the second attempt ; and , teams that needed a third attempt were given a 100 - meter head start .",
"7": "In Shoot , teams had to row to a marshy area where they must use a bow and arrow to shoot down two silver fishes hung on a cluster of bamboo poles to receive their next clue . Additional tasks To determine the teams , host Phil Keoghan announced to the racers a series of cardinal directions and distances to find the luggage shop near Grand Hope Park . Once at the shop , they had to retrieve a suitcase tagged with the flag of Panama and return to the starting line to present it to Keoghan . The racers were ranked in the order in which they completed this task . Teams were then formed by having the highest - ranked contestant choose his or her teammate from among the remaining unpaired racers ; the final two contestants were automatically paired by default . Furthermore , one of the 22 suitcases contained the only Express Pass available for the race . Note Right after the race began , most teams had to find a taxi and make their way to Los Angeles International Airport to reserve one of two flights to Panama . As a consolation prize for being forced to team together by default , Jessie & Francesca were driven to the airport by host Phil Keoghan himself . Leg 2 ( Panama → brazil ) ( edit ) Upon arriving in São Paulo , teams traveled by helicopter to Praça da Sé in front of São Paulo Cathedral for their clue . Airdate : April 6 , 2017 Panama City ( Tocumen International Airport ) to São Paulo , Brazil ( São Paulo -- Guarulhos International Airport ) Carapicuíba ( Helipark Táxi Aéreo e Manutenção Aeronáutica ) São Paulo ( Praça da Sé ) São Paulo ( Santa Ifigênia -- R. General Osório street ( in Portuguese ) or Brás -- Viaduct below Palmorino Mônaco street ) São Paulo ( Paulista Avenue ) São Paulo ( Instituto Cervantes São Paulo ) São Paulo ( Trianon Park ) This leg 's Detour was a choice between Keep The Beat or Work Your Feet . In Keep The Beat , teams traveled along R. General Osório street and had to perform a musical routine with a samba group . Each team member had to learn a different instrument : either the surdo drum or the chocalho jingle stick .",
"8": "When the band leader was satisfied with their performance , they would get their next clue . In Work Your Feet , teams made their way to a viaduct below Palmorino Mônaco street where they had to assemble makeshift workout equipment using rudimentary supplies including a tire , a refrigerator , weight racks , metal cans , and a barrel ( which must contain a specified volume of water ) . When the judge , a professional boxer , approved their installations , he would give them their next clue . In the first Roadblock of the Race , one team member had to rappel down the façade of Instituto Cervantes São Paulo where they had to wash a marked window . Once the window was spotless , a person inside the room would give them their next clue . Additional tasks At the Helipark in Carapicuíba , teams had to sign up for a helicopter ride across the São Paulo skyline to a building adjacent to Praça da Sé . Upon arriving at Paulista Avenue , teams had to find a woman with a red and yellow scarf riding a bike in the pedestrian zone who would hand them their next clue . Leg 3 ( brazil → Tanzania ) ( edit ) The Roadblock in Zanzibar had teams visit the island 's famous Darajani Market to buy a list of groceries . Airdate : April 13 , 2017 São Paulo ( São Paulo -- Guarulhos International Airport ) to Dar es Salaam , Tanzania ( Julius Nyerere International Airport ) Dar es Salaam ( Askari Monument ) Dar es Salaam ( Azam Marine Ferry Terminal ) to Zanzibar City , Zanzibar ( Ferry Terminal ) Mkokotoni ( Mkokotoni Market ) Zanzibar City ( Stone Town -- Darajani Market ) Zanzibar City ( Stone Town -- Emerson on Hurumzi Rooftop Tea House ) The Detour in this leg was a choice between Build It or Weave It . For both Detours , teams must travel across the bay on a dhow . In Build It , teams had to build wooden desks in an outdoor workshop . Once the desk was built within the carpenter 's standards , they had to deliver it to a nearby school where they would then learn Swahili greetings from the teacher .",
"9": "After teams recited five phrases with proper enunciation , they would receive their next clue . In Weave It , teams had to observe a climber harvest coconut leaves from a tall palm tree . Then , they had to use the leaves to weave a basket based on a demonstration to earn their next clue . For the Roadblock of this leg at Darajani Market , one team member received a shopping list of eighteen local food items written in Swahili . Using their own money ( either United States dollar or Tanzanian shilling ) , they had to purchase all of the items and give the ingredients to the family chef outside of the market to receive their next clue . Additional tasks At the Askari Monument , teams had to search through the classifieds in a newspaper for one with a picture of a boat telling them to travel by ferry to Zanzibar . Leg 4 ( Tanzania ) ( edit ) One of the Detour choices in Zanzibar had teams searching throughout Stone Town for Islamic - influenced royal doors ; one of which was located in House of Wonders . Airdate : April 20 , 2017 Zanzibar City ( Stone Town -- Mercury House ) Zanzibar City ( Stone Town -- Al - Tamimi Curio Shop or Soko Muhogo Street , House of Wonders , Sultan 's Palace , and Gizenga Street ) Zanzibar City ( Ferry Terminal ) to Dar es Salaam ( Azam Marine Ferry Terminal ) Dar es Salaam ( DASICO Umasida Dispensary ) Dar es Salaam ( Msasani -- Coco Beach ) The Detour of this leg was a choice between Lock and Knock . In Lock , teams had to go to Al - Tamimi Curio Shop and look through artisanal wooden chests , each one carved with a secret compartment into the main drawer , for a key with an attached piece of paper showing a symbol . Once they found the key , they had to find a cabinet with the same symbol and unlock it to release their next clue . In Knock , teams had to travel through the streets of Stone Town to locate three royal doors and knock on each of them to receive a wooden carving of a lion , serpent and a falcon .",
"10": "Upon collecting all three carvings , they then had to deliver them to a marked shop on Gizenga Street and exchange the carvings for their next clue . In this Roadblock for this leg , one team member had to make a ladle strainer out of sheet metal . First , they must cut a circular piece of sheet aluminum to make a spoon . After that , they had to punch the center piece to make holes for the strainer . Then , they had to pound the metal into a perfect circle and attach a long piece of metal to create the handle . Once their ladle is correctly assembled , the supervisor would hand them their next clue . Additional tasks At the start of the leg , teams were instructed to find the house of `` Farrokh Bulsara '' , who they would figure out was known to the rest of the world as Freddie Mercury , and travel to his childhood house in Stone Town for their next clue . Leg 5 ( Tanzania → Norway ) ( edit ) Teams ended the leg in Norway at the top of Mount Aksla , the viewpoint hill overlooking the town of Ålesund . Airdate : April 20 , 2017 Dar es Salaam ( Julius Nyerere International Airport ) to Ålesund , Norway ( Ålesund Airport , Vigra ) Godøy ( Høgsteinen Fyr Lighthouse ( in Norwegian ) ) Geiranger ( Geirangerfjord ) Ålesund ( Slinningen ) Ålesund ( Downtown Ålesund or Kayak More Tomorrow and Brosundet Canal ) Ålesund ( Mount Aksla ) ( in Norwegian Nynorsk ) For the Fast Forward on this leg , one team had to board a helicopter from an adjacent field at Høgsteinen Fyr Lighthouse where they would soon discover they had to skydive 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) above the skies of Ålesund with an instructor . Once they landed back to safety , they would win the right to go directly to the Pit Stop .",
"11": "Other teams had to take the Roadblock at Slinningen , where one team member had to climb the side of a 13 - storey tower made out of 31,000 wooden pallets , then nail down one pallet at the top of the stack to help create the world 's tallest hand stacked bonfire festival called Slinningsbålet ( in Norwegian ) . Once completed , they would receive their next clue and climb back down . The Detour of this leg was a choice between Trolls or Troll . In Trolls , teams had to go to Kulturhus in Downtown where an actress gave them a scroll containing a poem and a map of downtown highlighting six images of sculptures . Using the map , they had to locate each building with the corresponding sculpture . At each location , they must recite the poem at the doorway , where a troll impersonator would give them a gigantic fake firework . Once they returned to Kulturhus with all six fireworks , the actress gave them a scroll containing the name of the next Pit Stop . In Troll , teams had to travel to Kayak More Tomorrow and paddle a kayak along Brosundet Canal to search among fishing lures for one imprinted with the name of the next Pit Stop . Additional tasks At Høgsteinen Fyr Lighthouse , teams had to consume a Norwegian fish dish known as rakfisk before receiving their next clue . Leg 6 ( Norway → Italy ) ( edit ) This leg in Italy featured the villages along the shoreline of Lake Como , including Varenna ( pictured above ) .",
"12": "Airdate : April 27 , 2017 Åndalsnes ( Åndalsnes Station ) to Ullensaker ( Oslo Airport Station ) Oslo ( Oslo Airport , Gardermoen ) to Milan , Italy ( Milan -- Malpensa Airport ) Milan ( Piazza Fontana ) ( in Italian ) Milan ( ATMosfera Tram Ristorante ) ( in Italian ) Cernobbio ( Navigazione Lago di Como ) to Varenna ( Varenna Ferry Terminal ) ( Overnight rest ) Varenna ( Greenway dei Patriarchi ) Perledo ( Castello di Vezio ) or Menaggio ( L'Angolo Benedetto Castelli ) Tremezzo ( Teresio Olivelli Park overlooking Lake Como ) In this leg 's Roadblock , one team member had to ride Tram Ristorante ATMosfera , a dining tram which tours Downtown Milan , to find three marked words along the ride : Cernobbio , Concordia , and Lago . However , only four team members could ride the tram at one time . During the ride , they received a plate of gnocchi and parmigiana melanzane , which they had to finish , in order to complete the ride . At the end of the ride , they recited the three correct words to the tram conductor to receive their next clue . If they failed to say all three words , they had to perform the task again . The Detour of this leg was a choice between Make a Mold and Grab a Hold . In Make a Mold , teams had to travel to Castello di Vezio and assemble a ghost figure by using a teammate as a wire mesh mold for plaster mold casting . After the plaster solidified to create the figure , they would be given the next clue . In Grab a Hold , teams had to travel by taxi boat to the village of Menaggio and find L'Angolo Benedetto Castelli , where one team member would climb 90 feet ( 27 m ) up the face of a rock to retrieve their next clue , while their partner belayed the line from the bottom . Additional tasks At the immediate beginning of the leg , teams received a smartphone from Phil at the Pit Stop to book their flights to Milan , Italy using the Travelocity application .",
"13": "At Cernobbio , teams had to claim a departure time for the following morning from Varenna Ferry Terminal , each with a 5 - minute interval beginning at 7 : 00 AM to the final time at 7 : 30 AM , from a lifesaver on a steamboat named Concordia . At their designated times , teams opened their next clue which told them to travel to a garden along Greenway dei Patriarchi to find their next clue . After finishing the Detour , teams had to take a taxi boat to the village of Tremezzo to find their next Pit Stop along the shoreline at Teresio Olivelli Park . Leg 7 ( Italy ) ( edit ) One of the Detour choices in Venice had teams get involved in being traditional Venetian gondoliers . Airdate : May 4 , 2017 Cernobbio ( Piazza Risorgimento -- Monumento ai Caduti ) Cernobbio to Tessera ( Marco Polo Airport Dock ) Venice ( Piazza San Marco ) Venice ( Trattoria al Ponte del Megio or Campo San Polo ) Venice ( Ca ' Zenobio ) Venice ( Campo San Vio ) ( in Italian ) During the Pit Stop , teams were moved to Piazza Risorgimento back in Cernobbio to begin this leg of the race . The Detour in this leg was a choice between Sing it and Bring it . In Sing it , teams had to practice a traditional Italian serenade for gondoliers and then dressed as ones to perform the song on board a gondola tour along the Grand Canal . If the mandolin player was satisfied with their singing , he would give them their next clue . In Bring it , teams had to work as porters and pick up a dolly of suitcases to deliver to the name of the hotel on their suitcases ' tag , carrying them through the stairs and narrow alleys of Venice . Once all the suitcases were delivered to the hotel 's porter , they would receive their next clue . In this leg 's Roadblock , one team member had to choose an actor from a Venetian masquerade performance , Commedia dell'arte , and paint an exact copy of their mask . If they could successfully recreate it to the satisfaction of the artist , they would be given their next clue .",
"14": "Additional tasks At the beginning of the leg , teams made their way to a nearby bus stand where they boarded one of two buses heading to Venice . The first bus departed at 4 : 15 am and the second at 4 : 30 am . Upon arriving in Venice , teams had to take a water taxi to Piazza San Marco and find a spazzino , a local street sweeper who dressed in a green outfit , who would hand them their next clue . Leg 8 ( Italy → Greece ) ( edit ) The Roadblock in Athens had teams dressed as Greek Presidential Guards and performed the Changing of the Guard . Airdate : May 11 , 2017 Venice ( Venice Marco Polo Airport ) to Bari ( Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport ) Bari ( Port of Bari ) to Patras , Greece ( Port of Patras ) Arachova ( Town Square ) Arachova ( Kaplanis Taverna or Egarsios Steps and Church of Saint George ( in Greek ) ) Athens ( Panathenaic Stadium ) Athens ( Kantina Food Truck ) Athens ( Zappeion ) Athens ( Areopagus overlooking The Acropolis ) The Detour of this leg was a choice between For the Bride or For the Groom . In For the Bride , teams had to transport two containers of milk on a donkey through the streets of Arachova to find local cheese makers and exchange them for a piece of cheese . Both cheese had to be delivered to the bride . In For the Groom , teams must compete in a footrace with locals up the 252 steps of Egarsios leading to the Church of Saint George where they had to find a shepherd who would give them two pairs of animals ( sheep and goat ) to deliver to a groom . After executing the detour , teams received a plate , which should break for the next clue . For their Speed Bump , Liz and Michael traveled on foot to the nearby Kantina food truck to prepare a traditional skewered dish called kokoretsi by wrapping sections of meat intestines . Once the dish was made properly and presented to the chef , they could continue racing .",
"15": "In this leg 's Roadblock , one team member had to take part in becoming a member of the guard outside the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and learn how to perform the changing of the guard routine of the Greek Presidential Guards known as Evzones . Under the supervision of the Presidential Guard , they had to perform inside the Zappeion hall with the right choreography to receive their next clue . Additional tasks At the Panathenaic Stadium , teams had to run one complete victory lap around the track to receive their next clue . Leg 9 ( Greece → Vietnam ) ( edit ) Upon arriving in the Vietnamese capital city of Hanoi , teams headed to Tượng Đài Lý Thái Tổ , overlooking Hoàn Kiếm Lake , to receive their clue from a group of dancers waving fans . Airdate : May 18 , 2017 Athens ( Volterou Street ) Corinth ( Corinth Canal -- Old Bridge ) Athens ( Athens International Airport ) to Hanoi , Vietnam ( Noi Bai International Airport ) Hanoi ( Tượng Đài Lý Thái Tổ ) ( in Vietnamese ) Hanoi ( Quán Sứ Temple ) Hanoi ( Hoàn Kiếm District -- 42 Hàng Vải Street and 56 Cầu Gỗ Street or 41 Cửa Nam Street and Chân Cầm Street ) Hanoi ( Thống Nhất Park ) ( in Vietnamese ) During the Pit Stop , teams were moved to Volterou Street in Downtown Athens to begin this leg of the race . The Roadblock for this leg was a Switchback from season 9 . One team member had to bungee jump 240 feet ( 73 m ) off a bridge into the Corinth Canal to receive their next clue . For the Detour , teams have a choice between Bamboo Climb or Window Design . In Bamboo Climb , teams had to transport a marked 15 - foot ladder made of bamboo through the busy streets to an apartment building , and get it up a narrow stairwell . On the roof , they had to use the ladder to retrieve a birdcage , and then return both the cage and the ladder to the starting point to receive their next clue .",
"16": "In Window Design , teams had to carry three mannequins -- a man , woman , and child -- through the streets to a clothing shop , and dress and arrange them in the window , using a photo for reference . Once the judge approved their window display , they would receive their next clue . Additional tasks At Tượng Đài Lý Thái Tổ , teams had to search among a group of dancers waving fans . When they found a fan with a yellow marker , the dancer would give them their next clue . Leg 10 ( Vietnam ) ( edit ) The province of Ninh Bình in northern Vietnam , well known for its limestone mountains landscape , was visited by teams in this leg . Airdate : May 18 , 2017 Mỹ Đình ( Bến Xe Khách Mỹ Đình ) to Ninh Bình ( Bến Xe Khách Ninh Bình ) Ninh Bình ( Tam Cốc Wharf ) Ninh Bình ( Bích Động Temple ) Hoa Lư ( Thôn Hải Nham ) ( in Vietnamese ) Hoa Lư ( Đền Thái Vi -- Bến Thành ) ( in Vietnamese ) Ninh Bình ( Tam Cốc -- Hang Múa Peak ) For the Speed Bump , Tara and Joey had to collect 72 duck eggs from around a pond before they could continue racing and move on to the Roadblock . The Roadblock for this leg was a Switchback from Season 3 . One team member had to load a bicycle with a correct number of large and small shrimp traps , and deliver them to a fisherman 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) down the road to receive their next clue . Additional tasks At Bích Động Temple , they had to search the ground for their next clue and their travel companion , the Travelocity Roaming Gnome , which they had to keep with them for the duration of the leg . At Bến Thành , teams had to collect and deliver an offering of specified prayer items ( including red napkins , candles , flowers , and fake money ) up the Ngô Đồng River stream to a ceremonial dragon boat . One team member had to row the oars using the traditional way by using only their feet .",
"17": "Once they had given the offering , they would then go back to the pier , accompanied by their respective dragon boat , to receive their next clue . Before reaching the Pit Stop , teams had to climb approximately 500 steps along the Lying Dragon Mountain ( Núi Ngọa Long ) trail to the top of Hang Múa Peak . Additional information Upon arriving at Ninh Bình Bus Station , teams made their way to the nearby Tam Cốc Wharf to get a bicycle each , which then would be their only means of transportation for the rest of the leg . Leg 11 ( Vietnam → South Korea ) ( edit ) Upon arriving in South Korea , teams headed to the famous Gangnam District of Seoul where teams would get their next clue from K - Pop dancers . Airdate : May 25 , 2017 Ninh Bình ( Hidden Charm Resort ) Hanoi ( Noi Bai International Airport ) to Seoul , South Korea ( Incheon International Airport ) Seoul ( Gangnam District -- Gangnam Station ) Seoul ( Hanyang University Olympic Gymnasium ) Seoul ( Mugyewon Arts & Cultural Center ) Seoul ( OGN e-Stadium ) ( in Korean ) Seoul ( Sebit - seom -- Gavit Some ( Roof Garden ) ) During the Pit Stop , all teams were moved to Hidden Charm Resort to start the leg . In the leg 's first Roadblock , the selected teammate had to take part in sport stacking , quickly arranging cups into three specified formations in seven seconds or less to receive their next clue . In the leg 's second Roadblock , the teammate who did not perform the first Roadblock had to play the video game Street Fighter V against a professional video game player . The racers underwent a coaching session before facing off against the professional players , which included Seon - woo `` Infiltration '' Lee and Lee Chung `` Poongko '' Gon , and had to defeat the professional gamer in one round of the game in order to receive their next clue . If the racer was unsuccessful after 10 rounds the professional gamer would continue playing with one hand behind his back ; if the racer was unsuccessful after 10 additional rounds the professional gamer would continue playing blindfolded with one hand behind his back until he was defeated .",
"18": "Additional tasks Upon arriving in Seoul , teams had to travel to Gangnam District and find an outdoor K - Pop performance at the `` Gangnam Style '' sign to receive their next clue from the dancers . At Mugyewon Arts & Cultural Center , teams had to prepare the traditional dish kimchi after watching a demonstration of how to do so . Once approved , they had to transfer it to a jar , then bury the closed jar in soil to ferment . They were given their next clue after receiving a taste of the kimchi . Leg 12 ( South Korea → United States ) ( edit ) In the final city of Chicago , teams visited Wrigley Field , the home of Chicago Cubs , where teams had final task involving its traditional hand - turned scoreboard . Airdate : June 1 , 2017 Seoul ( Incheon International Airport ) to Chicago , Illinois , United States ( O'Hare International Airport ) Joliet ( Chicagoland Speedway ) Chicago ( Monroe Street Station ) Chicago ( Chicago Water Tower , Buckingham Fountain and Wabash Avenue Bridge ) Chicago ( City Hall Rooftop ) Chicago ( Wrigleyville Dogs ) Chicago ( Wrigley Rooftops -- 3639 North Sheffield Avenue ) Chicago ( Wrigley Field ) Chicago ( Milton Lee Olive Park ) Additional tasks At the Chicagoland Speedway , one team member had to join a pit crew and change one tire on a NASCAR race car in 40 seconds or less . Once they successfully finished changing the tire , their partner had to drive one lap around the track in 48 seconds or less . Once both were completed , they would get their next clue at the winner 's podium . At the Monroe Street Station , teams had to search the train platform for a city worker who would hand them their next clue .",
"19": "The clue received from the city worker presented teams with three riddles which left them to figure that they represented three locations within Downtown Chicago : ( 1 ) I have a Gothic spire and I 'm impervious to fire I 'm 154 feet tall and no higher ( Chicago Water Tower ) , ( 2 ) I am tired like a wedding cake from me a drink you should not take to find me look no further than the lake ( Buckingham Fountain ) and ( 3 ) I stand in the twin corn ... 's shadow and control the Kupcinet bascule for those below climb the steps to my operator and you 'll be good to go ( Wabash Avenue Bridge ) . At these locations , they would receive a postcard from a designated person . Putting the three postcards together spelled out their next destination : City Hall Rooftop . At City Hall , teams had to locate the rooftop garden , where they would find the city 's beekeeper and exchange the three postcards for their next clue . At Wrigleyville Dogs , teams had to make ten Chicago - style hot dogs and deliver them to the roof of 3639 North Sheffield Avenue , one of the Wrigley Rooftops , where a group of Chicago Cubs fans waited . After delivering the hot dogs , season 19 winners Ernie & Cindy would hand them the tickets to enter Wrigley Field through the marquee entrance for their next clue . At Wrigley Field , the teams had to recall their placements in each leg of the race .",
"20": "One team member had to go inside the press box while the other had to enter the stadium 's hand - operated scoreboard ( pictured ) , which displayed the locations of the eleven Pit Stops in alphabetical order : Leg Country Pit Stop city 5 Norway Ålesund 8 Greece Athens Tanzania Dar es Salaam 9 Vietnam Hanoi 6 Italy Lake Como 10 Vietnam Ninh Bình Panama Panama City Brazil São Paulo 11 South Korea Seoul 7 Italy Venice Tanzania Zanzibar Unable to see the locations displayed on the scoreboard , the team member inside the scoreboard had to install numbered signs in the proper locations on the multi-level structure to indicate their team 's placement at each Pit Stop , guided by his / her partner giving instructions from the press box via one - way radio . Once the placements were correct , they had to go on the field to home plate where the umpire would hand them a worksheet with equations based on their placements throughout the race . The solution would give them a three - digit number corresponding to the section of seats to search for their final clue . Additional information On the flight from Seoul to Chicago , the final three teams received a free upgrade to premium - class . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) Ref ( s ) `` We 're Coming For You , Phil ! '' March 30 , 2017 0.9 / 3 4.30 0.7 2.44 1.6 6.73 `` Scared Spitless '' April 6 , 2017 0.9 / 4 3.99 0.6 2.47 1.5 6.46 `` Bucket List Type Stuff '' April 13 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.18 0.7 2.40 1.5 6.",
"21": "51 `` Another One Bites The Dust '' April 20 , 2017 0.9 / 4 4.40 0.6 2.08 1.5 6.48 5 `` Have Faith in Me , Broski '' April 20 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.84 0.6 2.29 1.4 6.13 6 `` Double U-Turn Ahead '' April 27 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.80 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Have Fun and Get It Done '' May 4 , 2017 0.9 / 4 4.01 0.6 2.36 1.5 6.37 8 `` Good Job , Donkey '' May 11 , 2017 0.9 / 3 4.04 0.7 2.51 1.6 6.56 9 `` I Thought We Were Playing It Nice '' May 18 , 2017 0.9 / 4 4.42 0.6 1.90 1.5 6.32 10 `` Riding a Bike Is Like Riding a Bike '' May 18 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.86 0.6 1.94 1.4 5.80 11 `` As Easy As Stacking Cups '' May 25 , 2017 0.6 / 3 3.63 0.8 2.36 1.4 5.99 12 `` We 're Going To Victory Lane '' June 1 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.92 0.6 2.14 1.4 6.06 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nordyke , Kimberly ( June 15 , 2016 ) .",
"22": "`` ' Amazing Race 's ' Phil Keoghan on Close Calls , Superfan Encounters and How the Show Stays Fresh '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Swartz , Tracy ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' films Season 29 in Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eng , Joyce ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Amazing Race 29 : Meet the Cast -- of Complete Strangers '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Moves ' Training Day ' To Saturday , ' Amazing Race ' To Replace It On Thursday '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces Renewals for Returning Series for the 2016 - 2017 Season '' . The Futon Critic . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Midseason Schedule : ' Ransom ' To Air Saturdays , ' Training Day ' & ' Doubt ' Slotted '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ AmazingRaceCBS new season just started in downtown LA . Story to come ... # TAR # AmazingRace '' . Twitter . CelebSightings . June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Amazing Race 29 , episode 3 , April 13 , 2017 , spoken by contestant Michael Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vKnV1ksyds&t=8m40s Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0GitMmCoN04&t=3m18s Jump up ^ `` TV Listings and Schedule '' . CBS . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 .",
"23": "Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Amazing Race pits contestants against pro Street Fighter 5 players '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ' The Amazing Race ' host talks filming in Chicago ahead of doc screening Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal , ' ' Superstore ' and all others hold : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 .",
"24": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains : Week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' finales , ' Amazing Race ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) .",
"25": "`` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Running Wild with Bear Grylls ' adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Amazing Race ' finale and ' Love Connection ' adjust up , plus final NBA numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' and ' Prison Break ' finales get good bumps : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) The Amazing Race Original U.S. version Seasons 5 6 7 8 : Family Edition 9 10 11 : All - Stars 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 : Unfinished Business 19 20 21 22 23 24 : All - Stars 25 26 27 28 29 30 Contestants Versions outside the U.S.",
"26": "Asia 5 Asia contestants Australia 3 : Australia v New Zealand Australia contestants A Corrida Milionária Canada 5 6 : Heroes Edition Canada contestants China Rush China Rush contestants China French version HaMerotz LaMillion 5 6 HaMerotz LaMillion contestants Latin American version 4 : Edição Brasil 5 6 : Ecuador Latin American version contestants Norge Norge contestants Philippines Philippines contestants Velyki perehony Vietnam 5 Related Shanghai Rush The Ridonculous Race Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Amazing_Race_29&oldid=835155969 '' Categories : The Amazing Race 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with Portuguese - language external links Articles with Norwegian - language external links Articles with Norwegian Nynorsk - language external links Articles with Italian - language external links Articles with Greek - language external links Articles with Vietnamese - language external links Articles with Korean - language external links Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Norsk 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 22 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is the shannara chronicles season 2 based on
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[
"The Sword of Shannara Trilogy"
] |
{
"0": "The Shannara Chronicles - Wikipedia The Shannara Chronicles Jump to : navigation , search The Shannara Chronicles Genre Fantasy Created by Alfred Gough Miles Millar Based on The Sword of Shannara Trilogy by Terry Brooks Starring Austin Butler Poppy Drayton Ivana Baquero Manu Bennett Aaron Jakubenko Marcus Vanco Malese Jow Vanessa Morgan Gentry White Opening theme `` Until We Go Down '' by Ruelle Composer ( s ) Felix Erskine Lukas Burton Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Farah Terry Brooks Eugene Stein Stewart Till Jon Favreau Jonathan Liebesman Alfred Gough Miles Millar Producer ( s ) Jenna Glazier David Gardner Tim Coddington Tim Scanlan Location ( s ) New Zealand Cinematography Michael Bonvillain Rodney Charters Editor ( s ) Peter Gvozdas Chris Peppe Josh Beal Running time 40 -- 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Farah Films Millar Gough Ink Raygun One Sonar Entertainment MTV Production Development Distributor Viacom Media Networks Release Original network MTV ( 2016 ) Spike ( 2017 ) Original release January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website www.spike.com/shows/the-shannara-chronicles The Shannara Chronicles is an American fantasy drama television series created by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar . It is an adaptation of The Sword of Shannara trilogy of fantasy novels by Terry Brooks . It is filmed in the Auckland Film Studios and on location elsewhere in New Zealand , premiered on MTV in the United States on January 5 , 2016 , and consisted of 10 episodes . MTV originally greenlit a second season of The Shannara Chronicles in April 2016 ; however , in May 2017 , it was announced that the series would relocate to Spike .",
"1": "The second season premiered on October 11 , 2017 , and concluded November 22 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Conception and development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Ratings 6.2. 1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 6.2. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : Synopsis of The Elfstones of Shannara Season one of The Shannara Chronicles roughly follows the storylines set out in The Elfstones of Shannara , set in the fictional Four Lands . As the series opens , demons start to return after being banished from this world to a place known as the Forbidding -- locked by an ancient tree called the Ellcrys . The series chronicles the journey of Wil , Amberle and Eretria who , with the guidance of the last druid Allanon , must go on a quest to protect the Ellcrys from dying and releasing all the banished demons back into the Four Lands . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : The Elfstones of Shannara characters Main ( edit ) Austin Butler as Wil Ohmsford , a half - human / half - elf who is the last of the bloodline of the ancient Shannara family . He is destined to help save the Four Lands from demons . He possesses three Elfstones , which belonged to his late father , Shea Ohmsford . Poppy Drayton as Amberle Elessedil ( season 1 ; recurring , season 2 ) , the Elven Princess and the first female to be accepted as one of the Chosen , a group of elves responsible for protecting and caring for the Ellcrys tree .",
"2": "Amberle becomes the lover of Wil before she sacrifices herself to save the Ellcrys and everyone else . Ivana Baquero as Eretria , a human who was raised by Rovers , a band of thieves . Although at first untrustworthy , she later becomes a stalwart ally of the group . She also has romantic feelings for Wil , and becomes involved with the Princess of Leah , Lyria , in the second season . Manu Bennett as Allanon ( season 1 - 2 ) , a human and the last druid who has been alive for more than 300 years through the use of Druid Sleep . He guides and mentors the group on their quest to protect the Ellcrys . In season 2 , Bennett also portrays the Warlock Lord . Aaron Jakubenko as Ander Elessedil ( season 1 - 2 ) , the youngest son of King Eventine who has a reputation for being irresponsible , due to the death of older brother Aine , as he blames himself for his brother 's death , despite the fact it was not his fault . However , after the death of his father and his brother Arion respectively , Ander becomes the new king of the elves ; finally abandoning his irresponsible party boy nature , becoming the responsible ruler his kingdom needs . Marcus Vanco as Bandon , an Elven boy with the gift of a seer , meaning that he can see possible futures when he touches someone . He follows a dark path in the second season . Malese Jow as Mareth Ravenlock ( season 2 ) , a half - human / half - elf searching for Wil who is revealed to be Allanon 's daughter . She eventually develops romantic feelings towards Wil . Vanessa Morgan as Lyria ( season 2 ) , a human who is connected to Eretria , and who is revealed to be the Princess of Leah . Gentry White as Garet Jax ( season 2 ) , a bounty hunter looking for Lyria for her mother the Queen of Leah . Later on he joins Wil 's group in saving the Four Lands . Recurring ( edit ) James Remar as Cephelo ( season 1 ) , the leader of the Rovers and adoptive father of Eretria . Upon first seeing Wil 's Elfstones , Cephelo becomes obsessed with them .",
"3": "Despite his self - serving nature , he later helps Amberle on her quest . Daniel MacPherson as Arion Elessedil ( season 1 ) , oldest living son of King Eventine and heir to the Elven throne . Arion is known to be hot - tempered and often disagrees with his father 's commands . Jed Brophy as the Dagda Mor ( season 1 ) , an ancient elvish druid who turned into a demon . His powers increase as the Ellcrys dies , and as such he uses lesser demons as henchmen and proxies . Brooke Williams as Catania , an elf who is Amberle 's handmaiden . She later becomes the love interest of Ander . Emelia Burns as Commander Diana Tilton ( season 1 ) , the captain of the black watch , the elite unit of the Elven military whose sworn duty is to protect the Ellcrys . She is romantically involved with Arion and was previously in love with Ander . Mark Mitchinson as Flick Ohmsford , Wil 's uncle and Shea 's brother . He is kidnapped by Bandon during the series ' second season . John Rhys - Davies as Eventine Elessedil ( season 1 ) , Amberle 's grandfather who has ruled the Elven Kingdom of Arborlon for decades . After the death of his oldest son ( Amberle 's father ) , Eventine began grooming his son Arion for the throne . However , in the wake of the demon threat , he decides that the hot - headed Arion is not yet ready to rule . Jared Turner ( season 1 ) and Glen Levy ( season 2 ) as Slanter , the Gnome resistance leader who murdered Amberle 's father 10 years previously . He reluctantly agrees to help Ander and Tilton find the source of the demons in exchange for his release from prison . Slanter shares his name with a character from The Wishsong of Shannara . James Trevena - Brown as Captain Crispin Edensong ( season 1 ) , captain of the Home Guard , the personal corps of Elven Hunters beholden to the king or queen of the elves .",
"4": "Andrew Grainger as Cogline ( season 2 ) , a former druid whose mission is to protect Eretria from any threat ; he trains her to defend herself against evil forces . Desmond Chiam as General Riga ( season 2 ) , the leader of the Crimson , who is dedicated to eradicating the use of magic across the Four Lands . Erroll Shand as Valcaa ( season 2 ) , Riga 's right hand man . Caroline Chikezie as Queen Tamlin ( season 2 ) , the formidable leader of the human Kingdom of Leah , and Lyria 's estranged mother . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 10 January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) MTV 10 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) Spike Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Chosen '' Jonathan Liebesman Alfred Gough & Miles Millar January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) 1.03 Amberle , the Princess of the Elven Kingdom , runs the Gauntlet , customarily an all - male race , to determine who will become the Chosen , seven servants of the Ellcrys , a great tree that holds back an ancient army of demons in a realm called the Forbidding . She finishes seventh . When she touches the tree during the initiation ceremony , she has a vision of elves being slaughtered . The druid Allanon wakes up after a long slumber .",
"5": "Wil Ohmsford 's mother passes him the elfstones , a magical relic that belonged to Wil 's late father . Wil decides to go to Storlock , the village of healers , to learn the healing arts there . On the way , he is ambushed by a troll and saved by a Rover girl named Eretria , who drugs him and steals the elfstones . Allanon meets with the Elven King Eventine in the city of Arborlon and warns him that the Ellcrys is dying . He leaves to seek out Wil and finds him with Eretria . As the Ellcrys weakens , a demon named the Dagda Mor breaks free of the Forbidding along with the Changeling , whom he dispatches to eliminate the Chosen . Amberle , haunted by the visions she saw when she touched the Ellcrys , flees Arborlon . She comes across Eretria , steals food and a horse , and heads for Wing Hove to meet with her aunt , Eventine 's sister Pyria ( Sarah Peirse ) . Meanwhile , Allanon takes Wil to the Druid Keep at Paranor to find the secret to restoring the Ellcrys . Allanon uses magic to uncover a codex , proving to Wil that magic did n't end in the War of the Races 300 years ago . The Dagda Mor attacks Allanon in his mind . Allanon and Wil learn that the Chosen are the key to the renewal of the Ellcrys ; however , the Changeling , using Amberle 's form , has killed them all except Amberle , who had run away . Allanon and Wil track her to Wing Hove , where they are attacked by a Fury summoned from the Forbidding . The Fury kills Pyria and goes after Wil and Amberle . `` Fury '' James Marshall Alfred Gough & Miles Millar January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) 0.92 As the Fury is chasing Wil and Amberle , an injured Allanon rises and kills it . The trio head to the Druid Cave to treat Allanon . After leaving him there , Wil and Amberle head to Silver River to grab some of its mud , which has healing properties , but are ambushed by Eretria and another rover .",
"6": "They are taken as hostages to the rover camp so Wil can teach Cephelo how to use the Elfstones . Wil is unable to do so , and Cephelo threatens to kill Eretria . A Fury attacks the Rover camp but is destroyed by Wil , using the powers of the elfstones . Allanon is cured by the magic from the Druid Cave and rescues Wil and Amberle from the Rovers . On their way to Arborlon , they find an elf named Bandon chained and left alone and they take him with them . At Arborlon , Bandon has a vision of Amberle dying . The Elven Council discusses the crisis of the Ellcrys and decides to let Amberle , the last of the Chosen , enter the tree and search for its seed , which must be taken to Safehold . `` Changeling '' James Marshall Alfred Gough & Miles Millar January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 0.75 Amberle enters the Ellcrys , is put to a test , and gains the seed from the tree when she succeeds . The group prepares to take it to Safehold but realizes that the demon is still alive . Amberle draws an image of a stained glass window , which she saw in a vision inside the Ellcrys . After being threatened by her foster father , Eretria sneaks into the elven palace and seduces Wil only to steal the elfstones again . As she tries to escape the palace , the demon disguises itself as her and attempts to kill Amberle but fails and the real Eretria is arrested for it . Bandon is revealed to be a seer . No one is able to find the demon , so they assume it must be a shapeshifting demon and prepare a trap to catch it . Wil and Eretria realize that the demon was disguised as one of the guards and was aware of the plan . Wil runs to warn Amberle , but the Changeling gets there first and is killed by Allanon , who orders the guards to burn it and save its ashes . However , the demon comes back to life and kills the guards .",
"7": "5 5 `` Reaper '' Brad Turner Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 1.03 Ten years ago , a group of gnomes led by Slanter snuck into Arborlon in an attempt to assassinate the King , but ended up killing Prince Aine instead . In the present , the expedition to find Safehold is ambushed by Cephelo 's rovers . Amberle is taken prisoner while Wil and the escort are left to die in the wilderness . Eretria receives her reward -- her own freedom -- and leaves the group , but comes back to free Amberle , take Cephelo prisoner and save Wil and most of the guards . Once the group arrives at their destination , the Reaper , a demon hungry for death , has already killed the garrison and attacks them . Cephelo lures it into an ancient field of chemical garbage and sets the field on fire , killing it . Meanwhile , Allanon asks Bandon to contact Amberle through the Ellcrys . In a vision , he sees her dead at Dagda Mor 's feet . News comes in about demon attacks on elven villages . Ander suggests they seek the demon 's source and enlists Slanter , who was captured 10 years ago , as a guide . The Changeling , disguised as Arion , kills the King and takes his place . 6 6 `` Pykon '' Brad Turner Zander Lehmann February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 0.97 While camping , Amberle has a romantic dream about Wil . As a snow storm comes their way , the group decides to take a shortcut to Wilderun by passing through Pykon , a snowy Elven outpost . As they get there , they are welcomed by Mag , a mysterious child , and Remo , an elf who is the property 's caretaker . Elsewhere , Reaper rises from the ashes of the explosion and follows the group 's tracks . Remo reveals himself to be a torturer seeking revenge . As he begins to torture Amberle , Wil is able to stop him with the help of Mag . The group tries to escape Pykon when the Reaper reaches them .",
"8": "Crispin is killed while fighting it . Wil , Amberle and Eretria fall off a cliff with the Reaper . In Arborlon , the Changeling , disguised as the King , convinces Arion to find an ancient sword said to possess power to defeat Dagda Mor . Once Arion succeeds , he is confronted by Allanon who reveals that the weapon is a talisman of evil and a danger to all . Arion then stabs Allanon , removing him from existence . Meanwhile , Ander and Slanter find Dagda Mor 's horde of demons . 7 7 `` Breakline '' Jesse Warn Deanna Kizis February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 0.80 After Wil , Eretria , and Amberle fall off the cliff , they get separated . After awakening next to the Reaper 's corpse and prying the Elfstones out of his bloody left palm , Wil is attacked by a male elf from Owen Moor named Perk , whose left ear was stolen by Elf Hunters who cut off and sell the ears to gnomes . He wants to rescue his female partner Genewen who was captured by them . The man who cut off his ear , Cormac , is left behind to guard the camp as their female leader Zora pursues the princess . Eretria and Amberle are subsequently chased by the same group into an old hall that sunk underground during the great war . Meanwhile , in Arborlon , the Changeling , in the guise of King Eventine , sends the Princes Ander and Arion on a seemingly futile mission to kill the Dagda Mor . Allanon is healed by his former master Bremen and returns to Earth . While underground Amberle picks up three blue dice ; an eight - sided and a pair of ten - sided dice . They also notice a map which resembles Eretria 's vision and she tells Eretria it is Safehold . She and Eretria fight off some Elf Hunters but are captured by Zora . Wil arrives , dangling from Genewen , who turns out to be a flying Roc mounted by Perk , who is a Wing Rider . On the way out Zora shoots Eretria and she falls .",
"9": "More of the Elf Hunters arrive , preventing them from going back for her . The princes arrive to face the Dagda Mor , discovering an imprisoned Bandon . Arion attacks the evil Druid with the sword , but the Dagda Mor is prepared and kills him . Allanon arrives on the scene just in time to save Ander and free Bandon . Eretria is shown hauled off alongside a golf bag full of clubs and a white plastic lawn chair . Ander kills the Changeling with Allanon 's collapsible sword , becoming King of the Elves . 8 8 `` Utopia '' Jesse Warn April Blair February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 0.78 Allanon tells Bandon he 'll train him to be the next druid . Ander gets drunk . Eretria is bought out of slavery ( along with the map to Safehold ) by a human , who shows her how to shoot a revolver and they watch James T. Kirk and Spock in a scene from Star Trek : The Motion Picture . After kissing , Wil and Amberle rescue Cephelo but he ditches them before they sneak into the human village Eretria 's in , hugging Wil as he leaves . Cephelo is captured skulking around the village border after noticing that Zora is laying dead outside . Eretria reveals to Wil that the Safehold map is in the village , he seems surprised , indicating Amberle had not told him this . When Wil and Amberle 's elven heritage is uncovered during the party , Eretria sneaks off and speaks to a man with a mutilated eye . After he warns her , she flirts with her new owner long enough to steal his revolver . The three are tied to posts to be sacrificed to trolls , Cephelo offers their captors a bag which he says contain the Elfstones . When opened , it is actually the three blue dice that Amberle found . Eretria frees the captives after shooting a troll about to kill Wil . Firefight ensues and Cephelo is mortally wounded . He takes Eretria 's pistol and buys them time to escape . More trolls arrive and finding their dead friend attack the Utopians .",
"10": "Episode ends with Wil , Amberle and Eretria coming out of a forest to look upon the ruins of San Francisco . 9 9 `` Safehold '' Brad Turner Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 0.72 Wil , Amberle , and Eretria arrive at Safehold , which turns out to be the ruins of San Francisco and Oakland ( the name Safehold coming off the highway sign missing some letters ) . Eretria discovers that the tattoo on her back is a magical map to the location of the Bloodfire and leads the group there . They are confronted by the Guardians of the Bloodfire who attempt to turn the group against each other . Ander sends Commander Tilton to make an alliance with the Gnomes against the Demons . The Dagda Mor continues to control Bandon 's mind , forcing him to attack Ander , Catania , and finally Allanon , who subdues him . Elven Councilor Kael Pindanon , thinking Ander too weak to lead , attempts to seize the throne for herself and has Ander imprisoned . Commander Tilton and Slanter return to Arborlon with a Gnome army and free Ander , and the Council accepts Ander as king after he announces the alliance with the Gnomes . Overcoming the Guardians ' mental assaults , Eretria discovers her blood is the key to unlocking the Bloodfire and impales her hand on a magical spike , causing the Bloodfire to ignite . Wil destroys the Guardians with the Elfstones , and Amberle immerses herself in the Bloodfire . When it vanishes , Amberle is nowhere to be seen , and Eretria is unconscious . The last leaf falls from the Ellcrys , and the Elves and Gnomes prepare for war as the Dagda Mor 's Demon army marches on Arborlon . 10 10 `` Ellcrys '' Brad Turner April Blair & Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 0.85 Wil revives Eretria with the Elfstones .",
"11": "Within the magic of the Bloodfire , Amberle learns the nature of her quest from the spirit of the Ellcrys before returning to join Wil and Eretria . While leaving Safehold , the group is pursued by Trolls , and Eretria stays behind to give the others time to escape . After returning to Arborlon , Wil and Amberle profess their love for each other . Bandon escapes from prison with Catania 's help . The Demon army attacks Arborlon , and the Elves and Gnomes fight to defend the Ellcrys . In the battle , Ander and Commander Tilton encounter Arion , now resurrected as a Demon . Arion kills Commander Tilton before being killed himself by Ander . Allanon and Slanter rescue Wil and Amberle from a group of Demons and escort them to the Ellcrys . The Dagda Mor blocks their way , and Allanon battles the evil Druid . Amberle tells Wil that she is the seed and must sacrifice herself to become the new Ellcrys . The Dagda Mor knocks Allanon aside and tries to kill Wil and Amberle . Wil holds off the Demon leader with the Elfstones and Allanon beheads him . Amberle successfully becomes the new Ellcrys , and the Forbidding is renewed , banishing the Demons . Allanon admits to a heartbroken Wil that he knew what Amberle had to do from the beginning and reminds him that all magic comes with a price . Wil rides off to Safehold to rescue Eretria . Bandon is briefly seen carrying the Dagda Mor 's evil blade , his eyes turned completely black . Eretria is captured by Trolls and recognizes one of her captors . ^ Jump up to : The third and fourth episodes were released online on January 5 , 2016 . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S.",
"12": "viewers ( millions ) 11 `` Druid '' Brad Turner Alfred Gough & Miles Millar October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 0.31 Eretria is living in the ruins of San Francisco , scavenging Old World technology for Cogline with her girlfriend , Lyria , and wondering why Wil and Amberle have not come looking for her . Wil is working in Storlock , training to become a Healer , when the mysterious Mareth arrives , seeking treatment for a burned hand . Meanwhile Ander Elessedil is struggling to help the Elves rebuild their lives after the battle against the Dagda Mor and his Demons . Bandon has taken refuge in Skull Mountain , where he plans to resurrect the Warlock Lord . Allanon endeavors to stop him . Riga goes hunting for Wil in Shady Vale . 12 `` Wraith '' Brad Turner Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 0.21 After learning that Mareth is the daughter of Allanon , Wil and Mareth search for answers . Meanwhile , Eretria and Lyria are taken captive by a group of Rovers only to be rescued by the bounty hunter Garet Jax . Jax reveals that he has been sent by Lyria 's mother Queen Tamlin of Leah , the only human kingdom in the Four Lands . King Ander Elessedil seeks an alliance with Queen Tamlin , who demands that Ander marry Lyria in order to seal the alliance . Bandon learns that Wil 's uncle Flick lives in Shady Vale . Following a confrontation with Wil , Bandon kidnaps Flik and tells him he has three days to bring Allanon to Paranor if he wants his uncle back alive . Meanwhile , Allanon is kidnapped by members of the Crimson . Ander 's lover Catania is also murdered by Tamlin , an undercover Crimson agent . 13 `` Graymark '' James Marshall Javier Grillo - Marxuach October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 0.23 In Graymark , Allanon is brought before the magic - hating General Riga , leader of the Crimson .",
"13": "Determined to destroy magic , Riga demands that Allanon yield the Codex of Paranor and tortures him . After reuniting with Eretria , Wil teams up with Mareth and Garet Jax to rescue Allanon from Graymark . Posing as Jax 's prisoner , Wil infiltrates Graymark only to be trapped by Riga . Seeking the Codex , Riga drains Wil 's blood . Allanon and Wil are rescued by Eretria , Mareth , and Jax who escape following a skirmish with the Crimson . Trying to cover up Catania 's death , Edain tells Ander that she left Leah . Queen Tamlin orders Edain to contact the Crimson , exposing herself as their financier . 14 `` Dweller '' James Marshall Elle Triedman November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 0.16 Bandon reminds Queen Tamlin of the deal she had forged with the Warlock Lord . Meanwhile , Mareth has a tense reunion with her Druid father Allanon . Bandon takes Flick to the former farm house where he was imprisoned . Consumed by hatred of the prejudice of non-magical folk towards magic users , Bandon brutally kills the new Elven occupants ' son . Back in Leah , Eretria and Lyria reconcile and accepts Lyria 's arranged marriage pact with Ander . Suspecting that Edain murdered Catalania , Allanon along with Garet , Eretria , and Slanter capture Edain and his men smuggling weapons to the Crimson . Edain confesses to his crime and is executed by Ander . Meanwhile , Allanon travels with Wil and Mareth to the Wolfsktaag Mountains to obtain the Sword of Shannara , which they obtain following a battle with a giant spider - like Dweller . 15 5 `` Paranor '' Toa Fraser Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 0.24 Wil , Allanon , and Mareth managed to trap Bandon inside Paranor . However , Bandon had poisoned Flick has an insurance and only has the cure that will save Wil from certain death .",
"14": "Ignoring Allanon and Flick 's pleas not to heed Bandon , they decide to retrieve the Warlock Lord 's skull . This quest takes them back in time to Shady Vale where the two encounter Wil 's father Shea Ohmsford and mother Heady . Wil and Mareth struggle to save his parent 's relationship while facing a demon . Meanwhile , Eretria learns from Cogline that she is a descendant of Armageddon 's Children , a sect of human -- demon hybrids who had the potential to be corrupted by dark forces . Under Cogline 's tutelage , Eretria begins learning how to resist the darkness . Garet Jax is tracked down by Valcaa and several Crimson warriors but turns the table on his attackers . To punish Valcaa for murdering the son of one of his former Border Legion comrades , Jax along with Ander and Lyria brutally interrogate him . 16 6 `` Crimson '' Brad Turner April Blair November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 0.27 17 7 `` Warlock '' James Marshall Alex Díaz & Julie Díaz November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 0.27 18 8 `` Amberle '' James Marshall April Blair and Elle Triedman November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 0.28 19 9 `` Wilderun '' Toa Fraser Matt Lambert November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 0.26 20 10 `` Blood '' Brad Turner Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 0.24 Production ( edit ) Conception and development ( edit ) Sonar Entertainment and Farah Films acquired the TV rights to the Shannara universe in 2012 . In December 2013 , it was announced that a series based on the books was being produced for MTV and had been given a straight - to - series , 10 - episode order .",
"15": "On April 20 , 2016 , MTV greenlit a second season of The Shannara Chronicles . The series is produced by Dan Farah , Jon Favreau , Miles Millar , Al Gough , Jonathan Liebesman , and author Terry Brooks . Brooks has stated in an interview that he is happy with the way his story has been adapted . Much like the television adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire , the series will not be a direct adaptation following the narrative order of the books , but will feature a mix of the books ' stories . The first book of the series to be adapted is The Elfstones of Shannara , the second book in the trilogy , with some elements of the other novels being gradually adapted to the show . Casting ( edit ) In December 2014 , it was announced that Manu Bennett would star as Allanon and in January 2015 Ivana Baquero , Austin Butler , Poppy Drayton , Emelia Burns and John Rhys - Davies joined the show . Malese Jow , Vanessa Morgan , Gentry White , Desmond Chiam and Caroline Chikezie joined the cast as series regulars in season two . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the 10 - episode first season wrapped in New Zealand at Auckland Film Studios in June 2015 , and the first trailer debuted on July 10 , 2015 . Filming for the second season , which also consists of 10 episodes , began January 31 , 2017 , in New Zealand . Music ( edit ) The opening theme song , `` Until We Go Down '' , from the EP `` Up in Flames '' , is performed by Ruelle . Other songs featured in the show 's first season include `` Midnight '' by Coldplay , `` You Are a Memory '' by Message to Bears , `` Wave '' by Beck and `` Run Boy Run '' by Woodkid . Release ( edit ) During the Shannara Chronicles panel at San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2015 , a teaser trailer was revealed , giving audiences a first look at the sets and characters . A television version of the trailer was shown during the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards .",
"16": "Broadcast ( edit ) The Shannara Chronicles premiered on MTV in the United States on January 5 , 2016 , with a two - hour series premiere , right after the premiere of the second half of the fifth season of Teen Wolf on MTV . New episodes were broadcast every Tuesday at 10 pm ET . The third and fourth episodes were released online after the first two episodes aired on January 5 , 2016 , prior to their original broadcast schedule . The series was simulcast on MTV in Canada . The two - hour pilot also aired on Bell Media sister network CTV on Wednesday , January 6 , 2016 . The series has also been licensed to a number of different countries , including the United Kingdom ( airing on 5STAR ) , Australia ( Syfy ) and New Zealand ( Sky TV ) . The second season premiered on October 11 , 2017 , on Spike and broadcast new episodes every Wednesday at 10 pm ET . In Canada , season two is now being simulcast on Space Channel , with season one viewable on - demand until November 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The Shannara Chronicles has received mixed reviews , receiving a 52 / 100 score on Metacritic , based on 15 reviews and a 54 % for season 1 on Rotten Tomatoes based on 26 reviews , with an average rating of 5.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` The Shannara Chronicles wears its influences heavily on its sleeve and needs to find surer footing before it can tap its true potential , but it still might suffice for viewers in search of a teen - friendly Game of Thrones . '' Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times wrote : `` So give this reasonably absorbing series a little credit , even though it often seems to be merely reworking various fantasy formulas . It moves quickly and does a nice job of weaving together two story lines involving an elfin world that is threatened when a giant tree , known as the Ellcrys , begins to die . ''",
"17": "Maureen Ryan of Variety wrote : `` Sure , Shannara , which harks back to the golden age of syndicated genre fare , is a standard quest journey in which there are trolls , gnomes , living trees and magic books , and characters say things like , ' If Allanon is here , there are dark days ahead . ' But there 's conviction in the show 's execution . '' Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No .",
"18": "Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) 1 / 2 `` Chosen '' January 5 , 2016 0.5 1.03 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Fury '' January 12 , 2016 0.4 0.92 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.67 `` Changeling '' January 19 , 2016 0.3 0.75 0.3 N / A 0.6 N / A 5 `` Reaper '' January 26 , 2016 0.5 1.03 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Pykon '' February 2 , 2016 0.4 0.97 0.5 1.11 0.9 2.08 7 `` Breakline '' February 9 , 2016 0.3 0.80 0.5 0.99 0.8 1.79 8 `` Utopia '' February 16 , 2016 0.3 0.78 0.5 0.93 0.8 1.71 9 `` Safehold '' February 23 , 2016 0.3 0.72 0.4 0.86 0.7 1.58 10 `` Ellcrys '' March 1 , 2016 0.4 0.85 0.4 0.92 0.8 1.77 Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No .",
"19": "Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Druid '' October 11 , 2017 0.1 0.31 0.2 0.42 0.3 0.73 `` Wraith '' October 18 , 2017 0.1 0.21 N / A 0.36 N / A 0.57 `` Graymark '' October 25 , 2017 0.1 0.23 0.2 0.36 0.3 0.58 `` Dweller '' November 1 , 2017 0.1 0.16 N / A 0.34 N / A 0.50 5 `` Paranor '' November 8 , 2017 0.1 0.24 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Crimson '' November 8 , 2017 0.1 0.27 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Warlock '' November 15 , 2017 0.1 0.27 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Amberle '' November 15 , 2017 0.1 0.28 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` Wilderun '' November 22 , 2017 0.1 0.26 N / A 0.35 N / A 0.61 10 `` Blood '' November 22 , 2017 0.1 0.24 N / A 0.31 N / A 0.",
"20": "55 Accolades ( edit ) The series was nominated for a Saturn Award for `` Best Fantasy TV Series '' for the 2015 -- 2016 season . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` The Shannara Chronicles : Creator Terry Brooks Interview '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ossad , Jordana ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Trip To The Four Lands : 12 Photographs From ' The Shannara Chronicles '' Majestic Set `` . MTV . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caron , Nathalie ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Save the Four Lands with 6 new promos for The Shannara Chronicles '' . Blastr . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ossad , Jordana ( July 4 , 2015 ) . `` Meet The Magical Characters Of MTV 's New Series ' The Shannara Chronicles ' '' . MTV . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Caron , Nathalie ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the characters of MTV 's The Shannara Chronicles with these 5 new videos '' . Blastr.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Shannara ' has a so - so premiere for MTV '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shannara on MTV ( @ Shannara ) ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` TOMORROW , sign into MTV.com / MTV App to watch # Shannara Episodes 3 + 4 early ! Thx @ KnowTheRealCost '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 13 , 2016 ) .",
"21": "`` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' returns on top , ' Shadowhunters ' had solid debut '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Curse of Oak Island ' stays on top , ' Shadowhunters ' raises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' premiere soars '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' falls , ' Pretty Little Liars ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' stays steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 12 , 2017 ) .",
"22": "`` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Sonar , Farah to adapt ' Shannara ' for TV '' . Variety .",
"23": "Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Shannara ' Series in the Works at MTV With Jon Favreau , ' Smallville ' Duo '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` MTV Orders Fantasy ' Shannara ' to Series ; ' Catfish ' Gets 4th Season '' . The Wrap . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Shannara Chronicles ' Renewed For Season 2 By MTV '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Shannara Chronicles ' First Look ; January Premiere Set -- Comic Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shivener , Rich ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Terry Brooks : MTV is Doing The Shannara Chronicles Right '' . Paste . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' The Shannara Chronicles , ' an Elfin Adventure , Debuts on MTV '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Shannara Chronicles promises to deliver the next Game of Thrones to MTV '' . Polygon.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGloin , Matt ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Manu Bennett Cast As Allanon In Shannara TV Series '' . Cosmic Booknews . Jump up ^ Glucina , Rachel ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Shannara stars here until June ( main title : The Diary : Sporty new dads feeling the love ) '' . Entertainment . The New Zealand Herald . Jump up ^ Debler , Lance ( February 1 , 2017 ) .",
"24": "`` The Return Of The Shannara Chronicles : Here 's What 's Going To Happen In Season 2 '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Speakman , Shawn ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Terry Brooks Posts SHANNARA Filming Updates '' . Science Fiction and Fantasy . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stunning Auckland scenery showcased in The Shannara Chronicles trailer '' . TVNZ.co.nz . July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 2 of `` The Shannara Chronicles '' Premieres Wednesday , October 11 at 10pm ET / PT on Spike '' ( Press release ) . Spike . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` Up in Flames EP '' . Apple.com . January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Ruelle '' . MTV . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Shannara Chronicles - Official Opening Title Sequence - MTV '' . November 27 , 2015 . Watch the opening title sequence for MTV 's new fantasy series , The Shannara Chronicles . Music : Ruelle - `` Until We Go Down . '' Stream and download the full song at ruelle.mtv.com . Jump up ^ `` Official Opening Title Sequence - Video Clip from The Shannara Chronicles S1 , E1 MTV '' . November 27 , 2015 . Watch the opening title sequence for MTV 's new fantasy series , The Shannara Chronicles . Music : Ruelle - `` Until We Go Down . '' Stream and download the full song at ruelle.mtv.com . Jump up ^ `` Music from The Shannara Chronicles : Season 1 PREMIERE '' . MTV Soundtrack . January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ chase_k ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Music from The Shannara Chronicles : Season 1 PREMIERE '' . Ruelle -- `` Until We Go Down '' Theme Song .",
"25": "Coldplay -- `` Midnight '' Amberle attends the party ; she has a vision of killing Loren . Message To Bears -- `` You Are A Memory '' Eretria gives Wil a bath and drugs him in order to steal his elf stones . Beck -- `` Wave '' Wil and Allanon arrive at Pyria 's home . Jump up ^ The Shannara Chronicles -- Official First Look -- Comic - Con 2015 on YouTube Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Comic - Con : MTV unveils first look at ' The Shannara Chronicles ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( August 30 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : First Trailer for MTV 's ' The Shannara Chronicles ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , Reid ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : First Trailer for MTV 's ' The Shannara Chronicles ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Shannara Chronicles '' . MTV . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Shannara Chronicles , Season 1 '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the first 4 episodes of ' The Shannara Chronicles ' online now ! '' . hypable . January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Shannara Chronicles '' . MTV . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CTV Schedule '' . CTV.ca . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Speakman , Shawn ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` International Information For THE SHANNARA CHRONICLES '' . TerryBrooks.net . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` MTV 's Shannara Chronicles Moving to Spike TV for Upcoming Season 2 '' .",
"26": "TVLine . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Shannara Chronicles ' Gets Season 2 Premiere Date , Trailer , First Photos '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` The Shannara Chronicles : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Shannara Chronicles : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' The Shannara Chronicles , ' an Elfin Adventure , Debuts on MTV '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : ' The Shannara Chronicles ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Jan. 11 - 17 : ' AHS : Hotel ' finale more than doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Jan. 18 - 24 : ' Gold Rush ' moves ahead of ' Love and Hip Hop ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 1 - 7 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' premiere leads across the board '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 8 - 14 : ' The Walking Dead ' now up vs. its last episode '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 15 - 21 : ' Better Call Saul ' premiere moves up the charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 22 - 28 : ' Walking Dead ' has steady growth '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 29 - March 6 : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' makes a big jump '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gold Rush ' still striking it rich for Discovery : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 9 - 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere grows a lot , still trails Season 7 debut by a lot : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' AHS : Cult ' way above everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 30 - Nov. 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov.",
"28": "20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 .",
"29": "External links ( edit ) Official website The Shannara Chronicles on IMDb The Shannara Chronicles at TV Guide Works by Terry Brooks Shannara Novels Word & Void Running with the Demon ( 1997 ) A Knight of the Word ( 1998 ) Angel Fire East ( 1999 ) The Genesis of Shannara Armageddon 's Children ( 2006 ) The Elves of Cintra ( 2007 ) The Gypsy Morph ( 2008 ) Legends of Shannara Bearers of the Black Staff ( 2010 ) The Measure of the Magic ( 2011 ) Prequel First King of Shannara ( 1996 ) Original Shannara Trilogy The Sword of Shannara ( 1977 ) The Elfstones of Shannara ( 1982 ) The Wishsong of Shannara ( 1985 ) Heritage of Shannara The Scions of Shannara ( 1990 ) The Druid of Shannara ( 1991 ) The Elf Queen of Shannara ( 1992 ) The Talismans of Shannara ( 1993 ) The Voyage of the Jerle Shannara Ilse Witch ( 2000 ) Antrax ( 2001 ) Morgawr ( 2002 ) High Druid of Shannara Jarka Ruus ( 2003 ) Tanequil ( 2004 ) Straken ( 2005 ) The Dark Legacy of Shannara Wards of Faerie ( 2012 ) Bloodfire Quest ( 2013 ) Witch Wraith ( 2013 ) Standalone Dark Wraith of Shannara ( 2008 graphic novel ) Short stories `` Indomitable '' ( 2003 ) `` Allanon 's Quest '' ( 2012 ) `` The Weapon Master 's Choice '' ( 2013 ) `` The Black Irix '' ( 2013 ) Other The World of Shannara ( 2001 companion book ) Shannara ( video game ) The Shannara Chronicles ( TV series ) Magic Kingdom of Landover Magic Kingdom for Sale -- Sold !",
"30": "( 1986 ) The Black Unicorn ( 1987 ) Wizard at Large ( 1988 ) The Tangle Box ( 1994 ) Witches ' Brew ( 1995 ) A Princess of Landover ( 2009 ) Other works Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Sometimes the Magic Works ( 2003 ) Spike original programming Current Bar Rescue ( since 2011 ) Catch a Contractor ( since 2014 ) Cops ( since 2013 ) Ink Master ( since 2012 ) Jail : Las Vegas ( since 2015 ) Lip Sync Battle ( since 2015 ) The Mist ( since 2017 ) The Shannara Chronicles ( since 2017 ) Sports Bellator MMA Premier Boxing Champions Spike Guys ' Choice Awards Films 1000 Ways to Lie ( 2010 ) Backwoods ( 2008 ) Tut ( 2015 ) Upcoming American Woman ( 2018 ) Heathers ( 2018 ) Waco ( 2018 ) Former 10 Million Dollar Bigfoot Bounty 1000 Ways to Die 4th and Long American Digger Auction Hunters Blade : The Series Blue Mountain State Boom ! Bullrun Car Lot Rescue Carpocalypse Casino Cinema The Club Coal Deadliest Warrior Disorderly Conduct : Video on Patrol The Dudesons Factory Flip Men GameTrailers TV with Geoff Keighley Gary the Rat Half Pint Brawlers Hey ! Spring of Trivia Hotlines I Hate My Job Invasion Iowa Jesse James is a Dead Man The Joe Schmo Show The John Henson Project The Kill Point King of Vegas The Lance Krall Show Manswers Martial Law Most Extreme Elimination Challenge The Playbook Raising the Roofs Ren & Stimpy `` Adult Party Cartoon '' Repo Games Ride with Funkmaster Flex Robot Wars Sasuke Scrappers Scream Awards Small Shots Spike Video Game Awards Stripperella Super Agent Surviving Disaster This Just In !",
"31": "Top Card The Ultimate Gamer Ultimate Revenge Unsolved Mysteries Urban Tarzan When Good Pets Go Bad Wild World of Spike World 's Most Amazing Videos World 's Wildest Police Videos World 's Worst Tenants Sports AFL on TNN ECW on TNN Fight Master : Bellator MMA Pros vs. Joes RollerJam Slamball TNA Epics TNA Reaction TNA iMPACT ! / Impact Wrestling The Ultimate Fighter Untold : The Greatest Sports Stories Never Told Whacked Out Sports WWE Confidential WWE Excess WWE Experience WWE Raw WWE Sunday Night HEAT WWE Velocity WWF LiveWire WWF Superstars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Shannara_Chronicles&oldid=819244779 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2016 American television series debuts American fantasy television series English - language television programs MTV television series American teen drama television series Post-apocalyptic television series Television programs based on novels Television series set in the 6th millennium Television shows set in San Francisco Shannara High fantasy television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 08 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.",
"32": ", a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who votes in the baseball hall of fame
|
[
"either the Baseball Writers' Association of America (or BBWAA), or the Veterans Committee,",
"the Baseball Writers' Association of America (or BBWAA)",
"or the Veterans Committee",
"the Baseball Writers' Association of America (or BBWAA)",
"the Veterans Committee,[8] which now consists of four subcommittees, each of which considers and votes for candidates from a separate era of baseball",
"Baseball Writers' Association of America",
"Veterans Committee"
] |
{
"0": "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum - wikipedia National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Jump to : navigation , search `` Baseball Hall of Fame '' redirects here . For other uses , see Baseball Hall of Fame ( disambiguation ) . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Established 1936 ( dedicated June 12 , 1939 ) Location Cooperstown , New York , U.S. Type Professional sports hall of fame Visitors 315,000 / year ( average as of 2009 ) Director Jeff Idelson ( since 2008 ) Website baseballhall.org Cooperstown Location in the United States Cooperstown Location in New York The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame , located in Cooperstown , New York , and operated by private interests . It serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in the United States and beyond , displays baseball - related artifacts and exhibits , and honors those who have excelled in playing , managing , and serving the sport . The Hall 's motto is `` Preserving History , Honoring Excellence , Connecting Generations . '' The word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand ( or a metonym ) for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark , the owner of a local hotel . Clark had sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression , which reduced the local tourist trade , and Prohibition , which devastated the local hops industry . A new building was constructed , and the Hall of Fame was dedicated on June 12 , 1939 . ( Clark 's granddaughter , Jane Forbes Clark , is the current chairman of the Board of Directors . ) The erroneous claim that Civil War hero Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall . An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994 . Dale Petroskey became the organization 's president in 1999 . In 2002 , the Hall launched Baseball As America , a traveling exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years . The Hall of Fame has since also sponsored educational programming on the Internet to bring the Hall of Fame to schoolchildren who might not visit . The Hall and Museum completed a series of renovations in spring 2005 .",
"1": "The Hall of Fame also presents an annual exhibit at FanFest at the Major League Baseball All - Star Game . Jeff Idelson replaced Petroskey as president on April 16 , 2008 . He had been acting as president since March 25 , 2008 , when Petroskey was forced to resign for having `` failed to exercise proper fiduciary responsibility '' and making `` judgments that were not in the best interest of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Inductees 1.1 Selection process 1.2 Changes to Veterans Committee process 1.3 Players and managers with multiple teams 2 The museum 2.1 First floor 2.2 Second floor 2.3 Third floor 3 Unauthorized sale of items in collection 4 Non-induction of banned players 5 United States Mint Coin ( s ) commemorating the 75th Anniversary 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Inductees ( edit ) See also : List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame Among baseball fans , `` Hall of Fame '' means not only the museum and facility in Cooperstown , New York , but the pantheon of players , managers , umpires , executives , and pioneers who have been enshrined in the Hall . The first five men elected were Ty Cobb , Babe Ruth , Honus Wagner , Christy Mathewson and Walter Johnson , chosen in 1936 ; roughly 20 more were selected before the entire group was inducted at the Hall 's 1939 opening . As of January 2018 , 323 people had been elected to the Hall of Fame , including 226 former Major League Baseball players , 35 Negro league baseball players and executives , 22 managers , 10 umpires , and 30 pioneers , executives , and organizers. 114 members of the Hall of Fame have been inducted posthumously , including four who died after their selection was announced . Of the 35 Negro league members , 29 were inducted posthumously , including all 24 selected since the 1990s . The Hall of Fame includes one female member , Effa Manley . The newest members elected on January 24 , 2018 , are players Chipper Jones , Jim Thome , Vladimir Guerrero , and Trevor Hoffman .",
"2": "They will be officially inducted on July 29 , 2018 , alongside players Jack Morris and Alan Trammell . Selection process ( edit ) First Class of inductees L-R by votes : Ty Cobb , Babe Ruth , Honus Wagner , Christy Mathewson , Walter Johnson Players are currently inducted into the Hall of Fame through election by either the Baseball Writers ' Association of America ( or BBWAA ) , or the Veterans Committee , which now consists of four subcommittees , each of which considers and votes for candidates from a separate era of baseball . Five years after retirement , any player with 10 years of major league experience who passes a screening committee ( which removes from consideration players of clearly lesser qualification ) is eligible to be elected by BBWAA members with 10 years ' membership or more who also have been actively covering MLB at any time in the 10 years preceding the election ( the latter requirement was added for the 2016 election ) . From a final ballot typically including 25 -- 40 candidates , each writer may vote for up to 10 players ; until the late 1950s , voters were advised to cast votes for the maximum 10 candidates . Any player named on 75 % or more of all ballots cast is elected . A player who is named on fewer than 5 % of ballots is dropped from future elections . In some instances , the screening committee had restored their names to later ballots , but in the mid-1990s , dropped players were made permanently ineligible for Hall of Fame consideration , even by the Veterans Committee . A 2001 change in the election procedures restored the eligibility of these dropped players ; while their names will not appear on future BBWAA ballots , they may be considered by the Veterans Committee . Players receiving 5 % or more of the votes but fewer than 75 % are reconsidered annually until a maximum of ten years of eligibility ( lowered from fifteen years for the 2015 election ) . Under special circumstances , certain players may be deemed eligible for induction even though they have not met all requirements . Addie Joss was elected in 1978 , despite only playing nine seasons before he died of meningitis . Additionally , if an otherwise eligible player dies before his fifth year of retirement , then that player may be placed on the ballot at the first election at least six months after his death .",
"3": "Roberto Clemente 's induction in 1973 set the precedent when the writers chose to put him up for consideration after his death on New Year 's Eve , 1972 . Lineup for Yesterday Z is for Zenith The summit of fame . These men are up there . These men are the game . -- Ogden Nash , Sport magazine ( January 1949 ) The five - year waiting period was established in 1954 after an evolutionary process . In 1936 all players were eligible , including active ones . From the 1937 election until the 1945 election , there was no waiting period , so any retired player was eligible , but writers were discouraged from voting for current major leaguers . Since there was no formal rule preventing a writer from casting a ballot for an active player , the scribes did not always comply with the informal guideline ; Joe DiMaggio received a vote in 1945 , for example . From the 1946 election until the 1954 election , an official one - year waiting period was in effect . ( DiMaggio , for example , retired after the 1951 season and was first eligible in the 1953 election . ) The modern rule establishing a wait of five years was passed in 1954 , although an exception was made for Joe DiMaggio because of his high level of previous support , thus permitting him to be elected within four years of his retirement . Contrary to popular belief , no formal exception was made for Lou Gehrig ( other than to hold a special one - man election for him ) : there was no waiting period at that time , and Gehrig met all other qualifications , so he would have been eligible for the next regular election after he retired during the 1939 season . However , the BBWAA decided to hold a special election at the 1939 Winter Meetings in Cincinnati , specifically to elect Gehrig ( most likely because it was known that he was terminally ill , making it uncertain that he would live long enough to see another election ) . Nobody else was on that ballot , and the numerical results have never been made public . Since no elections were held in 1940 or 1941 , the special election permitted Gehrig to enter the Hall while still alive .",
"4": "If a player fails to be elected by the BBWAA within 10 years of his retirement from active play , he may be selected by the Veterans Committee . Following changes to the election process for that body made in 2010 and 2016 , it is now responsible for electing all otherwise eligible candidates who are not eligible for the BBWAA ballot -- both long - retired players and non-playing personnel ( managers , umpires , and executives ) . From 2011 through 2016 , each candidate could be considered once every three years ; now , the frequency depends on the era in which an individual made his greatest contributions . A more complete discussion of the new process is available below . From 2008 to 2010 , following changes made by the Hall in July 2007 , the main Veterans Committee , then made up of living Hall of Famers , voted only on players whose careers began in 1943 or later . These changes also established three separate committees to select other figures : One committee voted on managers and umpires for induction in every even - numbered year . This committee voted only twice -- in 2007 for induction in 2008 and in 2009 for induction in 2010 . One committee voted on executives and builders for induction in every even - numbered year . This committee conducted its only two votes in the same years as the managers / umpires committee . The pre -- World War II players committee was intended to vote every five years on players whose careers began in 1942 or earlier . It conducted its only vote as part of the election process for induction in 2009 . Players of the Negro Leagues have also been considered at various times , beginning in 1971 . In 2005 the Hall completed a study on African American players between the late 19th century and the integration of the major leagues in 1947 , and conducted a special election for such players in February 2006 ; seventeen figures from the Negro Leagues were chosen in that election , in addition to the eighteen previously selected .",
"5": "Following the 2010 changes , Negro Leagues figures were primarily considered for induction alongside other figures from the 1871 -- 1946 era , called the `` Pre-Integration Era '' by the Hall ; since 2016 , Negro Leagues figures are primarily considered alongside other figures from what the Hall calls the `` Early Baseball '' era ( 1871 -- 1949 ) . Predictably , the selection process catalyzes endless debate among baseball fans over the merits of various candidates . Even players elected years ago remain the subjects of discussions as to whether they deserved election . For example , Bill James ' book Whatever Happened to the Hall of Fame ? goes into detail about who he believes does and does not belong in the Hall of Fame . Changes to Veterans committee process ( edit ) Main article : Veterans Committee The actions and composition of the Veterans Committee have been at times controversial , with occasional selections of contemporaries and teammates of the committee members over seemingly more worthy candidates . In 2001 , the Veterans Committee was reformed to comprise the living Hall of Fame members and other honorees . The revamped Committee held three elections , in 2003 and 2007 , for both players and non-players , and in 2005 for players only . No individual was elected in that time , sparking criticism among some observers who expressed doubt whether the new Veterans Committee would ever elect a player . The Committee members , most of whom were Hall members , were accused of being reluctant to elect new candidates in the hope of heightening the value of their own selection . After no one was selected for the third consecutive election in 2007 , Hall of Famer Mike Schmidt noted , `` The same thing happens every year . The current members want to preserve the prestige as much as possible , and are unwilling to open the doors . '' In 2007 , the committee and its selection processes were again reorganized ; the main committee then included all living members of the Hall , and voted on a reduced number of candidates from among players whose careers began in 1943 or later . Separate committees , including sportswriters and broadcasters , would select umpires , managers and executives , as well as players from earlier eras . In the first election to be held under the 2007 revisions , two managers and three executives were elected in December 2007 as part of the 2008 election process .",
"6": "The next Veterans Committee elections for players were held in December 2008 as part of the 2009 election process ; the main committee did not select a player , while the panel for pre -- World War II players elected Joe Gordon in its first and ultimately only vote . The main committee voted as part of the election process for inductions in odd - numbered years , while the pre-World War II panel would vote every five years , and the panel for umpires , managers , and executives voted as part of the election process for inductions in even - numbered years . Further changes to the Veterans Committee process were announced by the Hall on July 26 , 2010 , effective with the 2011 election . All individuals eligible for induction but not eligible for BBWAA consideration were considered on a single ballot , grouped by the following eras in which they made their greatest contributions : Pre-Integration Era ( 1871 -- 1946 ) Golden Era ( 1947 -- 1972 ) Expansion Era ( 1973 and later ) The Hall used the BBWAA 's Historical Overview Committee to formulate the ballots for each era , consisting of 12 individuals for the Expansion Era and 10 for the other eras . The Hall 's board of directors selected a committee of 16 voters for each era , made up of Hall of Famers , executives , baseball historians , and media members . Each committee met and voted at the Baseball Winter Meetings once every three years . The Expansion Era committee held its first vote in 2010 for 2011 induction , with longtime general manager Pat Gillick becoming the first individual elected under the new procedure . The Golden Era committee voted in 2011 for the induction class of 2012 , with Ron Santo becoming the first player elected under the new procedure . The Pre-Integration Era committee voted in 2012 for the induction class of 2013 , electing three figures . Subsequent elections rotated among the three committees in that order through the 2016 election . In July 2016 , however , the Hall of Fame announced a restructuring of the timeframes to be considered , with a much greater emphasis on modern eras .",
"7": "Four new committees were established : Today 's Game ( 1988 -- present ) Modern Baseball ( 1970 -- 1987 ) Golden Days ( 1950 -- 1969 ) Early Baseball ( 1871 -- 1949 ) All committees ' ballots now include 10 candidates . While there was previously a one - year waiting period after elimination from annual BBWAA consideration , there is now no waiting period . At least one committee convenes each December as part of the election process for the following calendar year 's induction ceremony . The Early Baseball committee convenes only in years ending in 0 ( 2020 , 2030 ) . The Golden Days committee convenes only in years ending in 0 and 5 ( 2020 , 2025 ) . The remaining two committees convene twice every 5 years . More specifically , the Today 's Game and Modern Baseball committees alternate their meetings in that order , skipping years in which either the Early Baseball or Golden Days committee meets . This means that in the next two 5 - year cycles , the Today 's Game committee ( having met in 2016 ) will meet in 2018 , 2021 , and 2023 , while the Modern Baseball committee ( which met in 2017 ) will meet in 2019 , 2022 and 2024 . Additionally , the Hall of Fame has modified the criteria under which active executives can be considered for induction . All active executives age 70 or older may now have their careers reviewed as part of the Era Committee balloting process , regardless of the position they hold in an organization , and regardless of whether their body of work has been completed . Previously , active executives 65 years or older were eligible for consideration . Players and managers with multiple teams ( edit ) While the text on a player 's or manager 's plaque lists all teams for which the inductee was a member in that specific role , inductees are usually depicted wearing the cap of a specific team , though in a few cases , like umpires , they wear caps without logos . ( Executives are not depicted wearing caps . )",
"8": "Additionally , as of 2015 , inductee biographies on the Hall 's website for all players and managers , and executives who were associated with specific teams , list a `` primary team '' , which does not necessarily match the cap logo . The Hall selects the logo `` based on where that player makes his most indelible mark . '' Although the Hall always made the final decision on which logo was shown , until 2001 the Hall deferred to the wishes of players or managers whose careers were linked with multiple teams . Some examples of inductees associated with multiple teams are the following : Frank Robinson : Robinson chose to have the Baltimore Orioles cap displayed on his plaque , although he had played ten seasons with the Cincinnati Reds and six seasons with Baltimore . Robinson won four pennants and two World Series with the Orioles and one pennant with Cincinnati . His second World Series ring came in the 1970 World Series against the Reds . Robinson also won an MVP award while playing for each team . Catfish Hunter : Hunter chose not to have any logo on his cap when elected to the Hall of Fame in 1987 . Hunter had success for both teams for which he played -- the Kansas City / Oakland Athletics ( his first ten seasons ) and the New York Yankees ( his final five seasons ) . Furthermore , both during and after his career he maintained good relations with both teams and their respective owners ( Charles Finley and George Steinbrenner ) , and did not wish to slight either team by selecting the other . Nolan Ryan : Born and raised in Texas , Ryan entered the Hall in 1999 wearing a Texas Rangers cap on his plaque , although he spent only five seasons with the Rangers , while raised in the Houston area and having longer and more successful tenures with the Houston Astros ( nine seasons , 1980 -- 88 and his record - setting fifth career no - hitter ) and California Angels ( eight seasons , 1972 -- 79 and the first four of his seven career no - hitters ) . Ryan 's only championship was as a member of the New York Mets in 1969 . Ryan finished his career with the Rangers , reaching his 5000th strikeout and 300th win , and throwing the last two of his no - hitters . Ryan later took ownership of the Rangers when they were sold to his Rangers Baseball Express group in 2010 .",
"9": "He sold his Rangers interest in 2013 and is now in the Astros ' front office . Reggie Jackson : Jackson chose to be depicted with a Yankees cap over an Athletics cap . As a member of the Kansas City / Oakland A 's , Jackson played ten seasons ( 1967 -- 75 , ' 87 ) , winning three World Series ( 1972 , 1973 , 1974 ) and the 1973 AL MVP Award . During his five years in New York ( 1977 -- 81 ) , Jackson won two World Series ( 1977 -- 78 ) , with his crowning achievement occurring during Game Six of the 1977 World Series , when he hit three home runs on consecutive pitches and earned his nickname `` Mr. October '' . Carlton Fisk : Fisk went into the hall with a Boston Red Sox cap on his plaque in 2000 despite playing with the Chicago White Sox longer and posting more significant numbers with the White Sox . Fisk 's choice of the Red Sox was likely because of his being a New England native , as well as his famous `` Stay fair ! '' walk - off home run in Game Six of the 1975 World Series with which he is most associated . Sparky Anderson : Also in 2000 , Anderson entered the Hall with a Cincinnati Reds cap on his plaque despite managing almost twice as many seasons with the Detroit Tigers ( 17 in Detroit ; nine in Cincinnati ) . He chose the Reds to honor that team 's former general manager Bob Howsam , who gave him his first major - league managing job . Anderson won two World Series with the Reds and one with the Tigers . Dave Winfield : Winfield had spent the most years in his career with the Yankees and had great success there , but chose to go into the Hall as a member of the San Diego Padres due to his feud with Yankees owner George Steinbrenner . In all of the above cases , the `` primary team '' is the team for which the inductee spent the largest portion of his career except for Ryan , whose primary team is listed as the Angels despite playing one fewer season for that team than for the Astros .",
"10": "In 2001 , the Hall of Fame decided to change the policy on cap logo selection , as a result of rumors that some teams were offering compensation , such as number retirement , money , or organizational jobs , in exchange for the cap designation . ( For example , though Wade Boggs denied the claims , some media reports had said that his contract with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays required him to request depiction in the Hall of Fame as a Devil Ray . ) The Hall decided that it would no longer defer to the inductee , though the player 's wishes would be considered , when deciding on the logo to appear on the plaque . Newly elected members affected by the change include the following : Gary Carter : Inducted in 2003 , Carter was the first player to be affected by the new policy . Carter won his only championship with the 1986 New York Mets , and wanted his induction plaque to depict him wearing a Mets cap , though he had spent twelve years ( 1974 -- 84 , 1992 ) with the Montreal Expos and five ( 1985 -- 89 ) with the Mets . The Hall of Fame decided that Carter 's impact on the Montreal franchise warranted depicting him with an Expos cap . Wade Boggs : Boggs 's only championship was as a member of the 1996 New York Yankees , for whom he played from 1993 -- 97 , but his best career numbers were posted during his eleven years ( 1982 -- 92 ) wearing the Boston Red Sox uniform . Boggs would eventually be depicted wearing a Boston cap for his 2005 induction . Andre Dawson : Dawson 's cap depicts him as a member of the Expos , his team for eleven years , despite his expressed preference to be shown as a member of the Chicago Cubs . While Dawson played only six years with the Cubs , five of his eight All - Star appearances were as a Cub , and his only MVP award came in his first year with the team in 1987 . Tony La Russa : Manager La Russa chose not to have a logo after managing three teams over 33 years -- the Chicago White Sox , Oakland Athletics , and St. Louis Cardinals .",
"11": "His greatest successes were with the A 's ( three pennants and a World Series title in 10 years ) and Cardinals ( three pennants and two World Series in 16 years ) . Nonetheless , La Russa felt that his induction to the Hall was due to his tenures with all three teams , and stated that not including a logo meant that `` fans of all ( three ) clubs can celebrate this honor with me . '' La Russa 's biography on the Hall 's website lists his primary team as the Cardinals . Greg Maddux : Although Maddux had his greatest success while with the Atlanta Braves for 11 seasons , he had two stints with the Chicago Cubs for a total of 10 seasons , including the first seven of his MLB career . Maddux believed that both fanbases were equally important in his career , and so the cap on his plaque does not feature any logo . His biography on the Hall 's website lists his primary team as the Braves . Randy Johnson : Johnson played for six teams in a 22 - year career , but spent the bulk of it with the Seattle Mariners ( 10 seasons ) and Arizona Diamondbacks ( 8 seasons ) . While enjoying great success with both teams , he had more significant honors with the Diamondbacks . Four of Johnson 's five Cy Young Awards ( consecutively from 1999 to 2002 ) , his only championship ( in 2001 ) , his pitching triple crown ( 2002 ) , and his perfect game ( 2004 ) all came with the Diamondbacks . Accordingly , he and the Hall agreed his plaque should feature a Diamondbacks logo . His biography on the Hall 's website lists his primary team as the Mariners . The Museum ( edit ) According to the Hall of Fame , approximately 300,000 visitors enter the museum each year , and the running total has surpassed 14 million . These visitors see only a fraction of its 40,000 artifacts , 3 million library items ( such as newspaper clippings and photos ) and 140,000 baseball cards . The Hall has seen a noticeable decrease in attendance in recent years .",
"12": "A 2013 story on ESPN.com about the village of Cooperstown and its relation to the game partially linked the reduced attendance with Cooperstown Dreams Park , a youth baseball complex about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) away in the town of Hartwick . The 22 fields at Dreams Park currently draw 17,000 players each summer for a week of intensive play ; while the complex includes housing for the players , their parents and grandparents must stay elsewhere . According to the story , Prior to Dreams Park , a room might be filled for a week by several sets of tourists . Now , that room will be taken by just one family for the week , and that family may only go into Cooperstown and the Hall of Fame once . While there are other contributing factors ( the recession and high gas prices among them ) , the Hall 's attendance has tumbled since Dreams Park opened . The Hall drew 383,000 visitors in 1999 . It drew 262,000 last year . First floor ( edit ) Plaque Gallery in 2001 . The central pillar is for the newest ( 2000 ) inductees at the time . Gallery during 2007 HOF induction weekend Baseball at the Movies houses baseball movie memorabilia while a screen shows footage from those movies . The Bullpen Theater is the site of daily programming at the museum ( trivia games , book discussions , etc . ) and is decorated with pictures of famous relief pitchers . Inductee Row features images of Hall of Famers inducted from 1937 -- 1939 . The Perez - Steele Art Gallery features art of all media related to baseball . Dick Perez served as an artist for various projects at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum for 20 years , starting in 1981 The Plaque Gallery , the most recognizable site at the museum , contains induction plaques of all members . The Sandlot Kids Clubhouse has various interactive displays for young children . Scribes and Mikemen honors J.G. Taylor Spink Award and Ford C. Frick Award winners with a photo display and has artifacts related to baseball writing and broadcasting .",
"13": "Floor - to - ceiling windows at the Scribes and Mikemen exhibit face an outdoor courtyard with statues of Johnny Podres and Roy Campanella ( representing the Brooklyn Dodgers 1955 championship team ) , and an unnamed All - American Girls Professional Baseball League player . A Satchel Paige statue was unveiled and dedicated during the 2006 Induction Weekend . An Education Gallery hosts school groups and , in the summer , presentations about artifacts from the museum 's collection . Second floor ( edit ) The Grandstand Theater features a 12 - minute multimedia film . The 200 seat theater , complete with replica stadium seats , is decorated to resemble old Comiskey Park . The Game is the major feature of the second floor . It is where the most artifacts are displayed . The Game is set up in a timeline format , starting with baseball 's beginnings and culminating with the game we know today . There are several offshoots of this meandering timeline : The Babe Ruth Room Diamond Dreams ( women in baseball ) ¡ Viva Baseball ! ( a bilingual exhibit , in English and Spanish , that celebrates baseball in Latin America ) Pride and Passion ( Negro Leagues exhibit ) Taking The Field ( 19th century baseball ) Whole New Ballgame , the Museum 's newest permanent exhibit , opened in 2015 and is located in the Janetschek Gallery . This exhibit completes the timeline of baseball through the last 45 years into the game we know today . It features environmental video walls and new interactive elements to go along with artifacts from the Museum 's collection . The Today 's Game exhibit is built like a baseball clubhouse , with 30 glass - enclosed locker stalls , one for each Major League franchise . In each stall there is a jersey and other items from the designated big league team , along with a brief team history . A center display case holds objects donated to the Hall of Fame from the past year or two . Fans can also look into a room designed to look like a manager 's office . Outside is a display case with rotating artifacts . Currently the space is devoted to the World Baseball Classic . Third floor ( edit ) Autumn Glory is devoted to post-season baseball and has , among other artifacts , replicas of World Series rings .",
"14": "Hank Aaron : Chasing the Dream A theater area continually plays the popular Abbott and Costello routine `` Who 's on First ? '' One for the Books tells the story of baseball 's most cherished records through more than 200 artifacts . The exhibit allows fans to search records dating back through baseball history via an interactive Top Ten Tower while giving visitors a look at exciting moments throughout the years via a multimedia wall . BBWAA awards : Replicas of various awards distributed by the BBWAA at the end of each season , along with a list of past winners . A case dedicated to Ichiro Suzuki setting the major league record for base hits in a single season , with 262 in 2004 , after George Sisler had held the record for 84 years with 257 . A case full of World Series rings from prior years from the 1900s to present . An inductee database touch - screen computer with statistics for every inductee . Programs from every World Series . Sacred Ground is devoted entirely to ballparks and everything about them , especially the fan experience and the business of a ballpark . The centerpiece is a computer tour of three former ballparks : Boston 's South End Grounds , Chicago 's Comiskey Park , and Brooklyn 's Ebbets Field . Unauthorized sale of items in collection ( edit ) A controversy erupted in 1982 , when it emerged that some historic items given to the Hall had been sold on the collectibles market . The items had been lent to the Baseball Commissioner 's office , gotten mixed up with other property owned by the Commissioner 's office and employees of the office , and moved to the garage of Joe Reichler , an assistant to Commissioner Bowie Kuhn , who sold the items to resolve his personal financial difficulties . Under pressure from the New York Attorney General , the Commissioner 's Office made reparations , but the negative publicity damaged the Hall of Fame 's reputation , and made it more difficult for it to solicit donations . Non-induction of banned players ( edit ) Following the banning of Pete Rose from MLB , the selection rules for the Baseball Hall of Fame were modified to prevent the induction of anyone on Baseball 's permanent suspension list , such as Rose or Shoeless Joe Jackson . Many others have been barred from participation in MLB , but none have Hall of Fame qualifications on the level of Jackson or Rose .",
"15": "Jackson and Rose were both banned from MLB for life for actions related to gambling on their own teams -- Jackson was determined to have cooperated with those who conspired to lose the 1919 World Series intentionally , and Rose voluntarily accepted a permanent spot on the ineligible list in return for MLB 's promise to make no official finding in relation to alleged betting on the Cincinnati Reds when he was their manager in the 1980s . ( Baseball 's Rule 21 , prominently posted in every clubhouse locker room , mandates permanent banishment from the MLB for having a gambling interest of any sort on a game in which a player or manager is directly involved . ) Rose later admitted that he bet on the Reds in his 2004 autobiography . Baseball fans are deeply split on the issue of whether these two should remain banned or have their punishment revoked . Writer Bill James , though he advocates Rose eventually making it into the Hall of Fame , compared the people who want to put Jackson in the Hall of Fame to `` those women who show up at murder trials wanting to marry the cute murderer '' . United States Mint Coin ( s ) commemorating the 75th anniversary ( edit ) Examples of the National Baseball Hall of Fame coins produced by the United States Mint In 2012 , Congress passed and President Barack Obama signed a law ordering the United States Mint to produce and sell commemorative , non-circulating coins to benefit the private , non-profit Hall . The bill , H.R. 2527 , was introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Rep. Richard Hanna , a Republican from New York , and passed the House on October 26 , 2011 . The coins , which depict baseball gloves and balls , are the first concave designs produced by the Mint . The mintage included 50,000 gold coins , 400,000 silver coins , and 750,000 clad ( Nickel - Copper ) coins . The Mint released them on March 27 , 2014 , and the gold and silver editions quickly sold out . The Hall receives money from surcharges included in the sale price : a total of $9.5 million if all the coins are sold .",
"16": "See also ( edit ) Baseball portal New York portal Baseball awards § United States Honor Rolls of Baseball ( 1946 ) ( managers , executives , writers , umpires ) List of Major League Baseball awards List of Major League Baseball retired numbers List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame List of people banned from Major League Baseball Nisei Baseball Research Project References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Staff Directory '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 11 April 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Museum History '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : The Official Site of Major League Baseball : News : HOF president Petroskey resigns from the Major League Baseball website Jump up ^ `` Jeff Idelson named Hall of Fame president '' . USA Today . Associated Press . 2008 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Woman in Bronze Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame adds four : Chipper Jones , Jim Thome , Vladimir Guerrero , Trevor Hoffman '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame voting winners and losers : Chipper leads crowded class , but Edgar falls short '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Following changes to the voting procedure in 2010 , the official name is `` Committee to Consider Managers , Umpires , Executives and Long - Retired Players '' . The term `` Veterans Committee '' comes from the former official name of `` Committee on Baseball Veterans '' . Although the Hall no longer uses `` Veterans Committee '' , that term is still widely used by baseball media . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame Announces Change to BBWAA Voting Electorate '' ( Press release ) . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Ben ( 2007 - 02 - 28 ) .",
"17": "`` Vets committee throws another shutout at Hall of Fame '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( 2014 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Hall reduces eligibility from 15 years to 10 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Almanac '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hall of Fame Board of Directors Restructures Procedures for Consideration of Managers , Umpires , Executives and Long - Retired Players '' ( Press release ) . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . 2010 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hall of Fame Makes Series of Announcements '' ( Press release ) . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ National Baseball Hall of Fame ( 2009 ) . `` Rules for election of pre -- World War II players '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( 2001 - 08 - 07 ) . `` More Vets Eligible For Hall In Baseball '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Enders , Eric ( 2001 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Same Old Story '' . Baseball Think Factory . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Traven , Neal ( 2003 - 01 - 14 ) . `` A Brief History of the Veterans Committee '' . Baseball Prospectus . Archived from the original on 1 November 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Leo , John ( 1988 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Housecleaning Plan for the Hall of Fame '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ Jaffe , Jay ( 2008 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Marvin Miller '' . Prospectus Q&A . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Changes to Veterans Committee Procedures '' . baseballhalloffame.org . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Who decides what team logo will be used on Hall of Fame plaques ? '' . Hall of Famers : FAQ . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum , Inc. 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Muder , Craig ( 2005 - 01 - 06 ) . `` Boggs , Sandberg field queries as new Hall of Famers '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Czerwinski , Kevin T. ( 2012 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Kid catches Cooperstown spotlight : Carter ' happy ' to go into Hall as an Expo '' . Retrieved 2003 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Andy ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Hall of Fame Caps That Could Have Been '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Fred ( 2010 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Dawson ' disappointed ' he wo n't wear Cubs cap '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Hall denies Dawson 's Cubs request , must enter as an Expo '' . Associated Press . 2010 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Kruth , Cash ( 2014 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Maddux , La Russa wo n't have logos on Hall caps '' . Major League Baseball .",
"19": "Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cap Selection Announced for Randy Johnson '' ( Press release ) . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caple , Jim ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` Dreams , reality alive in Cooperstown '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kashatus , William C. ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` A portrait of the portraitist '' . Philly.com . Jump up ^ Kashatus , William C. ( 2010 ) `` Introduction '' . In Perez , Dick ( 2010 ) . The Immortals : An Art Collection of Baseball 's Best . Dick Perez ( self - published ) . ISBN 9780692008508 . Jump up ^ National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum : Hall of Fame News Archived August 15 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ James , Bill ( 1994 ) . The Politics of Glory . New York : Macmillan Publishing Company . pp. 295 -- 298 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 510774 - 7 . Jump up ^ James ( 1995 : 358 ) Jump up ^ Pub. L. 112 -- 152 Jump up ^ `` National Baseball Hall of Fame Commemorative Coin Act Signed into Law by President Obama '' . press release . National Baseball Hall of Fame . August 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 2527 : National Baseball Hall of Fame Commemorative Coin Act '' . GovTrack.us . November 1 , 2011 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Senator Gillibrand Introduces National Baseball Hall of Fame Commemorative Coin Act '' . press release . National Baseball Hall of Fame . January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum .",
"20": "Official website Hall of Fame History from Major League Baseball Awards and Honors . Baseball-Reference.com ( including HOF inductees , Hall of Famer Batting and Pitching Stats , and HOF Voting Results for 1936 to present ) Members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Pitchers Alexander Bender Blyleven M. Brown R. Brown Bunning Carlton Chesbro Clarkson Cooper Coveleski Cummings Day Dean Dihigo Drysdale Eckersley Faber Feller Fingers Ford B. Foster Galvin B. Gibson Glavine Gomez Gossage Grimes Grove Haines Hoffman Hoyt Hubbell Hunter Jenkins R. Johnson W. Johnson Joss Keefe Koufax Lemon Lyons Maddux Marichal Marquard Martínez Mathewson McGinnity Méndez Morris Newhouser Nichols Niekro Paige Palmer Pennock Perry Plank Radbourn Rixey Roberts Rogan Ruffing Rusie Ryan Seaver H. Smith Smoltz Spahn Sutter Sutton Vance Waddell Walsh Welch Wilhelm J. Williams Willis Wynn Young Catchers Bench Berra Bresnahan Campanella Carter Cochrane Dickey Ewing Ferrell Fisk J. Gibson Hartnett Lombardi Mackey Piazza Rodríguez Santop Schalk First basemen Anson Bagwell Beckley Bottomley Brouthers Cepeda Chance Connor Foxx Gehrig Greenberg G. Kelly Killebrew Leonard McCovey Mize Murray Pérez Sisler Suttles Taylor Terry Thomas Thome Second basemen Alomar Biggio Carew E.",
"21": "Collins Doerr Evers Fox Frisch Gehringer Gordon Grant Herman Hornsby Lajoie Lazzeri Mazeroski McPhee Morgan J. Robinson Sandberg Schoendienst Third basemen Baker Boggs Brett J. Collins Dandridge J. Johnson Jones Kell Lindstrom Mathews Molitor B. Robinson Santo Schmidt Traynor J. Wilson D. White Shortstops Aparicio Appling Bancroft Banks Boudreau Cronin Davis T. Jackson Jennings Larkin Lloyd Maranville Reese Ripken Jr . Rizzuto Sewell O. Smith Tinker Trammell Vaughan Wagner Wallace Ward Wells Yount Outfielders Aaron Ashburn Averill Bell Brock W. Brown Burkett Carey Charleston Clarke Clemente Cobb Combs Crawford Cuyler Dawson Delahanty DiMaggio Doby Duffy Flick Goslin Griffey Jr .",
"22": "Guerrero Gwynn Hafey Hamilton Heilmann Henderson Hill Hooper Irvin R. Jackson Kaline Keeler Kelley K. Kelly Kiner Klein Mantle Manush Mays T. McCarthy Medwick Musial O'Rourke Ott Puckett Raines J. Rice S. Rice F. Robinson Roush Ruth Simmons Slaughter Snider Speaker Stargell Stearnes Thompson Torriente L. Waner P. Waner Wheat B. Williams T. Williams H. Wilson Winfield Yastrzemski Youngs Managers Alston Anderson Cox Durocher Hanlon Harris Herzog Huggins La Russa Lasorda López Mack J. McCarthy McGraw McKechnie W. Robinson Selee Southworth Stengel Torre Weaver D. Williams Executives / pioneers Barrow Bulkeley Cartwright Chadwick Chandler Comiskey Dreyfuss R. Foster Frick Giles Gillick Griffith Harridge Hulbert B. Johnson Kuhn Landis La . MacPhail Le . MacPhail Manley O'Malley Pompez Posey Rickey Ruppert Schuerholz Selig Spalding Veeck Weiss S. White Wilkinson G. Wright H.",
"23": "Wright Yawkey Umpires Barlick Chylak Conlan Connolly Evans Harvey Hubbard Klem McGowan O'Day Balloting for the National Baseball Hall of Fame 1930s -- 1940s 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s -- 2000s 2001 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame Veterans Committee Golden Era Committee Baseball Writers ' Association of America VIAF : 141837746 LCCN : n80046102 ISNI : 0000 0000 9606 0569 GND : 1086429400 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum&oldid=836221386 '' Categories : National Baseball Hall of Fame Baseball museums and halls of fame Halls of fame in New York ( state ) American national museums in New York ( state ) Sports museums in New York ( state ) Museums in Otsego County ,",
"24": "New York Sports organisations established in 1936 History of baseball in the United States Tourist attractions in Otsego County , New York Tourist attractions in New York ( state ) Tourist attractions in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2015 Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 12 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when is season 3 of grace and frankie being released
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"March 24, 2017",
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"March 24, 2017"
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{
"0": "List of Grace and Frankie episodes - wikipedia List of Grace and Frankie episodes Jump to : navigation , search Grace and Frankie is an American comedy series , which premiered on May 8 , 2015 , on Netflix . The series was created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris , and stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin as Grace and Frankie , two women whose lives are turned upside down when their husbands announce they are in love with each other and want to get married . The series also stars Sam Waterston , Martin Sheen , Brooklyn Decker , Ethan Embry , June Diane Raphael , and Baron Vaughn in supporting roles . On April 12 , 2017 , Netflix renewed the series for a fourth season . As of January 19 , 2018 , 52 episodes of Grace and Frankie have been released , concluding the fourth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2018 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 13 May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) 13 May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) 13 March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 13 January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No.",
"1": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The End '' Tate Taylor Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Grace Hanson and Frankie Bergstein are brought to dinner by their lawyer husbands , Robert and Sol , under the assumption that the men are going to announce they are retiring , but the women are shocked when their husbands reveal they are actually leaving them , for each other , and want to get married now that same - sex marriage is legal . The men also reveal that they have been having an affair with each other for more than 20 years . The news quickly spreads to their horrified children . Despite their stark personality differences , Grace and Frankie strike up a bond when they both seek escape at the beach house the couples share . `` The Credit Cards '' Scott Winant Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Grace and Frankie are adjusting to living with each other , but the discovery that Robert and Sol have cut off their credit cards leaves them fuming . Frankie contemplates moving back to her home , since Sol is living with Robert , but eventually decides to stay with Grace at the beach house so they can continue supporting one another . Grace and Robert 's daughter Mallory is caught between her parents when she picks up some things from Robert 's for Grace , and later she bumps into Frankie and Sol 's son , Coyote , with whom she has a troubled history . `` The Dinner '' Bryan Gordon Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe - House May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Robert and Sol host a dinner party for their children , but they object to having to keep it a secret from Grace and Frankie . Meanwhile , the women have decided to take their minds off the impending divorce by returning to work ; unfortunately , Grace and Robert 's daughter Brianna , who now operates Grace 's cosmetics company , refuses to let her return for fear of being overshadowed , and Frankie 's attempt to apply for an art teacher position is derailed due to a misunderstanding .",
"2": "Mallory has to come to terms with being in the same room as Coyote but they eventually decide to put their troubles behind them . `` The Funeral '' Tim Kirkby Alexa Junge May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) When Robert and Sol 's law partner dies , both they and Grace and Frankie attend the funeral , which is the first function in which Robert and Sol have are to be an out and about couple together . Frankie is upset when Grace ditches her to spend time with Lydia , Robert 's sister , and later Grace fears that Frankie has overheard her say that she is ' stuck with her . ' Robert is surprised to find that he misses Grace almost as much as Sol misses Frankie . 5 5 `` The Fall '' Betty Thomas Billy Finnegan May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Sometime after the funeral , Brianna visits with the intention of having Grace set up an online dating profile , but winds up getting high with Frankie . They convince Grace to take them to get frozen yogurt , where Grace takes a nasty fall and breaks her hip . A series of comical and concerning events follow at the hospital , culminating in Grace 's realization of how much Frankie means to her . 6 6 `` The Earthquake '' Tristram Shapeero Jacquelyn Reingold May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) A minor earthquake sets off Frankie 's seismophobia , prompting Sol to drop everything to comfort her . Frankie questions how things with Sol started , and it is obvious there are still unresolved feelings between them . Grace goes on an online date but takes a face to one of Frankie 's troublesome students when the date goes disastrously wrong . Meanwhile , Coyote attempts to give Mallory a gift , but bumps into Mallory 's aggressive husband Mitch , who is far from thrilled to see him . 7 7 `` The Spelling Bee '' Tim Kirkby Julieanne Smolinski May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Frankie and Sol are both excited to watch the national spelling bee , but are disappointed to find that Grace and Robert are n't interested .",
"3": "Grace is saved from a disastrous date by Guy , an old friend of Robert 's who is looking to give up his life of adventure . Brianna gets a dog as an escape from her disastrous dating life , but finds herself with the hots for the dog 's foster owner . 8 8 `` The Sex '' Dennie Gordon David Budin & Brendan McCarthy May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Grace is ready to take things to the next level with Guy , but finds herself uncomfortable with the idea of being intimate after years of ( not ) sleeping with Robert . However , Frankie is on hand with her homemade organic lube . Frankie realizes her friend Jacob is flirting with her . Sol and Robert clear out Brianna 's old room but Sol is terrified of Brianna . Bud and Coyote have a brotherly talk . 9 9 `` The Invitation '' Matt Shakman Billy Finnegan May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Frankie is upset when Grace gets an invitation to Sol and Robert 's wedding and she does n't , but soon realizes that she needs to set boundaries with her ex-husband . Robert discovers Grace and Guy are dating and gatecrashes an afternoon golfing . Looking for a new angle for her business , Brianna discovers Frankie 's homemade lube and , after making all her colleagues experiment with it , realizes its potential . 10 10 `` The Elevator '' Miguel Arteta Laura Jacqmin May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Frankie , Grace , Sol , Robert and Bud become trapped in an elevator after signing their divorce papers , and remember a pivotal weekend spent at the beach house five years previously . Sol and Robert attempt to tell Grace and Frankie about their affair but are interrupted by the arrival of the kids , including a heavily pregnant Mallory and a Coyote in the height of his drug addiction . As events escalate , Mallory gives birth , Grace decides Brianna should take over her business , and Bud discovers his father 's relationship with Robert but decides to keep quiet .",
"4": "11 11 `` The Secrets '' Andrew McCarthy Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe - House May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Grace is thrown when coming face to face with the student of Frankie 's who she kissed during the earthquake , and confides in Frankie , but is upset when Frankie tells Sol , who tells Robert , and then Guy finds out . Sol is furious to discover that Robert slept with another man 10 years ago when they had stopped seeing each other . Brianna gets closer with her co-worker but their date is gatecrashed by Coyote and Bud . 12 12 `` The Bachelor Party '' Julie Anne Robinson Jacquelyn Reingold May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) Coyote and Bud enlist Brianna and Mallory 's help with arranging a bachelor party for Robert and Sol but there are differing opinions on what they would like . Things get worse when Robert 's conservative old boss arrives . Grace and Frankie hit the town for a `` yes night '' in an attempt to cheer Frankie up during her Sol purge . 13 13 `` The Vows '' Dean Parisot Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris & Alexa Junge May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) It 's the week before Robert and Sol 's wedding , and Robert is struggling to write vows that match Sol 's natural emotive words . Frankie is forced to break her purge from Sol to help him clear out their old house , but old memories reemerge and they end up sleeping with each other . Grace is furious with Sol when she finds out and orders him to tell Robert . She comforts Frankie , who finally recognizes her marriage is over . Meanwhile , Grace realizes she needs to break up with Guy , but runs into unexpected difficulties in doing so . The episode ends with Grace and Frankie walking down the beach together wrapped in a blanket comforting each other and Sol going home , but it 's not clear whether he tells Robert . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No.",
"5": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 14 `` The Wish '' Dean Parisot Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Robert is rushed to hospital after having a heart attack , stopping Sol 's plans to tell him about his affair with Frankie . With life - threatening surgery looming , Robert convinces Sol to marry him , and Grace and Frankie are forced to help , despite their own guilt about the infidelity . It 's not long before the children find out as well . Mallory reveals some big news . 15 `` The Vitamix '' Rebecca Asher Alexa Junge May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Grace and Frankie agree to go to Robert and Sol 's house ahead of them coming home , but it brings up bitter memories for both of them . Brianna , Mallory and Bud help Sol deal with Robert 's health insurance , while Mallory breaks the news to her father that she is pregnant with twins . 16 `` The Negotiation '' Trent O'Donnell Billy Finnegan May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Negotiations between Frankie and Brianna over her Yam lube get tough , while Frankie also reconnects with her former flame Jacob . Grace competes with her rival granny for Mallory 's children 's affection . 17 `` The Road Trip '' Arlene Sanford Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe - House May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Frankie convinces Grace to track down her former flame , Phil , who Grace had an affair with many years earlier . However , the reunion does n't go well . Sol is racked with guilt as he continues to lie to Robert . 18 5 `` The Test '' Andy Ackerman John Hoffman May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Frankie struggles with trying and failing to pass her driving test . Grace attempts to reconnect with old friends , but realizes that she has moved on from that part of her life now .",
"6": "19 6 `` The Chicken '' Jann Turner Julie Durk May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Unable to keep his lie any longer , Sol admits to Robert that he slept with Frankie , and the latter furiously throws his new husband out . Grace coaches a young bartender in trying to get her a job at Brianna 's business . Frankie is conflicted over Jacob 's desire for romance . 20 7 `` The Boar '' Michael Showalter Julieanne Smolinski May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) When Sol turns up at the beach house having been kicked out by Robert , Frankie instead turns to Jacob and opens up about how she feels . Grace is panicked when she gets a message from Phil , despite their bad reunion . 21 8 `` The Anchor '' Melanie Mayron David Budin & Brendan McCarthy May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Frankie takes a furious stand against Brianna and her non-eco - friendly plans for her Yam lube . Phil and Grace go for lunch , but he drops the bombshell that he is still married , though his wife is very ill . Robert continues to reject a despairing Sol . 22 9 `` The Goodbyes '' Jason Ensler Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe - House May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Coyote 's birth mother arrives in town , and a family lunch with Frankie and Sol goes disastrously wrong . Grace is adamant she ca n't be with a married Phil , but her desire gets the better of her . Robert meets a new friend at the dog park . 23 10 `` The Loophole '' Lee Rose Billy Finnegan May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Grace and Phil enjoy a passionate night together , but complications arise as his wife goes missing . When Grace is forced to face the woman she has betrayed more than once , it becomes too much for her and she ends things . Sol and Robert square off against each other when they get involved in Frankie and Brianna 's lube battle .",
"7": "24 11 `` The Bender '' Alex Hardcastle Brooke Wied & Alex Burnett May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Grace goes on a massive bender after her painful breakup with Phil , and crosses a line when Frankie tries to help her . Coyote and Bud meet Jacob . Frankie is reunited with Babe , an old friend , but she drops a bombshell ; she has terminal cancer . Robert and Sol discuss how to move forward now that they are back together . 25 12 `` The Party '' Wendey Stanzler Alexa Junge May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Grace is shocked when Frankie reveals Babe has asked her to help her die after a party to end all parties . Can a dying Babe reunite the warring women ? Sol and Robert decide to sell their house to start afresh . 26 13 `` The Coup '' Rebecca Asher Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Gifts from a departed Babe prompt Grace and Frankie to reevaluate their lives . After a disastrous birthday party for Bud when they are once again faced with their ex-husbands ' incompetence , they announce they are going into business making vibrators - much to the horror of their children . Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 27 `` The Art Show '' Marta Kauffman Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Grace and Frankie have trouble applying for a business loan . Robert and Sol provide a tour of their new house to their children . Frankie is nervous that her paintings will not sell from her art show . Sol shows up at Frankie 's art show , with Frankie less than pleased . Bud brings his new date to the art show , and his siblings make fun of her eccentricity . Brianna and Barry discuss their own intentions and interpretations of their relationship . A special guest also shows up to Frankie 's art show .",
"8": "28 `` The Incubator '' Arlene Sanford Billy Finnegan March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Grace and Frankie head to a business incubator in an attempt to get funding for their new venture . However , Frankie obtains the funding from an unknown source . Robert and Sol ponder the thought of retirement . 29 `` The Focus Group '' Ken Whittingham Wil Calhoun March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Robert and Sol have conflicting ideas about retirement . Both are persuaded to audition for a local play , with mixed results . Grace and Frankie host an open house to introduce their product , but they come across a particular clientele . 30 `` The Burglary '' Alex Hardcastle Brendan McCarthy & David Budin March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Grace and Frankie come home from a night out , only to find they have been robbed . The ladies take a class to better protect themselves . Sol is upset that he is not invited to happy hour with Robert and his theater friends . Robert compromises and hosts an awkward happy hour at their home . 31 5 `` The Gun '' Rebecca Asher Julie Durk March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Frankie learns the truth about Grace owning a gun . Sharing her displeasure , Frankie wants the gun removed from the house . Robert discusses his plans of coming out to his mother . Mallory and Brianna go out clubbing , and Brianna picks up a guy . Grace finds out the truth about the source of their business venture . 32 6 `` The Pot '' Andy Ackerman Julieanne Smolinski March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Grace is upset at Brianna over providing the business loan to Frankie . Frankie and Coyote barge in on Bud and Allison . Robert and Sol attempt to have an intimate night together , but Robert is haunted by his mother . Grace and Frankie 's children reunite the women to try and patch things up between the two .",
"9": "33 7 `` The Floor '' Rebecca Asher Alexa Junge March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Coyote informs Bud that he is looking for a place of his own . Grace and Frankie injure themselves and put their business meeting in jeopardy . Robert discusses the vision of his mother with Sol and his friend John . 34 8 `` The Alert '' Melanie Mayron John Hoffman March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Grace and Frankie are excited about the website launch for their new product . Bud brings a questionable gift to Grace and Frankie , after their recent injury . Grace and Frankie conduct a business meeting with one of Grace 's longtime friends . Brianna and Mallory have dinner out , and they encounter Brianna 's escort . Brianna finds out more about her escort 's personal life . Sol and his secretary have a more in depth talk about retirement , only to find out it 's more of a two - way conversation about the subject at hand . 35 9 `` The Apology '' Ken Whittingham Alex Kavallierou & Sara Lohman March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Robert and Sol begin to enjoy their retirement together with various activities . Robert gets news about his mother . Frankie entertains Jacob by cooking dinner . Jacob shares news about his future plans , which upsets Frankie . Brianna and Mallory discuss the reason why Mallory cancelled her getaway vacation with Mitch . 36 10 `` The Labels '' Arlene Sanford Alex Burnett & Brooke Wied March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Coyote celebrates his sobriety birthday with his family present . Allison brings over a surprise to Bud to enhance their relationship . Grace and Frankie 's business is taking off , and they recruit their ex-husbands for assistance . The ladies encounter a possible competitor on the market . Frankie is nervous when it comes to telling Grace about going to Santa Fe with Jacob in the future .",
"10": "37 11 `` The Other Vibrator '' Rebecca Asher Billy Finnegan March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Grace is not handling Frankie 's revelation well . Robert and Sol each encounter an anti-LGBT protest outside the theater where Robert is performing . However , each has a different experience . Grace is going to meet with a business competitor who she feels is trying to rip off her product . Robert is nervous over opening night . Frankie accuses Grace of moving on without her , and before she can share all her thoughts , she is unable to speak . 38 12 `` The Musical '' Arlene Sanford Wil Calhoun March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Opening night has arrived for Robert 's theater performance , but the protestors make their way inside to disrupt the show . However , Frankie 's medical episode has caused her family to leave during the show . Frankie eventually goes to the hospital where she learns her diagnosis . Allison reveals some surprising news to Bud . 39 13 `` The Sign '' Rebecca Asher Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) Grace shares her concerns to Frankie about her health . Grace receives news that she 's being served from her competitor , but she finds an ulterior motive behind the papers . Robert and Sol have conflicting ideas about handling anti-LGBT protestors . Brianna travels to Baltimore to win back her ex Barry . Frankie makes a decision about moving to Santa Fe with Jacob . Mallory announces her separation from Mitch . Season 4 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 40 `` The Lodger '' Alex Hardcastle Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Frankie returns from Santa Fe to find Grace lodging with manicurist Sheree ( Lisa Kudrow ) . Sol is upset when Robert wants to stop attending rallies for gay rights with him .",
"11": "Bud and Allison throw a party to find out the sex of their unborn child . 41 `` The Scavengender Hunt '' Ken Whittingham Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Frankie admits how unhappy she is in Santa Fe as her jealousy towards Sheree concerns Grace . A ' scavengender ' hunt to find out the sex of Bud 's baby goes awry . 42 `` The Tappys '' Rebecca Asher Billy Finnegan January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Grace and Frankie break into Sheree 's former home to help prove her claim of ownership . Sol encourages Robert to use an award acceptance speech as a platform for activism . 43 `` The Expiration Date '' Alex Hardcastle John Hoffman January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Grace has to deal with her newfound relationship with Nick . Frankie goes to the bank and has an unpleasant surprise . 44 5 `` The Pop - Ups '' Rebecca Asher Julia Durk January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Declared legally dead , Frankie begins to think about where her life has taken her . Grace worries about how her age might affect her relationship with Nick , with surprising results . When Sol and Robert meet their eccentric next door neighbors , they disagree about the best course of action . 45 6 `` The Hinge '' Ken Whittingham Julieanne Smolinski January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Frankie tries to reconnect with her estranged sister . Grace wants to fix a broken window in the house . Robert invites Sol to a folk music cruise . Bud wants Coyote and Allison to be friends . 46 7 `` The Landline '' Randall Keenan Winston Michael Platt & Barry Safchik January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Sol and Frankie team up to try and get Frankie declared `` undead '' as Grace faces some realities about herself and her life after attending a friend 's funeral with Robert .",
"12": "47 8 `` The Lockdown '' Gail Lerner David Budin & Brendan McCarthy January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) After multiple false alarms , Allison decides to have an at home water birth and wants Frankie ( to Bud 's horror ) to deliver the baby . Robert and Sol agree to let Grace stay with them while she recovers from knee surgery . The past is confronted when the former couples ( along with Robert and Sol 's new neighbors ) are forced into lockdown when a local zoo orangutan escapes . 48 9 `` The Knee '' Rebecca Asher Gretchen Enders January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Grace undergoes knee surgery and Nick wants to show her his ability to care for people in need . Frankie is enjoying her new role as a grandmother , but Jacob is feeling tired of coming in second in her life and makes a startling revelation . 49 10 `` The Death Stick '' Ken Whittingham Brooke Wied January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Robert and Sol begin therapy . Grace and Frankie gets a surprise when they bring gifts to a fan of their vibrators . Brianna 's nemesis makes an offer . 50 11 `` The Tub '' Rebecca Asher Alex Burnett January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Grace is looking for a contractor to fix the house after the bathtub accident . Sol meets with his folk music cruise friend , Roy . Frankie takes Faith on a car ride . 51 12 `` The Rats '' Alan Poul Sara Lohman & Alex Kavallierou January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Grace and Frankie discover that in addition to having their pipes stolen they have a rat infestation . Bud has doubts whether Frankie should be allowed to babysit again . Robert 's musical opens .",
"13": "52 13 `` The Home '' Marta Kauffman Melissa DiNicola & Billy Finnegan January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) The children suggest Grace and Frankie should live in an assisted living community . Sol and Robert realize something about their relationship . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - grace & frankie on netflix '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` A Friends Reunion Is Coming to Grace and Frankie Season 4 With Lisa Kudrow '' . EOnline . External links ( edit ) List of Grace and Frankie episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Grace_and_Frankie_episodes&oldid=830857763 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 08 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who played taylor on the bold and beautiful
|
[
"Hunter Tylo (1990–)",
"Sherilyn Wolter (1990)",
"Hunter Tylo",
"Hunter Tylo",
"Sherilyn Wolter",
"Hunter Tylo",
"Hunter Tylo"
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{
"0": "Taylor Hayes ( the Bold and the Beautiful ) - wikipedia Taylor Hayes ( the Bold and the Beautiful ) Jump to : navigation , search Taylor Hayes Hunter Tylo as Taylor Hayes The Bold and the Beautiful character Portrayed by Hunter Tylo ( 1990 -- ) Sherilyn Wolter ( 1990 ) Duration 1990 -- 2002 2004 -- 14 2018 -- First appearance June 6 , 1990 ( 1990 - 06 - 06 ) Introduced by William J. Bell ( 1990 ) Bradley Bell ( 2004 ) Book appearances Collision Course ( 2013 ) Heart 's Desire ( 2014 ) Classification Present ; guest Profile Other names Taylor Hamilton Taylor Ashford Taylor Forrester Taylor Marone Taylor Jones Princess Laila Rashad Occupation Psychiatrist Oncologist Businesswoman Home Paris , France ( show ) Family Father Jack Hamilton Mother Sharon Ashford Brothers Zachary Hamilton Spouse Blake Hayes ( divorced ) Ridge Forrester ( 1992 -- 95 , 1998 -- 2006 ) Omar Rashid ( 1994 -- 95 ) Nick Marone ( 2007 -- 08 ) Whip Jones ( 2010 -- 11 ) Sons Thomas Forrester Daughters Steffy Forrester Phoebe Forrester Grandsons Douglas Forrester Taylor Hayes is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful , portrayed by Hunter Tylo . The character was created by William J. Bell and debuted during the episode dated June 6 , 1990 . Tylo appeared as a regular continuously until 1994 when she took a hiatus for a few months before being written back into the series . In 1996 , she left the serial after being cast on Melrose Place , where she was soon fired on the grounds of being pregnant , and returned shortly after . In 2002 , Tylo and the show 's executive producer Bradley Bell had mutually agreed that the character was `` played out '' , and Taylor was subsequently killed off , last appearing on October 30 , 2002 .",
"1": "Tylo returned in 2004 , reprising Taylor as a ghost . She returned on a permanent basis in April 2005 , with the character revealed to be alive . Tylo exited The Bold and the Beautiful again in July 2013 , but returned for multiple guest appearances in 2014 . She returned again in April 2018 . A Los Angeles - based `` globally renowned '' psychiatrist , Taylor was introduced to facilitate social issues and act as a romantic lead . In her early years , Taylor was characterized as `` pristine '' and `` well - mannered '' , as well as being the `` good girl '' of the show . Most of her history revolved around her relationship with love interest Ridge Forrester . Tylo emerged as a fan favorite in the 1990s , with Ridge and Taylor considered a soap opera supercouple . Taylor rivaled Brooke Logan for Ridge 's affections , with a love triangle between the three becoming a focus on the soap opera for many years . The characters ' rivalry resulted in the `` Brooke and Taylor wars '' among fans , which has split audience opinions . Ridge and Taylor were married twice , and had three children : a son Thomas , and twin daughters Phoebe ( who died in 2008 ) and Steffy . After Taylor 's apparent death in 2002 , Ridge married Brooke . When Taylor returned in 2005 , she and Ridge had a short - lived reunion before the end of their marriage . Upon her reintroduction , Tylo stated that the character became `` more real '' , experiencing alcoholism and depression . In the years that ensued , she became involved with Ridge 's brother Thorne after accidentally causing the death of his wife in a hit and run accident , and also had short - lived marriages to Nick Marone and Whip Jones . The character relocated to Paris after a brief relationship with Ridge 's father Eric . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 1.1 1990 -- 2002 1.2 2005 -- 14 1.3 2018 -- 2 Casting 3 Character development 3.1 Characterization 3.2 Relationships 3.2. 1 Ridge Forrester 3.2.",
"2": "2 Other relationships 3.3 Rivalry with Brooke , and Baby Jack 3.4 Departure ( 2002 ) 4 Reception 5 References 6 Notes Storylines ( edit ) 1990 -- 2002 ( edit ) Before her first appearance on the show , Taylor dated Storm Logan ( Ethan Wayne ) in high school . Her father is Jack Hamilton ( Chris Robinson ) , and she has a younger brother , Zachary . Taylor 's mother , Sharon , died when she was a child which led to Jack 's gambling addiction . Her chaotic childhood led to Taylor becoming a psychiatrist . She was in an abusive relationship with Blake Hayes ( Peter Brown ) who also stalked her . Taylor begins counseling Ridge Forrester ( Ronn Moss ) and his wife Caroline Spencer Forrester ( Joanna Johnson ) when Caroline is diagnosed with leukemia . After Caroline 's death , Ridge takes interest in Taylor , to the dismay of his ex Brooke Logan ( Katherine Kelly Lang ) . Storm ( Brian Patrick Clarke ) and Taylor briefly date and he proposes to her at Christmas 1990 but she refuses . Ridge and Taylor begin a relationship which is temporarily broken up by Brooke ; Ridge follows Taylor to St. Thomas Island and successfully wins her back . The couple marry in 1992 ; Taylor befriends Ridge 's overprotective mother Stephanie Forrester ( Susan Flannery ) . In 1993 while trapped in a cabin at Big Bear and suffering from hypothermia , Taylor sleeps with her mentor from medical school James Warwick ( Ian Buchanan ) to prevent him from dying a virgin . A guilty Taylor writes Ridge a note confessing her infidelity , but she is presumed dead after a plane crash in April 1994 . Stephanie destroys Taylor 's letter , and Ridge eventually remarries Brooke . However , Taylor is revealed to be alive and suffering from amnesia . She was assaulted by drug dealers who took her place on the plane . She is rescued by Prince Omar Rashid ( Kabir Bedi ) and taken to his palace in Morocco . Omar holds Taylor captive when she regains her memories ; she lives under the alias Princess Laila and is coerced into marrying Omar , effectively committing bigamy ( the marriage was declared void ) . Taylor ultimately returns to California .",
"3": "She poses as a British nurse taking care of a temporarily blinded Ridge before revealing herself to family and friends in May 1995 . Ridge and Taylor 's marriage ends shortly afterward and he decides to remain with Brooke . In 1997 , Taylor discovers that she is pregnant with Ridge 's child . Mistakenly believing that he wants Brooke , she allows Ridge 's half - brother Thorne Forrester ( Winsor Harmon ) to claim he is the father instead . After Taylor gives birth to Thomas Forrester in 1998 , Ridge learns the truth and they remarry . In 1999 , Taylor gives birth to twins Steffy and Phoebe Forrester , and suffers from tuberculosis during the pregnancy . Ridge 's unstable high school ex Morgan DeWitt ( Sarah Buxton ) becomes pregnant with his child in 2000 , but the baby dies after Morgan falls off a balcony in Taylor 's mansion . Morgan kidnaps Steffy during a family vacation and she is presumed dead . The truth is revealed and Morgan is jailed for her crimes , after kidnapping both Steffy and Taylor . In 2002 , Taylor discovers that Sheila Carter ( Kimberlin Brown ) who is criminally insane has broken out of jail . She tries to warn Eric , but instead is shot by Sheila while shielding Brooke . Taylor survives emergency surgery but dies in Ridge 's arms due to heart failure . 2005 -- 14 ( edit ) In 2005 , Taylor re-appears at Bridget Forrester ( Ashley Jones ) and Nick Marone 's ( Jack Wagner ) wedding ceremony and is soon revealed to be alive . She had been removed from the hospital by Prince Omar after her apparent death and was kept alive in a coma before waking up . Taylor learns that Ridge is now married to Brooke and they share a son together . Ridge can not decide between the two women , but after Stephanie fakes a heart attack and convinces him to choose Taylor , they renew their vows . Stephanie 's lie is revealed ; Taylor and Ridge work on their marriage , but after she kisses Hector Ramirez ( Lorenzo Lamas ) and confesses her infidelity with James years ago to Ridge , they divorce .",
"4": "Taylor becomes an alcoholic and while driving one night to Phoebe who is stranded on PCH , she accidentally hits Thorne 's wife Darla Forrester ( Schae Harrison ) with her car . Darla dies from her injuries . Taylor bonds with Thorne and his daughter Aly , and they become involved . Taylor confesses the truth about Darla 's accident and is sent to prison but is later released due to her death being accidental . Thorne and Taylor break off their engagement and she begins a relationship with sailor Nick Marone ( Jack Wagner ) ; they marry and she becomes pregnant with his child through in vitro fertilization . However after the birth of their son Jack Marone , it is revealed through a lab mix up that Brooke 's eggs were implanted in Taylor . After overcoming alcoholism and depression again , Taylor starts a romantic relationship with Brooke 's son Rick Forrester ( Kyle Lowder ) . She divorces Nick and decides to hand Jack over to Brooke . Taylor leaves Rick due to her feelings for Ridge . In late 2008 , Phoebe ( MacKenzie Mauzy ) is killed in a car accident , where Rick had been driving . When Rick becomes involved with Steffy ( Jacqueline MacInnes Wood ) in 2009 , Ridge experiences anxiety and sleeps with Taylor after consuming pills . Ridge leaves Brooke and nearly marries Taylor , but returns to Brooke shortly after . In 2010 , Taylor marries Whipple Jones III ( Rick Hearst ) . That year , she purchases 25 % of Forrester Creations worth $50 million , and when Steffy is fired by Ridge , Taylor signs over these shares to her daughter . In 2011 , Whip and Taylor 's marriage ends when he realizes she still loves Ridge . Stephanie and Thomas lie about Thomas sleeping with Brooke on an island they were stranded on . As a result , Ridge and Taylor get back together and make it to the altar , but Stephanie confesses the truth , and Ridge reunites with Brooke . Taylor later begins romancing Thorne again , and exerts her power as trustee of Forrester Creations . In 2012 , Taylor counsels Brooke 's sister Katie Logan Spencer ( Heather Tom ) who is suffering from postnatal depression . Taylor says goodbye to best friend Stephanie before she dies from lung cancer .",
"5": "In 2013 , Thomas loses out on the top position at Forrester Creations to Rick and wants to leave town ; Taylor persuades Eric Forrester ( John McCook ) to help Thomas . Soon , Taylor and Eric become romantically involved and she moves into the Forrester mansion . Taylor discovers that Brooke slept with Katie 's husband Bill Spencer Jr . ( Don Diamont ) which resulted in a pregnancy ( and miscarriage ) . Taylor reveals Brooke 's secret at her birthday party in front of everyone , and abruptly leaves town afterward . In 2014 , Taylor is now living Paris and has reunited with Thorne . The couple return to Los Angeles , but Aly ( Ashlyn Pearce ) , now a teenager , heavily disapproves . Aly forgives Taylor for Darla 's death and Taylor and Thorne return to Paris . After few months , Taylor returns to Los Angeles to visit some patients and tells Eric that she and Thorne broke up . Eric asks her to stay in Los Angeles , telling her that LA is the place where she has to live , but she refuses and returns to Paris . Before her leaving , Eric kisses Taylor on her cheek , still showing some feelings for her . 2018 -- ( edit ) In April 2018 , Taylor returns to Los Angeles , where she confronts Bill for taking advantage of Steffy and accuses him of displaying predatory behaviors . During the confrontation , Taylor confesses to shooting Bill and once again pulls a gun on him in a fit of emotional distress . Casting ( edit ) Show creator William J. Bell introduced the role of psychiatrist Dr. Taylor Hamilton Hayes , played by actress Hunter Tylo , during the episode dated June 6 , 1990 . According to Variety , Bell created Taylor as `` a romantic leading lady but also as a character who could facilitate social issues -- and directly partake in a few , too '' . Previously , Tylo was dismissed from two other soaps , All My Children and Days of Our Lives . The actress noted that her `` crazy sense of humor '' and `` funny business '' could have won her the role of Taylor , and she said : `` After the audition , they told me I was the only one right for the role . I think they liked my ' a woman 's got ta do what a woman 's got ta do ' attitude . ''",
"6": "Sherilyn Wolter temporarily replaced Tylo in 1990 . Tylo vacated the role in May 1994 to pursue other projects , but the soap opera left the door open for her to return , which she did months later . During her absence , the character was presumed to be dead . In March 1996 , following Taylor 's decreased airtime and rumors circulating of her exit , it was confirmed that the actress was to leave The Bold and the Beautiful after her contract expired that June , to pursue a primetime role on the Fox television drama Melrose Place . Taylor 's final appearance was in May 1996 . However , in July 1996 , Tylo was controversially fired from Melrose Place on the grounds of being pregnant and was replaced by Lisa Rinna . In response , she sued that show 's executive producer Aaron Spelling and Spelling Productions for millions of US dollars , and won her case . It was immediately reported that she would return to The Bold and the Beautiful , with head writer and executive producer Bradley Bell issuing the statement : `` I am certain that Hunter 's talent and ability will continue to be an asset to the show . '' In October 2001 , reports surfaced that Tylo was to exit the series again following unsuccessful contract negotiations , although two months later in December she signed a new contract which gave her more flexibility to pursue other projects . In October 2002 , Bradley Bell killed off the character and Tylo 's last appearance was on October 30 , 2002 . In March 2004 , she made a multiple - episode guest appearance as Taylor 's ghost . Following this , she told Soaps in Depth that `` I knew it my heart I would not be going back '' , stating that she wanted to `` let the character go '' . During her time off the show , she had turned down offers to appear on other soaps including As the World Turns . In 2005 , Deanna Barnert of Soap Opera Digest wrote that according to an industry insider , a character from the show `` may come back from the world of the beyond '' , leading fans to speculate whether either Macy Alexander ( Bobbie Eakes ) or Taylor would be returning . Taylor was revealed to be alive , with Tylo returning on - screen during the April 25 , 2005 episode .",
"7": "She was said to be `` having fun surprising her castmates '' with her reappearance on set . The show 's producers wanted to keep her on - screen return a secret , with Tylo wearing a wig when travelling to the set , and the character 's name being changed on scripts . In May 2013 , Tylo announced online that she was exiting the soap , possibly for good . In a post on her website , she wrote : `` For me , contract talks ended 4 weeks ago . I am moving forward and opening back up to the thousands of acting roles available , writing , and persuing ( sic ) my skin care line . My friends and B&B fans will be sorely missed . '' Tylo 's final appearance aired on her birthday : July 3 , 2013 . Dan Kroll of the website Soap Central was shocked by her exit , though felt that a future return was possible , judging from her previous departures . The news of Tylo 's exit came just months after the high - profile departures of Ronn Moss and Susan Flannery from the series . Tylo has since returned to The Bold and the Beautiful for a number of guest appearances . She made a one - episode appearance which aired on February 28 , 2014 . The actress then made several guest appearances in April and May 2014 , for a May sweeps story arc which revisited Taylor 's accidental killing of Darla years earlier , with Darla 's now teen daughter Aly ( Ashlyn Pearce ) struggling to deal with the issue of her mother 's death . Tylo appeared again on November 5 , 12 and 24 2014 . Tylo made a surprise return to The Bold and the Beautiful on April 12 , 2018 . Discussing her secret return to the set , she said : `` It was just so out of the blue ( ... ) They had me hidden away ... I had a code name ... They kept it quiet from everybody . '' Character development ( edit ) Characterization ( edit ) A promotional still of Taylor during her first episode in 1990 . Taylor is a globally renowned psychiatrist and works at the UCLA Medical Center . When she debuted , the character emerged as the `` good girl '' alongside other female characters , but still had a strong demeanor .",
"8": "Network Ten writes : `` This Freudian Doc always seems to lose out to Brooke when it comes to matters of the heart . Taylor is as sophisticated and intelligent as they come , always able to analyze the problems of others , and sometimes even her own . '' The writers wanted Taylor to retain a `` pristine '' and `` well - mannered '' personality , according to Tylo , to contrast her from rival Brooke Logan ( Katherine Kelly Lang ) who was `` feisty and reckless '' , the different facets which attracted Ridge to each of them . However , Tylo criticized a storyline in 2000 where Ridge is tricked into sleeping with his mentally unstable high school lover Morgan DeWitt ( Sarah G. Buxton ) , who becomes pregnant with his child . She said : `` I just wish that Taylor would get a clue , period ! I wish that her psychiatric expertise would kick in already . I mean , she 's retarded ! '' , also observing that the character can be absentminded . In the years following Taylor 's 2005 return , her storylines changed significantly . After Ridge leaves Taylor , she becomes depressed and struggles with alcoholism . Tylo explained how this affected the character : `` The love of her life throws her away after she struggled so hard to come back to him . It was painful and humiliating . That made her more real and now , after everything she 's been through , Taylor gets to be a little manipulative spiteful and even resentful . '' Taylor , who is usually resilient , falls into a tailspin : accidentally killing Darla Forrester ( Schae Harrison ) in a hit and run accident and lying about it , later being arrested for driving under the influence . Tylo confessed , `` These were the kinds of stories I was begging for '' , as she thought `` it was very believable '' . The actress also wanted to portray Taylor as less `` serious '' . Taylor often loses out to Brooke , as Thorne ( Ridge 's brother ) loses out to Ridge . When asked in 2011 where she would like her storyline to go , Tylo said : `` I think we should see Thorne and Taylor get strong and stand up to these people who mowed them down . '' In March 2012 , Tylo said that Taylor is finally learning to pursue what she wants instead of always putting others first .",
"9": "She said , `` In psychology , they tell you to be true to yourself . Maybe she is finally doing that , even though in her moral compass she knows that it is better to put other people first . She has been going after what she wants instead . It is a very good growing place for Taylor to go back to reality and realize that she is not perfect and that she needs to try not looking so perfect so much . '' Between 2014 and 2018 , the character was off - screen , said to be living in Paris , where Tylo felt that she was `` declining '' , noting : `` I think with all she 's been through , she would probably have no choice but to deteriorate . '' Reflecting on Taylor being revealed as Bill Spencer Jr. 's ( Don Diamont ) shooter , Tylo loved `` the idea of a crazy psychiatrist '' , `` I 've always said that Taylor is the good doc who ca n't take her medicine ; that 's how I 've always described her , and this story just gives her so many things to do . '' Relationships ( edit ) Ridge Forrester ( edit ) Taylor and Ridge on their wedding day ( 1992 ) . Taylor 's major love interest is Ridge Forrester ( Ronn Moss ) . The couple faces challenges at first , such as interference from their respective exes , Brooke Logan ( Katherine Kelly Lang ) and Blake Hayes ( Peter Brown ) , and Ridge 's mother , Stephanie Forrester ( Susan Flannery ) , initially disliking Taylor . By July 1991 , John Goudas of The Gadsden Times wrote that Taylor was `` hooked '' by Ridge but was `` no - nonsense '' . Taylor refuses to marry Ridge unless he was serious about the end of his relationship with Brooke ; Goudas noted that Taylor wanted `` insurance '' and deemed her `` upfront '' approach as the `` polar opposite '' to that of Brooke . Ridge and Taylor ultimately marry in 1992 . The actors were under pressure during the shooting of the wedding as it was filmed on the day of the Rodney King riots in Los Angeles . The love triangle between Taylor , Ridge and Brooke continued into Ridge and Taylor 's first marriage .",
"10": "When Brooke has Ridge 's child , Bridget Forrester ( Ashley Jones ) , Taylor helps raise the baby ( although it was later revealed in 1996 that Bridget was fathered by Ridge 's father Eric , not him ) . Speaking on Ridge 's decision to remain married to Taylor , Tylo said that the actors were `` so sick of this triangle '' and revealed : `` One of the things Bradley 's going to do is have Ridge pick Taylor over Brooke . For a change , instead of women breaking couples up or getting pregnant to trap a man , we 're going to see how couples work through their problems . '' After Taylor is presumed dead in a plane crash in 1994 only to return months later , Tylo felt that Taylor would be feeling `` quite cheated '' by Ridge marrying Brooke , and joked that `` Taylor was n't even cold yet '' . Ridge and Taylor divorce , although soon become involved once more , and get back together when Ridge finds out that he fathered Taylor 's son , Thomas Forrester ( Adam Gregory ) . Ridge and Taylor remarry on June 24 , 1998 . Despite Ridge and Taylor 's remarriage , Brooke continues her attempts at winning Ridge back . Stephanie encourages Taylor to see Brooke 's intent , with Tylo observing : `` It was so obvious she was going after Ridge . How can you explain away that she always kept ending up in the elevator in her bra and underwear over and over again ? Stephanie 's whole mission was to get Taylor to smell the coffee and ( realize ) that not everybody has as altruistic an agenda as she does . '' Ridge and Taylor 's twins , Stephanie ( `` Steffy '' ) and Phoebe , are born in 1999 . During the pregnancy Taylor experiences tuberculosis after interacting with a man who has it . Her pregnancy becomes high risk and she refuses treatment to protect the babies . Tylo said that this was `` a great way to bring awareness about the disease and the threat it poses to pregnant women '' . When Taylor dies in 2002 , supervising producer Rhonda Friedman noted that Ridge refuses to accept the `` horrible reality '' , saying : `` He begs Taylor to come back to him .",
"11": "He just does n't want to let go of this woman who he has loved for so many years , someone he say himself growing old with . '' Devin Owens of Soap Opera Digest called Taylor Ridge 's soulmate . Taylor 's `` ghost '' visits Ridge in 2004 and encourages him to be with Brooke . Following Taylor 's return to the show , her marriage to Ridge fell apart in 2006 and they divorce . They have since reunited on several occasions but he continues going back to Brooke , despite Taylor 's efforts to thwart this from happening . Daytime Confidential 's Jamey Giddens noted that Steffy and Thomas `` grew up watching their daddy basically climb out of their mom 's bed and right into the sack with Rick ( Jacob Young ) and Hope 's ( Kimberly Matula ) mom , over and over again . '' Other relationships ( edit ) Taylor has been romantically linked to Ridge 's half - brother Thorne ( Winsor Harmon ) multiple times . They were briefly involved from 1997 to 1998 , when Ridge is in jail and urges Taylor to forget about him . Taylor also briefly lies about Thorne being Thomas ' father . After accidentally killing Thorne 's wife Darla in 2006 , Taylor falls in love with Thorne , who is `` forgiving and loving '' towards her , even helping her attend AA . They nearly marry , but split up due to his then 4 - year - old daughter Alexandria Forrester learning that Taylor killed Darla . Of working with Tylo , Harmon said , `` I am so comfortable with Hunter . We have that ( comfort ) around each other , and when that happens as an artist , you are allowed to open up more and there is more spontaneity . '' Thorne and Taylor later become involved again in 2011 , when they team up against the Forresters for mistreating them . Tylo said : `` ( Taylor ) probably equally feels that Thorne deserves to have a shot at Forrester in the driver 's seat . Taylor does not like the way Brooke has been running everything through Ridge . '' However , Tylo saw that there was a `` sticky point '' between them because of Darla , and noted that Taylor `` would do anything to make up for that '' .",
"12": "The actress said , `` I think it 's very cool that there is so much history behind the two characters . First of all , it does not seem like a sexually based relationship . So I think the audience can appreciate it and go , ' Wow . I can understand these two emotionally bonding , ' and then let it grow into something that does n't look forced . '' In 2008 , Taylor becomes involved with Brooke 's son , the much younger Rick Forrester ( Kyle Lowder ) , who was previously in a relationship with Phoebe . Lowder described playing the storyline as `` challenging '' and one that `` stirs the pot '' . It began after Tylo and Lowder were tested for chemistry in scenes . When the news of Rick and Taylor becoming closer reaches Brooke and Ridge , they both protest against it ; Tylo described this as `` two pots calling the kettle black '' . Brooke accuses Taylor of being with Rick as a form of revenge against her , and enlists Phoebe 's help in stopping the relationship . Tylo told Soap Opera Digest that Taylor 's revenge is `` a subconscious thing '' , explaining : `` Taylor sort of feels like Brooke stole her child , so this is kind of retribution . Taylor is like , ' Well then I 'll take your kid ' . '' Phoebe accepts Rick and Taylor being together , wanting both of them to be happy and giving Taylor the `` green light she was looking for '' . Lowder believed that the tables were turning on Brooke , and said `` now Brooke 's son is in love with ( Taylor ) , and she 's in love with him -- and it 's legit ( ... ) Taylor wins , Brooke loses -- and Brooke 's going crazy '' . Rick and Taylor get engaged but she ends the relationship due to her feelings for Ridge . Taylor becomes involved with Whipple `` Whip '' Jones III ( Rick Hearst ) through internet dating , in 2009 . Tommy Garret of Canyon News said that Whip and Taylor 's `` chemistry is magnificent '' . Whip was previously involved with Brooke ; Garret wrote : `` Now he 's in love with Brooke 's mortal enemy Taylor Hayes Forrester ... Hearst is magnificently suited for the role and fans want to see Whip and Taylor find happiness . At least for a few months . ''",
"13": "Of their romance , Tylo said : `` I think Taylor has found true love with Whip . I think if she was a smart psychiatrist , and able to apply her knowledge in her own world , she would be with Whip . She would know this is a healthy relationship . But Taylor does n't see it . She still wants to fix people . '' Taylor and Whip marry in April 2010 . Whip becomes jealous when Taylor admits to Stephanie that she still has feelings for Ridge . Whip 's frustration with Taylor 's feelings for Ridge leads to the demise of their relationship the following year , and they end the marriage . Rivalry with Brooke , and baby Jack ( edit ) Beginning in 1990 , Brooke ( Katherine Kelly Lang ) and Taylor would fight over Ridge 's affection for years . In 2013 , Tylo revealed that she and Lang would distance themselves from each other to make their on - screen rivalry convincing : `` We can not look comfortable with each other . We need to look like we are in a place of competition . '' In 2007 , Brooke and Taylor 's rivalry intensified when Brooke begins pursuing Nick Marone ( Jack Wagner ) while he is married to Taylor . Soap Opera Digest noted that the women were `` crossing swords once again for the same man '' . Tylo observed that both Brooke and Taylor were being written with `` more intelligence '' this time around , and was happy in revisiting the rivalry between them as `` long as it was n't over Ridge '' again . Taylor becomes pregnant with Nick 's child through In vitro fertilisation ( IVF ) , having struggled to conceive a child , and gives birth to Jack Marone . However , because of a mistake that Bridget had made in the lab , it was Brooke 's eggs which were implanted in Taylor and not the donor 's ; making Brooke Jack 's biological mother . She fears that her baby will be drawn to Brooke . Taylor begins drinking and becomes mentally unstable , with her parental rights being taken away . The scenes where Taylor loses custody and suffers a breakdown in court were filmed shortly after Tylo 's own son died . Tylo told On - Air On - Soaps : `` I got a lot of emails from people worrying . They would go from worrying about me to saying , ' Was I okay with those scenes and after them ? '",
"14": "'' The actress said that she tapped into her own tragedy when portraying those scenes , and allowed herself to feel the `` feeling that will never go away which is , ' It 's not fair ' '' . Taylor is soon awarded joint custody of Jack when she passes a mental health evaluation . However , she can not bond with him and ends up giving Jack to Brooke in the end . In 2010 , Lang and Tylo recreated a 1983 lily pond cat - fight between Krystle Carrington and Alexis Colby in the drama Dynasty , shooting the scenes in a koi pond at the CBS Studios . Tommy Garrett of Canyon News said the `` two Mrs. Ridge Forresters '' had escalated to `` all out war '' . After Stephanie 's death , Taylor and Brooke 's animosity against one another reignites as Taylor grows closer to Eric in 2013 . Tylo said that `` When Brooke and Taylor go at it , it really gets a lot of people wound up . I said this brings the show around full circle with everything Stephanie was fighting for , and now the battle has been set for these two to really go at it . '' Departure ( 2002 ) ( edit ) `` Taylor either needed to die or she needed to go berserk and lose her mind or something , which I think would have made a lot of people mad . '' Tylo explaining why her character was killed off ( 2004 ) In October 2002 , it was announced that Bradley Bell had decided to kill off Taylor , and Tylo would depart the role after twelve years . In a statement on her website , she wrote : `` It is with great sadness I have to tell you that Brad has decided to kill off the character Taylor . He feels the character is too good and has too much integrity to take her down other paths -- in a word , played out . '' The actress confessed that she was unhappy with her character 's direction at the time of her exit , saying : `` I really felt like Taylor had lost the wind from her sails and was going nowhere . '' Tylo said that `` It just seemed like everything had to do with whether or not there was a woman after her husband '' and that she was `` done with it '' , revealing that her unhappiness with the writing began when the character of Morgan appeared on the show .",
"15": "Furthermore , both Tylo and Bell agreed that Taylor was at a `` brick wall '' , but Bell was `` afraid to go beyond that '' and have the character go `` off the deep end '' , in fear of destroying her integrity . However , Tylo believed that `` in reality that 's what she needed -- to be more human . But she just got boring instead '' . Taylor is gunned down by Sheila Carter ( Kimberlin Brown ) and appears to die in hospital a few days later due to her injuries . Tylo eventually returned to the soap , with Taylor revealed to be alive in 2005 . Reception ( edit ) After three years in the role , Tylo had become a fan favorite with viewers . Marla Hart of the Chicago Tribune noted that she fit in well with the show 's `` signature glamor casting '' . Discussing Tylo 's 1994 temporary exit , Kathleen Sloan of the Toronto Star observed that `` fans of the soap could n't have been more open - mouthed '' over the matter . In 2004 , Soaps In Depth called Taylor `` daytime 's sexiest shrink '' . Tommy Garret of Canyon News described Taylor as being the `` epitome of grace and dignity '' . The character appeared on the Spartanburg Herald - Journal in an article titled `` Stars with 9 Lives : Death is Not Forever in Soaps '' after her airplane crash in 1994 resulted in her assumed death . Debashine Thangevelo of Independent Online observed , `` Tylo is an actress who wields as much influence in the world of soaps as Taylor Hayes in The Bold and the Beautiful . Having inhabited this role for almost two decades , barring a sabbatical , she has made an indelible impression on viewers . '' Chris Eades of CBS Soaps In Depth noted that `` Fans were absolutely stunned '' by the `` all - too - rare surprise '' of Taylor 's 2018 return , writing : `` With Steffy in desperate need of support , it was the perfect time for Taylor to return to town and offer her daughter some help . ''",
"16": "Reacting to Taylor being revealed as Bill 's shooter , Canyon News wrote : `` Tylo delivered some riveting scenes , as a mother concerned about her daughter 's well - being '' , stating that her return `` causes all types of problems which make for interesting TV '' . For her portrayal of Taylor , Tylo was nominated for `` Favorite Hottest Female Star '' at the 1995 Soap Opera Digest Awards , however Kristina Wagner of General Hospital won . Tylo was nominated for the same award at the 1999 Soap Opera Digest Awards ( Days Of Our Lives star Kristian Alfonso won that year ) . The actress received a Telvis Award for Foreign Female TV Performer ( Finnish : Ulkomainen naisesiintyjä ) in 2002 for the role . Daily Mail described the Brooke , Ridge and Taylor love triangle as `` epic '' . Widely famed , the triangle was seen by Soap Opera Digest as one of the genre 's greatest during the early 1990s . In 1991 , John Goudas of The Gadsden Times felt that `` So far , Taylor has viewer sympathy '' in the triangle , but also wrote : `` we do n't see Dr. Taylor Hayes do much practicing , or ever see her making hospital rounds . Air time means time with Ridge or with ex-husband Blake . So much for medicine . '' In 2008 , Darren Lomas from Daytime Confidential noted that the `` Taylor and Brooke wars have lasted for two decades . Even when Taylor was taking a dirt nap , fan messageboards still buzzed with Taylor and Brooke fans taking swipes at each other . '' Tommy Garrett recognized Brooke and Taylor the queen of soap opera cat - fights and noted that `` at least half of the show 's fans '' had supported Taylor in the love triangle . Ridge and Taylor are considered a soap opera supercouple and are referred to by the portmanteau `` Tridge '' on social media . Speaking on the beginning of the relationship , Michael Idato of The Sydney Morning Herald wrote , `` Taylor was Caroline 's doctor , which made her affair with Ridge , as the bleep bleep machine was flatlining , slightly inappropriate . But then , nothing in daytime soap opera is ever appropriate . ''",
"17": "Their 1992 wedding was ranked at number 18 by The Huffington Post on a list of the `` Top 20 Most Memorable Soap Weddings of All Time '' . Michael Fairman referred to Taylor and Thorne as `` the screwed - over couple of B&B '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morris , Linda ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful gets turned into romance novels '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Amy ( December 1 , 2014 ) . Heart 's Desire : The Bold and the Beautiful ( Google eBook ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Momentum . ISBN 1743530234 . ^ Jump up to : Lomas , Darren . `` Taylor vs. Brooke part 34,736 '' . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Tommy ( Jul 26 , 2009 ) . `` Gold Standard , Week Of Getting Busted '' . Canyon News . ( Glen Kelly ) . Retrieved Apr 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Nancy ( May 23 , 1992 ) . `` Soap Opera Review '' . Lawrence Journal - World . Retrieved Dec 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Executive producer and Head writer : Bradley Bell ( January 23 , 2007 ) . The Bold and the Beautiful . Season 20 . CBS . Jump up ^ Johnson , Nancy ( Dec 29 , 1990 ) . `` Soap Opera Review '' . Lawrence Journal - World . Retrieved Dec 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Soap Opera Updates '' . Star - News . GateHouse Media : 21 . April 24 , 1994 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Soap Opera Updates '' . Star - News . GateHouse Media . August 28 , 1994 . p. 20 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Soap Opera Update '' . Star - News . GateHouse Media : 21 .",
"18": "October 2 , 1994 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reichardt , Nancy ( December 3 , 1994 ) . `` Soap Opera Digest '' . The Free Lance -- Star . Sandton Capital Partners : 25 . Jump up ^ `` Soap Opera Updates '' . Star - News . GateHouse Media : 19 . May 14 , 1995 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Executive producer and Head writer : Bradley Bell ( October 30 , 2002 ) . The Bold and the Beautiful . Season 15 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Thangevelo , Debashine ( Mar 12 , 2012 ) . `` No more Mr Nice Guy , says Taylor '' . Independent Online . ( Independent News & Media ) . Retrieved Nov 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cochran , Beth ( Jun 6 , 2011 ) . `` Ridge and Taylor Redux ? '' . About . The New York Times Company . Retrieved Sep 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hunter Tylo and Winsor Harmon Interview -- The Bold and the Beautiful '' . ( Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc ) . Dec 8 , 2011 . Retrieved Dec 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cochran , Beth . `` ' The Bold and the Beautiful ' Episode Recap for October 26 , 2011 '' . About . The New York Times Company . Retrieved Sep 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( Oct 31 , 2012 ) . `` Katie Wants A Divorce From Bill on The Bold and the Beautiful '' . Zap2It . ( Tribune Media Services ) . Retrieved Nov 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Koonse , Emma ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Bold and the Beautiful ' Cast News , Spoilers : Details on Darla 's Death , Will Aly Forgive Taylor ? '' . The Christian Post . The Christian Post Company . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 .",
"19": "Jump up ^ Executive producers : Lee Phillip Bell and William J. Bell ; Head writer : William J. Bell ( June 6 , 1990 ) . The Bold and the Beautiful . Season 25 . Episode 804 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Maloney , Michael ( Mar 22 , 2007 ) . `` ' Beautiful ' wo n't eschew issues '' . Variety . ( Reed Business Information ) . Retrieved Dec 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Har , Marla ( June 17 , 1993 ) . `` Three 's a Charm '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ciaccia , Maria . `` Sherilyn Wolter ( Celia Quartermaine ) - Where Is She Now ? '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hart , Marla ( May 26 , 1994 ) . `` 50,000 Soaps Fans Expected For Fan Fair '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` They 're Back ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. : 23 -- 24 . August 16 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Havens , Candace ( September 16 , 1994 ) . `` Taylor 's return causes trouble '' . Rome News - Tribune . News Publishing Company . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tylo to exit ' B&B ' '' . Star - News . ( The New York Times Company ) . Mar 10 , 1996 . p. 19 . Retrieved Dec 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sweeny Loves playing the Bad girl '' . Star - News . Jul 17 , 1996 . Retrieved Dec 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Text of Tylo v. Superior Court ( Spelling Entertainment Group , Inc . )",
"20": "( 1997 ) 55 CA4th 1379 is available from : ceb.com Jump up ^ `` Tylo battle echoes Y&R 's Scott 's '' . Soap Central . October 19 , 2001 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan ( October 10 , 2001 ) . `` Hunter Tylo out in contract impasse '' . Soap Central . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tylo staying on as Taylor on ` Bold and Beautiful ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Media Services . December 1 , 2001 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` B&B 's Hunter Tylo Axed '' . Australia 's No1 TV Soap . Australia . Oct 21 , 2002 . pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment -- Soap Operas -- The Bold '' . Lakeland Ledger . Mar 7 , 2004 . Retrieved Dec 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Helmes , Amy ( November 2 , 2004 ) . `` Point of No Return '' . Soaps in Depth . Bauer Media Group : 90 -- 93 . ^ Jump up to : Barnet , Deanna ( May 19 , 2005 ) . `` Hunter Tylo 's Secret Return '' . Retrieved Dec 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Executive producer and Head writer : Bradley Bell ( April 25 , 2005 ) . The Bold and the Beautiful . Season 18 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Is Hunter Tylo Exiting The Bold and the Beautiful For Good ? '' . On - Air On - Soaps . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SHOCKER : Hunter Tylo OUT at The Bold and the Beautiful ? '' . Daytime Confidential . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hunter Tylo off contract , will exit B&B in July The Bold and the Beautiful @ '' .",
"21": "Soap Central . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter Tylo Back on B&B ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Schae Harrison Returns to The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter Tylo Back to B&B '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blog : Casting Corner - The Bold and the Beautiful - CBS.com '' . Los Angeles : CBS.com . November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Spoiler Alert ! B&B Shocker : Hunter Tylo Is Back ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goudas , John ( Jul 20 , 1991 ) . `` Bill Bell keeps viewers in dark '' . Gadsden Times . Retrieved Dec 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Characters '' . Tenplay.com.au . Network Ten Pty. Ltd . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Owens , Devin ( May 29 , 2007 ) . `` Strong Medicine '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. : 52 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( 2000 ) . Hunter Tylo ( Taylor Hayes Forrester ) -- Interview with SC Michael . Sony Pictures . Archived October 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Stacy , Tom ( April 30 , 2018 ) .",
"22": "`` Top Gun '' . Soap Opera Digest . New York City : American Media , Inc. : 36 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : Maloney , Michael ( Feb 17 , 2011 ) . `` Top 20 Most Memorable Soap Weddings of All Time '' . The Huffington Post . ( Arianna Huffington ) . Retrieved Oct 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carl is warned on ' Another World ' '' . The Ledger . ( Halifax Media Group ) . Jun 29 , 1991 . Retrieved Oct 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Executive producer and Head writer : Bradley Bell ( October 25 , 2012 ) . The Bold and the Beautiful . Season 25 . Episode 6436 . CBS . Jump up ^ Cooper , Mary Ann ( Feb 13 , 1993 ) . `` Honeymoon begins on ' Another World ' '' . The Ledger . ( Halifax Media Group ) . Retrieved Oct 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reichardt , Nancy M. ( Mar 9 , 1996 ) . `` Soap Opera Digest '' . The Free Lance -- Star . ( Nicholas J. Cadwallender ) . Retrieved Oct 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Mary Ann ( Mar 14 , 1998 ) . `` Bianca 's Anorexia Takes a Critical Turn on ' All My Children ' '' . The Ledger . ( Halifax Media Group ) . Retrieved Oct 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ridge Forrester and Dr. Taylor Hayes '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 33 : 82 . January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Mary Ann ( Aug 7 , 1999 ) . `` Alan Appoints Phillip CEO on ' Guiding Light ' '' . The Ledger . ( Halifax Media Group ) . Retrieved Nov 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Mary Ann ( Jul 30 , 1999 ) . `` Soap Previews '' . The Madison Courier . Retrieved Nov 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soap Opera Update '' .",
"23": "Star - News . ( Halifax Media Group ) . Aug 8 , 1999 . Retrieved Nov 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor felled by TB ? Do n't Fret , ' B&B ' Fans '' . Orlando Sentinel . Orlando , Fla : ( Tribune Company ) . Sep 4 , 1999 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Reichardt , Nancy ( Aug 28 , 1999 ) . `` Soap opera digest '' . Sunday Free Lance - Star . Retrieved Nov 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Owens , Devin ( November 5 , 2002 ) . `` Taylor - Made Tragedy '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Jump up ^ Cooper , Mary Ann ( Mar 7 , 2004 ) . `` Kendall Realizes She Loves Ryan '' . The Ledger . ( Halifax Media Group ) . Retrieved Oct 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About B&B : Who 's Who in Los Angeles Ridge Forrester , Sr . The Bold and the Beautiful @ '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved Nov 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cover Story : Shocking Kiss '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( Aug 29 , 2012 ) . `` Ridge and Taylor Wonder if They 're The Reason The Kids AIN 'T Alright on The Bold and the Beautiful '' . Zap2It . ( Tribune Media Services ) . Retrieved Oct 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Jailbird : Ridge Forrester '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 33 ( 32 ) : 80 . August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Trial By Fire '' . Soap Opera Magazine . American Media . May 13 , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoner of Love '' . Soap Opera Weekly . Source Interlink . B ( 25 ) . June 24 , 1997 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` The Kyle Lowder Interview -- The Bold and the Beautiful '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` B&B 's Rick and Taylor Make Love '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. : 10 . June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Young , Candace ( May 15 , 2008 ) . `` Soaps. com 's Exclusive Chat with B&B 's Kyle Lowder ! Part II '' . SheKnows Media . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` B&B 's Rick and Taylor Are Engaged '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 33 . August 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Garret , Tommy ( Mar 21 , 2010 ) . `` Leading Men , Lovers In The Afternoon '' . Canyon News . ( Glen Kelly ) . Retrieved Nov 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Executive producer and Head writer : Bradley Bell ( April 1 , 2010 ) . The Bold and the Beautiful . Season 23 . CBS . Jump up ^ Garret , Tommy ( Dec 4 , 2010 ) . `` Leading Men , At The Breaking Point '' . Canyon News . ( Glen Kelly ) . Retrieved Nov 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Executive producer and Head writer : Bradley Bell ( May 27 , 2011 ) . The Bold and the Beautiful . Season 24 . Episode 6077 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( Aug 17 , 2012 ) . `` Five Soap Opera Feuds That Spilled Over Into Real Life ! '' . Daytime Confidential . Zap2It . Retrieved Sep 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Hunter Tylo Interview -- The Bold and the Beautiful '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 .",
"25": "Jump up ^ `` Soap Opera Summaries '' . The Item . Nov 5 , 2007 . Retrieved Dec 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` THE Hunter Tylo Interview -- The Bold and the Beautiful '' . ( Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc ) . Jun 16 , 2008 . Retrieved Dec 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Tommy ( Feb 28 , 2010 ) . `` Article - Bold and Beautiful Cat Fight , Exclusive '' . Retrieved Dec 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Idato , Michael ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Desperate housewives to mourn the loss of bold , beautiful Ridge '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sloan , Kathleen ( August 20 , 1994 ) . `` Deja vu More and more plotlines are bringing ' em back alive '' . Toronto Star . Star Media Group . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Up , Doc ? '' . Soaps in Depth . Bauer Media Group : 29 -- 31 . March 9 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Garret , Tommy ( Jan 17 , 2010 ) . `` Leading Ladies , Meddling Mothers '' . Canyon News . ( Glen Kelly ) . Retrieved Nov 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ LUNCY McCARVER , Ginger ( Oct 28 , 1995 ) . `` Stars with 9 lives : Death is not forever on soaps '' . Herald - Journal . Retrieved Dec 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` What Happened to Taylor on The Bold & the Beautiful ? '' . Soaps In Depth . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Shot Bill Spencer ! '' . Canyon News . April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for 1995 Soap Opera Digest Award '' .",
"26": "Internet Movie Database . Retrieved Dec 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for 1999 Soap Opera Digest Award '' . The Internet Movie Database . Retrieved Dec 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for 2002 : Telvis Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved Dec 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Mike ( Nov 11 , 2012 ) . `` Bold and the Beautiful star Katherine Kelly Lang files for divorce '' . Daily Mail . ( Associated Newspapers Ltd ) . Retrieved Nov 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Soap Opera Digest . Oct 11 , 1994 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( September 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Slow , Painful Death of The Soap Opera Supercouple '' . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( Aug 6 , 2012 ) . `` Will a Stroll Down Memory Lane Lead to More For Ridge and Taylor on Bold and Beautiful ? '' . Zap2It . ( Tribune Media Services ) . Retrieved Oct 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter Tylo to do a live webchat with fans of The Bold and the Beautiful '' . The Daily Telegraph . ( News Limited ) . May 18 , 2011 . Retrieved Oct 27 , 2012 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taylor and Omar married in December 1994 . However the marriage was declared void due to Taylor still being legally married to Ridge at the time . The Bold and the Beautiful Current characters Maya Avant Nicole Avant Sheila Carter Zende Dominguez Pamela Douglas Eric Forrester Ivy Forrester Rick Forrester Ridge Forrester R.J.",
"27": "Forrester Steffy Forrester Thorne Forrester Quinn Fuller Brooke Logan Hope Logan Katie Logan Coco Spectra Sally Spectra Shirley Spectra Bill Spencer Liam Spencer Wyatt Spencer Recurring characters Alison Montgomery Justin Barber Bradley Baker Julius Avant Vivienne Avant Saul Feinberg Antonio Dominguez Felicia Forrester Kristen Forrester Bridget Forrester C.J. Garrison Deacon Sharpe Caroline Spencer Donna Logan Sasha Thompson Carter Walton James Warwick Charlie Webber John Forrester Jarrett Maxwell Mateo Darlita Notable previous characters Ashley Abbott Adam Alexander Macy Alexander Morgan DeWitt Deveney Dixon Dante Damiano Kimberly Fairchild Darla Einstein Lauren Fenmore Aly Forrester Jessica Forrester Marcus Forrester Maggie Forrester Phoebe Forrester Stephanie Forrester Thomas Forrester Clarke Garrison Taylor Hayes Agnes Jones Whipple Jones Oliver Jones Owen Knight Dayzee Leigh Beth Logan Stephen Logan Storm Logan Erica Lovejoy Margo Lynley Jake Maclaine Mark Maclaine Massimo Marone Jackie Marone Nick Marone Oscar Marone Amber Moore Sally Spectra Bill Spencer Caroline Spencer Forrester Karen Spencer Danielle Spencer Production crew Executive Producer Bradley Bell Head Writers Bradley Bell Michael Minnis Creators William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell Related articles Cast members Crew Characters Forrester Creations Jackie M Designs Spencer family Forrester family Logan family Marone family The Young and the Restless The Forrester family in The Bold and the Beautiful Angela Forrester Kristen Dominguez Ridge Forrester Thorne Forrester Felicia Forrester Eric Forrester Rick Forrester Bridget Forrester Thomas Forrester Phoebe Forrester Steffy Forrester Jessica Forrester R.J.",
"28": "Forrester Alexandria Forrester Zende Forrester Dominguez Dino Damiano Ivy Forrester John Forrester Spouses Stephanie Forrester Brooke Logan Sheila Carter Donna Logan Caroline Spencer Forrester Maggie Forrester Taylor Hayes Macy Alexander Sharpe Darla Einstein Clarke Garrison Antonio Dominguez Amber Moore Deacon Sharpe Dominick Marone Gabriela Moreno Liam Spencer Caroline Spencer Maya Avant Nicole Avant The Marone family in The Bold and the Beautiful Massimo Marone Ridge Forrester Dominick Marone Diana Carter Thomas Forrester Phoebe Forrester Steffy Forrester R.J. Forrester Jack Marone Spouses : Jackie Marone Caroline Spencer Taylor Hamilton Brooke Logan Bridget Forrester Gaby Moreno Liam Spencer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taylor_Hayes_(The_Bold_and_the_Beautiful)&oldid=837545200 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1990 Fictional psychiatrists The Bold and the Beautiful characters Fictional businesspeople Fictional alcohol abusers Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 14 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what do you call initials that stand for something
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"0": "Acronym - Wikipedia Acronym Jump to : navigation , search For the < acronym > HTML tag , see HTML element § acronym . For the use of acronyms on Wikipedia , see Wikipedia : Acronyms . An acronym is a word or name formed as an abbreviation from the initial components in a phrase or a word , usually individual letters ( as in NATO or laser ) and sometimes syllables ( as in Benelux ) . There are no universal standards of the multiple names for such abbreviations and of their orthographic styling . In English and most other languages , such abbreviations historically had limited use , but they became much more common in the 20th century . Acronyms are a type of word formation process , and they are viewed as a subtype of blending . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomenclature 2 Comparing a few examples of each type 3 Historical and current use 3.1 Early examples in English 3.2 Current use 3.2. 1 Aids to learning the expansion without leaving a document 3.2. 2 Jargon 3.2. 3 As mnemonics 3.2. 4 Acronyms as legendary etymology 4 Orthographic styling 4.1 Punctuation 4.1. 1 Showing the ellipsis of letters 4.1. 1.1 Ellipsis - is - understood style 4.1. 1.2 Pronunciation - dependent style and periods 4.1. 1.3 Other conventions 4.1. 2 Representing plurals and possessives 4.2 Case 4.2. 1 All - caps style 4.2. 1.1 Small - caps variant 4.2. 1.2 Mixed - case variant 4.2.",
"1": "2 Pronunciation - dependent style and case 4.3 Numerals and constituent words 4.4 Casing of expansions 5 Changes to ( or word play on ) the expanded meaning 5.1 Pseudo-acronyms 5.2 Redundant acronyms and RAS syndrome 5.3 Simple redefining 5.4 Backronyms 5.5 Contrived acronyms 5.6 Macronyms / nested acronyms 5.6. 1 Recursive acronyms 6 Non-English languages 6.1 Specific languages 6.1. 1 Chinese 6.1. 2 Korean 6.1. 3 Japanese 6.1. 4 German 6.1. 5 Hebrew 6.1. 6 Indonesian 6.1. 7 Russian 6.1. 8 Swahili 6.1. 9 Vietnamese 6.2 General grammatical considerations 6.2. 1 Declension 6.2. 2 Lenition 7 Extremes 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Nomenclature ( edit ) Whereas an abbreviation may be any type of shortened form , such as words with the middle omitted ( for example , Rd for road or Dr for Doctor ) , an acronym is a word formed from the first letter or first few letters of each word in a phrase ( such as sonar , created from so und na vigation and ranging ) . Attestations for Akronym in German are known from 1921 , and for acronym in English from 1940 . Although the word acronym is often used to refer to any abbreviation formed from initial letters , some dictionaries and usage commentators define acronym to mean an abbreviation that is pronounced as a word , in contrast to an initialism ( or alphabetism ) -- an abbreviation formed from a string of initials ( and possibly pronounced as individual letters ) . Some dictionaries include additional senses equating acronym with initialism . The distinction , when made , hinges on whether the abbreviation is pronounced as a word or as a string of individual letters .",
"2": "Examples in reference works that make the distinction include NATO / ˈneɪtoʊ / , scuba / ˈskuːbə / , and radar / ˈreɪdɑːr / for acronyms ; and FBI / ˌɛfˌbiːˈaɪ / , CRT / ˌsiːˌɑːrˈtiː / , and HTML / ˌeɪtʃˌtiːˌɛmˈɛl / for initialisms . The rest of this article uses acronym for both types of abbreviation . The distinction is not well - maintained . According to Merriam - Webster 's Dictionary of English Usage : `` A number of commentators ... believe that acronyms can be differentiated from other abbreviations in being pronounceable as words . Dictionaries , however , do not make this distinction because writers in general do not ... Initialism , an older word than acronym , seems to be too little known to the general public to serve as the customary term standing in contrast with acronym in a narrow sense . '' About the use of acronym to only mean those pronounced as words , Fowler 's Modern English Usage ( 3rd ed . ) states : `` The limitations of the term being not widely known to the general public , acronym is also often applied to abbreviations that are familiar but are not pronounceable as words ... Such terms are also called initialisms . '' A clearer distinction has also been drawn , by Pyles & Algeo ( 1970 ) , who divided acronyms as a general category into word acronyms pronounced as words , and initialisms sounded out as letters . There is no special term for abbreviations whose pronunciation involves the combination of letter names and words or word - like pronunciations of strings of letters , such as JPEG / ˈdʒeɪpɛɡ / and MS - DOS / ˌɛmɛsˈdɒs / . There is also some disagreement as to what to call abbreviations that some speakers pronounce as letters and others pronounce as a word .",
"3": "For example , the terms URL and IRA can be pronounced as individual letters : / ˌjuːˌɑːrˈɛl / and / ˌaɪˌɑːrˈeɪ / , respectively ; or as a single word : / ɜːr l / and / ˈaɪrə / , respectively . The spelled - out form of an acronym or initialism ( that is , what it stands for ) is called its expansion . Comparing a few examples of each type ( edit ) Pronounced as a word , containing only initial letters NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scuba : self - contained underwater breathing apparatus Laser : light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation GIF : Graphics Interchange Format Pronounced as a word , containing a mixture of initial and non-initial letters Amphetamine : alpha - methylphenethylamine Gestapo : Geheime Staatspolizei ( ' secret state police ' ) Radar : radio detection and ranging Pronounced as a string of letters , containing syllable - initial but not necessarily word - initial letters PMN : polymorphonuclear leukocytes OCA : oculocutaneous albinism PCM : paracoccidioidomycosis Pronounced as a word or as a string of letters , depending on speaker or context FAQ : ( ( fæk ) or ef - a-cue ) frequently asked questions IRA : When used for Individual Retirement Account , can be pronounced as letters ( i - ar - a ) or as a word ( ˈaɪrə ) . SQL : ( ( siːkwəl ) or ess - cue - el ) Structured Query Language .",
"4": "Pronounced as a combination of spelling out and a word CD - ROM : ( cee - dee - ( rɒm ) ) Compact Disc read - only memory IUPAC : ( i-u - ( pæk ) or i-u - pee - a-cee ) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry JPEG : ( jay - ( pɛɡ ) or jay - pee - e-gee ) Joint Photographic Experts Group SFMOMA : ( ess - ef - ( moʊmə ) or ess - ef - em - o - em - a ) San Francisco Museum of Modern Art Pronounced only as a string of letters BBC : British Broadcasting Corporation OEM : original equipment manufacturer USA : United States of America Pronounced as a string of letters , but with a shortcut AAA : ( triple - A ) American Automobile Association ; abdominal aortic aneurysm ; anti-aircraft artillery ; Asistencia , Asesoría y Administración ( three - As ) Amateur Athletic Association IEEE : ( I triple - E ) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers NAACP : ( N double - A CP or NAACP ) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NCAA : ( NC double - A or NC two - A or NCAA ) National Collegiate Athletic Association Shortcut incorporated into name 3M : ( three M ) originally Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company ( ISC ) 2 : ( ISC squared ) International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium W3C : ( W - three C ) World Wide Web Consortium C4ISTAR : ( C - four Istar ) Command , Control , Communications , Computers , Intelligence , Surveillance , Target Acquisition , and Reconnaissance Multi-layered acronyms NAC Breda : ( Dutch football club ) NOAD ADVENDO Combinatie ( `` NOAD ADVENDO Combination '' ) , formed by the 1912 merger of two clubs from Breda : NOAD ( Nooit Opgeven Altijd Doorgaan `` Never give up ,",
"5": "always persevere '' ) ADVENDO ( Aangenaam Door Vermaak En Nuttig Door Ontspanning `` Pleasant by entertainment and useful by relaxation '' ) GAIM ( former name of Pidgin ) : GTK+ AOL Instant Messenger GIMP : GNU Image Manipulation Program VHDL : VHSIC hardware description language , where VHSIC stands for very - high - speed integrated circuit . Recursive acronyms , in which the abbreviation refers to itself GNU : GNU 's not Unix ! Wine : Wine is not an emulator ( originally , Windows emulator ) These may go through multiple layers before the self - reference is found : HURD : HIRD of Unix - replacing daemons , where `` HIRD '' stands for `` HURD of interfaces representing depth '' Pseudo-acronyms , which consist of a sequence of characters that , when pronounced as intended , invoke other , longer words with less typing . This makes them gramograms . BBQ : bee - bee - cue , for `` barbecue '' . CQ : cee - cue for `` seek you '' , a code used by radio operators IOU : i-o-u for `` I owe you '' ( the true acronym would be IOY ) K9 : kay - nine for `` canine '' , used to designate police units utilizing dogs Abbreviations whose last abbreviated word is often redundantly included anyway ATM machine : automated teller machine ( machine ) HIV virus : human immunodeficiency virus ( virus ) LCD display : liquid crystal display ( display ) PIN number : personal identification number ( number ) Pronounced as a word , containing letters as a word in itself PAYGO : pay - as - you - go Historical and current use ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Acronymy , like retronymy , is a linguistic process that has existed throughout history but for which there was little to no naming , conscious attention , or systematic analysis until relatively recent times . Like retronymy , it became much more common in the 20th century than it had formerly been .",
"6": "Ancient examples of acronymy ( regardless of whether there was metalanguage at the time to describe it ) include the following : Acronyms were used in Rome before the Christian era . For example , the official name for the Roman Empire , and the Republic before it , was abbreviated as SPQR ( Senatus Populusque Romanus ) . Inscriptions dating from antiquity , both on stone and on coins , use a lot of abbreviations and acronyms to save room and work . For example , Roman first names , of which there was only a small set , were almost always abbreviated . Common terms were abbreviated too , such as writing just `` F '' for filius , meaning `` son of '' , a very common part of memorial inscriptions mentioning people . Grammatical markers were abbreviated or left out entirely if they could be inferred from the rest of the text . So - called nomina sacra were used in many Greek biblical manuscripts . The common words `` God '' ( Θεός ) , `` Jesus '' ( Ιησούς ) , `` Christ '' ( Χριστός ) , and some others , would be abbreviated by their first and last letters , marked with an overline . This was just one of many kinds of conventional scribal abbreviation , used to reduce the time - consuming workload of the scribe and save on valuable writing materials . The same convention is still commonly used in the inscriptions on religious icons and the stamps used to mark the eucharistic bread in Eastern Churches . The early Christians in Rome , most of whom were Greek rather than Latin speakers , used the image of a fish as a symbol for Jesus in part because of an acronym -- fish in Greek is ichthys ( ΙΧΘΥΣ ) , which was said to stand for Ἰησοῦς Χριστός Θεοῦ Υἱός Σωτήρ ( Iesous CHristos THeou hUios Soter : `` Jesus Christ , God 's Son , Savior '' ) . This interpretation dates from the 2nd and 3rd centuries and is preserved in the catacombs of Rome .",
"7": "And for centuries , the Church has used the inscription INRI over the crucifix , which stands for the Latin Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum ( `` Jesus the Nazarene , King of the Jews '' ) . The Hebrew language has a long history of formation of acronyms pronounced as words , stretching back many centuries . The Hebrew Bible ( `` Old Testament '' ) is known as `` Tanakh '' , an acronym composed from the Hebrew initial letters of its three major sections : Torah ( five books of Moses ) , Nevi'im ( prophets ) , and K'tuvim ( writings ) . Many rabbinical figures from the Middle Ages onward are referred to in rabbinical literature by their pronounced acronyms , such as Rambam and Rashi from the initial letters of their full Hebrew names : Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon and Rabbi Shlomo Yitzkhaki . During the mid - to late - 19th century , an acronym - disseminating trend spread through the American and European business communities : abbreviating corporation names in places where space was limited for writing -- such as on the sides of railroad cars ( e.g. , Richmond , Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad → RF&P ) ; on the sides of barrels and crates ; and on ticker tape and in the small - print newspaper stock listings that got their data from it ( e.g. , American Telephone and Telegraph Company → AT&T ) . Some well - known commercial examples dating from the 1890s through 1920s include Nabisco ( National Biscuit Company ) , Esso ( from S.O. , from Standard Oil ) , and Sunoco ( Sun Oil Company ) . Another driver for the adoption of acronyms was modern warfare with its many highly technical terms . While there is no recorded use of military acronyms in documents dating from the American Civil War ( acronyms such as ANV for `` Army of Northern Virginia '' post-date the war itself ) , they had become somewhat common in World War I and were very much a part even of the vernacular language of the soldiers during World War II , who themselves were referred to as G.I.s . The widespread , frequent use of acronyms across the whole range of registers is a relatively new linguistic phenomenon in most languages , becoming increasingly evident since the mid-20th century .",
"8": "As literacy rates rose , and as advances in science and technology brought with them a constant stream of new ( and sometimes more complex ) terms and concepts , the practice of abbreviating terms became increasingly convenient . The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) records the first printed use of the word initialism as occurring in 1899 , but it did not come into general use until 1965 , well after acronym had become common . By 1943 , the term acronym had been used in English to recognize abbreviations ( and contractions of phrases ) that were pronounced as words . ( It was formed from the Greek words ἄκρος , akros , `` topmost , extreme '' and ὄνομα , onoma , `` name . '' ) For example , the army offense of being absent without official leave was abbreviated to `` A.W.O.L. '' in reports , but when pronounced as a word ( awol ) , it became an acronym . While initial letters are commonly used to form an acronym , the original definition was `` a word made from the initial letters or syllables of other words '' , for example UNIVAC from UNIVersal Automatic Computer . In English , acronyms pronounced as words may be a 20th - century phenomenon . Linguist David Wilton in Word Myths : Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends claims that `` forming words from acronyms is a distinctly twentieth - ( and now twenty - first - ) century phenomenon . There is only one known pre-twentieth - century ( English ) word with an acronymic origin and it was in vogue for only a short time in 1886 . The word is colinderies or colinda , an acronym for the Colonial and Indian Exposition held in London in that year . '' However , although acronymic words seem not to have been employed in general vocabulary before the 20th century ( as Wilton points out ) , the concept of their formation is treated as effortlessly understood ( and evidently not novel ) in a Poe story of the 1830s , `` How to Write a Blackwood Article '' , which includes the contrived acronym P.R.E.T.T.Y.B.L.U.E.B.A.T.C.H. Early examples in English ( edit ) The use of Latin and Neo-Latin terms in vernaculars has been pan-European and predates modern English .",
"9": "Some examples of acronyms in this class are : A.M. ( from Latin ante meridiem , `` before noon '' ) and P.M. ( from Latin post meridiem , `` after noon '' ) A.D. ( from Latin Anno Domini , `` in the year of our Lord '' ) , whose complement in English , B.C. ( Before Christ ) , is English - sourced O.K. , a term of disputed origin , dating back at least to the early 19th century , now used around the world The earliest example of a word derived from an acronym listed by the OED is `` abjud '' ( now `` abjad '' ) , formed from the original first four letters of the Arabic alphabet in the late 18th century . Some acrostics predate this , however , such as the Restoration witticism arranging the names of some members of Charles II 's Committee for Foreign Affairs to produce the `` CABAL '' ministry . Current use ( edit ) Acronyms are used most often to abbreviate names of organizations and long or frequently referenced terms . The armed forces and government agencies frequently employ acronyms ; some well - known examples from the United States are among the `` alphabet agencies '' ( also jokingly referred to as `` alphabet soup '' ) created by Franklin D. Roosevelt ( also of course known as FDR ) under the New Deal . Business and industry also are prolific coiners of acronyms . The rapid advance of science and technology in recent centuries seems to be an underlying force driving the usage , as new inventions and concepts with multiword names create a demand for shorter , more manageable names . One representative example , from the U.S. Navy , is COMCRUDESPAC , which stands for commander , cruisers destroyers Pacific ; it 's also seen as `` ComCruDesPac '' . `` YABA - compatible '' ( where YABA stands for `` yet another bloody acronym '' ) is used to mean that a term 's acronym can be pronounced but is not an offensive word , e.g. , `` When choosing a new name , be sure it is ' YABA - compatible ' . '' Acronym use has been further popularized by text messaging on mobile phones with Short Message Systems ( SMS ) .",
"10": "To fit messages into the 160 - character SMS limit , acronyms such as `` GF '' ( girlfriend ) , `` LOL '' ( laughing out loud ) , and `` DL '' ( download or down low ) have become popular . Some prescriptivists disdain texting acronyms and abbreviations as decreasing clarity , or as failure to use `` pure '' or `` proper '' English . Others point out that language change has happened for thousands of years , and argue that it should be embraced as inevitable , or as innovation that adapts the language to changing circumstances . In this view , the modern practice is just as legitimate as those in `` proper '' English of the current generation of speakers , such as the abbreviation of corporation names in places with limited writing space ( e.g. , ticker tape , newspaper column inches ) . AIDS to learning the expansion without leaving a document ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In formal writing for a broad audience , the expansion is typically given at the first occurrence of the acronym within a given text , for the benefit of those readers who do not know what it stands for . The capitalization of the original term is independent of it being acronymized , being lowercase for a common noun such as frequently asked questions ( FAQ ) but uppercase for a proper noun such as the United Nations ( UN ) ( as explained at Case > Casing of expansions ) . In addition to expansion at first use , some publications also have a key listing all acronyms used therein and what their expansions are . This is a convenience to readers for two reasons . The first is that if they are not reading the entire publication sequentially ( which is a common mode of reading ) , then they may encounter an acronym without having seen its expansion . Having a key at the start or end of the publication obviates skimming over the text searching for an earlier use to find the expansion . ( This is especially important in the print medium , where no search utility is available . ) The second reason for the key feature is its pedagogical value in educational works such as textbooks .",
"11": "It gives students a way to review the meanings of the acronyms introduced in a chapter after they have done the line - by - line reading , and also a way to quiz themselves on the meanings ( by covering up the expansion column and recalling the expansions from memory , then checking their answers by uncovering ) . In addition , this feature enables readers possessing knowledge of the abbreviations not to have to encounter expansions ( redundant to such readers ) . Expansion at first use and the abbreviation - key feature are aids to the reader that originated in the print era , and they are equally useful in print and online . In addition , the online medium offers yet more aids , such as tooltips , hyperlinks , and rapid search via search engine technology . Jargon ( edit ) Acronyms often occur in jargon . An acronym may have different meanings in different areas of industry , writing , and scholarship . The general reason for this is convenience and succinctness for specialists , although it has led some to obfuscate the meaning either intentionally , to deter those without such domain - specific knowledge , or unintentionally , by creating an acronym that already existed . The medical literature has been struggling to control the proliferation of acronyms as their use has evolved from aiding communication to hindering it . This has become such a problem that it is even evaluated at the level of medical academies such as the American Academy of Dermatology . As mnemonics ( edit ) Acronyms are often taught as mnemonic devices , for example in physics the colors of the visible spectrum are ROY G. BIV ( red - orange - yellow - green - blue - indigo - violet ) . They are also used as mental checklists , for example in aviation : GUMPS , which is Gas - Undercarriage - Mixture - Propeller - Seatbelts . Other examples of mnemonic acronyms include CAN SLIM , and PAVPANIC as well as PEMDAS . Acronyms as legendary etymology ( edit ) See also : Backronym It is not uncommon for acronyms to be cited in a kind of false etymology , called a folk etymology , for a word . Such etymologies persist in popular culture but have no factual basis in historical linguistics , and are examples of language - related urban legends .",
"12": "For example , cop is commonly cited as being derived , it is presumed , from `` constable on patrol , '' and posh from `` port out , starboard home '' . With some of these specious expansions , the `` belief '' that the etymology is acronymic has clearly been tongue - in - cheek among many citers , as with `` gentlemen only , ladies forbidden '' for golf , although many other ( more credulous ) people have uncritically taken it for fact . Taboo words in particular commonly have such false etymologies : shit from `` ship / store high in transit '' or `` special high - intensity training '' and fuck from `` for unlawful carnal knowledge '' , or `` fornication under consent / command of the king '' . Orthographic styling ( edit ) Punctuation ( edit ) Showing the ellipsis of letters ( edit ) In English , abbreviations have traditionally been written with a full stop / period / point in place of the deleted part to show the ellipsis of letters -- although the colon and apostrophe have also had this role -- and with a space after full stops ( e.g. `` A. D . '' ) . In the case of most acronyms , each letter is an abbreviation of a separate word and , in theory , should get its own termination mark . Such punctuation is diminishing with the belief that the presence of all - capital letters is sufficient to indicate that the word is an abbreviation . Ellipsis - is - understood style ( edit ) Some influential style guides , such as that of the BBC , no longer require punctuation to show ellipsis ; some even proscribe it . Larry Trask , American author of The Penguin Guide to Punctuation , states categorically that , in British English , `` this tiresome and unnecessary practice is now obsolete '' . Pronunciation - dependent style and periods ( edit ) Nevertheless , some influential style guides , many of them American , still require periods in certain instances . For example , The New York Times ' guide recommends following each segment with a period when the letters are pronounced individually , as in K.G.B. , but not when pronounced as a word , as in NATO . The logic of this style is that the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the punctuation scheme .",
"13": "Other conventions ( edit ) When a multiple - letter abbreviation is formed from a single word , periods are in general not used , although they may be common in informal usage . TV , for example , may stand for a single word ( television or transvestite , for instance ) , and is in general spelled without punctuation ( except in the plural ) . Although PS stands for the single word postscript ( or the Latin postscriptum ) , it is often spelled with periods ( P.S. ) . The slash ( ' / ' , or solidus ) is sometimes used to separate the letters in a two - letter acronym , as in N / A ( not applicable , not available ) , c / o ( care of ) and w / o ( without ) . Inconveniently long words used frequently in related contexts can be represented according to their letter count . For example , i18n abbreviates internationalization , a computer - science term for adapting software for worldwide use . The 18 represents the 18 letters that come between the first and the last in internationalization . Localization can be abbreviated l10n , multilingualization m17n , and accessibility a11y . In addition to the use of a specific number replacing that many letters , the more general `` x '' can be used to replace an unspecified number of letters . Examples include Crxn for crystallization and the series familiar to physicians for history , diagnosis , and treatment ( hx , dx , tx ) . Representing plurals and possessives ( edit ) There is a question about how to pluralize acronyms . Often a writer will add an ' s ' following an apostrophe , as in `` PC 's '' . However , Kate Turabian , writing about style in academic writings , allows for an apostrophe to form plural acronyms `` only when an abbreviation contains internal periods or both capital and lowercase letters '' . Turabian would therefore prefer `` DVDs '' and `` URLs '' and `` Ph. D. 's '' .",
"14": "The Modern Language Association and American Psychological Association prohibit apostrophes from being used to pluralize acronyms regardless of periods ( so `` compact discs '' would be `` CDs '' or `` C.D.s '' ) , whereas the New York Times style guide requires an apostrophe when pluralizing all abbreviations regardless of periods ( preferring `` PC 's , TV 's and VCR 's '' ) . Possessive plurals that also include apostrophes for mere pluralization and periods appear especially complex : for example , the C.D. 's ' labels ( the labels of the compact discs ) . In some instances , however , an apostrophe may increase clarity : for example , if the final letter of an abbreviation is S , as in SOS 's ( although abbreviations ending with S can also take - es , e.g. SOSes ) , or when pluralizing an abbreviation that has periods . A particularly rich source of options arises when the plural of an acronym would normally be indicated in a word other than the final word if spelled out in full . A classic example is Member of Parliament , which in plural is Members of Parliament . It is possible then to abbreviate this as M 's P. ( or similar ) , as used by former Australian Prime Minister Ben Chifley . This usage is less common than forms with s at the end , such as MPs , and may appear dated or pedantic . In common usage , therefore , weapons of mass destruction becomes WMDs , prisoners of war becomes POWs , and runs batted in becomes RBIs . The argument that acronyms should have no different plural form ( for example , `` If D can stand for disc , it can also stand for discs '' ) is in general disregarded because of the practicality in distinguishing singulars and plurals . This is not the case , however , when the abbreviation is understood to describe a plural noun already : For example , U.S. is short for United States , but not United State . In this case , the options for making a possessive form of an abbreviation that is already in its plural form without a final s may seem awkward : for example , U.S. , U.S. 's , etc . In such instances , possessive abbreviations are often foregone in favor of simple attributive usage ( for example , the U.S.",
"15": "economy ) or expanding the abbreviation to its full form and then making the possessive ( for example , the United States ' economy ) . On the other hand , in speech , the pronunciation United States 's sometimes is used . Abbreviations that come from single , rather than multiple , words -- such as TV ( television ) -- are usually pluralized without apostrophes ( two TVs ) ; most writers feel that the apostrophe should be reserved for the possessive ( the TV 's antenna ) . In some languages , the convention of doubling the letters in the acronym is used to indicate plural words : for example , the Spanish EE . UU. , for Estados Unidos ( ' United States ' ) . This old convention is still followed for a limited number of English abbreviations , such as SS. for `` Saints '' , pp. for the Latin plural of `` pages '' , paginae , or MSS for `` manuscripts '' . In the case of pp. it derives from the original Latin phrase per procurationem meaning ' through the agency of ' ; an English translation alternative is particular pages in a book or document : see pp. 8 -- 88 . Further information : English possessive Case ( edit ) All - caps style ( edit ) The most common capitalization scheme seen with acronyms is all - uppercase ( all - caps ) , except for those few that have linguistically taken on an identity as regular words , with the acronymous etymology of the words fading into the background of common knowledge , such as has occurred with the words scuba , laser , and radar -- these are known as anacronyms . Anacronyms ( note well - acro - ) should not be homophonously confused with anachronyms ( note well - chron - ) , which are a type of misnomer . Small - caps variant ( edit ) Small caps are sometimes used to make the run of capital letters seem less jarring to the reader . For example , the style of some American publications , including the Atlantic Monthly and USA Today , is to use small caps for acronyms longer than three letters ; thus `` U.S. '' and `` FDR '' in normal caps , but `` nato '' in small caps .",
"16": "The acronyms `` AD '' and `` BC '' are often smallcapped as well , as in : `` From 4004 bc to ad 525 '' . Mixed - case variant ( edit ) Words derived from an acronym by affixing are typically expressed in mixed case , so the root acronym is clear . For example , pre-WWII politics , post-NATO world , DNAase . In some cases a derived acronym may also be expressed in mixed case . For example , messenger RNA and transfer RNA become mRNA and tRNA . Pronunciation - dependent style and case ( edit ) Some publications choose to capitalize only the first letter of acronyms , reserving all - caps styling for initialisms , writing the pronounced acronyms `` Nato '' and `` Aids '' in mixed case , but the initialisms `` USA '' and `` FBI '' in all caps . For example , this is the style used in The Guardian , and BBC News typically edits to this style ( though its official style guide , dating from 2003 , still recommends all - caps ) . The logic of this style is that the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the capitalization scheme . Some style manuals also base the letters ' case on their number . The New York Times , for example , keeps NATO in all capitals ( while several guides in the British press may render it Nato ) , but uses lower case in UNICEF ( from `` United Nations International Children 's Emergency Fund '' ) because it is more than four letters , and to style it in caps might look ungainly ( flirting with the appearance of `` shouting capitals '' ) . Numerals and constituent words ( edit ) While abbreviations typically exclude the initials of short function words ( such as `` and '' , `` or '' , `` of '' , or `` to '' ) , this is not always the case . ( A similar set of words is sometimes left as lowercase in headers and publication titles . ) Sometimes function words are included to make a pronounceable acronym , such as CORE ( Congress of Racial Equality ) . Sometimes the letters representing these words are written in lower case , such as in the cases of TfL ( Transport for London ) and LotR ( Lord of the Rings ) ; this usually occurs when the acronym represents a multi-word proper noun .",
"17": "Numbers ( both cardinal and ordinal ) in names are often represented by digits rather than initial letters : as in 4GL ( Fourth generation language ) or G77 ( Group of 77 ) . Large numbers may use metric prefixes , as with Y2K for `` Year 2000 '' ( sometimes written Y2k , because the SI symbol for 1000 is k -- not K , which stands for kelvin ) . Exceptions using initials for numbers include TLA ( three - letter acronym / abbreviation ) and GoF ( Gang of Four ) . Abbreviations using numbers for other purposes include repetitions , such as W3C ( `` World Wide Web Consortium '' ) and T3 ( Trends , Tips & Tools for Everyday Living ) ; pronunciation , such as B2B ( `` business to business '' ) ; and numeronyms , such as i18n ( `` internationalization '' ; 18 represents the 18 letters between the initial i and the final n ) . Casing of expansions ( edit ) Although many authors of expository writing show a predisposition to capitalizing the initials of the expansion for pedagogical emphasis ( trying to thrust the reader 's attention toward where the letters are coming from ) , this sometimes conflicts with the convention of English orthography , which reserves capitals in the middle of sentences for proper nouns . Enforcing the general convention , most professional editors case-fold such expansions to their standard orthography when editing manuscripts for publication . The justification is that ( 1 ) readers are smart enough to figure out where the letters came from , even without their being capitalized for emphasis , and that ( 2 ) common nouns do not take capital initials in standard English orthography . Such house styles also usually disfavor bold or italic font for the initial letters . For example , `` the onset of Congestive Heart Failure ( CHF ) '' or `` the onset of congestive heart failure ( CHF ) '' if found in an unpublished manuscript would be rewritten as `` the onset of congestive heart failure ( CHF ) '' in the final published article when following the AMA Manual of Style . Changes to ( or word play on ) the expanded meaning ( edit ) Pseudo-acronyms ( edit ) Some apparent acronyms or other abbreviations do not stand for anything and can not be expanded to some meaning .",
"18": "Such pseudo-acronyms may be pronunciation - based , such as BBQ ( bee - bee - cue ) , for `` barbecue '' , or K9 ( kay - nine ) for `` canine '' . Pseudo-acronyms also frequently develop as `` orphan initialisms '' ; an existing acronym is redefined as a non-acronymous name , severing its link to its previous meaning . For example , the letters of the SAT , a US college entrance test originally dubbed `` Scholastic Aptitude Test '' , no longer officially stand for anything . This is common with companies that want to retain brand recognition while moving away from an outdated image : American Telephone and Telegraph became AT&T , Kentucky Fried Chicken became KFC to de-emphasize the role of frying in the preparation of its signature dishes , and British Petroleum became BP . Russia Today has rebranded itself as RT . Genzyme Transgenics Corporation became GTC Biotherapeutics , Inc. in order to reduce perceived corporate risk of sabotage / vandalism by Luddite activists . Pseudo-acronyms may have advantages in international markets : for example , some national affiliates of International Business Machines are legally incorporated as `` IBM '' ( for example , `` IBM Canada '' ) to avoid translating the full name into local languages . Likewise , `` UBS '' is the name of the merged Union Bank of Switzerland and Swiss Bank Corporation , and `` HSBC '' has replaced `` The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation . '' Sometimes , companies whose original name gives a clear indication of their place of origin will use acronyms when expanding to foreign markets -- for example , Toronto - Dominion Bank continues to operate under the full name in Canada , but its U.S. subsidiary is known as TD Bank , just as Royal Bank of Canada used its full name in Canada ( a constitutional monarchy ) , but its now - defunct U.S. subsidiary was called RBC Bank . Redundant acronyms and RAS syndrome ( edit ) Main article : RAS syndrome Rebranding can lead to redundant acronym syndrome , as when Trustee Savings Bank became TSB Bank , or when Railway Express Agency became REA Express . A few high - tech companies have taken the redundant acronym to the extreme : for example , ISM Information Systems Management Corp. and SHL Systemhouse Ltd .",
"19": "Examples in entertainment include the television shows CSI : Crime Scene Investigation and Navy : NCIS ( `` Navy '' was dropped in the second season ) , where the redundancy was likely designed to educate new viewers as to what the initials stood for . The same reasoning was in evidence when the Royal Bank of Canada 's Canadian operations rebranded to RBC Royal Bank , or when Bank of Montreal rebranded their retail banking subsidiary BMO Bank of Montreal . Another common example is `` RAM memory '' , which is redundant because `` RAM '' ( `` random - access memory '' ) includes the initial of the word `` memory '' . `` PIN '' stands for `` personal identification number '' , obviating the second word in `` PIN number '' ; in this case its retention may be motivated to avoid ambiguity with the homophonous word `` pin '' . Other examples include `` ATM machine , '' `` EAB bank , '' `` CableACE Award , '' `` DC Comics , '' `` HIV virus , '' Microsoft 's NT Technology , and the formerly redundant `` SAT test , '' now simply `` SAT Reasoning Test '' ) . TNN ( The Nashville / National Network ) also renamed itself `` The New TNN '' for a brief interlude . Simple redefining ( edit ) Sometimes , the initials continue to stand for an expanded meaning , but the original meaning is simply replaced . Some examples : DVD was originally an acronym of the unofficial term digital video disc , but is now stated by the DVD Forum as standing for Digital Versatile Disc . GAO changed the full form of its name from General Accounting Office to Government Accountability Office . GPO ( in the United States ) changed the full form of its name from Government Printing Office to Government Publishing Office . RAID used to mean Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks , but is now commonly interpreted as Redundant Array of Independent Disks . WWF originally stood for World Wildlife Fund , but now stands for Worldwide Fund for Nature ( although the former name is still used in Canada and the United States ) . The UICC , whose initials came from the Romance - language versions of its name ( such as French Union Internationale Contre le Cancer , `` International Union Against Cancer '' ) , changed the English expansion of its name to Union for International Cancer Control ( from International Union Against Cancer ) so that the English expansion , too , would correspond to the UICC initials .",
"20": "Backronyms ( edit ) Main article : Backronym A backronym ( or bacronym ) is a phrase that is constructed `` after the fact '' from a previously existing word . For example , the novelist and critic Anthony Burgess once proposed that the word `` book '' ought to stand for `` Box Of Organized Knowledge . '' A classic real - world example of this is the name of the predecessor to the Apple Macintosh , The Apple Lisa , which was said to refer to `` Local Integrated Software Architecture '' , but was actually named after Steve Jobs ' daughter , born in 1978 . Backronyms are often times used to comedic effect . An example of the creation of a backronym for comedic effect would be in the naming of a group or organization , the name A.C.R.O.N.Y.M stands for ( among other things ) `` A Clever Regiment Of Nerdy Young Men '' . Contrived acronyms ( edit ) Acronyms are sometimes contrived , that is , deliberately designed to be especially apt for the thing being named ( by having a dual meaning or by borrowing the positive connotations of an existing word ) . Some examples of contrived acronyms are USA PATRIOT , CAN SPAM , CAPTCHA and ACT UP . The clothing company French Connection began referring to itself as fcuk , standing for `` French Connection United Kingdom . '' The company then created T - shirts and several advertising campaigns that exploit the acronym 's similarity to the taboo word `` fuck . '' The US Department of Defense 's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) is known for developing contrived acronyms to name projects , including RESURRECT , NIRVANA , and DUDE . In July 2010 , Wired Magazine reported that DARPA announced programs to `` ... transform biology from a descriptive to a predictive field of science '' named BATMAN and ROBIN for Biochronicity and Temporal Mechanisms Arising in Nature and Robustness of Biologically - Inspired Networks , a reference to the Batman and Robin comic - book superheroes . The short - form names of clinical trials and other scientific studies constitute a large class of acronyms that includes many contrived examples , as well as many with a partial rather than complete correspondence of letters to expansion components .",
"21": "These trials tend to have full names that are accurately descriptive of what the trial is about but are thus also too long to serve practically as names within the syntax of a sentence , so a short name is also developed , which can serve as a syntactically useful handle and also provide at least a degree of mnemonic reminder as to the full name . Examples widely known in medicine include the ALLHAT trial ( Antihypertensive and Lipid - Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial ) and the CHARM trial ( Candesartan in Heart Failure : Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity ) . The fact that RAS syndrome is often involved , as well as that the letters often do n't entirely match , have sometimes been pointed out by annoyed researchers preoccupied by the idea that because the achetypal form of acronyms originated with one - to - one letter matching , there must be some moral impropriety in their ever deviating from that form . However , the raison d'être of clinical trial acronyms , as with gene and protein symbols , is simply to have a syntactically usable and recallable short name to complement the long name that is often syntactically unusable and not memorized . It is useful for the short name to give a reminder of the long name , which supports the reasonable censure of `` cutesy '' examples that provide little to no hint of it . But beyond that reasonably close correspondence , the short name 's chief utility is in functioning cognitively as a name , rather than being a cryptic and forgettable string , albeit faithful to the matching of letters . However , other reasonable critiques have been ( 1 ) that it is irresponsible to mention trial acronyms without explaining them at least once by providing the long names somewhere in the document , and ( 2 ) that the proliferation of trial acronyms has resulted in ambiguity , such as 3 different trials all called ASPECT , which is another reason why failing to explain them somewhere in the document is irresponsible in scientific communication . At least one study has evaluated the citation impact and other traits of acronym - named trials compared with others , finding both good aspects ( mnemonic help , name recall ) and potential flaws ( connotatively driven bias ) .",
"22": "Some acronyms are chosen deliberately to avoid a name considered undesirable : For example , Verliebt in Berlin ( ViB ) , a German telenovela , was first intended to be Alles nur aus Liebe ( All for Love ) , but was changed to avoid the resultant acronym ANAL . Likewise , the Computer Literacy and Internet Technology qualification is known as CLaIT , rather than CLIT . In Canada , the Canadian Conservative Reform Alliance ( Party ) was quickly renamed to the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance when its opponents pointed out that its initials spelled CCRAP ( pronounced `` see crap '' ) . ( The satirical magazine Frank had proposed alternatives to CCRAP , namely SSHIT and NSDAP . ) Two Irish Institutes of Technology ( Galway and Tralee ) chose different acronyms from other institutes when they were upgraded from Regional Technical colleges . Tralee RTC became the Institute of Technology Tralee ( ITT ) , as opposed to Tralee Institute of Technology ( TIT ) . Galway RTC became Galway - Mayo Institute of Technology ( GMIT ) , as opposed to Galway Institute of Technology ( GIT ) . The charity sports organization Team in Training is known as `` TNT '' and not `` TIT '' . Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences is still known as TITS . George Mason University was planning to name their law school the Antonin Scalia School of Law ( ASSOL ) in honor of the late Antonin Scalia , only to change it to the Antonin Scalia Law School later . Macronyms / nested acronyms ( edit ) A macronym , or nested acronym , is an acronym in which one or more letters stand for acronyms themselves . The word `` macronym '' is a portmanteau of `` macro - '' and `` acronym '' . Some examples of macronyms are : XHR stands for `` XML HTTP Request '' , in which XML is `` eXtensible Markup Language '' , and HTTP stands for `` HyperText Transfer Protocol '' . POWER stands for Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC , in which RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computing . VHDL stands for `` VHSIC Hardware Description Language '' , in which VHSIC stands for `` Very High Speed Integrated Circuit '' . XSD stands for `` XML Schema Definition '' , in which XML stands for `` eXtensible Markup Language '' .",
"23": "SECS stands for `` SEMI equipment communication standard '' , in which SEMI stands for `` Semiconductor equipment manufacturing industries '' . AIM stands for `` AOL Instant Messenger '' , in which AOL stands for `` America Online '' . HASP stood for Houston Automatic Spooling Priority , but spooling itself was an acronym -- simultaneous peripheral operations on - line Some macronyms can be multiply nested : the second - order acronym points to another one further down a hierarchy . In an informal competition run by the magazine New Scientist , a fully documented specimen was discovered that may be the most deeply nested of all : RARS is the `` Regional ATOVS Retransmission Service '' ; ATOVS is `` Advanced TOVS '' ; TOVS is `` TIROS operational vertical sounder '' ; and TIROS is `` Television infrared observational satellite '' . Fully expanded , `` RARS '' might thus become `` Regional Advanced Television Infrared Observational Satellite Operational Vertical Sounder Retransmission Service '' . However , to say that `` RARS '' stands directly for that string of words , or can be interchanged with it in syntax ( in the same way that `` CHF '' can be usefully interchanged with `` congestive heart failure '' ) , is a prescriptive misapprehension rather than a linguistically accurate description ; the true nature of such a term is closer to anacronymic than to being interchangeable like simpler acronyms are . The latter are fully reducible in an attempt to `` spell everything out and avoid all abbreviations , '' but the former are irreducible in that respect ; they can be annotated with parenthetical explanations , but they can not be eliminated from speech or writing in any useful or practical way . Just as the words laser and radar function as words in syntax and cognition without a need to focus on their acronymic origins , terms such as `` RARS '' and `` CHA2DS2 -- VASc score '' are irreducible in natural language ; if they are purged , the form of language that is left may conform to some imposed rule , but it can not be described as remaining natural .",
"24": "Similarly , protein and gene nomenclature , which uses symbols extensively , includes such terms as the name of the NACHT protein domain , which reflects the symbols of some proteins that contain the domain -- NAIP ( NLR family apoptosis inhibitor protein ) , C2TA ( major histocompatibility complex class II transcription activator ) , HET - E ( incompatibility locus protein from Podospora anserine ) , and TP1 ( telomerase - associated protein ) -- but is not syntactically reducible to them . The name is thus itself more symbol than acronym , and its expansion can not replace it while preserving its function in natural syntax as a name within a clause clearly parsable by human readers or listeners . Recursive acronyms ( edit ) Main article : Recursive acronym A special type of macronym , the recursive acronym , has letters whose expansion refers back to the macronym itself . One of the earliest examples appears in The Hacker 's Dictionary as MUNG , which stands for `` MUNG Until No Good '' . Some examples of recursive acronyms are : GNU stands for `` GNU 's Not Unix '' LAME stands for `` LAME Ai n't an MP3 Encoder '' PHP stands for `` PHP : Hypertext Preprocessor '' WINE stands for `` WINE Is Not an Emulator '' HURD stands for `` HIRD of Unix - replacing daemons '' , where HIRD itself stands for `` HURD of interfaces representing depth '' ( a `` mutually recursive '' acronym ) Non-english languages ( edit ) Specific languages ( edit ) Chinese ( edit ) In English language discussions of languages with syllabic or logographic writing systems ( such as Chinese , Japanese , and Korean ) , `` acronyms '' describe the short forms that take selected characters from a multi-character word . For example , in Chinese , `` university '' ( 大學 / 大学 , literally `` great learning '' ) is usually abbreviated simply as 大 ( `` great '' ) when used with the name of the institute . So Peking University ( 北京 大学 ) is commonly shortened to 北大 ( lit . `` north - great '' ) by also only taking the first character of Peking , the `` northern capital '' ( 北京 ; Beijing ) . In some cases , however , other characters than the first can be selected .",
"25": "For example , the local short form of Hong Kong University ( 香港 大學 ) uses Kong ( 港大 ) rather than Hong . There are also cases where some longer phrases are abbreviated drastically , especially in Chinese politics , where proper nouns were initially translated from Soviet Leninist terms . For instance , the full name of China 's highest ruling council , the Politburo Standing Committee ( PSC ) , is `` Standing Committee of the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China '' ( 中国 共产党 中央 政治 局 常务 委员会 ) . The term then reduced the `` Communist Party of China '' part of its name through acronyms , then the `` Standing Committee '' part , again through acronyms , to create `` 中共 中央 政治 局 常委 '' . Alternatively , it omitted the `` Communist Party '' part altogether , creating `` Politburo Standing Committee '' ( 政治 局 常委 会 ) , and eventually just `` Standing Committee '' ( 常委 会 ) . The PSC 's members full designations are `` Member of the Standing Committee of the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China '' ( 中国 共产党 中央 政治 局 常务 委员会 委员 ) ; this was eventually drastically reduced to simply Changwei ( 常委 ) , with the term Ruchang ( 入 常 ) used increasingly for officials destined for a future seat on the PSC . In another example , the word `` 全国 人民 代表 大会 '' ( National People 's Congress ) can be broken into four parts : `` 全国 '' = `` the whole nation '' , `` 人民 '' = `` people '' , `` 代表 '' = `` representatives '' , `` 大会 '' = `` conference '' . Yet , in its short form `` 人大 '' ( literally `` man / people big '' ) , only the first characters from the second and the fourth parts are selected ; the first part ( `` 全国 '' ) and the third part ( `` 代表 '' ) are simply ignored . In describing such abbreviations , the term initialism is inapplicable .",
"26": "Many proper nouns become shorter and shorter over time . For example , the CCTV New Year 's Gala , whose full name is literally read as `` China Central Television Spring Festival Joint Celebration Evening Gala '' ( 中国 中央 电视台 春节 联欢 晚会 ) was first shortened to `` Spring Festival Joint Celebration Evening Gala '' ( 春节 联欢 晚会 ) , but eventually referred to as simply Chunwan ( 春晚 ) . Along the same vein , Zhongguo Zhongyang Dianshi Tai ( 中国 中央 电视台 ) was reduced to Yangshi ( 央视 ) in the mid-2000s . Korean ( edit ) Many aspects of academics in Korea follow similar acronym patterns as Chinese , owing to the languages ' commonalities , like using the word for `` big '' or `` great '' i.e. dae ( 대 ) , to refer to universities ( 대학 ; daehak , literally `` great learning '' although `` big school '' is an acceptable alternate ) . They can be interpreted similar to American university appellations , such as `` UPenn '' or `` Texas Tech . '' Some acronyms are shortened forms of the school 's name , like how Hongik University ( 홍익 대학교 , Hongik Daehakgyo ) is shortened to Hongdae ( 홍대 , `` Hong , the big ( school ) '' or `` Hong - U '' ) Other acronyms can refer to the university 's main subject , e.g. Korea National University of Education ( 한국 교원 대학교 , Hanguk Gyowon Daehakgyo ) is shortened to Gyowondae ( 교원대 , `` Big Ed . '' or `` Ed. - U '' ) . Other schools use a Koreanized version of their English acronym . The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ( 한국 과학 기술원 , Hanguk Gwahak Gisulwon ) is referred to as KAIST ( 카이스트 , Kaiseuteu ) in both English and Korean .",
"27": "The 3 most prestigious schools in Korea are known as SKY ( 스카이 , seukai ) , combining the first letter of their English names ( Seoul National , Korea , and Yonsei Universities ) . In addition , the College Scholastic Ability Test ( 대학 수학 능력 시험 , Daehak Suhang Neungryeok Siheom ) is shortened to Suneung ( 수능 , `` S.A. '' ) . Japanese ( edit ) Main article : Japanese abbreviated and contracted words The Japanese language makes extensive use of abbreviations , but only some of these are acronyms . Chinese - based words ( Sino - Japanese vocabulary ) uses similar acronym formation to Chinese , like Tōdai ( 東大 ) for Tōkyō Daigaku ( 東京 大学 , Tokyo University ) . In some cases alternative pronunciations are used , as in Saikyō for 埼京 , from Saitama + Tōkyo ( 埼玉 + 東京 ) , rather than Saitō . Non-Chinese foreign borrowings ( gairaigo ) are instead frequently abbreviated as clipped compounds , rather than acronyms , using several initial sounds . This is visible in katakana transcriptions of foreign words , but is also found with native words ( written in hiragana ) . For example , the Pokémon media franchise 's name originally stood for `` pocket monsters '' ( ポケット モンスター → ポケモン ) , which is still the long - form of the name in Japanese , and `` wāpuro '' stands for `` word processor '' ( ワード プロセッサー → ワープロ ) . German ( edit ) To a greater degree than English does , German tends toward acronyms that use initial syllables rather than initial single letters , although it uses many of the latter type as well .",
"28": "Some examples of the syllabic type are Gestapo rather than GSP ( for Geheime Staatspolizei , ' secret state police ' ) ; Flak rather than FAK ( for Fliegerabwehrkanone , anti-aircraft gun ) ; Kripo rather than KP ( for Kriminalpolizei , detective division police ) . The extension of such contraction to a pervasive or whimsical degree has been mockingly labeled Aküfi ( for Abkürzungsfimmel , strange habit of abbreviating ) . Examples of Aküfi include Vokuhila ( for vorne kurz , hinten lang , short in the front , long in the back , i.e. , a mullet ) and the mocking of Adolf Hitler 's title as Gröfaz ( Größter Feldherr aller Zeiten , Greatest General of all Times ) . Hebrew ( edit ) Main article : Hebrew acronyms It is common to take more than just one initial letter from each of the words composing the acronym ; regardless of this , the abbreviation sign gershayim ⟨ ״ ⟩ is always written between the second - last and last letters of the non-inflected form of the acronym , even if by this it separates letters of the same original word . Examples ( keep in mind Hebrew reads right - to - left ) : ארה ״ ב ( for ארצות הברית , the United States ) ; ברה ״ מ ( for ברית המועצות , the Soviet Union ) ; ראשל ״ צ ( for ראשון לציון , Rishon LeZion ) ; ביה ״ ס ( for בית הספר , the school ) . An example that takes only the initial letters from its component words is צה ״ ל ( Tzahal , for צבא הגנה לישראל , Israel Defense Forces ) . In inflected forms the abbreviation sign gershayim remains between the second - last and last letters of the non-inflected form of the acronym ( e.g.",
"29": "`` report '' , singular : דו ״ ח , plural : דו ״ חות ; `` squad commander '' , masculine : מ ״ כ , feminine : מ ״ כית ) . Indonesian ( edit ) See also : List of Indonesian acronyms and abbreviations There is also a widespread use of acronyms in Indonesia in every aspect of social life . For example , the Golkar political party stands for Partai Golongan Karya , Monas stands for `` Monumen Nasional '' ( National Monument ) , the Angkot public transport stands for `` Angkutan Kota '' ( city public transportation ) , warnet stands for `` warung internet '' ( internet cafe ) , and many others . Some acronyms are considered formal ( or officially adopted ) , while many more are considered informal , slang or colloquial . The capital 's metropolitan area ( Jakarta and its surrounding satellite regions ) , Jabodetabek , is another infamous acronym . This stands for Jakarta - Bogor - Depok - Tangerang - Bekasi . Many highways are also named by the acronym method ; e.g. Jalan Tol ( Toll Road ) Jagorawi ( Jakarta - Bogor - Ciawi ) and Purbaleunyi ( Purwakarta - Bandung - Cileunyi ) , Joglo Semar ( Jogja - solo - semarang ) . In some languages , especially those that use certain alphabets , many acronyms come from the governmental use , particularly in the military and law enforcement services . The Indonesian military ( TNI -- Tentara Nasional Indonesia ) and Indonesian police ( POLRI -- Kepolisian Republik Indonesia ) are infamous for heavy acronyms use . Examples include the Kopassus ( Komando Pasukan Khusus ; Special Forces Command ) , Kopaska ( Komando Pasukan Katak ; Frogmen Command ) , Kodim ( Komando Distrik Militer ; Military District Command -- one of the Indonesian army 's administrative divisions ) , Serka ( Sersan Kepala ; Head Sergeant ) , Akmil ( Akademi Militer ; Military Academy -- in Magelang ) and many other terms regarding ranks , units , divisions , procedures , etc .",
"30": "Heavy acronym use by Indonesians , makes it difficult for foreigners and learners of Bahasa Indonesia to seek information and news in Indonesian media . Russian ( edit ) Acronyms that use parts of words ( not necessarily syllables ) are commonplace in Russian as well , e.g. Газпром ( Gazprom ) , for Газовая промышленность ( Gazovaya promyshlennost , gas industry ) . There are also initialisms , such as СМИ ( SMI , for средства массовой информации sredstva massovoy informatsii , means of mass informing , i.e. mass media ) . Another Russian acronym , ГУЛаг ( GULag ) combines two initials and three letters of the final word : it stands for Главное управление лагерей ( Glavnoe upravlenie lagerey , Chief Administration of Camps ) . Historically , OTMA was an acronym sometimes used by the daughters of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia and his consort , Alexandra Feodorovna , as a group nickname for themselves , built from the first letter of each girl 's name in the order of their births : Olga , Tatiana , Maria and Anastasia . Swahili ( edit ) In Swahili , acronyms are common for naming organizations such as TUKI , which stands for Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili ( the Institute for Swahili Research ) . Multiple initial letters ( often the initial syllable of words ) are often drawn together , as seen more in some languages than others . Vietnamese ( edit ) In Vietnamese , which has an abundance of compound words , initialisms are very commonly used for both proper and common nouns . Examples include TP.",
"31": "HCM ( Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh , Ho Chi Minh City ) , THPT ( trung học phổ thông , high school ) , CLB ( câu lạc bộ , club ) , CSDL ( cơ sở dữ liệu , database ) , NXB ( nhà xuất bản , publisher ) , ÔBACE ( ông bà anh chị em , a general form of address ) , and CTTĐVN ( các Thánh tử đạo Việt Nam , Vietnamese Martyrs ) . Longer examples include CHXHCNVN ( Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam , Socialist Republic of Vietnam ) and MTDTGPMNVN ( Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam , Viet Cong ) . Long initialisms have become widespread in legal contexts in Vietnam . It is also common for a writer to coin an ad - hoc initialism for repeated use in an article . Each letter in an initialism corresponds to one morpheme -- that is , one syllable . When the first letter of a syllable has a tone mark or other diacritic , the diacritic may be omitted from the initialism , for example ĐNA or ĐNÁ for Đông Nam Á ( Southeast Asia ) and LMCA or LMCÂ for Liên minh châu Âu ( European Union ) . The letter `` Ư '' is often replaced by `` W '' in initialisms to avoid confusion with `` U '' , for example UBTWMTTQVN or UBTƯMTTQVN for Ủy ban Trung ương Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam ( Central Committee of the Vietnamese Fatherland Front ) . Initialisms are purely a written convenience , being pronounced the same way as their expansions . As the names of many Vietnamese letters are disyllabic , it would be less convenient to pronounce an initialism by its individual letters . Acronyms pronounced as words are rare in Vietnamese , occurring when an acronym itself is borrowed from another language .",
"32": "Examples include SIĐA ( pronounced ( s̪i ˧ ˧ ˀɗaː ˧ ˧ ) ) , a respelling of the French acronym SIDA ( AIDS ) ; VOA ( pronounced ( vwaː ˧ ˧ ) ) , a literal reading of the English initialism for Voice of America ; and NASA ( pronounced ( naː ˧ ˧ zaː ˧ ˧ ) ) , borrowed directly from the English acronym . As in Chinese , many compound words can be shortened to the first syllable when forming a longer word . For example , the term Việt Cộng is derived from the first syllables of `` Việt Nam '' ( Vietnam ) and `` Cộng sản '' ( communist ) . This mechanism is limited to Sino - Vietnamese vocabulary . Unlike with Chinese , such shortened words are considered portmanteau words or blend words rather than acronyms or initialisms , because the Vietnamese alphabet still requires each component word to be written as more than one character . General grammatical considerations ( edit ) Declension ( edit ) In languages where nouns are declined , various methods are used . An example is Finnish , where a colon is used to separate inflection from the letters : An acronym is pronounced as a word : Nato ( nato ) -- Natoon ( natoːn ) `` into Nato '' , Nasalta `` from NASA '' An acronym is pronounced as letters : EU ( eː uː ) -- EU : hun ( eː uːhun ) `` into EU '' An acronym is interpreted as words : EU ( euroːpan unioni ) -- EU : iin ( euroːpan unioniːn ) `` into EU '' The process above is similar to how , in English , hyphens are used for clarity when prefixes are added to acronyms , thus pre-NATO policy ( rather than preNATO ) . Lenition ( edit ) In languages such as Scottish Gaelic and Irish , where lenition ( initial consonant mutation ) is commonplace , acronyms must also be modified in situations where case and context dictate it .",
"33": "In the case of Scottish Gaelic , a lower case `` h '' is added after the initial consonant ; for example , BBC Scotland in the genitive case would be written as BhBC Alba , with the acronym pronounced `` VBC '' . Likewise , the Gaelic acronym for `` television '' ( gd : telebhisean ) is TBh , pronounced `` TV '' , as in English . Extremes ( edit ) The longest acronym , according to the 1965 edition of Acronyms , Initialisms and Abbreviations Dictionary , is ADCOMSUBORDCOMPHIBSPAC , a United States Navy term that stands for `` Administrative Command , Amphibious Forces , Pacific Fleet Subordinate Command . '' Another term COMNAVSEACOMBATSYSENGSTA , which stands for `` Commander , Naval Sea Systems Combat Engineering Station '' is longer but the word `` Combat '' is not shortened . The world 's longest acronym , according to the Guinness Book of World Records , is NIIOMTPLABOPARMBETZHELBETRABSBOMONIMONKONOTDTEKHSTROMONT ( Нииомтплабопармбетжелбетрабсбомонимонконотдтехстромонт ) . However , this is more precisely a combination acronym / clipped compound , as multiple initial letters of some constituent words are used . The 56 - letter term ( 54 in Cyrillic ) is from the Concise Dictionary of Soviet Terminology and means `` The laboratory for shuttering , reinforcement , concrete and ferroconcrete operations for composite - monolithic and monolithic constructions of the Department of the Technology of Building - assembly operations of the Scientific Research Institute of the Organization for building mechanization and technical aid of the Academy of Building and Architecture of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . ''",
"34": "( научно - исследовательская ( ... ) лаборатория операций по армированию бетона и железобетонных работ по сооружению сборно - монолитных и монолитных конструкций отдела технологии строительно - монтажного управления ) The card - game Magic : The Gathering has a playing card called `` Our Market Research Shows That Players Like Really Long Card Names So We Made this Card to Have the Absolute Longest Card Name Ever Elemental '' , with text on it saying : `` Just call it OMRSTPLRLCNSWMTCTHTALCNEE for short . '' See also ( edit ) Acronyms in healthcare Acronyms in the Philippines Acrostic Amalgamation ( names ) Astronomical acronyms Backronym Initialized sign Internet slang Lists of abbreviations List of abbreviations in photography List of acronyms List of fictional espionage organizations List of Japanese Latin alphabetic abbreviations - onym Portmanteau RAS syndrome ( Redundant Acronym Syndrome syndrome ) Recursive acronym Syllabic abbreviation Three - letter acronym Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This change was also applied to other languages , with Poulet Frit Kentucky becoming PFK in French Canada . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paris Gazette , by Lion Feuchtwanger ; translated ( from Exil ) by Willa and Edwin Muir , New York , Viking Press , 1940 . Chapter 47 , Beasts of Prey , pp. 665 -- 66 : His first glance at the Paris German News told Wiesener that this new paper was nothing like the old P.G. . `` They can call it the P.G.N. if they like '' , he thought , `` but that 's the only difference . Pee - gee - enn ; what 's the word for words like that , made out of initials ? My memory is beginning to fail me . Just the other day there was a technical expression I could n't remember . I must be growing old . `` P.G. or P.G.N.",
"35": ", it 's six of one and half a dozen of the other ... Pee - gee - enn . It 's an acronym , that 's what it is . That 's what they call words made up of initials . So I remember it after all ; that 's at least something . For `` Akronym '' used in 1921 or 1922 , giving an example of `` Agfa '' film : Brockhaus Handbuch des Wissens in vier Bänden . Leipzig , F.A. Brockhaus , ( 1922 -- 23 , c1921 -- 23 ) v. 1 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Merriam - Webster , Inc . Merriam - Webster 's Dictionary of English Usage , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 87779 - 132 - 5 . pp. 21 -- 22 : acronyms A number of commentators ( as Copperud 1970 , Janis 1984 , Howard 1984 ) believe that acronyms can be differentiated from other abbreviations in being pronounceable as words . Dictionaries , however , do not make this distinction because writers in general do not : `` The powder metallurgy industry has officially adopted the acronym ' P / M Parts ' '' -- Precision Metal Molding , January 1966 . `` Users of the term acronym make no distinction between those pronounced as words ... and those pronounced as a series of characters '' -- Jean Praninskas , Trade Name Creation , 1968 . `` It is not J.C.B. 's fault that its name , let alone its acronym , is not a household word among European scholars '' -- Times Literary Supp. 5 February 1970 . `` ... the confusion in the Pentagon about abbreviations and acronyms -- words formed from the first letters of other words '' -- Bernard Weinraub , N.Y. Times , 11 December 1978 . Pyles & Algeo 1970 divide acronyms into `` initialisms '' , which consists of initial letters pronounced with the letter names , and `` word acronyms '' , which are pronounced as words . Initialism , an older word than acronym , seems to be too little known to the general public to serve as the customary term standing in contrast with acronym in a narrow sense .",
"36": "^ Jump up to : `` acronym '' . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English ( 1991 ) , Oxford University Press . p. 12 : `` a word , usu ( ally ) pronounced as such , formed from the initial letters of other words ( e.g. Ernie , laser , Nato ) '' . Jump up ^ `` acronym '' `` Cambridge Dictionary of American English '' , accessed October 5 , 2008 : `` a word created from the first letters of each word in a series of words . '' Jump up ^ `` acronym '' `` The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language '' , accessed August 13 , 2015 : `` 1 . A word formed by combining the initial letters of a multipart name , such as NATO from North Atlantic Treaty Organization or by combining the initial letters or parts of a series of words , such as radar from radio detecting and ranging . 2 . Usage Problem An initialism . Usage Note : In strict usage , the term acronym refers to a word made from the initial letters or parts of other words , such as sonar from so ( und ) na ( vigation and ) r ( anging ) . The distinguishing feature of an acronym is that it is pronounced as if it were a single word , in the manner of NATO and NASA . Acronyms are often distinguished from initialisms like FBI and NIH , whose individual letters are pronounced as separate syllables . While observing this distinction has some virtue in precision , it may be lost on many people , for whom the term acronym refers to both kinds of abbreviations . '' Jump up ^ `` acronym '' `` Collins Dictionaries '' , accessed August 13 , 2015 : `` a pronounceable name made up of a series of initial letters or parts of words ; for example , UNESCO for the United Nations Educational , Scientific , and Cultural Organization '' Jump up ^ `` acronym '' `` Cambridge Dictionaries Online '' , accessed August 13 , 2015 : `` an abbreviation consisting of the first letters of each word in the name of something , pronounced as a word : AIDS is an acronym for ' Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ' . '' Jump up ^ `` acronym '' `` Cambridge Dictionaries Online '' , accessed August 13 , 2015 : `` Acronyms are words which are formed from the first letters of other words , and which are pronounced as full words . ''",
"37": "Jump up ^ `` acronym '' `` Wordsmyth , the Priemier Educational Dictionary - Thesaurus '' , accessed August 13 , 2015 : `` a type of abbreviation used as a word , formed by combining the initial letters ( or initial parts ) of words that make up a particular string . The pronunciation of an acronym is based on the typical rules of pronouncing words in a language and is not made up of the sounds of the names of individual letters . NASA is an acronym for ' National Aeronautics and Space Administration . ' The abbreviations ' FBI ' and ' DVD ' are not acronyms , but ' AIDS , ' ' FICA , ' and ' PIN ' are . '' Jump up ^ `` acronym '' `` NetLingo , the Internet Dictionary '' , accessed August 13 , 2015 : `` Derived from the first letters of a phrase , acronyms are meant to make the phrase easier to say and remember . With an acronym , the first letter of each word makes up a new word that is , in fact , pronounceable ( for example , SNAFU is pronounced `` sna - foo '' and WOMBAT is pronounced `` wahm - bat '' ) . '' Jump up ^ `` acronym '' . Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing ( 2012 ) . Stedman . `` A pronounceable word formed from the initial letters of each word or selected words in a phrase ( e.g. , AIDS ) '' . Jump up ^ `` acronym '' `` AES Pro Audio Reference '' , accessed August 13 , 2015 : `` A word formed from the first letters of a name , such as laser for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation , or by combining initial letters or parts of a series of words , such as radar for radio detecting and ranging . The requirement of forming a word is what distinguishes an acronym from an abbreviation ( or initialism as it is also called ) . Thus modem ( modulator - demodulator ) is an acronym , and AES ( Audio Engineering Society ) is an abbreviation or initialism . '' Jump up ^ `` The Correct Use of Acronyms and Initialisms '' `` Scribendi Proofreading Services '' , accessed August 13 , 2015 : `` An acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a name or phrase .",
"38": "It is pronounced as if it were a word . Examples of common acronyms include `` SARS '' ( severe acute respiratory syndrome ) and `` UNICEF '' ( United Nations International Children 's Emergency Fund ) '' Jump up ^ `` The Difference Between an Acronym and an Initialism '' `` Today I Found Out '' , accessed August 13 , 2015 : `` An acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a name or phrase . It is pronounced as if it were a word . Examples of common acronyms include `` SARS '' ( severe acute respiratory syndrome ) and `` UNICEF '' ( United Nations International Children 's Emergency Fund ) '' ^ Jump up to : Crystal , David ( 1995 ) . `` Abbreviation '' . The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 55985 - 5 . p. 120 : Under the heading `` Types of Abbreviation '' , this article separately lists initialisms and acronyms , describing the latter as `` Initialisms pronounced as single words '' , but adds , `` However , some linguists do not recognize a sharp distinction between acronyms and initialisms , but use the former term for both . '' Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Misunderstood Terms in IT '' `` TechTarget '' , accessed August 13 , 2015 : `` An acronym is not any abbreviation , just one that forms a `` sayable '' word . Apart from that confusion , acronyms and other abbreviations cause confusion any time a reader is likely not to know what the spelled - out version is . '' Jump up ^ `` initialism '' `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' , accessed August 13 , 2015 : `` initialism ( n . ) word formed from the first letters of other words or a phrase , 1957 , from initial ( n . ) + - ism . The distinction from acronym is not universally agreed - upon ; in general , words such as NATO , where the letters form a word , are regarded as acronyms , those such as FBI , where the letters sound as letters , are initialisms . The use of acronym in entries in this dictionary that are technically initialisms is a deliberate error , because many people only know to search for all such words under ' acronym . '",
"39": "'' Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` dGuide to the Third Edition of the OED '' . Oxford English Dictionary . August 19 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` acronym . '' Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary , accessed May 2 , 2006 : `` a word ( as NATO , radar , or laser ) formed from the initial letter or letters of each of the successive parts or major parts of a compound term ; also : an abbreviation ( as FBI ) formed from initial letters : see initialism '' Jump up ^ `` acronym '' . Webster 's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary ( 2003 ) , Barnes & Noble . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 4975 - 2 : `` 1 . a word created from the first letter or letters of each word in a series of words or a phrase . 2 . a set of initials representing a name , organization , or the like , with each letter pronounced separately , as FBI for Federal Bureau of Investigation . '' Jump up ^ `` acronym '' . American Heritage Dictionary ( 5th ed . ) . 2014 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . `` Usage Note : ... Acronyms are often distinguished from initialisms like FBI and NIH , whose individual letters are pronounced as separate syllables . While observing this distinction has some virtue in precision , it may be lost on many people , for whom the term acronym refers to both kinds of abbreviations . Jump up ^ `` acronym '' Oxford English Dictionary . Ed . J.A. Simpson and E.S.C. Weiner . 2nd ed . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1989 . OED Online Oxford University Press . Accessed May 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of CRT '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Jump up ^ Burchfield , R.W. , ed. ( 2004 ) ( 1998 ) . Fowler 's Modern English Usage ( Third Revised ed . ) . Oxford University Press . `` acronym '' , pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 861021 - 2 .",
"40": "The limitations of the term being not widely known to the general public , acronym is also often applied to abbreviations that are familiar but are not pronounceable as words . Thus EC ( European Community ) , FBI ( Federal Bureau of Investigation ) , and VCR ( videocassette recorder ) . Such terms are also called initialisms . Jump up ^ `` ( ISC ) 2 providing CISSP security accreditation to Interpol computer crime units '' ( Press release ) . ( ISC ) 2 . April 23 , 2002 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Paul ( 2008 ) . `` C4ISR '' . Dictionary of international security . Polity . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 7456 - 4028 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Nooit opgegeven , al 95 jaar doorgezet ! '' ( in Dutch ) . NAC Breda . September 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2012 . Precies 95 jaar terug smolten NOAD ( Nooit Opgeven Altijd Doorzetten ) en Advendo ( Aangenaam Door Vermaak en Nuttig Door Ontspanning ) samen in de NOAD - ADVENDO Combinatie , kortom NAC . Jump up ^ Dart , James ( December 14 , 2005 ) . `` What is the longest team name in the world ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Acronyms ( and other forms of abbreviation ) , '' Department of Homeland Security , 12 Nov 2008 ^ Jump up to : B. Davenport American Notes and Queries ( February 1943 ) vol 2 page 167 `` Your correspondent who asks about words made up of the initial letters or syllables of other words may be interested in knowing that I have seen such words called by the name acronym , which is useful and clear to anyone who knows a little Greek . '' Jump up ^ `` Baloney '' . www.etymonline.com . Jump up ^ S.V. Baum ( 1962 ) American Speech Vol. 37 No.",
"41": "1 , The Acronym , Pure and Impure Jump up ^ American Speech ( 1943 ) Vol. 18 , No. 2 , page 142 Jump up ^ American Speech ( 1950 ) Vol. 25 No. 2 page 147 ^ Jump up to : Wilton , David ( 2004 ) . Word myths : debunking linguistic urban legends . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517284 - 3 . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Legends Reference Pages : Language ( Acronyms ) '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` abjad , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` cabal , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ K.D. Nilsen & A.P. Nilsen ( 1995 ) The English Journal Vol. 84 , No. 6. , `` Literary Metaphors and Other Linguistic Innovations in Computer Language '' Jump up ^ Crystal , David . Txtng : The Gr8 Db8 . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954490 - 5 Jump up ^ Patel CB , Rashid RM ( February 2009 ) . `` Averting the proliferation of acronymophilia in dermatology : effectively avoiding ADCOMSUBORDCOMPHIBSPAC '' . J Am Acad Dermatol. 60 ( 2 ) : 340 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaad. 2008.10. 035 . PMID 19150279 . Jump up ^ See Snopes article . ^ Jump up to : Quinion , Michael ( 2005 ) . Port Out , Starboard Home : And Other Language Myths . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 101223 - 4 . ; published in the US as Quinion , Michael ( 2006 ) . Ballyhoo , Buckaroo , and Spuds . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 085153 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` See article at Snopes '' .",
"42": "Snopes.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Etymonline.com '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary : initialism . `` Globe & Mail ( Toronto ) 22 May 10 / 4 Americanization has also largely done away with periods in acronyms and initialisms . '' Jump up ^ `` Abbreviations '' . Informatics.susx.ac.uk . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2007 . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kristoff , Nicholas D. ( February 7 , 2004 ) . `` Secret Obsessions at the Top '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Turabian , K. , A Manual for Writers of Research Papers , Theses , and Dissertations , 7th Edition , subsection 20.1. 2 Jump up ^ Modern Language Association ( MLA ) Handbook for Writers of Research Papers , 7th Edition 2009 , subsection 3.2. 7. g Jump up ^ Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association ( APA ) , 5th Edition 2001 , subsection 3.28 Jump up ^ Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association ( APA ) , 6th Edition 2010 , subsection 4.29 Jump up ^ Siegal , AM. , Connolly , WG. , The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage , Three Rivers Press , 1999 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Writer 's Block -- Writing Tips -- Plural and Possessive Abbreviations '' . Writersblock.ca . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robert . `` EditFast Grammar Resource : Apostrophes : Forming Plurals '' . Editfast.com . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Libraries Australia -- T.H.",
"43": "McWilliam , Charles Kingsford Smith , Prime Minister of New Zealand Joseph Coates , Charles Ulm and H.A. Litchfield in front row with Members of Parliament on steps of Parliament House , Wellington , New Zealand , September 1928 ( picture ) / Crown Studios '' . Nla.gov.au . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robin Hyde . `` Chapter III . -- The House is in Session '' . NZETC . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Under the party plan ' ' by C.J. Dennis ( 1876 -- 1938 ) '' . Middlemiss.org . January 18 , 1912 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 02 Dec 1948 -- Townsville Daily Bulletin -- p1 Jump up ^ 14 Oct 1948 -- PRIME MINISTER ASSERTS M 's. P. HAVE NO IMMUNITY F Jump up ^ `` The Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne '' . www.electricscotland.com . Jump up ^ Garner , Bryan ( August 27 , 2009 ) . Garner 's Modern American Usage . Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press . p. 638 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538275 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` pp Definition '' . en.oxforddictionaries.com . Oxford University . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cambridge Dictionary - English Dictionary , Translations & Thesaurus '' . dictionary.cambridge.org . Cambridge University . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 6th ed . ) , Oxford University Press , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920687 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Styleguide '' . London : Guardian.co.uk . December 19 , 2008 .",
"44": "Use all capitals if an abbreviation is pronounced as the individual letters ( an initialism ) : BBC , CEO , US , VAT , etc ; if it is an acronym ( pronounced as a word ) spell out with initial capital , eg Nasa , Nato , Unicef , unless it can be considered to have entered the language as an everyday word , such as awol , laser and , more recently , asbo , pin number and sim card . Note that pdf and plc are lowercase . Jump up ^ `` BBC News Style Guide '' ( PDF ) . bbc.co.uk . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Iverson , Cheryl , et al. ( eds ) ( 2007 ) , AMA Manual of Style ( 10th ed . ) , Oxford , Oxfordshire : Oxford University Press , p. 442 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517633 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Language Log : Orphan initialisms '' . itre.cis.upenn.edu . ^ Jump up to : What Does `` BP '' Stand For ? Archived November 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Applebome , Peter ( April 2 , 1997 ) . `` Insisting It 's Nothing , Creator Says SAT , Not S.A.T. '' New York Times . Jump up ^ Komarek , Dan ( July 29 , 2003 ) . `` Changes to SAT Make Test More Coachable '' . Daily Californian . Jump up ^ Peter O. Keegan ( February 21 , 1991 ) . `` KFC shuns ' fried ' image with new name -- Kentucky Fried Chicken has changed its name to KFC '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . Retrieved August 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BP plc History '' . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ UBS means RIP for Warburg . The Daily Telegraph , November 13 , 2002 Jump up ^ 99 Novels : The Best in English Since 1939 ( New York : Summit Books , 1984 ) .",
"45": "Jump up ^ Katie Drummond ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` Holy Acronym , Darpa ! ' Batman & Robin ' to Master Biology , Outdo Evolution '' . Wired . ^ Jump up to : Cheng , Tsung O ( 2003 ) , `` No more unexplained trial acronyms please . Trial Acronyms : Better Obvious than Obscure ( TABOO ) '' , Int J Cardiol , 89 ( 2 - 3 ) : 303 , doi : 10.1016 / S0167 - 5273 ( 02 ) 00411 - 4 , PMID 12767559 ^ Jump up to : Stanbrook , MB ; Austin , PC ; Redelmeier , DA ( 2006 ) , `` Acronym - named randomized trials in medicine -- the ART in medicine study '' , N Engl J Med , 355 ( 1 ) : 101 -- 102 , doi : 10.1056 / NEJMc053420 , PMID 16823008 Jump up ^ University of Cambridge International Examinations team , University of Cambridge International Examinations > CLAiT -- International page , archived from the original on January 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ Morning Edition ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Unfortunate Acronym Forces Law School Name Change '' . NPR . Jump up ^ `` Very deep multiply nested acronyms '' . Newscientist.com . July 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Từ viết tắt '' ( Abbreviations ) ( in Vietnamese ) . BBC Academy . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 .",
"46": "Chưa kể cách viết này còn dễ bị cho là lười biếng hoặc tỏ ra quan trọng , vì đây là cách chép nguyên xi , máy móc các cụm từ viết tắt từ văn bản pháp quy của chính quyền , như TTLT - VKSNDTC - TANDTC , khá phổ biến ở Việt Nam hiện nay . Jump up ^ `` Our Market Research Shows That Players Like Really Long Card Names So We Made this Card to Have the Absolute Longest Card Name Ever Elemental ( Unhinged ) - Gatherer - Magic : The Gathering '' . gatherer.wizards.com . External links ( edit ) Look up acronym , initialism , or alphabetism in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Acronyms at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acronym&oldid=838325318 '' Categories : Abbreviations Acronyms Types of words Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) Use mdy dates from November 2016 Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2017",
"47": "All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2017 Articles containing French - language text Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles that may contain original research from November 2012 Articles containing Korean - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Swahili - language text Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Articles containing Finnish - language text Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית",
"48": "ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Luganda Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 60 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 09 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "History of the palace of Versailles - wikipedia History of the palace of Versailles Jump to : navigation , search The main construction of Versailles took place in four campaigns between 1664 and 1710 Palace of Versailles , the building 's evolution The Palace of Versailles is a royal château in Versailles , in the Île - de-France region of France . When the château was built , Versailles was a country village ; today , however , it is a suburb of Paris , some 20 kilometres southwest of the French capital . The court of Versailles was the centre of political power in France from 1682 , when Louis XIV moved from Paris , until the royal family was forced to return to the capital in October 1789 after the beginning of the French Revolution . Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building , but as well as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Ancien Régime 2.1 Louis XIII 2.2 Louis XIV 2.2. 1 First building campaign 2.2. 2 Second building campaign 2.2. 3 Third building campaign 2.2. 4 Fourth building campaign 2.3 Louis XV 2.4 Louis XVI 3 French Revolution 4 First Empire 5 Bourbon Restoration 6 July Monarchy 7 Second Empire 8 Versailles under Pierre de Nolhac 9 The Van der Kemp period 10 Contemporary Versailles 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Origins ( edit ) The earliest mention of the name of Versailles is found in a document which predates 1038 , the Charte de l'abbaye Saint - Père de Chartres ( Charter of the Saint - Père de Chartres Abbey ) , in which one of the signatories was a certain Hugo de Versailliis ( Hugues de Versailles ) , who was seigneur of Versailles . During this period , the village of Versailles centred on a small castle and church , and the area was governed by a local lord .",
"1": "Its location on the road from Paris to Dreux and Normandy brought some prosperity to the village but , following an outbreak of the Plague and the Hundred Years ' War , the village was largely destroyed , and its population sharply declined . In 1575 , Albert de Gondi , a naturalized Florentine who gained prominence at the court of Henry II , purchased the seigneury of Versailles . Ancien Régime ( edit ) The château , c. 1630 -- 1640 , as shown on the map of Jacques Gomboust ( fr ) Louis XIII ( edit ) In the early seventeenth century , Gondi invited Louis XIII on several hunting trips in the forests surrounding Versailles . Pleased with the location , Louis ordered the construction of a hunting lodge in 1624 . Designed by Philibert Le Roy , the structure , a small château , was constructed of stone and red brick , with a based roof . Eight years later , Louis obtained the seigneury of Versailles from the Gondi family and began to make enlargements to the château . A vignette of Versailles from the 1652 Paris map of Jacques Gomboust ( fr ) shows a traditional design : an entrance court with a corps de logis on the far western end , flanked by secondary wings on the north and south sides , and closed off by an entrance screen . Adjacent exterior towers were located at the four corners , with the entire structure surrounded by a moat . This was preceded by two service wings , creating a forecourt with a grilled entrance marked by two round towers . The vignette also shows a garden on the western side of the château with a fountain on the central axis and rectangular planted parterres to either side . Louis XIV had played and hunted at the site as a boy . With a few modifications , this structure would become the core of the new palace . Louis XIV ( edit ) Statue of Louis XIV in Versailles Louis XIII 's successor , Louis XIV , had a great interest in Versailles . He settled on the royal hunting lodge at Versailles , and over the following decades had it expanded into one of the largest palaces in the world .",
"2": "Beginning in 1661 , the architect Louis Le Vau , landscape architect André Le Nôtre , and painter - decorator Charles Lebrun began a detailed renovation and expansion of the château . This was done to fulfill Louis XIV 's desire to establish a new centre for the royal court . Following the Treaties of Nijmegen in 1678 , he began to gradually move the court to Versailles . The court was officially established there on 6 May 1682 . By moving his court and government to Versailles , Louis XIV hoped to extract more control of the government from the nobility and to distance himself from the population of Paris . All the power of France emanated from this centre : there were government offices here , as well as the homes of thousands of courtiers , their retinues , and all the attendant functionaries of court . By requiring that nobles of a certain rank and position spend time each year at Versailles , Louis prevented them from developing their own regional power at the expense of his own and kept them from countering his efforts to centralise the French government in an absolute monarchy . The meticulous and strict court etiquette that Louis established , which overwhelmed his heirs with its petty boredom , was epitomised in the elaborate ceremonies and exacting procedures that accompanied his rising in the morning , known as the Lever , divided into a petit lever for the most important and a grand lever for the whole court . Like other French court manners , étiquette was quickly imitated in other European courts . The expansion of the château became synonymous with the absolutism of Louis XIV . In 1661 , following the death of Cardinal Mazarin , chief minister of the government , Louis had declared that he would be his own chief minister . The idea of establishing the court at Versailles was conceived to ensure that all of his advisors and provincial rulers would be kept close to him . He feared that they would rise up against him and start a revolt and believed that if he kept all of his potential threats near him , they would be powerless .",
"3": "After the disgrace of Nicolas Fouquet in 1661 -- Louis claimed the finance minister would not have been able to build his grand château at Vaux - le - Vicomte without having embezzled from the crown -- Louis , after the confiscation of Fouquet 's estate , employed the talents of Le Vau , Le Nôtre , and Le Brun , who all had worked on Vaux - le - Vicomte , for his building campaigns at Versailles and elsewhere . For Versailles , there were four distinct building campaigns ( after minor alterations and enlargements had been executed on the château and the gardens in 1662 -- 1663 ) , all of which corresponded to Louis XIV 's wars . First building campaign ( edit ) The château circa 1668 , as painted by Pierre Patel ( Versailles Museum ) The first building campaign ( 1664 -- 1668 ) commenced with the Plaisirs de l'Île enchantée of 1664 , a fête that was held between 7 and 13 May 1664 . The fête was ostensibly given to celebrate the two queens of France -- Anne of Austria , the Queen Mother , and Marie - Thérèse , Louis XIV 's wife -- but in reality honored the king 's mistress , Louise de La Vallière . The celebration of the Plaisirs de l'Île enchantée is often regarded as a prelude to the War of Devolution , which Louis waged against Spain . The first building campaign ( 1664 -- 1668 ) involved alterations in the château and gardens to accommodate the 600 guests invited to the party . Second building campaign ( edit ) Plan of the main floor ( c. 1676 ) , showing Le Vau 's enveloppe with the grand appartement du roi in blue and the grand appartement de la reine in yellow . The old château is shown in gray . The terrace overlooked the central parterre of the gardens of Versailles . The second building campaign ( 1669 -- 1672 ) was inaugurated with the signing of the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle , which ended the War of Devolution . During this campaign , the château began to assume some of the appearance that it has today .",
"4": "The most important modification of the château was Le Vau 's envelope of Louis XIII 's hunting lodge . The enveloppe -- often referred to as the château neuf to distinguish it from the older structure of Louis XIII -- enclosed the hunting lodge on the north , west , and south . The new structure provided new lodgings for the king and members of his family . The main floor -- the piano nobile -- of the château neuf was given over entirely to two apartments : one for the king , and one for the queen . The grand appartement du roi occupied the northern part of the château neuf and grand appartement de la reine occupied the southern part . View of the garden front , 1674 , after the second building capmpaign , engraving by Israël Silvestre Garden façade of the Palace of Versailles , ca . 1675 , with the terrace that later became the Hall of Mirrors The western part of the enveloppe was given over almost entirely to a terrace , which was later enclosed with the construction of the Hall of Mirrors ( Galerie des Glaces ) . The ground floor of the northern part of the château neuf was occupied by the appartement des bains , which included a sunken octagonal tub with hot and cold running water . The king 's brother and sister - in - law , the duke and duchesse d'Orléans occupied apartments on the ground floor of the southern part of the château neuf . The upper story of the château neuf was reserved for private rooms for the king to the north and rooms for the king 's children above the queen 's apartment to the south . Significant to the design and construction of the grands appartements is that the rooms of both apartments are of the same configuration and dimensions -- a hitherto unprecedented feature in French palace design . It has been suggested that this parallel configuration was intentional as Louis XIV had intended to establish Marie - Thérèse d'Autriche as queen of Spain , and thus thereby establish a dual monarchy .",
"5": "Louis XIV 's rationale for the joining of the two kingdoms was seen largely as recompense for Philip IV 's failure to pay his daughter Marie - Thérèse 's dowry , which was among the terms of capitulation to which Spain agreed with the promulgation of the Treaty of the Pyrenees , which ended the war between France and Spain that began in 1635 during the Thirty Years ' War . Louis XIV regarded his father - in - law 's act as a breach of the treaty and consequently engaged in the War of Devolution . Both the grand appartement du roi and the grand appartement de la reine formed a suite of seven enfilade rooms . Each room is dedicated to one of the then known celestial bodies and is personified by the appropriate Greco - Roman deity . The decoration of the rooms , which was conducted under Le Brun 's direction depicted the `` heroic actions of the king '' and were represented in allegorical form by the actions of historical figures from the antique past ( Alexander the Great , Augustus , Cyrus , etc . ) . Third building campaign ( edit ) With the signing of the Treaty of Nijmegen in 1678 , which ended the Dutch War , the third building campaign at Versailles began ( 1678 -- 1684 ) . Under the direction of the architect , Jules Hardouin - Mansart , the Palace of Versailles acquired much of the look that it has today . In addition to the Hall of Mirrors , Hardouin - Mansart designed the north and south wings , which were used , respectively , by the nobility and Princes of the Blood , and the Orangerie . Le Brun was occupied not only with the interior decoration of the new additions of the palace , but also collaborated with Le Nôtre 's in landscaping the palace gardens . As symbol of France 's new prominence as a European super-power , Louis XIV officially installed his court at Versailles in May 1682 . Fourth building campaign ( edit ) View from the Place d'Armes , ca .",
"6": "1722 , by Pierre - Denis Martin ( 1663 - 1742 ) Soon after the crushing defeat of the War of the League of Augsburg ( 1688 -- 1697 ) and owing possibly to the pious influence of Madame de Maintenon , Louis XIV undertook his last building campaign at Versailles . The fourth building campaign ( 1699 -- 1710 ) concentrated almost exclusively on construction of the royal chapel designed by Hardouin - Mansart and finished by Robert de Cotte and his team of decorative designers . There were also some modifications in the appartement du roi , namely the construction of the Salon de l'Œil de Bœuf and the King 's Bedchamber . With the completion of the chapel in 1710 , virtually all construction at Versailles ceased ; building would not be resumed at Versailles until some twenty one years later during the reign of Louis XV . Plans of the evolution of Versailles The palace in 1668 The palace in 1674 The palace in 1680 Louis XV ( edit ) After the death of the Louis XIV in 1715 , the five - year - old king Louis XV , the court , and the Régence government of Philippe d'Orléans returned to Paris . In May 1717 , during his visit to France , the Russian czar Peter the Great stayed at the Grand Trianon . His time at Versailles was used to observe and study the palace and gardens , which he later used as a source of inspiration when he built Peterhof on the Bay of Finland , west of Saint Petersburg . During the reign of Louis XV , Versailles underwent transformation but not on the scale that had been seen during his predecessor 's reign . When Louis XV and the court returned to Versailles in 1722 , the first project was the completion of the Salon d'Hercule , which had been begun during the last years of Louis XIV 's reign but was never finished due to the king 's death .",
"7": "Significant among Louis XV 's contributions to Versailles were the petit appartement du roi ; the appartements de Mesdames , the appartement du dauphin , the appartement de la dauphine on the ground floor ; and the two private apartments of Louis XV -- petit appartement du roi au deuxième étage ( later transformed into the appartement de Madame du Barry ) and the petit appartement du roi au troisième étage -- on the second and third floors of the palace . The crowning achievements of Louis XV 's reign were the construction of the Opéra and the Petit Trianon . Equally significant was the destruction of the Escalier des Ambassadeurs ( Ambassadors ' Stair ) , the only fitting approach to the State Apartments , which Louis XV undertook to make way for apartments for his daughters . The gardens remained largely unchanged from the time of Louis XIV ; the completion of the Bassin de Neptune between 1738 and 1741 was the most important legacy Louis XV made to the gardens . Towards the end of his reign , Louis XV , under the advice of Ange - Jacques Gabriel , began to remodel the courtyard façades of the palace . With the objective revetting the entrance of the palace with classical façades , Louis XV began a project that was continued during the reign of Louis XVI , but which did not see completion until the 20th century . Gardens and palace of Versailles in 1746 , by the abbot Delagrive Louis XVI ( edit ) In 1774 , shortly after his ascension , Louis XVI ordered an extensive replanting of the bosquets of the gardens , since many of the century - old trees had died . Only a few changes to Le Nôtre 's design were made : some bosquets were removed , others altered , including the Bains d'Apollon ( north of the Parterre de Latone ) , which was redone after a design by Hubert Robert in anglo - chinois style ( popular during the late 18th century ) , and the Labyrinthe ( at the southern edge of the garden ) was converted to the small Jardin de la Reine .",
"8": "In the interior of the palace , the library and the salon des jeux in the petit appartement du roi and the petit appartement de la reine , redecorated by Richard Mique for Marie - Antoinette , are among the finest examples of the style Louis XVI . French Revolution ( edit ) On 6 October 1789 , the royal family had to leave Versailles and move to the Tuileries Palace in Paris , as a result of the Women 's March on Versailles . During the early years of the French Revolution , preservation of the palace was largely in the hands of the citizens of Versailles . In October 1790 , Louis XVI ordered the palace to be emptied of its furniture , requesting that most be sent to the Tuileries Palace . In response to the order , the mayor of Versailles and the municipal council met to draft a letter to Louis XVI in which they stated that if the furniture was removed , it would certainly precipitate economic ruin on the city . A deputation from Versailles met with the king on 12 October after which Louis XVI , touched by the sentiments of the residents of Versailles , rescinded the order . Eight months later , however , the fate of Versailles was sealed : on 21 June 1791 , Louis XVI was arrested at Varennes after which the Assemblée nationale constituante accordingly declared that all possessions of the royal family had been abandoned . To safeguard the palace , the Assemblée nationale constituante ordered the palace of Versailles to be sealed . On 20 October 1792 a letter was read before the National Convention in which Jean - Marie Roland de la Platière , interior minister , proposed that the furnishings of the palace and those of the residences in Versailles that had been abandoned be sold and that the palace be either sold or rented . The sale of furniture transpired at auctions held between 23 August 1793 and 30 nivôse an III ( 19 January 1795 ) . Only items of particular artistic or intellectual merit were exempt from the sale . These items were consigned to be part of the collection of a museum , which had been planned at the time of the sale of the palace furnishings .",
"9": "In 1793 , Charles - François Delacroix deputy to the Convention and father of the painter Eugène Delacroix proposed that the metal statuary in the gardens of Versailles be confiscated and sent to the foundry to be made into cannon . The proposal was debated but eventually it was tabled . On 28 floréal an II ( 5 May 1794 ) the Convention decreed that the château and gardens of Versailles , as well as other former royal residences in the environs , would not be sold but placed under the care of the Republic for the public good . Following this decree , the château became a repository for art work seized from churches and princely homes . As a result of Versailles serving as a repository for confiscated art works , collections were amassed that eventually became part of the proposed museum . Among the items found at Versailles at this time a collection of natural curiosities that has been assembled by the sieur Fayolle during his voyages in America . The collection was sold to the comte d'Artois and was later confiscated by the state . Fayolle , who had been nominated to the Commission des arts , became guardian of the collection and was later , in June 1794 , nominated by the Convention to be the first directeur du Conservatoire du Muséum national de Versailles . The next year , André Dumont the people 's representative , became administrator for the department of the Seine - et - Oise . Upon assuming his administrative duties , Dumont was struck with the deplorable state into which the palace and gardens had sunk . He quickly assumed administrative duties of the château and assembled a team of conservators to oversee the various collections of the museum . One of Dumont 's first appointments was that of Huges Lagarde ( 10 messidor an III ( 28 June 1795 ) , a wealthy soap merchant from Marseille with strong political connections , as bibliographer of the museum . With the abandonment of the palace , there remained no less than 104 libraries which contained in excess of 200,000 printed volumes and manuscripts . Lagarde , with his political connections and his association with Dumont , became the driving force behind Versailles as a museum at this time .",
"10": "Lagarde was able to assemble a team of curators including sieur Fayolle for natural history and , Louis Jean - Jacques Durameau , the painter responsible for the ceiling painting in the Opéra , was appointed as curator for painting . Owing largely to political vicissitudes that occurred in France during the 1790s , Versailles succumbed to further degradations . Mirrors were assigned by the finance ministry for payment of debts of the Republic and draperies , upholstery , and fringes were confiscated and sent to the mint to recoup the gold and silver used in their manufacture . Despite its designation as a museum , Versailles served as an annex to the Hôtel des Invalides pursuant to the decree of 7 frimaire an VIII ( 28 November 1799 ) , which commandeered part of the palace and which had wounded soldiers being housed in the petit appartement du roi . In 1797 , the Muséum national was reorganised and renamed Musée spécial de l'École française . The grands appartements were used as galleries in which the morceaux de réception submitted by artists seeking admission to the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture during the 17th and 18th centuries , the series The Life of Saint Bruno by Eustache Le Sueur and the Life of Marie de Médicis by Peter Paul Rubens were placed on display . The museum , which included the sculptures in the garden , became the finest museum of classic French art that had existed . First Empire ( edit ) With the advent of Napoléon and the First Empire , the status of Versailles changed . Paintings and art work that had previously been assigned to Muséum national and the Musée spécial de l'École française were systematically dispersed to other locations , and eventually the museum was closed . In accordance with provisions of the 1804 Constitution , Versailles was designated as an imperial palace for the department of the Seine - et - Oise . While Napoléon did not reside in the château , apartments were , however , arranged and decorated for the use of the empress Marie - Louise . The emperor chose to reside at the Grand Trianon .",
"11": "The château continued to serve , however , as an annex of the Hôtel des Invalides Nevertheless , on 3 January 1805 , Pope Pius VII , who came to France to officiate at Napoléon 's coronation , visited the palace and blessed the throng of people gathered on the parterre d'eau from the balcony of the Hall of Mirrors . Bourbon restoration ( edit ) The Bourbon Restoration saw little activity at Versailles . Areas of the gardens were replanted but no significant restoration and modifications of the interiors were undertaken , despite the fact that Louis XVIII would often visit the palace and walk through the vacant rooms . Charles X chose the Tuileries Palace over Versailles and rarely visited his former home . July monarchy ( edit ) Louis - Philippe opening the Galerie des Batailles , 10 June 1837 ( painted by François - Joseph Heim ) With the Revolution of 1830 and the establishment of the July Monarchy , the status of Versailles changed . In March 1832 , the Loi de la Liste civile was promulgated , which designated Versailles as a crown dependency . Like Napoléon before him , Louis - Philippe chose to live at the Grand Trianon ; however , unlike Napoléon , Louis - Philippe did have a grand design for Versailles . In 1833 , Louis - Philippe proposed the establishment of a museum dedicated to `` all the glories of France , '' which included the Orléans dynasty and the Revolution of 1830 that put Louis - Philippe on the throne of France . For the next decade , under the direction of Frédéric Nepveu and Pierre - François - Léonard Fontaine , the château underwent irreversible alterations . The museum was officially inaugurated on 10 June 1837 as part of the festivities that surrounded the marriage of the Prince royal , Ferdinand - Philippe d'Orléans with princess Hélène of Mecklenburg - Schwerin and represented one of the most ambitious and costly undertakings of Louis - Philippe 's reign . Over , the emperor at the king 's home -- Napoléon at Louis XIV 's ; in a word , it is having given to this magnificent book that is called French history this magnificent binding that is called Versailles ( Victor Hugo ) .",
"12": "Later , Balzac characterised the effort in less laudatory terms as the `` hospital of the glories of France '' . The southern wing ( Aile du Midi ) was given over to the Galerie des Batailles ( Hall of Battles ) , which necessitated the demolition of most of the apartments of the Princes of the Blood who lived in this part of the palace during the Ancien Régime . The Galerie des Batailles was modeled on the Grande Galerie of the Louvre Palace and was intended to glorify French military history from the Battle of Tolbiac ( traditionally dated 495 ) to the Battle of Wagram ( 5 -- 6 July 1809 ) . While a number of the paintings were of questionable quality , a few were masterpieces , such as the Battle of Taillebourg by Eugène Delacroix . Part of the northern wing ( Aile du Nord ) was converted to the Salle des Croisades , a room dedicated to famous knights of the Crusades and decorated with their names and coats of arms . The apartments of the dauphin and the dauphine as well as those of Louis XV 's daughters on the ground floor of the corps de logis were transformed into portrait galleries . To accommodate the displays , some of the boiseries were removed and either put into storage or sold . During the Prussian occupation of the palace in 1871 , the boiseries in storage were burned as firewood . Second Empire ( edit ) During the Second Empire , the museum remained essentially intact . The palace did serve as the backdrop for a number of state events including the visit by Queen Victoria . Versailles under Pierre de Nolhac ( edit ) Pierre de Nolhac arrived at the Palace of Versailles in 1887 and was appointed curator of the museum 18 November 1892 . Upon his arrival , he planned to re-introduce historical galleries , organized scientifically , in contrast to the approach of Louis - Philippe , who had created the first galleries in a manner aimed at glorifying the history of France . At the same time , Nolhac began to restore the palace to its appearance before the Revolution . To achieve these two goals , Nolhac removed rooms , took down the artworks and gave the rooms some historical scenery .",
"13": "He explained in his memoirs , for example that `` the first room sacrificed was that of the kings of France which had walls lined with effigies , real and imaginary , of our kings since Clovis '' . The revolution wrought by Nolhac produced a new awareness of the castle . Members of high society and nobility , such as the Duke of Aumale and the Empress Eugenie flocked to see new developments . Nolhac also working to bring in foreign personalities . On 8 October 1896 , Czar Nicolas II and his wife Alexandra , arrived at Versailles . Nolhac also organized events aimed at raising the awareness of potential donors to the palace . The owner of the New York Herald , Gordon Bennett , gave 25,000 francs for restructuring the 18th - century rooms . The development of private donations led to the creation of the Friends of Versailles in June 1907 . The Van der Kemp period ( edit ) Under the aegis of Gérald Van der Kemp ( fr ) , chief conservator of the museum from 1952 to 1980 , the palace witnessed some of its most ambitious conservation and restoration projects : the Opéra ( completed in 1957 ) ; the Grand Trianon ( 1965 ) ; the Chambre de la Reine ( 1975 ) ; the Chambre de Louis XIV and the Hall of Mirrors ( 1980 ) . At this time , the ground floor of the northern wing was converted into a gallery of French history from the 17th century to the 19th century . Additionally , at this time , policy was established in which the French government would aggressively seek to acquire as much of original furniture and artwork that had been dispersed at the time of the Revolution of 1789 as possible . Contemporary Versailles ( edit ) With the past and ongoing restoration and conservation projects at Versailles , the Fifth Republic has enthusiastically promoted the museum as one of France 's foremost tourist attractions . The palace , however , still serves political functions . Heads of state are regaled in the Hall of Mirrors ; the Sénat and the Assemblée Nationale meet in congress in Versailles to revise or otherwise amend the French Constitution , a tradition that came into effect with the promulgation of the 1875 Constitution .",
"14": "The Public Establishment of the Palace , Museum and National Estate of Versailles was created in 1995 . Château de Versailles Spectacles organised the Jeff Koons Versailles exhibition , held from 9 October 2008 to 4 January 2009 . Jeff Koons said that `` I hope the juxtaposition of today 's surfaces , represented by my work , with the architecture and fine arts of Versailles will be an exciting interaction for the viewer . '' Elena Geuna and Laurent Le Bon , curators of the exhibition present it as follow : `` It is the city aspect that underlies this entire venture . In recent years , many a cultural institution has attempted a confrontation between a heritage setting and contemporary works . The originality of this exhibition seems to us somewhat different , as regards both the chosen venue and the way it has been laid out . Echo , dialectic , opposition , counterpoint ... Not for us to judge ! '' The bronze equestrian statue of Louis XIV ( Statue équestre de Louis XIV ) , a sculpture created by both Pierre Cartellier ( 1757 - 1831 ) and Louis Petitot ( 1794 - 1862 ) and completed in 1836 , was restored in 2009 . On April 27 , 2009 , the statue , having previously been situated in the courtyard ( Cour d'Honneur ) , was placed outside the gates on the Place d'Armes ( intersection of Avenue Rockefeller and Avenue de Paris ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guérard 1840 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Guérard 1840 , p. xiv . Jump up ^ Bluche , 1990 ; Thompson , 2006 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Garrigues 2001 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Batiffol , 1913 ; Bluche , 1991 ; Marie , 1968 ; Nolhac , 1901 ; Verlet , 1985 Jump up ^ Hazlehurst 1980 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Versailles , The Dream of a King , directed by Paul Burgess , BBC TV Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Félibien , 1703 ; Marie , 1972 ; Verlet , 1985 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ Berger 2008 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Solnon , 1987 . Jump up ^ Bluche , 1986 , 1991 ; Bendix , 1978 ; Solnon , 1987 . Jump up ^ Benichou , 1948 ; Bluche , 1991 ; Solnon 1987 . ^ Jump up to : Bluche , 1986 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Bluche , 1986 , 1991 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Nolhac , 1899 , 1901 ; Marie , 1968 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Berger 1985b , fig. 12 ( plan ) , pp. 41 -- 42 ; Verlet 1985 , p. 74 ( fig. 7 ) . Jump up ^ Nolhac , 1901 ; Marie , 1972 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Johnson , 1981 . Jump up ^ Berger , 1985b , pp. 41 -- 50 ( Chapter 5 : `` The Planetary Rooms '' ) ; Félibien , 1674 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Berger , 1985a ; Thompson , 2006 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Nolhac 1911 ; Marie 1976 , 1984 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Verlet 1985 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Verlet 1985 , pp. 321 -- 324 . Jump up ^ Verlet , 198 , pp. 375 -- 384 ( Opéra ) and 500 -- 505 ( Petit Trianon ) . Jump up ^ Verlet 1985 , pp. 307 -- 308 . Jump up ^ Marie 1984 ; Thompson , 2006 ; Verlet 1985 , pp. 329 -- 330 . Jump up ^ Ayers 2004 , pp. 340 -- 341 ... Jump up ^ Hoog 1996 , p. 372 ; Verlet 1985 , pp. 540 -- 545 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ Verlet , 1945 ; Verlet 1985 ; Ayers 2004 , p. 341 . Jump up ^ Nagel 2009 . Jump up ^ Gatin 1908 . With the withdrawal of the king and the court from Versailles , many of those who had been employed either through a member of the royal family or by the court , followed the court and king to Paris . As a result , the population of Versailles fell from 80,000 to less than 25,000 in the weeks that followed 6 October 1789 ( Mauguin , 1934 ) . Jump up ^ Gatin 1908 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Fromageot 1903 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Fromageot 1903 , p. ? ? . Jump up ^ Fromageot 1903 , p. ? ? ? . Jump up ^ Fromageot 1903 , p. ? ? ? ? . Jump up ^ Fromageot 1903 , p. ? ? ? ? ? . Jump up ^ Gatin 1908 , p. ? ? . Jump up ^ Dutilleux 1887 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Verlet 1985 , pp. 661 -- 664 . Jump up ^ Article 16 : L'Empereur visite les départements : en conséquence , des palais impériaux sont établis aux quatre points principaux de l'Empire . -- Ces palais sont désignés et leurs dépendances déterminées par une loi . Source : Constitution of 1804 Jump up ^ Mauguin , 1940 -- 1942 ; Pradel , 1937 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Mauguin , 1940 -- 1942 . Jump up ^ Mansel 1999 ; Thompson 2006 . Jump up ^ Castelot 1989 . Jump up ^ Constans 1985 ; Constans 1998 , pp. 246 -- 258 ; Mauguin , 1937 ; Verlet , 1985 , pp. 661 -- 664 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ Hugo 1972 . `` Ce que le roi Louis - Philippe a fait à Versailles est bien . Avoir accompli cette œuvre , c'est avoir été grand comme roi et impartial comme philosophe ; c'est avoir fait un monument national d'un monument monarchique ; c'est avoir mis une idée immense dans un immense édifice ; c'est avoir installé le présent dans le passé , 1789 vis - à - vis de 1688 , l'empereur chez le roi , Napoléon chez Louis XIV ; en un mot , c'est avoir donné à ce livre magnifique qu'on appelle l'histoire de France cette magnifique reliure qu'on appelle Versailles . '' Jump up ^ Balzac 1853 . Jump up ^ Constans , 1985 ; 1987 ; Mauguin , 1937 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Da Vinha & Masson 2011 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Da Vinha & Masson 2011 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Pérouse de Montclos 1991 , pp. 10 , 284 ; Lemoine 1976 . Jump up ^ Kemp 1976 ; Meyer 1985 . Jump up ^ Opperman 2004 . Jump up ^ Article 9 : Le siège du pouvoir exécutif et des deux chambres est à Versailles . Source : Constitution of 1875 ^ Jump up to : Jeff Koons Versailles website Jump up ^ The Art Tribune . Source : The Louis XIV Sculpture Returns to Versailles Bibliography ( edit ) Ayers , Andrew ( 2004 ) . The Architecture of Paris . Stuttgart ; London : Edition Axel Menges . ISBN 9783930698967 . Balzac , Honoré de ( 1853 ) . La comédie humaine , vol. 12 . Paris : Pilet . Batiffol , Louis ( 1913 ) . `` Le château de Versailles de Louis XIII et son architecte Philibert le Roy '' Gazette des Beaux - Arts , 4th edition , vol. 10 ( November 1913 ) , pp. 341 -- 371 ( at Gallica ) .",
"18": "Benichou , Paul ( 1948 ) . Morales du grand siècle . Paris : Éditions Gallimard . OCLC 259119 . Berger , Robert W. ( 1985a ) . In the Garden of the Sun King : Studies on the Park of Versailles Under Louis XIV . Washington , DC : Dumbarton Oaks Research Library . ISBN 9780884021414 . Berger , Robert W. ( 1985b ) . Versailles : The Château of Louis XIV . University Park : The College Arts Association . ISBN 9780271004129 . Berger , Robert W. ( 2008 ) . Diplomatic Tours in the Gardens of Versailles Under Louis XIV . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 9780812241075 . Bendix , Reinhard ( 1986 ) . Kings or People : Power and the Mandate to Rule . Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 9780520023024 . Bluche , François ( 1986 ) . Louis XIV . Paris : Arthème Fayard . ISBN 9782213015682 . Bluche , François ( 1990 ) . Dictionnaire du Grand Siècle . Paris : Arthème Fayard . ISBN 9782213024257 . Castelot , André ( 1988 ) . Charles X : La fin d'un monde . Paris : Perrin . ISBN 9782262005450 . Constans , Claire ( 1985 ) . `` 1837 : L'inauguration par Louis - Philippe du musée dédié ' À Toutes les gloires de la France '' , Colloque Versailles . OCLC 12904910 , 761465041 . Constans , Claire ( 1987 ) . `` Encadrement et muséographie : l'example du Versailles de Louis - Philippe '' , Revue de l'Art , vol. 76 , pp. 53 -- 56 . doi : 10.3406 / rvart. 1987.347630 . Constans , Claire ( 1998 ) . Versailles : Absolutism and Harmony .",
"19": "New York : The Vendome Press . ISBN 9782702811252 . Da Vinha , Mathieu ; Masson , Raphaël ( 2011 ) . Versailles pour les nuls . Paris : Editions Générales First . ISBN 9782754015523 . Dutilleux , Adolphe ( 1887 ) . Notice sur le Museum national et le musée spécial de l'École française à Versailles ( 1792 -- 1823 ) . Versailles : Impr . de Cerf et fils . OCLC 457476198 . Félibien , Jean - François ( 1703 ) . Description sommaire de Versailles ancienne et nouvelle . Paris : A. Chrétien . Copy at INHA . Fromageot , Paul - Henri ( 1903 ) . `` Le Château de Versailles en 1795 , d'après le journal de Hugues Lagarde '' , Revue de l'histoire de Versailles , pp. 224 -- 240 ( at the Internet Archive ) . Garrigues , Dominique ( 2001 ) . Jardins et jardiniers de Versailles au grand siècle . Seyssel : Champ Vallon . ISBN 9782876733374 . Gatin , L. - A. ( 1908 ) . `` Versailles pendant la Révolution '' , Revue de l'histoire de Versailles , pp. 226 -- 253 and 333 -- 352 at the Internet Archive . Guérard , Benjamin ( 1840 ) . Collection des cartulaires de France . Tome I : Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Saint - Père de Chartres . Paris : Crapelet . Copy at Google Books . Hazlehurst , F. Hamilton ( 1980 ) . Gardens of Illusion : The Genius of André Le Nostre . Nashville , Tennessee : Vanderbilt University Press . ISBN 9780826512093 . Hoog , Simone ( 1996 ) . `` Versailles '' , vol. 32 , pp. 369 -- 374 , in The Dictionary of Art , edited by Jane Turner . New York : Grove .",
"20": "ISBN 9781884446009 . Also at Oxford Art Online ( subscription required ) . Hugo , Victor ( 1972 ) . Choses vues , 1830 -- 1846 , edited by Hubert Juin . Paris : Gallimard . ISBN 9782070360116 . Johnson , Kevin Olin ( 1981 ) . `` Il n'y plus de Pyrénées : Iconography of the first Versailles of Louis XIV '' , Gazette des Beaux - Arts , 6th edition , vol. 97 ( January ) , pp. 29 -- 40 . Lemoine , Pierre ( 1976 ) . `` La chambre de la Reine '' , La Revue du Louvre et des musées de France , vol. 26 , no . 3 , pp. 139 -- 145 . ISSN 0035 - 2608 . Mansel , Philip ( 1999 ) . Louis XVIII ( revised , in English ) . Stroud : Sutton . ISBN 9780750922173 ( paperback ) . Marie , Alfred ( 1968 ) . Naissance de Versailles . Paris : Édition Vincent , Freal & Cie. OCLC 3731196 . Marie , Alfred ; Marie , Jeanne ( 1972 ) . Mansart à Versailles . Paris : Editions Jacques Freal . OCLC 746666 . Marie , Alfred ; Marie , Jeanne ( 1976 ) . Versailles au temps de Louis XIV . Paris : Imprimérie Nationale . OCLC 311957302 . Marie , Alfred ; Marie , Jeanne ( 1984 ) . Versailles au temps de Louis XV . Paris : Imprimérie Nationale . ISBN 9782110808004 . Mauguin , Georges ( 1937 ) . `` L'Inauguration du Musée de Versailles '' , Revue de l'histoire de Versailles ( July 1937 ) , pp. 112 -- 146 ( at Gallica ) . Mauguin , Georges ( 1940 -- 1942 ) .",
"21": "`` La visite du Pape Pie VII à Versailles le 3 janvier 1805 '' , Revue de l'histoire de Versailles ( July 1940 -- December 1942 ) , pp. 134 -- 146 ( at Gallica ) . Meyer , Daniel ( 1985 ) . `` Un achat manqué par le musée de Versailles en 1852 '' , Colloque Versailles . OCLC 12904910 , 761465041 . Nagel , Susan ( 2009 . ) Marie - Therese : The Fate of Marie Antoinette 's Daughter . London : Bloomsbury . ISBN 9780747581598 . Nolhac , Pierre de ( 1898 ) . Le Chateau de Versailles sous Louis Quinze . Paris : H. Champion . OCLC 894269761 . Copy at HathiTrust . Nolhac , Pierre de ( 1899 ) . `` La construction de Versailles de Le Vau '' , Revue de l'Histoire de Versailles , pp. 161 -- 171 ( at Gallica ) . Nolhac , Pierre de ( 1901 ) . La création de Versailles . Versailles : L. Bernard . OCLC 8151727 . Nolhac , Pierre de ( 1911 ) . Histoire du Château de Versailles . Versailles Sous Louis XIV. ( 2 volumes ) . Paris : André Marty . OCLC 817037275 . Vol. 2 at HathiTrust . Nolhac , Pierre de ( 1918 ) . Histoire du Château de Versailles . Versailles au VIIIe siècle . Paris : Émile - Paul Frères . OCLC 897084052 . Copy at Google Books . Oppermann , Fabien ( 2004 ) . Images et usages du château de Versailles au XXe siècle ( thesis / dissertation ) . Paris : École des Chartes . Pérouse de Montclos , Jean - Marie ( 1991 ) . Versailles , translated from the French by John Goodman .",
"22": "New York : Abbeville Press Publishers . ISBN 9781558592285 . Pradel , Pierre ( 1937 ) . `` Versailles sous le premier Empire '' , Revue de l'histoire de Versailles , pp. 76 -- 94 ( at Gallica ) . Solnon , Jean François ( 1987 ) . La cour de France . Paris : Fayard . ISBN 9782213020150 . Thompson , Ian ( 2006 ) . The Sun King 's Garden . London : Bloomsbury . ISBN 9781582346311 . Van der Kemp , Gérald ( 1976 ) . `` Remeubler Versailles '' , La Revue du Louvre et des musées de France , vol. 26 , no . 3 , pp. 135 -- 137 . ISSN 0035 - 2608 . Verlet , Pierre ( 1945 ) . Le mobilier royal français . Paris : Editions d'art et d'histoire . OCLC 742722112 . Verlet , Pierre ( 1985 ) . Le château de Versailles ( revised and updated from the 1961 edition ) . Paris : Librairie Arthème Fayard . ISBN 9782213016009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Historical images of the Palace of Versailles . Official Site World Heritage Sites in France Île - de-France Palace and Park of Versailles Fontainebleau Palace and Park Paris : Banks of the Seine Provins Parisian basin Amiens Cathedral Belfries of Belgium and France Bourges Cathedral Champagne hillsides , houses and cellars Chartres Cathedral Climats and terroirs of Burgundy Reims : Cathedral of Notre - Dame , Abbey of Saint - Remi , Palace of Tau Abbey of Fontenay Le Havre Vézelay Church and hill Nord - Pas - de-Calais Belfries of Belgium and France Nord - Pas de Calais Mining Basin East Great Saltworks of Salins - les - Bains and Royal Saltworks of Arc - et - Senans Nancy : Place Stanislas ,",
"23": "Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance Strasbourg : Grande Île , Neustadt Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps West Abbey Church of Saint - Savin - sur - Gartempe Mont Saint - Michel and its bay South West Episcopal city , Albi Port of the Moon , Bordeaux Prehistoric sites and decorated caves of the Vézère valley Pyrénées -- Mont Perdu Saint - Émilion Centre East Chauvet Cave Lyon Mediterranean Roman and Romanesque monuments , Arles Carcassonne citadel Gulf of Porto : Calanches de Piana , Gulf of Girolata , Scandola Reserve Avignon : Papal Palace , Episcopal Ensemble , Avignon Bridge Pont du Gard Orange : Roman Theatre and environs , Triumphal Arch Multiple regions The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier Canal du Midi Fortifications of Vauban Loire Valley between Sully - sur - Loire and Chalonnes - sur - Loire Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France Overseas departments and territories Lagoons of New Caledonia Pitons , cirques and remparts of Réunion Taputapuātea Shared locally with other region / s and with Belgium Shared with Spain Shared with Austria , Germany , Italy , Slovenia and Switzerland French royal residences Versailles ( including the Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon ) Paris : Palais de la Cité Palais du Louvre Palais des Tuileries Palais du Luxembourg Palais Royal Château de la Muette Elsewhere : Blois Chambord Choisy Compiègne Fontainebleau Marly Meudon Saint Cloud Saint Germain en Laye Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Palace_of_Versailles&oldid=831829222 '' Categories : Palace of Versailles World Heritage Sites in France Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 ,",
"24": "at 11 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did michigan last win a national championship
|
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"1989"
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{
"0": "Michigan Wolverines Men 's Basketball - wikipedia Michigan Wolverines Men 's Basketball Jump to : navigation , search Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball 2018 -- 19 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team University University of Michigan First season 1909 All - time record 1,474 -- 1,034 (. 588 ) Head coach John Beilein ( 12th season ) Conference Big Ten Location Ann Arbor , Michigan Arena Crisler Center ( Capacity : 12,707 ) Nickname Wolverines Student section Maize Rage Colors Maize and Blue Uniforms Home Away Alternate NCAA Tournament champions 1989 NCAA Tournament runner - up 1965 , 1976 , 1992 * , 1993 * , 2013 , 2018 NCAA Tournament Final Four 1964 , 1965 , 1976 , 1989 , 1992 * , 1993 * , 2013 , 2018 NCAA Tournament Elite Eight 1948 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 * , 1994 , 2013 , 2014 , 2018 NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1988 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 * , 1994 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 , 2018 NCAA Tournament appearances 1948 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 * , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 * , 1998 * , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Conference tournament champions 1998 * , 2017 ,",
"1": "2018 Conference regular season champions 1921 , 1926 , 1927 , 1929 , 1948 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1977 , 1985 , 1986 , 2012 , 2014 * vacated by NCAA The Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team is the intercollegiate men 's basketball program representing the University of Michigan . The school competes in the Big Ten Conference in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The Wolverines play home basketball games at the Crisler Center in Ann Arbor , Michigan on the university campus . Michigan has won one NCAA Championship as well as two National Invitation Tournaments ( NIT ) , 14 Big Ten Conference championships and two Big Ten Tournament titles . In addition , it has won an NIT title and a Big Ten Tournament that were vacated due to NCAA sanctions . The team is currently coached by John Beilein . Michigan has had 31 All - Americans , selected 44 times . Eight of these have been consensus All - Americans , which are Cazzie Russell ( two times ) , Rickey Green , Gary Grant , Chris Webber , Trey Burke , as well as Harry Kipke , Richard Doyle and Bennie Oosterbaan ( two - times ) who were retroactively selected by the Helms Foundation . Twelve All - Americans have been at least two - time honorees . Russell was the only three - time All - American . Michigan basketball players have been successful in professional basketball . Fifty - eight have been drafted into the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ; twenty - six of those were first round draft picks , including both Cazzie Russell and Chris Webber who were drafted first overall . The 1990 NBA draft in which Rumeal Robinson was selected 10th , Loy Vaught was selected 13th , and Terry Mills was selected 16th made Michigan the third of only ten schools that have ever had three or more players selected in the first round of the same draft . Five players have gone on to become NBA champions for a total of nine times and eight players have become NBA All - Stars a total of 17 times . Rudy Tomjanovich coached both the 1994 and 1995 NBA Finals Champions .",
"2": "Not only has Glen Rice won both an NBA and NCAA championship , he is also one of only nine basketball players to have won a state high school championship , NCAA title and NBA championship . During the 1990s Michigan endured an NCAA violations scandal , described as involving one of the largest amounts of illicit money in NCAA history , when Ed Martin loaned four players a reported total of $ 616,000 . Due to NCAA sanctions , records from the 1992 Final Four , the 1992 -- 93 season , and 1995 -- 99 seasons have been vacated . Throughout this article asterisks denote awards , records and honors that have been vacated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Michigan 's history 1.1 Early years ( 1908 -- 19 ) 1.2 Mather era ( 1919 -- 28 ) 1.3 Veenker era ( 1928 -- 31 ) 1.4 Cappon era ( 1931 -- 38 ) 1.5 Oosterbaan era ( 1938 -- 46 ) 1.6 Cowles era ( 1946 -- 48 ) 1.7 McCoy era ( 1948 -- 52 ) 1.8 Perigo era ( 1952 -- 60 ) 1.9 Strack era ( 1960 -- 68 ) 1.10 Orr era ( 1968 -- 80 ) 1.11 Frieder era ( 1980 -- 89 ) 1.12 Fisher era ( 1989 -- 97 ) 1.13 Ellerbe era ( 1997 -- 2001 ) 1.14 Amaker era ( 2001 -- 07 ) 1.15 Beilein era ( 2007 -- present ) 2 Coaching Staff 3 Championships 3.1 NCAA National Championships 3.2 Big Ten Regular Season Championships 3.3 Big Ten Tournament Championships 4 Rivalries 4.1 Record against Big Ten opponents 5 Fab Five 6 Ed Martin scandal 7 Coaching records 8 Honored players and coaches 8.1 Retired numbers 8.2 Awards 9 Postseason 9.1 NCAA Tournament results 9.",
"3": "2 NCAA Tournament seeding history 9.3 NCAA Tournament round history 9.4 NIT results 10 Statistics 11 Rankings 12 Notes 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Michigan 's history ( edit ) See also : List of Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball seasons Early years ( 1908 -- 19 ) ( edit ) 1909 Michigan basketball team Richard Doyle , Michigan 's First All - American basketball player As a result of public and alumni demand for a basketball team , Michigan fielded a team of members of the then - current student body and achieved a 1 -- 4 record for the 1908 -- 09 season . However , after three years of demanding a basketball program , the student body did not attend the games and the program was terminated due to low attendance . Basketball returned in 1917 in what was considered the inaugural season of varsity basketball . The team was coached by Elmer Mitchell who instituted the intramural sports program at Michigan . The team finished 6 -- 12 overall ( 0 -- 10 , Big Ten ) . The following year Mitchell led the team to a 16 -- 8 ( 5 -- 5 ) record . Mather era ( 1919 -- 28 ) ( edit ) E.J. Mather coached the team to three Big Ten titles in his nine seasons as coach . After inheriting Mitchell 's team , which he led to a 10 -- 13 overall ( 3 -- 9 , Big Ten ) record during the 1919 -- 20 season , he led the team to an 18 -- 4 overall ( 8 -- 4 , Big Ten ) record during the 1920 -- 21 season . This 1921 team won its first eight and last eight games to tie the Wisconsin Badgers and Purdue Boilermakers for the Big Ten title . The team won back - to - back championships in 1925 -- 26 and 1926 -- 27 . The 1926 squad , which was captained by Richard Doyle who became the team 's first All - American , tied with Purdue , the Iowa Hawkeyes and Indiana Hoosiers for the conference championship .",
"4": "The 1927 team had a new All - American , Bennie Oosterbaan , and won the school 's first back - to - back championships and first outright championship with a 14 -- 3 overall ( 10 -- 2 , Big Ten ) record . Mather died after a lengthy battle with cancer in August 1928 . Veenker era ( 1928 -- 31 ) ( edit ) George F. Veenker compiled the highest overall and highest Big Ten winning percentages of any coach in school history during his three years as coach . He earned 1st ( tied ) , 3rd and 2nd ( tied ) finishes during his three seasons , which included the 1928 -- 29 conference championship . During Veenker 's first season his team compiled a 13 -- 3 overall ( 10 -- 2 , Big Ten ) record to win the conference , and Veenker continues to be the only coach in school history to win a conference championship in his first season . The championship team , which finished tied with Wisconsin , was captained by the school 's third All - American Ernie McCoy . Veenker resigned to become the Iowa State Cyclones football head coach . Cappon era ( 1931 -- 38 ) ( edit ) Franklin Cappon had a long history of association with Michigan athletics starting with his service as a four - time letterman in football and basketball from 1919 to 1923 . In 1928 , he became assistant football and basketball coach and in 1929 he served as Fielding H. Yost 's assistant Athletic Director . Although the highlight of Cappon 's tenure as coach was a 16 -- 4 ( 9 -- 3 ) third place 1936 -- 37 Big Ten finish , he coached John Townsend who in his 1937 -- 38 senior season became last All - American for at least 10 years . The team finished third in two other seasons with less impressive records of 10 -- 8 overall ( 8 -- 4 , Big Ten ) in 1932 -- 33 and 15 -- 5 overall ( 7 -- 5 , Big Ten ) 1935 -- 36 , and Cappon 's overall record was 78 -- 57 overall ( 44 -- 40 , Big Ten ) .",
"5": "A notable captain during the Cappon era was 1933 -- 34 captain Ted Petoskey , a two - time football All - American end and eventual Major League Baseball player . Oosterbaan era ( 1938 -- 46 ) ( edit ) In 1938 Michigan coaching duties were assumed by one of its greatest athletes . Bennie Oosterbaan had been an All - American in both football and basketball and held various coaching positions at Michigan in both of those sports as well as baseball . In basketball , he implemented a fast - paced attack as coach , and his teams ' best overall record was 13 -- 7 in 1939 -- 40 . That season he tied with his final season for his best Big Ten record at 6 -- 6 . He resigned after eight seasons to concentrate on his football coaching duties . Cowles era ( 1946 -- 48 ) ( edit ) Under Ozzie Cowles , during the 1947 -- 48 season , Michigan ended the longest ( 19 years ) consecutive year period without a conference championship in school history . They also became the first contestants in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament during Cowles second of two seasons . The 1947 -- 48 team posted a 16 -- 6 overall ( 10 -- 2 , Big Ten ) record . This team also posted the first undefeated home performance in school history with a 9 -- 0 overall ( 6 -- 0 , Big Ten ) record . McCoy era ( 1948 -- 52 ) ( edit ) Ernie McCoy became the second former All - American Wolverine player to coach the team . Like Oosterbaan before him , he became a football and baseball coach at Michigan . He also served as assistant Athletic Director under Fritz Crisler . During his four seasons as basketball coach , Michigan 's best finish was during the 1948 -- 49 season when they finished 15 -- 6 overall ( 7 -- 5 , Big Ten ) and earned a third place Big Ten Conference finish . He coached Michigan 's first All - Big Ten basketball players that season in Pete Elliot and captain Bob Harrison who were both selected to the first team . Harrison returned the following season as the first repeat first - team All - Big Ten basketball player and Elliot was a second - team honoree .",
"6": "McCoy served as a football scout at the same time . Perigo era ( 1952 -- 60 ) ( edit ) Bill Perigo took over the Michigan coaching job after having served three seasons as Western Michigan basketball coach . Despite previous success as a conference basketball champion coach at Western and subsequent success as a Michigan High School Athletic Association ( MHSAA ) champion basketball coach , his Michigan teams endured several mediocre seasons . His best Big Ten records came in 1956 -- 57 and 1958 -- 59 when his teams compiled 8 -- 6 conference records . The latter team was tied for second in the conference and was 15 -- 7 overall ( 8 -- 6 , Big Ten ) . It also had Perigo 's only first - team All - Big Ten athlete in M.C. Burton . Team captain and two - time football consensus All - American Ron Kramer was third - team All - Big Ten in 1957 after being second - team All - Big Ten in both 1955 and 1956 . Strack era ( 1960 -- 68 ) ( edit ) Dave Strack , a former team 1945 -- 46 captain , had become the freshman basketball team coach in 1948 and later had become a variety assistant to Perigo . He led the team to three consecutive Big Ten Championships from 1963 -- 66 and a third - place finish in the 1964 NCAA tournament . During 1964 -- 65 the team compiled a 24 -- 4 overall ( 13 -- 1 , Big Ten ) record while completing an undefeated 11 -- 0 overall ( 7 -- 0 , Big Ten ) home season and was the national runner - up , falling to John Wooden 's UCLA in the 1965 championship game . Strack earned United Press International ( UPI ) National Coach of the Year honors . The team ended the season listed number one in both the UPI and Associated Press ( AP ) national rankings . He recruited All - Americans Russell and Buntin to anchor his mid-1960s teams . Tomjanovich also became a Wolverine at the end of Strack 's career and became second team All - Big Ten in 1968 subsequent later stardom .",
"7": "The 1964 team , which went 23 -- 5 overall ( 11 -- 3 , Big Ten ) , tied with Ohio State with sophomore Russell and junior Buntin . In 1965 , Buntin became the first Wolverine to be drafted by the NBA . In 1966 , Russell led the team to its third straight conference championship and NCAA selection on his way to National Player of the Year honors . Orr era ( 1968 -- 80 ) ( edit ) In Johnny Orr 's twelve seasons , he twice ( 1973 -- 74 and 1976 -- 77 ) earned Big Ten Coach of the Year honors with Big Ten championships . His teams earned four consecutive NCAA selections from 1974 -- 77 . The 25 -- 7 overall ( 14 -- 4 , Big Ten ) 1976 team lost to an undefeated Indiana team in the NCAA championship game , and Orr earned National Association of Basketball Coaches Coach of the Year honors that season . The 26 -- 4 overall ( 16 -- 2 , Big Ten ) 1977 team finished first in both the AP and UPI national rankings , and Orr won Basketball Weekly National Coach of the Year honors . During Orr 's tenure , six players earned a total of seven All - American recognitions , which is the most of any Michigan coach . Steve Grote became Michigan 's only three - time first - team Academic All - American from 1975 -- 77 and with a second team All Big Ten as well as three honorable mentions was the first four - time All - Big Ten honoree . Frieder era ( 1980 -- 89 ) ( edit ) Bill Frieder , who had been an assistant coach for seven years , took over from Orr in 1980 . He coached the school 's first post-season basketball champions during the 1983 -- 84 season and the following two teams were back - to - back conference champions . The 1983 -- 84 team compiled a 24 -- 9 overall ( 11 -- 7 , Big Ten ) record on their way to a NIT championship victory over Notre Dame . The 1984 -- 85 team went 26 -- 4 overall ( 16 -- 2 , Big Ten ) , which earned Frieder Big Ten and AP National Coach of the Year honors .",
"8": "The 1985 -- 86 team , which finished 28 -- 5 overall ( 14 -- 4 , Big Ten ) , started the season with sixteen victories to make a total of thirty - three consecutive regular season victories . Frieder earned five of Michigan 's six consecutive NCAA births from 1985 -- 90 , currently the longest streak in program history . Roy Tarpley led the 1985 team as Big Ten MVP . Frieder resigned , upon request , immediately prior to the 1989 NCAA tournament to assume the coaching job for the Arizona State Sun Devils men 's basketball team . Fisher era ( 1989 -- 97 ) ( edit ) Steve Fisher assumed the coaching position immediately before the 1989 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament from Frieder after having served and led the team to six straight victories and the championship . Fisher also signed the most famous recruiting class known as the Fab Five ( Chris Webber , Juwan Howard , Jalen Rose , Jimmy King and Ray Jackson ) . He would take these players to the NCAA championship game as Freshmen and Sophomores . In their sophomore 1992 -- 93 season they compiled a 31 -- 5 overall ( 15 -- 3 , Big Ten ) record , which has since been vacated . Fisher also won the 1997 NIT tournament with a team that compiled a 25 -- 9 overall ( 11 -- 5 ) record . Many of Fisher 's accomplishments were tarnished by NCAA sanctions . He left the job due to the University of Michigan basketball scandal . Ellerbe era ( 1997 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) Brian Ellerbe assumed the title of interim coach less than five months after becoming an assistant coach . He was named full - time coach following the 25 -- 9 ( 11 -- 5 ) 1997 -- 98 season in which he led the team to victories over Iowa , Minnesota and Purdue to capture the Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament championship . His subsequent teams never finished better than seventh in the conference . Amaker era ( 2001 -- 07 ) ( edit ) Tommy Amaker inherited a team that imposed sanctions on itself after his first year at the helm of the program .",
"9": "Nonetheless , he coached the team to the postseason three times including both an NIT championship in 2004 and a runner - up finish in 2006 . During the 2005 -- 06 , when the team compiled a 22 -- 11 overall ( 8 -- 8 , Big Ten ) record , he led them to their first national ranking in eight years when they reached the # 20 position . Despite his successes , the team never won a Big Ten Championship and never made the NCAA tournament , which led to his firing after six seasons . Beilein era ( 2007 -- present ) ( edit ) John Beilein 's 10 -- 22 overall ( 5 -- 13 Big Ten ) inaugural season featured the most losses in Michigan 's history . However , in Beilein 's second season , the team posted impressive non-conference victories over top - five ranked opponents UCLA and Duke . Beilein led Michigan to the 2009 NCAA Tournament , its first appearance since 1998 and the first that was not vacated since 1995 . After upsetting Clemson in the first round , the Wolverines were eliminated by Oklahoma in Round 2 by a final score of 73 -- 63 . Following a disappointing 15 -- 17 season in 2009 -- 10 , the Wolverines bounced back to return to the NCAA Tournament in 2011 , advancing to the round of 32 before losing to top - seeded Duke , 73 -- 71 . The 2010 -- 11 Wolverines , who swept rival Michigan State for the first time since 1997 , finished the season 21 -- 14 . In the 2011 -- 12 season , Michigan split the season series with both Ohio State and Michigan State and went on to be co-Big Ten champs along with the Buckeyes and Spartans . It was the program 's first Big Ten title for Michigan since 1986 . The Wolverines finished the season 24 - 10 and 13 - 5 in conference play , losing in the opening round of the NCAA Tournament . The 2012 -- 13 Michigan team earned a # 1 ranking in the AP Poll on January 28 , 2013 , marking the first time since November 30 , 1992 , that Michigan held that position .",
"10": "The team also made program history for the best season start , at 21 -- 2 . On March 31 , The Wolverines defeated Florida by a score of 79 -- 59 to make their first Final Four appearance since the 1992 -- 93 season . The Wolverines then defeated Syracuse by a score of 61 -- 56 in the Final Four . In the 2013 National Championship game , the Wolverines lost against Louisville by the score of 82 -- 76 . The 2013 -- 14 team had another strong season , winning Michigan 's first outright Big Ten championship since 1986 and advancing to the Elite Eight of the NCAA tournament , where it lost to Kentucky , 75 -- 72 . During the 2016 -- 17 season , Beilein became the winningest coach in school history , passing Johnny Orr with his 210th win , 75 -- 55 over Illinois on March 9 in the opening round of the 2017 Big Ten Tournament . Michigan went on to win the tournament , its first since the vacated 1998 title , winning four games in four days as the # 8 seed and capping it off with a 71 -- 56 championship victory over Wisconsin . During the 2017 -- 18 season , Beilein 's Wolverines again won four games in four days to win back - to - back Big Ten Tournament championships for the first time in school history . The team went on to win the West regional title and advance to the Final Four following its win over Florida State , 58 - 54 . The win improved the team 's record to 32 - 7 , marking a new school record for victories . The 2017 -- 18 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team moved on to the NCAA tournament championship , where they lost against Villanova to a score of 79 - 62 .",
"11": "Coaching Staff ( edit ) As of March 3 , 2018 Name Position coached Consecutive season at Michigan in current position John Beilein Head coach 11th Saddi Washington Assistant Coach 2nd DeAndre Haynes Assistant Coach 1st Luke Yaklich Assistant Coach 1st Chris Hunter Director of Basketball Operations 1st Jon Sanderson Head Strength and Conditioning Coach 7th Alex Wong , Mississippi , AT , ATC Athletic Trainer 3rd Bryan Smothers Graduate Assistant Devon Mulry Graduate Manager Reference : Championships ( edit ) NCAA National Championships ( edit ) Year Coach Opponent Score Site Overall Record Big Ten Record 1989 Steve Fisher Seton Hall 80 -- 79 ( OT ) Seattle 30 -- 7 12 -- 6 National Championships Big Ten Regular Season Championships ( edit ) Year Coach Overall Record Conference Record 1921 § E.J. Mather 18 -- 4 8 -- 4 1926 § E.J. Mather 12 -- 5 8 -- 4 1927 E.J.",
"12": "Mather 14 -- 3 10 -- 2 1929 § George Veenker 13 -- 3 10 -- 2 1948 Ozzie Cowles 16 -- 6 10 -- 2 1964 § Dave Strack 23 -- 5 11 -- 3 1965 Dave Strack 24 -- 4 13 -- 1 1966 Dave Strack 18 -- 8 11 -- 3 1974 § Johnny Orr 22 -- 5 12 -- 2 1977 Johnny Orr 26 -- 4 16 -- 2 1985 Bill Frieder 26 -- 4 16 -- 2 1986 Bill Frieder 28 -- 5 14 -- 4 2012 § John Beilein 24 -- 10 13 -- 5 2014 John Beilein 28 -- 9 15 -- 3 Big Ten Regular Season Championships 14 § -- Conference co-champions Big Ten Tournament Championships ( edit ) Year Coach Opponent Score Site Overall Record Big Ten Record 2017 John Beilein Wisconsin 71 -- 56 Washington , D.C.",
"13": "26 -- 12 10 -- 8 2018 John Beilein Purdue 75 -- 66 New York City 33 -- 8 13 -- 5 Big Ten Tournament Championships * Later vacated by NCAA Rivalries ( edit ) Duke -- Michigan basketball rivalry Michigan -- Michigan State basketball rivalry Michigan -- Ohio State basketball rivalry Record against Big Ten opponents ( edit ) Opponent Series record Illinois 84 * -- 87 ( 80 -- 87 ) Indiana 61 * -- 106 ( 58 -- 106 ) Iowa 94 * -- 63 ( 90 -- 63 ) Maryland 6 -- 6 Michigan State 100 * -- 81 ( 93 -- 81 ) Minnesota 93 * -- 66 ( 87 -- 66 ) Nebraska 15 * -- 3 ( 14 -- 3 ) Northwestern 112 * -- 59 ( 106 -- 59 ) Ohio State 78 * -- 102 ( 72 -- 102 ) Penn State 35 * -- 12 ( 29 -- 12 ) Purdue 71 * -- 88 ( 66 -- 88 ) Rutgers 10 -- 0 Wisconsin 94 * -- 71 ( 87 -- 71 ) Total 853 * -- 745 ( 798 -- 745 ) Totals through March 4 , 2018 Fab Five ( edit ) The Fab Five during their sophomore year , Crisler Arena , Ann Arbor , Michigan . From left to right , Jimmy King , Jalen Rose , Chris Webber , Ray Jackson , Juwan Howard . The Fab Five , the 1991 recruiting class of five freshman starters , were Chris Webber , Juwan Howard , Jalen Rose , Jimmy King , and Ray Jackson . They were notable for having gone to the championship game of the 1992 and 1993 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament as freshmen and sophomores , for having started the trend of wearing baggy gym shorts , which was later popularized by Michael Jordan , and for wearing black athletic socks . Due to the Ed Martin scandal , the records from their 1992 Final Four appearance and the entire following season have been forfeited .",
"14": "Although Webber was the only member of the Fab Five officially implicated with the scandal , the reputation of the whole group has been tarnished . Webber ( 1993 ) , Howard ( 1994 ) and Rose ( 1992 , 1994 ) were college basketball All - Americans . and both King ( 1995 3rd team and 1993 & 1994 honorable mention ) and Jackson ( 1995 2nd team & 1994 honorable mention ) achieved All - Big Ten honors . All but Jackson played in the NBA . They were the subject of Mitch Albom 's book entitled Fab Five : Basketball , Trash Talk , the American Dream , which at one point was under development by Fox Television as a made - for - television movie . In March 2011 ESPN broadcast a documentary , Fab Five , that was the network 's highest - rated in its history . Ed Martin scandal ( edit ) Main article : University of Michigan basketball scandal During the University of Michigan basketball scandal the Big Ten Conference , National Collegiate Athletic Association , Federal Bureau of Investigation , Internal Revenue Service , and United States Department of Justice investigated the relationship between the University of Michigan , its men 's basketball teams and basketball team booster Ed Martin . The program was punished for NCAA rules violations , principally involving payments booster Martin made to several players to launder money from an illegal gambling operation . It is one of the largest incidents involving payments to college athletes in American collegiate history . It was described as one of the three or four worst violations of NCAA bylaws in history up to that time by the NCAA infractions committee chairman and the largest athlete payment scandal ever by ESPN . The case began when the investigation of an automobile rollover accident during Mateen Cleaves ' 1996 Michigan Wolverines recruiting trip revealed a curious relationship between Martin and the team . Several Michigan basketball players were implicated over the next few years and by 1999 several were called before a federal grand jury . Four eventual professional basketball players ( Chris Webber , Maurice Taylor , Robert Traylor and Louis Bullock ) were discovered to have borrowed a total of $616,000 from Martin . During the investigation , Webber claimed not to have had any financial relationship with Martin . Eventually he confessed to having accepted some of the money he was charged with having borrowed .",
"15": "For his perjury during a federal grand jury investigation , he was both fined in the legal system and briefly suspended by National Basketball Association after performing public service . In 2002 , the University punished itself when it became apparent that its players were guilty by declaring itself ineligible for post season play immediately , returning post season play monetary rewards , vacating five seasons of games , removing commemorative banners , and placing itself on a two - year probation . The following year , the NCAA accepted these punishments , doubled both the probation period and the post-season ineligibility , penalized the school one scholarship for four seasons , and ordered disassociation from the four guilty players until 2012 . The disasociation formally ended on May 8 , 2013 . The additional year of post-season ineligibility was overturned on appeal . The punishment cost the 17 -- 13 2002 -- 03 team its post-season eligibility , cost past teams the 1997 National Invitation Tournament and the 1998 Big Ten Tournament championships as well as 1992 and 1993 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Final Four recognition . It cost Traylor his MVP awards in the 1997 NIT and 1998 Big Ten Tournament , as well as Bullock 's standing as the school 's third all - time leading scorer and all - time leader in 3 - point field goals . Steve Fisher lost his job as Michigan head coach as a result of the scandal . Coaching records ( edit ) Overall Conference Coach Years Record Pct . Record Pct . Note George D. Corneal 1908 -- 09 1 -- 4 . 200 Elmer Mitchell 1917 -- 19 22 -- 20 . 524 5 -- 15 . 250 E.J. Mather 1919 -- 28 108 -- 53 . 671 64 -- 43 . 598 3 Western ( Big Nine ) Conference Championships ( 1921 , 1926 , 1927 ) George Veenker 1928 -- 31 35 -- 12 . 745 24 -- 10 .",
"16": "706 1929 Western ( Big Nine ) Conference Championship Frank Cappon 1931 -- 38 78 -- 57 . 578 44 -- 40 . 524 Bennie Oosterbaan 1938 -- 46 81 -- 72 . 529 40 -- 59 . 404 Osborne Cowles 1946 -- 48 28 -- 14 . 667 16 -- 8 . 667 1948 Western ( Big Nine ) Conference Championship Ernest McCoy 1948 -- 52 40 -- 47 . 460 18 -- 34 . 346 William Perigo 1952 -- 60 78 -- 100 . 438 38 -- 78 . 328 Dave Strack 1960 -- 68 113 -- 89 . 559 58 -- 54 . 518 3 Big Ten Conference Championships ( 1964 , 1965 , 1966 ) , 2 Final Fours ( 1964 , 1965 ) Johnny Orr 1968 -- 80 209 -- 113 . 649 120 -- 72 . 625 2 Big Ten Conference Championships ( 1974 , 1977 ) , 1976 Final Four Bill Frieder 1980 -- 89 191 -- 87 . 687 98 -- 64 . 605 1984 National Invitation Tournament Championship , 2 Big Ten Conference Championships ( 1985 , 1986 ) Steve Fisher 1989 -- 97 184 * -- 82 * 108 -- 53 . 692 * . 671 88 * -- 56 * 54 -- 36 . 611 * . 600 1989 NCAA Tournament Championship , 3 Final Fours ( 1989 , 1992 * , 1993 * ) , 1997 National Invitation Tournament Championship * Brian Ellerbe 1997 -- 2001 62 * -- 60 * 25 -- 32 . 508 * . 439 26 * -- 38 * 10 -- 22 . 406 * .",
"17": "313 1998 Big Ten Tournament Championship * Tommy Amaker 2001 -- 07 109 -- 83 . 568 43 -- 53 . 448 2004 National Invitation Tournament Championship John Beilein 2007 -- present 248 -- 143 . 634 111 -- 87 . 561 2 Big Ten Conference Championships ( 2012 , 2014 ) , 2 Final Fours ( 2013 , 2018 ) , 2 Big Ten Tournament Championships ( 2017 , 2018 ) Total 1908 -- 09 1917 -- present 1587 -- 1038 * 1474 -- 1034 . 605 * . 588 793 * -- 711 * 744 -- 711 . 527 * . 511 Honored players and Coaches ( edit ) Below are lists of important players and coaches in the history of Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball . It includes lists of major awards and retired numbers . The honors include : Helms Foundation Player of the Year , UPI Player of the Year , Sporting News Player of the Year , Naismith Trophy , Wooden Award , Associated Press Player of the Year , NABC Player of the Year , Oscar Robertson Trophy , NCAA Tournament MOP , National Invitation Tournament MVP , Big Ten Tournament MVP , Chicago Tribune Silver Basketball , Big Ten Player of the Year , All - America , Wayman Tisdale Award , Bob Cousy Award , UPI Coach of the Year , Henry Iba Award , NABC Coach of the Year , AP Coach of the Year . Retired numbers ( edit ) Michigan Wolverines retired numbers No . Player Position Career No. retirement 22 Bill Buntin PF , C 1962 -- 65 January 7 , 2006 33 Cazzie Russell SG , SF 1963 -- 66 December 11 , 1993 35 Phil Hubbard PF , C 1975 -- 79 January 11 , 2004 41 Glen Rice SF 1985 -- 89 February 20 ,",
"18": "2005 45 Rudy Tomjanovich PF 1967 -- 70 February 8 , 2003 Awards ( edit ) National Player of the Year 1966 -- Cazzie Russell ( AP , USBWA , UPI , Helms , The Sporting News ) 2013 -- Trey Burke ( AP , USBWA , NABC , Naismith , Wooden ) Wayman Tisdale Award 1992 -- Chris Webber Bob Cousy Award 2013 -- Trey Burke NCAA Tournament MOP 1989 -- Glen Rice National Invitation Tournament MVP 1984 -- Tim McCormick 1997 -- Robert Traylor * 2004 -- Daniel Horton Big Ten Tournament MVP 1998 -- Robert Traylor * 2017 -- Derrick Walton 2018 -- Moe Wagner Chicago Tribune Silver Basketball 1965 -- Cazzie Russell 1966 -- Cazzie Russell 1974 -- Campy Russell 1985 -- Roy Tarpley 1988 -- Gary Grant 1989 -- Glen Rice Big Ten Player of the Year 1985 -- Roy Tarpley 1988 -- Gary Grant 1989 -- Glen Rice 2013 -- Trey Burke 2014 -- Nik Stauskas Big Ten Freshman of the Year 1985 -- Gary Grant 1992 -- Chris Webber 1995 -- Maurice Taylor 2000 -- LaVell Blanchard 2003 -- Daniel Horton 2012 -- Trey Burke Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year 1987 -- Gary Grant 1988 -- Gary Grant All - Americans 1924 -- Harry Kipke ( c 1924 ) 1926 -- Richard Doyle ( c 1926 ) 1927 -- 28 -- Bennie Oosterbaan ( c 1927 , 1928 ) 1929 -- Ernie McCoy 1929 -- Joseph Truskowski 1937 -- 38 -- John Townsend 1948 -- Pete Elliott 1957 -- Ron Kramer 1964 -- 65 -- Bill Buntin 1964 -- 66 -- Cazzie Russell ( c 1965 ,",
"19": "1966 ) 1970 -- Rudy Tomjanovich 1971 -- 72 -- Henry Wilmore 1974 -- Campy Russell 1975 -- C.J. Kupec 1976 -- 77 -- Rickey Green ( c 1977 ) 1977 -- Phil Hubbard 1981 -- Mike McGee 1981 -- Eric Turner 1985 -- 86 -- Roy Tarpley 1987 -- 88 -- Gary Grant ( c 1988 ) 1988 -- 89 -- Glen Rice 1990 -- Terry Mills 1990 -- Rumeal Robinson 1990 -- Loy Vaught 1992 -- Jalen Rose 1992 -- 93 -- Chris Webber ( c 1993 ) 1994 -- Juwan Howard 1994 -- Jalen Rose 1998 -- Louis Bullock 1998 -- Robert Traylor 2012 -- 13 -- Trey Burke ( c 2013 ) 2014 -- Nik Stauskas National Coach of the Year 1965 -- Dave Strack ( UPI ) 1976 -- Johnny Orr ( NABC , USBWA ) 1977 -- Johnny Orr ( Basketball Weekly ) 1985 -- Bill Frieder ( AP , Basketball Weekly ) 1992 -- Steve Fisher ( Basketball Times ) Big Ten Coach of the Year 1974 -- Johnny Orr 1977 -- Johnny Orr 1985 -- Bill Frieder 2014 -- John Beilein Post-season ( edit ) NCAA Tournament results ( edit ) The University of Michigan has an all - time 59 -- 27 * ( 52 -- 23 ) record overall and 1 -- 6 * ( 1 -- 4 ) championship game record in the NCAA Tournaments in 28 * ( 24 ) appearances . Glen Rice holds the NCAA single - tournament scoring record with 184 points in 1989 . The 1992 Final Four and all 1993 , 1996 , & 1998 games have been forfeited due to NCAA sanctions . Year Round Opponent Result 1948 Elite Eight Regional Third Place Holy Cross Columbia L 43 -- 63 W 66 --",
"20": "49 1964 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Third Place Loyola Chicago Ohio Duke Kansas State W 84 -- 80 W 69 -- 57 L 80 -- 91 W 100 -- 90 1965 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Dayton Vanderbilt Princeton UCLA W 98 -- 71 W 87 -- 85 W 93 -- 76 L 80 -- 91 1966 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Western Kentucky Kentucky W 80 -- 79 L 77 -- 84 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Notre Dame Marquette W 77 -- 68 L 70 -- 72 First Round UCLA L 91 -- 103 1976 First Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Wichita State Notre Dame Missouri Rutgers Indiana W 74 -- 73 W 80 -- 76 W 95 -- 88 W 86 -- 70 L 68 -- 86 1977 First Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Holy Cross Detroit Charlotte W 92 -- 81 W 86 -- 81 L 68 -- 75 1985 First Round Second Round Fairleigh Dickinson Villanova W 59 -- 55 L 55 -- 59 1986 First Round Second Round Akron Iowa State W 70 -- 64 L 69 -- 72 First Round Second Round Navy North Carolina W 97 -- 82 L 97 -- 109 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Boise State Florida North Carolina W 63 -- 58 W 108 -- 85 L 69 -- 78 1989 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Xavier South Alabama North Carolina Virginia Illinois Seton Hall W 92 -- 87 W 91 -- 82 W 92 -- 87 W 102 -- 65 W 83 -- 81 W 80 -- 79",
"21": "First Round Second Round Illinois State Loyola Marymount W 76 -- 70 L 115 -- 149 1992 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Temple East Tennessee State Oklahoma State Ohio State Cincinnati Duke W 73 -- 66 W 102 -- 90 W 75 -- 72 W 75 -- 71 W 76 -- 72 L 51 -- 71 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Coastal Carolina UCLA George Washington Temple Kentucky North Carolina W 84 -- 53 W 86 -- 84 W 72 -- 64 W 77 -- 72 W 81 -- 78 L 71 -- 77 1994 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Pepperdine Texas Maryland Arkansas W 78 -- 74 W 84 -- 79 W 78 -- 71 L 68 -- 76 1995 First Round Western Kentucky L 76 -- 82 First Round Texas L 76 -- 80 1998 First Round Second Round Davidson UCLA W 80 -- 61 L 82 -- 85 2009 First Round Second Round Clemson Oklahoma W 62 -- 59 L 63 -- 73 2011 Second Round Third Round Tennessee Duke W 75 -- 45 L 71 -- 73 2012 Second Round Ohio L 60 -- 65 2013 Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship South Dakota State VCU Kansas Florida Syracuse Louisville W 71 -- 56 W 78 -- 53 W 87 -- 85 W 79 -- 59 W 61 -- 56 L 76 -- 82 2014 Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Wofford Texas Tennessee Kentucky W 57 -- 40 W 79 -- 65 W 73 -- 71 L 72",
"22": "-- 75 2016 First Four First Round Tulsa Notre Dame W 67 -- 62 L 63 -- 70 2017 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Oklahoma State Louisville Oregon W 92 -- 91 W 73 -- 69 L 68 -- 69 2018 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Montana Houston Texas A&M Florida State Loyola -- Chicago Villanova W 61 -- 47 W 64 -- 63 W 99 -- 72 W 58 -- 54 W 69 -- 57 L 62 -- 79 1989 NCAA Tournament Results Round Opponent Score Round # 1 # 14 Xavier 92 -- 87 Round # 2 # 11 South Alabama 91 -- 82 Sweet 16 # 2 North Carolina 92 -- 87 Elite 8 # 5 Virginia 102 -- 65 Final 4 # 1 Illinois 83 -- 81 Championship # 3 Seton Hall 80 -- 79 ( OT ) NCAA Tournament seeding history ( edit ) The NCAA began seeding the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament with the 1979 edition . The 64 - team field started in 1985 , which guaranteed that a championship team had to win six games .",
"23": "Years → ' 85 ' 86 ' 87 ' 88 ' 89 ' 90 ' 92 ' 93 ' 94 ' 95 ' 96 ' 98 ' 09 ' 11 ' 12 ' 13 ' 14 ' 16 ' 17 ' 18 Seeds → 9 6 9 7 10 8 11 7 NCAA Tournament round history ( edit ) Round Record Most Recent Appearance National Championship 1 -- 6 2018 National Third Place 1 -- 0 1964 Final Four 7 -- 1 2018 Elite Eight 8 -- 6 2018 Regional Third Place 1 -- 0 1948 Sweet Sixteen 13 -- 2 2018 Round of 32 11 -- 8 2018 Round of 64 17 -- 4 2018 First Four 1 -- 0 2016 NIT results ( edit ) In 10 * ( 9 ) National Invitation Tournament appearances , Michigan is 25 * -- 7 ( 20 -- 7 ) overall all - time and 3 * -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 ) in the championship game . 16 * -- 0 ( 14 -- 0 ) at Crisler Arena and 8 * -- 2 ( 6 -- 2 ) at Madison Square Garden . The 1997 tournament was forfeited due to NCAA sanctions .",
"24": "Year Round Opponent Result 1971 First Round Quarterfinals Syracuse Georgia Tech W 86 -- 76 L 70 -- 78 1980 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Nebraska UTEP Virginia W 76 -- 69 W 75 -- 65 L 68 -- 79 1981 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Duquesne Toledo Syracuse W 74 -- 58 W 80 -- 68 L 76 -- 91 1984 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Wichita State Marquette Xavier Virginia Tech Notre Dame W 94 -- 70 W 83 -- 70 W 63 -- 62 W 78 -- 75 W 83 -- 63 1991 First Round Colorado L 64 -- 71 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Miami FL Oklahoma State Notre Dame Arkansas Florida State W 76 -- 63 W 75 -- 65 W 67 -- 66 W 77 -- 62 W 82 -- 73 2000 First Round Notre Dame L 65 -- 75 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Missouri Oklahoma Hawaii Oregon Rutgers W 65 -- 64 W 63 -- 52 W 88 -- 73 W 78 -- 53 W 62 -- 55 2006 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals UTEP Notre Dame Miami FL Old Dominion South Carolina W 82 -- 67 W 87 -- 84 W 71 -- 65 W 66 -- 43 L 64 -- 76 2007 First Round Second Round Utah State Florida State W 68 -- 58 L 66 -- 87 Statistics ( edit ) National records Most different players to make a Three - point field goal in game : 9 vs. Eastern Michigan , December 13 , 2008 ( tied Dartmouth , 1993 ) Combined team rebounds : 152 , Michigan ( 57 ) vs. Indiana ( 95 ) March 11 , 1961 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Tournament records Single - game rebounds ( Since 1973 ) : 26 -- Phil Hubbard , Michigan vs.",
"25": "Detroit , RSF , Mar 17 , 1977 Single - year points 184 -- Glen Rice , Michigan , 1989 ( 6 games ) Single - year field goals made 75 -- Glen Rice , Michigan , 1989 ( 6 games ) Single - year three - point field goals made 27 -- Glen Rice , Michigan , 1989 ( 6 games ) Career three - point field goals percentage ( Minimum 30 made ) 56.5 % ( 35 -- 62 ) -- Glen Rice , Michigan , 1986 -- 89 ( 13 games ) Single - game points , Both Teams 264 -- Loyola Marymount ( 149 ) vs. Michigan ( 115 ) , 2nd R , Mar 18 , 1990 Fewest single - game three point field goals made , team ( in a final four ) : 0 , * Michigan vs. Kentucky , NSF , March 4 , 1993 ( ot ) Fewest single - game three point field goals attempted , team ( final four ) : 4 , * Michigan vs. Kentucky , NSF , March 4 , 1993 ( ot ) Single - game assists ( in a championship game ) : 11 , Rumeal Robinson , Michigan vs. Seton Hall , March 4 , 1989 ( ot ) Fewest single - game three point field goals made , team ( championship game ) : 1 , * Michigan vs. Duke , CH , June 4 , 1992 Fewest single - game free throws made ( in a win ) , team : 0 , Michigan vs. Tennessee , Mar 18 , 2011 Lowest single - game three point field goal percentage , team ( championship game ) : 9.1 % ( 1 -- 11 ) , * Michigan vs. Duke , CH , June 4 , 1992 Biggest margin of victory in 8 vs. 9 match - up : 30 , Michigan vs.",
"26": "Tennessee , Mar 18 , 2011 Single - year two - game assists ( final four ) : 23 , Rumeal Robinson , Michigan , 1989 Selected former NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Tournament records Single - game free throws made ( final four ) : 15 , Bill Buntin , Michigan vs. Kansas State , N3d , Mar 21 , 1964 ( broken Mar 20 , 1965 ) Fewest single - game three point field goals made , team ( final four ) : 1 , * Michigan vs. Duke , CH , June 4 , 1992 ( broken March 4 , 1993 ) Lowest single - game three point field goal percentage , team ( final four ) : 9.1 % ( 1 -- 11 ) , * Michigan vs. Duke , CH , June 4 , 1992 ( broken January 4 , 2006 ) Most single - game players disqualified , team ( championship game ) : 3 , Michigan vs. UCLA , Mar 20 , 1965 ( broken Mar 31 , 1997 ) Single - year two - game assists , team ( final four ) : 42 , Michigan , 1989 ( broken 1990 ) National statistical champions Team field goal percentage : 54.6 % ( 1198 of 2196 ) , 1988 ; 56.6 % ( 1325 of 2341 ) , 1989 Selected notable statistics 30 - win seasons : 2018 ( 33 ) , 2013 ( 31 ) , 1993 * ( 31 ) , 1989 ( 30 ) 1989 team continues to rank second in single - season team field goal percentage : 56.6 % ( 1325 of 2341 ) . Current Big Ten records Career field goals attempted : Mike McGee ( 2077 , 1978 -- 81 ) Career three point field goals made : Louis Bullock ( 339 * , 1996 -- 99 ) Single - game three point field goals percentage ( 100 % most made ) : Glen Rice ( 7 of 7 , vs.",
"27": "Wisconsin February 25 , 1989 ) Single - season points , team : ( 3393 , 1988 -- 89 ) Single - game field goals made , team : ( 55 , vs. Iowa October 3 , 1990 ) Single - season field goals made , team : ( 1325 , 1988 -- 89 ) Single - season field goals attempted , team : ( 2341 , 1988 -- 89 ) Single - season field goal percentage , team : (. 566 , 1,325 of 2,341 , 1988 -- 89 ) Single - season field goal percentage , team ( conference games only ) : (. 561 , 606 of 1,080 , 1988 -- 89 ) Single - game three point field goals attempted , team : ( 42 , vs. Florida Gulf Coast December 22 , 2008 ) Single - game three point field goals attempted , team ( conference games only ) : ( 40 , at Indiana 1 / 7 / 09 ) Single - season three point field goals attempted , team : ( 912 , 2008 -- 09 ) Single - season three point field goals attempted , team ( conference games only ) : ( 471 , 2008 -- 09 ) Single - season rebounds , team : ( 1521 , 1964 -- 65 ) Single - game assists , team : ( 37 , vs. Western Michigan July 12 , 1987 and vs. Eastern Michigan December 12 , 1987 ) Single - game assists , team ( conference games only ) : ( 36 , vs. Iowa March 2 , 1988 ) Single - season assists , team : ( 745 , 1988 -- 89 ) Single - game blocked shots , team : ( 18 , vs. Florida Southern July 12 , 1985 ) Single - season free throw percentage ( conference games only ) : Daniel Horton (.",
"28": "978 ( 89 of 91 ) , 2006 ) Single - season personal fouls , team : ( 456 , 1953 ) Single - season overtime games : ( 6 , 1981 ) Selected former Big Ten records Career points : Mike McGee ( 2439 , 1977 -- 81 , broken in 1989 ) , Glen Rice ( 2442 , 1985 -- 89 , broken in 1993 ) Career points ( conference games only ) : McGee ( 1503 , 1977 -- 81 , broken in 1995 ) Single - game field goals made : John Tidwell ( 20 , vs. Minnesota April 3 , 1961 , broken February 16 , 1963 ) Single - season field goals made : Cazzie Russell ( 308 , 1965 -- 66 , broken 1981 ) , McGee ( 309 , 1980 -- 81 , broken in 1986 ) Career field goals made : Russell ( 839 , 1964 -- 66 , broken 1970 ) , McGee ( 1010 , 1978 -- 81 , broken in 1993 ) Single - game three point field goals made : Garde Thompson ( 9 , vs. Navy December 3 , 1987 , broken February 23 , 2003 ) Single - game points , team : 128 ( vs. Purdue February 19 , 1966 , broken December 30 , 2006 ) Single - game field goals made , team : ( 52 , vs.",
"29": "Purdue February 19 , 1966 , broken December 19 , 1972 ) Single - season field goals made , team : ( 1198 , 1987 -- 88 , broken 1989 ) Single - season assists , team : ( 694 , 1987 -- 88 , broken 1989 ) Single - season blocked shots , team : ( 193 , 1992 -- 93 * , surpassed 2000 ) Single - season field goals made per game ( conference games only ) : Russell ( 13.0 ( 182 in 14 ) , 1966 , broken 1969 ) Single - season rebounds ( total and per game ) ( conference games only ) : M.C. Burton ( 249 in 14 games , 1959 , broken 1960 ) Single - season points per game , team ( conference games only ) : 92.9 ( 1965 ( 1,300 in 14 ) , broken 1966 ) Single - season points per game , team ( conference games only ) : 95.4 ( 1966 ( 1,336 in 14 ) , broken 1969 ) Single - season three point field goals attempted , team ( conference games only ) : ( 434 , 2007 -- 08 ) Single - game three point field goal percentage , team ( conference games only ) :. 875 ( 7 of 8 , vs. Iowa March 2 , 1988 , broken April 2 , 1988 ) Big Ten statistical champions ( individual ) Scoring ( Conference games only until 1990 ) : 1928 Bennie Oosterbaan 129 ; 1959 M.C. Burton 22.6 ; 1966 Cazzie Russell 33.2 ; 1974 Campy Russell 24.0 ; 1988 Glen Rice 22.9 ; 1989 Rice 24.8 Field goal Percentage ( Conference games only until 1990 ) : 1966 Cazzie Russell . 542 ; 1967 Dave McClellan . 588 ; 1971 Ken Brady . 617 ; 1975 John Robinson . 603 ; 1979 Marty Bodnar . 603 ; 1989 Loy Vaught . 677 ; 2001 Chris Young .",
"30": "640 ( all games ) ; 2006 Courtney Sims . 633 ( all games ) Three point field goals : 1989 Glen Rice 55 ( conference games ) ; 1991 Demetrius Calip 48 ( conference games ) ; 1998 Louis Bullock 51 * ( conference games ) ; 1999 Robbie Reid 49 ( conference games ) ; 1997 Louis Bullock 101 * ( all games ) ; 1998 Louis Bullock 93 * ( all games ) Three point field goal percentage : 1998 Louis Bullock . 481 * ( conference games ) ; 1999 Robbie Reid . 458 ( conference games ) ; 2003 LaVell Blanchard . 433 ( conference games ) Free throw percentage : 1975 C.J. Kupec . 880 ( conference games ) ; 1997 Louis Bullock . 893 * ( conference games ) ; 2006 Daniel Horton . 978 ( conference games ) ; 2007 Dion Harris . 873 ( conference games ) ; 1998 Louis Bullock . 911 * ( all games ) ; 1999 Louis Bullock . 864 * ( all games ) ; 2006 Daniel Horton . 901 ( all games ) Rebounds : 1959 M.C. Burton 17.8 ( conference games ) ; 1963 Bill Buntin 15.4 ( conference games ) ; 1969 Rudy Tomjanovich 12.8 ( conference games ) ; 1970 Rudy Tomjanovich 16.2 ( conference games ) ; 1985 Roy Tarpley 9.9 ( conference games ) ; 1990 Loy Vaught 10.7 ( conference games ) ; 1992 Chris Webber - FR 9.8 * ( conference games ) ; 1993 Chris Webber 9.7 * ( conference games ) ; 1990 Loy Vaught 11.2 ; 1992 Chris Webber - FR 10.0 * ; 1993 Chris Webber 10.1 * Assists : 1988 Gary Grant 6.5 ( conference games ) ; 1990 Rumeal Robinson 6.1 ( all games ) ; 2013 Trey Burke 6.7 ( all games ) Steals : 1987 Gary Grant 2.67 ( conference games ) ;",
"31": "1988 Gary Grant 2.72 ( conference games ) Blocked shots : 1986 Roy Tarpley 2.50 ( conference games ) ; 1989 Terry Mills 1.22 ( conference games ) ; 2008 Ekpe Udoh 2.67 ( conference games ) ; 2004 Courtney Sims 2.00 ( all games ) ; 2008 Ekpe Udoh 2.88 ( all games ) Big Ten statistical champions ( team , conference games only ) Scoring offense : 1946 55.1 , 1965 92.9 , 1966 95.4 , 1971 88.4 , 1972 81.8 , 1976 85.8 , 1977 83.2 , 1987 86.7 , 1989 87.8 , 1997 * 73.3 , Scoring defense : 1948 46.3 , 1952 56.2 , 1964 75.5 Scoring margin : 1948 7.6 , 1964 10.3 , 1965 12.2 , 1966 9.9 , 1977 9.4 , 1985 8.8 , 1986 10.6 , 1989 10.3 Field goal percentage offense : 1966 48.9 , 1972 45.3 , 1976 52.1 , 1989 56.1 , 2013 46.9 , 2017 48.3 Field goal percentage defense : 1995 39.4 Three point field goals : 1987 89 , 1989 103 , 1991 118 , 1998 * 121 , 2009 151 Three point field goal percentage : 1998 40.1 , 2003 37.5 Free throw percentage : 1958 73.4 , 1975 75.8 , 2017 77.9 Rebounds : 1963 49.0 , 1965 49.5 , 1972 51.6 , 1983 34.4 , 1986 35.1 , 1992 38.2 , 1993 * 40.",
"32": "9 Rebounding margin : 1986 5.8 , 1992 5.8 , 1993 * 7.6 , 2004 3.4 Steals : 1986 8.61 Blocked shots : 1986 3.94 , 1993 * 5.0 , 2004 4.31 , 2008 4.28 Turnover margin : 2017 3.4 Rankings ( edit ) Michigan teams have spent a total of 22 weeks ranked number 1 with the last time occurring in 2013 . Entering the 2013 -- 14 season this ranked 13th and third in the Big Ten behind Indiana ( 54 ) and Ohio State ( 37 ) . Two Michigan teams ( December 14 , 1964 87 -- 85 over Wichita State at Detroit and December 13 , 1997 81 -- 73 over Duke at home ) have defeated the number one ranked team . The following table summarizes Michigan history in the AP Poll : ' Preseason Peak Final Weeks ranked Weeks @ # 1 Top 10 Poll 1963 -- 64 8 15 / 15 0 1964 -- 65 15 / 15 10 1965 -- 66 9 10 / 15 0 1966 -- 67 NR 5 NR 3 / 15 0 Top 20 Poll 1970 -- 71 NR 12 NR 4 / 16 0 1971 -- 72 13 9 NR 4 / 16 0 1972 -- 73 19 18 NR 3 / 16 0 1973 -- 74 NR 6 6 12",
"33": "/ 18 0 1974 -- 75 17 11 19 8 / 19 0 1975 -- 76 16 9 9 16 / 17 0 1976 -- 77 17 / 17 8 1977 -- 78 13 9 NR 4 / 17 0 1978 -- 79 8 6 NR 8 / 17 0 1980 -- 81 NR 9 NR 11 / 16 0 1983 -- 84 NR 15 NR 2 / 17 0 1984 -- 85 NR 12 / 17 0 1985 -- 86 5 17 / 17 0 1987 -- 88 9 7 10 17 / 17 0 1988 -- 89 10 18 / 18 0 Top 25 Poll 1989 -- 90 13 17 / 17 0 1991 -- 92 20 11 15 18 / 18 0 1992 -- 93 18 / 18 1993 -- 94 5 11 18 / 18 0 1994 -- 95 16 13 NR 5 / 18",
"34": "0 1995 -- 96 17 16 NR 13 / 18 0 1996 -- 97 9 NR 16 / 18 0 1997 -- 98 NR 12 12 12 / 18 0 2005 -- 06 NR 21 NR 2 / 19 0 2008 -- 09 NR 23 NR 3 / 19 0 2009 -- 10 15 15 NR 3 / 20 0 2011 -- 12 18 10 13 19 / 19 0 2012 -- 13 5 T -- 10 19 / 19 2013 -- 14 7 7 7 13 / 19 0 2014 -- 15 24 17 NR 4 / 19 0 2015 -- 16 25 24 NR 2 / 19 0 2016 -- 17 NR 23 23 2 / 19 0 2017 -- 18 NR 7 7 9 / 19 0 Notes ( edit ) ^ a : * designates records and awards forfeited due to the University of Michigan basketball scandal .",
"35": "See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I Men 's Final Four appearances by coach NCAA Division I Men 's Final Four appearances by school NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament bids by school NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament bids by school and conference NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament all - time team records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Style Guide : Colors '' . Office of Global Communications , University of Michigan . July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 22 -- 3 . Jump up ^ `` Tourney History : Triple Crown '' . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amaker fired : Failure to reach NCAA tourney costs Michigan coach '' . SI.com . March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 190 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide .",
"36": "University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 192 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 192 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 193 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 147 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 195 -- 6 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 196 -- 8 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 146 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Frieder Is Dropped For Taking A New Job '' . The New York Times . March 16 , 1989 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 198 -- 200 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp.",
"37": "200 -- 1 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 152 . Jump up ^ `` Fisher fired , basketball program needs higher standards , Goss says '' . Ann Arbor News . Michigan Live LLC . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 202 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan forfeits victories from five seasons '' . ESPN . November 11 , 2002 . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 202 -- 3 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Places Seven Teams in NCAA Championship : Illinois , Michigan , Michigan State , Minnesota , Ohio State , Purdue , and Wisconsin all selected to participate '' . CBS Interactive . March 15 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` No. 7 Oklahoma 73 , Michigan 63 ( recap ) '' . ESPN . March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan earns No. 1 spot for first time since 1992 -- 93 '' . Michigan Daily . Jan 28 , 2013 . Retrieved Jan 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Men 's Basketball Coaches '' . MGoBlue.com . University of Michigan . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Wieberg , Steve ( March 28 , 2002 ) . `` Fab Five anniversary falls short of fondness '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mizell , Hubert ( November 17 , 2002 ) . `` Fab Five glory has turned into gloomy story at Michigan '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 .",
"38": "^ Jump up to : `` Fab Five Legacy Hides in a Historical Library '' . The New York Times . February 11 , 2007 . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Connor ( March 27 , 2008 ) . `` Reflecting on the Fab Five '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. ( November 8 , 2002 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Forgetting The Fab Five Is Impossible '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 13 -- 21 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 24 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` Fab Five : Basketball , Trash Talk , the American Dream '' . Barnesandnoble.com llc . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Author of the Month : Mitch Albom '' . AuthorsOnTheWeb.com . September 2003 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Andy ( August 30 , 2003 ) . `` Scandal wo n't keep Amaker from rebuilding Michigan '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hakim , Danny ( May 9 , 2003 ) . `` COLLEGES ; N.C.A.A. Bars Michigan From Next Postseason '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ROUNDUP : N.B.A. ; Anthony Leads Nuggets To Victory Over 76ers '' . The New York Times . February 18 , 2004 . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 .",
"39": "Jump up ^ `` SPORTS BRIEFING : BASKETBALL -- Finley Picks Spurs '' . The New York Times . September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hakim , Danny ( November 8 , 2002 ) . `` BASKETBALL ; Michigan Punishes Basketball Program '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Michael ( May 9 , 2003 ) . `` NCAA slaps U-M with more penalties '' . Detroit Free Press . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2003 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rohan , Tim ( February 25 , 2012 ) . `` A Fresh Five Push Michigan Into the Title Picture '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The NCAA 's Infractions Appeals Committee : Recent Case History ( and Now a New Chapter ? ) '' . Berkeley Electronic Press . Retrieved March 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Heuser , John ( September 25 , 2003 ) . `` U-M basketball wins NCAA appeal : Team will be allowed to play postseason games in 2004 '' . Ann Arbor News . Michigan Live LLC . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Blue retires Rice 's jersey '' , The Michigan Daily , February 21 , 2005 ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 150 -- 1 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Basketball Tournament History '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tourney History '' . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 .",
"40": "Jump up ^ `` Tourney History : Individual records -- single Tournament '' . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 NCAA Tournament '' ( PDF ) . ESPN . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tourney History -- NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship '' . ncaahistory.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shelton , Harold , Nick Loucks and Chris Fallica ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` Counting down the most prestigious programs since 1984 -- 85 '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 14 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Division I Championship '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 4 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Final Four '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 10 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Four '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 12 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Final Four '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 13 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Final Four '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 17 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Four '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 9 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 49 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 .",
"41": "Jump up ^ `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 16 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 43 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 26 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 28 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 31 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 29 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 32 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 30 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 39 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 33 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 34 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 35 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 .",
"42": "^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 36 . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 37 . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 38 . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 63 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . pp. 63 -- 66 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . pp. 68 -- 83 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Official website Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball Venues Waterman Gymnasium ( 1908 -- 1923 ) Fielding H. Yost Fieldhouse ( 1923 -- 1967 ) Crisler Center ( 1967 -- present ) Rivalries Duke Michigan State Culture & lore Fab Five ( film ) Scandal WWJ Michigan IMG Sports Network Fox Sports Detroit People Head coaches Seasons 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 --",
"43": "30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92",
"44": "1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 NCAA national championship in bold ; NCAA Final Four appearances in italics University of Michigan Located in : Ann Arbor , Michigan Academics Ross School of Business School of Dentistry School of Education College of Engineering Rackham School of Graduate Studies School of Information School of Kinesiology Law School College of Literature , Science , and the Arts Medical School School of Music , Theatre & Dance School of Natural Resources and Environment College of Pharmacy School of Public Health Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy Penny W.",
"45": "Stamps School of Art & Design Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning Hopwood Award Athletics Teams Michigan Wolverines Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Field hockey Football Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Swimming Track and field Women 's volleyball Venues Regents Field Ferry Field Michigan Stadium Ray Fisher Stadium Yost Ice Arena Crisler Center Other Cold War Little Brown Jug Paul Bunyan Trophy The Big Chill at the Big House Michigan -- Michigan State basketball rivalry Michigan -- Michigan State ice hockey rivalry Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry Campus Angell Hall Burton Memorial Tower William L. Clements Library The Diag Gerald R.",
"46": "Ford Presidential Library Hill Auditorium Lurie Tower Michigan Union UM Health System University Library Museums Kelsey Museum of Archaeology Nichols Arboretum and Matthaei Botanical Gardens Sindecuse Museum of Dentistry University of Michigan Herbarium University of Michigan Museum of Art University of Michigan Museum of Natural History Weiser Hall Media Gargoyle Humor Magazine Michigan Channel The Michigan Daily The Michigan Every Three Weekly Michigan Journal of Political Science Michigan Journal of Public Affairs Michigan Radio WFUM WUOM WVGR The Michigan Review The Michigan Times Monroe Street Journal University of Michigan Press WCBN - FM WJJX ( defunct ) People General alumni Arts alumni Business alumni Law and government alumni Faculty and staff University presidents Research American National Election Studies Correlates of War Engineering Research Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems Institute for Social Research Michigan Life Sciences Corridor University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index Student life Black Action Movement Michigan Marching Band Michigan Ultras University of Michigan Men 's Glee Club University of Michigan Pops Orchestra University of Michigan Solar Car Team University of Michigan student housing `` The Victors '' `` The Yellow and Blue '' Satellites and Centers Ann Arbor ( Main ) Dearborn Flint Detroit Center Miscellaneous Board of Regents Gratz v. Bollinger Grutter v. Bollinger Founded : 1817 Students : 44,718 Endowment : 7.05 billion Michigan Wolverines rivalries Football Illinois Michigan State Minnesota Notre Dame Ohio State Chicago ( defunct ) Basketball Duke Michigan State Other Michigan State ( hockey ) Michigan State ( soccer ) Big Ten Conference men 's basketball Teams Illinois Fighting Illini Indiana Hoosiers Iowa Hawkeyes Maryland Terrapins Michigan Wolverines Michigan State Spartans",
"47": "Minnesota Golden Gophers Nebraska Cornhuskers Northwestern Wildcats Ohio State Buckeyes Penn State Nittany Lions Purdue Boilermakers Rutgers Scarlet Knights Wisconsin Badgers Championships & awards Regular season champions Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament Player of the Year Chicago Tribune Silver Basketball ( defunct ) Seasons 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54",
"48": "1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 --",
"49": "17 2017 -- 18 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_basketball&oldid=838088704 '' Categories : Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from March 2017 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 21 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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in general when performing bit-wise operations in c which data type should you use
|
[
"strings of eight bits (known as bytes)"
] |
{
"0": "Bitwise operations in C - wikipedia Bitwise operations in C Jump to : navigation , search This article is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this article from a descriptive , neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the C programming language , operations can be performed on a bit level using bitwise operators . Bitwise operations are contrasted by byte - level operations which characterize the bitwise operators ' logical counterparts , the AND , OR and NOT operators . Instead of performing on individual bits , byte - level operators perform on strings of eight bits ( known as bytes ) at a time . The reason for this is that a byte is normally the smallest unit of addressable memory ( i.e. data with a unique memory address . ) This applies to bitwise operators as well , which means that even though they operate on only one bit at a time they can not accept anything smaller than a byte as their input . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bitwise operators 1.1 Bitwise AND & 1.2 Bitwise OR 1.3 Bitwise XOR ^ 1.4 Bitwise NOT ~ / ones ' complement ( unary ) 2 Shift operators 2.1 Right shift > > 2.1. 1 Right shift operator usage 2.2 Left shift < < 3 A simple addition program Example 4 Bitwise assignment operators 5 Logical equivalents 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Bitwise operators ( edit ) C provides six operators for bit manipulation . Symbol Operator & bitwise AND bitwise inclusive OR bitwise XOR ( eXclusive OR ) < < left shift > > right shift ~ bitwise NOT ( one 's complement ) ( unary ) Bitwise and & ( edit ) bit a bit b a & b ( a AND b ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The bitwise AND operator is a single ampersand : & . It is just a representation of AND which does its work on the bits of the operands rather than the truth value of the operands .",
"1": "Bitwise binary AND does the logical AND ( as shown in the table above ) of the bits in each position of a number in its binary form . For instance , working with a byte ( the char type ) : 11001000 & 10111000 -- -- -- -- = 10001000 The most significant bit of the first number is 1 and that of the second number is also 1 so the most significant bit of the result is 1 ; in the second most significant bit , the bit of second number is zero , so we have the result as 0 . Bitwise or ( Edit ) bit a bit b a b ( a OR b ) 0 0 0 0 0 Similar to bitwise AND , bitwise OR only operates at the bit level . Its result is a 1 if one of the either bits is 1 and zero only when both bits are 0 . Its symbol is which can be called a pipe . 11001000 10111000 -- -- -- -- = 11111000 Bitwise XOR ^ ( edit ) bit a bit b a ^ b ( a XOR b ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 The bitwise XOR ( exclusive or ) performs a logical XOR function , which is equivalent to adding two bits and discarding the carry . The result is zero only when we have two zeroes or two ones . XOR can be used to toggle the bits between 1 and 0 . Thus i = i ^ 1 when used in a loop toggles its values between 1 and 0 . 11001000 ^ 10111000 -- -- -- -- = 01110000 Bitwise not ~ / ones ' complement ( unary ) ( edit ) bit a ~ a ( complement of a ) 0 0 The ones ' complement ( ~ ) or the bitwise complement gets us the complement of a given number . Thus we get the bits inverted , for every bit 1 the result is bit 0 and conversely for every bit 0 we have a bit 1 . This operation should not be confused with logical negation ! . ~ 11001000 -- -- -- -- = 00110111 Shift operators ( edit ) There are two bitwise shift operators .",
"2": "They are Right shift ( > > ) Left shift ( < < ) Right shift > > ( edit ) The symbol of right shift operator is > > . For its operation , it requires two operands . It shifts each bit in its left operand to the right . The number following the operator decides the number of places the bits are shifted ( i.e. the right operand ) . Thus by doing ch > > 3 all the bits will be shifted to the right by three places and so on . Example : If the variable ch contains the bit pattern 11100101 , then ch > > 1 will produce the result 01110010 , and ch > > 2 will produce 00111001 . Here blank spaces are generated simultaneously on the left when the bits are shifted to the right . When performed on an unsigned type , the operation performed is a logical shift , causing the blanks to be filled by 0 s ( zeros ) . When performed on a signed type , the result is technically undefined and compiler dependant , however most compilers will perform an arithmetic shift , causing the blank to be filled with the sign bit of the left operand . Right shift can be used to divide a bit pattern by 2 as shown : i = 14 ; / / Bit pattern 00001110 j = i > > 1 ; / / here we have the bit pattern shifted by 1 thus we get 00000111 = 7 which is 14 / 2 Right shift operator usage ( edit ) Typical usage of a right shift operator in C can be seen from the following code . Example : # include < stdio. h > void showbits ( unsigned int x ) ( int i ; for ( i = ( sizeof ( int ) * 8 ) - 1 ; i > = 0 ; i -- ) ( x& ( 1u < < i ) ) ?",
"3": "putchar ( ' 1 ' ) : putchar ( ' 0 ' ) ; printf ( `` \\ n '' ) ; ) int main ( ) ( int j = 5225 , m , n ; printf ( `` % d in binary \\ t \\ t `` , j ) ; / * assume we have a function that prints a binary string when given a decimal integer * / showbits ( j ) ; / * the loop for right shift operation * / for ( m = 0 ; m < = 5 ; m + + ) ( n = j > > m ; printf ( '' % d right shift % d gives `` , j , m ) ; showbits ( n ) ; ) return 0 ; ) The output of the above program will be 5225 in binary 00000000000000000001010001101001 5225 right shift 0 gives 00000000000000000001010001101001 5225 right shift 1 gives 00000000000000000000101000110100 5225 right shift 2 gives 00000000000000000000010100011010 5225 right shift 3 gives 00000000000000000000001010001101 5225 right shift 4 gives 00000000000000000000000101000110 5225 right shift 5 gives 00000000000000000000000010100011 Left shift < < ( edit ) The symbol of left shift operator is < < . It shifts each bit in its left - hand operand to the left by the number of positions indicated by the right - hand operand . It works opposite to that of right shift operator . Thus by doing ch < < 1 in the above example we have 11001010 . Blank spaces generated are filled up by zeroes as above . Left shift can be used to multiply an integer by powers of 2 as in int i = 4 ; / * bit pattern equivalent is binary 100 * / int j = i < < 2 ; / * makes it binary 10000 , which multiplies the original number by 4 i.e. 16 * / A simple addition program example ( edit ) The following program adds two operands using AND , XOR and left shift ( < < ) . # include < stdio.",
"4": "h > int main ( ) ( unsigned int x = 3 , y = 1 , sum , carry ; sum = x ^ y ; / / x XOR y carry = x & y ; / / x AND y while ( carry ! = 0 ) ( carry = carry < < 1 ; / / left shift the carry x = sum ; / / initialize x as sum y = carry ; / / initialize y as carry sum = x ^ y ; / / sum is calculated carry = x & y ; / * carry is calculated , the loop condition is evaluated and the process is repeated until carry is equal to 0 . * / ) printf ( `` % u \\ n '' , sum ) ; / / the program will print 4 return 0 ; ) Bitwise assignment operators ( edit ) C provides a compound assignment operator for each binary arithmetic and bitwise operation ( i.e. each operation which accepts two operands ) . Each of the compound bitwise assignment operators perform the appropriate binary operation and store the result in the left operand . The bitwise assignment operators are as follows : Symbol Operator & = bitwise AND assignment = bitwise inclusive OR assignment ^ = bitwise exclusive OR assignment < < = left shift assignment > > = right shift assignment Logical equivalents ( edit ) Four of the bitwise operators have equivalent logical operators . They are equivalent in that they have the same truth tables . However , logical operators treat each operand as having only one value , either true or false , rather than treating each bit of an operand as an independent value . Logical operators consider zero false and any nonzero value true . Another difference is that logical operators perform short - circuit evaluation . The table below matches equivalent operators and shows a and b as operands of the operators . Bitwise Logical a & b a && b a b a b a ^ b a ! = b ~ a ! a ! = has the same truth table as ^ but unlike the true logical operators , by itself ! = is not strictly speaking a logical operator . This is because a logical operator must treat any nonzero value the same . To be used as a logical operator ! = requires that operands be normalized first .",
"5": "A logical not applied to both operands wo n't change the truth table that results but will ensure all nonzero values are converted to the same value before comparison . This works because ! on a zero always results in a one and ! on any nonzero value always results in a zero . Example : / * Equivalent bitwise and logical operator tests * / # include < stdio. h > void testOperator ( char * name , unsigned char was , unsigned char expected ) ; int main ( ) ( / / -- Bitwise operators -- / / / / Truth tables packed in bits const unsigned char operand1 = 0x0A ; / / 0000 1010 const unsigned char operand2 = 0x0C ; / / 0000 1100 const unsigned char expectedAnd = 0x08 ; / / 0000 1000 const unsigned char expectedOr = 0x0E ; / / 0000 1110 const unsigned char expectedXor = 0x06 ; / / 0000 0110 const unsigned char operand3 = 0x01 ; / / 0000 0001 const unsigned char expectedNot = 0xFE ; / / 1111 1110 testOperator ( `` Bitwise AND '' , operand1 & operand2 , expectedAnd ) ; testOperator ( `` Bitwise OR '' , operand1 operand2 , expectedOr ) ; testOperator ( `` Bitwise XOR '' , operand1 ^ operand2 , expectedXor ) ; testOperator ( `` Bitwise NOT '' , ~ operand3 , expectedNot ) ; printf ( `` \\ n '' ) ; / / -- Logical operators -- / / const unsigned char F = 0x00 ; / / Zero const unsigned char T = 0x01 ; / / Any nonzero value / / Truth tables packed in arrays const unsigned char operandArray1 ( 4 ) = ( T , F , T , F ) ; const unsigned char operandArray2 ( 4 ) = ( T , T , F , F ) ; const unsigned char expectedArrayAnd ( 4 ) = ( T , F , F , F ) ; const unsigned char expectedArrayOr ( 4 ) = ( T , T , T , F ) ; const unsigned char expectedArrayXor ( 4 ) = ( F , T , T , F ) ; const unsigned char operandArray3 ( 2 ) = ( F ,",
"6": "T ) ; const unsigned char expectedArrayNot ( 2 ) = ( T , F ) ; int i ; for ( i = 0 ; i < 4 ; i + + ) ( testOperator ( `` Logical AND '' , operandArray1 ( i ) && operandArray2 ( i ) , expectedArrayAnd ( i ) ) ; ) printf ( `` \\ n '' ) ; for ( i = 0 ; i < 4 ; i + + ) ( testOperator ( `` Logical OR '' , operandArray1 ( i ) operandArray2 ( i ) , expectedArrayOr ( i ) ) ; ) printf ( `` \\ n '' ) ; for ( i = 0 ; i < 4 ; i + + ) ( / / Needs ! on operand 's in case nonzero values are different testOperator ( `` Logical XOR '' , ! operandArray1 ( i ) ! = ! operandArray2 ( i ) , expectedArrayXor ( i ) ) ; ) printf ( `` \\ n '' ) ; for ( i = 0 ; i < 2 ; i + + ) ( testOperator ( `` Logical NOT '' , ! operandArray3 ( i ) , expectedArrayNot ( i ) ) ; ) printf ( `` \\ n '' ) ; return 0 ; ) void testOperator ( char * name , unsigned char was , unsigned char expected ) ( char * result = ( was = = expected ) ?",
"7": "`` passed '' : `` failed '' ; printf ( `` % s % s test , was : % X expected : % X \\ n '' , name , result , was , expected ) ; ) The output of the above program will be Bitwise AND passed , was : 8 expected : 8 Bitwise OR passed , was : E expected : E Bitwise XOR passed , was : 6 expected : 6 Bitwise NOT passed , was : FE expected : FE Logical AND passed , was : 1 expected : 1 Logical AND passed , was : 0 expected : 0 Logical AND passed , was : 0 expected : 0 Logical AND passed , was : 0 expected : 0 Logical OR passed , was : 1 expected : 1 Logical OR passed , was : 1 expected : 1 Logical OR passed , was : 1 expected : 1 Logical OR passed , was : 0 expected : 0 Logical XOR passed , was : 0 expected : 0 Logical XOR passed , was : 1 expected : 1 Logical XOR passed , was : 1 expected : 1 Logical XOR passed , was : 0 expected : 0 Logical NOT passed , was : 1 expected : 1 Logical NOT passed , was : 0 expected : 0 See also ( edit ) Bit manipulation Bitwise operation Find first set Operators in C and C++ Bitboard Boolean algebra ( logic ) XOR swap algorithm XOR linked list References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kernighan ; Dennis M. Ritchie ( March 1988 ) . The C Programming Language ( 2nd ed . ) . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 110362 - 8 . Regarded by many to be the authoritative reference on C . ^ Jump up to : `` Tutorials - Bitwise Operators and Bit Manipulations in C and C + + '' . cprogramming.com . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive - OR Gate Tutorial '' . Basic Electronics Tutorials . Jump up ^ `` C++ Notes : Bitwise Operators '' . fredosaurus.com . Jump up ^ `` 3.8 -- Bitwise operators '' . Learn C++ . Jump up ^ `` C / C++ Compound assignment operators '' . XL C / C++ V8.",
"8": "0 for AIX . IBM . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . External links ( edit ) Bitwise Operators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bitwise_operations_in_C&oldid=827065417 '' Categories : Binary arithmetic C ( programming language ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2015 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 15 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did holland become involved in world war 2
|
[
"10 May 1940",
"10 May 1940",
"15 May 1940",
"with its invasion by Nazi Germany on 10 May 1940",
"10 May 1940"
] |
{
"0": "Netherlands in World war II - wikipedia Netherlands in World war II Jump to : navigation , search The city of Rotterdam after the German bombing during the German invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940 . The direct involvement of the Netherlands in World War II began with its invasion by Nazi Germany on 10 May 1940 . The Netherlands had proclaimed neutrality when war broke out in September 1939 , just as it had in World War I , but Adolf Hitler ordered it to be invaded anyway . On 15 May 1940 , one day after the bombing of Rotterdam , the Dutch forces surrendered . The Dutch government and the royal family escaped and went into exile in London . Following the defeat , the Netherlands was placed under German occupation , which endured in some areas until the German surrender in May 1945 . Active resistance was carried out by a small minority , which grew in the course of the occupation . The occupiers deported the majority of the country 's Jews to Nazi concentration camps , with the cooperation of much of the Dutch police and civil service . Due to the high variation in the survival rate of Jewish inhabitants amongst local regions in the Netherlands , scholars have questioned the validity of a single explanation at the national level . Nonetheless , and also due to the well - organized population registers comparing to other countries , about 70 % of the country 's Jewish population were killed during the conflict , a much higher percentage than comparable countries , like Belgium and France . However , uniquely within all German occupied areas , the city of Amsterdam organized an industrial action to protest the persecution of its Jewish citizens . Most of the south of the country was liberated in the second half of 1944 . The rest , especially the west and north of the country still under occupation , suffered from a famine at the end of 1944 , known as the `` Hunger Winter '' . On 5 May 1945 , the whole country was finally liberated by the total surrender of all German forces . Contents ( hide ) 1 Interbellum 1.1 Neutrality 2 German invasion 2.1 Bombing of Rotterdam 2.2 Dutch surrender 3 German occupation 3.1 Life in the occupied Netherlands 3.1. 1 Luftwaffe 3.1. 2 Forced labour and resistance 3.1.",
"1": "3 Atlantic Wall 3.2 Holocaust 3.3 Collaboration 3.4 Dutch resistance 4 Dutch Army in Exile 5 Dutch East Indies and the war in the Far East 6 The final year 6.1 Hunger Winter 6.2 Liberation 6.3 Casualties 7 After the war 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Interbellum ( edit ) A bunker of the Peel - Raam Line , built in 1939 . Dutch governments between 1929 and 1943 were dominated by Christian and center - right political parties . From 1933 , the Netherlands were hit by the Great Depression , which had begun in 1929 . The incumbent government of Hendrikus Colijn pursued a programme of extensive cuts to maintain the value of the Guilder , resulting in workers ' riots in Amsterdam and a naval mutiny between 1933 and 1934 . Eventually , in 1936 , the government was forced to abandon the gold standard and devalue the currency . Numerous fascist movements emerged in the Netherlands during the Great Depression era , inspired by Italian Fascism or German Nazism . Nevertheless , they never attracted enough members to be an effective mass - movement , though the pro-Nazi movement , supported by the Nazi Party which took power in Germany in 1933 , attempted to in 1935 . Nazi - style racial ideology had limited appeal in the Netherlands , as did its calls to violence . The interwar period also saw a significant increase in civil infrastructure projects and land reclamation , including the Zuiderzee Works , which led to the final draining of seawater from the Wieringermeerpolder , and the completion of the Afsluitdijk dike . Neutrality ( edit ) `` The new Reich has endeavored to continue the traditional friendship with Holland ( sic ) . It has not taken over any existing differences between the two countries and has not created any new ones . '' German guarantee of neutrality , 6 October 1939 During World War I , the Dutch government under Pieter Cort van der Linden had managed to preserve the Dutch neutrality throughout the conflict .",
"2": "In the inter-war period , the Netherlands had continued to pursue its `` Independence Policy '' , even after the rise to power of the Nazi Party in Germany in 1933 . The conservative prime minister Colijn , who held power from 1933 until 1939 , believed the Netherlands would never be able to withstand an attack by a major power , and military spending accordingly remained a low priority . Even though military spending was doubled between 1938 and 1939 , amid the rising international tensions , it still constituted only 4 % of national spending in 1939 , in contrast to nearly 25 % in Nazi - ruled Germany . The Dutch government believed it would be able to rely on its neutrality , or at least the informal support of foreign powers , to defend its interests in case of war . The government did , however , begin to work on plans for the defence of the country . This included the `` New Dutch Waterline '' , an area to the east of Amsterdam which would be flooded , and , from 1939 , fortified positions , including the Grebbe and Peel - Raam Lines , protecting the key cities of Dordrecht , Utrecht , Haarlem and Amsterdam and creating a Vesting Holland ( or `` Fortress Holland '' ) . In late 1939 , with war already declared between the British Empire , France and Nazi Germany , the German government issued a guarantee of neutrality to the Netherlands . Nevertheless , the Dutch military was gradually mobilized from August 1939 , reaching its full strength by April 1940 . German invasion ( edit ) Dutch soldiers guard the border with Germany shortly after mobilization , 1939 . Main article : Battle of the Netherlands Despite its policy of neutrality , the Netherlands was invaded on the morning of 10 May 1940 , without a formal declaration of war , by German forces moving simultaneously into Belgium and Luxembourg . The attackers meant to draw Allied forces away from the Ardennes and to lure British and French forces deeper into Belgium but also to pre-empt a possible British invasion in North Holland . The Luftwaffe also needed the Dutch airfields on the Dutch coast to launch air raids against the United Kingdom . The Dutch military , with insufficient and outdated weapons and equipment , was caught largely unprepared . Much of its weaponry had not changed since the First World War .",
"3": "In particular , the army did not have comparable armoured forces , with only a limited number of armoured cars and tankettes . The air force had only 140 aircraft , mostly outdated biplanes . Sixty - five of the Dutch aircraft were destroyed on the first day of the campaign . The invading forces advanced rapidly but faced significant resistance . A Wehrmacht parachute assault on the first day , aimed at capturing the Dutch government in The Hague and the key airfields at Ockenburg and Ypenburg , was defeated by Dutch ground forces with heavy casualties . The Dutch actually succeeded in destroying significant numbers of transport aircraft that the Germans would need for their planned invasion of Britain . Nevertheless , the German forces succeeded in crossing the Maas river in the Netherlands on the first day , which allowed the Wehrmacht to outflank the nearby Belgian Fort Eben - Emael and force the Belgian army to withdraw from the German border . In the eastern Netherlands , the Germans succeeded in pushing the Dutch back from the Grebbe Line , but their advance was slowed by the Dutch fortifications on the narrow Afsluitdijk Causeway linking the north - eastern and north - western parts of the Netherlands . Nevertheless , the German forces advanced rapidly , and by the fourth day were in control of most of the east of the country , though not the major cities in the west . For the Dutch , it became increasingly clear that British and French troops would not be able to reach the Netherlands in sufficient numbers to halt the invasion , particularly given the speed of the German advance into Belgium . Bombing of Rotterdam ( edit ) See also : Battle of Rotterdam and Rotterdam Blitz Fighting in Rotterdam had taken place since the first day of the campaign , when German infantrymen in seaplanes landed on the Maas river and captured several bridges intact . Nevertheless , the Germans were uneasy about risking a tank attack on the city and feared heavy casualties . Instead , the German commander presented an ultimatum to the Dutch commander in the city . He demanded the surrender of the Dutch garrison and threatened to destroy the city by aerial bombing if they did not accept . The ultimatum was returned on a technicality , since it had not been signed by the German commander . While the corrected ultimatum was being resubmitted , Luftwaffe bombers ( unaware that negotiations were ongoing ) struck the city .",
"4": "During the so - called `` Rotterdam Blitz '' , between 800 and 900 Dutch civilians were killed , and 25,000 homes were destroyed . The bombers ' target was the civilian areas of Rotterdam , rather than the town 's defenses . Under pressure from local officials , the garrison commander then surrendered the city and his 10,000 men on the evening of the 14th , with the permission of Henri Winkelman , the Dutch commander - in - chief , opening up the German advance into `` Fortress Holland '' . Dutch surrender ( edit ) Henri Winkelman ( centre ) , just after signing the Dutch capitulation , 15 May 1940 . The Dutch high command was shocked by the Rotterdam Blitz . Knowing the army was running low on supplies and ammunition , and after receiving news that the city of Utrecht had been given an ultimatum similar to that of Rotterdam , Winkelman held a meeting with other Dutch generals . It was decided that further resistance was futile . In the afternoon of 14 May , Winkelman issued a proclamation to his army , ordering them to surrender : `` This afternoon Germany bombarded Rotterdam , while Utrecht has also been threatened with destruction . In order to spare the civil population and to prevent further bloodshed I feel myself justified in ordering all troops concerned to suspend operations ... By great superiority of the most modern means ( the enemy ) has succeeded in breaking our resistance . We have nothing wherewith to reproach ourselves in connection with this war . Your bearing and that of the forces was calm , firm of purpose and worthy of the Netherlands . '' -- Proclamation of General Winkelman , 14 May 1940 . On 15 May , the Netherlands officially signed the surrender with Germany , although Dutch forces in the province of Zeeland , which had come under French control , continued fighting alongside French forces until 17 May , when the bombardment of the town of Middelburg forced them to surrender also . The Dutch Empire , in particular the Dutch East Indies , supported the Allied side and were unaffected by the surrender . Many ships of the Royal Dutch Navy in Dutch waters fled to the United Kingdom . During the four - day campaign , about 2,300 Dutch soldiers were killed and 7,000 wounded , while over 3,000 Dutch civilians also died .",
"5": "The invading army lost 2,200 men killed and 7,000 wounded . In addition , 1,300 German soldiers captured by the Dutch during the campaign , many around The Hague , had been shipped to Britain and remained POWs for the rest of the war . Queen Wilhelmina and the Dutch government succeeded in escaping from the Netherlands before the surrender and formed a government - in - exile . German occupation ( edit ) Life in the occupied Netherlands ( edit ) Ration stamps from the German - occupied Netherlands Following the refusal of the Dutch government to return , the Netherlands was controlled by a German civilian governor , unlike France or Denmark which had their own governments , and Belgium , which was under German military control . The civil government , the Reichskommissariat Niederlande , was headed by the Austrian Nazi Arthur Seyss - Inquart . The German occupiers implemented a policy of Gleichschaltung ( `` enforced conformity '' ) , and systematically eliminated non-Nazi organizations . In 1940 , the German regime more or less immediately outlawed all Socialist and Communist parties ; in 1941 , it forbade all parties , except for the Dutch National Socialist party NSB . Gleichschaltung was an enormous shock to the Dutch , who had traditionally had separate institutions for all main religious groups , particularly Catholic and Protestant , because of decades of pillarisation . The process was opposed by the Catholic Church in the Netherlands , and , in 1941 , all Roman Catholics were urged by Dutch bishops to leave associations that had been Nazified . A long - term aim of the Nazis was to incorporate the Netherlands into the Greater Germanic Reich . Hitler thought very highly of the Dutch people , who were considered to be fellow members of the Aryan `` master race '' . Diplomat being evacuated from occupied Holland . German special visa issued for the travel on a diplomatic train for the evacuation in July of 1940 . Luftwaffe ( edit ) The Luftwaffe was especially interested in the Netherlands , as the country was designated to become the main area for the air force bases from which to attack the United Kingdom . The Germans started construction of 10 so - called Fliegerhorst ( nl ) , major military airports , on the day after the formal Dutch surrender , 15 May 1940 .",
"6": "Each of these was intended to have at least 2 or 3 hard surface runways , a dedicated railway connection , major built - up and heated repair and overhaul facilities , extensive indoor and outdoor storage spaces , and most had housing and facilities for 2000 to 3000 men . Each Fliegerhorst also had an auxiliary and often a decoy airfield , complete with mock - up planes made from plywood . The construction work was performed by Dutch contractors and Dutch workers on a totally voluntary basis . The largest became Deelen Air Base , north of Arnhem ( 12 former German buildings at Deelen are now national monuments ) . Adjacent to Deelen , the large central air control bunker for Belgium and the Netherlands , Diogenes , was set up . Within a year , the attack strategy had to be altered to a defensive operation . The ensuing air war over the Netherlands cost almost 20,000 airmen ( Allied and German ) their lives and 6,000 planes went down over the country - an average of 3 per day during the five years of the war . The Netherlands turned into the first line of western air defense for Germany and its industrial heartland of the Ruhrgebiet , complete with extensive flak , sound detection installations and later radar . The first German night - hunter squadron started its operations from the Netherlands . Some 30,000 Luftwaffe men and women were involved in the Netherlands throughout the war . Forced labour and resistance ( edit ) The Arbeitseinsatz -- the drafting of civilians for forced labour -- was imposed on the Netherlands . This obliged every man between 18 and 45 to work in German factories , which were bombed regularly by the western Allies . Those who refused were forced into hiding . As food and many other goods were taken out of the Netherlands , rationing increased ( with ration books ) . At times , the resistance would raid distribution centres to obtain ration cards to be distributed to those in hiding . For the resistance to succeed , it was sometimes necessary for its members to feign collaboration with the Germans . After the war , this led to difficulties for those who pretended to collaborate when they could not prove they had been in the resistance -- something that was difficult because it was in the nature of the job to keep it a secret .",
"7": "Atlantic Wall ( edit ) The Atlantic Wall , a gigantic coastal defense line built by the Germans along the entire European coast from southwestern France to Denmark and Norway , included the coastline of the Netherlands . Some towns , such as Scheveningen , were evacuated because of this . In The Hague alone , 3,200 houses were demolished and 2,594 were dismantled . 20,000 houses were cleared , and 65,000 people were forced to move . The Arbeitseinsatz also included forcing the Dutch to work on these projects , but a form of passive resistance took place here with people working slowly or poorly . Holocaust ( edit ) See also : History of the Jews in the Netherlands Anne Frank 's diary has been translated into some sixty languages since its publication Shortly after it was established , the military regime began to persecute the Jews of the Netherlands . In 1940 , there were no deportations and only small measures were taken against the Jews . In February 1941 , the Nazis deported a small group of Dutch Jews to Mauthausen - Gusen concentration camp . The Dutch reacted with the February strike , a nationwide protest against the deportations , unique in the history of Nazi - occupied Europe . Although the strike did not accomplish much -- its leaders were executed -- it was an initial setback for Seyss - Inquart as he had planned to both deport the Jews and to win the Dutch over to the Nazi cause . Before the February strike , the Nazis had installed a Jewish Council ( Dutch : Joodse Raad ) . This was a board of Jews , headed by Professor David Cohen ( nl ; de ) and Abraham Asscher . Independent Jewish organizations such as the Committee for Jewish Refugees -- founded by Asscher and Cohen in 1933 -- were closed . The Jewish Council ultimately served as an instrument for organising the identification and deportation of Jews more efficiently ; the Jews on the council were told and convinced they were helping the Jews . In May 1942 , Jews were ordered to wear the Star of David badges . Around the same time the Catholic Church of the Netherlands publicly condemned the government 's action in a letter read at all Sunday parish services . Thereafter , the Nazi government treated the Dutch more harshly : notable Socialists were imprisoned , and , later in the war , Catholic priests , including Titus Brandsma , were deported to concentration camps .",
"8": "In 1942 , a transit camp ( Durchgangslager ) was established at Westerbork by converting the pre-war camp opened by the Committee for Jewish Refugees . Concentration camps were built at Vught and Amersfoort as well . Eventually , with the assistance of Dutch police and civil service , the majority of the Dutch Jews were deported to concentration camps . Germany was particularly effective in deporting and killing Jews during its occupation of the Netherlands during World War II . Of the 140,000 Jews in 1941 , inclusive both of Dutch Jews and the refugees ensnared by the German invasion of 1940 , about 38,000 survived at war 's end in 1945 . The survival rate of 27 % is much lower than in neighboring Belgium , where 60 % of Jews survived . It is also lower than in France , where 75 % survived . Historians have offered several hypotheses about why the survival rate was much smaller in the Netherlands than in the other western European countries . Were the German occupiers particularly vigorous in the Netherlands ? The Netherlands included religion in its national records , which reduced the opportunity for Jews to mask their ethnic and religious identity . How much did the cooperation of the Dutch authorities and the Dutch people contribute ? Did the absence of forests in the Netherlands deprive the Jews of hiding places ? Marnix Croes and Peter Tammes have examined these hypotheses by looking at the variations in survival between the different regions of the Netherlands . They conclude that most of these hypotheses do not explain the data . They suggest that a more likely explanation was the varying `` ferocity '' with which the Germans and their Dutch collaborators hunted Jews in hiding in the different regions . Collaboration ( edit ) See also : National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands and Nederlandsche SS Anton Mussert , leader of the NSB , speaking at a rally in The Hague in 1941 Not all Dutch offered active or passive resistance against the German occupation . Some Dutch men and women chose or were forced to collaborate with the German regime or joined the German army ( which usually would mean being placed in the Waffen - SS ) . Others , like members of the Henneicke Column , were actively involved in capturing hiding Jews for a price and delivering them to the German occupiers .",
"9": "It is estimated that the Henneicke Column captured around 8,000 - 9,000 Dutch Jews who were ultimately sent to their death in the German death camps . The Nationaal - Socialistische Beweging ( NSB ) was the only legal political party in the Netherlands from 1941 and was actively involved in collaboration with the German occupiers . In 1941 , when Germany still seemed certain to win the war , about three percent of the adult male population belonged to the NSB . Recruitment poster for the Dutch SS After World War II broke out , the NSB sympathized with the Germans , but nevertheless advocated strict neutrality for the Netherlands . In May 1940 , after the German invasion , 10,000 NSB members and sympathizers were put in custody by the Dutch government . Soon after the Dutch defeat , on 14 May 1940 , they were set free by German troops . In June 1940 , NSB leader Anton Mussert held a speech in Lunteren in which he called for the Dutch to embrace the Germans and renounce the Dutch Monarchy , which had fled to London . In 1940 , the German regime had outlawed all socialist and communist parties ; in 1941 , it forbade all parties , except for the NSB . The NSB openly collaborated with the occupation forces . Its membership grew to about 100,000 . The NSB played an important role in lower government and civil service ; every new mayor appointed by the German occupation government was a member of the NSB . After the German signing of surrender on 6 May 1945 , the NSB was outlawed . Mussert was arrested the following day . Many of the members of the NSB were arrested , but few were convicted ; those who were included Mussert , who was executed on 7 May 1946 . There were no attempts to continue the organization illegally . In September 1940 , the Nederlandsche SS was formed as `` Afdeling XI '' ( Department XI ) of the NSB . It was the equivalent to the Allgemeine SS in Germany . In November 1942 its name was changed in Germaansche SS in Nederland . The Nederlandsche SS was primarily a political formation but also served as manpower reservoir for the Waffen - SS .",
"10": "Between 20,000 and 25,000 Dutchmen volunteered to serve in the Heer and the Waffen - SS . The most notable formations were the 4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Nederland which saw action exclusively on the Eastern Front and the SS Volunteer Grenadier Brigade Landstorm Nederland which fought in Belgium and the Netherlands . The Nederland brigade participated in fighting on the Eastern Front during the Battle of Narva , with several soldiers receiving the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross , Nazi Germany 's highest award for bravery . Dutch resistance ( edit ) Main article : Dutch resistance Ons Volk , a Dutch underground newspaper printed by the resistance The Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation during World War II developed relatively slowly , but its counter-intelligence , domestic sabotage , and communications networks provided key support to Allied forces beginning in 1944 and through the liberation of the country . Discovery by the Germans of involvement in the resistance meant an immediate death sentence . The country 's terrain , lack of wilderness and dense population made it difficult to conceal any illicit activities , and it was bordered by German - controlled territory , offering no escape route , except by sea . Resistance in the Netherlands took the form of small - scale , decentralized cells engaged in independent activities . The communist CPN , however , organized resistance from the start of the war . So did the circle of liberal democratic resisters who were linked through Professor Dr. Willem or Wim Schermerhorn to the Dutch government - in - exile in London , the LKP ( `` Nationale Knokploeg '' , or National Force Units , literal translation `` Brawl Crew '' ) . This was one of the largest resistance groups , numbering around 550 active participants ; it was also heavily targeted by Nazi intelligence for destruction due to its links with England . Some small groups had absolutely no links to others . These groups produced forged ration cards and counterfeit money , collected intelligence , published underground newspapers , sabotaged phone lines and railways , prepared maps , and distributed food and goods . After 1942 the National Organisation ( LO ) and National Force Units ( LKP ) organized national coordination . Some contact was established with the government in London . After D - day the existing national organizations , the LKP , the OD and the Council of Resistance merged into the internal forces under the command of Prince Bernhard .",
"11": "Members of the Dutch Resistance , identified by their cloth armbands , with American paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division in Eindhoven , September 1944 One of the riskiest activities was hiding and sheltering refugees and enemies of the Nazi regime , Jewish families like the family of Anne Frank , underground operatives , draft - age Dutch , and others . Collectively these people were known as onderduikers ( literally ' under - divers ' ) . Later in the war , this system of people - hiding was also used to protect downed Allied airmen . Reportedly , resistance doctors in Heerlen concealed an entire hospital floor from German troops . In February 1943 , a Dutch resistance cell rang the doorbell of the former head of the Dutch general staff and now collaborating General - Lieutenant Hendrik Seyffardt in the Hague . Seyffardt commanded the campaign to recruit Dutch volunteers for the Waffen - SS and the German war effort on the Eastern Front . After he answered and identified himself , he was shot twice and died the following day . This assassination of the high - level official triggered a harsh reprisal from SS General Hanns Albin Rauter , who ordered the killing of 50 Dutch hostages and a series of raids on Dutch universities . On October 1 and 2 , 1944 , the Dutch resistance attacked German troops near the village of Putten , which resulted in war crimes on behalf of the occupying Germans . After the attack , part of the town was destroyed , and seven people were shot in the Putten raid . The entire male population of Putten was deported and most were subjected to forced labour ; 48 out of 552 survived the camps . The Dutch resistance attacked Rauter 's car on March 6 , 1945 , unaware of the identity of its occupant , which in turn led to the killings at Woeste Hoeve , where 116 men were rounded up and executed at the site of the ambush and another 147 Gestapo prisoners executed elsewhere . Dutch army in exile ( edit ) See also : Dutch government - in - exile and Free Dutch Forces Several days before the surrender , Queen Wilhelmina , her family and the Dutch government left the country for the United Kingdom .",
"12": "Shortly after the German victory , the Dutch government , led by Prime Minister Dirk Jan de Geer , was invited by the Germans to return to the country and form a pro-German puppet government , as the Vichy government had agreed to do in France . De Geer wanted to accept this invitation but the Queen did not and dismissed De Geer in favour of Pieter Gerbrandy . Dutch East Indies and the war in the Far East ( edit ) Main articles : Japanese occupation of Indonesia and Indonesian National Revolution Japanese troops land at Merak ( Java ) in the Dutch East Indies in 1942 On December 8 , 1941 , the Netherlands declared war on the Japanese Empire . On January 10 , 1942 the Japanese invaded the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) . Dutch naval ships joined forces with the Allies to form the American - British - Dutch - Australian ( ABDA ) Fleet , commanded by Dutch rear admiral Karel Doorman . On February 27 -- 28 , 1942 , admiral Doorman was ordered to take the offensive against the Imperial Japanese Navy . His objections on the matter were overruled . The ABDA fleet finally encountered the Japanese surface fleet at the Battle of the Java Sea , at which Doorman gave the order to engage . During the ensuing battle the allied fleet suffered heavy losses . The Dutch cruisers Java and De Ruyter were lost , together with the destroyer Kortenaer . The other allied cruisers , the Australian Perth , the British Exeter , and the American Houston , tried to disengage but they were spotted by the Japanese in the following days and eventually all were destroyed . Numerous ABDA destroyers were also lost . According to legend , admiral Doorman 's attack order was Ik val aan , volg mij ! ( `` I am attacking , follow me ! '' ) ; in reality , the order was `` All ships follow me . '' After Japanese troops had landed on Java and the KNIL had been unsuccessful in stopping their advance ( due to the Japanese ability to occupy a relatively unguarded airstrip ) the Dutch forces on Java surrendered on 1 March 1942 . Some 42,000 Dutch soldiers were taken prisoner and interned in labor camps , though some were executed on the spot .",
"13": "Later all Dutch civilians ( some 100,000 in total ) , were arrested and interned in camps , and some were deported to Japan or sent to work on the Thai - Burma Railway . During the Japanese occupation between 4 and 10 million Javanese were forced to work for the Japanese war effort . Some 270,000 Javanese were taken to other parts of Southeast Asia ; only 52,000 of those survived . A Dutch government study described how the Japanese military recruited women as prostitutes by force in the Dutch East Indies . It concluded that among the 200 to 300 European women working in Japanese military brothels , `` some sixty five were most certainly forced into prostitution . '' Others , faced with starvation in the refugee camps , agreed to offers of food and payment for work , the nature of which was not completely revealed to them . Indonesian youths being trained by the Japanese army . The Dutch submarines escaped and resumed hostilities with the Allies from bases in Australia such as Fremantle . As a part of the Allied forces , they were on the hunt for Japanese tankers on their way to Japan and the movement of Japanese troops and weapons to other sites of battle ( including New Guinea ) . Because of the significant number of Dutch submarines active in this theater of the war , the Dutch were named the `` Fourth Ally '' in the theatre -- along with the Australians , Americans , and New Zealanders . Many Dutch Army and Navy airmen escaped and , with airplanes provided by the U.S. , formed the Royal Australian Air Force 's Nos. 18 and 120 ( Netherlands East Indies ) Squadrons , equipped with B - 25 Mitchell bombers and P - 40 Kittyhawk fighters , respectively . No. 18 Squadron conducted bombing raids from Australia to the Dutch East Indies , and both squadrons eventually also participated in their recapture . Gradually control of the Netherlands East Indies was wrested away from the Japanese . The largest Allied invasion of this theater took place in July 1945 with Australian landings on the island of Borneo , to seize the strategic oil - fields from the now cut - off Japanese forces . At that time the Japanese had already begun independence negotiations with Indonesian nationalists such as Sukarno , and Indonesian forces had taken control of sizable portions of Sumatra and Java .",
"14": "Following the Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945 , Indonesian nationalists led by Sukarno declared their country 's independence and a four year armed and diplomatic struggle between the Netherlands and Indonesian republicans began . Dutch civilians , who suffered greatly during their internment , finally returned home to a land that had suffered greatly as well . The final year ( edit ) British Sherman tanks liberate Valkenswaard during Operation Market Garden , September 1944 . After the Allied landing in Normandy in June 1944 , the western Allies rapidly advanced in the direction of the Dutch border . Tuesday September 5 is known as Dolle dinsdag ( `` mad Tuesday '' ) -- the Dutch began celebrating , believing they were close to liberation . In September , the Allies launched Operation Market Garden , an attempt to advance from the Dutch - Belgian border across the rivers Meuse , Waal and Rhine into the north of the Netherlands and Germany . However , the Allied forces did not reach this objective because they could not capture the Rhine bridge at the Battle of Arnhem . During Market Garden , substantial regions to the south , including Nijmegen , Eindhoven and much of North Brabant , were liberated . Much of the northern Netherlands remained in German hands until the Rhine crossings in late March 1945 . Parts of the southern Netherlands were not liberated by Operation Market Garden , which had established a narrow salient between Eindhoven and Nijmegen . In the east of North Brabant and in Limburg , British and American forces in Operation Aintree managed to defeat the remaining German forces west of the Meuse between late September and early December 1944 , destroying the German bridgehead between the Meuse and the Peel marshes . During this offensive the only tank battle ever fought on Dutch soil took place at Overloon . At the same time , the Allies also advanced into the province of Zeeland . At the start of October 1944 , the Germans still occupied Walcheren and dominated the Scheldt estuary and its approaches to the port of Antwerp . The crushing need for a large supply port forced the Battle of the Scheldt in which First Canadian Army fought on both sides of the estuary during the month to clear the waterways .",
"15": "Large battles were fought to clear the Breskens Pocket , Woensdrecht and the Zuid - Beveland Peninsula of German forces , primarily `` stomach '' units of the Wehrmacht as well as German paratroopers of Battle Group Chill . German units composed of convalescents and the medically unfit were named for their ailment ; thus , `` stomach '' units for soldiers with ulcers . Canadian troops pass a windmill in Rijssen - Holten , April 1945 . By 31 October , resistance south of the Scheldt had collapsed , and the Canadian 2nd Infantry Division , British 52nd ( Lowland ) Division and 4th Special Service Brigade all made attacks on Walcheren Island . Strong German defenses made a landing very difficult , and the Allies responded by bombing the dikes of Walcheren at Westkapelle , Vlissingen and Veere to flood the island . Though the Allies had warned residents with pamphlets , 180 inhabitants of Westkappelle died . The coastal guns on Walcheren were silenced in the opening days of November and the Scheldt battle declared over ; no German forces remained intact along the 64 mi ( 103 km ) path to Antwerp . After the Allied armies broke out from Normandy , the Polish 1st Armoured Division pursued the Germans along the coast of the English Channel . It liberated , among others , the towns of Ypres , Ghent and Passchendaele . A successful outflanking manoeuvre planned and performed by General Maczek allowed liberation of the city of Breda without any civilian casualties ( October 29 , 1944 ) . The Dutch government had not wanted to use the old water line when the Germans had invaded in 1940 . It was still possible to create an island out of the Holland region by destroying dikes and flooding the polders , but this island contained the main cities . The Dutch government had decided then that there were too many people to keep alive to justify the flooding . However , Hitler ordered that Fortress Holland ( German : Festung Holland ) be held at any price .",
"16": "Hunger Winter ( edit ) Dutch civilians pictured during the Hongerwinter of 1944 -- 45 Main article : Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 The winter of 1944 -- 1945 was very harsh , which led to ' hunger journeys ' and many cases of starvation ( about 30,000 casualties ) , exhaustion , cold and disease . This winter is known as the Hongerwinter ( literally , `` hunger winter '' ) or the Dutch famine of 1944 . In response to a general railway strike ordered by the Dutch government - in - exile in expectation of a general German collapse near the end of 1944 , the Germans cut off all food and fuel shipments to the western provinces in which 4.5 million people lived . Severe malnutrition was common and 18,000 people starved to death . Relief came at the beginning of May 1945 . Liberation ( edit ) After crossing the Rhine at Wesel and Rees , Canadian forces entered the Netherlands from the east , liberating the eastern and northern provinces . The western provinces , where the situation was worst , however , had to wait until the surrender of German forces in the Netherlands was negotiated on the eve of May 5 , 1945 ( three days before the general capitulation of Germany ) , in the Hotel de Wereld in Wageningen . Previously the Swedish Red Cross had been allowed to provide relief efforts , and Allied forces were allowed to airdrop food over the German - occupied territories in Operation Manna . On the island of Texel , nearly 800 men of the Georgian Legion , serving in the German army as Osttruppen , rebelled on April 5 , 1945 . Their rebellion was crushed by the German army after two weeks of battle . 565 Georgians , 120 inhabitants of Texel , and 800 Germans died . The 228 surviving Georgians were forcibly repatriated to the Soviet Union when the war ended . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liberation of the Netherlands . After being liberated , Dutch citizens began taking the law into their own hands , as had been done in other liberated countries , such as France .",
"17": "Collaborators and Dutch women who had had relationships with men of the German occupying force , called `` Moffenmeiden '' were abused and humiliated in public , usually by having their heads shaved and painted orange . Casualties ( edit ) By the end of the war , 205,901 Dutch men and women had died of war - related causes . The Netherlands had the highest per capita death rate of all Nazi - occupied countries in Western Europe ( 2.36 % ) . Over half ( 107,000 ) were Holocaust victims , deported and murdered Jews . There were also many thousands of non-Dutch Jews in the total , who had fled to the Netherlands from other countries , seeking safety . Another 30,000 died in the Dutch East Indies , either while fighting the Japanese or in camps as Japanese POWs . Dutch civilians were also held in these camps . After the war ( edit ) Collaborators and moffenmeiden being rounded up and publicly humiliated by resistance members following the Liberation This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After the war , some accused of collaborating with the Germans were lynched or otherwise punished without trial . Men who had fought with the Germans in the Wehrmacht or Waffen - SS were used to clear minefields and suffered losses accordingly . Others were sentenced by courts for treason . Some were proven to have been wrongly arrested and were cleared of charges , sometimes after being held in custody for a long period of time . The Dutch government initially developed plans to annex a sizeable portion of Germany ( Bakker - Schut Plan ) , either with or without its German population -- which in the latter case would have to be `` Dutchified '' -- doubling the land area of the Netherlands . This plan was dropped after an Allied refusal ( although two small villages were added to the Netherlands in 1949 and returned in 1963 ) . One successfully - implemented plan was Black Tulip , the deportation of all holders of German passports from the Netherlands , resulting in several thousand German deportations . The bank balances of Dutch Jews who were killed are still the subject of legal proceedings , more than 70 years after the end of the war .",
"18": "The end of the war also meant the final loss of the Dutch East Indies . Following the surrender of the Japanese in the Dutch East Indies , Indonesian nationalists fought a four - year war of independence against Dutch and initially British Commonwealth forces , eventually leading to the Dutch recognition of the independence of Indonesia . Many Dutch and Indonesians emigrated or returned to the Netherlands at this time , and their presence has resulted in a lasting Indonesian influence in Dutch culture and cuisine . World War II left many lasting effects on Dutch society . On May 4 , the Dutch commemorate those who died during the war . Among the living , there are many who still bear the emotional scars of the war , both first and second generation . In 2000 , the government was still granting 24,000 people an annual compensatory payment ( although this also includes victims from later wars , such as the Korean War ) . See also ( edit ) Netherlands portal World War II portal Dutch resistance Military history of the Netherlands during World War II Chronological overview of the liberation of Dutch cities and towns during World War II History of the Netherlands World War II Jan de Hartog Corrie ten Boom Philip Slier References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Werner Warmbrunn ( 1963 ) . The Dutch Under German Occupation , 1940 - 1945 . Stanford UP . pp. 5 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Loyd E. Lee and Robin D.S. Higham , eds. ( 1997 ) . World War II in Europe , Africa , and the Americas , with General Sources : A Handbook of Literature and Research . Greenwood . p. 277 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ > Croes , Marnix ( Winter 2006 ) . `` The Holocaust in the Netherlands and the Rate of Jewish Survival ' '' ( PDF ) . Holocaust and Genocides Studies . Research and Documentation Center of the Netherlands Ministry of Justice . 20 ( 3 ) : 474 -- 499 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Netherlands between the Wars , 1929 -- 1940 '' . History of the Netherlands . World History at KLMA . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Erik ( 1981 ) .",
"19": "`` Fascism and Nazism in the Netherlands , 1929 -- 39 '' . European Studies Review . 11 ( 3 ) : 33 -- 385 . ^ Jump up to : TC - 32 ( 6 October 1939 ) . `` Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression '' . I. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Abbenhuis , Maartje M. ( 2006 ) . The Art of Staying Neutral : The Netherlands in the First World War , 1914 -- 1918 . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . pp. 13 -- 21 . ISBN 90 - 5356 - 818 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hirschfeld , Gerhard ( 1988 ) . Nazi Rule and Dutch Collaboration : The Netherlands under German Occupation , 1940 -- 1945 ( 1st English ed . ) . Oxford : Berg . pp. 12 -- 4 . ISBN 0 - 85496 - 146 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Wubs , Ben ( 2008 ) . International Business and War Interests : Unilever between Reich and Empire , 1939 -- 45 . London : Routledge . pp. 61 -- 2 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 41667 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutch Army Strategy and Armament in WWII '' . Waroverholland.nl . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Germans attack in the West '' . World War 2 Today . Archived from the original on 21 January 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Amersfoort , Herman ; Kamphuis , Piet , eds. ( 2005 ) , Mei 1940 -- De Strijd op Nederlands grondgebied ( in Dutch ) , Den Haag : Sdu Uitgevers , p. 64 , ISBN 90 - 12 - 08959 - X Jump up ^ `` Dutch Armoured Cars type Landsverk '' . Waroverholland.nl . Retrieved 6 July 2013 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ `` Battle of the Netherlands '' . Totally History . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capitulation '' . Waroverholland.nl . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Amersfoort , Herman ; Kamphuis , Piet , eds. ( 2005 ) , Mei 1940 -- De Strijd op Nederlands grondgebied , Den Haag : Sdu Uitgevers , p. 192 , ISBN 90 - 12 - 08959 - X Jump up ^ Various . Belgium : The Official Account of What Happened , 1939 -- 40 . London : Belgian Ministry for Foreign Affairs . pp. 32 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Teeuwisse , Joeri ( 17 March 2006 ) . `` Life During The Dutch Occupation -- Part 2 : May 1940 , The Battle For The Netherlands '' . Armchair General . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` May 14 - Rotterdam '' . Waroverholland.nl . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Ashton , H.S. ( 1941 ) . The Netherlands at War . London . pp. 24 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Dutch Navy '' . Waroverholland.nl . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard Z . Chesnoff ( 2011 ) . Pack of Thieves : How Hitler and Europe Plundered the Jews and Committed the Greatest Theft in His . Knopf Doubleday . p. 103 . Jump up ^ Samuel P. Oliner ( 1992 ) . Altruistic Personality : Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe . Simon and Schuster . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Vliegvelden in Oorlogstijd , Netherlands Institute for Military History ( NIMH ) , The Hague 2009 Jump up ^ Presser , Jacob ( 1988 ) . Ashes in the Wind : the Destruction of Dutch Jewry . Arnold Pomerans ( translation ) .",
"21": "Wayne State University Press ( reprint of 1968 translated edition ) . ISBN 9780814320365 . OCLC 17551064 . Page number needed . Jump up ^ Wasserstein , Bernard ( 2014 ) . The Ambiguity of Virtue : Gertrude van Tijn and the Fate of the Dutch Jews . Harvard University Press . pp. 98 -- 100 . ISBN 9780674281387 . OCLC 861478330 . Jump up ^ Rozett , Robert ; Spector , Shmuel ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of the Holocaust . Taylor and Francis . p. 119 . ISBN 9781135969509 . OCLC 869091747 . Jump up ^ Stone , Dan ( 2010 ) . Histories of the Holocaust . Oxford University Press . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 956680 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Croes , Marnix ( Winter 2006 ) . `` The Holocaust in the Netherlands and the Rate of Jewish Survival '' ( PDF ) . Holocaust and Genocide Studies . 20 ( 3 ) : 474 -- 499 . doi : 10.1093 / hgs / dcl022 . Jump up ^ Georg Tessin , Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen SS 1939 -- 1945 , Biblio Verlag , vol. 2 for Nederland , vol. 14 for Landstorm Nederland Jump up ^ Abraham J. Edelheit and Hershel Edelheit , History of the Holocaust : a handbook and dictionary ( 1994 ) p 411 Jump up ^ Mark Zuehlke , On to Victory : The Canadian Liberation of the Netherlands , ( 2010 ) p 187 Jump up ^ Van der Zee , Henri A. ( 1998 ) . The hunger Winter : Occupied Holland , 1944 -- 1945 ( 1st ed . ) . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . p. 182 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9618 - 5 .",
"22": "Jump up ^ `` THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS DECLARES WAR WITH JAPAN '' . ibiblio . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ministerie van Buitenlandse zaken 1994 , pp. 6 -- 9 , 11 , 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ http://www.awf.or.jp/e1/netherlands.html Jump up ^ Soh , Chunghee Sarah . `` Japan 's ' Comfort Women ' '' . International Institute for Asian Studies . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Soh , Chunghee Sarah ( 2008 ) . The Comfort Women : Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan . University of Chicago Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 76777 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Women made to become comfort women - Netherlands '' . Asian Women 's Fund . Jump up ^ Poelgeest . Bart van , 1993 , Gedwongen prostitutie van Nederlandse vrouwen in voormalig Nederlands - Indië ' s - Gravenhage : Sdu Uitgeverij Plantijnstraat . ( Tweede Kamer , vergaderjaar 93 - 1994 , 23 607 , nr. 1 . ) Jump up ^ Poelgeest , Bart van . `` Report of a study of Dutch government documents on the forced prostitution of Dutch women in the Dutch East Indies during the Japanese occupation . '' ( Unofficial Translation , January 24 , 1994 . ) Jump up ^ Twomey , Christina ( 2009 ) . `` Double Displacement : Western Women 's Return Home from Japanese Internment in the Second World War '' . Gender and History . 21 ( 3 ) : 670 -- 684 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0424.2009. 01566. x . Jump up ^ Ryan , Cornelius ( 1995 ) . A Bridge Too Far ( First paperback ed . ) . New York : Simon and Schuster . pp. 26 , 39 .",
"23": "ISBN 0 - 684 - 80330 - 5 . Jump up ^ Banning , C. ( 1946 ) . `` Food Shortage and Public Health , First Half of 1945 '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 245 ( The Netherlands during German Occupation ) : 93 -- 110 . doi : 10.1177 / 000271624624500114 . JSTOR 1024809 . Jump up ^ Goddard , Lance ( 2005 ) . Canada and the liberation of the Netherlands , May 1945 . Toronto : Dundurn Group . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 547 - 3 . Jump up ^ See World War II casualties Jump up ^ See World War II casualties # endnote Indonesia Further reading ( edit ) Croes , Marnix ( Winter 2006 ) . `` The Holocaust in the Netherlands and the Rate of Jewish Survival ' '' ( PDF ) . Holocaust and Genocides Studies . Research and Documentation Center of the Netherlands Ministry of Justice . 20 ( 3 ) : 474 -- 499 . Dewulf , Jeroen . Spirit of Resistance : Dutch Clandestine Literature during the Nazi Occupation ( Rochester NY : Camden House 2010 ) Diederichs , Monika . `` Stigma and Silence : Dutch Women , German Soldiers and their children '' , in Kjersti Ericsson and Eva Simonsen , eds . Children of World War II : The Hidden Enemy Legacy ( Oxford U.P. 2005 ) , 151 -- 64 . Foot , Michael , ed . Holland at war against Hitler : Anglo - Dutch relations 1940 - 1945 ( 1990 ) excerpt and text search Foray , Jennifer L. `` The ' Clean Wehrmacht ' in the German - occupied Netherlands , 1940 - 5 , '' Journal of Contemporary History 2010 45 : 768 - 787 doi : 10.1177 / 0022009410375178 Friedhoff , Herman . Requiem for the Resistance : The Civilian Struggle Against Nazism in Holland and Germany ( 1989 ) Goddard , Lance .",
"24": "Canada and the liberation of the Netherlands , May 1945 ( 2005 ) Hirschfeld , Gerhard . Nazi Rule and Dutch Collaboration : The Netherlands under German Occupation 1940 -- 1945 ( Oxford U.P. , 1998 ) Hirschfeld , Gerhard . `` Collaboration and Attentism in the Netherlands 1940 -- 41 , '' Journal of Contemporary History ( 1981 ) 16 # 3 pp 467 -- 486 . Focus on the `` Netherlands Union '' active in 1940 -- 41 in JSTOR Hitchcock , William I . The Bitter Road to Freedom : The Human Cost of Allied Victory in World War II Europe ( 2009 ) ch 3 is `` Hunger : The Netherlands and the Politics of Food , '' pp 98 -- 129 Maas , Walter B . The Netherlands at war : 1940 -- 1945 ( 1970 ) Moore , Bob . `` Occupation , Collaboration and Resistance : Some Recent Publications on the Netherlands During the Second World War , '' European History Quarterly ( 1991 ) 211 pp 109 -- 118 . Online at Sage Sellin , Thorsten , ed . `` The Netherlands during German Occupation , '' Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 245 , May , 1946 pp i to 180 in JSTOR , 18 essays by experts ; focus on home front economics , society , Resistance , Jews van der Zee , Henri A . The hunger winter : occupied Holland , 1944 -- 1945 ( U of Nebraska Press , 1998 ) excerpt and text search Warmbrunn , Werner . The Dutch under German Occupation 1940 -- 1945 ( Stanford U.P. 1963 ) Zuehlke , Mark . On to Victory : The Canadian Liberation of the Netherlands , March 23 - May 5 , 1945 ( D & M Publishers , 2010 . ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Netherlands in World War II . Canada and Holland The liberation of the Netherlands with photos and video footage . Canadian Newspapers and the Second World War - The Liberation of the Netherlands ,",
"25": "1944 -- 1945 Administrators of the German occupied Netherlands during WW II at the Wayback Machine ( archived January 24 , 2004 ) The invasion of the Netherlands in 1940 Dutch Resistance Museum World War II : Dutch aftermath and recovery Beeldbankwo2 ( Photobank WWII ) , a project led by the Dutch National Archives History of World War II by region and country Africa Belgian Congo British Somaliland Egypt French West Africa French Somaliland Gold Coast Kenya Liberia Nyasaland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Tunisia North America Canada Cuba El Salvador Greenland Mexico Newfoundland Panama United States Arizona Nevada New Mexico Puerto Rico South America Argentina Brazil British Guiana Colombia Latin America Uruguay Venezuela Asia Burma Ceylon China Dutch East Indies Hong Kong India Indochina Iran Iraq Japan Manchukuo Malaya Mongolia Nepal Philippines Sarawak , Brunei , Labuan , and British North Borneo Singapore Thailand Turkey Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Basque Country Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Nordic states Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union Azerbaijan Belarus Ukraine Spain Galicia Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom British Empire Channel Islands Gibraltar Vatican City Yugoslavia Oceania Australia Nauru New Zealand World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North",
"26": "Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of",
"27": "22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 --",
"28": "45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath",
"29": "Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Bibliography Category Portal Countries occupied by Germany during World War II Albania Austria Belgium Channel Islands Czechoslovakia Bohemia and Moravia Slovakia Denmark Egypt France Greece Hungary Italy Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland San Marino Soviet Union Belarus Estonia Latvia Lithuania Ukraine Tunisia Yugoslavia Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia See also : Areas annexed by Nazi Germany Reichskommissariat Military administrations Netherlands articles Part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands History Germanic tribes Roman Era Frisii , Chamavi , Batavi , Cananefates Migration Period Saxons , Frisians , Franks Dorestad ,",
"30": "Utrecht Development urban centers Frisian Kingdom Frankish Kingdom Middle Francia Lower Lorraine Flanders , Holland , Frisian Freedom Brabant , Guelders Holy Roman Empire Burgundian Netherlands Habsburg Netherlands Renaissance Seventeen Provinces Spanish Netherlands Eighty Years ' War Dutch Republic Golden Age Batavian Revolution Batavian Republic Kingdom of Holland First French Empire Principality United Kingdom Netherlands since 1900 World War II Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands Geography Birds Cities Delta Works Earthquakes Extreme points Flood control Gas field Islands Lakes Mammals Mountains and hills Regions Rivers Rhine -- Meuse -- Scheldt delta Volcanoes Zuiderzee Works Politics Cabinet Constitution Corruption Demographics Drug policy Immigration Education Elections Health care Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Monarch Municipalities Mayor Provinces King 's Commissioner Executive States Provincial Republicanism States General Senate House of Representatives Political parties Prime Minister Military Water boards Economy AEX index Central bank Energy Euronext Polder model Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Customs and etiquette Decorations and medals Language regional Literature Media Music Orders of knighthood People Netherlands names Public holidays Religion Sport Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Flag Lion Outline Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"31": "php?title=Netherlands_in_World_War_II&oldid=817684383 '' Categories : Jewish Dutch history Politics of World War II World War II occupied territories Netherlands in World War II Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with attributed pull quotes Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing German - language text Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 23 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when do you use the roman numerals in chemistry
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[
"to denote the groups of the periodic table",
"in the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry, for the oxidation number of cations which can take on several different positive charges"
] |
{
"0": "Roman numerals - wikipedia Roman numerals Jump to : navigation , search `` Latin numerals '' redirects here . For counting in Latin , see Latin § Numbers . Roman numerals on stern of a British clipper ship showing draft in feet . The numbers range from 13 to 22 , from bottom to top . Numeral systems Hindu -- Arabic numeral system Western Arabic Eastern Arabic Bengali Gurmukhi Indian Sinhala Tamil Balinese Burmese Dzongkha Gujarati Javanese Khmer Lao Mongolian Thai East Asian Chinese Suzhou Hokkien Japanese Korean Vietnamese Counting rods Alphabetic Abjad Armenian Āryabhaṭa Cyrillic Ge'ez Georgian Greek Hebrew Roman Former Aegean Attic Babylonian Brahmi Chuvash Egyptian Etruscan Inuit Kharosthi Mayan Muisca Quipu Prehistoric Positional systems by base 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 60 Non-standard positional numeral systems Bijective numeration ( 1 ) Signed - digit representation ( Balanced ternary ) factorial negative Complex - base system ( 2i ) Non-integer representation ( φ ) mixed Asymmetric numeral systems List of numeral systems The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages . Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet . Roman numerals , as used today , are based on seven symbols : Symbol V X Value 5 10 50 100 500 1,000 The use of Roman numerals continued long after the decline of the Roman Empire . From the 14th century on , Roman numerals began to be replaced in most contexts by the more convenient Hindu - Arabic numerals ; however , this process was gradual , and the use of Roman numerals persists in some minor applications to this day .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Roman numeric system 1.1 Basic decimal pattern 1.2 Alternative forms 2 History 2.1 Pre-Roman times and ancient Rome 2.1. 1 Hypotheses about the origin of Roman numerals 2.1. 1.1 Tally marks 2.1. 1.2 Hand signals 2.1. 1.3 Intermediate symbols deriving from few original symbols 2.2 Middle Ages and Renaissance 2.3 Modern use 2.3. 1 Specific disciplines 2.3. 2 Modern use in continental Europe 3 Special values 3.1 Zero 3.2 Fractions 3.3 Large numbers 3.3. 1 Apostrophus 3.3. 2 Vinculum 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links Roman numeric system Basic decimal pattern The original pattern for Roman numerals used the symbols I , V. and X ( 1 , 5 , and 10 ) as simple tally marks . Each marker for 1 ( I ) added a unit value up to 5 ( V ) , and was then added to ( V ) to make the numbers from 6 to 9 : I , II , III , IIII , V , VI , VII , VIII , VIIII , X . The numerals for 4 ( IIII ) and 9 ( VIIII ) proved problematic ( among other things , they are easily confused with III and VIII ) , and are generally replaced with IV ( one less than 5 ) and IX ( one less than 10 ) . This feature of Roman numerals is called subtractive notation . The numbers from 1 to 10 ( including subtractive notation for 4 and 9 ) are expressed in Roman numerals as follows : I , II , III , IV , V , VI , VII , VIII , IX , X .",
"2": "The system being basically decimal , tens and hundreds follow the same pattern : Thus 10 to 100 ( counting in tens , with X taking the place of I , L taking the place of V and C taking the place of X ) : X , XX , XXX , XL , L , LX , LXX , LXXX , XC , C . Note that 40 ( XL ) and 90 ( XC ) follow the same subtractive pattern as 4 and 9 . Similarly , 100 to 1000 ( counting in hundreds ) : C , CC , CCC , CD , D , DC , DCC , DCCC , CM , M . Many numbers include hundreds , units and tens . The Roman numeral system being basically decimal , each `` place '' is added separately , in descending sequence from left to right , as with `` arabic '' numbers . For example , the number 39 is XXXIX , ( three tens and a ten less one ) , 246 is CCXLVI ( two hundreds , a fifty less ten , a five and a one . As each place has its own notation there is no need for place keeping zeros , so `` missing places '' can be simply omitted : thus 207 , for instance , is written CCVII ( two hundreds , a five and two ones ) and 1066 becomes MLXVI ( a thousand , a fifty and a ten , a five and a one ) Roman numerals for large numbers are nowadays seen mainly in the form of year numbers ( other uses are detailed later in this article ) , as in these examples : 1776 as MDCCLXXVI , the date written on the book held by the Statue of Liberty . 1954 as MCMLIV , as in the trailer for the movie The Last Time I Saw Paris 1990 as MCMXC , used as the title of musical project Enigma 's debut album MCMXC a.D. , named after the year of its release . 2014 as MMXIV , the year of the games of the XXII ( 22nd ) Olympic Winter Games ( in Sochi ) Alternative forms A typical clock face with Roman numerals in Bad Salzdetfurth , Germany The `` standard '' forms described above reflect typical modern usage rather than a universally accepted convention . Usage in ancient Rome varied greatly and remained inconsistent in medieval and modern times .",
"3": "Inscriptions dating from the Roman period not infrequently use `` additive '' forms such as IIII and VIIII for `` 4 '' and `` 9 '' instead of IV and IX . There are even instances of both forms appearing within the same document . While in standard usage subtractive notation is limited to use of `` adjacent '' numerals , so that 99 ( for example ) is written XCIX , forms such as IC are not unknown . XIIX or IIXX are sometimes used for `` 18 '' instead of XVIII . The Latin word for `` eighteen '' is often rendered as the equivalent of `` twenty less two '' , which may be the source of this usage . Sometimes V and L are not used , with instances such as IIIIII and XXXXXX rather than VI or LX . An inscription on Admiralty Arch , London . The number is 1910 , for which MCMX would be more usual . Clock faces that use Roman numerals normally show IIII for four o'clock but IX for nine o'clock , a practice that goes back to very early clocks such as the Wells Cathedral clock of the late 14th century . However , this is far from universal : for example , the clock on the Palace of Westminster in London ( aka `` Big Ben '' ) uses a `` normal '' IV . At the beginning of the 20th century , different representations of 900 ( conventionally CM ) appeared in several inscribed dates . For instance , 1910 is shown on Admiralty Arch , London , as MDCCCCX rather than MCMX , while on the north entrance to the Saint Louis Art Museum , 1903 is inscribed as MDCDIII rather than MCMIII . History Pre-roman times and ancient Rome Although Roman numerals came to be written with letters of the Roman alphabet , they were originally independent symbols . The Etruscans , for example , used 𐌠 , 𐌡 , 𐌢 , ⋔ , 𐌚 , and ⊕ for I , V , X , L , C , and M , of which only I and X happened to be letters in their alphabet .",
"4": "Hypotheses about the origin of Roman numerals Tally marks One hypothesis is that the Etrusco - Roman numerals actually derive from notches on tally sticks , which continued to be used by Italian and Dalmatian shepherds into the 19th century . Thus , ⟨ I ⟩ descends not from the letter ⟨ I ⟩ but from a notch scored across the stick . Every fifth notch was double cut i.e. ⋀ , ⋁ , ⋋ , ⋌ , etc . ) , and every tenth was cross cut ( X ) , IIIIΛIIIIXIIIIΛIIIIXII ... ) , much like European tally marks today . This produced a positional system : Eight on a counting stick was eight tallies , IIIIΛIII , or the eighth of a longer series of tallies ; either way , it could be abbreviated ΛIII ( or VIII ) , as the existence of a Λ implies four prior notches . By extension , eighteen was the eighth tally after the first ten , which could be abbreviated X , and so was XΛIII . Likewise , number four on the stick was the I - notch that could be felt just before the cut of the Λ ( V ) , so it could be written as either IIII or IΛ ( IV ) . Thus the system was neither additive nor subtractive in its conception , but ordinal . When the tallies were transferred to writing , the marks were easily identified with the existing Roman letters I , V and X . The tenth V or X along the stick received an extra stroke . Thus 50 was written variously as N , И , K , Ψ , ⋔ , etc. , but perhaps most often as a chicken - track shape like a superimposed V and I : ↆ . This had flattened to ⊥ ( an inverted T ) by the time of Augustus , and soon thereafter became identified with the graphically similar letter L. Likewise , 100 was variously Ж , ⋉ , ⋈ , H , or as any of the symbols for 50 above plus an extra stroke . The form Ж ( that is , a superimposed X and I like : 𐊌 ) came to predominate .",
"5": "It was written variously as > I < or ƆIC , was then abbreviated to Ɔ or C , with C variant finally winning out because , as a letter , it stood for centum , Latin for `` hundred '' . The hundredth V or X was marked with a box or circle . Thus 500 was like a Ɔ superimposed on a ⋌ or ⊢ , becoming D or Ð by the time of Augustus , under the graphic influence of the letter ⟨ D ⟩ . It was later identified as the letter D ; an alternative symbol for `` thousand '' was ( I ) ( or CIƆ or CꟾƆ ) , and half of a thousand or `` five hundred '' is the right half of the symbol , I ) ( or IƆ or ꟾƆ ) , and this may have been converted into ⟨ D ⟩ . This at least was the etymology given to it later on . Meanwhile , 1000 was a circled or boxed X : X , ⊗ , ⊕ , and by Augustinian times was partially identified with the Greek letter Φ phi . Over time , the symbol changed to Ψ and ↀ . The latter symbol further evolved into ∞ , then ⋈ , and eventually changed to M under the influence of the Latin word mille `` thousand '' . Hand signals Alfred Hooper has an alternative hypothesis for the origin of the Roman numeral system , for small numbers . Hooper contends that the digits are related to hand gestures for counting . For example , the numbers I , II , III , IIII correspond to the number of fingers held up for another to see . V , then represents that hand upright with fingers together and thumb apart . Numbers 6 -- 10 , are represented with two hands as follows ( left hand , right hand ) 6 = ( V , I ) , 7 = ( V , II ) , 8 = ( V , III ) , 9 = ( V , IIII ) , 10 = ( V , V ) and X results from either crossing of the thumbs , or holding both hands up in a cross . Another possibility is that each I represents a finger and V represents the thumb of one hand .",
"6": "This way the numbers between 1 -- 10 can be counted on one hand using the order : I = P , II = PR , III = PRM , IV = IT , V = T , VI = TP , VII = TPR , VIII = TPRM , IX = IN , X = N ( P = Pinky , R = Ring , M = Middle , I = Index , T = Thumb N = No Fingers / Other Hand ) . This pattern can also be continued using the other hand with the fingers representing X and the thumb L . Intermediate symbols deriving from few original symbols A third hypothesis about the origins states that the basic ciphers were I , X , C and Φ ( or ⊕ ) and that the intermediary ones were derived from taking half of those ( half an X is V , half a C is L and half a Φ / ⊕ is D ) . The Φ was later replaced with M , the initial of Mille ( the Latin word for `` thousand '' ) . Middle Ages and Renaissance Minuscule ( lower - case ) letters were developed in the Middle Ages , well after the demise of the Western Roman Empire , and since that time lower - case versions of Roman numbers have also been commonly used : i , ii , iii , iv , and so on . Since the Middle Ages , a `` j '' has sometimes been substituted for the final `` i '' of a `` lower - case '' Roman numeral , such as `` iij '' for 3 or `` vij '' for 7 . This `` j '' can be considered a swash variant of `` i '' ( see example ( 1 ) ) . The use of a final `` j '' is still used in medical prescriptions to prevent tampering with or misinterpretation of a number after it is written . Numerals in documents and inscriptions from the Middle Ages sometimes include additional symbols , which today are called `` medieval Roman numerals '' . Some simply substitute another letter for the standard one ( such as `` A '' for `` V '' , or `` Q '' for `` D '' ) , while others serve as abbreviations for compound numerals ( `` O '' for `` XI '' , or `` F '' for `` XL '' ) . Although they are still listed today in some dictionaries , they are long out of use .",
"7": "Number Medieval abbreviation Notes and etymology 5 Resembles an upside - down V. Also said to equal 500 . 6 Ϛ Either from a ligature of VI , or the Greek numeral 6 : stigma ( Ϛ ) . 7 S , Z Presumed abbreviation of septem , Latin for 7 . 11 O Presumed abbreviation of onze , French for 11 . 40 Presumed abbreviation of English forty . 70 Also could stand for 7 , with the same derivation . 80 90 Presumed abbreviation of nonaginta , Latin for 90 . ( N.B. N is also used for `` nothing '' ( nullus ) ) . 150 Y Possibly derived from the lowercase y 's shape . 151 Unusual , origin unknown ; also said to stand for 250 . 160 Possibly derived from Greek tetra , as 4 × 40 = 160 . 200 Could also stand for 2 ( see also 𐆙 , the symbol for the dupondius ) . From a barring of two I 's . 250 300 400 P , G 500 Q Redundant with D , abbreviates quingenti , Latin for 500 . 2000 Z Chronograms , messages with dates encoded into them , were popular during the Renaissance era . The chronogram would be a phrase containing the letters I , V , X , L , C , D , and M. By putting these letters together , the reader would obtain a number , usually indicating a particular year . Modern use By the 11th century , Hindu -- Arabic numerals had been introduced into Europe from al - Andalus , by way of Arab traders and arithmetic treatises . Roman numerals , however , proved very persistent , remaining in common use in the West well into the 14th and 15th centuries , even in accounting and other business records ( where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus ) . Replacement by their more convenient `` Arabic '' equivalents was quite gradual , and Roman numerals are still used today in certain contexts .",
"8": "A few examples of their current use are : Spanish Real using `` IIII '' instead of `` IV '' as regnal number of Charles IV of Spain Names of monarchs and popes , e.g. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom , Pope Benedict XVI . These are referred to as regnal numbers ; e.g. II is pronounced `` the second '' . This tradition began in Europe sporadically in the Middle Ages , gaining widespread use in England only during the reign of Henry VIII . Previously , the monarch was not known by numeral but by an epithet such as Edward the Confessor . Some monarchs ( e.g. Charles IV of Spain and Louis XIV of France ) seem to have preferred the use of IIII instead of IV on their coinage ( see illustration ) . Generational suffixes , particularly in the US , for people sharing the same name across generations , for example William Howard Taft IV . In the French Republican Calendar , initiated during the French Revolution , years were numbered by Roman numerals -- from the year I ( 1792 ) when this calendar was introduced to the year XIV ( 1805 ) when it was abandoned . The year of production of films , television shows and other works of art within the work itself . It has been suggested -- by BBC News , perhaps facetiously -- that this was originally done `` in an attempt to disguise the age of films or television programmes . '' Outside reference to the work will use regular Hindu -- Arabic numerals . Hour marks on timepieces . In this context , 4 is usually written IIII . The year of construction on building faces and cornerstones . Page numbering of prefaces and introductions of books , and sometimes of annexes , too . Book volume and chapter numbers , as well as the several acts within a play ( e.g. Act iii , Scene 2 ) . Sequels of some movies , video games , and other works ( as in Rocky II ) . Outlines that use numbers to show hierarchical relationships . Occurrences of a recurring grand event , for instance : The Summer and Winter Olympic Games ( e.g. the XXI Olympic Winter Games ; the Games of the XXX Olympiad ) The Super Bowl , the annual championship game of the National Football League ( e.g.",
"9": "Super Bowl XXXVII ; Super Bowl 50 is a one - time exception ) WrestleMania , the annual professional wrestling event for the WWE ( e.g. WrestleMania XXX ) . This usage has also been inconsistent . Specific disciplines Entrance to section LII ( 52 ) of the Colosseum , with numerals still visible In astronomy , the natural satellites or `` moons '' of the planets are traditionally designated by capital Roman numerals appended to the planet 's name . For example , Titan 's designation is Saturn VI . In chemistry , Roman numerals are often used to denote the groups of the periodic table . They are also used in the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry , for the oxidation number of cations which can take on several different positive charges . They are also used for naming phases of polymorphic crystals , such as ice . In computing , Roman numerals may be used in identifiers which are limited to alphabetic characters by syntactic constraints of the programming language . In LaTeX , for instance , \\ labelitemiii refers to the label of an item in the third level iii of a nested list environment . In military unit designation , Roman numerals are often used to distinguish between units at different levels . This reduces possible confusion , especially when viewing operational or strategic level maps . In particular , army corps are often numbered using Roman numerals ( for example the American XVIII Airborne Corps or the WW2 - era German III Panzerkorps ) with Hindu - Arabic numerals being used for divisions and armies . In music , Roman numerals are used in several contexts : Movements are often numbered using Roman numerals . In music theory , the diatonic functions are identified using Roman numerals . ( See : Roman numeral analysis ) Individual strings of stringed instruments , such as the violin , are often denoted by Roman numerals , with higher numbers denoting lower strings . In pharmacy , Roman numerals are used in some contexts , including S to denote `` one half '' and N to mean `` nothing '' . ( See the sections below on `` zero '' and `` fractions '' . ) In photography , Roman numerals ( with zero ) are used to denote varying levels of brightness when using the Zone System .",
"10": "In seismology , Roman numerals are used to designate degrees of the Mercalli intensity scale of earthquakes . In tarot , Roman numerals ( with zero ) are used to denote the cards of the Major Arcana . In theology and biblical scholarship , the Septuagint is often referred to as LXX , as this translation of the Old Testament into Greek is named for the legendary number of its translators ( septuaginta being Latin for `` seventy '' ) . In entomology , the broods of the thirteen and seventeen year periodical cicadas are identified by Roman numerals . In advanced mathematics ( including trigonometry , statistics , and calculus ) , when a graph includes negative numbers , its quadrants are named using I , II , III , and IV . These quadrant names signify positive numbers on both axes , negative numbers on the X axis , negative numbers on both axes , and negative numbers on the Y axis , respectively . The use of Roman numerals to designate quadrants avoids confusion , since Hindu - Arabic numerals are used for the actual data represented in the graph . Modern use in continental Europe Some uses that are rare or never seen in English speaking countries are relatively common in continental Europe . For instance : Capital or small capital Roman numerals are widely used in Romance languages to denote centuries , e.g. the French xviii siècle and the Spanish siglo XVIII mean `` 18th century '' . Slavic languages in and adjacent to Russia similarly favour Roman numerals ( XVIII век ) . On the other hand , in Slavic languages in Central Europe , like most Germanic languages , one writes `` 18 . '' ( with a period ) before the local word for `` century '' . Boris Yeltsin 's signature , dated 10 November 1988 . The month is specified by `` XI '' rather than `` 11 '' . Mixed Roman and Hindu - Arabic numerals are sometimes used in numeric representations of dates ( especially in formal letters and official documents , but also on tombstones ) . The month is written in Roman numerals , while the day is in Hindu - Arabic numerals : `` 14. VI. 1789 '' and `` VI. 14.1789 '' both refer unambiguously to 14 June 1789 .",
"11": "Timetable on a shop window in Vilnius Roman numerals are sometimes used to represent the days of the week in hours - of - operation signs displayed in windows or on doors of businesses , and also sometimes in railway and bus timetables . Monday , taken as the first day of the week , is represented by I. Sunday is represented by VII . The hours of operation signs are tables composed of two columns where the left column is the day of the week in Roman numerals and the right column is a range of hours of operation from starting time to closing time . In the example case ( left ) , the business opens from 10 AM to 7 PM on weekdays , 10 AM to 5 PM on Saturdays and is closed on Sundays . Note that the listing uses 24 - hour time . Sign at 17.9 km on route SS4 Salaria , north of Rome Roman numerals may also be used for floor numbering . For instance , apartments in central Amsterdam are indicated as 138 - III , with both a Hindu - Arabic numeral ( number of the block or house ) and a Roman numeral ( floor number ) . The apartment on the ground floor is indicated as ' 138 - huis ' . In Italy , where roads outside built - up areas have kilometre signs , major roads and motorways also mark 100 - metre subdivisionals , using Roman numerals from I to IX for the smaller intervals . The sign `` IX 17 '' thus marks kilometre 17.9 . A notable exception to the use of Roman numerals in Europe is in Greece , where Greek numerals ( based on the Greek alphabet ) are generally used in contexts where Roman numerals would be used elsewhere . Special values Zero The number zero does not have its own Roman numeral , but the word nulla ( the Latin word meaning `` none '' ) was used by medieval scholars in lieu of 0 . Dionysius Exiguus was known to use nulla alongside Roman numerals in 525 . About 725 , Bede or one of his colleagues used the letter N , the initial of nulla or of nihil ( the Latin word for `` nothing '' ) , in a table of epacts , all written in Roman numerals . Fractions A triens coin ( 1 / 3 or 4 / 12 of an as ) .",
"12": "Note the four dots indicating its value . A semis coin ( 1 / 2 or 6 / 12 of an as ) . Note the S indicating its value . Though the Romans used a decimal system for whole numbers , reflecting how they counted in Latin , they used a duodecimal system for fractions , because the divisibility of twelve ( 12 = 2 × 3 ) makes it easier to handle the common fractions of 1 / 3 and 1 / 4 than does a system based on ten ( 10 = 2 × 5 ) . On coins , many of which had values that were duodecimal fractions of the unit as , they used a tally - like notational system based on twelfths and halves . A dot ( ) indicated an uncia `` twelfth '' , the source of the English words inch and ounce ; dots were repeated for fractions up to five twelfths . Six twelfths ( one half ) was abbreviated as the letter S for semis `` half '' . Uncia dots were added to S for fractions from seven to eleven twelfths , just as tallies were added to V for whole numbers from six to nine .",
"13": "Each fraction from 1 / 12 to 12 / 12 had a name in Roman times ; these corresponded to the names of the related coins : Fraction Roman numeral Name ( nominative and genitive ) Meaning 1 / 12 Uncia , unciae `` Ounce '' 2 / 12 = 1 / 6 or : Sextans , sextantis `` Sixth '' 3 / 12 = 1 / 4 or ∴ Quadrans , quadrantis `` Quarter '' 4 / 12 = 1 / 3 or : : Triens , trientis `` Third '' 5 / 12 or : : Quincunx , quincuncis `` Five - ounce '' ( quinque unciae → quincunx ) 6 / 12 = 1 / 2 Semis , semissis `` Half '' 7 / 12 S Septunx , septuncis `` Seven - ounce '' ( septem unciae → septunx ) 8 / 12 = 2 / 3 S or S : Bes , bessis `` Twice '' ( as in `` twice a third '' ) 9 / 12 = 3 / 4 S or S : Dodrans , dodrantis or nonuncium , nonuncii `` Less a quarter '' ( de-quadrans → dodrans ) or `` ninth ounce '' ( nona uncia → nonuncium ) 10 / 12 = 5 / 6 S or S : : Dextans or decunx , decuncis `` Less a sixth '' ( de-sextans → dextans ) or `` ten ounces '' ( decem unciae → decunx ) 11 / 12 S or S : : Deunx `` Less an ounce '' ( de-uncia → deunx ) 12 / 12 = 1 As , assis `` Unit '' The arrangement of the dots was variable and not necessarily linear . Five dots arranged like ( ⁙ ) ( as on the face of a die ) are known as a quincunx , from the name of the Roman fraction / coin .",
"14": "The Latin words sextans and quadrans are the source of the English words sextant and quadrant . Other Roman fractional notations included the following : 1 / 8 sescuncia , sescunciae ( from sesqui - + uncia , i.e. 11⁄2 uncias ) , represented by a sequence of the symbols for the semuncia and the uncia . 1 / 24 semuncia , semunciae ( from semi - + uncia , i.e. 1⁄2 uncia ) , represented by several variant glyphs deriving from the shape of the Greek letter sigma ( Σ ) , one variant resembling the pound sign ( £ ) without the horizontal line ( s ) and another resembling the Cyrillic letter Є . 1 / 36 binae sextulae , binarum sextularum ( `` two sextulas '' ) or duella , duellae , represented by a sequence of two reversed Ss ( ƧƧ ) . 1 / 48 sicilicus , sicilici , represented by a reversed C ( Ɔ ) . 1 / 72 sextula , sextulae ( 1 / 6 of an uncia ) , represented by a reversed S ( Ƨ ) . 1 / 144 = 12 dimidia sextula , dimidiae sextulae ( `` half a sextula '' ) , represented by a reversed S crossed by a horizontal line ( 𐆔 ) . 1 / 288 scripulum , scripuli ( a scruple ) , represented by the symbol ℈ . 1 / 1728 = 12 siliqua , siliquae , represented by a symbol resembling closing guillemets ( 𐆕 ) . Large numbers A number of systems were developed for the expression of larger numbers that can not be conveniently expressed using the normal seven letter symbols of conventional Roman numerals . `` 1630 '' on the Westerkerk in Amsterdam , with the date expressed in `` apostrophus '' notation . Apostrophus One of these was the apostrophus , in which 500 ( usually written as `` D '' ) was written as Ɔ , while 1,000 was written as C Ɔ instead of `` M '' .",
"15": "This is a system of encasing numbers to denote thousands ( the Cs and Ɔs functioned in this case as the Roman equivalent of parentheses ) , and has its origins in Etruscan numeral usage . The D and M used to represent 500 and 1,000 in conventional Roman numerals were probably derived from Ɔ and C Ɔ , respectively . In this system , an extra Ɔ denoted 500 , ƆƆ 5,000 and ƆƆƆ 50,000 . For example : Base number C Ɔ = 1,000 CC ƆƆ = 10,000 CCC ƆƆƆ = 100,000 with Ɔ Ɔ = 500 C Ɔ Ɔ = 1,500 CC ƆƆ Ɔ = 10,500 CCC ƆƆƆ Ɔ = 100,500 with ƆƆ ƆƆ = 5,000 CC ƆƆ ƆƆ = 15,000 CCC ƆƆƆ ƆƆ = 105,000 with ƆƆƆ ƆƆƆ = 50,000 CCC ƆƆƆ ƆƆƆ = 150,000 Sometimes C Ɔ was reduced to ↀ for 1,000 . John Wallis is often credited for introducing the symbol for infinity ( modern ∞ ) , and one conjecture is that he based it on this usage , since 1,000 was hyperbolically used to represent very large numbers . Similarly , ƆƆ for 5,000 was reduced to ↁ ; CC ƆƆ for 10,000 to ↂ ; ƆƆƆ for 50,000 to ↇ ; and CCC ƆƆƆ for 100,000 to ↈ . Page from a 16th - century manual , showing a mixture of apostrophus and vinculum numbers ( see in particular the ways of writing 10,000 ) .",
"16": "Vinculum Another system is the vinculum , where a conventional Roman numeral is multiplied by 1,000 by adding an overline . Although mathematical historian David Eugene Smith disputes that this was part of ancient Roman usage , the notation was certainly in use in the Middle Ages , and is at least a convenient and `` conventional '' way to express numbers greater than 3,999 in Roman numerals . For instance : IV for 4,000 XXV for 25,000 Adding vertical lines ( or brackets ) before and after the numeral seems to have been used ( at least by late medieval times ) to multiply a Roman numeral by 10 : thus M for 10,000 rather than X ( perhaps under the influence of Arabic / Hindu numerals , which were by this time coming into use ) . In combination with the overline the bracketed forms might be used to raise the multiplier to ( say ) ten ( or one hundred ) thousand , thus : VIII for 80,000 ( or 800,000 ) XX for 200,000 ( or 2,000,000 ) This needs to be distinguished from the custom of adding both underline and overline to a Roman numeral , simply to make it clear that it is a number , e.g. MCMLXVII . See also Egyptian numerals Etruscan numerals Kharosthi numerals Roman abacus Proto - writing Roman numerals in Unicode Pentimal system References Jump up ^ Gordon , Arthur E. ( 1982 ) . Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0520050797 . Alphabetic symbols for larger numbers , such as Q for 500,000 , have also been used to various degrees of standardization . Jump up ^ Reddy , Indra K. ; Khan , Mansoor A. ( 2003 ) . Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians . CRC Press . ISBN 9780203495346 . Jump up ^ Dela Cruz , M.L.P. ; Torres , H.D. ( 2009 ) . Number Smart Quest for Mastery : Teacher 's Edition . Rex Bookstore , Inc . ISBN 9789712352164 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ Martelli , Alex ; Ascher , David ( 2002 ) . Python Cookbook . O'Reilly Media Inc . ISBN 9780596001674 . Jump up ^ `` What book is the Statue of Liberty holding ? What is its significance ? '' . Quora . Jump up ^ Hayes , David P. `` Guide to Roman Numerals '' . Copyright Registration and Renewal Information Chart and Web Site . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil ( February 23 , 1990 ) . `` What is the proper way to style Roman numerals for the 1990s ? '' . The Straight Dope . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Joyce Maire ; Spawforth , Anthony J.S. ( 1996 ) . `` numbers , Roman '' . In Hornblower , Simon ; Spawforth , Anthony . Oxford Classical Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 866172 - X . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Benjamin Hall ( 1923 ) . The Revised Latin Primer . London : Longmans , Green & Co . Jump up ^ Milham , W.I. ( 1947 ) . Time & Timekeepers . New York : Macmillan . p. 196 . ^ Jump up to : Pickover , Clifford A. ( 2003 ) , Wonders of Numbers : Adventures in Mathematics , Mind , and Meaning , Oxford University Press , p. 282 , ISBN 9780195348002 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil ; Zotti , Ed ( 1988 ) . More of the straight dope . Ballantine Books . p. 154 . ISBN 9780345351456 ... Jump up ^ `` Gallery : Museum 's North Entrance ( 1910 ) '' . Saint Louis Art Museum . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . The inscription over the North Entrance to the Museum reads : `` Dedicated to Art and Free to All MDCDIII '' . These Roman numerals translate to 1903 , indicating that the engraving was part of the original building designed for the 1904 World 's Fair . ^ Jump up to : Ifrah , Georges ( 2000 ) .",
"18": "The Universal History of Numbers : From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer . Translated by David Bellos , E.F. Harding , Sophie Wood , Ian Monk . John Wiley & Sons . ^ Jump up to : Asimov , Isaac ( 1977 ) ( 1966 ) . Asimov On Numbers . Pocket Books , a division of Simon & Schuster , Inc. p. 9 . Jump up ^ Alfred Hooper . The River Mathematics ( New York , H. Holt , 1945 ) . Jump up ^ Keyser , Paul ( 1988 ) . `` The Origin of the Latin Numerals 1 to 1000 '' . American Journal of Archaeology. 92 : 529 -- 546 . JSTOR 505248 . Jump up ^ Sturmer , Julius W. Course in Pharmaceutical and Chemical Arithmetic , 3rd ed . ( LaFayette , IN : Burt - Terry - Wilson , 1906 ) . p25 Retrieved on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Bastedo , Walter A. Materia Medica : Pharmacology , Therapeutics and Prescription Writing for Students and Practitioners , 2nd ed . ( Philadelphia , PA : W.B. Saunders , 1919 ) p582 Retrieved on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Capelli , A. Dictionary of Latin Abbreviations. 1912 . Jump up ^ Perry , David J. Proposal to Add Additional Ancient Roman Characters to UCS . Jump up ^ Bang , Jørgen . Fremmedordbog , Berlingske Ordbøger , 1962 ( Danish ) Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) . `` TV Q&A : ABC News , ' Storage Wars ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ NFL wo n't use Roman numerals for Super Bowl 50 , nfl.com , Retrieved November 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ Bachenheimer , Bonnie S. ( 2010 ) . Manual for Pharmacy Technicians . ISBN 158528307X .",
"19": "Jump up ^ Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'imprimerie nationale ( in French ) ( 6th ed . ) . Paris : Imprimerie nationale . March 2011 . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7433 - 0482 - 9 . On composera en chiffres romains petites capitales les nombres concernant : ↲ 1 . Les siècles . Jump up ^ Beginners latin , Nationalarchives.gov.uk , Retrieved December 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Roman Arithmetic , Southwestern Adventist University , Retrieved December 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Roman Numerals History , Retrieved December 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Faith Wallis , trans . Bede : The Reckoning of Time ( 725 ) , Liverpool : Liverpool Univ . Pr. , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 85323 - 693 - 3 . Jump up ^ Byrhtferth 's Enchiridion ( 1016 ) . Edited by Peter S. Baker and Michael Lapidge . Early English Text Society 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 722416 - 8 . Jump up ^ C.W. Jones , ed. , Opera Didascalica , vol . 123C in Corpus Christianorum , Series Latina . Jump up ^ Maher , David W. ; Makowski , John F. , `` Literary Evidence for Roman Arithmetic with Fractions '' , Classical Philology 96 ( 2011 ) : 376 -- 399 . Jump up ^ `` Merriam - Webster Unabridged Dictionary '' . Jump up ^ Smith , David Eugene ( 1958 ) ( 1925 ) , History of Mathematics , II , p. 60 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 20430 - 8 Sources Menninger , Karl ( 1992 ) . Number Words and Number Symbols : A Cultural History of Numbers . Dover Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 27096 - 8 . External links Look up Appendix : Roman numerals or roman numeral in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman numerals .",
"20": "FAQ : Why do clocks with Roman numerals use `` IIII '' instead of `` IV '' ? Roman Numerals Chart ( hide ) Latin script History Spread Romanization Roman numerals Alphabets ( list ) Classical Latin alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet phonetic alphabets International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA Spelling alphabet Letters ( list ) Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Multigraphs Digraphs ch cz dž dz gh ij ll ly nh ny sh sz th Trigraphs dzs eau Tetragraphs ough Pentagraphs tzsch Keyboard layouts ( list ) QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY Standards ISO / IEC 646 Unicode Western Latin character sets Lists precomposed Latin characters in Unicode letters used in mathematics Diacritics Palaeography Ancient Rome topics Outline Timeline Epochs Foundation Kingdom overthrow Republic",
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"22": "engineering Military engineering Military technology Aqueducts Bridges Circus Concrete Domes Forum Metallurgy Roads Sanitation Thermae Culture Architecture Art Bathing Calendar Clothing Cosmetics Cuisine Hairstyles Education Literature Music Mythology Religion Romanization Sexuality Theatre Wine Society Patricians Plebs Conflict of the Orders Secessio plebis Equites Gens Tribes Naming conventions Demography Women Marriage Adoption Slavery Bagaudae Latin History Alphabet Versions Old Classical Vulgar Late Medieval Renaissance New Contemporary Ecclesiastical Romance languages Writers Apuleius Caesar Catullus Cicero Ennius Horace Juvenal Livy Lucan Lucretius Martial Ovid Petronius Phaedrus Plautus Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Propertius Quintilian Quintus Curtius Rufus Sallust Seneca Statius Suetonius Tacitus Terence Tibullus Marcus Terentius Varro Virgil Vitruvius Major cities Alexandria Antioch Aquileia Berytus Bononia Carthage Constantinopolis Eboracum Leptis Magna Londinium Lutetia Mediolanum Pompeii Ravenna Roma Smyrna Vindobona Volubilis Lists and other",
"23": "topics Wars and battles Generals Legions Emperors Geographers Cities and towns Institutions Laws Consuls Tribunes Distinguished women Nomina Gentes Climate Legacy Fiction Films Types of writing systems Overview History of writing Grapheme Lists Writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed Languages by writing system / by first written accounts ( hide ) Types Abjads Numerals Aramaic Hatran Arabic Pitman shorthand Hebrew Ashuri Cursive Rashi Solitreo Tifinagh Manichaean Nabataean Old North Arabian Pahlavi Pegon Phoenician Paleo - Hebrew Proto - Sinaitic Psalter Punic Samaritan South Arabian Zabur Musnad Sogdian Syriac ʾEsṭrangēlā Serṭā Maḏnḥāyā Teeline Shorthand Ugaritic Abugidas Brahmic Northern Asamiya ( Ôxômiya ) Bānglā Bhaikshuki Bhujinmol Brāhmī Devanāgarī Dogri Gujarati Gupta Gurmukhī Kaithi Kalinga Khojki Khotanese Khudawadi Laṇḍā",
"24": "Lepcha Limbu Mahajani Meitei Mayek Modi Multani Nāgarī Nandinagari Odia ' Phags - pa Newar Ranjana Sharada Saurashtra Siddhaṃ Soyombo Sylheti Nagari Takri Tibetan Uchen Umê Tirhuta Tocharian Zanabazar Square Zhang - Zhung Drusha Marchen Marchung Pungs - chen Pungs - chung Southern Ahom Balinese Batak Baybayin Bhattiprolu Buhid Burmese Chakma Cham Grantha Goykanadi Hanunó'o Javanese Kadamba Kannada Karen Kawi Khmer Kulitan Lanna Lao Leke Lontara Malayalam Maldivian Dhives Akuru Eveyla Akuru Thaana Mon Old Makassarese Old Sundanese Pallava Pyu Rejang Rencong Sinhala Sundanese Tagbanwa Tai Le Tai Tham Tai Viet Tamil Telugu Thai Tigalari Vatteluttu Kolezhuthu Malayanma Visayan Others Boyd 's syllabic shorthand Canadian syllabics Blackfoot Déné syllabics Fox I Ge'ez Gunjala Gondi Japanese Braille Jenticha Kayah Li Kharosthi Mandombe Masaram Gondi Meroitic Miao Mwangwego",
"25": "Sorang Sompeng Pahawh Hmong Thomas Natural Shorthand Alphabets Linear Abkhaz Adlam Armenian Avestan Avoiuli Bassa Vah Borama Carian Caucasian Albanian Coorgi -- Cox alphabet Coptic Cyrillic Deseret Duployan shorthand Chinook writing Early Cyrillic Eclectic shorthand Elbasan Etruscan Evenki Fox II Fraser Gabelsberger shorthand Garay Georgian Asomtavruli Nuskhuri Mkhedruli Glagolitic Gothic Gregg shorthand Greek Greco - Iberian alphabet Hangul Hanifi IPA Kaddare Latin Beneventan Blackletter Carolingian minuscule Fraktur Gaelic Insular Kurrent Merovingian Sigla Sütterlin Tironian notes Visigothic Luo Lycian Lydian Manchu Mandaic Medefaidrin Molodtsov Mongolian Mru Neo-Tifinagh New Tai Lue N'Ko Ogham Oirat Ol Chiki Old Hungarian Old Italic Old Permic Orkhon Old Uyghur Osage Osmanya Pau Cin Hau Runic Anglo - Saxon Cipher Dalecarlian Elder Futhark Younger Futhark Gothic Marcomannic Medieval Staveless Sidetic Shavian Somali Tifinagh Vagindra Visible Speech",
"26": "Vithkuqi Wancho Zaghawa Non-linear Braille Maritime flags Morse code New York Point Semaphore line Flag semaphore Moon type Ideograms / Pictograms Adinkra Aztec Blissymbol Dongba Ersu Shaba Emoji IConji Isotype Kaidā Míkmaq Mixtec New Epoch Notation Painting Nsibidi Ojibwe Hieroglyphs Siglas poveiras Testerian Yerkish Zapotec Logograms Chinese family of scripts Chinese Characters Simplified Traditional Oracle bone script Bronze Script Seal Script large small bird - worm Hanja Idu Kanji Chữ nôm Zhuang Chinese - influenced Jurchen Khitan large script Sui Tangut Cuneiform Akkadian Assyrian Elamite Hittite Luwian Sumerian Other logo - syllabic Anatolian Bagam Cretan Isthmian Maya Proto - Elamite Yi ( Classical ) Logo - consonantal Demotic Hieratic Hieroglyphs Numerals Hindu - Arabic Abjad Attic ( Greek ) Muisca Roman Semi-syllabaries Full Celtiberian Northeastern Iberian Southeastern Iberian Khom",
"27": "Redundant Espanca Pahawh Hmong Khitan small script Southwest Paleohispanic Zhuyin fuhao Somacheirograms ASLwrite SignWriting si5s Stokoe Notation Syllabaries Afaka Bamum Bété Byblos Cherokee Cypriot Cypro - Minoan Ditema tsa Dinoko Eskayan Geba Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics Iban Japanese Hiragana Katakana Man'yōgana Hentaigana Sogana Jindai moji Kikakui Kpelle Linear B Linear Elamite Lisu Loma Nüshu Nwagu Aneke script Old Persian Cuneiform Vai Woleai Yi ( Modern ) Yugtun Braille ⠃ ⠗ ⠁ ⠊ ⠇ ⠇ ⠑ Braille cell 1829 braille International uniformity ASCII braille Unicode braille patterns Braille scripts French - ordered scripts ( see for more ) Albanian Amharic Arabic Armenian Azerbaijani Belarusian Bharati Devanagari ( Hindi / Marathi / Nepali ) Bengali Punjabi Sinhalese Tamil Urdu etc . Bulgarian Burmese Cambodian Cantonese Catalan Chinese ( Mandarin ,",
"28": "mainland ) Czech Dutch Dzongkha ( Bhutanese ) English ( Unified English ) Esperanto Estonian Faroese French Georgian German Ghanaian Greek Guarani Hawaiian Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Inuktitut ( reassigned vowels ) Iñupiaq IPA Irish Italian Kazakh Kyrgyz Latvian Lithuanian Maltese Mongolian Māori Navajo Nigerian Northern Sami Persian Philippine Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Samoan Scandinavian Slovak South African Spanish Tatar Taiwanese Mandarin ( largely reassigned ) Thai & Lao ( Japanese vowels ) Tibetan Turkish Ukrainian Vietnamese Welsh Yugoslav Reordered scripts Algerian Braille ( obsolete ) Frequency - based scripts American Braille ( obsolete ) Independent scripts Japanese Korean Two - Cell Chinese Eight - dot scripts Luxembourgish Kanji Gardner -- Salinas braille codes ( GS8 ) Symbols in braille Braille music Canadian currency marks Computer Braille Code Gardner -- Salinas braille codes ( GS8 / GS6 ) International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) Nemeth braille code Braille technology Braille e-book Braille embosser Braille translator Braille watch Mountbatten Brailler Optical braille recognition Perforation Perkins Brailler Refreshable braille display Slate and stylus Braigo Persons Louis Braille Charles Barbier Valentin Haüy Thakur Vishva Narain Singh Sabriye Tenberken William Bell Wait Organisations Braille Institute of America Braille Without Borders Japan Braille Library National Braille Association Blindness organizations Schools for the blind American Printing House for the Blind Other tactile alphabets Decapoint Moon type New York Point Night writing Vibratese Related topics Accessible publishing Braille literacy RoboBraille Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_numerals&oldid=821541836 '' Categories : Numerals Numeral systems Roman mathematics Latin alphabet Hidden categories :",
"29": "CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Use mdy dates from May 2012 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina",
"30": "Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Gagana Samoa Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 03 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "Ford F - Series - wikipedia Ford F - Series Jump to : navigation , search For the 1999 -- present F - 250 and higher models , see Ford Super Duty . `` F150 '' redirects here . For the 2011 Formula One race car previously named Ferrari F150 , see Ferrari 150 ° Italia . `` Ford F1 '' redirects here . For Ford factory Formula One racing efforts , see Stewart Grand Prix . Ford F - Series Ford F - 150 , thirteenth generation Overview Manufacturer Ford Also called Ford Lobo ( Mexico , 1992 -- present ) Production 1948 -- present Body and chassis Class Full - size pickup truck Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Chronology Predecessor 1941 -- 1948 Ford pickup , Ford Ranger ( North America ) Successor Ford Super Duty ( F - 250 , F - 350 , F - 450 , F - 550 , F - 650 , F - 750 ) The Ford F - Series is a series of light - duty trucks and medium - duty trucks ( Class 2 - 7 ) that have been marketed and manufactured by Ford Motor Company since 1948 . While most variants of the F - Series trucks are full - size pickup trucks , the F - Series also includes chassis cab trucks and commercial vehicles . The Ford F - Series has been the best - selling vehicle in the United States since 1986 and the best - selling pickup since 1977 . It is also the best selling vehicle in Canada . As of the 2018 model year , the F - Series generates $41.0 billion in annual revenue for Ford , making the F - Series brand more valuable than Coca - Cola and Nike . In 1999 , to bridge the gap between the pickup line and the medium - duty trucks , the F - 250 and F - 350 became the Ford Super Duty vehicles ; considered an expansion of the F - Series , the Super Duty trucks are built on a distinct chassis with heavier - duty components .",
"1": "As of the 2017 model year , the F - Series includes the F - 150 , the Super Duty ( F - 250 through F - 550 ) , and F - 650 and F - 750 Super Duty medium - duty commercial trucks . The most popular version of the F - Series is the F - 150 , now in its thirteenth generation . Through the use of rebadging , Ford has marketed the F - Series through all three Ford divisions in North America . From 1946 to 1968 , Mercury sold the Mercury M - Series in Canada ; during the 2000s , Lincoln sold the Lincoln Blackwood , replaced by the Lincoln Mark LT .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( 1948 -- 1952 ) 2 Second generation ( 1953 -- 1956 ) 3 Third generation ( 1957 -- 1960 ) 4 Fourth generation ( 1961 -- 1966 ) 5 Fifth generation ( 1967 -- 1972 ) 6 Sixth generation ( 1973 -- 1979 ) 7 Seventh generation ( 1980 -- 1986 ) 8 Eighth generation ( 1987 -- 1991 ) 9 Ninth generation ( 1992 -- 1997 ) 10 Tenth generation ( 1997 -- 2003 ) 11 Eleventh generation ( 2004 -- 2008 ) 12 Twelfth generation ( 2009 -- 2014 ) 13 Thirteenth generation ( 2015 -- present ) 14 Special models 14.1 Unibody F - Series 14.2 Specials 14.3 F - 150 Nite 14.4 Eddie Bauer 14.5 SVT Lightning 14.6 Harley - Davidson Edition 14.7 SVT Raptor 14.8 F - 150 Platinum 14.9 F - 150 Tremor 15 Motorsports 16 Awards and recognition 17 Sales 18 Variants 18.1 Medium - duty trucks 18.2 Heavy - duty trucks 18.3 Vans 18.4 Export 19 See also 20 References 21 External links First generation ( 1948 -- 1952 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ford F - Series ( first generation ) 1950 F - 3 The first - generation F - Series pickup ( known as the Ford Bonus - Built ) was introduced in 1948 as a replacement for the previous car - based pickup line introduced in 1942 . The F - Series was sold in eight different weight ratings , with pickup , panel truck , cab - over engine ( COE ) , conventional truck , and school bus chassis body styles .",
"3": "Second generation ( 1953 -- 1956 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ford F - Series ( second generation ) 1953 F - 100 For the 1953 model year , an all - new version of the F - Series made its debut . Increased dimensions , improved engines , and an updated chassis were features of the second generation . Additionally , a change to the F - Series naming scheme would remain in place to the present day . The half - ton F - 1 became the F - 100 ( partially influenced by the North American F - 100 Super Sabre ) ; the F - 2 and F - 3 were combined into the F - 250 while the F - 4 became the F - 350 . Conventional F - Series trucks were F - 500 to F - 900 ; COE chassis were C - Series trucks . 1953 F100 Build Diagram Third generation ( 1957 -- 1960 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ford F - Series ( third generation ) 1960 F - 500 Introduced in 1957 , the third generation F - series was a significant modernization and redesign . Front fenders became integrated into the body , and the new Styleside bed continued the smooth lines to the rear of the pickup . The cab - over F - Series was discontinued , having been replaced by the tilt - cab C - Series . In 1959 , Ford began in - house production of four - wheel - drive pickups . Fourth generation ( 1961 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ford F - Series ( fourth generation ) 1965 F - 100 Ford introduced a dramatically new style of pickup in 1961 with the fourth generation F - Series . Longer and lower than its predecessors , these trucks had increased dimensions and new engine and gearbox choices . Additionally , the 1961 -- 1963 models were constructed as a unibody design with the cab and bed integrated . This proved unpopular and Ford reverted to the traditional separate cab / bed design in 1964 . In 1965 , the F - Series was given a significant mid-cycle redesign .",
"4": "A completely new platform , including the `` Twin I - Beam '' front suspension , was introduced that would be used until 1996 on the F - 150 and until 2016 on the F - 250 / 350 4x2 . Additionally that year , the Ranger name made its first appearance on a Ford pickup ; previously a base model of the Edsel , it was now used to denote a high - level styling package for F - Series pickups . Fifth generation ( 1967 -- 1972 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ford F - Series ( fifth generation ) 1972 F - 250 Camper Special Introduced in 1967 , the fifth generation F - series pickup was built on the same platform as the 1965 revision of the fourth generation . Dimensions and greenhouse glass were increased , engine options expanded , and plusher trim levels became available during the fifth generation 's production run . Suspension components from all 1969 F - Series models are completely interchangeable . A variant of the fifth generation F - series was produced until 1992 in Brazil for the South American market . Sixth generation ( 1973 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ford F - Series ( sixth generation ) 1979 F - 250 Ranger The sixth generation F - series was introduced in 1973 . This version of the F - series continued to be built on the 1965 fourth generation 's revised platform , but with significant modernizations and refinements . Front disc brakes , increased cabin dimensions , gas tank relocated outside the cab and under the bed , significantly improved heating and air conditioning , full double wall bed construction , increased use of galvanized steel , SuperCab was introduced in the sixth generation pickup . The FE engine series was discontinued in 1976 after a nearly 20 - year run , replaced by the more modern 351 series ( Modified ) and 400 series engines . In 1975 , the F - 150 was introduced in between the F - 100 and the F - 250 in order to avoid certain emission control restrictions . For 1978 , square headlights replaced the previous models ' round ones on higher trim package models , such as Lariat and Ranger , and in 1979 became standard equipment . Also for 1978 , the Ford Bronco was redesigned into a variant of the F - series pickup .",
"5": "1979 was the last year that the 460 big block engine was available in a half ton truck . Seventh generation ( 1980 -- 1986 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ford F - Series ( seventh generation ) F - 150 XL The 1980 F - Series was redesigned with an all - new chassis and larger body ; this was the first ground - up redesign since 1965 . The exterior styling of the truck was redone to improve aerodynamics and fuel economy . Medium - duty F - Series ( F600 - F900 ) were also redesigned ; although they shared the cabin of the smaller pickup trucks , the largest version of F - Series now wore a bonnet with separate front wings ( like the L - Series ) . Medium duty Ford F - Series would carry the 1980 -- 1986 interior design until 2000 ( though pickups were restyled again in 1987 and 1992 ) , with very subtle changes such as window glass and electronics . In a move towards fuel efficiency , Ford dropped the M - Series engines ( the 5.8 Liter 351M and 6.6 Liter 400 cu in V8s ) in 1981 , replacing them with the 4.2 Liter 255 C.I. and 5.8 Liter 351 C.I. Windsor V8 engines from the Panther platform . The 255 V8 was simply a 5.0 L , 302 V8 with a smaller bore , built specifically for better fuel economy , but was dropped for the 1982 model year due to being underpowered and having limited demand . For 1982 and 1983 , the 3.8 L , 232 C.I. Essex V6 was the base engine but was quickly dropped for the 1984 model year . In 1983 , Ford added Diesel power to the F - Series through a partnership with International Harvester ( later Navistar ) . The 6.9 L , 420 C.I. IDI V8 produced similar power output as the gasoline 351 Windsor V8 , with the fuel economy of the 4.9 L , 300 I6 . From this point on ( 1983 - present ) , the heavier duty f - series trucks ( F - 350 and above ) were usually equipped with the Diesel engines as standard horsepower.",
"6": "1985 was the first year of electronic fuel injection on the 5.0 L V8 , all other engines following suit in 1988 . There was a new `` high output '' version of the 5.8 L Windsor beginning in 1984 . A noticeable change was made to the F - Series in 1982 as the Ford `` Blue Oval '' was added to the center of the grill , also the Ranger and Custom trims were no longer available . The Ranger name had been shifted onto the all - new compact pickup developed as a replacement for the Courier . The new trim levels were a no - badge base model ( essentially the new Custom ) , XL , a very rare XLS , and XLT Lariat . 1983 marked the final year of the F - 100 , making the F - 150 the lightest pickup available on the market . F - 100s and F - 150s were virtually identical with the exception of smaller brakes and a 5x4. 5 bolt pattern on the F - 100 axles , as opposed to 5x5. 5 on the F - 150 . F - 100s over a certain GVWR and / or without power brakes did use the F - 150 axles . Also , the 1980 -- 1983 F - 100 was never offered with four - wheel - drive . 1986 marked the final year that the F - 150 was available with a 3 - speed manual gearbox that shifted via a steering column lever ( 3 - on - the - tree ) . Incidentally , this was the second - last vehicle in the United States that offered this set up . 1986 was also the last year the Explorer package was available . This is the first generation of trucks to incorporate amenities such as power mirrors , power windows , and power door locks . Eighth generation ( 1987 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ford F - Series ( eighth generation ) Ford F - 150 ( light - duty type ) The 1987 F - Series carried over the same body style from the seventh generation , yet sported a new rounded front clip that improved aerodynamics , as well as the softening of body lines around the rear of the bed and fender arches around the wheel wells . The interior was also completely redesigned in 1987 .",
"7": "The transmissions available on SuperCab models were a four - or five - speed manual ; regular cab models were also available with automatic transmission . The Custom trim made a comeback for the eighth generation . In 1988 , the 4.9 Liter inline - six , 5.8 Liter V8 , and 7.5 Liter V8 engines gained electronic fuel injection . International Navistar also increased the displacement of their 6.9 Liter V8 in the same year , resulting in the new 7.3 Liter unit . This was also the first year of a five - speed manual overdrive transmission , which included the Mazda M5OD in the F - 150s and the heavy - duty ZF5 in the F - 250s and F - 350s . Four - speed manuals were dropped as standard equipment after 1987 , but were available as a customer - ordered option until 1989 . In 1989 , the C6 three - speed automatic was replaced as the base automatic transmission with the E4OD , a four - speed electronically controlled automatic overdrive unit , though the C6 was still available as an option , mostly in F - 250s and F - 350s , until 1997 . Heavy - Duty models included F - 250s and F - 350s ( along with F - Super Dutys ) that were classified as incomplete vehicles only that were produced with no bed , but appeared as tow trucks , box trucks ( notably U-Haul ) , flatbed trucks , dump trucks and other models . Although the F - 250s , F - 250 HDs ( heavy duty ) , and F - 350s were built as a Chassis cab models only from 1987 to 1997 , owners can convert the models to pickup trucks . However General Pacheco , Argentina and São Bernardo do Campo , Brazil assemblies were the only places F - 250 , F - 250 HD , and F - 350 were built and sold as pickup trucks models . Despite being produced only in General Pacheco , Argentina and São Bernardo do Campo , Brazil assemblies ( located in South America ) F - 250s , F - 250 HDs , and F - 350s were shipped from South America to the United States as imports from 1987 to 1997 .",
"8": "Ninth generation ( 1992 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ford F - Series ( ninth generation ) 1993 Ford F - 150 , with dual fuel tanks For the 1992 model year , the body - shell of the 1980 F - Series was given another major upgrade . To further improve its aerodynamics , the forward bodywork was given a slightly lower hoodline , rounding the front fenders and grille ; in addition , the changes matched the F - Series with the design of the newly introduced Explorer and redesigned E-Series and Ranger . Along with the exterior updates , the interior received a complete redesign . Dormant since 1987 , the FlareSide bed made its return as an option for 1992 . To increase its appeal for younger buyers , the bed bodywork was redesigned , borrowing the sides of the F - 350 dual - rear wheel bed ( fitted to the narrower F - 150 single - wheel chassis ) . To commemorate the 75th anniversary of the first Ford factory - produced truck ( the 1917 Ford Model TT ) , Ford offered a 75th anniversary package on its 1992 F - series , consisting of a stripe package , an argent colored step bumper , and special 75th anniversary logos . In 1993 , the 240 hp SVT Lightning was introduced as a specially - tuned performance truck ; over 11,000 were built from 1993 to 1995 . In a trim shift , the XLT Lariat was dropped and combined with the XLT ; the XL took over for the Custom trim after 1993 ( marking the last usage of the Custom nameplate by Ford ) . In 1995 , the Eddie Bauer trim made its return . In 1995 , the medium - duty Ford F - Series ( F - 600 through F - 800 and all Ford B - Series ) were given their first update since 1980 . All versions ( except severe - service ) received a hood redesign which enlarged the grille and moved the turn signal indicators to the outside of the front headlights . During the second half of 1997 , the F - 250 HD ( heavy duty ) was in the same series as the F - 350 . The body style stayed the same until the end of 1997 .",
"9": "The only change of the F - 250 HD and F - 350 was that they no longer has classic style tailgates , with the stainless steel cap on them which read FORD . Instead the tailgate had the F - 250 Heavy Duty / F - 350 nameplate labeled on its left side , while Ford 's blue oval was labeled on The right side ( similarly styled like the 1997 Ford F - 150 around this same time ) . The F - 250 HD also had some minor changes in trim location , and options available . The 1997 F - 250 HD with the 7.3 Powerstroke Diesel is also the rarest and most desirable of ninth generation Fords . Following the introduction of the tenth - generation F - 150 , the F - 250 and F - 350 continued into production into the 1998 model year , becoming part of the Ford F - Series Super Duty line as they were replaced in 1999 . Tenth generation ( 1997 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ford F - Series ( tenth generation ) F - 250 XL For 1997 , Ford Motor Company made a major change to its F - Series family of trucks as the F - Series pickup line was essentially split in two . During the 1970s , 1980s , and 1990s , buyers of pickup trucks had increasingly purchased the vehicles for the purposes of personal use over work use . To further increase its growing market share , Ford sought to develop vehicles for both types of buyers . In its ultimate decision , the company decided to make the F - 150 as a contemporary vehicle for personal use , while the F - 250 and F - 350 would be designed more conservatively for work - based customers . Introduced in early 1996 as a 1997 model , the F - 150 was a completely new vehicle in comparison from its predecessor . Similar to the original Ford Taurus of 1986 , the 1997 F - 150 was developed with a radically streamlined body . Dispensing with the traditional Twin I - Beam for a fully independent front suspension , the all - new chassis shared only the transmissions with the previous generation . In a major change , the long - running 4.9 L inline - 6 was replaced by a V6 engine as standard .",
"10": "The 4.6 L Modular V8 shared with the Panther cars was optional ( with a 5.4 L version added in mid-1997 ) ; originally developed for use in the F - Series , the Modular / Triton V8 was the first overhead - cam engine ever fitted to a full - size pickup truck . To improve rear - seat access for SuperCab models , a rear - hinged ( curb - side ) door was added to all versions . Following its popularity , the SuperCab gained a fourth door for 1999 . In 2001 , the F - 150 became the first pickup truck in its size segment to become available with four full - size doors . Sharing the length of a standard - bed SuperCab , the F - 150 SuperCrew was produced with a slightly shortened bed . During the second half of the 1997 model year , Ford introduced a heavier GVWR version ( 8800 GVW ) , bearing the F - 250 name . It was distinguished by seven - lug nut wheels . At the same time , the F - 250 HD ( heavy duty ) was in the same series as the F - 350 ( same body style as the 1992 to 1997 model years ; it was still built in South America only ) . Following the introduction of the Super Duty for 1999 , it was quietly dropped . In 1999 , the SVT Lightning made its return , with output expanded to 360 hp ; over 28,000 were produced from 1999 to 2003 . For 2002 , Lincoln - Mercury gained its first full - size pickup truck since 1968 with the introduction of the Lincoln Blackwood , the first Lincoln pickup . Sharing the front bodywork of the Lincoln Navigator SUV , the Blackwood was designed with a model - exclusive bed and was sold only in black . Due to very poor sales , the Blackwood was discontinued after 2002 . In 1998 , the F - 250 and F - 350 pickups were introduced as the 1999 Ford F - Series Super Duty model line . While remaining part of the F - Series , the Super Duty trucks use a different platform architecture , powertrain , and design language , primarily as they are intended for heavy - duty work use .",
"11": "Designed in a joint venture with Navistar International , the medium - duty F - 650 / F - 750 Super Duty were introduced in 2000 . Eleventh generation ( 2004 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ford F - Series ( eleventh generation ) 2004 F - 150 FX4 For the 2004 model year , the F - 150 was redesigned on an all - new platform . Externally , the eleventh - generation model was different from its predecessor , with sharper - edged styling ; a major change was the adoption of the stepped driver 's window from the Super Duty trucks . Regardless of cab type , all F - 150s were given four doors , with the rear doors on the regular cab providing access to behind - the - seat storage . Ford also introduced the Triton engines in the variants of the F - 150 . Due to declining sales , the Flareside beds were dropped ; this marked the first time in 56 years of F - Series production that Flareside beds were not available . From 2005 to 2008 , Lincoln - Mercury dealers sold this version of the F - 150 as the Lincoln Mark LT , replacing the Blackwood . In late 2006 , the Super Duty trucks were also given an all - new platform . While using the same bed and cabin as before , these are distinguished from their predecessors by an all - new interior and a much larger grille and head lamps . Previously available only as a chassis - cab model , the F - 450 now was available as a pickup directly from Ford . From 2004 to 2006 offered a different bed style as well . Twelfth generation ( 2009 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ford F - Series ( twelfth generation ) 2009 F - 150 XLT SuperCrew The twelfth generation F - 150 was introduced for the 2009 model year as an update of the Ford full - size truck platform . Similar to its predecessor , these trucks are distinguished by their Super Duty - style grilles and head lamps ; standard cab models again have two - doors instead of four . The FlareSide bed was continued until 2010 , dropped along with the manual gearbox ; outside of Mexico , the Lincoln Mark LT was replaced by the F - 150 Platinum .",
"12": "A new model for 2010 included the SVT Raptor , a dedicated off - road pickup . As part of a major focus on fuel economy , the entire engine lineup for the F - 150 was updated for the 2011 model year . Along with two new V8 engines , the F - 150 gained a new 3.7 Liter base V6 engine , and a powerful twin - turbocharged 3.5 Liter V6 , dubbed EcoBoost by Ford . An automatic transmission is the only option . Other modifications include the addition of a Nexteer Automotive Electric Power Steering ( EPS ) system on most models . A recent study conducted by iSeeCars.com and published on the Ford Motor Company Web site listed Ford F - 250 Super Duty as the top longest - lasting vehicle and Expedition , Explorer and F - 150 in the top 20 longest - lasting vehicle . Thirteenth generation ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : Ford F - Series ( thirteenth generation ) 2015 F - 150 Platinum For the 2015 model year , Ford Motor Company introduced the thirteenth - generation F - 150 . Without physically changing any dimensions from its predecessor , in the interest of fuel economy , designers reduced curb weight by nearly 750 pounds . In a radical change for a mass - market vehicle , much of the weight reduction stems from the change from steel to aluminum in its body structure ( the majority of the frame itself remains high - strength steel ) . With the lone exception of the firewall , all sheet metal used for the F - 150 body is aluminum . Largely previewed by the Ford Atlas concept vehicle at the 2013 Detroit Auto Show , the styling introduced a completely new design language for the Ford F - Series ; only the stepped window from the Super Duty was carried over . To prove the durability of the aluminum - intensive design , camouflaged prototypes were entered in the Baja 1000 endurance race , in which the vehicles finished . To further increase fuel economy , a 3.5 L V6 became the base engine with the introduction of a 2.7 L EcoBoost twin - turbo V6 alongside the 3.5 L version ; the 5.0 L V8 remained available .",
"13": "The 2015 F - 150 is the first pickup truck with adaptive cruise control , which uses radar sensors on the front of the vehicle to maintain a set following distance between it and the vehicle ahead of it , decreasing speed if necessary . Ford has made several changes to their engine lineup for the 2018 model - year pickup , which Ford has confirmed will be a member of the thirteenth generation . The 3.5 L base engine has been replaced with a more efficient 3.3 L V6 that boasts the same power as the outgoing 3.5 , but promises better mileage . The new 3.3 L V6 will be mated to the existing 6 - speed transmission . The 2.7 L and 3.5 L EcoBoost engines , as well as the 5.0 L V8 have had minor upgrades and improvements towards power and efficiency . The 3.5 L , 2.7 l EcoBoost and 5.0 l V8 will be mated to the new 10 - speed transmission . These 3 engines will also all feature the stop / start technology which was previously only available with the 2.7 L , further improving mileage across the board . Ford is also introducing its first Diesel engine in an F - 150 , which they 're calling the `` Power Stroke '' engine . The Diesel engine is a twin turbocharged 3.0 L V6 from the `` Lion '' lineup of engines shared by PSA Peugot Citroën and Jaguar Land Rover . The engine will produce 440 lb - ft of torque and be mated to the new 10 - speed transmission , and also feature the stop / start technology . Outside of new engine features , Ford has stopped offering the Sony stereo system as an option and replaced it with B&O PLAY , a sound system designed by Danish audio system manufacturer Bang & Olufsen . Exact mileage improvements have not been announced yet . This model will be expected to launch in the Fall of 2017 , and will be American built at both the Dearborn Truck Plant in Michigan , and the Kansas City Assembly Plant in Claycomo , Missouri . The F - 150 is assembled at a speed of one per minute . Special models ( edit ) Throughout its production , variants of the Ford F - Series has been produced to attract buyers .",
"14": "While these variants primarily consist of trim packages , others are high - performance versions while other variants were designed with various means of improving functionality . Unibody F - Series ( edit ) For 1961 into part of the 1963 model year , Ford offered the F - Series with a pickup bed integrated with the cab ( similar to the Ford Ranchero ) . While still produced on a separate frame , the design simplified assembly and streamlined the exterior design of the pickup Specials ( edit ) Introduced in 1961 , the Camper Special was an option package for F - Series trucks ; designed for owners of slide - in truck campers , the Camper Special featured pre-wiring for the camper , heavy - duty transmission and engine cooling , and a larger alternator . Introduced for 1968 , the Contractor 's Special and Farm and Ranch Special featured toolboxes and heavy - duty suspension ; the Explorer Special was a lower - priced version of the Ranger trim level . During the 1980 redesign of the F - Series , these options were no longer continued as part of the F - Series . F - 150 Nite ( edit ) Sold from 1991 to 1992 on the Ford F - 150 XLT Lariat , the Nite special edition was an monochromatic option package , featuring black paint and trim with a multicolor accent stripe . For 1991 , it was exclusive to the regular - cab F - 150 ; for 1992 , it was available on all bodystyles of the F - 150 and introduced on the Ford Bronco . The Nite edition was available with two - wheel drive or four - wheel drive with either the 5.0 L or 5.8 L V8 ; it also included a sport suspension and alloy wheels on 235 / 75R15 white - letter tires . Eddie Bauer ( edit ) For 1994 , Ford introduced the Eddie Bauer trim level for the F - 150 . In a fashion similar to the same trim packages on the Aerostar , Bronco , and Explorer / Bronco II , it consisted of outdoors - themed interior trim with two - tone exterior paint .",
"15": "SVT Lightning ( edit ) Main article : Ford SVT Lightning 1993 Ford SVT Lightning Second - generation Ford SVT Lightning Introduced as a 1993 model , the Ford SVT Lightning is a high - performance version of the F - 150 produced by the Ford Special Vehicle Team ( SVT ) . Intended as a competitor for the Chevrolet 454SS , the SVT Lightning shared much of its structure with the F - 150 , but extensive modifications were made to the suspension and frame in order to improve the handling . Powered by a 240 hp version of the 5.8 L V8 , the Lightning used the 4 - speed automatic transmission from the F - 350 ( normally paired with the 7.5 L or Diesel V8s ) . Though being 3 seconds slower in the 0 - 60 than the discontinued GMC Syclone , the Lightning retained much of the towing and payload capacity of its F - 150 counterpart . The Lightning was produced from 1993 to 1995 ; it was discontinued as Ford began design work on the 1997 F - 150 . For 1999 , the SVT Lightning returned after a three - year hiatus . As with its 1993 - 1995 predecessor , the design of the Lightning used the F - 150 as a basis with a number of suspension modifications . Instead of a model - specific engine , the Lightning now used the 5.4 L engine from the F - 150 ; fitted with a supercharger , it produced 360 hp ( increased to 380 hp in 2001 ) . As before , the transmission was borrowed from the F - 350 Diesel pickups . In 2004 , the Lightning was discontinued , as it was not included in the redesigned F - 150 model line . Harley - Davidson edition ( edit ) From 2000 to 2012 , the Harley - Davidson Edition was an option package available on the F - 150 ( also the F - 250 / F - 350 from 2004 - 2011 ) . Primarily an appearance package featuring monochromatic black trim , from 2002 to 2003 , the edition included a slightly detuned version of the supercharged 5.4 L V8 engine from the SVT Lightning .",
"16": "In 2003 , a 100th Anniversary Edition was produced on F - 150 SuperCrews . After 2008 , the option package adopted many of the options featured from the Platinum trim level , featuring leather seating produced from materials reserved for Harley - Davidson biker jackets . For 2012 , the Harley - Davidson Edition was replaced by the Limited trim level . SVT Raptor ( edit ) F - 150 SVT Raptor For 2010 , Ford introduced its second high - performance truck , the SVT Raptor . In sharp contrast to the SVT Lightning , the Raptor is based on Ford 's 1000 baja truck , with modifications designed to improve its on - road performance while still including standard Fox suspension , and the most capable off - road , mass - produced vehicle available . For the 2010 model year , the base engine was a 5.4 Liter V8 producing 310 hp ( 230 kW ) , the 6.2 Liter V8 was an option added mid year . Between 2011 and 2014 , a 411 hp ( 306 kW ) , 6.2 Liter V8 , both were paired with a six - speed automatic was available . The Raptor features a model - exclusive suspension with long - travel springs and shocks . To make room for its larger tires , the Raptor shares only the cab with a standard F - 150 ; the pickup bed , hood and front fenders are wider and exclusive to the model . Initially available only as a SuperCab , a SuperCrew cab was added in late 2010 . For the first time on a Ford in North America since 1983 , the word `` Ford '' was spelled on the grille of the SVT Raptor in place of the Ford Blue Oval badge . In late 2016 , the second - generation Ford Raptor ( dropping the SVT prefix ) returned as a 2017 model . The 2017 Ford Raptor is based on the aluminum - body Ford F - 150 introduced for 2015 . In a major change , the powertrain sourced from the Ford Super Duty is replaced by a re-engineered 3.5 Liter twin - turbo EcoBoost V6 paired with an all - new 10 - speed automatic transmission .",
"17": "F - 150 Platinum ( edit ) Ford F - 150 Platinum Following the 2008 discontinuation of the Lincoln Mark LT in the United States and Canada , the truck remained in production in Mexico until 2014 . For 2009 , to replace the Mark LT , Ford moved into the luxury pickup truck segment with the Platinum trim level . Combining much of the content and luxury features of the Mark LT with more subdued styling , the F - 150 Platinum saw more success than either the Lincoln Blackwood or Lincoln Mark LT . In 2013 , the Platinum trim level was expanded to the F - 250 and F - 350 Super Duty pickup trucks . F - 150 Tremor ( edit ) For the 2014 model year , Ford introduced the Tremor model of the F - 150 . The Tremor was released as high - performance sport truck for street truck enthusiasts . The regular - cab Tremor is based on the style of the FX Appearance Package with the 3.5 Liter EcoBoost engine and a 4.10 rear axle . The interior uses a console - mounted shifter , custom bucket seats and a flow - through center console not found in any other F - 150 . The Tremor is available in both 4x2 and 4x4 . Both options feature an electronic locking rear differential and customized suspension . There were 2,230 Tremors built . Motorsports ( edit ) The truck won the San Felipe 250 eight times between 1999 and 2007 . Greg Biffle won the 2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series . Drivers such as Roger Norman and Larry Roeseler won the Primm 300 in 2003 , 2007 and 2008 . In 2008 , Ford announced its entrance into the Baja 1000 class - eight race for moderately modified , full - size pickups . The driver of record was Steve Oligos , supported by co-drivers Randy Merritt , Greg Foutz , and Bud Brutsman . The vehicle was built with collaboration between the Ford Special Vehicle Team ( SVT ) , Ford Racing , and Foutz Motorsports , Inc .",
"18": "The Ford F - 150 SVT Raptor R completed the 2008 41st Tecate SCORE Baja 1000 race in 25.28 : 10 , and ranked third in its class . Tavo Vildosola and Gus Vildosola won the event in 2010 . In the Best in the Desert race series , an F - 150 SVT Raptor R completed the `` Terrible 's 250 '' race , placing second overall in the class 8000 . In January 2010 , a single Raptor SVT ( No. 439 ) , driven by Chilean driver Javier Campillay , competed in the Argentina - Chile Dakar Rally . However , the pickup was unable to finish due to a catch - up crash with another car in the middle of the road during stage seven . In January 2011 , two Raptors started in the Argentina - Chile Dakar Rally in Buenos Aires , with Campillay driving the more reliable Raptor ( No. 375 ) , and American female driver Sue Mead driving a T2 Raptor ( No. 374 ) . Mead crossed the finish line in Buenos Aires and won the `` super production '' class , the first North American class win in Dakar history . Campillay was unable to finish the 12th stage after losing time due to mechanical failure during the 11th stage , which led to his disqualification for failing to reach the race camp by the designated deadline .",
"19": "Awards and recognition ( edit ) The Ford F - 150 has won numerous awards ; in 2009 alone , it received : Motor Trend 2009 Truck of the Year Award 2009 Best Redesigned Vehicle from Kelley Blue Book 's kbb.com Top honors as the `` truck of Texas '' as well as the `` best luxury pickup '' for the 2009 F - 150 King Ranch from Texas Auto Writers Association Automotive Excellence Award in the Workhorse Category from Popular Mechanics `` Top safety pick '' from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety for its standard safety technology : safety canopy side curtain air bags and AdvanceTrac with roll stability control Residual Value Award from Automotive Leasing Guide ( ALG ) for retaining the highest percentage of its original price among 2009 full - size light - duty pickups at the end of a conventional three - year lease , based on ALG projections Motor Trend 's Truck Trend Top 5 Pickups from Specialty Equipment Market Association ( SEMA ) for 2009 Ford F - 150 Heavy Duty DeWalt Contractor Concept Accessory - Friendly Pickup Design Award from SEMA `` Best overall half - ton pickup '' from PickupTrucks.com Sales ( edit ) Quantities of Ford F - Series sold .",
"20": "Calendar Year United States Canada 746,111 1998 836,629 1999 869,001 2000 876,716 911,597 2002 813,701 2003 845,586 68,375 939,511 71,790 2005 901,463 69,549 2006 796,039 72,128 2007 690,589 73,618 2008 515,513 67,749 2009 413,625 81,396 528,349 97,913 2011 584,917 96,325 2012 645,316 106,358 2013 763,402 122,325 2014 753,851 126,277 2015 780,354 118,837 2016 820,799 145,409 2017 896,764 155,290 Variants ( edit ) Medium - duty trucks ( edit ) Early 1970s Ford F600 / F700 For most of its production , the F - Series was sold in a medium - duty conventional truck configuration alongside the traditional pickup trucks . Beginning in 1948 with the 11⁄2 ton F - 5 ( later F - 500 ) , the medium - duty trucks ranged up to the F - 8 ( F - 800 ) . Prior to the 1957 introduction of the Ford C - Series tilt - cab , the medium - duty range was offered as both a conventional and in a COE ( cabover ) configuration . Following the introduction of the fifth - generation F - Series in 1967 , the medium - duty trucks were designed separately from the pickup truck range . Although remaining part of the F - Series range , the medium - duty trucks shared only the cab and interior with the F - Series pickup trucks . Since 1967 , the cab design has changed only in 1980 and in 2000 .",
"21": "Redesigned on an all - new chassis , the 2017 F - Series medium - duty trucks retain an updated version of the 2000 - 2016 F - 650 / F750 cab . The medium - duty F - Series served as the donor platform for the B - Series cowled bus chassis produced from 1948 to 1998 . Produced primarily for school bus bodies , the B - Series was discontinued as part of the sale of the Ford heavy - truck line to Freightliner in 1996 . Heavy - duty trucks ( edit ) Above its medium - duty truck ranges , the Ford F - Series was used as a heavy - truck chassis during its early production . In 1951 , Ford debuted its `` Big Job '' line , denoting the F - 8 conventional . In 1958 , the `` Super Duty '' and `` Extra Heavy Duty '' replaced the Big Job trucks , marking the debut of the Super Duty V8 engine line . In 1963 , the N - Series became the first short - hood conventional built by Ford , replacing the F - 900 Super Duty / Extra Heavy Duty . Although based on an all - new chassis and separate bodywork , the cab was sourced from the F - Series . In 1970 , Ford introduced the L - Series `` Louisville '' line of conventional trucks , moving all heavy truck development away from the F - Series . The L - Series / Aeromax would remain in production through 1998 , as Ford exited the heavy - truck segment . Vans ( edit ) From 1948 until 1960 , Ford manufactured the F - Series in a panel van configuration , largely replacing it with the Econoline in 1961 . In contrast to General Motors , the panel van was never produced in a passenger `` carryall '' variant , such as the Chevrolet / GMC Suburban . For much of its production life , the Ford E-Series vans shared a high degree of mechanical commonality with the F - Series ; in the late 1970s , some body components were shared . Since the 1990s , this changed somewhat , as Ford updated the F - Series several times since 1992 while the E-Series continued on with very few changes ; no powertrains were shared as of 2016 .",
"22": "Export ( edit ) This 1955 Australian F - 100 Freighter had special high side panels , perhaps unique to Australia ; note the right - hand drive . As of 2018 , outside of the United States , Canada , and Mexico , the Ford F - 150 is officially sold in most Caribbean countries ( except Trinidad and Tobago , Saint Kitts and Nevis and Cuba ) , Suriname , Ecuador , Peru , Chile , the Middle East ( including Afghanistan ) , Iceland , Angola , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Cape Verde , Democratic Republic of Congo , Ethiopia , Gabon , Ghana , Ivory Coast , Liberia , Nigeria , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Madagascar , the Dutch territories of Aruba , Curaçao , Saint Maarten and the British overseas territory of the Cayman Islands . The SVT Raptor is sold in the United States , Canada , Mexico , the Middle East ( including Afghanistan ) , China , Ecuador , Chile and Peru . Both are available in LHD only . In Mexico , the F - 150 ( XLT and higher trim levels ) is called the `` Ford Lobo '' while the F - 150 SVT Raptor is called the `` Ford Lobo Raptor '' . The F - 150 XL is called F - 150 XL . There is a strong grey market presence of Ford F - Series trucks around the world , most notably in Europe , China , and Australia , and usually driven by wealthy car enthusiasts , as the higher end trim models are the most sought - after versions . In Bolivia , Ford F - series truck are imported from the United States . F - 150 single , super cab and crew cab are available with short and long bed . F - series Heavy Duty like F - 250 , F - 350 are available in Super Cab and Crew cab with long bed , but the F - 450 is available only in a chassis version . The F - 150 Raptor is available , too . In Australia , Ford F - series trucks are imported and converted to right - hand drive by several Australian importers , mostly by the Harrison Motoring Group , which as become the largest importer of F - Series vehicles in the Southern Hemisphere . Harrison F - Trucks have become Australia 's number one converter and supplier of the famous Ford F - Series badges .",
"23": "In the United Kingdom , most imported Ford F - Series trucks are the F - 150 model , and usually the higher - end four door versions . Right - hand drive versions of the F - Series for the United Kingdom and Australia were manufactured in Brazil . In Argentina and Brazil , the petrol engines are often converted to also run with alternative fuels , E-96h ( Brazilian - spec ethanol ) and compressed natural gas ( CNG ) . Biodiesel also is used in Diesel engines . The addition of the 3.0 l V6 turbo diesel engine could potentially make the Ford F - 150 go global and in both LHD and RHD from the factory . See also ( edit ) Ford Super Duty Ford F - 650 Sterling Trucks Bullet pickup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ford 's Best Selling Pickups Add More Features For 2008 '' . Truck Trend . Ford Motor Company . May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Auto sales reach six - year high of 15.6 million vehicles sold , Ford F - Series takes the lead '' . Daily News . New York . January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cato , Jeremy ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Top 10 best - selling vehicles -- The Globe and Mail '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Jump up ^ FUTURE OF FORD IS FILLED WITH MORE MUSTANGS , TRUCKS , OFF - ROAD SUVS Motor Trend ( 03 / 15 / 2018 ) Jump up ^ This F - series Ranger is distinct from compact Ford Ranger series of pickup trucks introduced in 1983 for North America , although the latter used technology from the full - size trucks , such as the Twin I - Beam front suspension on two - wheel - drive models and Twin Traction Beam suspension on four - wheel - drive . Jump up ^ Cluczyk , Barry ( December 2012 ) , `` Ford F - 150 -- Boosting The EcoBoost '' , Truckin Magazine Jump up ^ `` Five Ford Vehicles Made the 200,000 - Mile List '' . Ford.com . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ Korzeniewski , Jeremy ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` 2015 Ford F - 150 brings big aluminum to the Rust Belt ( w / video ) '' . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Ford F - 150 First Look - Motor Trend '' . January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 F - 150 : Ford drops an aluminium blockbuster '' . SAE . SAE International . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Joshua ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ford F - 150 ( 2018 facelift , 13th generation ) photos '' . Jump up ^ News , Auto World ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Big Ones In Detroit : Ford F - 150 , GMC Terrain , Volkswagen Atlas And Chevrolet Traverse To Be Presented '' . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Ford F - 150 Specs , Engine - 2017 / 2018 Pickup Trucks '' . April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Panait , Mircea ( 2017 - 01 - 08 ) . `` 2018 Ford F - 150 Debuts New Engines : 3.0 L Power Stroke V6 Diesel , 3.3 L Ti - VCT V6 '' . autoevolution . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Ford F - 150 Pickup Tougher , Smarter , More Capable Than Ever Ford.ca '' . www.ford.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Ford F - 150 Photos , Diesel Engine , Specs , Revealed '' . Ford Authority . 2017 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Will The F - 150 Diesel Be Named ' Power Stroke ' ? Ford Authority '' . Ford Authority . 2016 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Assembly Plant Walking Tour '' . Ford Rouge Factory Tour .",
"25": "Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . build one truck per minute at full line speeds Jump up ^ `` New 2010 Ford Harley - Davidson F - 150 : tough truck with cool attitude ; new details , inside and out '' . Media.ford.com . February 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lingeman , Jake ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Molehills out of Mountains '' . Autoweek : 20 -- 22 . Jump up ^ `` RIP : Lincoln Mark LT '' . September 2007 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ford SVT F - 150 Raptor R to enter Baja 1000 '' . Fordnewsblog.wordpress.com . November 26 , 2008 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Drew ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Ford F - 150 SVT Raptor R completes inaugural run of Baja 1000 '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Baja 1000 class results '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Ford F150 SVT Raptor R Captures Podium Finish ; Pricing Announced '' . Ford-trucks.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 FORD F - 150 AWARDS '' . Media.ford.com . December 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Ford Motor Company Sets New Full Year U.S. Sales Record '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Motor Company 's December U.S. Sales Climb 8.2 Percent '' ( PDF ) .",
"26": "Ford Motor Company . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ford 's F - Series Truck Caps 22nd Year in a Row as America 's Best - Selling Vehicle With a December Sales Record '' . Theautochannel.com . November 17 , 2004 . Retrieved April 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Achieves First Car Sales Increase Since 1999 '' . Theautochannel.com . November 17 , 2004 . Retrieved April 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Motor Company 2007 sales '' . January 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` F - Series drives ford to higher market share for third consecutive month '' ( PDF ) . Ford Motor Company . January 5 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FORD CAPS 2009 WITH 33 PERCENT SALES INCREASE , FIRST FULL - YEAR MARKET SHARE GAIN SINCE 1995 '' ( PDF ) . Ford Motor Company . January 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ford 's 2010 Sales Up 19 Percent -- Largest Increase of Any Full - Line ... - DEARBORN , Mich. , Jan. 4 , 2011 / PRNewswire / '' . Michigan . PR Newswire . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` STRONG CAR SALES DRIVE FORD TO No. 1 IN CANADA Ford Motor Company Newsroom '' . Media.ford.com . January 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ford is top - selling automaker in Canada for three consecutive years '' ( Press release ) . Ford . January 3 , 2013 .",
"27": "Archived from the original on January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Motor Company Delivers Best Sales Year Since 2006 ; Ford Is Top Brand with Records for Fiesta , Fusion , Escape '' ( PDF ) . Media.ford.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 26 , 2014 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Posts Best U.S. December Sales Results since 2005 ; Ford Once Again Best - Selling Brand and Best - Selling Vehicle '' ( PDF ) . Media.ford.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 : Best - selling new vehicles in Canada '' . January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Products Make Ford America 's Best - Selling Brand for Sixth Straight Year ; F - Series No. 1 Vehicle for 34 th Year '' ( PDF ) . Media.ford.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Pickup Trucks : December 2016 - PickupTrucks.com News '' . news.pickuptrucks.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ 1 / 04 / 2017 , Timothy Cain on . `` Top 11 Best - Selling Pickup Trucks In Canada - 2016 Year End '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 - 1959 Ford Trucks '' . HowStuffWorks. 2007 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 - 1959 Ford Trucks '' . HowStuffWorks. 2007 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ford F - Series . Official site Ford vehicles Ford Motor Company Current production models Cars C - Max / Grand C - Max Fiesta Figo Fusion / Mondeo",
"28": "Focus GT Ka Mustang Taurus SHO Police Interceptor Sedan China Pickup Trucks F - Series Raptor Ranger Super Duty SUVs / Crossovers EcoSport Edge Escape / Kuga Expedition / Expedition EL / Max Explorer Police Interceptor Utility Everest / Endeavour Flex Vans E-Series Galaxy S - Max Tourneo / Transit Courier Connect Custom Commercial Trucks Cargo Super Duty F - 350 / F - 450 / F - 550 F - 650 / F - 750 Former production models ( by date of introduction ) 1900s Model A / AC Model B Model C Model F Model K Model N Model R Model S Model T 1910s -- 1920s Model TT Model A Model AA 1930s -- 1940s Model B Model BB Model 18 Model 40 Model Y Köln Rheinland Model 48 Model C Ten Eifel Model CX 1937 Ford Model 7W Model 7Y E83W Prefect Anglia 1941 Ford Vedette Pilot Pygmy 1949 Ford Custom Transit Bus 1950s 1952 Ford 1955 Ford 1957 Ford C - Series Trucks Consul Country Sedan Country Squire Courier Crestline Del Rio Edsel ( Brand ) Fairlane",
"29": "FK Galaxie Mainline Parklane Popular Ranchero Squire Taunus Thunderbird Versailles Zephyr 1960s 1960 Ford Bronco Capri Corcel Corsair Cortina Escort ( Europe ) Executive Fairlane ( Australia ) Fairlane Thunderbolt Falcon ( Americas ) Falcon ( Australia ) GT40 H - Series Trucks LTD N - Series Trucks Torino W - Series Trucks XL 1970s Courier Econovan Econowagon Elite Fairmont Granada ( Europe ) Granada ( North America ) L - Series Trucks Landau ( Australia ) Maverick ( North America ) P100 Pinto 1980s Aerostar Bantam Bronco II Del Rey Durango Escort ( North America ) EXP Festiva Laser / Lynx / Meteor / Tierra LTD Crown Victoria Orion Probe Pronto Ranger ( North America ) RS200 Scorpio Sierra Telstar Tempo Verona 1990s Aspire Contour Cougar Crown Victoria Police Interceptor Freda Maverick ( Europe ) Puma Windstar ZX2 2000s Activa Excursion Explorer Sport Trac Five Hundred Freestar Fusion ( Europe ) Freestyle / Taurus X Ikon i - Max ( Taiwan ) Maverick ( Europe ) Sportka / Streetka Territory 2010s B - Max Other Concept vehicles List of Mercury vehicles",
"30": "List of Lincoln vehicles Tractors Trucks Category Commons Ford F - Series production models and variants Ford Motor Company Ford F - Series generations Pickup Trucks ( 1⁄2 -- 1 ton ) First generation ( 1948 -- 1952 ) Second generation ( 1953 -- 1956 ) Third generation ( 1957 -- 1960 ) Fourth generation ( 1961 -- 1966 ) Fifth generation ( 1967 -- 1972 ) Sixth generation ( 1973 -- 1979 ) Seventh generation ( 1980 -- 1986 ) Eighth generation ( 1987 -- 1991 ) Ninth generation ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Tenth generation ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Eleventh generation ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Twelfth generation ( 2009 -- 2014 ) Thirteenth generation ( 2015 -- ) Super Duty ( 3⁄4 -- 11⁄2 ton ) First generation ( 1999 -- 2007 ) Second generation ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Third generation ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Fourth generation ( 2017 -- ) Medium - Duty Trucks ( Class 5 -- 7 Trucks ) F - Series `` Big Job '' ( 1951 -- 1953 , 1954 -- 1957 ) F - Series `` Super Duty / Extra Heavy Duty '' ( 1958 -- 1962 ) F - Series Medium Duty ( 1967 -- 1979 ) F - Series Medium Duty ( 1980 -- 1998 ) F - Series Super Duty ( F - 450 / F - 550 ; 1999 -- ) F - Series Medium Duty ( F - 650 / 750 ;",
"31": "2000 -- ) Related models Ford Bronco Ford Expedition Ford Excursion Ford Super Duty Lincoln Blackwood Lincoln Mark LT Lincoln Navigator SVT Lightning SVT Raptor Related articles DN - XI Ford Atlas ( 2013 ) Ford F - 250 Super Chief ( 2006 ) Ford B - Series Hennessey VelociRaptor SUV Hennessey VelociRaptor600 Mercury M - Series Plasan / Oshkosh Sand Cat Knight XV Lenco BearCat TAV Gurkha Category Commons WikiBooks WikiNews `` previous -- Ford Motor Company light truck timeline , North American market , 1946 -- 1979 -- next '' Type 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 SUV Bronco Bronco Coupé utility Ranchero Ranchero Ranchero Ranchero Ranchero Ranchero Ranchero Compact pickup Courier Courier Full - size pickup Standard / Deluxe F - Series F - Series F - Series F - Series F - Series F - Series Van Econoline Econoline Econoline / Club Wagon `` previous -- Ford Motor Company light truck timeline , United States & Canada ,",
"32": "1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Crossover Subcompact EcoSport Compact Escape Escape Escape Mid-size Edge Edge Full - size Freestyle Taurus X Explorer Flex SUV Compact Bronco II Mid-size Explorer Explorer Explorer Explorer Full - size Bronco Bronco Bronco Expedition Expedition Expedition Expedition Excursion Expedition EL / Max Expedition Max Pickup truck Coupé utility Durango Compact Courier Ranger Ranger Ranger Mid-size Explorer Sport Trac Explorer Sport Trac Full - size F - Series ( all ) F - Series ( all ) F - Series ( all ) F - 150 / F - 250 F - 150 F - 150 F - 150 SVT Lightning SVT Lightning SVT Raptor Raptor Super Duty Super Duty Super Duty Super Duty Van Compact MPV Transit Connect Transit Connect C - MAX Minivan Aerostar Aerostar Windstar Windstar Freestar Full - size Econoline Econoline / E-Series Transit Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"33": "php?title=Ford_F-Series&oldid=838414666 '' Categories : Ford F - Series All - wheel - drive vehicles Flexible - fuel vehicles Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Pickup trucks Rear - wheel - drive vehicles Vehicles introduced in 1948 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 21 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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2529995246626301289
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which philosopher advocated the idea of return to nature
|
[
"Bacon"
] |
{
"0": "Nature ( philosophy ) - wikipedia Nature ( philosophy ) Jump to : navigation , search Nature has two inter-related meanings in philosophy . On the one hand , it means the set of all things which are natural , or subject to the normal working of the laws of nature . On the other hand , it means the essential properties and causes of individual things . How to understand the meaning and significance of nature has been a consistent theme of discussion within the history of Western Civilization , in the philosophical fields of metaphysics and epistemology , as well as in theology and science . The study of natural things and the regular laws which seem to govern them , as opposed to discussion about what it means to be natural , is the area of natural science . The word `` nature '' derives from Latin nātūra , a philosophical term derived from the verb for birth , which was used as a translation for the earlier ( pre-Socratic ) Greek term phusis , derived from the verb for natural growth . Already in classical times , philosophical use of these words combined two related meanings which have in common that they refer to the way in which things happen by themselves , `` naturally '' , without `` interference '' from human deliberation , divine intervention , or anything outside what is considered normal for the natural things being considered . Understandings of nature depend on the subject and age of the work where they appear . For example , Aristotle 's explanation of natural properties differs from what is meant by natural properties in modern philosophical and scientific works , which can also differ from other scientific and conventional usage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classical nature and Aristotelian metaphysics 2 Modern science and laws of nature : trying to avoid metaphysics 3 `` Late modern '' nature 4 The survival of metaphysics 5 The study of nature without metaphysics 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography Classical nature and Aristotelian metaphysics ( edit ) Main article : Physis The Physics ( from ta phusika `` the natural ( things ) '' ) is Aristotle 's principal work on nature . In Physics II. 1 , Aristotle defines a nature as `` a source or cause of being moved and of being at rest in that to which it belongs primarily '' .",
"1": "In other words , a nature is the principle within a natural raw material that is the source of tendencies to change or rest in a particular way unless stopped . For example , a rock would fall unless stopped . Natural things stand in contrast to artifacts , which are formed by human artifice , not because of an innate tendency . ( The raw materials of a bed have no tendency to become a bed . ) In terms of Aristotle 's theory of four causes , the word natural is applied both to the innate potential of matter cause and the forms which the matter tends to become naturally . According to Leo Strauss , the beginning of Western philosophy involved the `` discovery or invention of nature '' and the `` pre-philosophical equivalent of nature '' was supplied by `` such notions as ' custom ' or ' ways ' '' . In ancient Greek philosophy on the other hand , Nature or natures are ways that are `` really universal '' `` in all times and places '' . What makes nature different is that it presupposes not only that not all customs and ways are equal , but also that one can `` find one 's bearings in the cosmos '' `` on the basis of inquiry '' ( not for example on the basis of traditions or religion ) . To put this `` discovery or invention '' into the traditional terminology , what is `` by nature '' is contrasted to what is `` by convention '' . The concept of nature taken this far remains a strong tradition in modern western thinking . Science , according to Strauss ' commentary of Western history is the contemplation of nature , while technology was or is an attempt to imitate it . Going further , the philosophical concept of nature or natures as a special type of causation - for example that the way particular humans are is partly caused by something called `` human nature '' is an essential step towards Aristotle 's teaching concerning causation , which became standard in all Western philosophy until the arrival of modern science . Aristotle Whether it was intended or not , Aristotle 's inquiries into this subject were long felt to have resolved the discussion about nature in favor of one solution . In this account , there are four different types of cause : The material cause is the `` raw material '' - the matter which undergoes change . One of the causes of a statue being what it is might be that it is bronze . All meanings of the word nature encompass this simple meaning .",
"2": "The efficient cause is the motion of another thing , which makes a thing change , for example a chisel hitting a rock causes a chip to break off . This is the way which the matter is forming into a form so that it become substance like what Aristotle said that a substance must have a form and matter in order to call it substance . This is the motion of changing a single being into two . This is the most obvious way in which cause and effect works , as in the descriptions of modern science . But according to Aristotle , this does not yet explain that of which the motion is , and we must `` apply ourselves to the question whether there is any other cause per se besides matter '' . The formal cause is the form or idea which serves as a template towards which things develop - for example following an approach based upon Aristotle we could say that a child develops in a way partly determined by a thing called `` human nature '' . Here , nature is a cause . The final cause is the aim towards which something is directed . For example , a human aims at something perceived to be good , as Aristotle says in the opening lines of the Nicomachean Ethics . The formal and final cause are an essential part of Aristotle 's `` Metaphysics '' - his attempt to go beyond nature and explain nature itself . In practice they imply a human - like consciousness involved in the causation of all things , even things which are not man - made . Nature itself is attributed with having aims . The artificial , like the conventional therefore , is within this branch of Western thought , traditionally contrasted with the natural . Technology was contrasted with science , as mentioned above . And another essential aspect to this understanding of causation was the distinction between the accidental properties of a thing and the substance - another distinction which has lost favor in the modern era , after having long been widely accepted in medieval Europe . To describe it another way , Aristotle treated organisms and other natural wholes as existing at a higher level than mere matter in motion . Aristotle 's argument for formal and final causes is related to a doctrine about how it is possible that people know things : `` If nothing exists apart from individual things , nothing will be intelligible ; everything will be sensible , and there will be no knowledge of anything -- unless it be maintained that sense - perception is knowledge '' .",
"3": "Those philosophers who disagree with this reasoning therefore also see knowledge differently from Aristotle . Aristotle then , described nature or natures as follows , in a way quite different from modern science ... `` Nature '' means : ( a ) in one sense , the genesis of growing things -- as would be suggested by pronouncing the υ of φύσις long -- and ( b ) in another , that immanent thing from which a growing thing first begins to grow . ( c ) The source from which the primary motion in every natural object is induced in that object as such . All things are said to grow which gain increase through something else by contact and organic unity ( or adhesion , as in the case of embryos ) . Organic unity differs from contact ; for in the latter case there need be nothing except contact , but in both the things which form an organic unity there is some one and the same thing which produces , instead of mere contact , a unity which is organic , continuous and quantitative ( but not qualitative ) . Again , `` nature '' means ( d ) the primary stuff , shapeless and unchangeable from its own potency , of which any natural object consists or from which it is produced ; e.g. , bronze is called the `` nature '' of a statue and of bronze articles , and wood that of wooden ones , and similarly in all other cases . For each article consists of these `` natures , '' the primary material persisting . It is in this sense that men call the elements of natural objects the `` nature , '' some calling it fire , others earth or air or water , others something else similar , others some of these , and others all of them . Again in another sense `` nature '' means ( e ) the substance of natural objects ; as in the case of those who say that the `` nature '' is the primary composition of a thing , or as Empedocles says : Of nothing that exists is there nature , but only mixture and separation of what has been mixed ; nature is but a name given to these by men . Hence as regards those things which exist or are produced by nature , although that from which they naturally are produced or exist is already present , we say that they have not their nature yet unless they have their form and shape . That which comprises both of these exists by nature ; e.g. animals and their parts .",
"4": "And nature is both the primary matter ( and this in two senses : either primary in relation to the thing , or primary in general ; e.g. , in bronze articles the primary matter in relation to those articles is bronze , but in general it is perhaps water -- that is if all things which can be melted are water ) and the form or essence , i.e. the end of the process , of generation . Indeed from this sense of `` nature , '' by an extension of meaning , every essence in general is called `` nature , '' because the nature of anything is a kind of essence . From what has been said , then , the primary and proper sense of `` nature '' is the essence of those things which contain in themselves as such a source of motion ; for the matter is called `` nature '' because it is capable of receiving the nature , and the processes of generation and growth are called `` nature '' because they are motions derived from it . And nature in this sense is the source of motion in natural objects , which is somehow inherent in them , either potentially or actually . -- Metaphysics 1014b - 1015a , translated by Hugh Tredennick , emphasis added . It has been argued , as will be explained below , that this type of theory represented an oversimplifying diversion from the debates within Classical philosophy , possibly even that Aristotle saw it as a simplification or summary of the debates himself . But in any case the theory of the four causes became a standard part of any advanced education in the Middle Ages . Modern science and laws of nature : trying to avoid metaphysics ( edit ) A Renaissance representation of Democritus the laughing philosopher , by Agostino Carracci Francis Bacon In contrast , Modern Science took its distinctive turn with Francis Bacon , who rejected the four distinct causes , and saw Aristotle as someone who `` did proceed in such a spirit of difference and contradiction towards all antiquity : undertaking not only to frame new words of science at pleasure , but to confound and extinguish all ancient wisdom '' . He felt that lesser known Greek philosophers such as Democritus `` who did not suppose a mind or reason in the frame of things '' , have been arrogantly dismissed because of Aristotelianism leading to a situation in his time wherein `` the search of the physical causes hath been neglected , and passed in silence '' .",
"5": "And so Bacon advised ... Physic doth make inquiry , and take consideration of the same natures : but how ? Only as to the material and efficient causes of them , and not as to the forms . For example ; if the cause of whiteness in snow or froth be inquired , and it be rendered thus , that the subtile intermixture of air and water is the cause , it is well rendered ; but , nevertheless , is this the form of whiteness ? No ; but it is the efficient , which is ever but vehiculum formæ . This part of metaphysique I do not find laboured and performed ... -- Francis Bacon , Advancement of Learning II. VII. 6 In his Novum Organum Bacon argued that the only forms or natures we should hypothesize are the `` simple '' ( as opposed to compound ) ones such as the ways in which heat , movement , etc. work . For example , in aphorism 51 he writes : 51 . The human understanding is , by its own nature , prone to abstraction , and supposes that which is fluctuating to be fixed . But it is better to dissect than abstract nature ; such was the method employed by the school of Democritus , which made greater progress in penetrating nature than the rest . It is best to consider matter , its conformation , and the changes of that conformation , its own action , and the law of this action or motion , for forms are a mere fiction of the human mind , unless you will call the laws of action by that name . Following Bacon 's advice , the scientific search for the formal cause of things is now replaced by the search for `` laws of nature '' or `` laws of physics '' in all scientific thinking . To use Aristotle 's well - known terminology these are descriptions of efficient cause , and not formal cause or final cause . It means modern science limits its hypothesizing about non-physical things to the assumption that there are regularities to the ways of all things which do not change . These general laws , in other words , replace thinking about specific `` laws '' , for example `` human nature '' . In modern science , human nature is part of the same general scheme of cause and effect , obeying the same general laws , as all other things .",
"6": "The above - mentioned difference between accidental and substantial properties , and indeed knowledge and opinion , also disappear within this new approach that aimed to avoid metaphysics . As Bacon knew , the term `` laws of nature '' was one taken from medieval Aristotelianism . St Thomas of Aquinas for example , defined law so that nature really was legislated to consciously achieve aims , like human law : `` an ordinance of reason for the common good , made by him who has care of the community and promulgated '' . In contrast , roughly contemporary with Bacon , Hugo Grotius described the law of nature as `` a rule that ( can ) be deduced from fixed principles by a sure process of reasoning '' . And later still , Montesquieu was even further from the original legal metaphor , describing laws vaguely as `` the necessary relations deriving from the nature of things '' . Thomas Hobbes One of the most important implementors of Bacon 's proposal was Thomas Hobbes , whose remarks concerning nature are particularly well - known . His most famous work , Leviathan , opens with the word `` Nature '' and then parenthetically defines it as `` the art whereby God hath made and governes the world '' . Despite this pious description , he follows a Baconian approach . Following his contemporary , Descartes , Hobbes describes life itself as mechanical , caused in the same way as clockwork : For seeing life is but a motion of Limbs , the beginning whereof is in some principall part within ; why may we not say , that all Automata ( Engines that move themselves by springs and wheeles as doth a watch ) have an artificiall life ? On this basis , already being established in natural science in his lifetime , Hobbes sought to discuss politics and human life in terms of `` laws of nature '' . But in the new modern approach of Bacon and Hobbes , and before them Machiavelli ( who however never clothed his criticism of the Aristotelian approach in medieval terms like `` laws of nature '' ) , such laws of nature are quite different to human laws : they no longer imply any sense of better or worse , but simply how things really are , and , when in reference to laws of human nature , what sorts of human behavior can be most relied upon .",
"7": "`` Late modern '' nature ( edit ) Jean - Jacques Rousseau : a civilized man , but a person who questioned whether civilization was according to human nature . Benjamin West 's `` The Death of General Wolfe '' . The section shows the Native American . West 's portrayal of the Native American has been cited as an example of the `` noble savage '' , a concept associated with Rousseau 's Second Discourse . The Discourse itself used stories of great apes to help explain what man would be like in the state of nature . Having disconnected the term `` law of nature '' from the original medieval metaphor of human - made law , the term `` law of nature '' is now used less than in early modern times . To take the critical example of human nature , as discussed in ethics and politics , once early modern philosophers such as Hobbes had described human nature as whatever you could expect from a mechanism called a human , the point of speaking of human nature became problematic in some contexts . In the late 18th century , Rousseau took a critical step in his Second Discourse , reasoning that human nature as we know it , rational , and with language , and so on , is a result of historical accidents , and the specific up - bringing of an individual . The consequences of this line of reasoning were to be enormous . It was all about the question of nature . In effect it was being claimed that human nature , one of the most important types of nature in Aristotelian thinking , did not exist as it had been understood to exist . The survival of metaphysics ( edit ) The approach of modern science , like the approach of Aristotelianism , is apparently not universally accepted by all people who accept the concept of nature as a reality which we can pursue with reason . Bacon and other opponents of Metaphysics claim that all attempts to go beyond nature are bound to fall into the same errors , but Metaphysicians themselves see differences between different approaches . Immanuel Kant for example , expressed the need for a Metaphysics in quite similar terms to Aristotle . ... though we can not know these objects as things in themselves , we must yet be in a position at least to think them as things in themselves ; otherwise we should be landed in the absurd conclusion that there can be appearance without anything that appears . -- Critique of Pure Reason pp.",
"8": "Bxxvi - xxvii As in Aristotelianism then , Kantianism claims that the human mind must itself have characteristics which are beyond nature , metaphysical , in some way . Specifically , Kant argued that the human mind comes ready - made with a priori programming , so to speak , which allows it to make sense of nature . The study of nature without metaphysics ( edit ) Authors from Nietzsche to Richard Rorty have claimed that science , the study of nature , can and should exist without metaphysics . But this claim has always been controversial . Authors like Bacon and Hume never denied that their use of the word `` nature '' implied metaphysics , but tried to follow Machiavelli 's approach of talking about what works , instead of claiming to understand what seems impossible to understand . See also ( edit ) A priori and a posteriori Aristotelianism Causality Empiricism Human nature Idealism Natural philosophy Nature Platonism Reality Truth References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aristotle Physics 192b21 Jump up ^ Aristotle Physics 193b21 Jump up ^ `` Progress or Return '' in An Introduction to Political Philosophy : Ten Essays by Leo Strauss . ( Expanded version of Political Philosophy : Six Essays by Leo Strauss , 1975 . ) Ed . Hilail Gilden . Detroit : Wayne State UP , 1989 . Jump up ^ Strauss and Cropsey eds . History of Political Philosophy , Third edition , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Metaphysics 995b , translated by Hugh Tredennick . Greek : μάλιστα δὲ ζητητέον καὶ πραγματευτέον πότερον ἔστι τι παρὰ τὴν ὕλην αἴτιον καθ _̓ αὑτὸ ἢ οὔ Jump up ^ As for example Aristotle Politics 1252b.",
"9": "1 : `` Thus the female and the slave are by nature distinct ( for nature makes nothing as the cutlers make the Delphic knife , in a niggardly way , but one thing for one purpose ; for so each tool will be turned out in the finest perfection , if it serves not many uses but one '' Jump up ^ Metaphysics 999b , translated by Hugh Tredennick . Greek : εἰ μὲν οὖν μηδέν ἐστι παρὰ τὰ καθ _̓ ἕκαστα , οὐθὲν ἂν εἴη νοητὸν ἀλλὰ πάντα αἰσθητὰ καὶ ἐπιστήμη οὐδενός , εἰ μή τις εἶναι λέγει τὴν αἴσθησιν ἐπιστήμην . Jump up ^ Phusis is the Greek word for Nature , and Aristotle is drawing attention to the similarity it has to the verb used to describe natural growth in a plant , phusei . Indeed the first use of the word involves a plant : ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας πόρε φάρμακον ἀργεϊφόντης ἐκ γαίης ἐρύσας , καί μοι φύσιν αὐτοῦ ἔδειξε . `` So saying , Argeiphontes ( = Hermes ) gave me the herb , drawing it from the ground , and showed me its nature . '' Odyssey 10.302 - 3 ( ed . A.T. Murray ) . Jump up ^ Greek ,",
"10": "with emphasis added as a guide : φύσις λέγεται ἕνα μὲν τρόπον ἡ τῶν φυομένων γένεσις , οἷον εἴ τις ἐπεκτείνας λέγοι τὸ υ , ἕνα δὲ ἐξ οὗ φύεται πρώτου τὸ φυόμενον ἐνυπάρχοντος : ἔτι ὅθεν ἡ κίνησις ἡ πρώτη ἐν ἑκάστῳ τῶν φύσει ὄντων ἐν αὐτῷ ᾗ αὐτὸ ( 20 ) ὑπάρχει : φύεσθαι δὲ λέγεται ὅσα αὔξησιν ἔχει δι _̓ ἑτέρου τῷ ἅπτεσθαι καὶ συμπεφυκέναι ἢ προσπεφυκέναι ὥσπερ τὰ ἔμβρυα : διαφέρει δὲ σύμφυσις ἁφῆς , ἔνθα μὲν γὰρ οὐδὲν παρὰ τὴν ἁφὴν ἕτερον ἀνάγκη εἶναι ,",
"11": "ἐν δὲ τοῖς συμπεφυκόσιν ἔστι τι ἓν τὸ αὐτὸ ἐν ἀμφοῖν ὃ ποιεῖ ἀντὶ τοῦ ( 25 ) ἅπτεσθαι συμπεφυκέναι καὶ εἶναι ἓν κατὰ τὸ συνεχὲς καὶ ποσόν , ἀλλὰ μὴ κατὰ τὸ ποιόν . ἔτι δὲ φύσις λέγεται ἐξ οὗ πρώτου ἢ ἔστιν ἢ γίγνεταί τι τῶν φύσει ὄντων , ἀρρυθμίστου ὄντος καὶ ἀμεταβλήτου ἐκ τῆς δυνάμεως τῆς αὑτοῦ , οἷον ἀνδριάντος καὶ τῶν σκευῶν τῶν χαλκῶν ὁ χαλκὸς ἡ ( 30 ) φύσις λέγεται ,",
"12": "τῶν δὲ ξυλίνων ξύλον : ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων : ἐκ τούτων γάρ ἐστιν ἕκαστον διασωζομένης τῆς πρώτης ὕλης : τοῦτον γὰρ τὸν τρόπον καὶ τῶν φύσει ὄντων τὰ στοιχεῖά φασιν εἶναι φύσιν , οἱ μὲν πῦρ οἱ δὲ γῆν οἱ δ _̓ ἀέρα οἱ δ _̓ ὕδωρ οἱ δ _̓ ἄλλο τι τοιοῦτον λέγοντες , οἱ δ _̓ ( 35 ) ἔνια τούτων οἱ δὲ πάντα ταῦτα .",
"13": "ἔτι δ _̓ ἄλλον τρόπον λέγεται ἡ φύσις ἡ τῶν φύσει ὄντων οὐσία , οἷον οἱ λέγοντες τὴν φύσιν εἶναι τὴν πρώτην σύνθεσιν , ἢ ὥσπερ Ἐμπεδοκλῆς λέγει ὅτι `` φύσις οὐδενὸς ἔστιν ἐόντων , ἀλλὰ μόνον μῖξίς τε διάλλαξίς τε μιγέντων ἔστι , φύσις δ _̓ ἐπὶ τοῖς ὀνομάζεται ἀνθρώποισιν . `` Empedocles Fr. 8 διὸ καὶ ὅσα φύσει ἔστιν ἢ γίγνεται , ἤδη ὑπάρχοντος ἐξ οὗ πέφυκε γίγνεσθαι ἢ εἶναι , οὔπω φαμὲν ( 5 ) τὴν φύσιν ἔχειν ἐὰν μὴ ἔχῃ τὸ εἶδος καὶ τὴν μορφήν .",
"14": "φύσει μὲν οὖν τὸ ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων τούτων ἐστίν , οἷον τὰ ζῷα καὶ τὰ μόρια αὐτῶν : φύσις δὲ ἥ τε πρώτη ὕλη ( καὶ αὕτη διχῶς , ἢ ἡ πρὸς αὐτὸ πρώτη ἢ ἡ ὅλως πρώτη , οἷον τῶν χαλκῶν ἔργων πρὸς αὐτὰ μὲν πρῶτος ὁ χαλκός , ὅλως δ _̓ ( 10 ) ἴσως ὕδωρ , εἰ πάντα τὰ τηκτὰ ὕδωρ ) καὶ τὸ εἶδος καὶ ἡ οὐσία : τοῦτο δ _̓ ἐστὶ τὸ τέλος τῆς γενέσεως . μεταφορᾷ δ _̓ ἤδη καὶ ὅλως πᾶσα οὐσία φύσις λέγεται διὰ ταύτην , ὅτι καὶ ἡ φύσις οὐσία τίς ἐστιν .",
"15": "ἐκ δὴ τῶν εἰρημένων ἡ πρώτη φύσις καὶ κυρίως λεγομένη ἐστὶν ἡ οὐσία ἡ τῶν ἐχόντων ( 15 ) ἀρχὴν κινήσεως ἐν αὑτοῖς ᾗ αὐτά : ἡ γὰρ ὕλη τῷ ταύτης δεκτικὴ εἶναι λέγεται φύσις , καὶ αἱ γενέσεις καὶ τὸ φύεσθαι τῷ ἀπὸ ταύτης εἶναι κινήσεις . καὶ ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κινήσεως τῶν φύσει ὄντων αὕτη ἐστίν , ἐνυπάρχουσά πως ἢ δυνάμει ἢ ἐντελεχείᾳ . Jump up ^ Bacon Advancement of Learning II. VII. 7 Jump up ^ Summa Theologiae I - II Q90 , A4 Jump up ^ On the Law of War and Peace , Proleg. 40 Jump up ^ The Spirit of the Laws , opening lines Jump up ^ The Prince 15 : - `` ... since my intent is to write something useful to whoever understands it , it has appeared to me more fitting to go directly to the effectual truth of the thing than to the imagination of it .",
"16": "And many have imagined republics and principalities that have never been seen or known to exist in truth ; for it is so far from how one lives to how one should live that he who lets go of what is done for what should be done learns his ruin rather than his preservation . For a man who wants to make a profession of good in all regards must come to ruin among so many who are not good . Hence it is necessary to a prince , if he wants to maintain himself , to learn to be able not to be good , and to use this and not use it according to necessity . '' Bibliography ( edit ) Gerard Naddaf , The Greek Concept of Nature , New York , State University of New York Press , 2005 . Philosophy of science Concepts Analysis Analytic -- synthetic distinction A priori and a posteriori Causality Commensurability Consilience Construct Creative synthesis Demarcation problem Empirical evidence Explanatory power Fact Falsifiability Feminist method Ignoramus et ignorabimus Inductive reasoning Intertheoretic reduction Inquiry Nature Objectivity Observation Paradigm Problem of induction Scientific law Scientific method Scientific revolution Scientific theory Testability Theory choice Theory - ladenness Underdetermination Unity of science Metatheory of science Coherentism Confirmation holism Constructive empiricism Constructive realism Constructivist epistemology Contextualism Conventionalism Deductive - nomological model Hypothetico - deductive model Inductionism Epistemological anarchism Evolutionism Fallibilism Foundationalism Instrumentalism Pragmatism Model - dependent realism Naturalism Physicalism Positivism / reductionism / determinism Rationalism / empiricism Received view / semantic view of theories Scientific realism / anti-realism Scientific essentialism Scientific formalism Scientific skepticism",
"17": "Scientism Structuralism Uniformitarianism Vitalism Philosophy of Physics thermal and statistical Motion Chemistry Biology Environment Geography Social science Technology Engineering Artificial intelligence Computer science Information Mind Psychiatry Psychology Perception Space and time Related topics Alchemy Criticism of science Epistemology Faith and rationality History and philosophy of science History of science History of evolutionary thought Logic Metaphysics Pseudoscience Relationship between religion and science Rhetoric of science Sociology of scientific knowledge Sociology of scientific ignorance Philosophers of science by era Ancient Plato Aristotle Stoicism Epicureans Medieval Averroes Avicenna Roger Bacon William of Ockham Hugh of Saint Victor Dominicus Gundissalinus Robert Kilwardby Early modern Francis Bacon Thomas Hobbes René Descartes Galileo Galilei Pierre Gassendi Isaac Newton David Hume Classical modern Immanuel Kant Friedrich Schelling William Whewell Auguste Comte John Stuart Mill Herbert Spencer Wilhelm Wundt Charles Sanders Peirce Wilhelm Windelband Henri Poincaré Pierre Duhem Rudolf Steiner Karl Pearson Late modern Alfred North Whitehead Bertrand Russell Albert Einstein Otto Neurath C.D. Broad Michael Polanyi Hans Reichenbach Rudolf Carnap Karl Popper Carl Gustav Hempel W.V.O.",
"18": "Quine Thomas Kuhn Imre Lakatos Paul Feyerabend Jürgen Habermas Ian Hacking Bas van Fraassen Larry Laudan Daniel Dennett Portal Aristotelianism Overview Peripatetic school Physics Ethics Term logic Theology ( unmoved mover ) Ideas and interests Correspondence theory of truth Hexis Virtue ethics ( golden mean ) Four causes Telos Phronesis Eudaimonia Arete Temporal finitism Antiperistasis Philosophy of nature ( sublunary sphere ) Potentiality and actuality Universals ( substantial form ) Aristotle 's biology Hylomorphism Mimesis Catharsis Substance ( hypokeimenon , ousia , transcendentals ) Essence -- accident Category of being Minima naturalia Magnanimity Sensus communis Rational animal Genus -- differentia Corpus Aristotelicum Physics Organon Nicomachean Ethics Politics Metaphysics On the Soul Rhetoric Poetics Followers Plato Alexander the Great Theophrastus Avicenna Averroes Maimonides Thomas Aquinas Alasdair MacIntyre Martha Nussbaum Related topics Platonism Commentaries on Aristotle Scholasticism Conimbricenses Pseudo-Aristotle Views on women Philosophy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nature_(philosophy)&oldid=817756285 '' Categories : Philosophy of science Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti 한국어 हिन्दी 日本 語 Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 11 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did canada gain independence from great britain
|
[
"April 17, 1982"
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{
"0": "Canada Act 1982 - wikipedia Canada Act 1982 Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the Constitution of Canada Constitutional history Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) Act of Settlement ( 1701 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) Royal Proclamation ( 1763 ) Quebec Act ( 1774 ) Constitutional Act ( 1791 ) Act of Union ( 1840 ) Constitution Act ( 1867 ) Supreme Court Act ( 1875 ) Constitution Act , 1886 British North America Acts ( 1867 -- 1975 ) Statute of Westminster ( 1931 ) Succession to the Throne Act ( 1937 ) Letters Patent ( 1947 ) Canada Act ( 1982 ) Constitution Act ( 1982 ) Document list Amendments Unsuccessful amendments Constitutional law Constitutional debate Patriation Charter of Rights and Freedoms Canadian federalism Law of Canada Canadian Bill of Rights Implied Bill of Rights Canadian Human Rights Act Politics of Canada portal Canada Act 1982 Parliament of the United Kingdom Long title An Act to give effect to a request by the Senate and House of Commons of Canada . Citation 1982 c. 11 Territorial extent Canada Dates Royal assent March 29 , 1982 Status : Current legislation Text of statute as originally enacted Revised text of statute as amended The Canada Act 1982 ( 1982 c. 11 ) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that was passed ( as stated in the preamble ) at the request of the Parliament of Canada , to `` patriate '' Canada 's constitution , ending the necessity for the British parliament to be involved in making changes to the Constitution of Canada . The Act also formally ended the `` request and consent '' provisions of the Statute of Westminster 1931 in relation to Canada , whereby the British parliament had a general power to pass laws extending to Canada at its own request . Annexed as Schedule B to the Act is the text of the Constitution Act , 1982 , in both of Canada 's official languages ( i.e. English and French ) .",
"1": "Because of the requirements of official bilingualism , the body of the Canada Act itself is also set out in French in Schedule A to the Act , which is declared by s . 3 to have `` the same authority in Canada as the English version thereof '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Enactment of the Act 3 Proclamation by the Queen of Canada 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Canada 's modern political history as a union of previously separate provinces began with the British North America Act , 1867 ( currently officially called the Constitution Act , 1867 ) . This act combined the Province of Canada ( now Ontario and Quebec ) with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick into a Dominion within the British Empire . Canada adopted a Westminster style government with a Parliament of Canada . A Governor General fulfilled the constitutional duties of the British Sovereign on Canadian soil . Similar arrangements applied within each province . Despite this autonomy , the United Kingdom still had the power to legislate for Canada . The Statute of Westminster 1931 removed this power of the British Parliament for Canada , as well as for the other British Dominions ( Australia ( adopted 1942 ) , the Irish Free State , New Zealand ( adopted 1947 ) , the Union of South Africa , and the Dominion of Newfoundland ( never ratified , joined Canada in 1949 ) ) , unless ( sec. 4 ) the Dominion requested and consented to Imperial legislation . Also , the British North America ( No. 2 ) Act , 1949 was passed by the British Parliament , giving the Parliament of Canada significant constitutional amending powers . However , with Canada 's agreement at the time , under the Statute of Westminster ( sec. 7 ( 1 ) ) the British Parliament also retained the power to amend the key Canadian constitutional statutes , namely the British North America Acts . In effect , an Act of the British Parliament was required to make certain changes to the Canadian constitution . Delay in the patriation of the Canadian constitution was due in large part to the lack of agreement concerning a method for amending the constitution that would be acceptable to all of the provinces , particularly Quebec .",
"2": "Enactment of the Act ( edit ) The Canada Act 1982 was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in response to the request from the Parliament of Canada to take over authority for amending its own constitution . After unpromising negotiations with the provincial governments , Pierre Trudeau proclaimed that the federal Parliament would unilaterally patriate the constitution . After numerous references by the provinces , the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in the Patriation Reference that provincial consent was not legally necessary , but to do so without substantial consent would be contrary to a longstanding constitutional convention . Trudeau succeeded in convincing nine provinces out of ten by agreeing to the addition of a Notwithstanding Clause to limit the application of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as a result of discussions during a First Ministers ' conference and other minor changes in November 1981 . In the UK , 44 Members of Parliament voted against the Act , including 24 Conservative and 16 Labour MP 's , citing concerns over Canada 's past mistreatment of Quebec and Aboriginal peoples ( as recalled with frustration by Jean Chrétien in his memoirs Straight from the Heart ) ; overall there was little opposition from the British government to passing the Act . However , new research into documents of the Thatcher government indicate that Britain had serious concerns about the inclusion of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms within the Canada Act . Part of this concern stemmed from letters of protest the British received about it from provincial actors , but also because the Charter undermined the principle of parliamentary supremacy , which until that time had always been a core feature of every government practising the Westminster system . Through section 2 of the Canada Act 1982 , the United Kingdom ended its involvement with further amendments to the Canadian constitution . The procedure for amending the Constitution Act , 1982 must comply with its Part V , instead of the usual parliamentary procedure requiring the monarch 's Royal Assent for enacting legislation . Proclamation by the Queen of Canada ( edit ) While the Canada Act 1982 received royal assent on March 29 , 1982 in London , it was not until the Queen visited Canada the following month that the Constitution Act , 1982 , its Canadian equivalent , was proclaimed by letters patent as a statutory instrument by the Queen during her presence in Canada .",
"3": "Canada 's Constitution Act , 1982 was signed into law by Elizabeth II as Queen of Canada on April 17 , 1982 on Parliament Hill in Ottawa . Queen Elizabeth 's constitutional powers over Canada were not affected by the Act , and she remains Queen and Head of State of Canada . Canada has complete sovereignty as an independent country , however , and the Queen 's role as monarch of Canada is separate from her role as the British monarch or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms . See also ( edit ) History of Canada portal Canadian politics portal Australia Act 1986 New Zealand Constitution Act 1986 Patriation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Canada Act 1982 , s . 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada in the Making -- Constitutional History '' ... canadiana.org . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Statute of Westminster , 1931 '' . Efc.ca . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` British North America ( No. 2 ) Act , 1949 '' . Solon.org . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation of the Constitution Act , 1982 '' . Canada.ca . Government of Canada . May 5 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A statute worth 75 cheers '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto . March 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couture , Christa ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Canada is celebrating 150 years of ... what , exactly ? '' . CBC . CBC . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 ... the Constitution Act itself cleaned up a bit of unfinished business from the Statute of Westminster in 1931 , in which Britain granted each of the Dominions full legal autonomy if they chose to accept it . All but one Dominion -- that would be us , Canada -- chose to accept every resolution . Our leaders could n't decide on how to amend the Constitution , so that power stayed with Britain until 1982 .",
"4": "Jump up ^ Gérin - Lajoie , Paul ( 1951 ) . `` Constitutional Amendment in Canada '' . The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science . Blackwell Publishing on behalf of Canadian Economics Association . 17 : 6 . JSTOR 137699 . Jump up ^ `` Intellectuals for the Sovereignty of Quebec '' . Rocler.qc.ca. 1995 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation of the Constitution Act , 1982 '' . Library and Archives , Government of Canada . Government of Canada . 2015 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution -- The Monarchist League of Canada '' . Monarchist.ca . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 CanLII 25 ( S.C.C. ) '' . CanLII . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter ( BP - 194E ) '' ... parl.gc.ca . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Siddiqui , Haroon ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Canada 's cherished Charter could not have happened without `` kitchen accord '' `` . Toronto Star . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Frédéric Bastien. 2010 . ― Britain , the Charter of Rights and the spirit of the 1982 Canadian Constitution. ‖ Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 48 ( 3 ) : 320 -- 347 . Jump up ^ Feasby , Colin ( 2006 ) . `` Constitutional Questions About Canada 's New Political Finance Regime '' ( PDF ) . Osgoode Hall Law School York University . p. 18 Volume 48 , Number 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation of the Constitution Act , 1982 '' . Library and Archives , Government of Canada . Government of Canada . 2015 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 .",
"5": "The signing of the proclamation on April 17 , 1982 , marked the end of efforts by many successive governments . The new Constitution was accompanied by The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , and an amending formula that would no longer require an appeal to the British Parliament . ^ Jump up to : Lauterpacht , E ( 1988 ) . International Law Reports . Cambridge University Press . p. 457 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46423 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation of the Constitution Act , 1982 '' . Library and Archives , Government of Canada . Government of Canada . 2015 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . The signing of the proclamation on April 17 , 1982 , marked the end of efforts by many successive governments . The new Constitution was accompanied by The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , and an amending formula that would no longer require an appeal to the British Parliament . Jump up ^ Cyr , Hugo ( 2009 ) . Canadian Federalism and Treaty Powers : Organic Constitutionalism at Work . Bruxelles ; New York : P.I.E. Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5201 - 453 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Some Visual Aspects of the Monarchical Tradition '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Parliamentary Review 31 . 2004 . p. 17 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 .",
"6": "External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Proclamation of the Constitution Act 1982 Wikisource has original text related to this article : Canada Act 1982 Table of Constitutional Documents Constitution of Canada List of constitutional documents Quasi-constitutional law Pre-Confederation constitutional documents Iroquois constitution Mi'kmaq constitution Constitution of New France Royal Proclamation of 1763 Quebec Act of 1774 Constitutional Act of 1791 Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada ( 1838 ) Report on the Affairs of British North America ( 1839 ) Act of Union 1840 Confederation Charlottetown Conference , 1864 Quebec Conference , 1864 Quebec Resolutions London Conference , 1866 Fathers of Confederation Constitution Act , 1867 Canadian federalism Preamble Section 121 Section 125 Powers under Section 91 Peace , order , and good government Trade and commerce Criminal law Matters excepted from s . 92 Powers under Section 92 Licensing Works and undertakings Property and civil rights Administration of justice Fines and penalties for provincial laws Matters of a local or private nature ( hide ) Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867 -- 1982 British North America Acts , 1867 -- 1982 Manitoba Act , 1870 Alberta Act , 1905 Saskatchewan Act , 1905 Statute of Westminster , 1931 Newfoundland Act , 1949 Patriation Fulton -- Favreau formula Victoria Charter Kitchen Accord / Night of the Long Knives Constitution Act , 1982 Part I -- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Preamble 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16.1 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Part II --",
"7": "Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada 35 Part III -- Equalization and regional disparities 36 Part VII -- General 52 59 Conventions At Her Majesty 's pleasure Cabinet collective responsibility Disallowance and reservation Responsible government Fusion of powers Queen - in - Parliament Implied repeal Individual ministerial responsibility Interpellation Question Period Parliamentary privilege Parliamentary sovereignty Reserve power Royal prerogative Constitutional debate since 1982 Triple - E Senate Meech Lake Accord Charlottetown Accord Calgary Declaration Other unsuccessful amendments Interpretation of the Constitution Aboriginal self - government Pith and substance Double aspect Equal authenticity rule Paramountcy Living tree Implied Bill of Rights Interjurisdictional immunity Purposive theory Dialogue principle Provincial constitutional law Constitution of Alberta Constitution of Quebec Constitution Act ( British Columbia ) WikiProject United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1707 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain",
"8": "1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders in Council 1994 to date for Northern Ireland 1972 -- 2009 Secondary legislation United Kingdom statutory instruments Scottish statutory instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"9": "php?title=Canada_Act_1982&oldid=831900205 '' Categories : 1982 in Canadian law Canada and the Commonwealth of Nations Constitution of Canada Political history of Quebec United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1982 1982 in international relations Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Canada Canada -- United Kingdom relations March 1982 events Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Čeština Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 18 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who won the oscar for best actor when titanic was nominated
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"0": "70th Academy Awards - wikipedia 70th Academy Awards Jump to : navigation , search 70th Academy Awards Official poster Date March 23 , 1998 Site Shrine Auditorium Los Angeles , California , U.S. Hosted by Billy Crystal Produced by Gil Cates Directed by Louis J. Horvitz Highlights Best Picture Titanic Most awards Titanic ( 11 ) Most nominations Titanic ( 14 ) TV in the United States Network ABC Duration 3 hours , 47 minutes Ratings 57.25 million 35.32 % ( Nielsen ratings ) ← 69th Academy Awards 71st → The 70th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 23 , 1998 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6 : 00 p.m. PST / 9 : 00 p.m. EST . During the show , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 1997 . The ceremony , which was televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the sixth time . He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 , and he had hosted the previous year 's gala . Nearly a month earlier in an event held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California on February 28 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Ashley Judd . Titanic won a record - tying eleven awards including Best Director for James Cameron and Best Picture . Other winners included As Good as It Gets , Good Will Hunting and L.A. Confidential with two awards , and The Full Monty , Geri 's Game , Karakter , The Long Way Home , Visas and Virtue , Men in Black and A Story of Healing with one . The telecast garnered more than 57 million viewers in the United States , making it the most watched Oscars broadcast in history .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners and nominees 1.1 Awards 1.2 Academy Honorary Award 1.3 Multiple nominations and awards 2 Presenters and performers 2.1 Presenters 2.2 Performers 3 Ceremony information 3.1 Box office performance of nominees 3.2 Critical response 3.3 Ratings and reception 4 In Memoriam 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Winners and nominees ( edit ) The nominees for the 70th Academy Awards were announced on February 10 , 1998 , at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills , California , by Robert Rehme , president of the Academy , and actress Geena Davis . Titanic received the most nominations with a record - tying fourteen ( 1950 's All About Eve , and later 2016 's La La Land , also achieved this distinction ) ; Good Will Hunting and L.A. Confidential came in second with nine apiece . The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 23 , 1998 . With eleven awards , Titanic tied with Ben - Hur for the most academy awards in Oscar history . It also became the first film to win Best Picture without a screenplay nomination since 1965 's The Sound of Music . Best Actress winner Helen Hunt was the first performer to win an Oscar while concurrently starring in a television series ; Jack Nicholson became the fourth performer to win at least three acting Oscars . Both won for their roles in As Good as it Gets , making it the seventh film to win both lead acting awards . Nominated for their performances as Rose DeWitt Bukater in Titanic , Best Actress nominee Kate Winslet and Best Supporting Actress nominee Gloria Stuart became the first pair of actress nominated for portraying the same character in the same film . At age 87 , Stuart also became the oldest performer nominated for a competitive Oscar .",
"2": "Awards ( edit ) James Cameron , Best Director and Best Film Editor co-winner Jack Nicholson , Best Actor winner Helen Hunt , Best Actress winner Robin Williams , Best Supporting Actor winner Kim Basinger , Best Supporting Actress winner Matt Damon , Best Original Screenplay co-winner Ben Affleck , Best Original Screenplay co-winner Curtis Hanson , Best Adapted Screenplay co-winner James Horner , Best Original Song co-winner Jan Pinkava , Best Animated Short Film winner Winners are listed first , highlighted in boldface , and indicated with a double dagger ( ) . Best Picture Titanic -- James Cameron and Jon Landau , producers As Good as It Gets -- James L. Brooks , Bridgit Johnson and Kristi Zea , producers The Full Monty -- Uberto Pasolini , producer Good Will Hunting -- Lawrence Bender , producer L.A. Confidential -- Arnon Milchan , Curtis Hanson and Michael Nathanson , producers Best Director James Cameron -- Titanic Peter Cattaneo -- The Full Monty Gus Van Sant -- Good Will Hunting Curtis Hanson -- L.A. Confidential Atom Egoyan -- The Sweet Hereafter Best Actor Jack Nicholson -- As Good as It Gets as Melvin Udall Matt Damon -- Good Will Hunting as Will Hunting Robert Duvall -- The Apostle as Euliss `` Sonny '' Dewey , a.k.a. `` The Apostle E.F. '' Peter Fonda -- Ulee 's Gold as Ulysses `` Ulee '' Jackson Dustin Hoffman -- Wag the Dog as Stanley Motss Best Actress Helen Hunt -- As Good as It Gets as Carol Connelly Helena Bonham Carter -- The Wings of the Dove as Kate Croy Julie Christie -- Afterglow as Phyllis Mann Judi Dench -- Mrs Brown as Queen Victoria Kate Winslet -- Titanic as Rose DeWitt Bukater Best Supporting Actor Robin Williams -- Good Will Hunting as Dr. Sean Maguire Robert Forster -- Jackie Brown as Max Cherry Anthony Hopkins -- Amistad as John Quincy Adams Greg Kinnear -- As Good as It Gets as Simon Bishop Burt Reynolds -- Boogie Nights as Jack Horner Best Supporting Actress Kim Basinger -- L.A.",
"3": "Confidential as Lynn Bracken Joan Cusack -- In & Out as Emily Montgomery Minnie Driver -- Good Will Hunting as Skylar Julianne Moore -- Boogie Nights as Amber Waves / Maggie Gloria Stuart -- Titanic as Rose Dawson Calvert Best Original Screenplay / Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen Good Will Hunting -- Matt Damon and Ben Affleck As Good as It Gets -- Mark Andrus and James L. Brooks Boogie Nights -- Paul Thomas Anderson Deconstructing Harry -- Woody Allen The Full Monty -- Simon Beaufoy Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published L.A.",
"4": "Confidential -- Brian Helgeland and Curtis Hanson from the novel by James Ellroy Donnie Brasco -- Paul Attanasio based on the book Donnie Brasco : My Undercover Life in the Mafia by Joseph D. Pistone with Richard Woodley The Sweet Hereafter -- Atom Egoyan adapted from the novel by Russell Banks Wag the Dog -- David Mamet and Hilary Henkin from the novel American Hero by Larry Beinhart The Wings of the Dove -- Hossein Amini adapted from the novel by Henry James Best Foreign Language Film Karakter ( Netherlands ) in Dutch -- Mike van Diem Beyond Silence ( Germany ) in German -- Caroline Link Four Days in September ( Brazil ) in Portuguese -- Bruno Barreto Secrets of the Heart ( Spain ) in Spanish -- Montxo Armendáriz The Thief ( Russia ) in Russian -- Pavel Chukhray Best Documentary Feature The Long Way Home -- Rabbi Marvin Hier and Richard Trank 4 Little Girls -- Spike Lee and Sam Pollard Ayn Rand : A Sense of Life -- Michael Paxton Colors Straight Up -- Michèle Ohayon and Julia Schachter Waco : The Rules of Engagement -- Dan Gifford and William Gazecki Best Documentary Short Subject A Story of Healing -- Donna Dewey and Carol Pasternak Alaska : Spirit of the Wild -- George Casey and Paul Novros Amazon -- Kieth Merrill and Jonathan Stern Family Video Diaries : Daughter of the Bride -- Terri Randall Still Kicking : The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies -- Mel Damski and Andrea Blaugrund Best Live Action Short Film Visas and Virtue -- Chris Tashima and Chris Donahue Dance Lexie Dance -- Tim Loane It 's Good to Talk -- Roger Goldby and Barney Reisz . Sweethearts ?",
"5": "-- Birger Larsen and Thomas Lydholm Wolfgang -- Anders Thomas Jensen and Kim Magnusson Best Animated Short Film Geri 's Game -- Jan Pinkava Famous Fred -- Joanna Quinn The Old Lady and the Pigeons -- Sylvain Chomet Redux Riding Hood -- Steve Moore and Dan O'Shannon Rusalka -- Alexander Petrov Best Original Dramatic Score Titanic -- James Horner Amistad -- John Williams Good Will Hunting -- Danny Elfman Kundun -- Philip Glass L.A. Confidential -- Jerry Goldsmith Best Original Musical or Comedy Score The Full Monty -- Anne Dudley Anastasia -- Music by Stephen Flaherty ; Lyrics by Lynn Ahrens ; Orchestral score by David Newman As Good as It Gets -- Hans Zimmer Men in Black -- Danny Elfman My Best Friend 's Wedding -- James Newton Howard Best Original Song `` My Heart Will Go On '' from Titanic -- Music by James Horner ; Lyrics by Will Jennings `` Go the Distance '' from Hercules -- Music by Alan Menken ; Lyrics by David Zippel `` Journey to the Past '' from Anastasia -- Music by Stephen Flaherty ; Lyrics by Lynn Ahrens `` How Do I Live '' from Con Air -- Music and Lyrics by Diane Warren `` Miss Misery '' from Good Will Hunting -- Music and Lyrics by Elliott Smith Best Sound Titanic -- Gary Rydstrom , Tom Johnson , Gary Summers and Mark Ulano Air Force One -- Paul Massey , Rick Kline , Doug Hemphill and Keith A. Wester Con Air -- Kevin O'Connell , Greg P. Russell and Art Rochester Contact -- Randy Thom , Tom Johnson , Dennis S. Sands and William B. Kaplan L.A. Confidential -- Andy Nelson , Anna Behlmer and Kirk Francis Best Sound Effects Editing Titanic -- Tom Bellfort and Christopher Boyes Face / Off -- Mark Stoeckinger and Per Hallberg The Fifth Element -- Mark Mangini Best Art Direction Titanic -- Art Direction : Peter Lamont ; Set Decoration : Michael D. Ford Gattaca -- Art Direction : Jan Roelfs ; Set Decoration : Nancy Nye Kundun -- Art Direction : Dante Ferretti ; Set Decoration : Francesca Lo Schiavo L.A.",
"6": "Confidential -- Art Direction : Jeannine Oppewall ; Set Decoration : Jay Hart Men in Black -- Art Direction : Bo Welch ; Set Decoration : Cheryl Carasik Best Makeup Men in Black -- Rick Baker and David LeRoy Anderson Mrs Brown -- Lisa Westcott , Veronica Brebner and Beverley Binda Titanic -- Tina Earnshaw , Greg Cannom and Simon Thompson Best Costume Design Titanic -- Deborah Lynn Scott Amistad -- Ruth E. Carter Kundun -- Dante Ferretti Oscar and Lucinda -- Janet Patterson The Wings of the Dove -- Sandy Powell Best Cinematography Titanic -- Russell Carpenter Amistad -- Janusz Kamiński Kundun -- Roger Deakins L.A. Confidential -- Dante Spinotti The Wings of the Dove -- Eduardo Serra Best Film Editing Titanic -- Conrad Buff , James Cameron and Richard A. Harris Air Force One -- Richard Francis - Bruce As Good as It Gets -- Richard Marks Good Will Hunting -- Pietro Scalia L.A. Confidential -- Peter Honess Best Visual Effects Titanic -- Robert Legato , Mark A. Lasoff , Thomas L. Fisher and Michael Kanfer The Lost World : Jurassic Park -- Dennis Muren , Stan Winston , Randal M. Dutra and Michael Lantieri Starship Troopers -- Phil Tippett , Scott E. Anderson , Alec Gillis and John Richardson Academy Honorary Award ( edit ) Stanley Donen Multiple nominations and awards ( edit ) The following 16 films received multiple nominations : Nominations Film 14 Titanic 9 Good Will Hunting L.A. Confidential 7 As Good as It Gets Amistad The Full Monty Kundun The Wings of the Dove Boogie Nights Men in Black Air Force One Anastasia Con Air Mrs Brown The Sweet Hereafter Wag the Dog The following four films received multiple awards : Awards Film 11 Titanic As Good as It Gets Good Will Hunting L.A. Confidential Presenters and performers ( edit ) The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers .",
"7": "Presenters ( edit ) Name ( s ) Role Rose , Norman Norman Rose Announcer for the 70th annual Academy Awards Rehme , Robert Robert Rehme ( AMPAS President ) Gave opening remarks welcoming guests to the awards ceremony Gooding , Jr. , Cuba Cuba Gooding , Jr . Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actress Shue , Elisabeth Elisabeth Shue Presenter of the award for Best Costume Design Hoffman , Dustin Dustin Hoffman Presenter of the 70 years of Best Picture winners montage Campbell , Neve Neve Campbell Presenter of the performances of Best Song nominees `` Journey to the Past '' and `` Go the Distance '' Schwarzenegger , Arnold Arnold Schwarzenegger Presenter of the film Titanic on the Best Picture segment Sorvino , Mira Mira Sorvino Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actor Diaz , Cameron Cameron Diaz Presenter of the award for Best Sound Myers , Mike Mike Myers Presenter of the award for Sound Effects Editing Weaver , Sigourney Sigourney Weaver Presenter of the film As Good as It Gets on the Best Picture segment Hunt , Helen Helen Hunt Presenter of the award for Best Visual Effects Wray , Fay Fay Wray Introducer of presenters Ben Affleck and Matt Damon Affleck , Ben Ben Affleck and Matt Damon Presenters of the awards for Best Live Action Short Film and Best Animated Short Film Rush , Geoffrey Geoffrey Rush Presenter of the award for Best Actress Banderas , Antonio Antonio Banderas Presenter of the award for Best Original Dramatic Score Lopez , Jennifer Jennifer Lopez Introducer of the special dance number to the tune of the nominees for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score and presenter of the award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score Barrymore , Drew Drew Barrymore Presenter of the award for Best Makeup Baldwin , Alec Alec Baldwin Presenter of the film L.A. Confidential on the Best Picture segment Jackson , Samuel L. Samuel L. Jackson Presenter of the award for Best Film Editing Judd , Ashley Ashley Judd Presenter of the segment of the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement and the Gordon E. Sawyer Award Scorsese , Martin Martin Scorsese Presenter of the Honorary Academy Award to Stanley Donen Dillon ,",
"8": "Matt Matt Dillon Presenter of the film Good Will Hunting on the Best Picture segment Madonna Madonna Introducer of the performances of Best Song nominees `` How Do I Live '' , `` Miss Misery '' and `` My Heart Will Go On '' and presenter of the award for Best Original Song Hounsou , Djimon Djimon Hounsou Presenter of the Best Documentary Short De Niro , Robert Robert De Niro Presenter of the Best Documentary Feature Goldberg , Whoopi Whoopi Goldberg Presenter of the In Memoriam tribute Ryan , Meg Meg Ryan Presenter of the award for Best Art Direction Williams , Robin Robin Williams Presenter of the 70 Years of Oscars montage McDormand , Frances Frances McDormand Presenter of the award for Best Actor Stone , Sharon Sharon Stone Presenter of the award for Best Foreign Language Film Lemmon , Jack Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau Presenters of the awards for Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published and Best Original Screenplay / Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen Washington , Denzel Denzel Washington Presenter of the award for Best Cinematography Sarandon , Susan Susan Sarandon Presenter of the Oscar Family Album segment Davis , Geena Geena Davis Presenter of the film The Full Monty on the Best Picture segment Beatty , Warren Warren Beatty Presenter of the award for Best Director Connery , Sean Sean Connery Presenter of the award for Best Picture Performers ( edit ) Name ( s ) Role Performed Jerry Goldsmith Composer `` Fanfare for Oscar '' Bill Conti Musical Arranger Orchestral Billy Crystal Host Opening number : Titanic ( to the tune of `` The Ballad of Gilligan 's Isle '' from Gilligan 's Island ) , As Good As It Gets ( to the tune of `` Let 's Call the Whole Thing Off '' from Shall We Dance ) , Good Will Hunting ( to the tune of `` Night and Day '' from The Gay Divorcee ) , L.A. Confidential ( to the tune of `` Fascinating Rhythm '' by George Gershwin ) and The Full Monty ( to the tune `` Hello , Dolly ! '' from Hello , Dolly ! )",
"9": "Michael Bolton Performer `` Go the Distance '' from Hercules Aaliyah Performer `` Journey to the Past '' from Anastasia Trisha Yearwood Performer `` How Do I Live '' from Con Air Elliott Smith Performer `` Miss Misery '' from Good Will Hunting Celine Dion Performer `` My Heart Will Go On '' from Titanic Ceremony information ( edit ) Billy Crystal hosted the 70th Academy Awards . In December 1997 , the Academy hired veteran Oscar telecast producer Gil Cates to oversee the 1998 ceremony . `` Gil has become the consummate Oscar show producer , consistently garnering top television ratings for the telecast , '' said AMPAS president Robert Rehme in a press release announcing the selection . `` His shows are full of wit , charm and surprise . '' A few days later , actor and comedian Billy Crystal was chosen to emcee the upcoming telecast . Cates explained his reason to bring back the veteran comedian saying , `` Billy 's performance last year was spectacular . There is nobody like him . '' In an article published in USA Today he initially requested to Cates and AMPAS five months after the previous year 's ceremony that he would like to take a break from hosting duties . However , pressure from the Academy , Cates , and several friends and family members made him reconsider his decision . His sixth stint would make him second only to Bob Hope in number of ceremonies hosted . To commemorate the seventieth anniversary of the Academy Awards , 70 actors who have received both competitive and honorary awards appeared seated onstage together during a segment called Oscar 's Family Album . Each former winner was acknowledged by announcer Norman Rose with the films he or she won for . At the end of the segment newly minted winners Kim Bassinger , Helen Hunt , and Robin Williams joined them . This marked the largest gathering of former winners since the 50th ceremony held in 1978 . Several others participated in the production of the ceremony . Bill Conti served as musical director for the telecast . Dancer Daniel Ezralow choreographed a dance number showcasing the nominees for Best Original Comedy or Musical Score . Bart the Bear made a surprise appearance during the presentation of the Best Sound Effects Editing award with Mike Myers .",
"10": "Box office performance of nominees ( edit ) At the time of the nominations announcement on February 10 , the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees was $579 million with an average of $116 million per film . Titanic was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $338.7 million in domestic box office receipts . The film was followed by As Good as It Gets ( $92.6 million ) , Good Will Hunting ( $68.9 million ) , L.A. Confidential ( $39.7 million ) , and finally The Full Monty ( $38.7 million ) . Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year , 40 nominations went to 15 films on the list . Only Titanic ( 1st ) , As Good as It Gets ( 16th ) , Good Will Hunting ( 20th ) , and In & Out ( 24th ) were nominated for directing , acting , screenwriting , or Best Picture . The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Men in Black ( 2nd ) , The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 3rd ) , Air Force One ( 5th ) , My Best Friends Wedding ( 7th ) , Face / Off ( 9th ) , Con Air ( 12th ) , Contact ( 13th ) , Hercules ( 14th ) , The Fifth Element ( 25th ) , Anastasia ( 30th ) , and Starship Troopers ( 34th ) . Critical response ( edit ) The show received a positive reception from most media publications . Television critic Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times lauded Crystal 's performance writing that he `` would earn top billing as that unusual comedian as artful at doing musical comedy as jokes . '' San Francisco Chronicle columnist John Carman raved , `` It was the best Oscar show in two decades . '' He also gave high marks for the host , commenting , `` But last night , Crystal was back in razor form . '' The Seattle Times television editor Kay McFadden praised Crystal commenting that `` he possesses nearly impeccable timing and judgment . '' In addition , she noted that while the ceremony dragged on , `` Last night was one of television 's smartest live ceremonies in recent memory . '' Some media outlets were more critical of the show .",
"11": "Ray Richmond of Variety complained that the ceremony proved to be a `` Yawner of an Oscarcast . '' He added that Crystal 's `` off - the - cuff one - liners sank faster than the great ship herself . '' Boston Globe television critic Matthew Gilbert bemoaned , `` There was hardly a spontaneous moment during last night 's Oscarcast . '' Film critic Carrie Rickey from The Philadelphia Inquirer lamented that the inevitable Titanic sweep `` sank a telecast loaded with montages of previous years ' Oscar highlights . '' Ratings and reception ( edit ) The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 57.25 million people over its length , which was a 29 % increase from the previous year 's ceremony . An estimated 87.50 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards . The show also earned higher Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 35.32 % of households watching over a 55.77 share . In addition , it garnered a higher 18 -- 49 demo rating with a 24.90 rating over a 44.30 share among viewers in that demographic . It was , and remains to date , the highest viewership for an Academy Award telecast since figures were compiled beginning with the 46th ceremony in 1974 . In July 1998 , the ceremony presentation received eight nominations at the 50th Primetime Emmys . Two months later , the ceremony won five of those nominations for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ( Billy Crystal ) , Outstanding Directing for a Variety or Music Program ( Louis J Horvitz ) , Outstanding Lighting Direction ( Electronic ) for a Drama Series , Variety Series , Miniseries , or Movie ( Bob Barnhart , Robert Dickinson , Matt Ford , Andy O'Reilly ) , Outstanding Music Direction ( Bill Conti ) , and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special ( Patrick Baltzell , Robert Douglass , Edward J. Greene , Tommy Vicari ) . In Memoriam ( edit ) The annual In Memoriam tribute was presented by actress Whoopi Goldberg . The montage featured an excerpt of `` Appassionata '' from The Passage composed by Michael J. Lewis .",
"12": "Lloyd Bridges Richard Jaeckel Saul Chaplin Stanley Cortez William Hickey Paul Jarrico Dorothy Kingsley Sydney Guilaroff William H. Reynolds Billie Dove Jacques Cousteau Stubby Kaye Red Skelton Dawn Steel Toshiro Mifune Brian Keith Chris Farley Leo Jaffe Samuel Fuller Burgess Meredith J.T. Walsh Robert Mitchum James Stewart See also ( edit ) Academy Award portal Film portal Los Angeles portal 4th Screen Actors Guild Awards 18th Golden Raspberry Awards 40th Grammy Awards 50th Primetime Emmy Awards 51st British Academy Film Awards 52nd Tony Awards 55th Golden Globe Awards List of submissions to the 70th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Osborne 2008 , p. 337 Jump up ^ Snow , Shauna ( December 12 , 1997 ) . `` Arts and entertainment reports from The Times , national and international news services and the nation 's press . '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Horvitz to helm Academy broadcast '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . January 8 , 1998 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crystal set for sixth Oscar stint '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . December 21 , 1997 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Jerry ( December 20 , 1997 ) . `` Arts and entertainment reports from The Times , national and international news services and the nation 's press . '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judd named presenter at 70th Oscars '' . Variety .",
"13": "Penske Media Corporation . February 20 , 1998 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harden , Mark ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` Epic film sails away with Oscar boatload '' . The Denver Post . MediaNews Group . p . A-01 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` ' Titanic ' Ties Record With 11 Oscars , Including Best Picture '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scanton , Julian ( January 27 , 2010 ) . `` Could Avatar Boost Oscar Ratings to Record Heights ? '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Titanic ' cruises into Oscars lead '' . CNN . Time Warner . February 10 , 1998 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 10 , 1998 ) . `` Oscar hopefuls '' Titanic ' ties a record ; DiCaprio misses boat `` . The Denver Post . MediaNews Group . p. F - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ` Titanic ' lands 14 Oscar nominations ; ties 1950 record '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Tribune Publishing . February 11 , 1998 . p . A-3 . Jump up ^ Goldsten , Patrick ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` ' Titanic ' Snags 11 , Ties for Record '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guthmann , Edward ( March 24 , 1998 ) .",
"14": "`` ' Titanic ' Rides an Oscar Tidal Wave / But Hunt and Nicholson take the top acting awards '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` 1997 Academy Awards Winners and History '' . Filmsite . AMC Networks . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Glaister , Dan ( March 25 , 1998 ) . `` Titanic sinks British Oscar hopes '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Symons 2004 , p. 138 Jump up ^ Osborne 2008 , p. 396 Jump up ^ Germain , David ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` Gloria Stuart , ' Titanic ' co-star , dies at 100 '' . The Seattle Times . The Seattle Times Company . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bona 2002 , p. 397 Jump up ^ `` The 70th Academy Awards ( 1998 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . AMPAS . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Anderson , John ( March 25 , 1998 ) . `` Stanley Donen : Just Dancin ' and Singin ' of His Reign '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` List of Presenters '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . March 20 , 1998 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bona 2002 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Bona 2002 , p.",
"15": "168 ^ Jump up to : Hindes , Andrew ( December 11 , 1997 ) . `` And Cates makes eight '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` News Lite Veteran DJ Will End Storied Career '' . Los Angeles Daily News . MediaNews Group . December 20 , 1997 . p . N2 . Jump up ^ Bona 2002 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Bona 2002 , p. 157 Jump up ^ Pond 2005 , pp. 185 -- 186 Jump up ^ Bona 2002 , p. 177 Jump up ^ `` Conti named musical director of 70th Academy Awards '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . January 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pond 2005 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Pond 2005 , p. 168 ^ Jump up to : `` 1997 Academy Award Nominations and Winner for Best Picture '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1997 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Howard ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` Crystal Persuasion '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carman , John ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` Oscar Polishes Up His Image / Crystal clearly a winner for best show in decades '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 .",
"16": "Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Kay ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` Ceremony Shapes Up As A Night To Remember '' . The Seattle Times . The Seattle Times Company . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Ray ( March 23 , 1998 ) . `` Review : ' The 70th Annual Academy Awards ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` Telecast Sinks Under TIred Bits , Little Spark '' . Boston Globe . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Rickey , Carey ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` ` Titanic ' Ties Record With 11 Oscars ; ` Good As It Gets ' Takes Acting Honors '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Philadelphia Media Network . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Crupi , Anthony ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Strikes Gold With the Oscars '' . Adweek . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pond 2005 , p. 187 ^ Jump up to : `` Academy Awards ratings '' ( PDF ) . Television Bureau of Advertising . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 8 , 2010 ) . `` Academy Awards Averages 41.3 Million Viewers ; Most Since 2005 '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2010 . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Primetime Emmy Award database '' . Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . ATAS . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 .",
"17": "Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Emmy Winners Announced on Saturday '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . August 31 , 1998 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Emmy Winners '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . September 15 , 1998 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bona 2002 , pp. 173 -- 174 Bibliography ( edit ) Bona , Damien ( 2002 ) , Inside Oscar 2 , New York , United States : Ballantine Books , ISBN 0 - 345 - 44970 - 3 Osborne , Robert ( 2008 ) . 80 Years of the Oscar : The Complete History of the Academy Awards . New York , United States : Abbeville Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0992 - 6 . Pond , Steve ( 2005 ) , The Big Show : High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the Academy Awards , New York , United States : Faber and Faber , ISBN 0 - 571 - 21193 - 3 Symons , Mitchell ( 2004 ) , That Book . of Perfectly Useless Information , New York , United States : HarperCollins , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 073254 - 7 External links ( edit ) Official websites Academy Awards Official website The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Official website Oscar 's Channel at YouTube ( run by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) Analysis 1997 Academy Awards Winners and History Filmsite Academy Awards ,",
"18": "USA : 1998 Internet Movie Database Other resources The 70th Annual Academy Awards on IMDb ( hide ) Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Original Musical Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Director of a Comedy Picture Engineering Effects Short Subject , Two - reel Short Subject , Comedy Short Subject ,",
"19": "Novelty Story Title Writing Unique and Artistic Quality of Production Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Special Achievement Academy Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 Footnotes ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County , California . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was from August to July . For the 6th ceremony held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 .",
"20": "Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=70th_Academy_Awards&oldid=803903306 '' Categories : 1997 film awards 1998 in American cinema Academy Awards ceremonies 1998 in Los Angeles March 1998 events Hidden categories : Featured lists Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 12 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
[
14,
13,
2,
15,
16,
12,
17,
5,
4,
3,
8,
6,
20,
9,
10,
1,
19,
7,
18,
0,
11
] |
[
2,
14,
13,
15,
16
] |
-7525814017949926060
|
what are the spices in chinese 5 spice powder
|
[
"Star anise",
"Cloves",
"Chinese cinnamon",
"Sichuan pepper",
"Fennel seeds",
"Star anise",
"Cloves",
"Chinese cinnamon",
"Sichuan pepper",
"Fennel seeds",
"Star anise (bajiao 八角)",
"Cloves (dingxiang 丁香)",
"Chinese cinnamon (rougui 肉桂)",
"Sichuan pepper (huajiao 花椒)",
"Fennel seeds (xiao huixiang 小茴香)"
] |
{
"0": "Five - spice powder - wikipedia Five - spice powder Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is about Chinese five - spice mixture . For Bengali five - spice mixture , see Panch phoron . Five - spice powder Chinese 五香 粉 Literal meaning `` five - spice powder '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin wǔ xiāng fěn IPA ( ù ɕjáŋ fə̀n ) Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization ńgh hēung fán Jyutping ng5 hoeng1 fan2 Southern Min Hokkien POJ ngó͘ - hiong - hún Five - spice powder Five - spice powder is a spice mixture of five or more spices used primarily in Chinese cuisine but also used in other Asian and Arabic cookery . Five - spice powder is used for cocktails as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recipe 2 Use 3 See also 4 References Recipe ( edit ) While there are many variants , a common mix is : Star anise ( bajiao 八角 ) Cloves ( dingxiang 丁香 ) Chinese cinnamon ( rougui 肉桂 ) Sichuan pepper ( huajiao 花椒 ) Fennel seeds ( xiao huixiang 小 茴香 ) Other recipes may contain anise seed , ginger root , nutmeg , turmeric , Amomum villosum pods ( 砂 仁 ) , Amomum cardamomum pods ( 白 豆蔻 ) , licorice , Mandarin orange peel or galangal . In Southern China , Cinnamomum loureiroi and Mandarin orange peel are commonly used as substitutes for Cinnamomum cassia and cloves respectively , producing a slightly different flavour profile for southern five - spice powders .",
"1": "Use ( edit ) Five spice may be used with fatty meats such as pork , duck or goose . It is used as a spice rub for chicken , duck , pork and seafood , in red cooking recipes , or added to the breading for fried foods . Five spice is used in recipes for Cantonese roasted duck , as well as beef stew . It is used as a marinade for Vietnamese broiled chicken . The five - spice powder mixture has followed the Chinese diaspora and has been incorporated into other national cuisines throughout Asia . Although this mixture is used in restaurant cooking , few Chinese households use it in day - to - day cooking . In Hawaii , some restaurants place a shaker of the spice on each patron 's table . A seasoned salt can be easily made by dry - roasting common salt with five - spice powder under low heat in a dry pan until the spice and salt are well mixed . See also ( edit ) Food portal China portal List of culinary herbs and spices Ngo gai Ngo hiang Panch phoron References ( edit ) Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Five Spice Powder Jump up ^ `` High Five : Chinese Five Spice Powder '' . Foodreference.com. 2009 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Chinese Five Spice at The Epicentre Culinary herbs and spices Herbs Angelica Basil holy Thai Bay leaf Indian bay leaf ( tejpat ) Boldo Borage Chervil Chives garlic / Chinese Cicely Coriander leaf / Cilantro Bolivian Vietnamese ( rau răm ) Culantro Cress Curry leaf Dill Epazote Hemp Hoja santa Houttuynia cordata ( giấp cá ) Hyssop Jimbu Kinh gioi ( Vietnamese balm ) Kkaennip Lavender Lemon balm Lemon grass Lemon",
"2": "myrtle Lemon verbena Limnophila aromatica ( rice - paddy herb ) Lovage Marjoram Mint Mugwort Mitsuba Oregano Parsley Perilla Rosemary Rue Sage Savory Sanshō leaf Shiso Sorrel Tarragon Thyme Woodruff Spices Aonori ( ground seaweed ) Ajwain Allspice Amchoor ( mango powder ) Anise star Asafoetida Camphor Caraway Cardamom black Cassia Celery powder Celery seed Charoli Chenpi Cinnamon Clove Coriander seed Cubeb Cumin Nigella sativa Bunium persicum Deulkkae Dill / Dill seed Fennel Fenugreek blue Fingerroot ( krachai ) Galangal greater lesser Garlic Ginger Aromatic ginger ( kencur ) Golpar Grains of Paradise Grains of Selim Horseradish Juniper berry Kokum Korarima Dried lime Liquorice Litsea cubeba Mace Mango - ginger Mastic Mahleb Mustard black brown white Nigella ( kalonji ) Njangsa Nutmeg Pomegranate seed ( anardana ) Poppy seed Radhuni Rose Saffron Salt Sarsaparilla Sassafras Sesame Shiso seeds / berries Sumac Tamarind Tonka bean Turmeric Uzazi Vanilla Voatsiperifery",
"3": "Wasabi Yuzu zest Zedoary Zereshk Zest Peppers Alligator Brazilian Chili Cayenne Paprika Long Peruvian Sichuan ( huājiāo ) Japanese pricklyash Tasmanian Peppercorn ( black / green / white ) Mixtures Adjika Advieh Baharat Beau monde seasoning Berbere Bouquet garni Buknu Chaat masala Chaunk Chili powder Cinnamon sugar Crab boil Curry powder Doubanjiang Douchi Duqqa Fines herbes Five - spice powder Garam masala Garlic powder Garlic salt Gochujang Harissa Hawaij Herbes de Provence Idli podi Jamaican jerk spice Khmeli suneli Lemon pepper Mitmita Mixed spice Montreal steak seasoning Mulling spices Old Bay Seasoning Onion powder Panch phoron Persillade Powder - douce Pumpkin pie spice Qâlat daqqa Quatre épices Ras el hanout Recado rojo Sharena sol Shichimi Tabil Tandoori masala Vadouvan Yuzukoshō Za'atar Lists and related topics Lists of herbs and spices Culinary Australian Bangladeshi Indian Pakistani Related topics Chinese herbology Herbal tea Marination Spice rub Cantonese cuisine Main dishes Bao yu",
"4": "Bird 's nest soup Buddha 's delight Cantonese seafood soup Chinese steamed eggs Congee Crispy fried chicken Dragon tiger phoenix Egg foo young Hot pot Lemon chicken Pork Knuckles and Ginger Stew Seafood birdsnest Shark fin soup Snake bite chicken Soy sauce chicken Steam minced pork Subgum Suckling pig Sweet and sour pork White boiled shrimp White cut chicken Wonton noodles Yangzhou fried rice Dim sum and yum cha Annin tofu Beef tripe Cha siu bao Chicken feet Coconut bar Har gow Jian dui Jiaozi Lo mai gai Nian gao Ox - tongue pastry Rice noodle roll Shumai Spring roll Steamed meatball Swiss wing Taro cake Taro dumpling Tendon Tofu skin roll Turnip cake Water chestnut cake Yau gok Youtiao Zhaliang Siu laap Char siu Chinese sausage Lou mei Orange cuttlefish Roast goose Siu mei Siu yuk White cut chicken Desserts and pastry Almond biscuit Biscuit roll Deuk Deuk Tong Douhua Ginger milk curd Lo mai chi Mooncake Red bean cake Red bean soup Sausage bun Tong sui White sugar sponge cake Condiments and spices Fermented bean curd Five - spice powder XO sauce Ingredients Beef ball Black bean paste Chenpi Conpoy Fermented black beans Fish ball Fish slice Frog legs Garland chrysanthemum Kai - lan Mantis shrimp Ong",
"5": "choy Pig blood curd Pig 's ear Prawn ball Rapeseed Saang mein Sea cucumber Shahe fen Shrimp roe noodles Spare ribs Suan cai Tofu skin Wonton Yi mein Youmian Zha cai Others Chinese herb tea Dried shredded squid Cantonese restaurant Beijing cuisine Shanghai cuisine Hong Kong cuisine Macanese cuisine Chinese cuisine History of Chinese cuisine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five-spice_powder&oldid=813162983 '' Categories : Cantonese cuisine Hawaiian cuisine Herb and spice mixtures Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Chinese - language text Pages using div col with small parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 04 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when were birth certificates first issued in the united states
|
[
"1900",
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"From 1900 to 1946"
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{
"0": "Birth certificate - wikipedia Birth certificate Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mary Elizabeth Winblad ( 1895 - 1987 ) birth certificate A birth certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a child . The term `` birth certificate '' can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuing registration of that birth . Depending on the jurisdiction , a record of birth might or might not contain verification of the event by such as a midwife or doctor . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and contemporary times 2 Australia 3 Canada 3.1 Types of certified copies issued 4 China 5 England and Wales 5.1 Pre-1837 birth and baptism records 5.2 Types of certified copies issued in England and Wales 6 India 7 Russia 7.1 Filling 7.2 The procedure for obtaining 8 United States 8.1 Types of certified copies issued 8.1. 1 Acceptance of short forms 8.1. 2 Other forms 8.1. 3 Birth certificates in cases of adoptions 9 See also 10 References History and contemporary Times ( edit ) A Soviet birth certificate from 1972 . The documentation of births is a practice widely held throughout human civilization , especially in China , Egypt , Greece , Rome , and Persia . The original purpose of vital statistics was for tax purposes and for the determination of available military manpower . In England , births were initially registered with churches , who maintained registers of births . This practice continued into the 19th century . The compulsory registration of births with the United Kingdom government is a practice that originated at least as far back as 1853 . The entire United States did not get a standardized system until 1902 . Most countries have statutes and laws that regulate the registration of births .",
"1": "In all countries , it is the responsibility of the mother 's physician , midwife , hospital administrator , or the parents of the child to see that the birth is properly registered with the appropriate government agency . The actual record of birth is stored with a government agency . That agency will issue certified copies or representations of the original birth record upon request , which can be used to apply for government benefits , such as passports . The certification is signed and / or sealed by the registrar or other custodian of birth records , who is commissioned by the government . The right of every child to a name and nationality , and the responsibility of national governments to achieve this are contained in Articles 7 and 8 in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child : `` The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name , the right to acquire a nationality ... '' ( CRC Article 7 ) and `` States Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve his or her identity , including nationality , name and family relations ... '' ( CRC Article 8 ) . ... it 's a small paper but it actually establishes who you are and gives access to the rights and the privileges , and the obligations , of citizenship . -- Archbishop Desmond Tutu , February 2005 Despite 191 countries ratifying the Convention , the births of millions of children worldwide go unregistered . By their very nature , data concerning unregistered children are approximate . About 29 % of countries do n't have available or sufficient data to assess global progress towards the SDG goal of universal coverage . However , from the data that is available , UNICEF estimates that more than a quarter of children under 5 worldwide are unregistered . The lowest levels of birth registration are found in sub-Saharan Africa ( 43 per cent ) . This phenomenon disproportionately impacts poor households and indigenous populations . Even in many developed countries , it contributes to difficulties in fully accessing civic rights .",
"2": "Birth registration opens the door to rights to children and adults which many other human beings take for granted : to prove their age ; to prove their nationality ; to receive healthcare ; to go to school ; to take exams ; to be adopted ; to protection from under - age military service or conscription ; to marry ; to open a bank account ; to hold a driving licence ; to obtain a passport ; to inherit money or property ; and to vote or stand for elected office . There are many reasons why births go unregistered , including social and cultural beliefs and attitudes ; alternative documents and naming ceremonies ; remote areas , poor infrastructure ; economic barriers ; lack of office staff , equipment and training ; legal and political restrictions ; fear of discrimination and persecution ; war , conflict and unrest or simply the fact that there is no system in place . Retrospective registration may be necessary where there is a backlog of children whose births have gone unregistered . In Senegal , the government is facilitating retrospective registration through free local court hearings and the number of unregistered children has fallen considerably as a result . In Sierra Leone , the government gave the National Office of Births and Deaths special permission to issue birth certificates to children over seven . In Bolivia , there was a successful three - year amnesty for the free registration of young people aged between 12 and 18 . Statelessness , or the lack of effective nationality , impacts the daily lives of some 11 - 12 million people around the world . Perhaps those who suffer most are stateless infants , children , and youth . Though born and raised in their parents ' country of habitual residence , they lack formal recognition of their existence . Australia ( edit ) Specimen birth certificate issued by the Australian Capital Territory States and territories of Australia are responsible for the issuance of birth certificates , through agencies generally titled `` Registry of Births Deaths and Marriages '' or similar . Initially registering a birth is done by a hospital through a `` Birth Registration Statement '' or similar , signed by appropriately licensed and authorised health professionals , and provided to the state or territory registry . Home births are permitted , but a statement is required from a registered midwife , doctor or 2 other witnesses other than the parents . Unplanned births require in some states that the baby be taken to a hospital within 24 hours .",
"3": "Once registered , a separate application ( sometimes it can be done along with the Birth Registration Statement ) can be made for a birth certificate , generally at a cost . The person named or a parent can apply for a certificate at any time . Generally , there is no restriction on re-applying for a certificate at a later date , so it could be possible to legally hold multiple original copies . The Federal government requires that births be also registered through a `` Proof of Birth Declaration '' similarly signed as above by a doctor or midwife . This ensures the appropriate benefits can be paid , and the child is enrolled for Medicare . The state or territory issued birth certificate is a secure A4 paper document , generally listing : Full name at birth , sex at birth , parents and occupation , older siblings , addresses , date and place of birth , name of the registrar , date of registration , date of issue of certificate , a registration number , with the signature of the registrar and seal of the registry printed and or embossed . Most states allow for still births to be issued a birth certificate . Some states issue early pregnancy loss certificates ( without legal significance if before 20 weeks ) . Depending on the state , amendments are allowed to correct the certificate , add parents , recognising same sex relationships , changing the sex of the holder is also permitted in some states . The full birth certificate in Australia is an officially recognised identity document generally in the highest category . The birth certificate assists in establishing citizenship . Shorter and / or commemorative birth certificates are available , however are not generally acceptable for identification purposes . Birth certificates in Australia can be verified online by approved agencies through the Attorney - General 's Department Document Verification Service and can be used to validate identity digitally , e.g. online . Australian Identity Documents Federal Government Passport Citizenship certificate Certificate of Identity Document of Identity Convention Travel Document Medicare card State and Territory Governments Birth certificate AusPost Keypass ID Seniors card Photo card Drivers licence Marriage certificate Change of name certificate International Passport Indigenous ( not recognized ) Aboriginal passport Non physical / digital Digital identity in Australia Tax File Number Canada ( edit ) In Canada , the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the provinces or territories .",
"4": "Agencies or various ministers are in charge of issuing birth certificates : Alberta - Department of Vital Statistics ( Service Alberta ) British Columbia - Vital Statistics Agency ( Ministry of Health ) Manitoba - Vital Statistics Agency ( Ministry of Healthy Living , Seniors and Consumer Affairs / Consumer and Corporate Affairs ) New Brunswick - Vital Statistics ( Service New Brunswick ) Newfoundland and Labrador - Vital Statistics Government Services ( Service NL ) Northwest Territories - Vital Statistics ( Department of Health and Social Services - Health Services Administration Division ) Nova Scotia - Registrar General Division of Vital Statistics ( Service Nova Scotia and Municipal Relations ) Nunavut - Registrar General of Vital Statistics ( Nunavut Health and Social Services ) Ontario - Office of Registrar General - Service Ontario ( Ministry of Government Services ) Prince Edward Island - Vital Statistics ( Health and Social Services ) Quebec - Director of Civil State ( Minister of Justice ) Saskatchewan - Vital Statistics - Information Service Corporation ( Department of Health ) Yukon - Vital Statistics ( Ministry of Health and Social Services - Health Services ) Types of certified copies issued ( edit ) There are three types of birth certificates issued : Copy of an act - Contains all information available on the birth of a person . Long form - legal size or two page form with details of the person , their parents ' , place of birth , certification by the parents , signature and stamp of the issuing agency or department . Recent forms are in English and French . Short form or card - provides name , birth date , place of birth , date of registration , date of issue , registration number , certificate number , and signature of registrar general Canadian Identity Documents Federal Government Passport Citizenship certificate Social Insurance Card Permanent resident Card Certificate of Indian Status Refugee travel document Canadian Certificate of Identity Firearms Possession and Acquisition Licence Old Age Security Identification Card Seafarer 's Identity Document Parolee Identification Card Armed Forces Identification Card Provincial and Territorial Birth certificate Driver 's licence Health card Provincial Photo ID Card Provincial Liquor Card International Nexus Card British emergency passport International Driving Permit China ( edit ) The People 's Republic of China issued its first birth certificate on January 1 , 1996 . Birth certificate used currently is the fifth edition , which was adopted since January 1 , 2014 .",
"5": "Still , China , the world 's most populous country , is among those with no globally comparable data , presenting challenges to researchers who wish to assess global and regional progress towards universal birth registration . England and Wales ( edit ) Specimen England and Wales Long Birth Certificate In England and Wales , the description `` birth certificate '' is used to describe a certified copy of an entry in the birth register . Civil registration of births , marriages and deaths in England and Wales started on 1 July 1837 . Registration was not compulsory until 1875 , following the Registration of Births and Deaths Act 1874 , which made registration of a birth the responsibility of those present at the birth . When a birth is registered , the details are entered into the register book at the local register office for the district in which the birth took place and is retained permanently in the local register office . A copy of each entry in the birth register is sent to the General Register Office ( GRO ) . Pre-1837 birth and baptism records ( edit ) Before the government 's registration system was created , evidence of births and / or baptisms ( and also marriages and death or burials ) was dependent on the events being recorded in the records of the Church of England or in those of other various churches -- not all of which maintained such records or all types of those records . Copies of such records are not issued by the General Register Office ; but can be obtained from these churches , or from the local or national archive , which usually now keeps the records in original or copy form . Types of certified copies issued in England and Wales ( edit ) There are two types of birth certificates : A full certificate , titled ' CERTIFIED COPY OF AN ENTRY ' is a copy of the original entry in the birth register , giving all the recorded details . Information includes ; name , sex , date and place of birth of the child , father 's name , place of birth and occupation , mother 's name , place of birth , maiden name and occupation . Certificates for births before 1911 do not show the mothers maiden name , before 1969 do not show the details of the parents ' place of birth and registration and before 1984 do not show mothers occupation . The short certificate , titled ' CERTIFICATE OF BIRTH ' , shows the child 's full name , sex , date and place of birth .",
"6": "It does not give any particulars of the parents ; therefore it is not proof of parentage . A short birth certificate is issued , free of charge , at the time of registration . Both versions of certificate can be used in the verification of identity by acting as a support to other information or documentation provided . Where proof of parentage is required only a full certificate will be accepted . The original registrations are required by law to be issued in the form of certified copies to any person who identifies an index entry and pays the prescribed fee . They can be ordered by registered users from the General Register Office Certificate Ordering Service or by postal or telephone ordering from the General Register Office or by post or in person from local registrars . If the birth was registered within the past 50 years detailed information is required before a certificate will be issued . India ( edit ) Traditionally Births were poorly recorded in India . For official purposes , other proofs are accepted in India in lieu of the Birth certificate , such as Matriculation certificates . Facilities are available to produce a Birth certificate from a passport . By law since 1969 , Registration of Births is compulsory as per provisions of Registration of Births & Deaths Act . Birth certificates are issued by the Government of India or the municipality concerned . Specific rules vary by state , region and municipality . In Delhi , for example , births must be registered within 21 days by the hospital or institution , or by a family member if the birth has taken place at home . After registration , a birth certificate can be obtained by applying to the relevant authority . Certificates can also be issued under special provisions to adopted children , and undocumented orphans . Overseas births can also be registered . Some municipalities , such as Greater Chennai Corporation allow for fully digital Birth certificates to be applied for printed , and verified online . Russia ( edit ) A Russian birth certificate issued on April 2011 Earlier testimony was a small book format - bound , now it 's just a page format B5 , provided with watermarks . The certificate has a series and number . Blank insert is made in Russian . In the case of being issued in one of the country 's republics , its national language form liner can be made in Russian and in the official language of the republic on the model , approved by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation .",
"7": "Filling ( edit ) A birth certificate can be filled with a handwritten way and with the use of technical equipment ( typewriters , computers ) . When filling in the form is carried handwritten way , all records are made legibly in ink or paste blue or black . If you are using a computer or typewriter dye must be black . The quality of paste , ink , dye , used in completing the documents should ensure the preservation of text documents for a set retention period . When filling out the birth certificate is not allowed to have it in patches , blots and erasures , cuts . Birth certificate is signed by the head of the registrar or other public authority issuing the certificate ( e.g. , the consulate ) . Signature of the registrar should have a transcript ( initials and surname ) and sealed with the official seal . Currently , information about the nationality of the parents is mentioned in the certificate on request . By default , this column is empty When making a citizenship , a special insert is issued to the birth certificate . In testimony Stamp . February 6 , 2007 ear of citizenship were canceled , on the reverse side of the Certificate began to put a stamp on the child 's citizenship . This rule applies to newborns or those who change or restores documents . Old shells are valid for achieving a child 14 years old and to change them is not necessary . The procedure for obtaining ( edit ) The birth certificate of the child 's parents can get ( not deprived of parental rights ) , itself a child of full age , guardian or caregiver . Issuance of the document is made in the offices of the registrar , ZAGS ( Russian : ЗАГС ) . With the loss of the certificate , a new document is issued by the registry office ( ZAGS ) in the place of the original receipt on the basis of a written application . United states ( edit ) See also : United States nationality law , Citizenship in the United States , and Birthright citizenship in the United States In the U.S. , the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states , capital district , territories and former territories . Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship , so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport .",
"8": "However , the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens ( who are also eligible for citizenship ) , including births on military bases in foreign territory . The federal and state governments have traditionally cooperated to some extent to improve vital statistics . From 1900 to 1946 the U.S. Census Bureau designed standard birth certificates , collected vital statistics on a national basis , and generally sought to improve the accuracy of vital statistics . In 1946 that responsibility was passed to the U.S. Public Health Service . Unlike the British system of recording all births in `` registers '' , the states file an individual document for each and every birth . The U.S. National Center for Health Statistics creates standard forms that are recommended for use by the individual states to document births . However , states are free to create their own forms . As a result , neither the appearance nor the information content of birth certificate forms is uniform across states . These forms are completed by the attendant at birth or a hospital administrator , which are then forwarded to a local or state registrar , who stores the record and issues certified copies upon request . In 2017 , the state of Illinois began an effort to digitize birth certificates using blockchain technology . Types of certified copies issued ( edit ) According to the Department of Health and Human Services , Office of Inspector General , as of 2000 there were more than 6,000 entities issuing birth certificates . The Inspector General report states that according to staff at the Immigration and Naturalization Service 's Forensics Document Laboratory the number of legitimate birth certificate versions in use exceeded 14,000 . Acceptance of short forms ( edit ) In the case of applying for a U.S. passport , not all legitimate government - issued birth certificates are acceptable : A certified birth certificate has a registrar 's raised , embossed , impressed or multicolored seal , registrar 's signature , and the date the certificate was filed with the registrar 's office , which must be within 1 year of your birth . Please note , some short ( abstract ) versions of birth certificates may not be acceptable for passport purposes . Beginning April 1 , 2011 , all birth certificates must also include the full names of the applicant 's parent ( s ) . The U.S.",
"9": "State Department has paid close attention to abstract certificates from both Texas and California . There have been reports of a high incidence of midwife registration fraud along the border region between Texas and Mexico , and the Texas abstract certificate form does not list the name or occupation of the attendant . The California Abstract of Birth did not include an embossed seal , was no longer considered a secure document , and have not been issued in California since 2001 . Other forms ( edit ) Most hospitals in the U.S. issue a souvenir birth certificate which may include the footprints of the newborn . However , these birth certificates are not legally accepted as proof of age or citizenship , and are frequently rejected by the Bureau of Consular Affairs during passport applications . Many Americans believe the souvenir records to be their official birth certificates , when in reality they hold little legal value . Birth certificates in cases of adoptions ( edit ) In the United States , when an adoption is finalized , the government seals the original birth certificate and will issue a replacement birth certificate substituting the individual 's birth name with the name selected by the adoptive parents , and replacing the birth parents ' names with the adoptive parents . In those cases , adopted individuals are not granted access to their own original birth certificates upon request . Laws vary depending on the state where the birth was originally registered and the adoption was finalized . Some states allow adopted people unrestricted access to their own original birth certificates , while in others the certificate is available only if the biological parents have given their permission or a petition has been granted by the court of jurisdiction . Other jurisdictions do not allow adopted people access to their own original birth certificates under any circumstances . See also ( edit ) Birth registration in Ancient Rome Birth registration campaign in Liberia Closed adoption Death certificate Identity card Marriage license Passport Vital record References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vital Records Registration Handbook Archived 11 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( Jacksonville , FL : Florida Office of Vital Statistics , 2007 ) 7 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' Archived 1 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( UK General Registry Office ) , accessed August 2009 , . Jump up ^ Brumberg , H.L. ; Dozor , D. ; Golombek , S.G. ( June 2012 ) .",
"10": "`` History of the birth certificate : from inception to the future of electronic data '' . Journal of Perinatology. 32 : 407 -- 411 . doi : 10.1038 / jp. 2012.3 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Convention on the Rights of the Child Archived 11 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ( Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights , 1989 ) , accessed 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Universal Birth Registration -- A Universal Responsibility ( Woking : Plan International , 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era '' . UNICEF . Jump up ^ `` UNICEF Data -- Birth Registration '' ( data.unicef.org ) accessed 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Paula Gerba , `` Making Indigenous Australians ' disappear ' : Problems arising from our birth registration systems , '' Alternative Law Journal 34 , no . 3 ( 2009 ) : 157 -- 162 , . ^ Jump up to : Count Every Child ( Plan , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ The ' Rights ' Start to Life , ( New York : UNICEF ) . Jump up ^ `` Fact sheets , '' ( International Council of Nurses , 21 May 2010 ) . Jump up ^ UNICEF ( 2007 ) Birth Registration and Armed Conflict , Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( Florence : Innocenti Research Centre , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Inter-Agency Task Team ( IATT ) on Children and HIV and AIDS Working Group on Civil Registration , Birth and Death Registration in the Context of HIV and AIDS in Eastern and Southern Africa : Human 's First and Last Right ( Plan , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Birth Registration : A Topic Proposed for an Executive Committee Conclusion on International Protection , '' ( United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , 9 February 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Simon Heap and Claire Cody , `` The Universal Birth Registration Campaign , '' Forced Migration Review , no . 32 ( 2009 ) : 20 - 22 . Jump up ^ Futures Denied : Statelessness Among Infants , Children and Youth Archived 12 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine .",
"11": "( Refugees International , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.australia.gov.au/information-and-services/family-and-community/births-deaths-and-marriages-registries Jump up ^ http://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/Pages/births/births.aspx#Registeringabirth Jump up ^ http://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/Pages/births/birth-certificate.aspx Jump up ^ https://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/subjects/when-your-baby-born Jump up ^ http://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/Pages/births/stillbirths.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/Pages/births/amend-birth-certificate.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/Documents/apply-for-record-a-change-of-sex.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.humanservices.gov.au/sites/default/files/2016/04/ss231-1604en2.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/Pages/apply-for-certificates/commemorative-certificates.aspx#CommemorativeBirthCertificate Jump up ^ http://www.dvs.gov.au/How-the-DVS-works/Pages/default.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/subjects/cards/birth_certificate.shtml Jump up ^ https://www.ontario.ca/en/information_bundle/birthcertificates/119275.html Jump up ^ `` Notification about initiating and standard management of new edition birth medical certificate issued by National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People 's Republic of China and the Ministry of Public Security ( Chinese ) '' . National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People 's Republic of China . Jump up ^ `` Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era '' . UNICEF . Jump up ^ Melanie Lee ( 14 January 2011 ) . `` GRO information on birth certificates in England and Wales '' ( pdf ) . whatdotheyno.com . General Registre Office . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Registration in England and Wales '' . genuki.org.uk . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Registration of Births and Deaths Act 1874 '' .",
"12": "legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official information on births , marriages and deaths '' . General Register Office . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Register a Birth '' . gov.uk . Government UK . 14 July 2015 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ GRO ( 2015 ) . `` Information on a birth , marriage or death certificate '' . gro.gov.uk . Government UK . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Treasury Solicitor 's Department ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` Proof of Identity checklist for individuals '' . gov.uk . Government UK . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Births and Deaths Registration Act , 1953 , 1 & 2 Eliz. 2 , c. 1 , accessed October 2011 . Jump up ^ GRO ( 2015 ) . `` Ordering a certificate for events which have taken place during the last 50 years '' . gro.gov.uk . Government UK . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 25 % of Indian births not registered - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Passport Seva Application form '' . passportindia.gov.in . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India Visa Information - Australia - Consular Miscellaneous Services - Issue of Birth Certificate - Basis Indian Passport '' . www.vfsglobal.com . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Issuance of birth certificate to Indian nationals on the basis of valid Indian passport . ^ Jump up to : `` Department of Dte. of Economics & Statistics '' . www.delhi.gov.in . Government of NCT of Delhi . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Birth Certificates '' . chennaicorporation.gov.in . Greater Chennai Corporation . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Birth Certificate Fraud ( Office of Inspector General , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , 1988 ) , iii .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Specifically , the Panama Canal Zone and Philippines . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Margaret Lee , U.S. Citizenship of Persons Born in the United States to Alien Parents , Congressional Research Service Report for Congress , ( UNT Digital Library , 12 May 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Report of the panel to evaluate the standard U.S. certificates ( Division of Vital Statistics National -- Center for Health Statistics , April 2000 , addenda November 2001 ) , 60 . Jump up ^ Replace Your Vital Records : Get a Copy of Your Birth Certificate , USA.gov Jump up ^ Report of the panel to evaluate the standard U.S. certificates ( Division of Vital Statistics National -- Center for Health Statistics , April 2000 , addenda November 2001 ) . Jump up ^ 2003 Revisions of the U.S. Standard Certificates ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , last updated 27 April 2011 ) . Jump up ^ de Castillo , Michael ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Illinois Launches Blockchain Pilot to Digitize Birth Certificates '' . Coindesk . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Birth Certificate Fraud ( Office of Inspector General , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , 1988 ) , 11 . Jump up ^ `` First Time Applicants '' , US State Department , accessed 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` They Say They Were Born in the U.S.A. The State Department Says Prove It '' , Wall Street Journal , accessed 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NOTICE OF FINAL SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT IN A CLASS ACTION , Castelano , et al. v. Clinton , et al . '' , US State Department , accessed 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs - Birth , Death , and Marriage Services '' , Santa Clara County - Office of the Clerk - Recorder , accessed 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Bob Rankin , `` Passports Online '' on Ask Bob Rankin , 2006 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Birth certificates .",
"14": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birth_certificate&oldid=837106159 '' Categories : Identity documents Vital statistics Genealogy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2011 Articles with limited geographic scope from February 2017 Articles containing Russian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 19 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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852704351935547665
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when did marley die in a christmas carol
|
[
"December 24, 1836",
"December 24, 1836",
"seven years earlier on Christmas Eve (as the setting is Christmas Eve 1843, this would have made the date of his passing December 24, 1836)",
"seven years earlier on Christmas Eve",
"seven years earlier on Christmas Eve (as the setting is Christmas Eve 1843, this would have made the date of his passing December 24, 1836)"
] |
{
"0": "Jacob Marley - wikipedia Jacob Marley Jump to : navigation , search `` Marley 's Ghost '' redirects here . For other uses , see Marley 's Ghost ( disambiguation ) . Jacob Marley A Christmas Carol character Jacob Marley 's ghost visits Scrooge in Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol First appearance A Christmas Carol ( 1843 ) Created by Charles Dickens Information Nickname ( s ) J.M. Species Ghost ( Formerly Human ) Gender Male Occupation Business Partner / Accountant Family unspecified ( no stated family ) Relatives The Ghost of Christmas Past The Ghost of Christmas Present The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come Nationality English Jacob Marley is a fictional character who appears in Charles Dickens 's 1843 novella A Christmas Carol . He is Ebenezer Scrooge 's deceased business partner , now a chained and tormented ghost , doomed to wander the earth forever as punishment for his greed and selfishness when he was alive . Marley roams restlessly , witnessing the hardships others suffer and lamenting that he has forever lost his chance to help them . Marley arranges for the three spirits to visit Scrooge and gives his friend an opportunity for redemption , which Marley tells him was `` ... a chance and hope of my procuring . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Role in the story 2 Appearances in various film adaptations 3 References 4 External links Role in the story ( edit ) In A Christmas Carol , Marley is the first character mentioned in the first line of the story . Jacob Marley is said to have died seven years earlier on Christmas Eve ( as the setting is Christmas Eve 1843 , this would have made the date of his passing December 24 , 1836 ) . In life , Jacob Marley was the business partner of Ebenezer Scrooge . They co-owned the firm of Scrooge and Marley , and he refers to their offices as ' our money - changing hole ' . They became successful yet hard - hearted bankers , with seats on the London Stock Exchange . Scrooge is described as Marley 's `` sole friend '' and `` sole mourner '' , and praises Marley as having been a good friend to him .",
"1": "Seven years after his death , on Christmas Eve , Marley 's ghost visits Scrooge . Marley preys upon Scrooge 's mind in many different ways , notably his face manifesting on the knocker on Scrooge 's front door and causing the bells in his house to ring . The ghost maintains the same voice , hairstyle and sense of dress that he had in life , but is translucent . He wears a handkerchief tied about his jaws , and `` captive , bound and double - ironed '' with chains which are described as `` long , and wound about him like a tail ; it was made ... of cash - boxes , keys , padlocks , ledgers , deeds , and heavy purses wrought in steel . '' He often , in moments of great despair or impatience at Scrooge 's scepticism , flings these upon the ground before him and almost induces his former partner `` into a swoon '' . He explains that it is the chain he unknowingly forged himself in life , as a result of his greed and selfishness . As he spent his life on this earth obsessing over money and mistreating the poor and wretched to fill his pocket , Marley is condemned to walk the earth for eternity , never to find rest or peace , experiencing an `` incessant torture of remorse '' . He laments that Christmas is the time he suffers most of all . When the spectre asks , `` Why do you doubt your senses ? '' Scrooge scoffs that `` ... a little thing affects them . A slight disorder of the stomach makes them cheat . You may be an undigested bit of beef , a blot of mustard , a crumb of cheese , a fragment of an underdone potato . There 's more gravy than grave about you , whatever you are ! '' Marley 's only reply is a spine - chilling howl that brings Scrooge to his knees , begging for mercy . Marley tells Scrooge that he will be visited by three spirits . and admonishes his former partner to listen to what they have to say , or Scrooge will suffer Marley 's fate ; he says that Scrooge 's chain was as heavy as his seven years earlier , and remarks that `` you have laboured on it since -- it is a ponderous chain ! '' .",
"2": "Marley then departs into the night sky , surrounded by a countless horde of other tormented spirits , some of whom were known to Scrooge when they were alive , all of them chained in a similar manner to Marley and suffering the same unbearable torment , as they struggle in vain to make up for their wasted lives by attempting to help a homeless mother and baby . Appearances in various film adaptations ( edit ) Frank Finlay as Marley In the 1935 film Scrooge he is played by an uncredited Claude Rains . In this adaptation , he is invisible , and the viewers only hear his voice . In the 1938 film A Christmas Carol , he is played by Leo G. Carroll . Michael Hordern played Marley twice , once in the 1951 film Scrooge and then as the voice of Marley in Richard Williams ' 1971 animated film . Hordern also played the role of Scrooge in a 1977 television adaptation for the BBC , with the role of Marley played by John Le Mesurier . In the 1962 animated television special Mister Magoo 's Christmas Carol , he is voiced by Royal Dano . In the 1969 animated TV film by Famous Classic Tales , Marley is voiced by Bruce Montague . This incarnation of Marley has a skull - like head with hair dancing up like a flame , a floor - length nightgown , and chais wrapped around his waist . In the 1970 film Scrooge , Marley is played by Alec Guinness . In the 1983 special Mickey 's Christmas Carol , the character is played by Goofy ( Hal Smith ) . This version of the character was mentioned to be like a twisted version of Robin Hood , `` robbing widows and swindling the poor , '' which ultimately led to his punishment of carrying his chains `` for eternity ... or even longer '' . He was also mentioned to have left very little in the way of a fortune , leaving only enough for Scrooge to pay for Marley 's tombstone , so the former had him buried at sea instead . After bidding Scrooge farewell , he trips on Scrooge 's cane and falls down the stairs , letting out Goofy 's signature howl as he tumbles .",
"3": "In the 1984 made - for - television film of A Christmas Carol , the film opens with Marley 's funeral procession . While Scrooge walks home , he hears Marley 's voice calling him from an apparitional hearse , and then again before Scrooge sees Marley 's face on the door knocker . Frank Finlay 's performance as Marley is considered one of the best portrayals of the character . In the film Scrooged ( 1988 ) , a modern interpretation of Dickens ' novella , Lew Heyward , a version of Jacob Marley , is portrayed by John Forsythe . In a particularly memorable scene , he is depicted as a walking mummified corpse all covered in dust and cobwebs as he appears to Frank Cross , the film 's Scrooge , played by Bill Murray . In the 1991 Star Trek : The Next Generation episode `` Devil 's Due '' , Data reenacts Jacob Marley 's scene , playing the role of Scrooge . A holodeck version of Marley is portrayed by William Glover . In the 1992 movie The Muppet Christmas Carol , the character is bifurcated into two brothers named Jacob and Robert ( a reference to Bob Marley ) so that they can be played respectively by Statler and Waldorf ( Jerry Nelson and Dave Goelz ) . In the 1994 special A Flintstones Christmas Carol , the character is called ' Jacob Marbley ' and is played by Mr. Slate ( John Stephenson ) . A stone tablet portrait shows of Marbley cheating Scrooge by tipping his side of the scale with his finger . In the 1995 made - for - TV film Ebbie , Jeffrey DeMunn plays Marley 's modern version , Jake Marley , Elizabeth `` Ebbie '' Scrooge 's mentor and later partner who dies of a heart attack right in front of her . In the 1997 made - for - television film , Ms. Scrooge , Katherine Helmond portrays a female version of the character , Maude Marley . She explains that her only chance for salvation is for Ebenita to changer her ways .",
"4": "In the 1998 Canadian made - for - television Western version , Ebenezer ( portrayed by Jack Palance ) , the character 's last name has been changed to `` Marlowe '' and is portrayed by Richard Halliday . In the 1999 made - for - television film version , he is portrayed by Bernard Lloyd . This film version opens with his funeral in 1836 , then jumps ahead to 1843 . In the 2000 VH1 made - for - television film A Diva 's Christmas Carol , Rozonda Thomas plays a female version of the character Marli Jacob , the former singing partner of Ebony Scrooge who died in a car crash years earlier . Unlike other adaptations , she is freed from her chains when Ebony changes her ways . In the 2001 film Christmas Carol : The Movie , Marley is voiced by Nicolas Cage . In the 2004 parody An Easter Carol , Marley is voiced by Tim Hodge . ( as Grandma Nezzer ) In the 2004 film A Christmas Carol : The Musical , Marley is played by Jason Alexander . Marley 's Ghost is a 2003 play by Jeff Goode which is a prequel to A Christmas Carol . In the 2006 movie A Christmas Carol , the character is portrayed as an anthropomorphic cricket ( just like Jiminy Cricket , who played the Ghost of Christmas Past in Mickey 's Christmas Carol ) . In this adaptation , he is given an extra scene where Scrooge 's redemption frees him from his punishment . In the 2008 comedy film An American Carol , the role of Marley is taken by the spirit of John F. Kennedy , portrayed by Chriss Anglin . In the 2009 animated film adaptation , he is voiced by Gary Oldman . This version is shown to be in a state of decay , with his cheeks splitting at one point , rendering him unable to talk properly . In the 2015 BBC television series Dickensian he is played by Peter Firth . Early in planning for the My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic episode `` A Hearth 's Warming Tail '' , Discord was cast as a Jacob Marley like character ; however , the concept was cut for time .",
"5": "In the Thomas and Friends episode , Diesel 's Ghostly Christmas , the role of Marley 's Ghost is portrayed by Emily ( played by UK : Teresa Gallagher / US : Jules de Jongh . In the 2017 film The Man Who Invented Christmas , he was played by Donald Sumpter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Scrooge U : Part XV - Great Scott ! '' . Jimhillmedia.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol Characters Ebenezer Scrooge Bob Cratchit Mr.",
"6": "Fezziwig Ghost of Christmas Past Ghost of Christmas Present Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come Jacob Marley Tiny Tim Films Scrooge , or , Marley 's Ghost A Christmas Carol ( 1908 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1910 ) Scrooge ( 1913 ) Scrooge ( 1935 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1938 ) Scrooge ( 1951 ) It 's Never Too Late A Christmas Carol ( 1960 ) Scrooge ( 1970 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1971 ) An American Christmas Carol Mickey 's Christmas Carol Scrooged The Muppet Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1997 ) A Diva 's Christmas Carol Christmas Carol : The Movie A Carol Christmas Springtime with Roo Chasing Christmas A Christmas Carol ( 2006 ) A Dennis the Menace Christmas An American Carol Ghosts of Girlfriends Past A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) Television `` The Christmas Carol '' ( 1949 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1954 ) Mister Magoo 's Christmas Carol A Carol for Another Christmas Rich Little 's Christmas Carol A Special Sesame Street Christmas The Stingiest Man in Town Bugs Bunny 's Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1982 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1984 ) Blackadder 's Christmas Carol A Flintstones Christmas Carol Ebbie Ebenezer An All Dogs Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1999 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2000 ) An Easter Carol A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Karroll 's Christmas Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas Nan 's Christmas Carol `` A Christmas Carol '' ( Doctor Who ) It 's Christmas , Carol ! Kelly Clarkson 's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale Musicals Scrooge ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Mrs.",
"7": "Bob Cratchit 's Wild Christmas Binge ( 2002 ) Plays A Christmas Carol ( 1988 ) Fellow Passengers ( 2004 ) A Klingon Christmas Carol ( 2007 ) Soundtracks A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Doctor Who : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) Other Adaptations of A Christmas Carol Batman : Noël ( comic ) `` Green Christmas '' ( single ) The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins The Man Who Invented Christmas Ghosts and ghostlore List of ghosts Manifestations Haunted locations Haunted highways Haunted house Haunted trains Haunted ships Hungry ghost Phantom vehicle Poltergeist Residual haunting Vengeful ghost By continent and culture African South Africa Asian South Asian Bengali Burmese Chinese locations Ghost Festival Filipino locations India Japanese Onryō Korean Malay Thai locations Tibetan Vietnamese Europe France Slavic religion Romania United Kingdom Scotland North America Canada Caribbean Navajo Ghost sickness Ghost Dance Mexican locations Day of the Dead United States District of Columbia South America Colombia Oceania Maori Polynesian History Mesopotamian Ancient Egyptian culture Classical Antiquity Ghosts in English - speaking cultures Ghosts in Spanish - speaking cultures Parapsychology Apparitional experience Electronic voice phenomenon kaidan Ghost hunting Séance Mediumship Spirit photography Popular culture Films about ghosts India Stories about ghosts Halloween Samhain Paranormal television Court cases Booty v Barnaby Related Fear of ghosts Spectrophilia Spiritualism Spiritism The Ghost Club Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"8": "php?title=Jacob_Marley&oldid=837356013 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1843 A Christmas Carol characters Fictional accountants Fictional ghosts Fictional people from London Fictional people from the 19th - century Male characters in film Male characters in literature Hidden categories : Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 09 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Philadelphia Eagles - Wikipedia Philadelphia Eagles Jump to : navigation , search Philadelphia Eagles Current season Established July 8 , 1933 ; 84 years ago ( July 8 , 1933 ) First season : 1933 Play in Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Headquartered in the NovaCare Complex Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1933 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Midnight green , Silver , Black , White Fight song Fly , Eagles Fly Mascot Swoop Personnel Owner ( s ) Jeffrey Lurie Christina Weiss Lurie Chairman Jeffrey Lurie CEO Jeffrey Lurie President Don Smolenski General manager Howie Roseman Head coach Doug Pederson Team history Philadelphia Eagles ( 1933 -- 1942 ; 1944 -- present ) Phil - Pitt `` Steagles '' ( 1943 ) Team nicknames The Birds Championships League championships ( 4 ) NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 3 ) 1948 , 1949 , 1960 Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 2017 ( LII ) Conference championships ( 4 ) NFL Eastern : 1960 NFC : 1980 , 2004 , 2017 Division championships ( 13 ) NFL East : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 NFC East : 1980 , 1988 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Playoff appearances ( 25 ) NFL : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1960 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 ,",
"1": "2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Home fields Baker Bowl ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Philadelphia Municipal Stadium ( 1936 -- 1939 , 1941 ) Connie Mack Stadium ( 1940 , 1942 -- 1957 ) Franklin Field ( 1958 -- 1970 ) Veterans Stadium ( 1971 -- 2002 ) Lincoln Financial Field ( 2003 -- present ) The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . They are Super Bowl champions , having won Super Bowl LII , their fourth NFL title , after winning in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 . The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets , when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia . Bell , Chuck Bednarik , Bob Brown , Brian Dawkins , Reggie White , Steve Van Buren , Tommy McDonald , Greasy Neale , Pete Pihos , Sonny Jurgensen , and Norm Van Brocklin have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The team has an intense rivalry with the New York Giants . This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL . It was ranked by NFL Network as the number one rivalry of all - time and Sports Illustrated ranks it amongst the Top 10 NFL rivalries of all - time at number four , and according to ESPN , it is one of the fiercest and most well - known rivalries in the American football community . They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys , which has become more high - profile since the 1960s , as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins . Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry , roughly dating back to 1933 , that mostly arises from the two teams ' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state . The team consistently ranks in the top three in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season .",
"2": "In a Sports Illustrated poll of 321 NFL players , Eagles fans were selected the most intimidating fans in the NFL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1931 -- 1960 1.2 1961 -- 1975 1.3 1976 -- 1984 1.4 1985 -- 1993 1.5 Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) 1.5. 1 Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) 1.5. 1.1 2004 Season and Super Bowl XXXIX 1.5. 1.2 2005 - 2012 1.5. 2 Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 1.5. 2.1 Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) 1.5. 3 2016 1.5.",
"3": "3.1 2017 : First Super Bowl championship 2 Season records 3 Rivalries 3.1 New York Giants 3.2 Dallas Cowboys 3.3 Washington Redskins 3.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 4 Logo and uniforms 5 Training camp 6 Fight song 7 Fans 7.1 Devotion 7.2 Bad behavior 8 Eagles cheerleaders 9 Current roster 10 List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) 11 Awards and honors 11.1 Retired numbers 11.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 11.3 Eagles Hall of Fame 11.4 75th anniversary team 11.5 John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) 11.6 Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame 11.7 Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame 12 Franchise records 12.1 Passing 12.2 Rushing 12.3 Receiving 12.4 Other 12.5 Returning 12.6 Defense 12.7 Exceptional performances 13 Coaches of note 13.1 Current staff 14 Radio and television 14.1 Eagles radio affiliates 15 Media and cultural reference 16 See also 17 Notes and references 18 Sources 19 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Philadelphia Eagles 1931 -- 1960 `` Concrete Charlie '' Midway through the 1931 season , the Frankford Yellow Jackets went bankrupt and ceased operations . After more than a year of searching for a suitable replacement , the NFL granted an expansion franchise to a syndicate headed by Bert Bell and Lud Wray and awarded them the franchise rights of the failed Yellow Jackets organization . The Bell - Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500 ( equal to $40,230 today ) and assumed a total debt of $11,000 that was owed to three other NFL franchises . Drawing inspiration from the Blue Eagle insignia of the National Recovery Administration -- the centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal -- Bell and Wray named the new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles . Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same , citing the aforementioned period of dormancy .",
"4": "Furthermore , almost no Yellow Jackets players were on the Eagles ' first roster . The Eagles , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the now - defunct Cincinnati Reds , joined the NFL as expansion teams . In 1937 , the Eagles moved to Shibe Park ( renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1954 ) and played their home games at the stadium through 1957 , except for the 1941 season , which was played at Municipal Stadium , where they had played from 1936 to 1939 . To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter , management set up stands in right field , parallel to 20th Street . Some 20 feet high , these `` east stands '' had 22 rows of seats . The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field . The uncovered east stands enlarged capacity of Shibe Park to over 39,000 , but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25 to 30,000 . The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade , enduring repeated losing seasons . In December 1940 , Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney sold his franchise to Alexis Thompson for $160,000 and then used half of the proceeds to buy a half interest in the Eagles from Bell , his longtime friend . Soon after , Bell and Rooney traded the Eagles franchise to Thompson and moved it to Pittsburgh ( as the `` Steelers '' ) , while Thompson moved the Steelers franchise to Philadelphia ( as the `` Eagles '' ) . In 1943 , when manpower shortages stemming from World War II made it impossible to fill the roster , the team merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers forming the `` Phil - Pitt Eagles '' and were known as the `` Steagles . '' ( The merger , never intended as a permanent arrangement , was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season . ) By the late 1940s , head coach Earle `` Greasy '' Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games , winning two of them in 1948 and 1949 . Those two championships mark the Eagles as the only NFL team ever to win back - to - back championships by shutouts , defeating the Chicago Cardinals , 7 -- 0 , in 1948 -- in a blizzard -- and the Los Angeles Rams , 14 -- 0 , in 1949 .",
"5": "After the 1957 season , the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania . Franklin Field would seat over 60,000 for the Eagles , whereas Connie Mack had a capacity of 39,000 . The stadium switched from grass to AstroTurf in 1969 . It was the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf . In 1960 , the Eagles won their third NFL championship , under the leadership of future Pro Football Hall of Famers Norm Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik ; the head coach was Buck Shaw . The 1960 Eagles , by a score of 17 -- 13 , became the only team to defeat Vince Lombardi and his Green Bay Packers in the playoffs . Dick Vermeil , Eagles head coach from 1976 to 1982 1961 -- 1975 The Eagles had a decent 1961 season and then fell on hard times in 1962 . Jerry Wolman , after consulting his longtime friend Brandon Sturrock , bought the franchise in 1963 from the `` Happy Hundred '' , a group of investors who owned the team from 1949 -- 1963 , for $5,505,000 ( equal to $44,004,098 today ) . In 1969 , Leonard Tose bought the Eagles from Wolman for $16,155,000 ( equal to $107,807,505 today ) , then a record for a professional sports franchise . Tose 's first official act was to fire Coach Joe Kuharich after a disappointing 24 -- 41 -- 1 record during his five - year reign . He followed this by naming former Eagles receiving great Pete Retzlaff as General Manager and Jerry Williams as coach . The Eagles defeated the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game and earned their first Super Bowl appearance . With the merger of the NFL and AFL in 1970 , the Eagles were placed in the NFC East Division with their archrivals the New York Giants , the Washington Redskins , and the Dallas Cowboys . Their heated rivalry with the Giants is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries , dating all the way back to 1933 and is often named as one of the best rivalries in the NFL .",
"6": "1976 -- 1984 In 1976 , Dick Vermeil was hired from UCLA to coach the Eagles , who had only one winning season from 1962 -- 1975 . Starting in 1978 , head coach Dick Vermeil and quarterback Ron Jaworski led the team to four consecutive playoff appearances . Vermeil 's 1980 team won their first NFC East title . They were matched up against their hated rival the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC Championship game , which they won 20 -- 7 . However , the Eagles lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . The following year , the Eagles were eliminated in the wildcard round at home against the New York Giants . In the aftermath of the disappointing and strike - shortened season of 1982 , head coach Dick Vermeil resigned , claiming that he was `` burned out '' . Vermeil was replaced by defensive coordinator Marion Campbell . In January 1983 , Tose announced that his daughter , Susan Fletcher , the Eagles ' vice president and legal counsel , would eventually succeed him as primary owner of the Eagles . Then in 1984 , rumors were circulating that Leonard Tose was thinking about moving the team to Phoenix , Arizona due to financial reasons . 1985 -- 1993 This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1985 , Tose was forced to sell the Eagles to Norman Braman and Ed Leibowitz , highly successful automobile dealers from Florida , for a reported $65 million ( equal to $147,899,134 today ) to pay off his more than $25 million ( equal to $56,884,282 today ) in gambling debts at Atlantic City casinos . Philadelphia football struggled through the Marion Campbell years of the mid-1980s and was marked by a malaise in fan participation . However , in the 1985 Supplemental draft , the Eagles acquired the rights to Memphis Showboats ' elite pass rusher Reggie White . In 1986 , the arrival of head coach Buddy Ryan and his fiery attitude rejuvenated team performance and ignited the fan base , but the Eagles failed to win a playoff game during Ryan 's tenure .",
"7": "Possibly the worst of these losses was the so - called Fog Bowl in 1988 against the Chicago Bears , which happened to be Ryan 's former team that he helped lead to a Super Bowl XX victory as defensive coordinator . Ryan was fired on January 7 , 1991 , after an upset home playoff loss to the Redskins . Offensive coordinator Rich Kotite was promoted to head coach three days later . After All Pro defensive tackle Jerome Brown was killed in an automobile accident , the team and fanbase became dedicated to `` bring it home for Jerome '' in the 1992 season . Kotite did lead the Eagles to a playoff victory against the New Orleans Saints during the 1992 season , but they lost all - time sacks leader Reggie White to free agency in the offseason . Kotie 's contract was not renewed after a disappointing 1994 season in which the Eagles went 7 -- 9 , losing their last seven games after starting the season 7 -- 2 . From 1988 to 1996 , the Eagles qualified for the playoffs during six out of those nine seasons , but they won the NFC East only once , in 1988 . Among the team 's offensive stars during that period were quarterback Randall Cunningham , tight end Keith Jackson , and running back Herschel Walker . But the `` Gang Green '' defense is possibly what defined the team , led by Reggie White , Jerome Brown , Clyde Simmons , Seth Joyner , Wes Hopkins , Mike Golic , Byron Evans , Eric Allen , Andre Waters and Mark McMillian . Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Andy Reid speaks with Jeff Garcia in a game against the Redskins . Jeffrey Lurie bought the Eagles on May 6 , 1994 from then - owner Norman Braman for an estimated $185 million . The club is now estimated to be the 17th most valuable sports team , worth $1.314 billion , as valuated in 2014 by Forbes .",
"8": "In Lurie 's first season as owner , the team only had 7 wins , but that was followed by a 10 win season in 1995 . Besides the 10 wins and a playoff berth , 1996 was an eventful year . The uniforms changed from the classic shade of Kelly Green to a darker midnight green , quarterback Randall Cunningham left after 11 seasons , and future fan favorite 13 - year starter Brian Dawkins was drafted in the 2nd round . After slipping to 6 -- 9 -- 1 , and then to 3 -- 13 , head coach Ray Rhodes was fired after four seasons . Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Jeffrey Lurie has been owner since 1994 . In 1999 , the Eagles hired head coach Andy Reid and drafted quarterback Donovan McNabb . From 1999 until 2004 , the team continually improved , going from 5 -- 11 in 1999 , returning to the playoffs in with an 11 -- 5 record in 2000 , surpassing the Buccaneers in the Wild Card round before losing in the divisional . Moreover , the Eagles played in four straight NFC Championship Games between 2001 and 2004 . In 2001 , the Eagles stayed at 11 -- 5 , beating the Buccaneers and Bears to advance to the NFC championship , where they lost to the St. Louis Rams . In 2002 , the Eagles drafted running back Brian Westbrook , got the 1st round bye with the 2nd seed in the NFC with a 12 -- 4 record , but the Tampa Bay Buccaneers got their revenge in the Championship and eliminated the Eagles . In 2003 , they won the NFC first seed , but Westbrook went down in Week 17 , culminating in a loss to the Carolina Panthers in their 3rd straight NFC Championship . 2004 season and Super Bowl XXXIX In 2004 , the Philadelphia Eagles had their best season since 1960 , going 13 -- 1 before resting their starters and losing their next 2 , clinching the 1st seed for the second year in a row . McNabb set career highs , completing 64 % of his passes for 3,875 yards , though he did n't play all 16 games .",
"9": "McNabb became the first quarterback ever to throw more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . His success could be attributed to the fact that he had a reliable receiver , Terrell Owens , who got 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns in 14 games . After beating the Vikings and Falcons the Eagles advanced to Super Bowl XXXIX , where they dueled the New England Patriots . Although McNabb threw 3 touchdown passes and 357 yards in the game , and the score was tied 14 -- 14 going into the fourth quarter , the Patriots outscored the Eagles and scored ten straight points . McNabb completed a 30 - yard touchdown pass , and the Eagles defense held the Patriots to a 3 and out , but a crucial interception with 46 seconds left on the clock secured their fate . 2005 - 2012 Brian Dawkins was one of the premier safeties in the NFL , and earned him the role of Eagles ' defensive captain , and a mainstay on the Eagles . The team took a step back in 2005 with a 6 -- 10 record . McNabb had played with a sports hernia and a broken thumb , starting 4 -- 2 but losing three in a row , before McNabb finally succumbs to injury and is out for the rest of the season . For obnoxious behavior and a feud with McNabb , Owens was suspended after 7 games , eventually being cut . In 2006 , the team lost McNabb 10 games in and went into turmoil , but Westbrook stepped up , and the Eagles earned their fifth NFC East title under Coach Reid , with a 10 -- 6 record and a win in the wild card round , but they had an 8 -- 8 2007 season . In 2008 , the team won their 500th game , and they also drafted DeSean Jackson , a receiving threat when paired with McNabb . On January 11 , 2009 , the team defeated the defending Super Bowl champion and 1st seed New York Giants 23 -- 11 en route to their 5th NFC Championship Game in 8 years and 5th in the 10 years the Eagles have been coached by Andy Reid .",
"10": "In the 2008 NFC Championship Game , the Eagles made a rally , going from 24 -- 6 at halftime to 25 -- 24 with three minutes left in the 4th , but they lost to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 32 -- 25 after quarterback Kurt Warner scored a last minute touchdown . As of the conclusion of the 2016 season , during the Lurie era , the Eagles are 1 -- 4 in conference championship games and 0 -- 1 in Super Bowls . On August 13 , 2009 , the Eagles signed quarterback Michael Vick . On December 6 , 2009 , Andy Reid became only the 5th coach in NFL history to win 100 or more games with a single team in a single decade . The other four are Tom Landry , Don Shula , Tony Dungy , and Bill Belichick , all Super Bowl winners . McNabb finally had a complete receiving corps , between first round draft pick Jeremy Maclin , DeSean Jackson 's 1,000 yard season , and Brent Celek ranking among the top 5 tight ends in the league . Without Brian Dawkins , defensive end Trent Cole stepped up and became the dominant force on defense with 12 sacks , earning him his second trip to the Pro Bowl and All - Pro honors . In 2009 , the Eagles started 5 -- 4 , but moved up to 11 -- 4 , and could clinch the NFC 2nd seed if they won their next game . After a shutout at the hands of the Dallas Cowboys in week 17 , the Eagles missed the 1st round bye. but with a record of 11 -- 5 , but they were the NFC 6th seed and they narrowly made the playoffs . In the 2009 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles played against the Cowboys for the second consecutive week and lost 34 -- 14 . Despite many errors from many players , and a great season before the breakdown in Dallas , McNabb took the brunt of the blow and was heavily criticized . Coach Andy Reid said up until April 1 , 2010 , that McNabb would remain the starter . On March 5 , 2010 , Brian Westbrook was cut from the Eagles after eight seasons with the team .",
"11": "On April 4 , 2010 , the team traded long - time starting quarterback Donovan McNabb to the Washington Redskins in exchange for a second round draft pick . Kevin Kolb was immediately named the starter , but after suffering a concussion in week 1 against the Packers , Vick took over as the starter . Vick led the Eagles to its sixth NFC East division title in ten seasons . With a record of 10 -- 6 the Eagles clinched the 3rd seed and had to play a Wild Card Playoff Game . During the 2010 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles faced off against the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers and lost 21 -- 16 . The 2011 season for the Eagles was a major disappointment , as they only managed to finish 8 -- 8 and did not qualify for the playoffs , although they did win the last 4 games of the season . Because of several free agent acquisitions , Vince Young , a back up quarterback , stated that the Eagles were a Dream Team . The Philadelphia fan base and faithful never did concur with the comment as some national outlets may comment . Many Eagles fans believe that Vince Young saying that the Eagles were a ' Dream Team ' is the reason that the Eagles had such a horrible season . Eagles fans had high expectations going into the 2012 season . The Eagles started off winning three out of their four first games , but that changed when they lost the next eight games , and were eliminated from the playoff hunt . They only won one out of their last four games . After a loss to the New York Giants on December 30 , 2012 , longtime head coach Andy Reid was fired after fourteen seasons with the team . Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) On January 16 , 2013 , the Eagles brought in University of Oregon head coach Chip Kelly to succeed Reid as head coach after a 4 -- 12 season . The Philadelphia Eagles named Michael Vick starting quarterback going into the 2013 season with much promise running Chip Kelly 's fast - paced spread offense . The 2013 season proved to be more successful for the Eagles .",
"12": "A hamstring injury took Michael Vick out after a 1 -- 3 start , but his backup , Nick Foles , led the team to a 10 -- 6 regular season record , and its seventh NFC East title in 13 seasons . Before throwing his first interception in Week 14 , Foles threw 19 touchdowns , which was just one shy of the all - time NFL record of consecutive touchdowns without an interception to start a season , set earlier in the season by Peyton Manning . Foles also tied Manning for most touchdown passes in a single - game with seven against the Oakland Raiders which also made him the youngest player in NFL history to throw that many touchdowns in a game . Foles finished the regular season with 27 touchdown passes and only 2 interceptions , giving him the then - best TD - INT ratio in NFL history . ( That record was later broken by Tom Brady , in the 2016 season . ) He also finished with a 119.0 passer rating , third highest in league history behind only Aaron Rodgers in 2011 and Peyton Manning in 2004 . He was also only the second quarterback in NFL history to have a game in which he topped 400 passing yards and a perfect passer rating . LeSean McCoy finished his Pro Bowl season as the league 's top rusher with 1,607 rushing yards ( also a franchise record ) and 2,146 total yards from scrimmage , also best in the NFL . As a whole , the Eagles offense scored 51 touchdowns , most in franchise history passing the previous season high set back in 1948 . The Eagles opened the 2014 season winning their first three games and making NFL history as the only team ever to trail by ten or more points in their first three games and come back to win . Nick Foles struggled with turnovers , but ultimately did well and led the Eagles to a 6 -- 2 record , before breaking his collarbone , resulting in his job getting taken over by Mark Sanchez , who outplayed Foles despite facing more playoff teams . The Eagles held the divisional title from week one to week 15 against the Cowboys .",
"13": "After going 9 -- 3 with their crucial win over the Cowboys , the Eagles lost their next 3 , and a week after losing the NFC East title , they lost an upset against the 3 -- 11 Redskins and were eliminated from playoff contention with the Cowboys ' win over the Colts . Following the 2014 season , Chip Kelly was given total control and made some controversial moves . He traded LeSean McCoy , who had become the team 's all - time leading rusher after the 2014 season , for linebacker Kiko Alonso , a player Kelly coached at Oregon who had missed the entire 2014 season . He also cut ten - year veteran and starter , Trent Cole , who was still a consistent threat on defense and was second only to legend Reggie White on the Eagles all - time sack list . He also made a trade where the highly successful Nick Foles was traded for Sam Bradford , who had missed the entire 2014 season with an ACL tear . Kelly tried to re-sign Jeremy Maclin , who had stepped up as the team 's leading wide receiver , but he signed with the Kansas City Chiefs instead . However , the Eagles also acquired league leading rusher DeMarco Murray , which not only helped the Eagles , but hurt their rivals , the Dallas Cowboys . They also obtained Super Bowl champion Byron Maxwell , who left the Seattle Seahawks in free agency to sign a six - year , $63 million contract . The first two games of the season were disastrous , as they started 0 -- 2 . Bradford had a 2 -- 4 TD - INT ratio , Maxwell was constantly beaten by Falcons receiver Julio Jones , and Murray was held to 11 yards on 21 carries . After Murray was injured , Ryan Mathews rushed for over 100 yards in a Week 3 win against the New York Jets . Kelly made Murray the unquestioned starter and although Murray 's play improved over the season , he never regained his dominant form and was held to a career low 3.6 yards per carry average . On December 29 , 2015 , with one game left in the season , head coach Chip Kelly was released by the Eagles . Offensive Coordinator Pat Shurmur was named Interim Coach for the final game against the rival New York Giants , which Shurmur won 35 -- 30 .",
"14": "Former player and current running backs coach Duce Staley was the first coach to be interviewed for the opening head coaching job on January 2 , 2016 . Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 Carson Wentz made his debut in the 2016 season The Eagles hired Chiefs offensive coordinator Doug Pederson as their next head coach . The team made the official announcement on January 18 , 2016 . Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie said in a statement : `` Doug is a strategic thinker , a compelling leader and communicator , and someone who truly knows how to get the best out of his players . All of these factors were what initially attracted us to Doug and we believe that he is the right man to help us achieve our ultimate goal . '' Pederson had been with the Chiefs for the preceding three years after spending the four seasons previous to those with the Eagles . He served as a quality control assistant for the Eagles in 2009 and 2010 before being promoted to quarterbacks coach for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . He was praised for his work with Chiefs quarterback Alex Smith over the preceding few seasons , particularly 2015 , as the Chiefs moved into the top 10 in scoring offense . At the end of the 2015 season , the Eagles had the 13th pick in the 2016 NFL Draft . They traded Byron Maxwell , Kiko Alonso , and their pick to the Miami Dolphins for the # 8 pick . Later , they traded the # 8 pick , their third - round pick , their fourth - round pick , a 2017 first - round pick , and a 2018 second - round pick to the Cleveland Browns for the # 2 pick and a 2017 fourth - round pick . They used the # 2 pick to draft North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz . On September 3 , 2016 , the Eagles traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford to the Minnesota Vikings , who had lost Teddy Bridgewater for the season , for a 2017 first - round pick and a 2018 fourth - round pick . Following the trade , the Eagles named Wentz the starting quarterback for Week 1 of the 2016 season . First - time head coach Pederson led the Eagles to a 3 -- 0 start to the season .",
"15": "His rookie quarterback started with 5 touchdowns , no interceptions and over 255 yards per game . The Week 4 bye took a toll on the Eagles , and they lost four out of the next five games , including a loss to every rival team in their division . They also lost right tackle Lane Johnson to a 10 - game suspension following the Week 5 loss againist the Lions which damaged Carson Wentz 's hot start . In those four games , their average margin of loss was just under 5 points . Pederson and the Eagles won just 3 of their last 7 games . Those included gruesome road losses against the Seattle Seahawks , the Cincinnati Bengals , and the Baltimore Ravens . Although Wentz started off the season well , the 6 -- 5 quarterback finished with a TD -- INT ratio of 16 : 14 . The rookie head coach and rookie quarterback tandem led the Eagles to a disappointing year , finishing with a 7 -- 9 record and coming in last in the division . 2017 : first Super Bowl Championship During the following offseason , the team made several acquisitions on the offensive side of the ball . The Eagles either traded or released notable players from the Chip Kelly era like Ryan Mathews , Matt Tobin , Allen Barbre , Jordan Matthews and Marcus Smith II . They signed more notable players to improve its wide receiver corps that have struggled the last two seasons like Alshon Jeffery , and Torrey Smith as well as 2016 Super Bowl champion , Legarrette Blount . They also added veterans on defense such as Patrick Robinson , Chris Long , Corey Graham , Tim Jernigan and Ronald Darby . The team addressed its defense mostly in the draft , using its top three picks on defensive players . The Eagles drafted Derek Barnett with the 14th overall pick . The Eagles had completely revamped their offense and strengthened their defense heading into the 2017 season . They opened the season on the road versus the Washington Redskins and won the game 30 -- 17 . The team lost to the Kansas City Chiefs the following week , 27 -- 20 , in Pederson 's return to face Andy Reid . The Eagles then won six consecutive games , including signature wins at the Carolina Panthers , 28 -- 23 , and versus the Washington Redskins , 34 -- 24 , in a Monday Night contest .",
"16": "On the morning of October 31 , 2017 , just before the NFL trade deadline , the Eagles made a blockbuster move sending a fourth - round pick to the Miami Dolphins for star running back Jay Ajayi . The move immediately paid dividends for the Eagles heading into their next game versus the Denver Broncos as Ajayi rushed for 77 yards on just eight attempts including a 46 - yard TD near the end of the second quarter . Ajayi and Wentz led the Eagles to a 51 -- 23 rout of the top defense in the NFL . Foles in the Huddle before leaving the field before Super Bowl LII . The Eagles headed into their bye week with the best record in the NFL ( 8 -- 1 ) , and with Wentz leading the NFL MVP discussion with an NFL - leading 23 touchdowns to 5 interceptions . During their bye , the Eagles signed former Giants offensive tackle Will Beatty and former Saints linebacker Dannell Ellerbe to not only add depth but also players with Super Bowl experiences . Coming off of the bye week , the Philadelphia Eagles entered a Sunday night showdown with the defending NFC East champion Dallas Cowboys . The Eagles came out sluggish and trailed 9 -- 7 at the half . The team exploded in the second half though , rattling off 30 unanswered points to soundly defeat their rival by a final score of 37 -- 9 . The Eagles were rolling on a nine - game winning streak after a huge blowout win over the Chicago Bears . The Eagles traveled to Seattle in Week 13 in a huge Sunday Night showdown against Russell Wilson and the Seattle Seahawks . The Eagles struggled throughout the whole game , blowing many scoring opportunities and allowing Wilson to throw 3 touchdowns . The Eagles lost 24 -- 10 , ending their win streak . However , the Eagles bounced back in Week 14 win over the Los Angeles Rams in a tough 43 -- 35 win . However , Carson Wentz left the game in the third quarter with a knee injury . It was later found out that Wentz tore his ACL , ending his MVP caliber season . Backup Nick Foles would once again take over as starting quarterback . In Foles 's first start against the New York Giants , he would lead them back from a 20 -- 7 deficit and score 4 touchdowns and win the game 34 -- 29 .",
"17": "Foles struggled in the last two games of the season against the Oakland Raiders and the Dallas Cowboys , and threw a touchdown and 2 interceptions in that span . Despite this , the Eagles finished 13 -- 3 and secured the top seed in the NFC . The Eagles opened as the underdogs , the first time in history that a No. 1 seed has opened up the postseason as an underdog . Despite this , Foles would lead the Eagles past the Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round 15 -- 10 . In the next game Foles and the Eagles annihilated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship nicknamed the Minneapolis Massacre , mocking the Minneapolis Miracle from their previous playoff victory . Foles had his best game since week 15 and threw for 352 passing yards and 3 touchdowns including an impressive flea flicker touchdown pass . This win marked the franchise 's third Super Bowl appearance and a berth in Super Bowl LII for a 2005 rematch against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots . With Foles at the helm , the Eagles started off the game strong , leading the Patriots 22 -- 12 at halftime . In the second half the Patriots gained momentum and for the first time took the lead in the 4th quarter 33 -- 32 . The Eagles rallied back and scored an 11 - yard Touchdown to tight end Zach Ertz . Later the Eagles converted on a 46 - yard field goal by Jake Elliott to lead 41 -- 33 . On the final play of the game with 9 seconds left , Brady threw a hail - mary pass directed toward tight end Rob Gronkowski which was bobbled by Patrick Robinson before being dropped in the end - zone as time expired , securing the win for the Eagles 41 -- 33 , and ending the 58 - year long championship drought . This would be Philadelphia 's first Super Bowl win and their fourth league championship ( their first championship since 1960 ) . Foles won Super Bowl MVP going 28 -- 43 with 373 passing yards , 3 touchdowns , and an interception . Nick Foles became the first backup quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl since his opponent Tom Brady won as the backup for Drew Bledsoe in 2001 .",
"18": "Season records Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons Regular season record ( all - time ) : 568 -- 594 -- 26 Playoff record ( all - time ) : 22 -- 21 ( last appearance after beating New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII ) Most points in a season : 474 points ( 2014 ) NFL championships won : 4 ( 3 before the 1967 NFL - AFL merger created the Super Bowl ) Super Bowls won : 1 out of 3 appearances Passing leader ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 32,873 yards Rushing leader ( all - time ) : LeSean McCoy -- 6,792 yards Receiving leader ( all - time ) : Harold Carmichael -- 8,978 yards Winningest coach ( all - time ) : Andy Reid -- 130 wins Top player by approximate value ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 126 AV Rivalries New York Giants Main article : Eagles -- Giants rivalry One of the NFL 's oldest , this rivalry began on October 15 , 1933 when the Giants defeated the newly founded Eagles 56 -- 0 . The Giants lead the all - time series 84 -- 82 -- 2 . Three of the best known comebacks against the Giants are labeled as `` Miracle In The Meadowlands -- Herm Edwards '' , `` Miracle In The Meadowlands II -- Brian Westbrook '' and `` Miracle In The New Meadowlands -- DeSean Jackson '' . Dallas Cowboys Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The Cowboys have been one of the Eagles ' biggest rivals . The Eagles won the first game in this rivalry 27 -- 25 on September 30 , 1960 . Dallas leads the all - time series 63 -- 51 -- 0 . They have been close in recent years , with Dallas winning 12 games from 2006 to the present while the Eagles have also won 12 . There is much hostility between the two teams ' fan bases , with incidents such as the 1989 Bounty Bowl . Washington Redskins Main article : Eagles -- Redskins rivalry Not as big as the rivalries between the Giants and Cowboys , that with division rivals Washington Redskins is still fierce .",
"19": "It started in 1934 when the Washington Redskins were first known as the Boston Redskin ; the Redskins defeated the Eagles 6 -- 0 , and lead the all - time series 85 -- 76 -- 6 . The rivalry has been very even since 2010 overall . However , the Eagles swept the Redskins during the 2017 season for the first time since the 2013 season . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Eagles -- Steelers rivalry The Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers are both located in Pennsylvania and began play in 1933 . From that season , through 1966 , this was a major rivalry for both teams as both were part of the same division . In 1967 , they were placed in separate divisions but remained in the same conference for three years . Finally , in 1970 , the Steelers ( along with the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Colts ) moved to the American Football Conference while the Eagles stayed with the rest of the old - line NFL teams in the National Football Conference . As a result , the Eagles and Steelers no longer played each other every year . Currently they are scheduled to meet once every four years in the regular season , the most recent meeting being in 2016 at Philadelphia , with the Eagles winning 34 - 3 . The Steelers have lost nine straight games on the road against the Eagles dating back to 1966 , which was also the start of the Super Bowl era . The Eagles lead the all - time series 47 -- 28 -- 3 . Logo and uniforms See also : Uniform ( American football ) and footnote about Eagles ' uniform numbers . For several decades , the Eagles ' colors were kelly green , silver , and white . In 1954 , the Eagles , along with the Baltimore Colts , became the second team ever in the NFL to put a logo on their helmets , with silver wings on a kelly green helmet . In 1969 , the team wore two helmet versions : Kelly green with white wings in road games , and white with kelly green wings at home . From 1970 to ' 73 , they wore the white helmets with Kelly green wings exclusively before switching back to Kelly green helmets with silver wings . By 1974 , Joseph A. Scirrotto Jr.",
"20": "designed the silver wings took on a white outline , and this style on a kelly green helmet became standard for over two decades . From 1948 -- 95 , the team logo was an eagle in flight carrying a football in its claws , although from ' 69 -- 72 , the eagle took on a more stylized look . As the design was similar to the Apollo 11 emblem , and its moon - landing craft was dubbed Eagle , players wore the flight 's mission patch on their jerseys during 1969 . In 1973 , the team 's name was added below the eagle , which returned to its pre - ' 69 look . However , both the logo and uniforms were radically altered in 1996 . The primary kelly green color was changed to a darker shade , officially described as `` midnight green . '' Silver was practically abandoned , as uniform pants moved to either white or midnight green . The traditional helmet wings were changed to a primarily white color , with silver and black accents . The team 's logo combination ( the eagle and club name lettering ) also changed in 1996 , with the eagle itself limited to a white ( bald eagle ) head , drawn in a less realistic , more cartoon - based style , and the lettering changing from calligraphic to block letters . Since the 1996 alterations , the team has made only minor alterations , mostly relating to jersey / pant combinations worn during specific games . For example , in 1997 , against the San Francisco 49ers , the team wore midnight green jerseys and pants for the first of only two occasions in team history . The second occasion was in 2002 , during the final regular season game at Veterans Stadium , a win over the division - rival Washington Redskins . A year later , in the first two games of the 2003 season ( both home losses to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots ) , the Eagles wore white jerseys with white pants . Since 2003 , the white jerseys along with white pants have been worn during preseason games . The 2003 season also saw the first ( though only subtle ) change to the 1996 - style uniform . On both white and green jerseys , black shadows and silver trim were added to both the green and white numbering .",
"21": "The stripe on the pants changed from black - green - black to black - silver - green on the white pants , and from a solid black stripe to one stripe of black , another of silver , with one small white stripe in between for the midnight blue pants . The 2003 season also saw the team debut black alternate jerseys , with a green ( instead of black ) shadow on white numbers , and silver trim . These black jerseys have been worn for two selected home games each season ( usually the first home game after bye week and the season finale ) . In the 2003 and 2004 regular season home finales , the team wore the green road pants with the black alternate jerseys , but lost each game . Since then , the Eagles have only worn the black jerseys with the white pants . However , due to the special 75th anniversary uniforms serving as the `` alternates '' for one game in 2007 , the Eagles could not wear the alternate black jersey that season per league rules ( alternate uniforms are permitted twice per season but only one can be used ) . The black jerseys with white pants , however , re-appeared for the 2008 Thanksgiving night game against the Arizona Cardinals . The black jerseys were most recently used in a December 21 , 2016 game against the New York Giants , in which they won 24 - 19 . From 2006 -- 2013 , the Eagles have only worn the alternate black jerseys once a season and for the last November home game , but did not use them in 2007 , 2010 , and 2011 . For the 2007 and 2010 seasons , the Eagles used throwback uniforms in place of the black alternates for their anniversary to commemorate past teams . The team also started wearing black shoes exclusively in 2004 . Since 2014 , the Eagles have worn the black jersey twice per season . In 2016 , they wore the black jersey three times . To celebrate the team 's 75th anniversary , the 2007 uniforms featured a 75th - season logo patch on the left shoulder . In addition , the team wore `` throwback '' jerseys in a 2007 game against the Detroit Lions .",
"22": "The yellow and blue jerseys , the same colors found on Philadelphia 's city flag , are based on those worn by the Philadelphia Eagles in the team 's inaugural season , and were the same colors used by the former Frankford Yellow Jackets franchise prior to their suspension of operations in 1931 . The Eagles beat Detroit , 56 -- 21 . The Philadelphia Eagles wear their white jerseys at home for preseason games and daytime games in the first half of the regular season from September to mid-October when the temperature is warmer . In night contests in the first half of the regular season , the Eagles do not need to wear white at home since the temperature is cooler . However , there have been exceptions , such as the home opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2003 and the Washington Redskins in 2007 that were played at night . In late October or beginning in November , the Eagles start to wear their colors at home ( although they have done it earlier before ) , be it the midnight green jerseys or a third jersey . On one occasion the Eagles wore white at home after October in a meeting against the Dallas Cowboys on November 4 , 2007 to make the Cowboys wear their road blue jerseys . Since moving to Lincoln Financial Field in 2003 , the Eagles have worn white at home for at least their home opener , with the exceptions for the 2010 home opener ( see next paragraph ) , the 2011 home opener against the New York Giants , the 2016 home opener against the Cleveland Browns , and the 2017 home opener against the Giants . In the 2010 season against the Green Bay Packers , on September 12 , 2010 , the Eagles wore uniforms similar to the ones that were worn by the 1960 championship team in honor the 50th anniversary of that team . In weeks 4 and 6 of the 2010 season , the Eagles wore their white jerseys in a match - up against the Washington Redskins and Atlanta Falcons respectively before reverting to their midnight green jerseys for the rest of their home games . For the 2011 season , the Eagles did not wear white for any of their home games . For the 2012 season Nike took over from Reebok as the NFL 's official apparel licensee but the Eagles decided that they would not be adopting Nike 's `` Elite 51 '' uniform technology .",
"23": "Aside from the Nike logo replacing the Reebok logo , the only other change is the league - wide revision of the NFL shield on the uniform ( replacing the NFL Equipment logo ) , other than that the uniforms essentially remain unchanged . The Eagles also revived their black alternate jersey . For the 2013 season , the Eagles started to wear white pants , as an alternate to their green pants , with their white jerseys , in the regular season . For the 2014 season the Eagles have officially adopted the `` Elite 51 '' style uniform from Nike . Recently the team has discussed bringing back the `` Kelly Green '' uniforms similar to the uniforms worn in the 1960 NFL Championship season and which were last worn in the 2010 season opener vs. Green Bay . Traditionally kelly green , silver and white had been the official team color until 1996 season when it switched to the current `` Midnight Green '' uniforms . But due to the NFL rules and restrictions having a team go through a waiting period before any major uniform changes and alterations can be made , it would most likely be quite some time before any uniform changes are officially made . In Week 6 of 2014 against the New York Giants , the team introduced black pants to complement their black jerseys , giving them a blackout uniform set , the Eagles won the game 27 -- 0 . The victory was their first shutout in 18 years . The blackout uniform was most recently worn in a Week 16 victory , 19 - 10 , against the Raiders in 2017 . The Eagles are 6 -- 3 in their blackout uniforms : winning three times against the Giants and once against each of the Minnesota Vikings , Denver Broncos , and Oakland Raiders , and losing against the Seattle Seahawks , Arizona Cardinals , and Green Bay Packers . Training camp The Eagles previously held their preseason training camp from the end of July through mid-August each year at Lehigh University in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley . With the addition of new head coach Chip Kelly , the Eagles recently moved their training camp to the NovaCare Complex in Philadelphia .",
"24": "Training camps were previously held at Chestnut Hill Academy in 1935 , Saint Joseph 's University in 1939 and 1943 , Saranac Lake from 1946 -- 1948 , Hershey from 1951 -- 1967 , Albright College from 1968 -- 1972 , Widener University from 1973 -- 1979 , and West Chester University from 1980 -- 1995 . Fight song Further information : Fly , Eagles Fly This fight song is heard during Eagles ' home games after touchdowns and before the team is introduced prior to kickoff . Fans Full house at `` The Linc '' for a playoff game in January 2011 An Eagles fan in attendance at U.S. Bank Stadium celebrates following the team 's victory at Super Bowl LII . Eagles fans celebrating along Benjamin Franklin Parkway at the Eagles victory parade Devotion Although the method may vary , studies that attempt to rank the 32 fan bases in the NFL consistently place Eagles fans among the best in the league , noting their `` unmatched fervor . '' Eagles fans have numerous dedicated web communities , ranking the Eagles just behind the Phillies as the dominant Philadelphia sports presence on the web . The American City Business Journals , which conducts a regular study to determine the most loyal fans in the NFL , evaluates fans based primarily on attendance - related factors , and ranked Eagles fans third in both 1999 and 2006 . The 2006 study called the fans `` incredibly loyal '' , noting that they filled 99.8 % of the seats in the stadium over the previous decade . Forbes placed the Eagles fans first in its 2008 survey , which was based on the correlation between team performance and fan attendance . ESPN.com placed Eagles fans fourth in the league in its 2008 survey , citing the connection between the team 's performance and the mood of the city . The last home game which was blacked out on television in the Philadelphia market as a result of not being sold out was against the Arizona Cardinals on Sunday , September 12 , 1999 , which was Andy Reid 's first home game as new head coach of the Eagles . The studies note that -- win or lose -- Eagles fans can be counted on to pack their stadium .",
"25": "As of August 2008 , the team had sold out 71 consecutive games , and 70,000 were on the team 's waiting list for season tickets . Despite finishing with a 6 -- 10 record in the 2005 season , the Eagles ranked second in the NFL in merchandise sales , and single - game tickets for the next season were sold out minutes after phone and Internet lines opened . Eagles fans have also been known to chant the famous , `` E-A-G-L-E-S -- Eagles ! ! '' at Flyers , Phillies , and 76ers games when the team is getting blown out late in a game and a loss is inevitable , signifying their displeasure with the given team 's performance , and that they are instead putting their hope into the Eagles . Bad behavior Along with their fierce devotion , Eagles fans have a reputation for bad behavior and sports - related violence , especially when the team plays its rivals . In If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? , Jereé Longman described the fans of the 700 Level of Veterans Stadium as having a reputation for `` hostile taunting , fighting , public urination and general strangeness . '' So many incidents occurred at a 1997 game against the 49ers that at the following home game , Judge Seamus McCaffery began presiding over a temporary courtroom at the stadium ; 20 suspects came before him that day . Fan behavior improved after the team 's move to Lincoln Financial Field , and `` Eagles Court '' ended in December 2003 . Eagles Cheerleaders Eagles Cheerleaders doing a routine in 2008 . Main article : Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders The team also has its own cheerleading squad , which performs a variety of dance moves for the fans and the Eagles on the sideline . The squad also releases a swimsuit calendar each year , and is the first squad in the league to release the calendar on the Android and iOS mobile systems .",
"26": "Current roster Philadelphia Eagles roster view talk Quarterbacks 9 Nick Foles 7 Nate Sudfeld 11 Carson Wentz Running backs 26 Jay Ajayi 30 Corey Clement 34 Donnel Pumphrey 28 Wendell Smallwood Wide receivers 13 Nelson Agholor 19 Rashard Davis 18 Shelton Gibson 10 Mack Hollins 17 Alshon Jeffery 16 Bryce Treggs 14 Mike Wallace 89 Greg Ward Jr . -- Dom Williams -- Marquess Wilson Tight ends 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz -- Joshua Perkins -- Richard Rodgers -- Adam Zaruba Offensive linemen 79 Brandon Brooks G 78 Darrell Greene G -- Taylor Hart T 65 Lane Johnson T 62 Jason Kelce C 71 Jason Peters T 73 Isaac Seumalo G -- Jon Toth C 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai T 67 Chance Warmack G 61 Stefen Wisniewski G Defensive linemen 96 Derek Barnett DE 77 Michael Bennett DE 91 Fletcher Cox DT -- Winston Craig DT 55 Brandon Graham DE 93 Timmy Jernigan DT 56 Chris Long DE 51 Steven Means DE 94 Haloti Ngata DT 98 Elijah Qualls DT -- Aziz Shittu DT 97 Destiny Vaeao DT Linebackers 53 Nigel Bradham OLB 47 Nathan Gerry OLB 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill OLB 58 Jordan Hicks MLB 95 Mychal Kendricks OLB -- Corey Nelson OLB 59 Joe Walker MLB -- Paul Worrilow OLB Defensive backs -- De'Vante Bausby CB -- Elie Bouka CB 21 Ronald Darby CB 32 Rasul Douglas CB -- Randall Goforth CB 27 Malcolm Jenkins SS 22 Sidney Jones CB 35 D.J.",
"27": "Killings CB 23 Rodney McLeod FS 42 Chris Maragos FS 31 Jalen Mills CB 49 Tre Sullivan S Special teams 4 Jake Elliott K -- Cameron Johnston P 45 Rick Lovato LS Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated April 16 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 68 Active , Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles players Awards and honors Retired numbers Philadelphia Eagles retired numbers No . Player Position Years played 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1953 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff RB , WR , TE 1956 -- 1966 60 Chuck Bednarik LB , C 1949 -- 1962 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 Notes : Posthumous honors . Despite not being retired , no one has worn Randall Cunningham 's No. 12 since he left the Eagles . Pro Football Hall of Famers Eagles legend Steve Van Buren Main article : List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Eagles in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No .",
"28": "Name Positions Seasons Inducted 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 1967 33 Ollie Matson RB 1964 -- 1966 1972 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1998 80 Cris Carter WR 1987 -- 1989 2013 85 James Arthur `` Art '' Monk WR 1995 2008 95 Richard Dent DE 1997 2011 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 1970 89 Mike Ditka TE 1967 -- 1968 1988 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 1981 86 Bud Grant WR -- DE 1951 -- 1952 1994 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 1971 56 Bill Hewitt End - FB 1937 -- 1939 ,",
"29": "1943 1971 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 1965 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1979 -- 1981 2014 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2006 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1968 80 James Lofton WR 1993 2003 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 - 2008 2018 Coaches and Executives Name Positions Seasons Inducted Bert Bell Owner / Founder 1933 -- 1940 1963 Wayne Millner Assistant Coach 1951 1968 Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 1969 Mike McCormack Head Coach 1973 -- 1975 1984 Eagles Hall of Fame See also : Category : American football museums and halls of fame . In 1987 , the Eagles Honor Roll was established . Every Eagles player who had by then been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame was among the inaugural induction class . By 2012 , the Honor Roll had been retitled as the Eagles Hall of Fame . Players are considered for induction three years after their retirement from the NFL , and there have been 41 inductees into the Eagles Hall of Fame as of 2015 . Eagles Hall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 -- Bert Bell Founder - Owner 1933 -- 1940 17 Harold Carmichael WR 1971 -- 1983 56 Bill Hewitt TE -- DE 1936 -- 1939 , 1943 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 33 Ollie Matson RB",
"30": "1964 -- 1966 31 Wilbert Montgomery RB 1977 -- 1984 -- Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1988 66 Bill Bergey LB 1974 -- 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1989 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1954 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff TE 1956 -- 1966 1990 22 Timmy Brown RB 1960 -- 1967 1991 76 Jerry Sisemore OT 1973 -- 1987 75 Stan Walters OT 1975 -- 1983 1992 7 Ron Jaworski QB 1977 -- 1986 1993 28 Bill Bradley S -- P 1969 -- 1976 1994 -- Dick Vermeil Head Coach 1976 -- 1982 1995 -- Jim Gallagher Team Executive 1949 -- 1995 82 Mike Quick WR 1982 --",
"31": "1990 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 1999 -- Otho Davis Head Trainer 1973 -- 1995 1948 NFL Championship team 1949 NFL Championship team 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 2005 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2009 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 12 Randall Cunningham QB -- P 1985 -- 1995 2011 21 Eric Allen CB 1988 -- 1994 -- Jim Johnson Defensive Coordinator 1999 -- 2008 2012 -- Leo Carlin Ticket Manager 1960 -- 2015 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 23 Troy Vincent CB 1996 -- 2003 2013 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 2015 36 Brian Westbrook RB 2002 -- 2009 55 Maxie Baughan LB 1960 -- 1965 2016 54 Jeremiah Trotter LB 1998 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 ,",
"32": "2009 - Merrill Reese Radio Play by Play 1977 -- Present 2017 David Akers 1999 - 2010 75th anniversary team Philadelphia Eagles 75th Anniversary Team ( 2007 ) Offense McNabb ( QB ) Van Buren ( RB ) Byars ( FB ) Carmichael ( WR ) McDonald ( WR ) Pihos ( TE ) Thomas ( LT ) Key ( LG ) Bednarik ( C ) Andrews ( RG ) Runyan ( RT ) Defense Simmons ( DE ) White ( DE ) J. Brown ( DT ) Johnson ( DT ) Bednarik ( MLB ) Joyner ( OLB ) Wojciechowicz ( OLB ) Allen ( CB ) Vincent ( CB ) Waters ( SS ) Dawkins ( FS ) Special teams T. Brown ( KR ) Westbrook ( PR ) Akers ( PK ) Landeta ( P ) Papale ( ST ) Coach Andy Reid John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) See footnote Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame See : Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame # Football Franchise records Source : pro-football-reference.com Eagles Franchise Page Passing Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Completions 2801 Donovan McNabb 379 Carson Wentz 2016 37 Mark Sanchez 2014 - 12 - 20 @ WAS Sam Bradford 2015 - 12 - 26 WAS 341 Donovan McNabb 73 Donovan McNabb 2008 30 Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 379 Carson Wentz 2016 36 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Pass Attempts 4746 Donovan McNabb 607 Carson Wentz 2016 62 Randall Cunningham 1989 - 10 - 02 @ CHI Nick Foles",
"33": "2014 - 10 - 26 @ ARI 577 Donovan McNabb 121 Donovan McNabb 2008 54 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 607 Carson Wentz 2016 60 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Passing Yards 32873 Donovan McNabb 3916 Donovan McNabb 2008 464 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 12 - 05 GNB 3752 Donovan McNabb 892 Donovan McNabb 2008 407 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 3782 Carson Wentz 2016 381 Nick Foles 2012 - 12 - 09 @ TAM Passing TDs 216 Donovan McNabb 33 Carson Wentz 2017 7 Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 24 Donovan McNabb 7 Donovan McNabb Ron Jaworski 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI / > Nick Foles 2018 - 01 - 21 MIN 2018 - 02 - 04 NNWE 16 Carson Wentz 2016 Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Donovan McNabb 2000 - 01 - 02 STL Intercepted 151 Ron Jaworski 26 Sonny Jurgensen 1962 6 Bobby Thomason 1956 - 10 - 21 CRD Pete Liske 1971 - 09 - 26 DAL 17 Donovan McNabb 7 Ron Jaworski 1980 Ron Jaworski 1981 - 01 - 25 NOAK Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 18 CAR 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 17 Davey",
"34": "O'Brien 1939 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 15 RAM Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 18 @ GNB Brad Goebel 1991 - 10 - 13 NOR Passer Rating 94.2 + Nick Foles 119.2 # Nick Foles 2013 158.3 * Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 23 DET Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 83.6 # Jeff Garcia 132.4 * Rodney Peete 1995 143.3 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 79.3 # Carson Wentz 2016 131.7 * Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Sacked 422 Randall Cunningham 72 Randall Cunningham 1986 12 Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 30 @ NYG 48 Donovan McNabb 12 Donovan McNabb 2003 8 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 11 GNB 38 John Reaves 1972 7 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 29 NYG Yds / Pass Att 8.71 + Sonny Jurgensen 9.12 # Nick Foles 2013 16.29 * Sonny Jurgensen 1962 - 11 - 25 DAL 6.5 # Donovan McNabb Randall Cunningham 10.2 * Norm Van Brocklin 1960 10.8 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 6.73 # John Reaves 1972 12.47 * Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 22 @ WAS Pass Yds / Game 266.1 + Sam Bradford 278.6 # Donovan McNabb 2005 - 234.5 # Donovan McNabb 407 * Randall Cunningham 1988 - 242.7 # Nick Foles 2012 - + = min . 500 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , ∗ = minimum 15 attempts ,",
"35": "Rushing Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Rush Attempts 1465 Wilbert Montgomery 353 Ricky Watters 35 Heath Sherman 1990 - 11 - 12 WAS 141 Wilbert Montgomery 68 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 26 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 182 Po James 1972 28 Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 09 WAS Rush Yards 6792 LeSean McCoy 1607 LeSean McCoy 2013 217 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 12 - 08 DET 591 Brian Westbrook 312 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 194 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 637 LeSean McCoy 2009 178 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rush Yds / Att 6.62 Randall Cunningham 7.98 Randall Cunningham 1990 11.63 Timmy Brown 1965 - 11 - 07 @ CLE 5.86 Donovan McNabb 7.79 Brian Westbrook 2006 7.46 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 4.9 Bryce Brown 2012 9.",
"36": "37 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rushing TDs 69 Steve Van Buren 17 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS 1982 - 12 - 19 HOU LeSean McCoy 2010 - 09 - 19 @ DET 6 Wilbert Montgomery Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Brian Westbrook 2006 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 12 - 27 NYG Ken Keller 1956 LeSean McCoy 2009 Bryce Brown 2012 Wilbert Montgomery 1977 - 12 - 18 NYJ James Joseph 1991 - 11 - 04 NYG Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 02 @ SFO Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR 2012 - 12 - 02 @ DAL Rush Yds / Game 79 Ricky Watters 100.4 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 74 Wilbert Montgomery 128.5 Brian Westbrook 2006 - 70.1 Mike Hogan 1976 - ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , + = min . 500 attempts Receiving Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Receptions 589 Harold Carmichael 90 Brian Westbrook 2007 13 Jeremy Maclin 2011 - 09 - 18 @ ATL Zach Ertz 2017 - 01 - 01 DAL 38 Chad Lewis 19 Brent Celek 2008 10 Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 81 Keith Jackson 1988 11 Junior Tautalatasi 1986 - 11 - 09 NYG Receiving Yds 8,",
"37": "978 Harold Carmichael 1409 Mike Quick 237 Tommy McDonald 1961 - 12 - 10 NYG 465 Harold Carmichael 211 Kevin Curtis 2008 146 Jeremy Maclin 2010 - 01 - 09 @ DAL 912 DeSean Jackson 2008 177 Hank Baskett 2006 - 12 - 31 ATL Yds / Rec 19.16 + Tommy McDonald 21.44 # Ben Hawkins 1967 52.5 * DeSean Jackson 2010 - 12 - 12 @ DAL 16.03 # Harold Carmichael 23.5 * Donte ' Stallworth 2006 30.5 * Kevin Curtis 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 21.09 # Hank Baskett 2006 28.5 * Fred Barnett 1990 - 10 - 15 MIN Receiving TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 14 Terrell Owens Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT 6 Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Brent Celek 2008 Harold Carmichael 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Fred Barnett 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Chad Lewis 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 9 Calvin Williams 1990 ( 9 times ) Rec Yds / Game 70.3 + DeSean Jackson 90.4 # Ben Hawkins 1967 - 66.4 # Harold Carmichael 146 * Jeremy Maclin 2009 - 64.3 # Don Looney 1940 - ∗ = minimum 4 receptions , # = min . 20 receptions , + = min .",
"38": "200 receptions Other Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Total TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 20 LeSean McCoy 2011 Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT Wilbert Montgomery 1978 - 09 - 10 @ WAS 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS Brian Westbrook 2008 - 11 - 27 ARI 6 Brian Westbrook Wilbert Montgomery Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Duce Staley 2001 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brent Celek 2008 ( 8 times ) 9 Calvin Williams 1990 Corey Clement 2017 - 11 - 05 DEN Yds from Scrimmage 9,785 Brian Westbrook 2146 LeSean McCoy 2013 249 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 925 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 878 Charle Young 1973 189 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR All Purpose Yds 12,049 Timmy Brown 2428 Timmy Brown 1963 341 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 953 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 940 Steve Van Buren 1944 231 Kevin Bowman 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Returning Statistic Regular season Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Kick Returns 169 Timmy Brown 54 Allen Rossum 1999 8 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI Allen Rossum 1999 - 11 - 21 IND Quintin Demps 2008 - 11 - 09 NYG 22 Brian Mitchell 11 Brian Mitchell 2001 6 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Kick Ret Yds 4,",
"39": "483 Timmy Brown 1347 Allen Rossum 1999 253 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI 522 Brian Mitchell 239 Brian Mitchell 2001 128 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Yds / KR 27.74 Josh Huff 33.25 Steve Van Buren 1944 61 Jake Elliott 2017 - 09 - 24 25.29 J.R. Reed 26.8 Brian Mitchell 2002 31.25 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Kick Ret TDs 5 Timmy Brown Timmy Brown 1966 Derrick Witherspoon Timmy Brown 1966 - 11 - 06 DAL 0 Punt Returns 148 Wally Henry 54 Wally Henry 1981 9 Larry Marshall 1977 - 09 - 18 TAM 16 Brian Mitchell 8 Wally Henry 1979 John Sciarra 1980 6 John Sciarra 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL Punt Ret Yds 1369 Brian Mitchell 567 Brian Mitchell 2002 140 Alvin Haymond 1968 - 10 - 06 @ WAS 174 DeSean Jackson 122 DeSean Jackson 2008 109 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Yds / PR 14.71 Ernie Steele 20.44 Ernie Steele 1942 33 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 11 - 25 @ SFO 15.82 DeSean Jackson 17.43 DeSean Jackson 2008 21.8 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Punt Ret TDs DeSean Jackson Darren Sproles Brian Westbrook 2003 DeSean Jackson 2009 Darren Sproles 2014 , 2015 ( 8 times ) 0 Total Return Yds 4,",
"40": "997 Timmy Brown 1729 Brian Mitchell 2002 234 Vai Sikahema 1992 - 11 - 22 @ NYG 657 Brian Mitchell 296 Brian Mitchell 2001 159 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Defense Statistic Regular season Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Interceptions 34 Bill Bradley Brian Dawkins Eric Allen 11 Bill Bradley 1971 Don Burroughs 1961 - 12 - 03 @ PIT Nate Ramsey 1965 - 11 - 28 @ STL Jim Nettles 1965 - 12 - 12 @ PIT Joe Scarpati 1966 - 10 - 23 @ NYG 5 Herm Edwards Roynell Young 1980 Damon Moore 2001 Herm Edwards 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Roynell Young 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Eric Allen 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret Yds 536 Bill Bradley 248 Bill Bradley 1971 114 Frank LeMaster 1975 - 12 - 21 @ WAS 77 Damon Moore 77 Damon Moore 2001 59 Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret TDs 5 Eric Allen Eric Allen 1993 Eric Allen 1993 - 12 - 26 NOR ( 6 times ) Sacks ( since 1982 ) 124 Reggie White 21 Reggie White 4.",
"41": "5 Clyde Simmons 1991 - 09 - 15 @ DAL Hugh Douglas 1998 - 10 - 18 @ SDG Derrick Burgess Hugh Douglas Carl Hairston Reggie White Carl Hairston 1980 Derrick Burgess Carl Hairston 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Hugh Douglas 2000 - 12 - 31 TAM Derrick Burgess 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Darwin Walker 2007 - 01 - 13 @ NOR Exceptional performances Statistic Career Season Playoff Games Rookie Games 300 + yard passing games 30 Donovan McNabb 6 Donovan McNabb Donovan McNabb Carson Wentz 2016 100 + yard rushing games 26 Wilbert Montgomery 8 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brian Westbrook Don Johnson 1953 Mike Hogan 1976 Charlie Garner 1994 Bryce Brown 2012 100 + yard receiving games 23 Pete Retzlaff 8 Terrell Owens Fred Barnett Keith Jackson Charle Young 1973 Games with 1 + TD scored 69 Harold Carmichael 13 LeSean McCoy 2011 5 Harold Carmichael Duce Staley Brian Westbrook 9 Calvin Williams 1990 Games with 2 + TD scored 18 Brian Westbrook 6 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery Bryce Brown 2012 Jordan Matthews 2014 Games with 3 + TD scored 7 Brian Westbrook Pete Retzlaff 1965 Wilbert Montgomery 1982 Terrell Owens Brian Westbrook 2007 ,",
"42": "2008 - - Coaches of note Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles head coaches Current staff Philadelphia Eagles staff Front Office Chairman / CEO -- Jeffrey Lurie President -- Don Smolenski Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Howie Roseman Senior Football Advisor -- Tom Donahoe Vice President of Player Personnel -- Joe Douglas Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Andy Weidl Vice President of Football Operations and Strategy -- Alec Halaby Senior Director of College Scouting -- Anthony Patch Director of College Scouting -- Ian Cunningham Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Mike Bradway Director of Pro Scouting -- Dwayne Joseph Assistant Director of Pro Scouting -- Brandon Brown Director of Football Administration -- Jake Rosenberg Football Operations Executive -- Brian Dawkins Player Personnel Executive -- T.J. McCreight Player Personnel Executive College / Pro -- Trey Brown Assistant Director of Football Analytics -- Taylor Rajack Head Coaches Head Coach -- Doug Pederson Assistant Head Coach / Running Backs -- Duce Staley Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Mike Groh Quarterbacks -- Press Taylor Wide Receivers -- Gunter Brewer Assistant Wide Receivers - Carson Walch Tight Ends -- Justin Peelle Offensive Line / Run Game Coordinator -- Jeff Stoutland Assistant Offensive Line / Tight Ends / Run Game -- Eugene Chung Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Quarterbacks -- Spencer Phillips Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Running Backs - Trent Miles Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Offensive Line -- T.J.",
"43": "Paganetti Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Jim Schwartz Defensive Line -- Chris Wilson Linebackers -- Ken Flajole Secondary -- Cory Undlin Safeties -- Tim Hauck Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Defensive Line -- Phillip Daniels Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Linebackers - Ryan Paganetti Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Secondary -- Dino Vasso Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Dave Fipp Assistant Special Teams -- Matthew Harper Strength and Conditioning Head Strength Coach -- Josh Hingst Assistant Strength Coach -- Keith Gray Perfomance Nutrition Coordinator / Assistant Strength Coach - Michael Minnis Strength Assistant -- Ben Wagner Director of High Performance -- Shaun Huls → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles broadcasters Eagles Radio affiliates Map of radio affiliates .",
"44": "City Call Sign Frenquency Atlantic City , New Jersey WPGG 1450 AM Easton , Pennsylvania WCTO 96.1 FM Levittown , Pennsylvania WBCB 1490 AM Milford , Delaware WAFL 97.7 FM Millville , New Jersey WENJ 97.3 FM Philadelphia WTEL 610 AM WIP - FM 94.1 FM Pottsville , Pennsylvania WPPA 1360 AM Reading , Pennsylvania WEEU 830 AM Scranton , Pennsylvania WEJL 630 AM Sunbury , Pennsylvania WEGH 107.3 FM Williamsport , Pennsylvania WBZD - FM 93.3 FM Wilmington , Delaware WDEL 1150 AM York , Pennsylvania WSOX 96.1 FM From 2008 through 2010 , Eagles games were broadcast on both rock - formatted WYSP and sports - talk Sports Radio 610 WIP , as both stations are owned and operated by CBS Radio . In 2011 , CBS dropped the music on WYSP , renaming it WIP - FM and making it a full simulcast of WIP . Later , 610 AM became a CBS Sports Radio national broadcast , and 94 WIP was broadcast on WIP FM . The Eagles extended their broadcasting contract with WIP - FM through 2024 . Merrill Reese , who joined the Eagles in 1976 , is the play - by - play announcer , and former Eagles wide receiver Mike Quick , who replaced the offense lineman Stan Walters beginning in 1998 , is the color analyst . The post game show , which has consisted of many Philadelphia sports personalities , as of the 2014 season is hosted by Kevin Riley , a former Eagles linebacker and special - teamer , and Rob Ellis . Riley was the former post-game host for the show on 94 WYSP before the WIP change over ; Rob Ellis hosts a weekly show nightly from 6 -- 10 on 94.1 WIP - FM . No announcement was made prior to the start of preseason regarding who would be the host ( s ) for 2015 .",
"45": "In 2015 , the preseason games are being televised on WCAU , the local NBC owned and operated station . Television announcers for these preseason games were not announced prior to the start of preseason . During the regular season , games are governed by the NFL 's master broadcasting contract with FOX , CBS , NBC , and ESPN . Most games can be seen on FOX - owned WTXF - TV . When hosting an AFC team , those games can be seen on CBS - owned KYW - TV . Media and cultural reference In the book MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors , the character Captain Oliver Wendell `` Spearchucker '' Jones fictionally played for the Philadelphia Eagles , though in the movie this was changed to San Francisco . The 1976 draw was the subject of the movie Invincible . The movie stars Mark Wahlberg as Vince Papale , a 30 - year - old bartender and part - time school teacher , and also a diehard Eagles fan who became an Eagles player . The film differs slightly from true events as the selection process was invitation only , and Papale had at least some previous playing experience . The film Silver Linings Playbook highlights the 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season . The film was critically acclaimed and nominated for several awards including 8 Academy Awards . In the 1978 Academy Award - winning movie The Deer Hunter , the Eagles are referenced when Nick talks to Stan in the bar , saying : `` Hey , I got a hundred bucks says the Eagles never cross the fifty in the next half and Oakland wins by 20 ! '' Stan responds ; `` And I got an extra twenty says the Eagles ' quarterback wears a dress ! '' The award - winning comedy series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia starring Danny DeVito makes several references to the Philadelphia Eagles , most notably Season 3 , Episode 2 -- `` The Gang Gets Invincible , '' the title being a reference to the Wahlberg film . See also Philadelphia portal Sports portal South Philadelphia Sports Complex Sports in Philadelphia The Michael Vick Project Forbes ' list of the most valuable sports teams Notes and references Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Information '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Philadelphia Eagles Training Camp Media Guide . Philadelphia Eagles .",
"46": "September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 NFL Rivalries Of All Time : No. 4 Giants - Eagles '' . Sports Illustrated . December 15 , 2005 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chadiha , Jeffri ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Ranking the NFL 's best rivalries : Where does Colts - Pats fit ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Dave ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` After 8 Straight Losses , Steelers Looking For Philadelphia Freedom Sunday Against Eagles '' . SteelersDepot.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , Ashley ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` Fans always have Eagles ' back '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kevin ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Game Changer : NFL Scrambles to Fill Seats '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Howard ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` NFL Players Poll : Most Intimidating Fans '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , 2010 pg. 81 ^ Jump up to : Lyons , 2010 pg. 82 Jump up ^ Kuklick , Bruce ( 1993 ) . To Every Thing a Season : Shibe Park and Urban Philadelphia , 1909 -- 1976 . Princeton University Press . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02104 - X . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : See : History of the Pittsburgh Steelers # 1940 -- 41 : A new name and a `` new '' team .",
"47": "^ Jump up to : Didinger , Ray ; Robert S. Lyons ( 2005 ) . The Eagles Encyclopedia . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 449 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Year - by - Year History '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 29 , 2006 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Birds ' Biggest Rival -- In a division of fierce foes , the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Eagles -- Giants among top rivalries '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D6 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles search ends with Vermeil '' . St Petersburg Times . February 9 , 1976 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams No. 11 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Forbes.com . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heath , John . `` Denver 's Brian Dawkins : An Ageless Wolverine '' . BroncoTalk . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Gelston ( Oct 26 , 2008 ) . `` Westbrook Helps Eagles Soar Above Falcons , Win 500th Game '' . NBC 10 Philadelphia . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vick , Eagles agree to 2 - year deal '' . ESPN.com . August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles sign Reid through 2013 '' . ESPN.com . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maese , Rick ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Washington Redskins acquire quarterback Donovan McNabb from Philadelphia Eagles '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 .",
"48": "Jump up ^ `` Eagles fire Reid '' . USA Today . Philadelphia . December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles hire Chip Kelly as coach '' . ESPN.com . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sports . Rocky Mount Telegram . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eagles Acquire LB Alonso For RB McCoy '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Indianapolis Colts to sign Trent Cole '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Rams trading Sam Bradford to Eagles for Nick Foles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : RB Murray Signs With Eagles '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CB Byron Maxwell joins Eagles via FA '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Release Head Coach Chip Kelly '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duce Staley interviews for Philadelphia Eagles ' vacant coaching job . Espn.go.com ( January 2 , 2016 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Philadelphia Eagles hire Doug Pederson as coach '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Name Doug Pederson Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Eagles . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reimer , Alex ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Carson Wentz will start for Eagles '' . sbnation.com .",
"49": "Jump up ^ Pennington , Tom ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Eagles Should Be Better Than 4 - 4 '' . fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Eagles Media Guide Archived February 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Legacy.philadelphiaeagles.com . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zach ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` What 's in a number ? Eagles tell their stories : Some are chosen , some are random '' . Philadelphia Media Network ( Digital ) , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . See also : National Football League uniform numbers . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Unveil 75th Anniversary Plans '' . Philadelphia Eagles. April 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Announce Plans to Honor 1960 Title Team '' . Csnphilly.com . May 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Training Camp , '' . Philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eagles move training camp from Lehigh . Foxnews.com ( March 15 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Reuben ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles to keep training camp at Lehigh in 2013 '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` In Depth : America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Phillies Pass Eagles In Google Ranking .",
"50": "myfoxphilly.com ( July 2 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Loyalty : Methodology '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ George , John ( February 5 , 1999 ) . `` Proven : Eagles ' fans are fanatics '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Philadelphia ; Pennsylvania . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Full fan loyalty rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Support Rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans : Methodology '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to Steelers barely '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zack ( June 14 , 2006 ) . `` Single Game Tickets Sold Out ! '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave ( October 29 , 2002 ) . `` To Eagles , Shockey Is Public Enemy No. 1 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 .",
"51": "Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 2006 ) . If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084373 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Court at Eagles ' games is out of session Sunday '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 6 , 2003 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders -- Swimsuit Calendar '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Cheerleaders Swimsuit -- Android - apps op Google Play '' . Play.google.com . November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Didinger , Ray ( July 21 , 2012 ) . `` Ray 's QB Notes 4 : Randall 's No. 12 retired ? '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , David ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Leo Carlin , Troy Vincent headed to Eagles Hall of Fame '' . pressofatlanticcity.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Hall of Fame Inductees '' ( PDF ) . philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ And The Winners Were ... See all the John Wanamaker Athletic Award - recipients since 1961 Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . webpage . Philadelphia Sports Congress website ( Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsradio WIP - Entercom Communications CEO David Field '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 .",
"52": "Jump up ^ Invincible on IMDb Jump up ^ Cimino , Michael . `` The Deer Hunter Final Screenplay '' ( PDF ) . drexel.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Savage , Fred ( 13 September 2007 ) . `` The Gang Gets Invincible '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Sources Lyons , Robert S. ( 2010 ) . On Any Given Sunday : A Life of Bert Bell . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 731 - 2 . OCLC 607553558 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philadelphia Eagles . Official website Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . Dan Baker Cheerleaders Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles `` Happy Hundred '' Miracle at the Meadowlands Buddy Ball Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Washington Redskins Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 13 ) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2006 2013 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1960",
"53": "1980 2017 League championships ( 4 ) 1948 1949 1960 2017 ( LII ) Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WTEL WIP - FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000",
"54": "2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history",
"55": "Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Sports teams based in Pennsylvania Baseball MLB Philadelphia Phillies Pittsburgh Pirates IL Lehigh Valley IronPigs Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders EL Altoona Curve Erie SeaWolves Harrisburg Senators Reading Fightin Phils NYPL State College Spikes Williamsport Crosscutters ALPB Lancaster Barnstormers York Revolution FL Washington Wild Things Basketball NBA Philadelphia 76ers G League Erie BayHawks Cricket Lehigh Valley Cricket Club Philadelphia Cricket Club Football NFL Philadelphia Eagles Pittsburgh Steelers AFL",
"56": "Philadelphia Soul NAL Lehigh Valley Steelhawks WFA Keystone Assault Philadelphia Phantomz Pittsburgh Passion IWFL Philadelphia Firebirds WSFL Erie Illusion Hockey NHL Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins AHL Hershey Bears Lehigh Valley Phantoms Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins ECHL Reading Royals OHL Erie Otters NAHL Johnstown Tomahawks Philadelphia Rebels Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Knights EHL Central Penn Panthers Philadelphia Little Flyers Philadelphia Junior Flyers Philadelphia Revolution NA3HL Pittsburgh Vengeance Inline hockey PIHA Harrisburg Lunatics Pennsylvania Typhoon AIHL Delco Demons Philadelphia Liberty Pittsburgh Bandits Pottstown Team Blue Scottdale Inferno Lacrosse NLL Philadelphia Wings Roller derby WFTDA Black Rose Rollers Brandywine Roller Derby Dutchland Rollers Harrisburg Area Roller Derby Lehigh Valley Rollergirls Philly Roller Derby Steel City Roller Derby Penn Jersey Roller Derby MRDA Penn Jersey Roller Derby RDCL Penn Jersey Roller Derby Rugby league USARL Bucks County Sharks Philadelphia Fight Pittsburgh Sledgehammers Soccer MLS Philadelphia Union USL Bethlehem Steel FC Penn FC Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC NPSL Buxmont Torch FC Electric City Shock SC Erie Commodores FC Fort Pitt Regiment Hershey FC Junior Lone Star FC West Chester United SC PDL Lehigh Valley United Reading United AC ASL AFC Lancaster Lions Philadelphia Fury WPSL Lancaster Torch FC FC Bucks Hershey FC Steel",
"57": "City FC UWS Lancaster Inferno Indoor soccer MASL Harrisburg Heat Softball NPF Pennsylvania Rebellion Tennis WTT Philadelphia Freedoms Ultimate AUDL Philadelphia Phoenix Pittsburgh Thunderbirds Sports in Pennsylvania Sports teams based in and around Philadelphia Baseball MLB Philadelphia Phillies IL Lehigh Valley IronPigs EL Reading Fightin Phils Trenton Thunder CL Wilmington Blue Rocks Basketball NBA Philadelphia 76ers G League Delaware Blue Coats Football NFL Philadelphia Eagles AFL Philadelphia Soul NAL Lehigh Valley Steelhawks WFA Philadelphia Phantomz IWFL Philadelphia Firebirds Hockey NHL Philadelphia Flyers AHL Lehigh Valley Phantoms ECHL Reading Royals NAHL Philadelphia Rebels EHL Philadelphia Little Flyers Philadelphia Junior Flyers Philadelphia Revolution Rugby league USARL Bucks County Sharks Delaware Black Foxes Philadelphia Fight Roller derby WFTDA Diamond State Roller Girls Philly Roller Derby Soccer MLS Philadelphia Union USL Bethlehem Steel FC NPSL Junior Lone Star FC PDL Lehigh Valley United Sonic Reading United A.C. ASL Philadelphia Fury Tennis WTT Philadelphia Freedoms Lacrosse NLL Philadelphia Wings College athletics ( NCAA Div .",
"58": "I ) Drexel University Dragons La Salle University Explorers Saint Joseph 's University Hawks Temple University Owls University of Pennsylvania Quakers Villanova University Wildcats Lafayette College Leopards Lehigh University Mountain Hawks Rider University Broncs University of Delaware Blue Hens Princeton University Tigers See also : Philadelphia Big 5 and City 6 College athletics ( NCAA Div. II ) Philadelphia University Rams University of the Sciences Devils West Chester University Golden Rams Wilmington University Wildcats Currently defunct teams Further information : Template : Defunct Philadelphia sports teams Main article : Sports in Philadelphia City of Philadelphia Nickname ( s ) : City of Brotherly Love Topics History Timeline Accent Architecture Bibliography Companies Cuisine Culture Demographics Economy Education Media Music Notable people Sites of interest Historic Landmarks Skyscrapers Transit Government City Hall Mayors City Council District Attorney Airport Fire Department Free Library Police Department School district Sister cities Federal : U.S. Mint U.S. District Court for the Eastern Dist. of Pa . U.S.",
"59": "Court of Appeals for the 3rd Circuit Neighborhoods Center City North Philadelphia Lower North Upper North Northwest Northeast Philadelphia South Philadelphia Southwest Philadelphia West Philadelphia Museums Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University African American Museum in Philadelphia American Philosophical Society American Swedish Historical Museum Athenaeum of Philadelphia Barnes Foundation Bartram 's Garden Belmont Mansion Betsy Ross House Civil War Museum Cliveden Eastern State Penitentiary Ebenezer Maxwell Mansion Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site Elfreth 's Alley Fabric Workshop and Museum Fairmount Water Works Fort Mifflin Franklin Institute Germantown White House Glen Foerd on the Delaware Grand Army of the Republic Civil War Museum and Library Grumblethorpe Hill - Physick - Keith House Historic Strawberry Mansion Historical Society of Frankford Historical Society of Pennsylvania Independence National Historical Park Independence Seaport Museum Insectarium Institute of Contemporary Art John Johnson House John Ruan House La Salle University Art Museum Lemon Hill Marian Anderson Residence Museum Masonic Temple , Library ,",
"60": "and Museum Museum of the American Revolution Mütter Museum National Constitution Center National Liberty Museum National Museum of American Jewish History Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Philadelphia History Museum Philadelphia Museum of Art Philadelphia 's Magic Gardens Please Touch Museum Powel House RittenhouseTown Rodin Museum Rosenbach Museum and Library Ryerss Museum and Library Science History Institute Shofuso Japanese House and Garden Stenton Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Wagner Free Institute of Science Woodmere Art Museum Wyck House Sports 76ers Eagles Flyers Phillies Soul Union Squares Centre Franklin Logan Rittenhouse Washington Wards 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Related articles Delaware Valley Independence Hall Liberty Bell Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"61": "php?title=Philadelphia_Eagles&oldid=837324291 '' Categories : Philadelphia Eagles National Football League teams Culture of Philadelphia Steagles Sports in Philadelphia Sports clubs established in 1933 1933 establishments in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from August 2016 Use American English from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 03 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"typically given in the evening, after 9pm ET (UTC-5)",
"after 9pm ET"
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"0": "State of the Union - wikipedia State of the Union This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` States of the Union '' redirects here . For other uses , see State of the Union ( disambiguation ) . For the most recent State of the Union address , see 2018 State of the Union Address . The State of the Union Address is an annual message presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress , except in the first year of a new president 's term . The message includes a budget message and an economic report of the nation , and also allows the President to outline their legislative agenda ( for which the cooperation of Congress is needed ) and national priorities . The address fulfills rules in Article II , Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution , requiring the President to periodically `` give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union , and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient . '' During most of the country 's first century , the President primarily only submitted a written report to Congress . After 1913 , Woodrow Wilson , the 28th U.S. President , began the regular practice of delivering the address to Congress in person as a way to rally support for his agenda . With the advent of radio and television , the address is now broadcast live across the country on many networks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ceremony 2 History 3 Delivery of the speech 3.1 Invitations 3.2 Protocol of entry into House chamber 3.3 Designated survivor and other logistics 4 Opposition response 5 Significance 6 Local versions 7 Historic speeches 8 TV ratings 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Ceremony ( edit ) The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States : He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient . -- Article II , Section 3 of the U.S.",
"1": "Constitution Although the language of this State of the Union Clause of the Constitution is not specific , since the 1930s , the President makes this report annually in late January or early February . Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3 , and as late as February 12 . While not required to deliver a speech , every president since Woodrow Wilson , with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover , has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress . Before that time , most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report . Since Franklin Roosevelt , the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol . Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term , but this speech is not officially considered to be a `` State of the Union '' . What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States . Since the advent of radio , and then television , the speech has been broadcast live on most networks , preempting scheduled programming . To reach the largest audience , the speech , once given during the day , is now typically given in the evening , after 9pm ET ( UTC - 5 ) . History ( edit ) George Washington 's handwritten notes for the first State of the Union Address , January 8 , 1790 . Full 7 pages . George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8 , 1790 , in New York City , then the provisional U.S. capital . In 1801 , Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person , regarding it as too monarchical ( similar to the Speech from the Throne ) . Instead , the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy . However , there have been exceptions to this rule . Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century have sent written State of the Union addresses . The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981 , after his defeat by Ronald Reagan and days before his term ended .",
"2": "For many years , the speech was referred to as `` the President 's Annual Message to Congress '' . The actual term `` State of the Union '' first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase , becoming its generally accepted name since 1947 . Franklin Delano Roosevelt State of the Union ( Four Freedoms ) ( January 6 , 1941 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's January 6 , 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms ( starting at 32 : 02 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Prior to 1934 , the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year , in December . The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23 , 1933 , changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January , affecting the delivery of the annual message . Since 1934 , the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February . The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term . In years when a new president is inaugurated , the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message , but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981 . In 1953 and 1961 , Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president . Since 1989 , in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year , newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a `` State of the Union '' message . In 1936 , President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night . Only once before -- when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I -- had a sitting president addressed Congress at night . The text of the first page of Ronald Reagan 's first State of the Union Address , given January 26 , 1982 Warren Harding 's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio , albeit to a limited audience , while Calvin Coolidge 's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation .",
"3": "Harry S. Truman 's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television . Lyndon B. Johnson 's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening . Three years later , in 1968 , television networks in the United States , for the first time , imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address . Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson , this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by , among others , Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman . Ronald Reagan 's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed . He had planned to deliver it on January 28 , 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day 's events . Bill Clinton 's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web . Delivery of the speech ( edit ) A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address . Invitations ( edit ) Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address . The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box . The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speaker 's box . Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first - in , first - served basis with no reservations . The Cabinet , Supreme Court justices , members of the Diplomatic Corps , and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating . Protocol of entry into House chamber ( edit ) By approximately 8 : 30 pm on the night of the address , the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session . Then , the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate , who enter and take the seats assigned for them . The Speaker , and then the Vice President , specify the members of the House and Senate , respectively , who will escort the President into the House chamber . The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces , in order , the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps , the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices , and the Cabinet , each of whom enters and takes their seats when called .",
"4": "The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker 's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The Sergeants at Arms of the House ( left ) and Senate ( right ) wait at the doorway to the House chamber before President Barack Obama enters to deliver the 2011 State of the Union Address . Just after 9 pm , as the President reaches the door to the chamber , the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors , faces the Speaker , and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber . When the President is ready , the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance , loudly stating the phrase : `` Mister Speaker , the President of the United States ! '' As applause and cheering begins , the President slowly walks toward the Speaker 's rostrum , followed by members of his Congressional escort committee . The President 's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands , hug , kiss , and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress . After he takes his place at the House Clerk 's desk , he hands two manila envelopes , previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech , to the Speaker and Vice President . After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished , the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators , stating : `` Members of Congress , I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States . '' This leads to a further round of applause and , eventually , the beginning of the address by the President . At close of the ceremony , attendees leave on their own accord . The Sergeants at Arms guides the President out of the Chamber . Some politicians stay to shake hands with and congratulate the President on his way out . Designated survivor and other logistics ( edit ) Customarily , one cabinet member ( the designated survivor ) does not attend the speech , in order to provide continuity in the line of succession in the event that a catastrophe disables the President , the Vice President , and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber . Additionally , since the September 11 attacks in 2001 , a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech to form a rump Congress in the event of a disaster . Since 2003 , each chamber of Congress has formally named a separate designated survivor .",
"5": "President George W. Bush with Senate President ( U.S. Vice President ) Dick Cheney and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi during the 2007 State of the Union address . 2007 marked the first time that a woman had occupied the Speaker of the House chair . ( audio only ) Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker 's desk , behind the President for the duration of the speech . If either is unavailable , the next highest - ranking member of the respective house substitutes . Once the chamber settles down from the President 's arrival , the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress . The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber . In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration 's accomplishments over the previous year , as well as the agenda for the coming year , often in upbeat and optimistic terms . Since the 1982 address , it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery , such as American citizens or visiting heads of state . During that 1982 address , President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90 . Since then , the term `` Lenny Skutniks '' has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery , and then cited by the President , during the State of the Union . State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour , partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout . The applause is often political in tone , with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President 's own party . As non-political officeholders , members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality . In recent years , the presiding officers of the House and the Senate , the Speaker and the Vice President , respectively , have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies , as they , too , stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree .",
"6": "For the 2011 address , Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in tradition wherein all members of Congress sit together regardless of party , as well as the avoiding of standing ; this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt . This practice was also repeated during the 2012 address and every address after . Opposition response ( edit ) Main article : Response to the State of the Union address Since 1966 , the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the President 's party . The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience . In 1970 , the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon , as well as a televised response to Nixon 's written speech in 1973 . The same was done by Democrats for President Reagan 's speeches in 1982 and 1985 . The response is not always produced in a studio ; in 1997 , the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students . In 2004 , the Democratic Party 's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time , by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson . In 2011 , Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express , a first for a political movement . Significance ( edit ) Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law , in modern times , the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar . It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof : members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature , the President 's Cabinet constituting the executive , and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary . In addition , the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff , while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps . The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans , who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady . Local versions ( edit ) Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor .",
"7": "For most of them , it is called the State of the State address . In Iowa , it is called the Condition of the State Address ; in Kentucky , Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , and Virginia , the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address . The mayor of Washington , D.C. gives a State of the District address . American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor . Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor . Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor , county commissioner or board chair , including Sonoma County , California ; Orlando , Florida ; Cincinnati , Ohio ; New Haven , Connecticut ; Parma , Ohio ; Detroit , Michigan ; Seattle , Washington ; Birmingham , Alabama ; Boston , Massachusetts ; Los Angeles , California ; Buffalo , New York ; Rochester , New York ; San Antonio , Texas ; McAllen , Texas ; and San Diego , California . The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville , Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address . Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term . Private companies usually have a `` State of the Corporation '' or `` State of the Company '' address given by the respective CEO . The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union , and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron . Historic speeches ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media Roosevelt 's Second Bill of Rights ( excerpt ) President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2 , 1823 . It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest - standing tenets , and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents , including Theodore Roosevelt , John F. Kennedy , and Ronald Reagan . The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6 , 1941 .",
"8": "In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech , he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people `` everywhere in the world '' ought to enjoy : freedom of speech and expression , freedom of worship , freedom from want , and freedom from fear . During his State of the Union Address on January 11 , 1944 , FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights . Roosevelt 's argument was that the `` political rights '' guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had `` proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness '' . During his State of the Union address on January 8 , 1964 , Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the `` War on Poverty '' . This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent . The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act , which established the Office of Economic Opportunity ( OEO ) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty . During his State of the Union address on January 15 , 1975 , Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that `` the state of the Union is not good : Millions of Americans are out of work ... We depend on others for essential energy . Some people question their Government 's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them ; they expect Washington politics as usual . '' Ford said he did n't `` expect much , if any , applause . The American people want action , and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want . Progress and solutions can be achieved , and they will be achieved . '' George W. Bush delivers the 2002 State of the Union In his 2002 State of the Union Address , President George W. Bush identified North Korea , Iran , and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States . He said , `` States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil , arming to threaten the peace of the world '' . In this speech , he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror . TV Ratings ( edit ) Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were : Date President Viewers , millions Households , millions Rating Networks 1 / 30 / 2018 Donald Trump 45.551 32.168 26.",
"9": "9 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , ESTRELLA , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , MSNBC , PBS 2 / 28 / 2017 Donald Trump 47.741 33.857 28.7 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , UNIVISION , PBS , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , MSNBC , NBC UNIVERSO 1 / 12 / 2016 Barack Obama 31.334 23.040 19.6 ABC , AL JAZEERA AMERICA , AZTECA , CBS , CNN , FOX , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , GALAVISION , MSNBC , NBC , NBC UNIVERSO , UNIVISION * * 1 / 20 / 2015 Barack Obama 31.710 23.137 19.9 ABC , AL JAZEERA AMERICA , AZTECA , CBS , CNN , FOX , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , GALAVISION , MSNBC , MUNDOFOX , NBC , UNIVISION * * 1 / 28 / 2014 Barack Obama 33.299 23.949 20.7 CBS , ABC , NBC , FOX , AZTECA , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , CNN , MSNBC , CNBC , AL JAZEERA AMERICA , GALAVISION , MUN2 , UNIVISION * * 2 / 12 / 2013 Barack Obama 33.497 24.767 21.8 FOX , ABC , CBS , NBC , PBS , AZTECA , UNIVISION , MFX , CNBC , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , MSNBC , CURRENT , CENTRIC , GALAVISION 1 / 24 / 2012 Barack Obama 37.752 27.569 24.0 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , TELEMUNDO , TF , UNIVISION , CNBC , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , GALAVISION , MSNBC , MUN2 1 / 25 / 2011 Barack Obama 42.789 30.871 26.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNN , CENTRIC , CNBC , FOXNC ,",
"10": "MSNBC 1 / 27 / 2010 Barack Obama 48.009 34.182 29.8 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNN , BET , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 2 / 24 / 2009 Barack Obama 52.373 37.185 32.5 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION 1 / 28 / 2008 George W. Bush 37.515 27.702 24.7 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO * * , UNIVISION 1 / 24 / 2007 George W. Bush 45.486 32.968 29.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION 2 / 01 / 2006 George W. Bush 43.179 30.528 31.2 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , AZTECA AMERICA , TELFUTURA 2 / 02 / 2005 George W. Bush 39.432 28.359 35.3 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , TELEFUTURA 1 / 20 / 2004 George W. Bush 43.411 30.286 28.0 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 28 / 2003 George W. Bush 62.061 41.447 38.8 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 29 / 2002 George W. Bush 51.773 35.547 33.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 2 / 27 / 2001 George W. Bush 39.",
"11": "793 28.201 27.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 27 / 2000 Bill Clinton 31.478 22.536 22.4 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 19 / 1999 Bill Clinton 43.500 30.700 31.0 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 27 / 1998 Bill Clinton 53.077 36.513 37.2 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , CNBC 2 / 04 / 1997 Bill Clinton 41.100 27.600 28.4 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN 1 / 23 / 1996 Bill Clinton 40.900 28.400 29.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN 1 / 24 / 1995 Bill Clinton 42.200 28.100 29.5 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN 1 / 25 / 1994 Bill Clinton 45.800 31.000 32.9 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN 2 / 17 / 1993 Bill Clinton 66.900 41.200 44.3 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN Notes The 1993 , 2001 , 2009 and 2017 addresses were not , officially , State of the Union addresses , but rather addresses to a joint session Congress because in those years the presidents were in office for only a few weeks at the time the speech was given . * * Tape delayed See also ( edit ) List of joint sessions of the United States Congress State Opening of Parliament United States presidential address References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` State of the Union Address US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . history.house.gov . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Daniella ( February 28 , 2017 ) .",
"12": "`` Why Trump 's Tuesday speech is n't a State of the Union address '' . CNN . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ben 's Guide to U.S. Government '' . United States Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 31.7 Million Viewers Tune In To Watch Pres . Obama 's State of the Union Address '' . The Nielsen Company ( Press release ) . January 21 , 2015 . On Tuesday , Jan. 20 , 2015 , President Barack Obama delivered his annual State of the Union address . The address was carried live from 9 : 00 p.m. to 10 : 15 p.m. on 13 networks and tape - delayed on Univision . Jump up ^ Vasan Kesavan and J. Gregory Sidak ( 2002 ) . `` The Legislator - In - Chief '' . William and Mary Law Review . 44 ( 1 ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The President 's State of the Union Address : Tradition , Function , and Policy Implications ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . January 24 , 2014 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Obama State of the Union set for Feb. 12 '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union Addresses and Messages : research notes by Gerhard Peters '' . The American Presidency Project ( APP ) . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard . `` State of the Union Messages '' . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved September 25 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Kolakowski , Michael & Neale , Thomas H. ( March 7 , 2006 ) . `` The President 's State of the Union Message : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` President to Appear Before Congress : Message to be Delivered Friday night '' . Fairbanks Daily News - Miner .",
"13": "Associated Press . January 2 , 1936 . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Yoon , CNN Political Research Director ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` State of the Union firsts '' . CNN . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark ( 2004 ) . 1968 : The Year That Rocked the World . New York : Ballantine . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 9659111 - 4 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Address to the nation on the Challenger disaster '' . Ronald Reagan Presidential Library . Retrieved July 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard ( January 29 , 1986 ) . `` The Shuttle Explosion : Reagan Postpones State of the Union Speech '' . The New York Times . p . A9 . Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk . Joint Meetings , Joint Sessions , and Inaugurations . House History . United States House of Representatives . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Speaker Boehner Extends President Obama Formal Invitation to Deliver State of the Union Address '' . Speaker Boehner 's Press Office ( Press release ) . January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union 2015 '' . Speaker Boehner 's Press Office ( Press release ) . December 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Record : H414 . January 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` President Delivers State of the Union Address '' ( Transcript ) . CNN . January 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Record : H415 . January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Roxanne ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` The truth behind the ' designated survivor , ' the president of the post-apocalypse '' .",
"14": "Washington Post . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schultheis , Emily ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Joint session 2017 : The history of the `` designated survivor '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oritz , Erik ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Designated survivors recount nights as doomsday presidents '' . NBC News . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Ted ( January 31 , 2006 ) . `` The State of the Union Is Unreal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` Three decades of ' Skutniks ' began with a federal employee '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wiggin , Addison ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Small Business Owners Should Be Obama 's Lenny Skutnik '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Clines , Francis X . ( August 24 , 1996 ) . `` Bonding as New Political Theater : Bring On the Babies and Cue the Yellow Dog '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Jennifer ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Mark Udall wants parties together at State of the Union '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Hennessey , Kathleen ( January 21 , 2012 ) . `` Rival parties to mix it up -- nicely -- at State of the Union '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk . `` Opposition Responses to State of the Union Messages ( 1966 -- Present ) '' . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York : Basic Books . p. 47 .",
"15": "ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sincere , Richard E. , Jr . ( February 1997 ) . `` O.J. , J.C. , and Bill : Reflections on the State of the Union '' . Metro Herald . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2002 . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Watts told his audience -- about 100 high school students from the CloseUp Foundation watched in person , while a smaller number watched on television at home -- that he is ' old enough to remember the Jim Crow ' laws that affected him and his family while he grew up in a black neighborhood in small - town Oklahoma . Jump up ^ York , Byron ( January 21 , 2004 ) . `` The Democratic Response You Did n't See '' . National Review . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . And then there was the Spanish - language response -- the first ever -- delivered by New Mexico governor , and former Clinton energy secretary , Bill Richardson . Jump up ^ `` Michele Bachmann offers Tea Party response to President Obama 's State of the Union Address '' . The Washington Post . January 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNH State of the University 2015 '' . The University of New Hampshire ( Press release ) . February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` State of the University 2015 '' . Santa Clara University ( Press release ) . February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Jeremy ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Why Your Company Deserves a ' State of the Union ' Address '' . Inc . Jump up ^ `` EU has survived economic crisis , Barroso says in first State of Union address '' . EUobserver.com . September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2018 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2017 - 02 - 28 .",
"16": "Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2016 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to State of the Union . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Portal : State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents The American Presidency Project : State of the Union Messages `` Established in 1999 as a collaboration between John Woolley and Gerhard Peters at the University of California , Santa Barbara , '' currently ( January 2010 ) , the APP `` archives contain 87,448 documents related to the study of the Presidency '' . State of the Union videos and transcripts at C - SPAN ( since 1945 ) State of the Union ( Visualizations , Statistical Analysis , and Searchable texts ) State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790 -- 2002 ) ( in downloadable electronic file formats ) State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790 -- 2006 ) ( HTML format ) Searchable visualizations of all State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790 -- 2009 ) The State of the Union Text and PDF at U.S. Government Printing Office ( GPO ) from January 28 , 1992 to current date Top 10 State of the Union Addresses , RealClearPolitics.com The 2013 State of the Union Address on YouTube ( 1 : 01 : 02 ) State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents ( hide ) State of the Union addresses Addresses Delivered as a speech 1790 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921",
"17": "1922 1923 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1976 1977 1982 1984 1985 1986 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2018 Delivered as a written message 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835",
"18": "1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1946 1953 1961 1981 Delivered as both 1972 1978 1979 1980 Delivered as a written message to Congress ,",
"19": "summary delivered to public 1945 1956 1973 Unofficial addresses 2009 2017 Related Opposition party 's response Designated survivor Notable invited guests United States presidential address Joint Session of Congress ( List ) Monroe Doctrine Regional speeches State of the State address State of the City address Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_the_Union&oldid=836214476 '' Categories : Article Two of the United States Constitution State of the Union addresses 1790 establishments in the United States Speeches by heads of state Annual events in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 11 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
17,
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1,
9,
3,
10,
16,
11,
19,
2,
4,
5,
14,
13,
0,
15,
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8
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[
1,
17,
18,
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4729762918573109439
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what are the ranks in the us navy
|
[
"E-1 through E-3 are known as Seamen",
"E-4 through E-6 are called petty officers",
"E-7s are called chief petty officer",
"E-8s senior chief petty officer",
"E-9s master chief petty officer"
] |
{
"0": "List of United States Navy enlisted rates - wikipedia List of United States Navy enlisted rates Jump to : navigation , search See also : List of United States Navy ratings The rating badge of the Master Chief Petty Officer of the U.S. Navy , worn on a service dress blue uniform 's sleeve . A United States Navy enlisted rate indicates where an enlisted sailor stands within the chain of command , and also defines one 's pay grade . An enlisted sailor 's rate is similar conceptually to a naval officer 's rank . Only naval officers carry the term `` rank '' . The word rate refers to an enlisted sailor 's pay grade , while the word rating refers to one 's area of occupational specialization within the enlisted Navy . Associated with the enlisted pay grades is a numbering system from the most junior enlisted sailor ( `` E-1 '' ) to the most senior enlisted sailor ( `` E-9 '' ) . This enlisted numbering system is the same across all five branches of the U.S. military . All E-1 through E-3 are known as Seamen . E-4 through E-6 are called petty officers . All E-7s are called chief petty officer , E-8s senior chief petty officer , and E-9s master chief petty officer . Rates are displayed on a rating badge , which is a combination of rate and rating . E-2s and E-3s have color - coded group rate marks based on their career field . Personnel in pay grade E-1 , since 1996 , do not have an insignia to wear . Ratings are earned through `` A '' schools , which are attended before deployment and after undergoing initial basic training at Recruit Training Command , Great Lakes , Illinois , or ( less commonly ) by `` striking '' for a rating through on - the - job training ( OJT ) in the Fleet . Some sailors may undergo additional training in a `` C '' school either before or after a tour of duty . Upon completion , they are assigned a four - digit Navy Enlisted Classification ( NEC ) code , which identifies a specific skill within their standard rating . This defines what jobs they are qualified to do .",
"1": "For example , some billets might not only require a hospital corpsman first class , but might specify that he / she has NEC 8402 ( Submarine Force Independent Duty ) , NEC 8403 ( Fleet Marine Forces Reconnaissance Independent Duty Corpsman ) , or any other of several NECs depending upon the billet 's requirements . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 E-1 to E-3 3 E-4 to E-6 4 E-7 to E-9 4.1 Command master chief and command senior chief 4.2 Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading History ( edit ) On September 29 , 2016 , the United States Navy discontinued enlisted ratings after 241 years of use in an effort to modernize the classification system . Naval sailors were thereafter to be referred to solely by their rate and would hold a Navy Operations Specialty ( NOS ) instead of a rating . The rating symbols depicted for each rating badge listed below ( except for the rating badge of a command master chief ) is boatswain 's mate . However , the rating system was restored in December 2016 . E-1 to E-3 ( edit ) Sailors in pay grades E-1 through E-3 are considered to be in apprenticeships . They are divided into five definable groups , with colored group rate marks designating the group to which they belong : Seaman , Fireman , Airman , Constructionman , and Hospitalman . One of three apprentice devices may be worn above the rank insignia , which denotes the sailor is an apprentice in a particular field and is in search of a rating to join . Sailors who have gone directly to a base , station , or ship without any specialized training are eligible to select a career field , and through correspondence courses and extensive on - the - job training , may qualify for a rating . This process is called `` striking for a rating '' . If a sailor has qualified for a rate , but has not yet become a petty officer , he is called a designated striker , and is identified by a striker 's badge that displays the sailor 's rating , along with his group rate marks . The serviceperson is addressed by one 's group designation , if known ( e.g.",
"2": ", Fireman Jones , Constructionman Apprentice Smith ) ; by the generic appellation `` seaman '' ; or by one 's striker designation ( Boatswain 's Mate Seaman Watson , Culinary Specialist Seaman Recruit Johnson ). Those that have completed the `` A '' school for hospital corpsman wear their caduceus above their stripes and substitute the word `` Hospitalman '' for `` Seaman '' in their rating titles . In the September 2016 rating change , it was announced that only the `` seaman '' group would remain as the rate title for E1 -- E3 , with the others being retired . However , the Navy reversed this new policy three months later and reinstated the traditional rating system . Sleeve insignia Collar device Rate title U.S. DoD Pay grade Abbreviation NATO code No Insignia Seaman recruit E-1 SR / HR OR - 1 No Insignia Fireman recruit E-1 FR OR - 1 No Insignia Airman recruit E-1 AR OR - 1 No Insignia Constructionman recruit E-1 CR OR - 1 Seaman apprentice E-2 SA / HA OR - 2 Fireman apprentice E-2 FA OR - 2 Airman apprentice E-2 AA OR - 2 Constructionman apprentice E-2 CA OR - 2 Seaman E-3 SN / HN OR - 3 Fireman E-3 FN OR - 3 Airman E-3 AN OR - 3 Constructionman E-3 CN OR - 3 E-4 to E-6 ( edit ) Petty officers in 2006 wearing service dress blue uniforms displaying both red and gold rating badges and service stripes . E-4 to E-6 are non-commissioned officers ( NCOs ) , and are specifically called petty officers in the Navy . Petty officers perform not only the duties of their specific career field but also serve as leaders to junior enlisted personnel .",
"3": "They must take responsibility for their subordinates , address grievances , inform the chain of command on matters pertaining to good order and discipline , and may even have to place personnel on report . The title petty officer comes from the French word petit , meaning something small . In medieval England , villages had several `` petite '' or `` petty '' officers who were subordinate to major officials . Thus , petty officers are assistants to senior officers . Petty officers have been an important part of the U.S. Navy since its beginning . They were originally appointed by the ship 's captain and usually held such appointments while serving under the captain who selected them . The petty officers of this time did not have uniforms or a rank insignia . In 1841 a rate badge was assigned , consisting of a sleeve device displaying an eagle perched on an anchor . Rating marks did not appear until 1866 . From 1885 to 1894 , the Navy recognized three classes of petty officers -- first , second , and third . These noncommissioned officers were authorized to wear a `` rate '' ( rank ) insignia consisting of chevrons pointing down under a spread eagle and a rating mark . Unlike the current rate badge , the eagle faced right instead of left . The current insignia for petty officers came about in 1894 , and is a perched eagle with spread wings facing left ( usually referred to as a `` crow , '' due to its black color on white uniforms and the outdated dungaree working uniforms ) atop a rating mark , with chevrons denoting their rank below . The Eagle faced left or right on the rating emblem depending on which sleeve the badge was worn , usually to the wearer 's front . `` Seafarer '' rates , such as Bos'n or Gunner , are unique to service aboard a ship , and were worn on the right sleeve . The Eagle ( or ' crow ' ) on these insignia faced right , so that they would be facing forward on the wearer . Other rates , which were equivalent to shore activities , such as Administration or Medical , were worn on the left sleeve , so the Eagle on those insignia faced left , so that they would be facing forward on the wearer . In 1948 , the Navy standardized all ratings to be worn on the left sleeve .",
"4": "The authority to wear gold rating badges and service stripes on the dress blue and working coverall uniform is granted when a sailor completes and maintains twelve consecutive years of honorable service without any official record of bad conduct due to punitive action via non-judicial punishment or courts martial . The gold rating badges and service stripes are distinct from the Good Conduct Medal , which is awarded for three years of honorable service . Coloration of the insignia for E-4 through E-9 depends upon the uniform worn . Black cloth with red or gold embroidered stripes is used on the winter uniforms , while white cloth with black embroidered stripes is used on the summer uniforms , and medium blue cloth with red or gold embroidered stripes is used on the working coverall . Sleeve insignia Chest insignia Cap and collar devices Hat insignia Rate title U.S. DoD Pay grade Abbreviation NATO code Petty officer third class E-4 PO3 OR - 4 Petty officer second class E-5 PO2 OR - 5 Petty officer first class E-6 PO1 OR - 6 E-7 to E-9 ( edit ) E-7 to E-9 are still considered petty officers , but are considered a separate community within the Navy . They have separate berthing and dining facilities ( where feasible ) , wear separate uniforms , and perform separate duties . Advancement to chief petty officer ( E-7 ) or above requires a board review by existing master chief petty officers beyond the normal examination score and performance evaluation process . The annual list of Chief selectees is authorized by Congress , leading CPOs to sometimes state , `` it took an act of Congress to put these anchors here , it will take an act of Congress to take them off . '' However it only takes a court martial to `` bust a Chief '' . The proper form of address to a chief petty officer is `` Chief '' , `` Senior chief '' ( or `` Senior '' ) , or `` Master chief '' according to their rating . In the U.S. Navy , Chief Petty Officers are specifically tasked , in writing , with the duty of training Junior Officers ( Ensign , Lieutenant ( j.g. ) , and Lieutenant ) .",
"5": "Although the title `` Chief '' has been around since the Continental Navy in 1776 , the chief petty officer rate was not established until 1 April 1893 . At that time nearly all sailors who had carried the rate of petty officer first class since 1885 were advanced to chief petty officer , with the exception of Schoolmasters , Ship 's Writers , and Carpenter 's Mates . The rates senior chief petty officer and master chief petty officer were established on 1 June 1958 . To be eligible for advancement to senior chief petty officer , a chief petty officer must have had three years in the current grade . For advancement to Master Chief , a Senior Chief must have a total of three years in the current grade . The dress blue insignia consists of a perched eagle or `` crow '' with spread wings atop a rating mark , with three chevrons and one ' rocker ' above the rating mark . Inverted five - point stars above the crow denote the rank of Senior Chief ( one star ) or Master Chief ( two stars ) . All other uniforms use the collar device to denote rank . It consists of a fouled anchor ( an anchor that is entangled with its chain ) with the initials USN in silver , superimposed , with stars above the anchor to indicate higher pay grades , similar to the dress blue insignia . Sleeve insignia Shoulder insignia Collar device Chest insignia Cap devices Hat insignia Rate title U.S. DoD Pay grade Abbreviation NATO code Chief petty officer E-7 CPO OR - 7 Senior chief petty officer E-8 SCPO OR - 8 Master chief petty officer E-9 MCPO OR - 9 Command Master Chief and command senior Chief ( edit ) After attaining the rate of master chief petty officer , a sailor may choose to further his or her career by becoming a command master chief petty officer ( CMDCM ) . A CMDCM is considered to be the senior-most enlisted service member within a command , and is the special assistant to the commanding officer in all matters pertaining to the health , welfare , job satisfaction , morale , utilization , advancement and training of the command 's enlisted personnel .",
"6": "CMCs can be Command level ( within a single unit , such as a ship or shore station ) , Fleet level ( squadrons consisting of multiple operational units , headed by a flag officer or commodore ) , or Force level ( consisting of a separate community within the Navy , such as Subsurface , Air , Reserves ) . On July 30 , 2015 , the Navy formally established the rating of command senior chief ( CMDCS ) ; before then from 2005 to 2015 it had been a billet instead of a rating . Both command senior chief and command master chief existed as a position before being authorized as separate rates . For example , there could be a senior chief boatswain 's mate acting as command senior chief or a master chief personnelman who acts as the command master chief . CMDCM insignia are similar to the insignia for Master Chief , except that the rating symbol is replaced by an inverted five - point star , reflecting a change in their rating from their previous rating ( i.e. , MMCM ) to CMDCM . The stars for Command Master Chief are silver , while stars for Fleet or Force Master Chief are gold . Additionally , CMDCMs wear a badge , worn on their left breast pocket ( for males ) or above the nametag ( for females ) , denoting their title ( Command / Fleet / Force ) . Sleeve insignia Shoulder insignia Collar device Chest insignia Cap devices Hat insignia Badges Rate title U.S. DoD Pay grade Abbreviation NATO code Command senior chief petty officer E-8 CMDCS OR - 8 Command master chief petty officer E-9 CMDCM OR - 9 Fleet / force master chief petty officer E-9 FLTCM / FORCM OR - 9 Master Chief petty officer of the Navy ( edit ) The Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy ( MCPON ) is the senior enlisted person in the Navy , appointed by the Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) to serve as a spokesperson to address the issues of enlisted personnel to the highest positions in the Navy . The MCPON is the senior enlisted advisor to the Chief of Naval Operations and Chief of Naval Personnel .",
"7": "Exact duties vary , depending on the CNO , though the duties generally include traveling throughout the Navy , observing training and talking to sailors and their families . The MCPON serves on several boards concerned with enlisted members , represents the Department of the Navy at special events , and may be called upon to testify before Congress regarding enlisted personnel issues . The position was originally established as `` Senior Enlisted Advisor of the Navy '' in January 1967 in response to a recommendation from the Secretary of the Navy 's task force on Navy personnel retention . Three months later , the title was officially changed to `` Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy '' . The individual rating specialty marks for the MCPON was replaced by an inverted star in 1971 . The MCPON 's current insignia is similar to Fleet or Force CMDCMs , with the addition of a third star above the crow or anchor . Sleeve insignia Shoulder insignia Collar device Rate title U.S. DoD Pay grade Abbreviation NATO code Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy E-9 MCPON OR - 9 See also ( edit ) United States Navy portal Badges of the United States Navy List of Naval Officer Designators List of United States Coast Guard enlisted rates List of United States Coast Guard ratings List of United States Navy enlisted warfare designations List of United States Navy ratings List of United States Navy staff corps Military Occupational Specialty Uniforms of the United States Navy United States Navy officer rank insignia Service stripes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Navy Ranks '' . Bluejacket.com . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rate Insignia of Navy Enlisted Personnel '' . U.S. Navy . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Powers , Rod . `` Hospital Corpsman : Navy NECs '' . About.com . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Navy to Restore Enlisted Rating Titles After Months of Criticism '' . 20 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Group rate marks for pay grades E-1 through E-3 '' . U.S. Navy .",
"8": "Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Enlisted Rate / Rating Insignia '' . United States Navy Uniform Regulations . BUPERS , U.S. Navy . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Faram , Mark . `` Navy scuttles sailors ' enlisted rating titles in huge career shake - up '' . Navy Times . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Move to scrap beloved US Navy titles tossed overboard '' . Jump up ^ `` Petty Officer responsibility '' . Military Requirements for Petty Officers Third and Second Class . Integrated Publishing . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Traditions of the Naval Service ( Petty Officer ) '' . Naval Historical Center , United States Navy . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rate / Rank Insignia '' . United States Navy Uniform Regulations ( PDF ) . BUPERS , U.S. Navy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chief Petty Officer '' . Frequently Asked Questions . Naval Historical Center , U.S. Navy . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Military Courtesy -- Relations With the Command Master Chief '' . Naval Orientation . Integrated Publishing . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Navy Enlisted Advancement System - Chief Petty Officer ( E-7 ) '' . Navy Professional Development Center , Military.com . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Foul Anchor definition '' . Navy Historical Facts and Trivia .",
"9": "Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Navy Uniform Regulations CPO Rating '' . BUPERS , U.S. Navy . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 26 . chapter = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Navy Enlisted Advancement System - Master Chief '' . Navy Professional Development Center , Military.com . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Senior And Master Chiefs As Principal Enlisted Advisor '' . Military Requirements for Senior and Master Chief Petty Officer Chief . Integrated Publishing . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chief of Naval Operations OPNAV Instructions 1306.2 D '' . Navydata , U.S. Navy . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Personnel , This story was written by Chief of Naval . `` Navy Announces Command Senior Chief Rating '' . Jump up ^ `` Navy creates new command senior chief rate '' . Jump up ^ Faram , Mark D. ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` New command rating announced for senior chiefs '' . Jump up ^ http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/reference/messages/Documents/NAVADMINS/NAV2016/NAV16210.txt ^ Jump up to : `` Senior and Master Chiefs as Principal Enlisted Advisor '' . Military Requirements for Senior and Master Chief Petty Officer . Integrated Publishing . pp. 2 -- 1 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy : Responsibilities '' . U.S. Navy . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Master Chief Petty Officers of the Navy '' . Notable People . Naval History and Heritage Command , U.S. Navy . Retrieved 17 May 2017 .",
"10": "Further reading ( edit ) Christ , Charlotte D. ( 1992 ) . Winds of Change : The History of the Office of the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy 1967 -- 1992 . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy and the Naval Historical Center . ISBN 9780945274117 . OCLC 26212472 . United States Uniformed Services rank and rate insignia Officer Army Marine Corps Navy ( midshipman ) Air Force Coast Guard PHS Commissioned Corps NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps Warrant officer Enlisted Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard United States Navy Portal Category Leadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Chief of Naval Operations Vice Chief of Naval Operations Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy 4 - star admirals House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces Senate Subcommittee on Seapower Structure Navy Navy Reserve Fleet Marine Force Expeditionary Combat Command Merchant Marine Units Aircraft wings Aircraft squadrons Carrier strike group Installations Naval Observatory Master jet base Operating forces Fleet Forces Command Pacific Fleet Naval Forces Europe Naval Forces Central Command Naval Forces Southern Command Naval Special Warfare Command Naval Reserve Forces Operational Test and Evaluation Force Naval Network Warfare Command Military Sealift Command Shore Naval Sea Systems Command Naval Air Systems Command Naval Facilities Engineering Command Naval Supply Systems Command Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command Fleet Cyber Command Naval Academy Naval Education and Training Command Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command Office of Naval Intelligence Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center Naval Legal Service Command Naval Observatory",
"11": "Navy Occupational Safety & Health Bureau of Naval Personnel Chief of Naval Personnel Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Navy Installations Command Fleets Third Fleet Fourth Fleet Fifth Fleet Sixth Fleet Seventh Fleet Tenth Fleet Ships A -- B D -- F G -- H I -- K N -- O Q -- R T -- V W -- Z Aircraft carriers Airships Amphibious warfare ships Auxiliaries Battleships Cruisers Destroyers Destroyer escorts Escort carriers Frigates Mine warfare vessels Monitors Patrol vessels Sailing frigates Steam frigates Steam gunboats Ships of the line Sloops of war Submarines Torpedo boats Personnel and training People Officers Insignia Designators Enlisted Rates Ratings Classification Personnel Chaplain Corps Chief Deputy Chief Explosive ordnance disposal Medical Corps Dental Corps Nurse Corps Medical Service Corps Supply Corps Civil Engineer Corps JAG Corps JAG DJAG NCIS Boatswain 's mates Hospital corpsman Naval Aviator SEALs Seabees Master - at - arms Operations specialist SWCCs Hispanic sailors Training Recruit Naval Academy Officer Candidate School STA - 21 NROTC BESS BFTT CNATT COMPTUEX NAWCTSD AIM Naval Chaplaincy School Naval Hospital Corps School Naval Justice School Naval Postgraduate School United States Armed Forces School of Music",
"12": "Navy Senior Enlisted Academy Navy Supply Corps School Naval War College Nuclear Power School JMTC TOPGUN USNTPS Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Equipment Uniforms Awards and decorations Badges Current fleet Reserve fleet Aircraft Weapons Naval reactors History and traditions History `` Anchors Aweigh '' Blue Angels Ceremonial Barge Chesapeake Continental Navy Ensign Fleet bands Fleet Week Jack Line - crossing ceremony National Museum Navy Band Navy Flag Navy Hymn Navy Memorial Navy service numbers Navy Weeks Revolt of the Admirals Sailor 's Creed Ship commissioning Ship decommissioning Tingey House USS Constitution Wetting - down United States naval gunfire support debate United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG Category MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps",
"13": "( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : Army Marine Corps Reserve N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF",
"14": "Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Aircraft : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags :",
"15": "A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard United States enlisted ranks Pay grade → Branch of service ↓ E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 Army PVT PV2 PFC SPC -- CPL SGT SSG SFC MSG -- 1SG SGM -- CSM -- SMA Marine Corps Pvt PFC LCpl Cpl Sgt SSgt GySgt MSgt -- 1stSgt MGySgt -- SgtMaj -- SgtMajMarCor Navy SR SA SN PO3 PO2 PO1 CPO SCPO -- CMDCS MCPO -- CMDCM -- FORCM , FLTCM -- MCPON Air Force AB Amn A1C SrA SSgt TSgt MSgt -- 1st Sgt SMSgt -- 1st Sgt CMSgt -- 1st Sgt -- CCM -- CMSAF Coast Guard SR SA SN PO3 PO2 PO1 CPO SCPO MCPO -- CMC -- Area CMC , CGRF - MC -- MCPOCG Military ranks and insignia by country List of comparative military ranks Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde",
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"18": "France Army Navy Gendarmerie Air Force Foresters Germany Rank information Rank insignia Georgia Greece Hungary Iceland Land Forces Coast Guard Ireland Italy Army Navy Air Force Carabinieri Finance Guard Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Army Navy Air Force Between 1994 and 2010 San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Army officers Army other ranks Navy officers Navy ratings Air Force officers Air Force other ranks Vatican Former Austria -- Hungary Independent State of Croatia Czechoslovakia Hungarian People 's Republic East Germany Nazi Germany Army Navy Air Force People 's Militia SA SS Nazi Party Kingdom of Greece Army Navy Air Force Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Italy Ottoman Empire Russian Empire Soviet Union 1918 -- 35 1935 -- 40 1940 -- 43 1943 -- 55 1955 -- 91 Kingdom of Yugoslavia SFR Yugoslavia FR Yugoslavia Comparative Army Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Tonga Vanuatu Comparative Army Officers Enlisted Air force",
"19": "Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Commonwealth of Nations Army Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted NATO Army Officers Enlisted Air Force Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Comparative officer ranks of World War I World War II Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Navy_enlisted_rates&oldid=821489747 '' Categories : Military ranks of the United States Navy Military insignia United States Navy lists Hidden categories : CS1 errors : chapter ignored All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 20 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who played charles on when calls the heart
|
[
"Steve Bacic",
"Steve Bacic"
] |
{
"0": "When Calls the Heart - wikipedia When Calls the Heart Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with When the Heart Calls . When Calls the Heart Genre Family Drama Western Based on When Calls the Heart by Janette Oke Developed by Michael Landon Jr . Starring Erin Krakow Daniel Lissing Lori Loughlin Martin Cummins Jack Wagner Pascale Hutton Kavan Smith Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 50 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Landon Jr . Jimmy Townsend Roman Viaris Francisco Gonzalez Brian Bird Brad Krevoy Producer ( s ) Vicki Sotheran Greg Malcolm Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Running time 42 -- 84 minutes Production company ( s ) Believe Pictures Brad Krevoy Television Jordan Films Release Original network Hallmark Channel ( U.S. ) Super Channel ( Canada ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website When Calls the Heart is a Canadian - American television drama series , inspired by Janette Oke 's book of the same name from her Canadian West series , and developed by Michael Landon Jr . The series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11 , 2014 , and on April 16 , 2014 on Super Channel in Canada . The series originally debuted as a two - hour television movie pilot in October 2013 , starring Maggie Grace as young teacher Elizabeth Thatcher and Stephen Amell as North West Mounted Police officer Wynn Delaney . In the television series Erin Krakow is cast as her niece , whose name is also Elizabeth Thatcher ( played by Poppy Drayton in the movie ) , and Daniel Lissing plays a Mountie named Jack Thornton , with Lori Loughlin reprising her role as coal mine widow Abigail Stanton .",
"1": "On April 24 , 2017 , Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season , which premiered with a two - hour Christmas special broadcast as part of Hallmark 's Countdown to Christmas event and resumed in February 2018 , ending in April . On March 21 , 2018 , Hallmark renewed the series for a sixth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Characters 5 Production 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher ( Erin Krakow ) , a young teacher accustomed to her high - society life . She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley , a small coal - mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb , Alberta . There , life is simple -- but often fraught with challenges . Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley , except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton ( Daniel Lissing ) . He believes Thatcher 's wealthy father has doomed the lawman 's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate 's daughter . The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 2 , Season 2 after the coal mine was closed . Living in this 1910 coal town , Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own . Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton , whose husband , the foreman of the mine , and her only son -- along with 45 other miners -- have recently been killed in an explosion , which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen -- a result of the mining - company site manager 's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine . The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads , food on the table , and compile a wage for the town 's teacher . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of When Calls the Heart episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 January 11 ,",
"2": "2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) 7 April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) New Year 's Wish December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) 8 February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) Christmas December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 10 February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) The Christmas Wishing Tree December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) 5 10 February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) April 22 ,",
"3": "2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton ( Seasons 1 - 5 ) Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton Jack Wagner as Bill Avery Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter Recurring ( edit ) Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery Ben Rosenbaum as Hickam Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter Eva Bourne as Clara Stanton Ava Grace Cooper as Opal Max Lloyd - Jones as Tom Thornton Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher Will Verchere - Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell ( season 4 ) Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera ( season 4 ) Josie Bissett as AJ Foster Characters ( edit ) This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent , strong - minded , passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city . The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher , Elizabeth has two sisters , older sister Viola and younger sister Julie .",
"4": "Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley , a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher , and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live , lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family . She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him . However , over time they become good friends , and develop an obvious attraction to one another . In the final episode of season 1 , `` Prelude to a Kiss , '' ( also titled as `` Final Adieu '' ) , after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season , Jack tells Elizabeth , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one '' and they share a kiss . Throughout season 2 , Elizabeth 's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low . Finally , in the season 2 finale , she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her . After being comforted both admitting that they love each other , Jack and Elizabeth kiss . Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy . Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton . Jack has a younger brother , Tom ( named after his father ) . As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity , he often finds himself protecting and saving people . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip ( after Rip Van Winkle ) and takes home with him . A source of comfort and companion in the small town , Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Rip , who 's afraid of thunder , hides in the mine shafts during a storm . Jack and Elizabeth search for him ; in their search , their relationship grows stronger . Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth , he developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him . However , he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time . In `` Rules of Engagement '' ( S. 1 ) , it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him . However , they have both changed and realize that they can not have a relationship as they once did ever again . In `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( S.",
"5": "1 ) , Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley . Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched , he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one . '' She replied that she was `` not going anywhere '' , Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss . In season 2 , Elizabeth and Jack share a hot - and - cold relationship until the finale , `` With All My Heart . '' They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss . Jack 's brother , Tom , is introduced season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart , '' and their rocky relationship continues until `` Coming Together , Coming Apart . '' Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him , but he would n't be proud of the way he was currently living . Both in tears , Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around . More recently , Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator , Lee Coulter . In season 3 , Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Jack 's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly . She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her , but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is : a trustworthy , dedicated teacher . In the season finale , `` Prayers From The Heart , '' Jack is injured in a flood . But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee 's best man at his wedding . Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman who tragically lost her husband and son in the mining accident . Abigail is a very kind woman , and she stands strongly for the things she believes in . She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends . When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage , Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live . After being complimented on her cooking , Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley . Together , Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe .",
"6": "At the end of season 1 , Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery , a Mountie , serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton 's . In season 2 , Abigail takes in her daughter - in - law , Clara , the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had . With Bill 's past being revealed , Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor , Frank Hogan . Also , she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth . Bill Avery is a mysterious , quiet man . He first appears in season 1 's `` Rules of Engagement , '' in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen 's wrongdoings . Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton . Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill 's family and his wedding ring . He later tells her that his son died , as well as his wife . However , his wife , Nora , comes to confront him in season 2 's `` Heart 's Desire . '' Henry Gowen is a cold , cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine . After the mine was shut down , Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold , cynical presence whenever people are around him . Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town . He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants , which is never for the good of the town . Rosemary `` Rosie '' LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant , enthusiastic actress from New York . She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton , but they both realized that it would n't work out . Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as `` the competition , '' but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth , even if she has a hard time showing it . At the beginning of season 2 , Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends . Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary 's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person . Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth , even if only on an acquaintance level . Truthfully , she cares about everyone in Hope Valley , especially Lee , with whom she shares an mutual attraction .",
"7": "When Rosie is not spending time with Lee , talking to Abigail , or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress , she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley 's newspaper ! In season 3 , Rosemary 's friendship with Elizabeth deepened . Instead of viewing her as an adversary , she finds a friend in Elizabeth . Throughout season 3 , Rosemary 's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic . In `` Heart Of A Hero , '' seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs , Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre does n't have to be built . He insists , but she says how important his job is . He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre , telling her that she is `` the best part of his life . '' The couple shares in their first kiss . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking he is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to him , telling how much she loves him . In `` Heartbreak , '' Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming . This has always been Rosemary 's dream , to be an actress . Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best , but it is obvious that the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him . Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley , with Lee . Lee then tells her that he has another `` role '' that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage . She happily accepts . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding . The couple weds in the season 3 finale `` Prayers From The Heart , '' with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor . Leland `` Lee '' Coulter is a kind , laidback , patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley . When timber becomes Coal Valley 's major source of natural resources , the town is renamed Hope Valley . He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her . When she declines his romantic intentions , Lee recruits his friend , Molly Sullivan , to make Rosemary jealous ; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit , appreciating Lee 's good qualities .",
"8": "Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality , Lee 's compassion and patience never fails with her . With Rosemary 's help , Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in `` Heart and Home . '' When not at work , Lee enjoys being with friends , including Jack Thornton , who shares Lee 's simple and laidback outlook , allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice . In season 3 , Lee 's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside . Through Bill and Jack 's investigation , they find the culprit . In season 3 's `` Heart Of A Hero , '' Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her . Lee promises that one day , he will build her the theatre at a time when he is n't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking Lee is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee , telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured . He however hears each and every word . She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her . In the episode `` Heartbreak , '' Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood . When she gives up the movie , seeing her future in Hope Valley with him , he asks her to marry him . The couple weds in the season 3 finale , `` Prayers From The Heart . '' Jack serves the role of Lee 's best man . Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth 's hopeless romantic younger sister . She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who are n't quite what they seem . In season 2 she gets involved with Jack 's brother Tom , which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth 's relationship . Cat Montgomery is a kind , encouraging woman in Coal Valley . She is a widow and mother of three : Gabe , Miles , and Emily . Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came . She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self - sacrificing acts in `` Secrets and Lies . ''",
"9": "Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement , Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in `` Cease and Desist . '' She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail . In `` These Games , '' she also helps Jack catch a thief . Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley . She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative , even in a very positive situation . In `` Heart and Home , '' Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her , which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat , though she remains fairly outspoken . While not always likable , Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley . Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher . Molly 's husband was killed in the mine disaster . She has a daughter Rosaleen . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much . When she runs away , Elizabeth finds her in the mine , feeling guilty that she did n't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead . She fears her mother will blame her , but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will `` say that she loves her more than life itself . '' Molly is reunited with her daughter , to the joy of the town 's people . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Lee feels it 's time to `` play hard to get '' with Rosemary , so he enlists help from Molly . She pretends to be interested in him romantically . This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him . Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town . Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail 's late son Peter , and is a sweet , quiet , and sensitive young woman . Abigail never knew she had a daughter - in - law until season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart ; '' with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed . In `` Heart 's Desire , '' Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley , an offer that Clara accepts .",
"10": "Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton . He is interested in her , though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship . Production ( edit ) The series , originally planned to be filmed in Colorado , is filmed south of Vancouver , British Columbia , on a farm surrounded by vineyards . The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013 . Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set . The Thatcher home is the University Women 's Club of Vancouver . The series was renewed for a second season , which aired from April 25 to June 13 , 2015 . Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season , which aired from February 21 to April 10 , 2016 , with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season . In mid-2016 , it was announced that Season 4 would premiere on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two - hour special . On April 11 , 2016 , Lissing and Krakow announced via the series ' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season , which aired from February 19 to April 23 , 2017 . Filming for season five began in Vancouver on August 22 , 2017 , and ended on December 21 , 2017 . Broadcast ( edit ) The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015 . The network has since aired all five seasons . The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reiher , Andrea ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' When Calls the Heart ' premiere : Will you return to the frontier ? '' . Zap2It . From Inside the Box ( blog ) . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' When Calls the Heart ' features Aussie Mountie '' . Canadian Press , April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - The Movie Cast '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ `` '' When Calls the Heart , '' Hallmark Channel 's Newest Original Primetime Series Kicks Off with a 2 - Hour Special Extended Pilot on October 5 '' ( Press release ) . Hallmark Channel . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 11 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Hallmark Channel 's ' When Calls The Heart ' Adds Cast ; ' Cedar Cove ' July Premiere Set '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Special Announcement - When Calls the Heart '' . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Gets Season 5 Premiere Date On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Hallmark Channel Upfront Presentation Canceled Due To Storm , Net Makes Announcements , Including ' When Calls the Heart ' Renewal , At Central Park Event '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - About the Series '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' TV Series Set In Fictional Town Built In B.C. '' The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Younger , ' ' Bones ' and a former Pittsburgh news anchor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` When Calls the Heart ' Renewed for Second Season by Hallmark Channel '' .",
"12": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 3 On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Calls the Heart videos '' . Hallmark Channel . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` When Calls the Heart : Season Four Renewal for Hallmark Channel Series '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 4 By Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Johnny Depp , When Calls the Heart , and Eggplant Emoji '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krakow , Erin ( @ erinkrakow ) ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a Season 5 WRAP for Elizabeth ! It flew ! Missing my Hope Valley friends already ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV stacks fall and winter lineups with British , Aussie fare '' . 680 News , May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Television reveals its 2016 summer schedule with five new primetime series , returning hits and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games '' . CBC Television . May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Announces 2017 - 18 Programming Slate '' . CBC Television . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 .",
"13": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : When Calls the Heart Official website When Calls the Heart on IMDb ( hide ) Hallmark Channel original programming Original programming Former Cedar Cove ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Signed , Sealed , Delivered ( 2014 ) Current Home and Family ( since 2012 ) When Calls the Heart ( since 2014 ) Good Witch ( since 2015 ) Chesapeake Shores ( since 2016 ) Meet the Peetes ( since 2018 ) Movies List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Hallmark Hall of Fame movie list Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_Calls_the_Heart&oldid=838349951 '' Categories : English - language television programs 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts 2010s Canadian drama television series 2014 Canadian television series debuts Period family drama television series Western ( genre ) television series Television programs based on books Television series produced in Vancouver Super Channel shows Hallmark Channel shows CBC Television shows 2010s American romance television series Canadian romance television series Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2018 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 13 : 19 . About Wikipedia",
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9,
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7,
11,
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0
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[
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who owns the majority of the us debt
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[
"Japan and China",
"China",
"Japan",
"the public"
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{
"0": "National debt of the United States - Wikipedia National debt of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Budget and debt in the United States of America Major dimensions ( hide ) Economy Expenditures Federal budget Financial position Military budget Public debt Taxation Unemployment Programs ( show ) Medicare Social programs Social Security Contemporary issues ( show ) Bowles -- Simpson Commission Bush tax cuts Debt - ceiling ( history ) Deficit reduction Fiscal cliff Health care reform Political debates Social Security debate `` Starve the beast '' Subprime mortgage crisis In specific years Budget sequestration in 2013 Debt - ceiling crisis of 2011 2013 Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 Government shutdowns of 1995 -- 96 2013 Terminology ( show ) Cumulative deficit + Interest ≈ Debt Balance of payments Inflation The national debt of the United States is the amount owed by the federal government of the United States . The measure of the public debt is the value of the outstanding Treasury securities at a point of time that have been issued by the Treasury and other federal government agencies . The terms national deficit and national surplus usually refer to the federal government budget balance from year to year , not the cumulative total . A deficit year increases the debt because more money is spent than is received ; a surplus year decreases the debt because more money is received than spent . There are two components of gross national debt : Debt held by the public , such as Treasury securities held by investors outside the federal government , including those held by individuals , corporations , the Federal Reserve System and foreign , state and local governments . Debt held by government accounts or intragovernmental debt , such as non-marketable Treasury securities held in accounts administered by the federal government that are owed to program beneficiaries , such as the Social Security Trust Fund . Debt held by government accounts represents the cumulative surpluses , including interest earnings , of various government programs that have been invested in Treasury securities . In general , government debt increases as a result of government spending , and decreases from tax or other receipts , both of which fluctuate during the course of a fiscal year .",
"1": "In practice , Treasury securities are not issued or redeemed on a day - by - day basis , and may also be issued or redeemed as part of the federal government 's macroeconomic monetary management operations . The aggregate , gross amount that Treasury can borrow is limited by the United States debt ceiling . Historically , the US public debt as a share of gross domestic product ( GDP ) has increased during wars and recessions , and subsequently declined . The ratio of debt to GDP may decrease as a result of a government surplus or due to growth of GDP and inflation . For example , debt held by the public as a share of GDP peaked just after World War II ( 113 % of GDP in 1945 ) , but then fell over the following 35 years . In recent decades , however , aging demographics and rising healthcare costs have led to concern about the long - term sustainability of the federal government 's fiscal policies . On November 7 , 2016 , debt held by the public was $14.3 trillion or about 76 % of the previous 12 months of GDP . Intragovernmental holdings stood at $5.4 trillion , giving a combined total gross national debt of $19.8 trillion or about 106 % of the previous 12 months of GDP ; $6.2 trillion or approximately 45 % of the debt held by the public was owned by foreign investors , the largest of which were Japan and China at about $1.09 trillion for Japan and $1.06 trillion for China as of December 2016 .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Valuation and measurement 2.1 Public and government accounts 2.2 Accounting treatment 2.3 Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac obligations excluded 2.4 Guaranteed obligations excluded 2.5 Unfunded obligations excluded 2.6 Measuring debt burden 2.7 Calculating the annual change in debt 3 Reduction 3.1 Negative real interest rates 3.2 Raising reserve requirements and full reserve banking 4 Debt ceiling 5 Debt holdings 5.1 Foreign holdings 6 Forecasting 6.1 CBO short - term outlook 6.2 CBO long - term outlook 7 Risks and debates 7.1 CBO risk factors 7.2 Concerns over Chinese holdings of U.S. debt 7.3 Sustainability 7.4 Risks to economic growth 7.5 Interest and debt service costs 7.6 Definition of public debt 7.7 Intergenerational equity 7.8 Credit default 8 Appendix 8.1 National debt for selected years 8.2 Interest paid 8.3 Foreign holders of US Treasury securities 8.4 Statistics 8.5 International debt comparisons 8.6 Recent additions to the public debt of the United States 8.7 Historical debt ceiling levels 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States public debt Federal Debt Held by the Public as a percentage of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , from 1940 to 2016 with future projections U.S. federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP , from 1790 to 2013 , projected to 2038 U.S. Federal Debt as Percent of GDP since World War II , with presidential terms marked . The United States government has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since its formation in 1789 , except for about a year during 1835 -- 1836 . To allow comparisons over the years , public debt is often expressed as a ratio to gross domestic product ( GDP ) .",
"3": "The United States public debt as a percentage of GDP reached its highest level during Harry Truman 's first presidential term , during and after World War II . Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period , and reached a low in 1974 under Richard Nixon . Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then , except during the presidencies of Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton . Public debt rose during the 1980s , as Ronald Reagan cut tax rates and increased military spending . It fell during the 1990s , due to decreased military spending , increased taxes and the 1990s boom . Public debt rose sharply in the wake of the 2007 -- 2008 financial crisis and the resulting significant tax revenue declines and spending increases . Valuation and measurement ( edit ) Public and government accounts ( edit ) Detailed breakdown of government holders of treasury debt and debt instruments used of the public portion On January 26 , 2016 , debt held by the public was $13.62 trillion or about 75 % of the previous 12 months of GDP . Intragovernmental holdings stood at $5.34 trillion , giving a combined total gross national debt of $18.96 trillion or about 104 % of the previous 12 months of GDP . The national debt can also be classified into marketable or non-marketable securities . Most of the marketable securities are Treasury notes , bills , and bonds held by investors and governments globally . The non-marketable securities are mainly the `` government account series '' owed to certain government trust funds such as the Social Security Trust Fund , which represented $2.74 trillion in 2011 . The non-marketable securities represent amounts owed to program beneficiaries . For example , in the case of the Social Security Trust Fund , the payroll taxes dedicated to Social Security were credited to the Trust Fund upon receipt , but spent for other purposes . If the government continues to run deficits in other parts of the budget , the government will have to issue debt held by the public to fund the Social Security Trust Fund , in effect exchanging one type of debt for the other . Other large intragovernmental holders include the Federal Housing Administration , the Federal Savings and Loan Corporation 's Resolution Fund and the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund ( Medicare ) . Accounting treatment ( edit ) U.S.",
"4": "debt from 1940 to 2016 . Red lines indicate the `` debt held by the public '' and black lines indicate the total national debt or gross public debt . The difference is the `` intragovernmental debt , '' which includes obligations to government programs such as Social Security . Stated as a formula , National Debt = Debt held by the Public + Intragovernmental Debt . The second panel shows the two debt figures as a percentage of U.S. GDP ( dollar value of U.S. economic production for that year ) . The top panel is deflated so every year is in 2010 dollars Only debt held by the public is reported as a liability on the consolidated financial statements of the United States government . Debt held by government accounts is an asset to those accounts but a liability to the Treasury ; they offset each other in the consolidated financial statements . Government receipts and expenditures are normally presented on a cash rather than an accrual basis , although the accrual basis may provide more information on the longer - term implications of the government 's annual operations . The United States public debt is often expressed as a ratio of public debt to gross domestic product ( GDP ) . The ratio of debt to GDP may decrease as a result of a government surplus as well as due to growth of GDP and inflation . Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac obligations excluded ( edit ) See also : Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Under normal accounting rules , fully owned companies would be consolidated into the books of the owner , but the large size of Fannie and Freddie has made the U.S. government reluctant to incorporate Freddie and Fannie into its own books . When Freddie and Fannie required bail - outs , White House Budget Director Jim Nussle , on September 12 , 2008 , initially indicated their budget plans would not incorporate the GSE debt into the budget because of the temporary nature of the conservator intervention . As the intervention has dragged out , pundits have started to further question this accounting treatment , noting that changes in August 2012 `` makes them even more permanent wards of the state and turns the government 's preferred stock into a permanent , perpetual kind of security '' .",
"5": "The government controls the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board , which would normally criticize inconsistent accounting practices , but it does not oversee its own government 's accounting practices or the standards set by the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board . The on - or off - balance sheet obligations of those two independent GSEs was just over $5 trillion at the time the conservatorship was put in place , consisting mainly of mortgage payment guarantees and agency bonds . The confusing independent but government - controlled status of the GSEs has resulted in investors of the legacy common shares and preferred shares launching various activist campaigns in 2014 . Guaranteed obligations excluded ( edit ) See also : Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program and Exchange Stabilization Fund U.S. federal government guarantees are not included in the public debt total , until such time as there is a call on the guarantees . For example , the U.S. federal government in late - 2008 guaranteed large amounts of obligations of mutual funds , banks , and corporations under several programs designed to deal with the problems arising from the late - 2000s financial crisis . The guarantee program lapsed at the end of 2012 when Congress declined to extend the scheme . The funding of direct investments made in response to the crisis , such as those made under the Troubled Assets Relief Program , are included in the debt . Unfunded obligations excluded ( edit ) The U.S. government is obligated under current law to make mandatory payments for programs such as Medicare , Medicaid and Social Security . The Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) projects that payouts for these programs will significantly exceed tax revenues over the next 75 years . The Medicare Part A ( hospital insurance ) payouts already exceed program tax revenues , and social security payouts exceeded payroll taxes in fiscal 2010 . These deficits require funding from other tax sources or borrowing . The present value of these deficits or unfunded obligations is an estimated $45.8 trillion . This is the amount that would have had to be set aside in 2009 in order to pay for the unfunded obligations which , under current law , will have to be raised by the government in the future . Approximately $7.7 trillion relates to Social Security , while $38.2 trillion relates to Medicare and Medicaid . In other words , health care programs will require nearly five times more funding than Social Security .",
"6": "Adding this to the national debt and other federal obligations would bring total obligations to nearly $62 trillion . However , these unfunded obligations are not counted in the national debt , as shown in monthly Treasury reports of the national debt . Measuring debt burden ( edit ) GDP is a measure of the total size and output of the economy . One measure of the debt burden is its size relative to GDP , called the `` debt - to - GDP ratio . '' Mathematically , this is the debt divided by the GDP amount . The Congressional Budget Office includes historical budget and debt tables along with its annual `` Budget and Economic Outlook . '' Debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP rose from 34.7 % GDP in 2000 to 40.5 % in 2008 and 67.7 % in 2011 . Mathematically , the ratio can decrease even while debt grows , if the rate of increase in GDP ( which also takes account of inflation ) is higher than the rate of increase of debt . Conversely , the debt to GDP ratio can increase even while debt is being reduced , if the decline in GDP is sufficient . According to the CIA World Factbook , during 2015 , the U.S. debt to GDP ratio of 73.6 % was the 39th highest in the world . This was measured using `` debt held by the public . '' However , $1 trillion in additional borrowing since the end of FY 2015 has raised the ratio to 76.2 % as of April 2016 ( See Appendix # National debt for selected years ) . Also , this number excludes state and local debt . According to the OECD , general government gross debt ( federal , state , and local ) in the United States in the fourth quarter of 2015 was $22.5 trillion ( 125 % of GDP ) ; subtracting out $5.25 trillion for intergovernmental federal debt to count only federal `` debt held by the public '' gives 96 % of GDP . The ratio is higher if the total national debt is used , by adding the `` intragovernmental debt '' to the `` debt held by the public . '' For example , on April 29 , 2016 , debt held by the public was approximately $13.84 trillion or about 76 % of GDP .",
"7": "Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5.35 trillion , giving a combined total public debt of $19.19 trillion . U.S. GDP for the previous 12 months was approximately $18.15 trillion , for a total debt to GDP ratio of approximately 106 % . Calculating the annual change in debt ( edit ) Comparison of deficits to change in debt in 2008 Conceptually , an annual deficit ( or surplus ) should represent the change in the national debt , with a deficit adding to the national debt and a surplus reducing it . However , there is complexity in the budgetary computations that can make the deficit figure commonly reported in the media ( the `` total deficit '' ) considerably different from the annual increase in the debt . The major categories of differences are the treatment of the Social Security program , Treasury borrowing , and supplemental appropriations outside the budget process . Social Security payroll taxes and benefit payments , along with the net balance of the U.S. Postal Service , are considered `` off - budget '' , while most other expenditure and receipt categories are considered `` on - budget '' . The total federal deficit is the sum of the on - budget deficit ( or surplus ) and the off - budget deficit ( or surplus ) . Since FY1960 , the federal government has run on - budget deficits except for FY1999 and FY2000 , and total federal deficits except in FY1969 and FY1998 -- FY2001 . For example , in January 2009 the CBO reported that for fiscal year 2008 ( FY2008 ) the `` on - budget deficit '' was $638 billion , offset by an `` off - budget surplus '' ( mainly due to Social Security revenue in excess of payouts ) of $183 billion , for a `` total deficit '' of $455 billion . This latter figure was the one commonly reported in the media . However , an additional $313 billion was required for `` the Treasury actions aimed at stabilizing the financial markets , '' an unusually high amount due to the Subprime mortgage crisis . This meant that the `` debt held by the public '' increased by $768 billion ( $455 B + $313 B = $768 B ) . The `` off - budget surplus '' was borrowed and spent ( as is typically the case ) , increasing the `` intra-governmental debt '' by $183 billion .",
"8": "So the total increase in the `` National debt '' in FY2008 was $768 B + $183 B = $951 billion . The Treasury Department reported an increase in the National Debt of $1,017 B for FY2008 . The $66 billion difference is likely due to `` supplemental appropriations '' for the War on Terror , some of which were outside the budget process entirely until President Obama began including most of them in his FY2010 budget . In other words , spending the `` off budget '' Social Security surplus adds to the total national debt ( by increasing the intragovernmental debt ) while the `` off - budget '' surplus reduces the `` total '' deficit reported in the media . Certain spending called `` supplemental appropriations '' is outside the budget process entirely but adds to the national debt . Funding for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars was accounted for this way prior to the Obama administration . Certain stimulus measures and earmarks were also outside the budget process . The federal government publishes the total debt owed ( public and intragovernmental holdings ) monthly . Reduction ( edit ) Negative real interest rates ( edit ) Since 2010 , the U.S. Treasury has been obtaining negative real interest rates on government debt , meaning the inflation rate is greater than the interest rate paid on the debt . Such low rates , outpaced by the inflation rate , occur when the market believes that there are no alternatives with sufficiently low risk , or when popular institutional investments such as insurance companies , pensions , or bond , money market , and balanced mutual funds are required or choose to invest sufficiently large sums in Treasury securities to hedge against risk . Economist Lawrence Summers has stated that at such low interest rates , government borrowing actually saves taxpayer money and improves creditworthiness . In the late 1940s through the early 1970s , the US and UK both reduced their debt burden by about 30 % to 40 % of GDP per decade by taking advantage of negative real interest rates , but there is no guarantee that government debt rates will continue to stay so low . Between 1946 and 1974 , the US debt - to - GDP ratio fell from 121 % to 32 % even though there were surpluses in only eight of those years which were much smaller than the deficits .",
"9": "Raising Reserve requirements and full Reserve banking ( edit ) The two economists , Jaromir Benes and Michael Kumhof , working for the International Monetary Fund , published a working paper called The Chicago Plan Revisited suggesting that the debt could be eliminated by raising bank reserve requirements and converting from fractional reserve banking to full reserve banking . Economists at the Paris School of Economics have commented on the plan , stating that it is already the status quo for coinage currency , and a Norges Bank economist has examined the proposal in the context of considering the finance industry as part of the real economy . A Centre for Economic Policy Research paper agrees with the conclusion that , `` no real liability is created by new fiat money creation , and therefore public debt does not rise as a result '' . Debt ceiling ( edit ) Main article : United States debt ceiling The debt ceiling is a legislative mechanism to limit the amount of national debt that can be issued by the Treasury . In effect , it will restrain the Treasury from paying for expenditures after the limit has been reached , even if the expenditures have already been approved ( in the budget ) and have been appropriated . If this situation were to occur , it is unclear whether Treasury would be able to prioritize payments on debt to avoid a default on its debt obligations , but it would have to default on some of its non-debt obligations . Debt holdings ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Estimated ownership each year Because a large variety of people own the notes , bills , and bonds in the `` public '' portion of the debt , Treasury also publishes information that groups the types of holders by general categories to portray who owns United States debt . In this data set , some of the public portion is moved and combined with the total government portion , because this amount is owned by the Federal Reserve as part of United States monetary policy . ( See Federal Reserve System . ) As is apparent from the chart , a little less than half of the total national debt is owed to the `` Federal Reserve and intragovernmental holdings '' . The foreign and international holders of the debt are also put together from the notes , bills , and bonds sections .",
"10": "To the right is a chart for the data as of June 2008 : Foreign holdings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Composition of U.S. Long - Term Treasury Debt 2000 -- 2014 , from U.S. Department of the Treasury , TIC reporting system As of September 2014 , foreigners owned $6.06 trillion of U.S. debt , or approximately 47 % of the debt held by the public of $12.8 trillion and 34 % of the total debt of $17.8 trillion . The largest holders were China , Japan , Belgium , the Caribbean banking centers , and oil exporters . The share held by foreign governments has grown over time , rising from 13 % of the public debt in 1988 to 25 % in 2007 . As of September 2014 the largest single holder of U.S. government debt was China , with 21 % of all foreign - held U.S. Treasury securities ( 10 % of total U.S. public debt ) . China 's holdings of government debt , as a percentage of all foreign - held government debt are up significantly since 2000 ( when China held just 6 percent of all foreign - held U.S. Treasury securities ) . This exposure to potential financial or political risk should foreign banks stop buying Treasury securities or start selling them heavily was addressed in a June 2008 report issued by the Bank of International Settlements , which stated , `` Foreign investors in U.S. dollar assets have seen big losses measured in dollars , and still bigger ones measured in their own currency . While unlikely , indeed highly improbable for public sector investors , a sudden rush for the exits can not be ruled out completely . '' On May 20 , 2007 , Kuwait discontinued pegging its currency exclusively to the dollar , preferring to use the dollar in a basket of currencies . Syria made a similar announcement on June 4 , 2007 . In September 2009 China , India and Russia said they were interested in buying International Monetary Fund gold to diversify their dollar - denominated securities .",
"11": "However , in July 2010 China 's State Administration of Foreign Exchange `` ruled out the option of dumping its vast holdings of US Treasury securities '' and said gold `` can not become a main channel for investing our foreign exchange reserves '' because the market for gold is too small and prices are too volatile . According to Paul Krugman , `` It 's true that foreigners now hold large claims on the United States , including a fair amount of government debt . But every dollar 's worth of foreign claims on America is matched by 89 cents ' worth of U.S. claims on foreigners . And because foreigners tend to put their U.S. investments into safe , low - yield assets , America actually earns more from its assets abroad than it pays to foreign investors . If your image is of a nation that 's already deep in hock to the Chinese , you 've been misinformed . Nor are we heading rapidly in that direction . '' Forecasting ( edit ) Further information : United States federal budget CBO : Public Debt Under `` Extended '' and `` Alternate '' Scenarios Spending for mandatory programs is projected to rise relative to GDP , while discretionary programs decline Interest to GDP , a measure of debt burden , was very low in 2015 but is projected to rise with both interest rates and debt levels over the 2016 -- 2026 period . CBO short - term Outlook ( edit ) The Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) reported in its February 2014 Budget and Economic Outlook ( which covers the 2014 -- 2024 period ) that deficits were projected to return to approximately the historical average relative to the size of the economy ( GDP ) by 2014 . The CBO estimated that under current law , the deficit would total $514 billion in fiscal year 2014 or 3.0 % GDP . Deficits would then slowly begin rising again through 2024 due primarily to the pressures of an aging population and rising healthcare costs per person . The debt to GDP ratio would remain stable for much of the decade then begin rising again toward the end of the 10 - year forecast window , from 74 % in 2014 to 79 % in 2024 . CBO long - term Outlook ( edit ) The CBO reports its Long - Term Budget Outlook annually , providing at least two scenarios for spending , revenue , deficits , and debt .",
"12": "The 2014 Outlook mainly covers the 25 - year period through 2039 . The `` extended baseline scenario '' assumes that the laws currently on the books will be implemented , for the most part . The CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario : If current laws remained generally unchanged in the future , federal debt held by the public would decline slightly relative to GDP over the next few years . After that , however , growing budget deficits would push debt back to and above its current high level . Twenty - five years from now , in 2039 , federal debt held by the public would exceed 100 percent of GDP . Moreover , debt would be on an upward path relative to the size of the economy , a trend that could not be sustained indefinitely . By 2039 , the deficit would equal 6.5 percent of GDP , larger than in any year between 1947 and 2008 , and federal debt held by the public would reach 106 percent of GDP , more than in any year except 1946 -- even without factoring in the economic effects of growing debt . The `` extended alternative fiscal scenario '' assumes the continuation of present trends , which result in a more unfavorable debt position and adverse economic consequences relative to the baseline scenario . The CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario : ( C ) ertain policies that are now in place but are scheduled to change under current law are assumed to continue , and some provisions of current law that might be difficult to sustain for a long period are assumed to be modified . Under that scenario , deficits excluding interest payments would be about $2 trillion larger over the first decade than those under the baseline ; subsequently , such deficits would be larger than those under the extended baseline by rapidly increasing amounts , doubling as a percentage of GDP in less than 10 years . CBO projects that real GNP in 2039 would be about 5 percent lower under the extended alternative fiscal scenario than under the extended baseline with economic feedback , and that interest rates would be about three - quarters of a percentage point higher . Reflecting the budgetary effects of those economic developments , federal debt would rise to 183 percent of GDP in 2039 . Over the long - term , the CBO projects that interest expense and mandatory spending categories ( e.g.",
"13": ", Medicare , Medicaid and Social Security ) will continue to grow relative to GDP , while discretionary categories ( e.g. , Defense and other Cabinet Departments ) continue to fall relative to GDP . Debt is projected to continue rising relative to GDP under the above two scenarios , although the CBO did also offer other scenarios that involved austerity measures that would bring the debt to GDP ratio down . The CBO estimated under the baseline scenario that the U.S. debt held by the public would increase approximately $8.5 trillion between the end of 2014 and 2024 . Under a $2 trillion deficit reduction scenario during that first decade , federal debt held by the public in 2039 would stand at 75 percent of GDP , only slightly above the value of 72 percent at the end of 2013 . Under a $4 trillion deficit reduction scenario for that decade , federal debt held by the public would fall to 42 percent of GDP in 2039 . By comparison , such debt was 35 percent of GDP in 2007 and has averaged 39 percent of GDP during the past 40 years . The CBO reported in September 2011 : `` The nation can not continue to sustain the spending programs and policies of the past with the tax revenues it has been accustomed to paying . Citizens will either have to pay more for their government , accept less in government services and benefits , or both . '' Risks and debates ( edit ) Risks due to increasing entitlement spending , according to GAO 's projections of future trends See also : Political debates about the United States federal budget and Deficit reduction in the United States CBO risk factors ( edit ) The CBO reported several types of risk factors related to rising debt levels in a July 2010 publication : A growing portion of savings would go towards purchases of government debt , rather than investments in productive capital goods such as factories and computers , leading to lower output and incomes than would otherwise occur ; If higher marginal tax rates were used to pay rising interest costs , savings would be reduced and work would be discouraged ; Rising interest costs would force reductions in government programs ; Restrictions to the ability of policymakers to use fiscal policy to respond to economic challenges ; and An increased risk of a sudden fiscal crisis , in which investors demand higher interest rates . Concerns over Chinese holdings of U.S.",
"14": "debt ( edit ) Many American and other economic analysts have expressed concerns on account of the People 's Republic of China 's `` extensive '' holdings of United States government debt , as part of their reserves . The National Defense Authorization Act of the fiscal year 2012 included a provision requiring the Secretary of Defense to conduct a `` national security risk assessment of U.S. federal debt held by China . '' The Department issued its report in July 2012 , stating that `` attempting to use U.S. Treasury securities as a coercive tool would have limited effect and likely would do more harm to China than to the United States . As the threat is not credible and the effect would be limited even if carried out , it does not offer China deterrence options , whether in the diplomatic , military , or economic realms , and this would remain true both in peacetime and in scenarios of crisis or war . '' The 112th United States Congress introduced legislation whose aim was the assessment of the implications of China 's ownership of U.S. debt . The 2013 Report claimed that `` ( a ) potentially serious short - term problem would emerge if China decided to suddenly reduce their liquid U.S. financial assets significantly '' ( emphasis in the original text ) , noting , also , that Federal Reserve System Chairman Ben Bernanke had , in 2007 , stated that `` because foreign holdings of U.S. Treasury securities represent only a small part of total U.S. credit market debt outstanding , U.S. credit markets should be able to absorb without great difficulty any shift of foreign allocations . '' A significant number of economists and analysts dismiss any and all concerns over foreign holdings of United States government debt denominated in U.S. dollars , including China 's holdings . Sustainability ( edit ) According to the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) , the United States is on a `` fiscally unsustainable '' path because of projected future increases in Medicare and Social Security spending . Risks to economic growth ( edit ) Debt levels may affect economic growth rates . In 2010 , economists Kenneth Rogoff and Carmen Reinhart reported that among the 20 developed countries studied , average annual GDP growth was 3 -- 4 % when debt was relatively moderate or low ( i.e.",
"15": "under 60 % of GDP ) , but it dips to just 1.6 % when debt was high ( i.e. , above 90 % of GDP ) . In April 2013 , the conclusions of Rogoff and Reinhart 's study came into question when a coding error in their original paper was discovered by Herndon , Ash and Pollin of the University of Massachusetts , Amherst . Herndon , Ash and Pollin found that after correcting for errors and unorthodox methods used , there was no evidence that debt above a specific threshold reduces growth . Reinhart and Rogoff maintain that after correcting for errors , a negative relationship between high debt and growth remains . However , other economists , including Paul Krugman , have argued that it is low growth which causes national debt to increase , rather than the other way around . Commenting on fiscal sustainability , former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke stated in April 2010 that `` Neither experience nor economic theory clearly indicates the threshold at which government debt begins to endanger prosperity and economic stability . But given the significant costs and risks associated with a rapidly rising federal debt , our nation should soon put in place a credible plan for reducing deficits to sustainable levels over time . '' Interest and debt Service costs ( edit ) Components of interest on the debt Despite rising debt levels , interest costs have remained at approximately 2008 levels ( around $450 billion in total ) due to lower than long - term interest rates paid on government debt in recent years . However , interest rates may return to higher historical levels . The cost of servicing the U.S. national debt can be measured in various ways . The CBO analyzes net interest as a percentage of GDP , with a higher percentage indicating a higher interest payment burden . During 2015 , this was 1.3 % GDP , close to the record low 1.2 % of the 1966 -- 1968 era . The average from 1966 to 2015 was 2.0 % of GDP . However , the CBO estimated in 2016 that the interest amounts and % GDP will increase significantly over the following decade as both interest rates and debt levels rise : `` Interest payments on that debt represent a large and rapidly growing expense of the federal government .",
"16": "CBO 's baseline shows net interest payments more than tripling under current law , climbing from $231 billion in 2014 , or 1.3 percent of GDP , to $799 billion in 2024 , or 3.0 percent of GDP -- the highest ratio since 1996 . '' Definition of public debt ( edit ) Economists also debate the definition of public debt . Krugman argued in May 2010 that the debt held by the public is the right measure to use , while Reinhart has testified to the President 's Fiscal Reform Commission that gross debt is the appropriate measure . The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities ( CBPP ) cited research by several economists supporting the use of the lower debt held by the public figure as a more accurate measure of the debt burden , disagreeing with these Commission members . There is debate regarding the economic nature of the intragovernmental debt , which was approximately $4.6 trillion in February 2011 . For example , the CBPP argues : that `` large increases in ( debt held by the public ) can also push up interest rates and increase the amount of future interest payments the federal government must make to lenders outside of the United States , which reduces Americans ' income . By contrast , intragovernmental debt ( the other component of the gross debt ) has no such effects because it is simply money the federal government owes ( and pays interest on ) to itself . '' However , if the U.S. government continues to run `` on budget '' deficits as projected by the CBO and OMB for the foreseeable future , it will have to issue marketable Treasury bills and bonds ( i.e. , debt held by the public ) to pay for the projected shortfall in the Social Security program . This will result in `` debt held by the public '' replacing `` intragovernmental debt '' . Intergenerational equity ( edit ) See also : Intergenerational equity 1979 $10,000 Treasury Bond One debate about the national debt relates to intergenerational equity . For example , if one generation is receiving the benefit of government programs or employment enabled by deficit spending and debt accumulation , to what extent does the resulting higher debt impose risks and costs on future generations ?",
"17": "There are several factors to consider : For every dollar of debt held by the public , there is a government obligation ( generally marketable Treasury securities ) counted as an asset by investors . Future generations benefit to the extent these assets are passed on to them . As of 2010 , approximately 72 % of the financial assets were held by the wealthiest 5 % of the population . This presents a wealth and income distribution question , as only a fraction of the people in future generations will receive principal or interest from investments related to the debt incurred today . To the extent the U.S. debt is owed to foreign investors ( approximately half the `` debt held by the public '' during 2012 ) , principal and interest are not directly received by U.S. heirs . Higher debt levels imply higher interest payments , which create costs for future taxpayers ( e.g. , higher taxes , lower government benefits , higher inflation , or increased risk of fiscal crisis ) . To the extent the borrowed funds are invested today to improve the long - term productivity of the economy and its workers , such as via useful infrastructure projects or education , future generations may benefit . For every dollar of intragovernmental debt , there is an obligation to specific program recipients , generally non-marketable securities such as those held in the Social Security Trust Fund . Adjustments that reduce future deficits in these programs may also apply costs to future generations , via higher taxes or lower program spending . Krugman wrote in March 2013 that by neglecting public investment and failing to create jobs , we are doing far more harm to future generations than merely passing along debt : `` Fiscal policy is , indeed , a moral issue , and we should be ashamed of what we 're doing to the next generation 's economic prospects . But our sin involves investing too little , not borrowing too much . '' Young workers face high unemployment and studies have shown their income may lag throughout their careers as a result . Teacher jobs have been cut , which could affect the quality of education and competitiveness of younger Americans . Credit default ( edit ) The US has never fully defaulted . In April 1979 , however , the United States may have technically defaulted on $122 million in Treasury bills , which was less than 1 % of U.S. debt .",
"18": "The Treasury Department characterized it as a delay rather than as a default , but it did have consequences for short - term interest rates , which jumped 0.6 % . Others view it as a temporary , partial default . Appendix ( edit ) National debt for selected years ( edit ) Fiscal year Total debt Total debt as % of GDP Public debt Public debt as % of GDP GDP ( $ billions ) 1910 2.65 / - 8.1 % 2.65 8.1 % est . 32.8 1920 25.95 / - 29.2 % 25.95 29.2 % est . 88.6 1927 18.51 / - 19.2 % 18.51 19.2 % est . 96.5 1930 16.19 / - 16.6 % 16.19 16.6 % est . 97.4 1940 42.97 / 50.70 43.8 -- 51.6 % 42.77 43.6 % - / 98.2 1950 257.3 / 256.9 92.0 % 219.0 78.4 % 279.0 1960 286.3 / 290.5 53.6 -- 54.2 % 236.8 44.3 % 535.1 1970 370.9 / 380.9 35.4 -- 36.4 % 283.2 27.0 % 1,049 1980 907.7 / 909.0 32.4 -- 32.6 % 711.9 25.5 % 2,796 3,233 / 3,206 54.2 -- 54.6 % 2,400 40.8 % 5,915 2000 5,659 55.8 % 3,450 33.9 % 10,",
"19": "150 2001 5,792 54.8 % 3,350 31.6 % 10,550 2002 6,213 57.1 % 3,550 32.7 % 10,900 2003 6,783 59.9 % 3,900 34.6 % 11,350 7,379 61.0 % 4,300 35.6 % 12,100 2005 7,918 61.4 % 4,600 35.7 % 12,900 2006 8,493 62.1 % 4,850 35.4 % 13,700 2007 8,993 62.8 % 5,050 35.3 % 14,300 2008 10,011 67.9 % 5,800 39.4 % 14,750 2009 11,898 82.5 % 7,550 52.4 % 14,400 13,551 91.6 % 9,000 61.0 % 14,800 2011 14,781 96.1 % 10,150 65.8 % 15,400 2012 16,059 100.2 % 11,250 70.3 % 16,050 2013 16,732 101.3 % 12,000 72.6 % 16,500 2014 17,810 103.4 % 12,800 74.2 % 17,200 2015 18,138 101.3 / 101.8 % 13,100 73.3 % 17,900 2016 ( Oct. ' 15 -- Jul. '",
"20": "16 only ) ~ 19,428 ~ 106.1 % ~ 13,998 ~ 76.5 % On June 25 , 2014 , the BEA announced : `` ( On July 30 , 2014 , i ) n addition to the regular revision of estimates for the most recent 3 years and for the first quarter of 2014 , GDP and select components will be revised back to the first quarter of 1999 . Fiscal years 1940 -- 2009 GDP figures were derived from February 2011 Office of Management and Budget figures which contained revisions of prior year figures due to significant changes from prior GDP measurements . Fiscal years 1950 -- 2010 GDP measurements were derived from December 2010 Bureau of Economic Analysis figures which also tend to be subject to revision , especially more recent years . Afterwards the OMB figures were revised back to 2004 and the BEA figures ( in a revision dated July 31 , 2013 ) were revised back to 1947 . Regarding estimates recorded in the GDP column ( the last column ) marked with a `` ~ '' symbol , absolute differences from advance ( one month after ) BEA reports of GDP percent change to current findings ( as of November 2013 ) found in revisions are stated to be 1.3 % ± 2.0 % or a 95 % probability of being within the range of 0.0 -- 3.3 % , assuming the differences to occur according to standard deviations from the average absolute difference of 1.3 % . E.g. with an advance report of a $400 billion increase of a $10 trillion GDP , for example , one could be 95 % confident that the range in which the exact GDP dollar amount lies would be 0.0 to 3.3 % different than 4.0 % ( 400 ÷ 10,000 ) or within the range of $0 to $330 billion different than the hypothetical $400 billion ( a range of $70 -- 730 billion ) . Two months after , with a revised value , the range of potential difference from the stated estimate shrinks , and three months after with another revised value the range shrinks again .",
"21": "Fiscal years 1940 -- 1970 begin July 1 of the previous year ( for example , Fiscal Year 1940 begins July 1 , 1939 and ends June 30 , 1940 ) ; fiscal years 1980 -- 2010 begin October 1 of the previous year . Intragovernmental debts before the Social Security Act are presumed to equal zero . 1909 -- 1930 calendar year GDP estimates are from MeasuringWorth.com Fiscal Year estimates are derived from simple linear interpolation . ( a1 ) Audited figure was `` about $5,659 billion . '' ( a2 ) Audited figure was `` about $5,792 billion . '' ( a3 ) Audited figure was `` about $6,213 billion . '' ( a ) Audited figure was said to be `` about '' the stated figure . ( a4 ) Audited figure was `` about $7,918 billion . '' ( a5 ) Audited figure was `` about $8,493 billion . '' ( a6 ) Audited figure was `` about $8,993 billion . '' ( a7 ) Audited figure was `` about $10,011 billion . '' ( a8 ) Audited figure was `` about $11,898 billion . '' ( a9 ) Audited figure was `` about $13,551 billion . '' ( a10 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Public debt figure as $14,781 billion . ( a11 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Public debt figure as $16,059 billion . ( a12 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's figure as $16,732 billion . ( a13 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's figure as $17,810 billion . ( a14 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's figure as $18,138 billion . Interest paid ( edit ) Fiscal Year Historical debt outstanding , $ billions , US Interest paid $ billions , US Interest rate 2014 17,824 430.8 2.42 % 2013 16,738 415.7 2.48 % 2012 16,066 359.8 2.24 % 2011 14,",
"22": "790 454.4 3.07 % 13,562 414.0 3.05 % 2009 11,910 383.1 3.22 % 2008 10,025 451.2 4.50 % 2007 9,008 430.0 4.77 % 2006 8,507 405.9 4.77 % 2005 7,933 352.4 4.44 % 7,379 321.6 4.36 % 2003 6,783 318.1 4.69 % 2002 6,228 332.5 5.34 % 2001 5,807 359.5 6.19 % 2000 5,674 362.0 6.38 % 1999 5,656 353.5 6.25 % 1998 5,526 363.8 6.58 % 1997 5,413 355.8 6.57 % 5,225 344.0 6.58 % 1995 4,974 332.4 6.68 % 1994 4,693 296.3 6.31 % 4,411 292.5 6.63 % 4,065 292.4 7.19 % 1991 3,665 286.0 7.80 % Foreign holders of US Treasury securities ( edit ) Main article : United States Treasury security § International The following is a list of the top foreign holders ( over $150 billion ) of US Treasury securities as listed by the US Treasury ( revised by August 2017 survey ) : Leading foreign holders of US Treasury securities as of August 2017 Country Billions of dollars ( est . ) Ratio of owned US debt to 2016 GDP ( est . )",
"23": "Percent change since August 2016 China 1,200.5 6 % + 1 % Japan 1,101.7 22 % − 4 % Ireland 307.2 105 % + 15 % Brazil 273.6 15 % + 7 % Cayman Islands 260.0 n / a − 2 % Switzerland 248.3 38 % + 4 % United Kingdom 225.4 9 % + 10 % Luxembourg 213.4 359 % − 3 % Hong Kong 197.3 62 % + 3 % Taiwan 180.4 34 % -- 5 % Others 2,061.9 n / a + 1 % Grand total 6,269.7 n / a + 1 % Statistics ( edit ) Revenue and Expense as percent of GDP US federal debt as percent of GDP by presidential party from 1940 to 2015 U.S. federal debt as percent of GDP by Senate majority party from 1940 to 2009 U.S. official gold reserves as of 31 July 2014 total 261.5 million troy ounces with a book value of approximately $11.04 billion . Foreign exchange reserves $140 billion as of September 2014 . United States balance of trade ( 1980 -- 2014 ) , with negative numbers denoting a trade deficit The national debt equates to $59,143 per person U.S. population , or $159,759 per member of the U.S. working taxpayers , as of March 2016 . In 2008 , $242 billion was spent on interest payments servicing the debt , out of a total tax revenue of $2.5 trillion , or 9.6 % . Including non-cash interest accrued primarily for Social Security , interest was $454 billion or 18 % of tax revenue . Total U.S. household debt , including mortgage loan and consumer debt , was $11.4 trillion in 2005 . By comparison , total U.S.",
"24": "household assets , including real estate , equipment , and financial instruments such as mutual funds , was $62.5 trillion in 2005 . Total U.S Consumer Credit Card revolving credit was $931.0 billion in April 2009 . The U.S. balance of trade deficit in goods and services was $725.8 billion in 2005 . According to the U.S. Department of Treasury Preliminary 2014 Annual Report on U.S. Holdings of Foreign Securities , the United States valued its foreign treasury securities portfolio at $2.7 trillion . The largest debtors are Canada , the United Kingdom , Cayman Islands , and Australia , whom account for $1.2 trillion of sovereign debt owed to residents of the U.S. The entire public debt in 1998 was attributable to the cost of research , development , and deployment of U.S. nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons - related programs during the Cold War . A 1998 Brookings Institution study published by the Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee ( formed in 1993 by the W. Alton Jones Foundation ) , calculated that total expenditures for U.S. nuclear weapons from 1940 to 1998 was $5.5 trillion in 1996 Dollars . The total public debt at the end of fiscal year 1998 was $5,478,189,000,000 in 1998 Dollars or $5.3 trillion in 1996 Dollars . International debt comparisons ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information .",
"25": "( January 2015 ) Gross debt as percentage of GDP Entity 2007 2011 United States 62 % 92 % 102 % European Union 59 % 80 % 83 % Austria 62 % 78 % 72 % France 64 % 82 % 86 % Germany 65 % 82 % 81 % Sweden 40 % 39 % 38 % Finland 35 % 48 % 49 % Greece 104 % 123 % 165 % Romania 13 % 31 % 33 % Bulgaria 17 % 16 % 16 % Czech Republic 28 % 38 % 41 % Italy 112 % 119 % 120 % Netherlands 52 % 77 % 65 % Poland 51 % 55 % 56 % Spain 42 % 68 % 68 % United Kingdom 47 % 80 % 86 % Japan 167 % 197 % 204 % Russia 9 % 12 % 10 % Asia 37 % 40 % 41 % South America and Mexico 41 % 37 % 35 % Sources : Eurostat , International Monetary Fund , World Economic Outlook ( emerging market economies ) ; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , Economic Outlook ( advanced economies ) China , Hong Kong , India , Indonesia , Korea , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore and Thailand Argentina , Brazil , Chile and Mexico Recent additions to the public debt of the United States ( edit ) Deficit and Debt Increases 2001 -- 2016 Recent additions to U.S. public debt Fiscal year ( begins Oct. 1 of year prior to stated year ) GDP $ Billions New debt for fiscal year $ Billions New debt as % of GDP Total debt $ Billions Total debt as % of GDP ( Debt to GDP ratio ) 1994 $7,200 $281 -- 292 3.9 -- 4.1 % ~ $4,650 64.",
"26": "6 -- 65.2 % 1995 7,600 277 -- 281 3.7 % ~ 4,950 64.8 -- 65.6 % 8,000 251 -- 260 3.1 -- 3.3 % ~ 5,200 65.0 -- 65.4 % 1997 8,500 188 2.2 % ~ 5,400 63.2 -- 63.8 % 1998 8,950 109 -- 113 1.2 -- 1.3 % ~ 5,500 61.2 -- 61.8 % 1999 9,500 127 -- 130 1.3 -- 1.4 % 5,656 59.3 % 2000 10,150 18 0.2 % 5,674 55.8 % 2001 $10,550 $ 133 1.3 % $5,792 54.8 % 2002 10,900 421 3.9 % 6,213 57.1 % 2003 11,350 570 5.0 % 6,783 59.9 % 12,100 596 4.9 % 7,379 61.0 % 2005 12,900 539 4.2 % 7,918 61.4 % 2006 13,700 575 4.2 % 8,493 62.1 % 2007 14,300 500 3.5 % 8,993 62.8 % 2008 14,750 1,018 6.9 % 10,011 67.9 % 2009 $14,400 $1,887 13.1 % $11,898 82.5 % 14,800 1,",
"27": "653 11.2 % 13,551 91.6 % 2011 15,400 1,230 8.0 % 14,781 96.1 % 2012 16,050 1,278 8.0 % 16,059 100.2 % 2013 16,500 673 4.1 % 16,732 101.3 % 2014 17,200 1,078 6.3 % 17,810 103.4 % 2015 17,900 328 1.8 % 18,138 101.3 % 2016 ( Oct. ' 15 -- Jul. ' 16 only ) ~ 1,290 ~ 7.0 % ~ 19,428 ~ 106.1 % On July 29 , 2016 the BEA released a revision to 2013 -- 2016 GDP figures . The figures for this table were corrected the next week with changes to figures in those fiscal years . On July 30 , 2015 the BEA released a revision to 2012 -- 2015 GDP figures . The figures for this table were corrected on that day with changes to FY 2013 and 2014 , but not 2015 as FY 2015 is updated within a week with the release of debt totals for July 31 , 2015 . On June 25 , 2014 the BEA announced a 15 - year revision of GDP figures would take place on July 31 , 2014 . The figures for this table were corrected after that date with changes to FY 2000 , 2003 , 2008 , 2012 , 2013 and 2014 . The more precise FY 1999 -- 2014 debt figures are derived from Treasury audit results . The variations in the 1990s and FY 2015 figures are due to double - sourced or relatively preliminary GDP figures respectively . A comprehensive revision GDP revision dated July 31 , 2013 was described on the Bureau of Economic Analysis website .",
"28": "In November 2013 the total debt and yearly debt as a percentage of GDP columns of this table were changed to reflect those revised GDP figures . Historical debt ceiling levels ( edit ) ( show ) Table of historical debt ceiling levels Date Debt Ceiling ( billions of dollars ) Change in Debt Ceiling ( billions of dollars ) Statute June 25 , 1940 49 February 19 , 1941 65 + 16 March 28 , 1942 125 + 60 April 11 , 1943 210 + 85 June 9 , 1944 260 + 50 April 3 , 1945 300 + 40 June 26 , 1946 275 − 25 August 28 , 1954 281 + 6 July 9 , 1956 275 − 6 February 26 , 1958 280 + 5 September 2 , 1958 288 + 8 June 30 , 1959 295 + 7 June 30 , 1960 293 − 2 June 30 , 1961 298 + 5 July 1 , 1962 308 + 10 March 31 , 1963 305 − 3 June 25 , 1963 300 − 5 June 30 , 1963 307 + 7 August 31 , 1963 309 + 2 November 26 , 1963 315 + 6 June 29 , 1964 324 + 9 June 24 , 1965 328 + 4 June 24 , 1966 330 + 2 March 2 , 1967 336 + 6 June 30 , 1967 358 + 22 June 1 , 1968 365 + 7 April 7 , 1969 377 + 12 June 30 , 1970 395 + 18 March 17 ,",
"29": "1971 430 + 35 March 15 , 1972 450 + 20 October 27 , 1972 465 + 15 June 30 , 1974 495 + 30 February 19 , 1975 577 + 82 November 14 , 1975 595 + 18 March 15 , 1976 627 + 32 June 30 , 1976 636 + 9 September 30 , 1976 682 + 46 April 1 , 1977 700 + 18 October 4 , 1977 752 + 52 August 3 , 1978 798 + 46 April 2 , 1979 830 + 32 September 29 , 1979 879 + 49 June 28 , 1980 925 + 46 December 19 , 1980 935 + 10 February 7 , 1981 985 + 50 September 30 , 1981 1,079 + 94 June 28 , 1982 1,143 + 64 September 30 , 1982 1,290 + 147 May 26 , 1983 1,389 + 99 Pub. L. 98 -- 34 November 21 , 1983 1,490 + 101 Pub. L. 98 -- 161 May 25 , 1984 1,520 + 30 June 6 , 1984 1,573 + 53 Pub. L. 98 -- 342 October 13 , 1984 1,823 + 250 Pub. L. 98 -- 475 November 14 , 1985 1,904 + 81 December 12 , 1985 2,079 + 175 Pub. L. 99 -- 177 August 21 , 1986 2,111 + 32 Pub. L.",
"30": "99 -- 384 October 21 , 1986 2,300 + 189 May 15 , 1987 2,320 + 20 August 10 , 1987 2,352 + 32 September 29 , 1987 2,800 + 448 Pub. L. 100 -- 119 August 7 , 1989 2,870 + 70 November 8 , 1989 3,123 + 253 Pub. L. 101 -- 140 August 9 , 1990 3,195 + 72 October 28 , 1990 3,230 + 35 November 5 , 1990 4,145 + 915 Pub. L. 101 -- 508 April 6 , 1993 4,370 + 225 August 10 , 1993 4,900 + 530 Pub. L. 103 -- 66 March 29 , 1996 5,500 + 600 Pub. L. 104 -- 121 August 5 , 1997 5,950 + 450 Pub. L. 105 -- 33 June 11 , 2002 6,400 + 450 Pub. L. 107 -- 199 May 27 , 2003 7,384 + 984 Pub. L. 108 -- 24 November 16 , 2004 8,184 + 800 Pub. L. 108 -- 415 March 20 , 2006 8,965 + 781 Pub. L. 109 -- 182 September 29 , 2007 9,815 + 850 Pub. L. 110 -- 91 June 5 , 2008 10,615 + 800 Pub. L. 110 -- 289 October 3 , 2008 11,315 + 700 Pub. L.",
"31": "110 -- 343 February 17 , 2009 12,104 + 789 Pub. L. 111 -- 5 December 24 , 2009 12,394 + 290 Pub. L. 111 -- 123 February 12 , 2010 14,294 + 1,900 Pub. L. 111 -- 139 January 30 , 2012 16,394 + 2,100 May 19 , 2013 16,700 + 306 See also ( edit ) Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 List of countries by public debt Sovereign default Troubled Asset Relief Program References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Federal debt basics -- How large is the federal debt ? '' . Government Accountability Office . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables -- Table 1.2 -- Summary of Receipts , Outlays , and Surpluses or Deficits ( - ) as Percentages of GDP : 1930 -- 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Office of Management and Budget . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ About 0.8 % of debt ( $79 billion ) is not covered by the ceiling , per The Debt Limit : History and Recent Increases , p. 4 . ( Note : This includes pre-1917 debt ) , fpc.state.gov ; accessed August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Congressional Budget Office -- The 2014 Long - Term Budget Outlook in 26 Slides ^ Jump up to : `` News Release : Gross Domestic Product '' . Bea.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : GAO - Financial Audit - Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's Fiscal Years 2014 and 2013 Schedules of Federal Debt , treasurydirect.gov , November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Debt to the Penny ( Daily History Search Application ) '' . ^ Jump up to : BEA - Gross Domestic Product Jump up ^ `` Major Foreigb Holders of Treasury Securities ( in billions of dollars ) '' ( TXT ) . Treasury.gov .",
"32": "Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Budget Office -- Historical Data on the Federal Debt '' . cbo.gov. 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 2012 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old - Age and Survivors Insurance and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds '' ( PDF ) . Ssa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Trust Fund 2010 Report Summary '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal debt basics -- What is the difference between the two types of federal debt ? '' . Government Accountability Office . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Measuring the Deficit : Cash vs. Accrual '' . Government Accountability Office . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fannie Mae , Freddie Mac to Be Kept Off Budget , White House Says ( September 12 , 2008 ) , Bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ The case for keeping Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac off the government 's books has gotten even weaker , professional.wsj.com ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Barr , Colin ( September 7 , 2008 ) . `` Paulson readies the ' bazooka ' '' , CNN.com ; retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Timiraos , Nick ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` Investor Fires Salvo Against Fannie , Freddie - Viewed March 2014 '' . WSJ . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Congress of the United States , Government Accountability Office ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` The federal government 's financial health : a citizen 's guide to the 2008 financial report of the United States government '' , pp. 7 -- 8 , gao.gov ; retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter G. Peterson Foundation ( April 2010 ) . `` Citizen 's guide 2010 : Figure 10 p. 16 '' .",
"33": "Peter G. Peterson Foundation website ; retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ U.S. Treasury Department - Treasury Direct - Debt Position and Activity Report - Retrieved June 26 , 2017 Jump up ^ CBO -- The Budget and Economic Outlook : Fiscal Years 2012 to 2022 -- See Historical Budget Data Supplement , Cbo.gov , January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ OECD . `` OECD Statistics '' . Stats.oecd.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Multiple references : Debt to the Penny ( Daily History Search Application ) US national debt surpasses $16 trillion -- Boston Business Journal United States Department of the Treasury , Bureau of the Public Debt ( December 2010 ) . `` The debt to the penny and who holds it '' . TreasuryDirect . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBO Budget and Economic Outlook 2009 - 2019 '' . CBO . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Table 1.1 -- Summary of Receipts , Outlays , and Surpluses or Deficits ( - ) : 1789 -- 2017 , Whitehouse.gov ; accessed August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TreasuryDirect Historical Debt Outstanding '' . Treasury Direct . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Money in budgets , but supplementals are n't going away '' . Politifact . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Treasurydirect.gov '' . Treasurydirect.gov . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Saint Louis Federal Reserve ( 2012 ) `` 5 - Year Treasury Inflation - Indexed Security , Constant Maturity '' FRED Economic Data chart from government debt auctions ( the x-axis at y = 0 represents the inflation rate over the life of the security ) ^ Jump up to : Carmen M. Reinhart and M. Belen Sbrancia ( March 2011 ) `` The Liquidation of Government Debt '' National Bureau of Economic Research working paper No.",
"34": "16893 Jump up ^ David Wessel ( August 8 , 2012 ) `` When Interest Rates Turn Upside Down '' Wall Street Journal ( full text Archived January 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Lawrence Summers ( June 3 , 2012 ) `` Breaking the negative feedback loop '' Reuters Jump up ^ William H. Gross ( May 2 , 2011 ) `` The Caine Mutiny ( Part 2 ) '' PIMCO Investment Outlook Jump up ^ `` Why the U.S. Government Never , Ever Has to Pay Back All Its Debt '' , The Atlantic , February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ambrose Evans - Pritchard ( October 21 , 2012 ) `` IMF 's epic plan to conjure away debt and dethrone bankers '' The Telegraph Jump up ^ Jaromir Benes and Michael Kumhof ( August 2012 ) `` The Chicago Plan Revisited '' , International Monetary Fund working paper WP / 12 / 202 ; accessed November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Debt - Deflation versus the Liquidity Trap : the Dilemma of Nonconventional Monetary Policy '' CNRS , CES , Paris School of Economics , ESCP - Europe , October 23 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Credit and debt in Economic Theory : Which Way forward ? '' Economics of Credit and Debt workshop , November 2012 Jump up ^ `` The economic crisis : How to stimulate economies without increasing public debt '' Archived September 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Centre for Economic Policy Research , August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Treasury Direct - Monthly Statement of the Public Debt Held by the U.S. '' ( PDF ) . September 2014 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Treasury - Foreign Holdings of U.S. Debt '' . As of September 2014 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 .",
"35": "Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ China , Japan , Belgium , the Caribbean banking centers , and Oil Exporters holding respectively approximately $1.27 trillion , $1.22 trillion , $354 billion , $312 billion , and $279 billion as of September 2014 . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Kimberly ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` The U.S. debt and how it got so big '' . About.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schoen , John W. ( March 4 , 2007 ) `` Just who owns the U.S. national debt ? '' MSNBC.com ; retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities '' . U.S. Department of Treasury . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities '' . U.S. Department of Treasury . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitehouse , Steve ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` BIS says global downturn could be ' deeper and more protracted ' than expected '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 - Thomson Financial News Jump up ^ Fattah , Zainab & Brown , Matthew ( June 4 , 2007 ) . `` Syria to end dollar peg , 2nd Arab country in 2 weeks ( update 3 ) '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` IMF takes up gold sales to expand lending '' ( September 18 , 2009 ) NewsLibrary.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 ( archived ; $1.50 charge to view article ) . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Nobody Understands Debt '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ CBO Budget and Economic Outlook 2014 to 2024 , cbo.gov , February 2014 .",
"36": "^ Jump up to : CBO The 2014 Long - Term Budget Outlook , cbo.gov ; accessed August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CBO Testimony - Confronting the Nation 's Fiscal Policy Challenges , cbo.gov , September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Huntley , Jonathan ( July 27 , 2010 ) . `` Federal debt and the risk of a fiscal crisis '' . Congressional Budget Office : Macroeconomic Analysis Division ; retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Is China 's Ownership Of U.S. Debt A National Security Threat ? '' by Kenneth Rapoza , Forbes , 23 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` ... Should Americans be concerned that China has started dumping some of its Treasury holdings ? After all , it raises serious questions about whether China will keep lending Washington money to help finance the federal deficit in the future . '' : From `` China is dumping U.S. debt '' , CNN.com , September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Report on `` China 's Holdings of U.S. Securities : Implications for the U.S. Economy '' by Wayne M. Morrison & Marc Labonte , Congressional Research Service , 19 August 2013 Jump up ^ : `` ... What about indebtedness to foreigners ? ... To acquire ( U.S. gov 't bonds ) , China must export goods to us , not offset by equivalent imports . That is a cost to China . It 's a cost Beijing is prepared to pay , for its own reasons : export industries promote learning , technology transfer and product quality improvement , and they provide jobs to migrants from the countryside . But that 's China 's business . For China , the bonds themselves are a sterile hoard . There is almost nothing that Beijing can do with them ; ... its stock of T - bonds will just go on growing . And we will pay interest on it , not with real effort but by typing numbers into computers . There is no burden associated with this ; not now and not later . '' From `` In Defense of Deficits '' by James K. Galbraith , The Nation , March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ... The Chinese buy U.S. T - securities by transferring U.S.",
"37": "dollars ( not yuan ) from their checking account at the Federal Reserve Bank to China 's T - security account , also at the Federal Reserve Bank . When ( ever ) the Chinese redeem those T - securities , the money is transferred back to China 's checking account at the Fed . During the entire purchase and redemption process , the dollars never leave the Fed . '' `` What Policies for Global Prosperity ? '' by Warren Mosler , September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Bill , University of Newcastle ( Australia ) . `` The nearly infinite capacity of the US government to spend '' ( March 28 , 2012 ) ; `` The US government can buy as much of its own debt as it chooses '' ( August 27 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` ... The US , as a sovereign currency issuer , faces no financial constraint . It can not be forced into default . It controls its policy interest rate . The rest of the world are users of the dollar ; not issuers . They can never hold ( the United States ) hostage . '' `` What If China Dumps US Treasury Bonds ? '' by L. Randall Wray , University of Missouri - Kansas City , November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. House of Representatives Republican Caucus ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` The perils of rising government debt '' , budget.house.gov ; retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Herndon , Thomas . `` Herndon Responds To Reinhart Rogoff '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weisenthal , Joe . `` Reinhart And Rogoff Admit Excel Blunder '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Herndon , Thomas , Michael Ash , and Robert Pollin , `` Does High Public Debt Consistently Stifle Economic Growth ? A Critique of Reinhart and Rogoff '' Archived April 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , University of Massachusetts -- Amherst Department of Economics , April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reinhart - Rogoff recrunch the numbers '' .",
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"43": "Jump up ^ United States Department of Commerce , United States Census Bureau ( February 19 , 2006 ) . Archived copy at the Portuguese Web Archive ( July 10 , 2009 ) ... U.S. Census Bureau ( website ) ; retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Preliminary Annual Report on U.S. Holdings of Foreign Securities , treasury.gov , August 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen I. Schwartz ; Bruce G. Blair , The Brookings Institution ; Thomas S. Blanton and William Burr , the National Security Archive ; Steven M. Kosiak , Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments ; Arjun Makhijani , Institute for Energy and Environmental Research ; Robert S. Norris , Natural Resources Defense Council ; Kevin O'Neill , Institute for Science and International Security ; John E. Pike , Federation of American Scientists ; William J. Weida , Global Resource Action Center for the Environment ( 1998 ) . Atomic audit : the costs and consequences of U.S. nuclear weapons since 1940 . Brookings Institution Press . pp. 3 , 12 , 105 , 107 , 461 , 546 , 551 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 7774 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The peak U.S. inventory was around 35,000 nuclear weapons . The United States spent more than $5.5 trillion on the nuclear arms race , an amount equal to its national debt in 1998 ... '' Graham , Jr. , Thomas ( 2002 ) . Disarmament sketches : three decades of arms control and international law . USA : University of Washington Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98212 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` ... the total figure will likely be equal to the $5 trillion national debt . In short , one quarter to one third of all military spending since World War II has been devoted to nuclear weapons and their infrastructure ... '' p. 33 , Steven I. Schwartz ; Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee ( November 1995 ) . `` Four Trillion Dollars and Counting '' . Bulletin of Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science , Inc.",
"44": "51 ( 6 ) : 32 -- 53 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Historical Budget Tables , whitehouse.gov ; accessed August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eurostat -- Tables , Graphs and Maps Interface ( TGM ) table Retrieved November 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Cecchetti , Stephen G. et al. ( March 2010 ) . `` The future of public debt : prospects and implications '' , p. 3 . Bank for International Settlements ( website ) ; retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The United States enters the twilight zone -- MuniLand '' . Reuters . May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Table 7.1 -- Federal Debt at the End of Year : 1940 -- 2016 '' . Historical Tables . Office of Management and Budget . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The-privateer.com , 1940 -- 1960 '' . The-privateer.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The-privateer.com , 1961 -- 1971 '' . The-privateer.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The-privateer.com , 1971 -- 1979 '' . The-privateer.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The-privateer.com , 1979 -- 1986 '' . The-privateer.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The-privateer.com , 1987 -- 1997 '' . The-privateer.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Debt Limit : History and Recent Increases '' ( PDF ) .",
"45": "Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Republicans Raise US Debt Ceiling to $9 Trillion , Caused by Iraq War and Tax Breaks for the Rich '' . Usliberals.about.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` FINANCIAL AUDIT - Bureau of the Public Debt 's Fiscal Years 2008 and 2007 Schedules of Federal Debt '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding the Federal Debt Limit '' . The Concord Coalition . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 07 . Further reading ( edit ) Bonner , William ; Wiggin , Addison ( 2006 ) . Empire of Debt : the Rise of an Epic Financial Crisis . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 78253 - X . Johnson , Simon ; Kwak , James ( 2012 ) . White House Burning : The Founding Fathers , Our National Debt , and Why It Matters To You . Pantheon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 90696 - 0 . Eisner , Robert ( 1993 ) . `` Federal Debt '' . In David R. Henderson . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 1st ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . OCLC 317650570 , 50016270 , 163149563 Macdonald , James ( 2006 ) . A Free Nation Deep in Debt : The Financial Roots of Democracy . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12632 - 1 . Wright , Robert ( 2008 ) . One Nation Under Debt : Hamilton , Jefferson , and the History of What We Owe . Mc - Graw Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 154393 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States government debt . The Joe I. Herbstman Memorial Collection of American Finance : Dedicated to Preserving the Visual History of the Nation 's Debt Documentary about the debt , `` Ten Trillion and Counting '' , by PBS Frontline `` Bureau of the Public Debt '' . publicdebt.ustreas.gov .",
"46": "The Debt to the Penny and Who Holds It public and intragovernmental Federal Debt : Answers to Frequently Asked Questions - Provides a broad range of information about federal debt including its relationship to the budget , ownership of the debt , debt management , and key policy considerations Foreign Holdings of Federal Debt Congressional Research Service The United States Public Debt , 1861 to 1975 Encyclopedia Article GAO Citizen 's Guide -- 2008 National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform United States National Debt Tracker interactive charts , including annual deficit and historical relationship to GDP . Historical Tables , Office of Management and Budget Historical documents on public debt , FRASER New York Times - Charting the American Debt Crisis - July 2011 U.S. Treasury Resource Center -- Treasury International Capital ( TIC ) System National Debt of USA in Realtime United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Collapse of the Soviet Union War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory states territories counties cities , towns , and villages Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky",
"47": "National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive President Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy Legislature Congress Senate Vice President President pro tempore House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Federal judiciary Supreme Court Courts of appeals District courts Law Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps Political divisions List of states and territories of the United States States Territories Federal district Native American autonomous administrative divisions United States Minor Outlying Islands Associated states Local government in the United States Federal enclave Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Vetos in the UN Security Council Ideologies",
"48": "Anti-Americanism Exceptionalism Nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State governments governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Wall Street Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing in the United States Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime Incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Affirmative action Intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights",
"49": "Racism Same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care Health insurance Health care reform Abortion Hunger Obesity Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_debt_of_the_United_States&oldid=806680301 '' Categories : Economy of the United States National debt of the United States Government finances in the United States United States federal budgets United States fiscal cliff Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use mdy dates from August 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from November 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2014 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Bahasa Melayu Norsk Polski Русский Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 14 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"50": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where is wake forest located in north carolina
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[
"35°58′24″N",
"35.97333°N",
"78°31′8″W",
"78.51889°W",
"almost entirely in Wake County, it lies just north of the state capital, Raleigh",
"almost entirely in Wake County, it lies just north of the state capital, Raleigh",
"just north of the state capital, Raleigh",
"in Franklin and Wake counties",
"just north of the state capital, Raleigh"
] |
{
"0": "Wake Forest , North Carolina - wikipedia Wake Forest , North Carolina Jump to : navigation , search Wake Forest , North Carolina Town Location in Wake County and the state of North Carolina . Coordinates : 35 ° 58 ′ 24 '' N 78 ° 31 ′ 8 '' W / 35.97333 ° N 78.51889 ° W / 35.97333 ; - 78.51889 Coordinates : 35 ° 58 ′ 24 '' N 78 ° 31 ′ 8 '' W / 35.97333 ° N 78.51889 ° W / 35.97333 ; - 78.51889 Country United States State North Carolina Counties Wake , Franklin Incorporated 1880 Government Mayor Vivian A. Jones Area Total 15.2 sq mi ( 39.4 km ) Land 15.1 sq mi ( 39.1 km ) Water 0.1 sq mi ( 0.3 km ) Elevation 387 ft ( 118 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 30,117 Estimate ( 2016 ) 40,112 Density 2,000 / sq mi ( 760 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EST ( UTC − 4 ) ZIP Codes 27587 -- 27588 Area code ( s ) 919 , 984 FIPS code 37 - 70540 GNIS feature ID 1023094 Website www.wakeforestnc.gov Wake Forest is a town in Franklin and Wake counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina ; located almost entirely in Wake County , it lies just north of the state capital , Raleigh . The population was 30,117 at the 2010 census , up from 12,588 at the 2000 census . The U.S. Census Bureau estimates the city 's population to be 34,752 as of July 1 , 2013 .",
"1": "In 2007 , the town was listed by Forbes magazine as the 20th fastest growing suburb in America , with a 73.2 percent increase in population between 2000 and 2006 . Wake Forest was the original home of Wake Forest University for 122 years before it moved to Winston - Salem in 1956 . The US Office of Management and Budget also includes Wake Forest as a part of the Raleigh - Durham - Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area , which has a population of 1,998,808 as of U.S. Census 2012 Population Estimates . Effective June 6 , 2003 the Office of Management and Budget redefined the Federal Statistical Areas and dismantled what had been for decades the Raleigh - Durham - Chapel Hill , MSA and split them into two separate MSAs even though the region still functions as a single metropolitan area . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Government 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Demographics 5 Education 5.1 Primary and secondary education 5.2 Higher learning 6 Culture 6.1 Historical locations 6.2 Library 7 Parks and recreation 8 Transportation 8.1 Passenger 8.2 Roads 9 Media 9.1 Magazine 9.2 On air 9.3 Newspaper 9.4 Online only 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) In 1832 , Dr. Calvin Jones , originally from New England , bought 615 acres ( 2.49 km ) of forested land in Wake County , North Carolina . The sparsely populated area became known as the Forest of Wake , or Wake Forest . Jones sold his farm to the North Carolina Baptist Convention for $2,000 , who opened the Wake Forest Manual Labor Institute , later Wake Forest College , on the site . The Raleigh & Gaston Railroad , completed in 1840 , established a depot in nearby Forestville that stimulated the school and surrounding village . College leaders convinced the railroad to move the depot even closer to the college in 1874 , leading to more economic development . This community was incorporated as the `` Town of Wake Forest College '' in 1880 .",
"2": "In 1909 , the word `` College '' was removed from the name of the town . The college moved to the much larger city of Winston - Salem in 1956 . Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary began offering classes on the original campus of Wake Forest University in 1950 , and occupied the entire campus when the university completed its move . Government ( edit ) Wake Forest operates under the Council - Manager form of government . The citizens elect a Mayor and Board of Commissioners as the town 's governing body . The Town Manager is appointed by the Board to serve as the chief operating officer administering all municipal affairs . The current mayor is Vivian A. Jones ( term expires 2017 ) , and current council members include Greg Harrington ( 2019 ) , Brian Pate ( 2019 ) , Anne Reeve ( 2019 ) , Margaret Stinnett ( 2017 ) , and Jim Thompson ( 2017 ) . A new town hall facility opened in downtown Wake Forest in September 2010 , and was LEED Platinum certified in November 2011 . All town departments are housed in the facility , except police ( which has its own building nearby ) and public works . Geography ( edit ) Wake Forest is located at 35 ° 58 ′ 24 '' N 78 ° 31 ′ 8 '' W / 35.97333 ° N 78.51889 ° W / 35.97333 ; - 78.51889 ( 35.973289 , - 78.518789 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 15.2 square miles ( 39.4 km ) . 15.1 square miles ( 39.1 km ) of it is land and 0.1 square miles ( 0.3 km ) of it ( 0.80 % ) is water . Wake Forest is located in the northeast central region of North Carolina , where the North American Piedmont and Atlantic Coastal Plain regions meet . This area is known as the `` fall line '' because it marks the elevation inland at which waterfalls begin to appear in creeks and rivers . Its central Piedmont location situates Wake Forest about three hours by car west of Atlantic Beach , North Carolina , and four hours east of the Great Smoky Mountains .",
"3": "Climate ( edit ) Wake Forest enjoys a moderate subtropical climate , with moderate temperatures in the spring , fall , and winter . Summers are typically hot with high humidity . Winter highs generally range in the low 50s ° F ( 10 to 13 ° C ) with lows in the low - to - mid 30s ° F ( - 2 to 2 ° C ) , although an occasional 60 ° F ( 15 ° C ) or warmer winter day is not uncommon . Spring and fall days usually reach the low - to - mid 70s ° F ( low 20s ° C ) , with lows at night in the lower 50s ° F ( 10 to 14 ° C ) . Summer daytime highs often reach the upper 80s to low 90s ° F ( 29 to 35 ° C ) . The rainiest months are July and August . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1880 456 -- 1890 858 88.2 % 1900 823 − 4.1 % 1910 1,443 75.3 % 1920 1,425 − 1.2 % 1930 1,536 7.8 % 1940 1,562 1.7 % 1950 3,704 137.1 % 1960 2,664 − 28.1 % 1970 3,148 18.2 % 1980 3,780 20.1 % 5,769 52.6 % 2000 12,588 118.2 % 30,117 139.3 % Est. 2016 40,112 33.2 % U.S. Decennial Census 2013 estimate As of the 2000 census , there were 12,588 people , 4,617 households , and 3,407 families residing in Wake Forest . The population density was 1,614.4 inhabitants per square mile ( 623.1 / km2 ) .",
"4": "There were 5,091 housing units at an average density of 652.9 per square mile ( 252.0 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the town was 79.63 % White , 15.78 % African American , 0.21 % Native American , 2.03 % Asian , 0.01 % Pacific Islander , 0.78 % from other races , and 1.56 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.08 % of the population . There were 4,617 households out of which 41.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 60.3 % were married couples living together , 10.7 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 26.2 % were non-families. 20.6 % of all households were made up of individuals and 6.0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.11 . In the town , the population was spread out with 29.7 % under the age of 18 , 7.4 % from 18 to 24 , 39.3 % from 25 to 44 , 15.8 % from 45 to 64 , and 7.9 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 32 years . For every 100 females there were 91.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 89.0 males . The median income for a household in the town was $52,307 , and the median income for a family was $60,408 . Males had a median income of $45,630 versus $30,205 for females . The per capita income for the town was $22,746 . About 6.3 % of families and 8.8 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 10.7 % of those under age 18 and 15.7 % of those age 65 or over . Education ( edit ) Primary and secondary education ( edit ) The town is served by nine public schools which are administered by the Wake County Public School System .",
"5": "Public schools include : Heritage Elementary School Jones Dairy Elementary School Wake Forest Elementary School Richland Creek Elementary School ( opened August 2012 ) Heritage Middle School Wake Forest Middle School Heritage High School ( Wake Forest , North Carolina ) ( opened August 2010 ) Wake Forest High School Charter schools include Franklin Academy ( K - 12 ) , Endeavor Charter School ( K - 8 ) , and Envision Science Academy ( K - 8 ) . Private schools include Thales Academy , All Saints Academy , and Saint Catherine of Siena Catholic School , serving grades K - 8 . Wake Forest is also home to two Montessori schools , Wake Forest Montessori and Montessori Children 's House of Wake Forest . Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary Higher learning ( edit ) Wake Technical Community College is an area two - year college with a north campus on Louisburg Road in Raleigh . Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary is a seminary of the Southern Baptist Convention . It began offering classes in 1950 on the original campus of Wake Forest University and is commonly known by its acronym , SEBTS . Culture ( edit ) Historical locations ( edit ) The DuBois Center is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The W.E.B. DuBois School opened in 1926 for the African - American community in Wake Forest before racial segregation ceased in 1971 . After the school outgrew the facility and moved to a new location , the building was vacant for a decade until the DuBois Alumni Association purchased the building and made it into a community center . Other listings in or near Wake Forest on the National Register of Historic Places are the Bailey - Estes House , Downtown Wake Forest Historic District , Glen Royall Mill Village Historic District , Lea Laboratory , Oakforest , Powell House , Purefoy - Chappell House and Outbuildings , Purefoy - Dunn Plantation , Rock Cliff Farm , Royall Cotton Mill Commissary , South Brick House , Thompson House , Wake Forest Historic District , Wakefield Dairy Complex , and Wakefields . Wake Forest Historical Museum , also known as the Calvin Jones Historical House , was built in 1820 and was the residence of the first president of Wake Forest College and the center of activities that took place at the school .",
"6": "The museum displays the history of the town of Wake Forest as well as Wake Forest University . The house contains collections of photos , books , college publications , furniture , documents , professors ' writings , and medical , law and sports memorabilia . Library ( edit ) The Wake County Public Library System operates a branch in Wake Forest . Parks and Recreation ( edit ) Wake Forest is home to the Falls Lake State Recreation Area . Falls Lake Park contains the 12,000 - acre ( 49 km ) Falls Lake and 26,000 acres ( 110 km ) of woodlands . Wake Forest is served by ten parks and community centers . They include the following : Plummer Park Joyner Park Tyler Run Park Holding Park and Wake Forest Community House J.B. Flaherty Park Taylor Street Park and Alton Massenburg Center Ailey Young Park H.L. Miller Park Kiwanis Park Smith Creek Soccer Center Transportation ( edit ) Passenger ( edit ) Air : Wake Forest is served by Raleigh - Durham International Airport , which is located 20 miles ( 32 km ) southwest of the town in northwestern Wake County . Interstate Highway : Wake Forest can be accessed by I - 85 and I - 40 . The town is located to the east of I - 85 and north of I - 40 . Wake Forest is not served directly by passenger trains . Amtrak serves nearby Raleigh . Local bus : The Triangle Transit Authority operates buses that serve the region and connect to municipal bus systems in Raleigh , Durham , and Chapel Hill . Roads ( edit ) Wake Forest is located off US 1 ( also known as Capital Boulevard in northern Wake County ) , a major north - south U.S. Highway that serves the East Coast of the United States . Other highways that run through the area include NC 96 and NC 98 . Media ( edit ) Magazine ( edit ) 27587 MAGAZINE is a glossy quarterly led by a group of creative journalists . The magazine , which debuted in 2014 , has a readership of nearly 30,000 and is distributed free at new - home developments , offices , points of interest , supermarkets , RDU airport , and via direct mail .",
"7": "Full issues may be read at 27587magazine.com ( there is a lag of several weeks before the current issue is released online ) . On air ( edit ) WCPE - FM , located in Wake Forest , is a classical music station that provides its programming over the air , via the Internet , and via C - band and Ku - band satellite . Newspaper ( edit ) The town 's independently - owned community newspaper , The Wake Weekly , has an average circulation of more than 8,400 copies per week . Online only ( edit ) Wake Forest News is the fifth best newspaper in town and prides themselves in putting an entertaining and hopefully humorous spin on local Wake Forest news . They proudly stand behind their motto , `` Half our news is fit to print '' . Wake Forest Today is the town 's first digital daily news portal . It is an online news source that covers local news and events that are important to Wake Forest and the surrounding area and is totally responsive on all digital devices . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Redistricting Data ( Public Law 94 - 171 ) Summary File '' . American FactFinder . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( DP - 1 ) : Wake Forest town , North Carolina '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of Resident Population Change for Incorporated Places 2010 to 2013 '' . United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ 3 Area Towns Among Fastest - Growing Suburbs : : WRAL.com Jump up ^ `` America 's Fastest - Growing Suburbs - Forbes.com '' .",
"8": "2008 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates 2012 Combined Statistical Areas : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2012 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.wakeforestnc.gov/visitors-history.aspx Jump up ^ History - Wake Forest , NC Jump up ^ Mayor - Wake Forest , NC Jump up ^ Board of Commissioners - Wake Forest , NC Jump up ^ Board Members - Wake Forest , NC Jump up ^ `` Town Hall - Town of Wake Forest '' . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LEED Platinum Certification - Town of Wake Forest '' . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Wake Forest town , North Carolina '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ schools in Wake Forest - YELLOWPAGES.COM Jump up ^ `` - YELLOWPAGES.COM '' . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Wake Technical Community College / Jump up ^ Area Attractions - Wake Forest , NC Jump up ^ DuBois Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places Listings '' . Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties : 12 / 27 / 10 through 12 / 30 / 10 . National Park Service . 2011 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places Listings '' . Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties : 5 / 26 / 14 through 5 / 30 / 14 . National Park Service .",
"9": "2014 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wake Forest College Birthplace Society Jump up ^ WakeGOV.com - Wake Forest Branch Library Jump up ^ N.C. Division of Parks and Recreation : - Welcome to Falls Lake State Recreation Area Jump up ^ Parks & Facilities - Wake Forest , NC Jump up ^ Welcome to the Wake Weekly Online Edition Jump up ^ `` Wake Forest News - Entertaining Wake Forest with news since 2013 . '' . Wake Forest News . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Forest Today - The Community 's First Digital Daily News Source '' . Wake Forest News - From Wake Forest North Carolina and surrounding community . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wake Forest , North Carolina . Town website Wake Forest Today , digital daily news of the town of Wake Forest The Wake Weekly , local newspaper The Wake Forest Gazette , local web - only newspaper Wake Forest College Birthplace Society `` Wake Forest News '' , local newspaper Municipalities and communities of Franklin County , North Carolina , United States County seat : Louisburg Towns Bunn Franklinton Louisburg Wake Forest ‡ Youngsville CDP Centerville Lake Royale Unincorporated communities Alert Epsom ‡ Five Points Gupton Halls Crossroads Harris Crossroads Hickory Rock Ingleside Katesville Kearney Justice Laurel Mill Mapleville Margaret Mitchiners Crossroads Moulton New Hope Oswego Pearces Pilot Pocomoke Riley Rocky Ford Royal Seven Paths Stallings Crossroads Sutton White Level Wood Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Municipalities and communities of Wake County , North Carolina , United States County seat : Raleigh Cities Durham ‡ Raleigh ‡ Towns Apex Cary ‡ Fuquay - Varina Garner Holly Springs Knightdale Morrisville ‡ Rolesville Wake Forest ‡ Wendell",
"10": "Zebulon Unincorporated communities Auburn Bonsal Carpenter Chestnut Hills Clegg Eagle Rock Falls Feltonville Forestville Friendship Green Level Holland Hopkins Kennebec Lizard Lick McCullers Crossroads Neuse New Hill Purnell Riley Hill Shotwell Stony Hill Swift Creek Wakefield Willow Spring Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of North Carolina Raleigh ( capital ) Topics Climate Geography Government History Law Media Newspapers Radio TV Music North Carolinians State Parks Tourist attractions Wildlife Seal of North Carolina Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Gambling Politics Sports Regions Cape Fear Coastal Plain Crystal Coast Eastern Foothills High Country Inner Banks Metrolina ( Charlotte ) Outer Banks Piedmont Piedmont Triad Sandhills Triangle Western Largest cities Asheville Cary Chapel Hill Charlotte Concord Durham Fayetteville Gastonia Greensboro Greenville High Point Jacksonville Raleigh Wilmington Winston ‐ Salem Smaller cities Albemarle Apex Asheboro Burlington Conover Eden Elizabeth City Garner Goldsboro Graham Havelock Henderson Hendersonville Hickory Kannapolis Kings Mountain Kinston Laurinburg Lenoir Lexington",
"11": "Lumberton Monroe Morganton New Bern Newton Reidsville Roanoke Rapids Rocky Mount Salisbury Sanford Shelby Statesville Thomasville Wake Forest Wilson Major towns Beaufort Boone Brevard Carrboro Clayton Cornelius Dunn Fuquay - Varina Harrisburg Holly Springs Hope Mills Huntersville Indian Trail Kernersville Knightdale Leland Matthews Midland Mint Hill Mooresville Morehead City Morrisville Mount Pleasant Oxford Shallotte Smithfield Southern Pines Tarboro Waynesville Winterville Counties Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir Lincoln Macon Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond Robeson Rockingham Rowan",
"12": "Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey Greater Raleigh Metropolitan Region ( Raleigh - Cary MSA , part of the Research Triangle ) Principal cities Raleigh Cary Other significant cities Apex Clayton Fuquay - Varina Garner Holly Springs Morrisville Rocky Mount Smithfield Wake Forest Counties Franklin Harnett Johnston Nash Wake Major universities Campbell Law Meredith College NC State William Peace Shaw St. Augustine 's College UNC - Chapel Hill Duke University Transportation Raleigh - Durham International Airport I - 40 I - 495 I - 440 I - 540 US 1 US 64 US 70 NC 147 Miscellaneous Research Triangle Park Triangle J Council of Governments GoTransit Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wake_Forest,_North_Carolina&oldid=800340380 '' Categories : Wake Forest , North Carolina 1820 establishments in North Carolina Populated places established in 1820 Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски اردو Volapük Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 23 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"13": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is the movie about six degrees of separation
|
[
"Six Degrees of Separation",
"the real-life story of David Hampton, a con man and robber who managed to convince a number of people in the 1980s that he was the son of actor Sidney Poitier"
] |
{
"0": "Six Degrees of Separation ( film ) - wikipedia Six Degrees of Separation ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Six degrees ( disambiguation ) . Six Degrees of Separation Theatrical release poster Directed by Fred Schepisi Produced by Arnon Milchan Screenplay by John Guare Based on Six Degrees of Separation by John Guare Starring Stockard Channing Will Smith Donald Sutherland Mary Beth Hurt Bruce Davison Ian McKellen Music by Jerry Goldsmith Cinematography Ian Baker Edited by Peter Honess Production company Regency Enterprises Distributed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Release date December 8 , 1993 ( 1993 - 12 - 08 ) Running time 112 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $6.4 million Six Degrees of Separation is a 1993 American comedy - drama film directed by Fred Schepisi , adapted from the Pulitzer Prize - nominated John Guare play of the same name . The plot of the film was inspired by the real - life story of David Hampton , a con man and robber who managed to convince a number of people in the 1980s that he was the son of actor Sidney Poitier . The writer John Guare was a friend of Inger McCabe Elliott and her husband Osborn Elliott . In October 1983 , Hampton came to the Elliott 's New York apartment and they allowed him to spend the night . The next morning , Inger found Hampton in bed with another man and later called the police . The Elliotts told Guare about the story and it inspired him to write the play years later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 Awards 5 References 6 See also 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Fifth Avenue socialite Ouisa Kittredge ( Stockard Channing ) and her art dealer husband Flan ( Donald Sutherland ) are parents of `` two at Harvard and a girl at Groton '' .",
"1": "But the narrow world inhabited by the Kittredges and their public status as people interested in the arts make them easy prey for Paul ( Will Smith ) . Paul , a skillful con - artist , mysteriously appears at their door one night , injured and bleeding , claiming to be a close college friend of their Ivy League kids , as well as the son of Sidney Poitier . Ouisa and Flan are much impressed by Paul 's fine taste , keen wit , articulate literary expositions and surprising culinary skill . His appealing facade soon has the Kittredges putting him up , lending him money and taking satisfaction in his praise for their posh lifestyle . Paul 's scheme continues until , after he brings home a hustler , his actual indigence is revealed . The shocked Kittredges kick him out when it is revealed that they are but the most recent victims of the duplicity with which Paul has charmed his way into many upper - crust homes along the Upper East Side . Paul 's schemes become highbrow - legend , anecdotal accounts which are bantered about at their cocktail parties . In the end , Paul has a profound effect on the many individuals who encounter him , linking them in their shared experience . Cast ( edit ) Stockard Channing as Louisa `` Ouisa '' Kittredge Will Smith as Paul Donald Sutherland as Flan Kittredge Ian McKellen as Geoffrey Miller Mary Beth Hurt as Kitty Heather Graham as Elizabeth Bruce Davison as Larkin Richard Masur as Dr. Fine Anthony Michael Hall as Trent Conway Eric Thal as Rick Anthony Rapp as Ben Oz Perkins as Woodrow ( `` Woody '' ) Kittredge ( as Osgood Perkins II ) Catherine Kellner as Talbot ( `` Tess '' ) Kittredge J.J. Abrams as Doug ( as Jeffrey Abrams ) Kitty Carlisle as Mrs. Bannister Reception ( edit ) The film has an approval rating of 88 % at Rotten Tomatoes based on 32 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Though it betrays its theatrical roots , Six Degrees of Separation largely succeeds thanks to astute direction and fine performances -- particularly from an against - type Will Smith . ''",
"2": "It was also actress Stockard Channing 's most successful film since 1978 's Grease . Awards ( edit ) 1994 Academy Award for Best Actress Nomination -- Stockard Channing 1994 Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nomination -- Stockard Channing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Plunka , Gene A. ( 2002 ) . The Black Comedy of John Guare . University of Delaware Press . p. 188 . ISBN 9780874137637 . Jump up ^ `` Six Degrees of Separation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Pulitzer Prizes '' . Pulitzer.org . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ New York Mag The Story of David Hampton accessed 7 - 27 - 2015 Jump up ^ Gerston , Jill ( 6 March 1994 ) . `` Stockard Channing Goes West '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes ^ Jump up to : `` THE 66th ACADEMY AWARD NOMINATIONS : Best Actress '' . Los Angeles Times . 1994 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . See also ( edit ) Six Degrees of Separation ( play ) External links ( edit ) Six Degrees of Separation on IMDb Six Degrees of Separation at AllMovie Six Degrees of Separation at the TCM Movie Database Six Degrees of Separation at Rotten Tomatoes Six Degrees of Separation at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by Fred Schepisi Libido ( 1973 ) The Devil 's Playground ( 1976 ) The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith ( 1978 ) Barbarosa ( 1982 ) Iceman ( 1984 ) Plenty ( 1985 ) Roxanne ( 1987 ) Evil Angels ( 1988 ) The Russia House ( 1990 ) Mr. Baseball ( 1992 ) Six Degrees of Separation ( 1993 ) I.Q.",
"3": "( 1994 ) Fierce Creatures ( 1997 ) Last Orders ( 2001 ) It Runs in the Family ( 2003 ) The Eye of the Storm ( 2011 ) Words and Pictures ( 2013 ) Andorra ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Six_Degrees_of_Separation_(film)&oldid=822030817 '' Categories : 1993 films English - language films 1990s drama films 1990s mystery films 1990s LGBT - related films American films American drama films American comedy films American mystery films American satirical films American LGBT - related films Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith Films about con artists Films based on plays Films directed by Fred Schepisi Films set in New York City Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 00 : 44 . About Wikipedia",
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where is dakar located on the world map
|
[
"14°41′34″N 17°26′48″W / 14.69278°N 17.44667°W",
"on the Cap-Vert peninsula on the Atlantic coast",
"Senegal",
"on the Cap-Vert peninsula on the Atlantic coast",
"the westernmost city in the Old World as well as on the African mainland",
"on the Cap-Vert peninsula on the Atlantic coast"
] |
{
"0": "Dakar - wikipedia Dakar Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Dakar ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Dhaka .",
"1": "Dakar Place de l'Indépendance Coat of arms City of Dakar , divided into 19 communes d'arrondissement Dakar Location within Senegal Coordinates : 14 ° 41 ′ 34 '' N 17 ° 26 ′ 48 '' W / 14.69278 ° N 17.44667 ° W / 14.69278 ; - 17.44667 Coordinates : 14 ° 41 ′ 34 '' N 17 ° 26 ′ 48 '' W / 14.69278 ° N 17.44667 ° W / 14.69278 ; - 17.44667 Country Senegal Région Dakar Département Dakar Settled 15th century Communes d'arrondissement 19 ( show ) Cambérène Parcelles Assaines Pattie d'Oies Hann Bel - Air Dieuppeul Derklé HLM Biscuiterie Grand Dakar Plateau Médina Fass - Gueule Tapée - Colobane Fann Point - E Mermoz - Sacré - Coeur Ouakam Yoff Ngor Liberté Grand - Yoff Cape Verde Peninsula Government Mayor Khalifa Sall ( 2009 ) ( BSS / PS ) Area City 83 km ( 32 sq mi ) Elevation 22 m ( 72 ft ) Population ( 2013 estimate ) City 1,146,053 Density 12,510 / km ( 32,400 / sq mi ) Metro 2,452,656 Metro density 4,484 / km ( 11,610 / sq mi ) Data here are for the administrative Dakar région , which matches almost exactly the limits of the metropolitan area Time zone GMT ( UTC + 0 ) Website villededakar.org The 10 Worst Cities in the World Dakar ( English : / dɑːˈkɑːr , ˈdækər / ; French : ( dakaʁ ) ) is the capital and largest city of Senegal .",
"2": "It is located on the Cap - Vert peninsula on the Atlantic coast and is the westernmost city in the Old World as well as on the African mainland . The city of Dakar proper has a population of 1,030,594 , whereas the population of the Dakar metropolitan area is estimated at 2.45 million . The area around Dakar was settled in the 15th century . The Portuguese established a presence on the island of Gorée off the coast of Cap - Vert and used it as a base for the Atlantic slave trade . France took over the island in 1677 . Following the abolition of the slave trade and French annexation of the mainland area in the 19th century , Dakar grew into a major regional port and a major city of the French colonial empire . In 1902 , Dakar replaced Saint - Louis as the capital of French West Africa . From 1959 to 1960 , Dakar was the capital of the short - lived Mali Federation . In 1960 , it became the capital of the independent Republic of Senegal . Dakar is home to multiple national and regional banks as well as numerous international organizations . From 1978 to 2007 , it was also the traditional finishing point of the Dakar Rally . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Colonial history 1.2 Recent history 2 Sports 3 Geography and climate 4 Administration and daily life 5 Notable places 6 Notable Dakarian natives and Dakar residents 7 International relations 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Dakar Colonial History ( edit ) The Cap - Vert peninsula was settled no later than the 15th century , by the Lebou people , an aquacultural ethnic group related to the neighboring Wolof and Sereer . The original villages : Ouakam , Ngor , Yoff and Hann , still constitute distinctively Lebou neighborhoods of the city today . In 1444 , the Portuguese reached the Bay of Dakar , initially as slave - raiders .",
"3": "Peaceful contact was finally opened in 1456 by Diogo Gomes , and the bay was subsequently referred to as the `` Angra de Bezeguiche '' ( after the name of the local ruler ) . The bay of `` Bezeguiche '' would go on to serve as a critical stop for the Portuguese India Armadas of the early 16th century , where large fleets would routinely stop , both on their outward and return journeys from India , to repair , collect fresh water from the rivulets and wells along the Cap - Vert shore and trade for provisions with the local people for their remaining voyage . ( It was famously during one of these stops , in 1501 , where the Florentine navigator Amerigo Vespucci began to construct his `` New World '' hypothesis about America . ) The Portuguese eventually founded a settlement on the island of Gorée ( then known as the island of Bezeguiche or Palma ) , which by 1536 they began to use as a base for slave exportation . The mainland of Cap - Vert , however , was under control of the Jolof Empire , as part of the western province of Cayor which seceded from Jolof in its own right in 1549 . A new Lebou village , called Ndakaaru , was established directly across from Gorée in the 17th century to service the European trading factory with food and drinking water . Gorée was captured by the United Netherlands in 1588 , which gave it its present name ( spelled Goeree , after Goeree - Overflakkee in the Netherlands ) . The island was to switch hands between the Portuguese and Dutch several more times before falling to the English under Admiral Robert Holmes on January 23 , 1664 , and finally to the French in 1677 . Though under continuous French administration since , métis families , descended from Dutch and French traders and African wives , dominated the slave trade . The infamous `` House of Slaves '' was built at Gorée in 1776 . In 1795 , the Lebou of Cape Verde revolted against Cayor rule . A new theocratic state , subsequently called the `` Lebou Republic '' by the French , was established under the leadership of the Diop , a Muslim clerical family originally from Koki in Cayor .",
"4": "The capital of the republic was established at Ndakaaru . In 1857 the French established a military post at Ndakaaru ( which they called `` Dakar '' ) and annexed the Lebou Republic , though its institutions continued to function nominally . The Serigne ( also spelled Sëriñ , `` Lord '' ) of Ndakaaru is still recognized as the traditional political authority of the Lebou by the Senegalese State today . The slave trade was abolished by France in February 1794 . However , Napoleon reinstated it in May 1802 , then finally abolished it permanently in March 1815 . Despite Napoleon 's abolition , a clandestine slave trade continued at Gorée until 1848 , when it was abolished throughout all French territories . To replace trade in slaves , the French promoted peanut cultivation on the mainland . As the peanut trade boomed , tiny Gorée Island , whose population had grown to 6,000 residents , proved ineffectual as a port . Traders from Gorée decided to move to the mainland and a `` factory '' with warehouses was established in Rufisque in 1840 . A public water well , 1899 . Large public expenditure for infrastructure was allocated by the colonial authorities to Dakar 's development . The port facilities were improved with jetties , a telegraph line was established along the coast to Saint - Louis and the Dakar - Saint - Louis railway was completed in 1885 , at which point the city became an important base for the conquest of the western Sudan . Dakar in 1850 . Dakar in 1888 . Dakar Entrepôt . ca . 1900 Gorée , including Dakar , was recognised as a French commune in 1872 . Dakar itself was split off from Gorée as a separate commune in 1887 . The citizens of the city elected their own mayor and municipal council and helped send an elected representative to the National Assembly in Paris . Dakar replaced Saint - Louis as the capital of French West Africa in 1902 . A second major railroad , the Dakar - Niger built from 1906 -- 1923 , linked Dakar to Bamako and consolidated the city 's position at the head of France 's West African empire .",
"5": "In 1929 , the commune of Gorée Island , now with only a few hundred inhabitants , was merged into Dakar . Urbanization during the colonial period was marked by forms of racial and social segregation -- often expressed in terms of health and hygiene -- which continue to structure the city today . Following a plague epidemic in 1914 , the authorities forced most of the African population out of old neighborhoods , or `` Plateau '' , and into a new quarter , called Médina , separated from it by a `` sanitary cordon '' . As first occupants of the land , the Lebou inhabitants of the city successfully resisted this expropriation . They were supported by Blaise Diagne , the first African to be elected Deputy to the National Assembly . Nonetheless , the Plateau thereafter became an administrative , commercial , and residential district increasingly reserved for Europeans and served as model for similar exclusionary administrative enclaves in French Africa 's other colonial capitals ( Bamako , Conakry , Abidjan , Brazzaville ) . Meanwhile , the Layene Sufi order , established by Seydina Mouhammadou Limamou Laye , was thriving among the Lebou in Yoff and in a new village called Cambérène . Since independence , urbanization has sprawled eastward past Pikine , a commuter suburb whose population ( 2001 est. 1,200,000 ) is greater than that of Dakar proper , to Rufisque , creating a conurbation of almost 3 million ( over a quarter of the national population ) . In its colonial heyday Dakar was one of the major cities of the French Empire , comparable to Hanoi or Beirut . French trading firms established branch offices there and industrial investments ( mills , breweries , refineries , canneries ) were attracted by its port and rail facilities . It was also strategically important to France , which maintained an important naval base and coaling station in its harbor and which integrated it into its earliest air force and airmail circuits , most notably with the legendary Mermoz airfield ( no longer extant ) . Recent History ( edit ) During the Battle of Dakar , which took place off the coast of Dakar on September 23 -- 25 , 1940 , the British navy attempted to rally the colonial administration in Dakar to the Allied cause and detach it from Vichy .",
"6": "In November 1944 West African conscripts of the French army mutinied against poor conditions at the Thiaroye camp , on the outskirts of the city . The mutiny was seen as an indictment of the colonial system and constituted a watershed for the nationalist movement . Dakar was the capital of the short - lived Mali Federation from 1959 to 1960 , after which it became the capital of Senegal . The poet , philosopher and first President of Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor tried to transform Dakar into the `` Sub-Saharan African Athens '' ( l'Athènes de l'Afrique subsaharienne ) , as his vision was for it . Dakar is a major financial center , home to a dozen national and regional banks ( including the BCEAO which manages the unified West African CFA currency ) , and to numerous international organizations , NGOs and international research centers . Dakar has a large Lebanese community ( concentrated in the import - export sector ) that dates to the 1920s , a community of Moroccan business people , as well as Mauritanian , Cape Verdean , and Guinean communities . The city is home to as many as 20,000 French expatriates . France still maintains an air force base at Yoff and the French fleet is serviced in Dakar 's port . Beginning 1978 and until 2007 , Dakar was frequently the ending point of the Dakar Rally . The rally brought worldwide attention to the poverty of Senegal and Dakar . Sports ( edit ) Sports club AS Douanes are based in Sicap - Liberté , they currently play in the Senegal Premier League and previously won the 2014 -- 15 Ligue 1 ( Senegal ) season . Geography and climate ( edit ) View of Dakar from Earth Orbit The Dakarois climate is generally warm . Dakar has a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification : BSh ) , with a short rainy season and a lengthy dry season . Dakar 's rainy season lasts from July to October while the dry season covers the remaining eight months . The city sees approximately 495 mm ( 19.5 in ) of precipitation per year .",
"7": "Dakar between December and May is usually pleasantly warm with daily temperatures around 24 -- 27 ° C ( 75 -- 81 ° F ) . Nights during this time of the year are comfortable , some 17 -- 20 ° C ( 63 -- 68 ° F ) . However , between May and November the city becomes decidedly warmer with daily highs reaching 29 -- 31 ° C ( 84 -- 88 ° F ) and night lows a little bit above 23 -- 24 ° C ( 73 -- 75 ° F ) . Notwithstanding this hotter season Dakar 's weather is far from being as hot as that of African cities inland , such as Niamey and N'Djamena , where temperatures hover above 36 ° C ( 97 ° F ) for much of the year . Dakar is cooled year - round by sea breezes . ( hide ) Climate data for Dakar , Senegal ( 1981 - 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 39.6 ( 103.3 ) 38.7 ( 101.7 ) 40.4 ( 104.7 ) 38.4 ( 101.1 ) 36.2 ( 97.2 ) 36.6 ( 97.9 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 36.2 ( 97.2 ) 39.3 ( 102.7 ) 40.3 ( 104.5 ) 39.5 ( 103.1 ) 40.4 ( 104.7 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 30.3 ( 86.5 ) 30.7 ( 87.3 ) 31.0 ( 87.",
"8": "8 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 1.0 ( 0.039 ) 2.0 ( 0.079 ) 0.3 ( 0.012 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.004 ) 14.0 ( 0.551 ) 51.0 ( 2.008 ) 154.0 ( 6.063 ) 133.0 ( 5.236 ) 26.0 ( 1.024 ) 9.2 ( 0.362 ) 1.0 ( 0.039 ) 391.6 ( 15.417 ) Average rainy days 1.0 1.0 1.",
"9": "0 0.2 0.4 3.0 8.0 15.0 12.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 47.6 Average relative humidity ( % ) 68 74 77 81 81 80 78 81 83 80 72 68 77 Mean monthly sunshine hours 244.9 245.8 276.0 288.0 291.4 252.0 232.5 223.2 219.0 257.3 249.0 238.7 3,017.8 Percent possible sunshine 70 74 74 74 73 65 58 57 60 70 73 69 68.1 Source # 1 : Pogoda.ru.net Source # 2 : Spiegel Online Wetter Dakar mean sea temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 22.7 ° C ( 72.9 ° F ) 20.6 ° C ( 69.1 ° F ) 19.9 ° C ( 67.8 ° F ) 20.7 ° C ( 69.3 ° F ) 22.7 ° C ( 72.9 ° F ) 26.3 ° C ( 79.3 ° F ) 27.6 ° C ( 81.7 ° F ) 28.4 ° C ( 83.1 ° F ) 28.7 ° C ( 83.7 ° F ) 28.5 ° C ( 83.3 ° F ) 27.0 ° C ( 80.6 ° F ) 24.7 ° C ( 76.5 ° F ) Administration and daily life ( edit ) Market street in the working class Gueule Tapée quarter Typical souvenirs in the street market The city of Dakar is a commune ( also sometimes known as commune de ville ) ,",
"10": "one of the some 125 communes of Senegal . The commune of Dakar was created by the French colonial administration on June 17 , 1887 by detaching it from the commune of Gorée . The commune of Gorée , created in 1872 , was itself one of the oldest Western - style municipalities in Africa ( along with the municipalities of Algeria and South Africa ) . The commune of Dakar has been in continuous existence since 1887 , being preserved by the new state of Senegal after independence in 1960 , although its limits have varied considerably over time . The limits of the commune of Dakar have been unchanged since 1983 . The commune of Dakar is ruled by a democratically elected municipal council ( conseil municipal ) serving five years , and a mayor elected by the municipal council . There have been 20 mayors in Dakar since 1887 . The first black mayor was Blaise Diagne , mayor of Dakar from 1924 to 1934 . The longest serving mayor was Mamadou Diop , mayor for 18 years between 1984 and 2002 . The commune of Dakar is also a department , one of the 45 departments of Senegal . This situation is quite similar to Paris , which is both a commune and a department . However , contrary to French departments , departments in Senegal have no political power ( no departmental assembly ) , and are merely local administrative structures of the central state , in charge of carrying out some administrative services as well as controlling the activities of the communes within the department . The department of Dakar is divided into four arrondissements : Almadies , Grand Dakar , Parcelles Assainies ( which literally means `` drained lots '' ; this is the most populous arrondissement of Dakar ) , and Plateau / Gorée ( downtown Dakar ) . These arrondissements are quite different from the arrondissements of Paris , being merely local administrative structures of the central state , like the Senegalese departments , and are thus more comparable to French departmental arrondissements . Residential street in the upscale Mermoz quarter The Assemblée nationale on the Plateau , the heart of old Dakar In 1996 a massive reform of the administrative and political divisions of Senegal was voted by the Parliament of Senegal .",
"11": "The commune of Dakar , whose population approached 1 million inhabitants , was deemed too large and too populated to be properly managed by a central municipality , and thus on August 30 , 1996 Dakar was divided into 19 communes d'arrondissement . These communes d'arrondissement were given extensive powers , and are very much like regular communes . They have more powers than the arrondissements of Paris , and are more akin to the London boroughs . The commune of Dakar was maintained above these 19 communes d'arrondissement , and it coordinates the activities of the communes d'arrondissement , much as Greater London coordinates the activities of the London boroughs . The 19 communes d'arrondissement belong to either of the four arrondissements of Dakar , and the sous - préfet of each arrondissement is in charge of controlling the activities of the communes d'arrondissement in his arrondissement . The commune d'arrondissement of Dakar - Plateau ( 34,626 inhabitants ) , in the arrondissement of Plateau / Gorée , is the historical heart of the city , and most ministries and public administrations are located there . The densest and most populous commune d'arrondissement is Médina ( 136,697 inhabitants ) , in the arrondissement of Plateau / Gorée . The commune d'arrondissement of Yoff ( 55,995 inhabitants ) , in the arrondissement of Almadies , is the largest one , while the smallest one is the commune d'arrondissement of Île de Gorée ( 1,034 inhabitants ) , in the arrondissement of Plateau / Gorée . Dakar is one of the 14 régions of Senegal . The Dakar région encompasses the city of Dakar and all its suburbs along the Cape Verde Peninsula . Its territory is thus roughly the same as the territory of the metropolitan area of Dakar . Since the administrative reforms of 1996 , the régions of Senegal , which until then were merely local administrative structures of the central state , have been turned into full - fledged political units , with democratically elected regional councils , and regional presidents .",
"12": "They were given extensive powers , and manage economic development , transportation , or environmental protection issues at the regional level , thus coordinating the actions of the communes below them . In Senegal the traditional culture is very centred around the idea of family . This even includes the way that they eat . When it is time to eat a typical meal someone will say `` kay lekk '' which means ' come eat ' . Everyone will come together and sit around the plate and eat with their hands . Some famous dishes include Cebbu Jën ( Tiéboudienne ) and Yassa . The etiquette of people in Dakar is very simple but very vital . To not greet someone upon sight is to portray rudeness and oftentimes ignorance . Due to French colonialism the children of Dakar have a unique school system . The school will get a break at about midday and return home to get some rest . Since the population is majority Muslim daily activities such as going to the mosque at noon prayer and attending the mosque on Fridays . Music has a big influence on the youth with famous artists like Daara J Family who use their voice to represent the problems in their communities . Notable places ( edit ) The Dakar Railway Station Village des Arts Musée Théodore Monod Layen Mausoleum Palais Présidentiel Mamelles Lighthouse Chambre de Commerce Place de l'Indépendance Plage de N'gor The Dakar Cathedral African Renaissance Monument Attractions in Dakar include major markets , Dakar Grand Mosque ( built in 1964 ) , Dakar Cathedral , Gorée Island , the IFAN Museum of West African culture , the newly completed African Renaissance Monument is the tallest statue in Africa , clifftop walks and beaches , and Parc de Hann , aka the Senegal Zoo . The town serves as a port and is home to the Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport . It is also the terminus of the Dakar - Niger railroad line , although this no longer functions Dakar used to be the finishing point of the Dakar Rally and is a member of the Organization of World Heritage Cities . Cheikh Anta Diop University also known as the University of Dakar , was established in 1957 .",
"13": "Notable dakarian natives and Dakar residents ( edit ) Abdoulaye Diagne - Faye , footballer Akon , R&B singer ( real name - Alioune Thiam ) Baaba Maal , singer and guitarist Boris Diaw , basketball player , Utah Jazz Bouna Coundoul , footballer , Achna FC Cheikh Samb , basketball player , former Los Angeles Clippers DeSagana Diop , basketball player , Charlotte Bobcats Élage Diouf , singer , songwriter and percussionist ( real name - El Hadji Fall Diouf ) Hamady Ndiaye , basketball player Washington Wizards Ibrahim Ba , former footballer Ismaël Lô , singer - songwriter Issa , R&B singer Macoumba Kandji , footballer , Colorado Rapids Mamadou N'Diaye , former basketball player for Auburn University and the Toronto Raptors Mame Biram Diouf , footballer , Stoke City Marc Lièvremont , former rugby player and former head coach of the France national rugby union team Marcel Lefebvre , Founder of the SSPX , Apostolic delegate to Pope Pius XII , and Archbishop of Dakar .",
"14": "Mbaye Diagne , United Nations military observer and hero during the Rwandan genocide Ofeibea Quist - Arcton , foreign correspondent for NPR News Orchestra Baobab Ousmane Barro , basketball player , Marquette University Papa Bouba Diop , former footballer Pape Paté Diouf , football player Papiss Cisse , footballer , Newcastle United Patrice Evra , footballer , Juventus Patrick Vieira , former footballer Ségolène Royal , French politician born in Dakar Tacko Fall , high school basketball player Thione Seck , singer and songwriter Wasis Diop , musician Youssou N'Dour , singer and percussionist Racine Talla , college basketball player , IPFW International relations ( edit ) Main article : List of twin towns and sister cities in Senegal Dakar is twinned with : Ann Arbor , Michigan , United States Baku , Azerbaijan Douala , Cameroon Isfahan , Iran Milan , Italy Oran , Algeria Rangpur , Bangladesh Rosario , Argentina Bissau , Guinea - Bissau Taipei , Taiwan Washington , D.C. , United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ L'opposant Khalifa Sall élu maire de Dakar . AFP . 2009 - 04 - 19 Jump up ^ climatemps.com Jump up ^ UN Data . Projection based on 2002 census . Jump up ^ `` Dakar - definition of Dakar '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . / dəˈkɑːr , dɑːˈkɑːr , ˈdækər / Jump up ^ `` Define Dakar '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . / dɑːˈkɑːr , ˈdækər / Jump up ^ Dakar pronunciation : How to pronounce Dakar in French , Spanish , Polish Jump up ^ Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie , Government of Senegal .",
"15": "`` '' Situation économique et sociale du Sénégal `` , édition 2005 , page 163 '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 18 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Dinis Dias doubled Cap - Vert in 1444 , but it is unclear if he sailed into the bay itself . Álvaro Fernandes anchored at the uninhabited island of Goree and lured and captured two natives off a Lebou fishing canoe before being driven off . The large slaving fleet of Lançarote de Freitas anchored in the bay , but their attempts to reach the mainland shore were fended off by missile fire and took no captives . The subsequent fleets of Estêvão Afonso ( 1446 ) and Valarte ( 1447 ) stopped briefly at Goree , but were also fended off the shores and took no captives . In the aftermath , Prince Henry the Navigator suspended all Portuguese expeditions beyond Cap - Vert for nearly a decade . There are no more recorded attempts until contact was made in 1456 . ( As reported in the 1453 chronicle of Gomes Eanes de Zurara ) Jump up ^ B.W. Diffie and G.D. Winius ( 1977 ) Foundations of the Portuguese empire , 1415 - 1580 Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press , pp. 83 - 85 Jump up ^ A. Teixeira da Mota ( 1946 ) `` A descoberta da Guiné '' , Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa , Vol. 1 . No. 2 ( Apr ) , p. 273 - 326 . ^ Jump up to : A. Teixeira da Mota ( 1968 ) `` Ilha de Santiago e Angra de Bezeguiche , escalas da carreira da India '' , Do tempo e da historia , Lisbon , v. 3 , pp. 141 - 49 . Jump up ^ Vespucci 's letter from Bezeguiche is reproduced in F.A. de Varnhagen ( 1865 ) Amerigo Vespucci , pp. 78 - 82 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ `` Discours de réception de M. Jean - Claude JUNCKER comme membre associé étranger à l'Académie des Sciences morales et politiques '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Averages for Dakar '' ( in Russian ) . Weather and Climate ( Погода и климат ) . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Africa , Senegal , Dakar '' . Spiegel Online Wetter . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Dakar water temperature chart '' . Seatemperature.org . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Senegal - Language , Culture , Customs and Etiquette '' . www.commisceo-global.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hip - hop in Senegal '' . 2015 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Planet , Lonely . `` Attractions in Senegal '' . Lonely Planet . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Twin - cities of Azerbaijan '' . Azerbaijans.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Città Gemellate '' ( in Italian ) . Comune di Milano . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Town Twinning Agreements '' . Municipalidad de Rosario - Buenos Aires 711 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` DC Sister City Agreement '' ( PDF ) . The District of Columbia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ L. Bigon ( 2009 ) A History of Urban Planning in Two West African Colonial Capitals : Residential Segregation in British Lagos and French Dakar , 1850 - 1930 Lewiston : The Edwin Mellen Press .",
"17": "Bibliography ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of the history of Dakar External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Dakar . Senegal portal Media related to Dakar at Wikimedia Commons ( in French ) Dakar official website `` Dakar '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Dakar '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Communes d'arrondissement of Dakar Biscuiterie Cambérène Dieuppeul - Derklé Fann - Point E-Amitié Gueule Tapée - Fass - Colobane Gorée Grand Yoff Grand Dakar Hann Bel - Air HLM Médina Mermoz - Sacré - Cœur Ngor Ouakam Parcelles Assainies Patte d'Oie Dakar - Plateau Sicap - Liberté Yoff Capitals of Africa Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics Abuja , Nigeria Accra , Ghana Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Algiers , Algeria Antananarivo , Madagascar Asmara , Eritrea Bamako , Mali Bangui , Central African Republic Banjul , Gambia Bissau , Guinea - Bissau Brazzaville , Rep. of the Congo Bujumbura , Burundi Cairo , Egypt Conakry , Guinea Dakar , Senegal Djibouti , Djibouti Dodoma , Tanzania El Aaiún ( claimed ) / Tifariti ( factual ) , Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Freetown , Sierra Leone Funchal , Madeira Gaborone , Botswana Harare , Zimbabwe Hargeisa , Somaliland Jamestown , St Helena , Ascension & Tristan da Cunha Juba , South Sudan Kampala , Uganda Khartoum , Sudan Kigali , Rwanda Kinshasa , D.R. Congo Libreville , Gabon Lilongwe , Malawi Lomé , Togo Luanda , Angola Lusaka , Zambia Malabo ,",
"18": "Equatorial Guinea Mamoudzou , Mayotte Maputo , Mozambique Maseru , Lesotho Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ) , Swaziland Mogadishu , Somalia Monrovia , Liberia Moroni , Comoros Nairobi , Kenya N'Djamena , Chad Niamey , Niger Nouakchott , Mauritania Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso Port Louis , Mauritius Porto - Novo , Benin Praia , Cape Verde Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ) , South Africa Rabat , Morocco Saint - Denis , Réunion Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas , Canary Islands São Tomé , São Tomé and Príncipe Tripoli , Libya Tunis , Tunisia Victoria , Seychelles Windhoek , Namibia Yamoussoukro ( political ) Abidjan ( economic ) , Ivory Coast Yaoundé , Cameroon An unrecognised or partially - recognised nation British Overseas Territory Overseas region of France Autonomous region of Portugal Autonomous community of Spain VIAF : 133615639 LCCN : n79108879 GND : 4010921 - 5 SUDOC : 02637417X BNF : cb11863399c ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dakar&oldid=806620044 '' Categories : Dakar Capitals in Africa French West Africa Populated coastal places in Senegal Populated places established in 1857 Populated places in Dakar Region Port cities in Africa Regional capitals in Senegal 1677 establishments in the French colonial empire 1664 establishments in the British Empire Communes of Senegal 1857 establishments in the French colonial empire Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Articles with French",
"19": "- language external links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido",
"20": "Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Piemontèis Tok Pisin Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Тоҷикӣ",
"21": "Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 04 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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7129435073281101883
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who is credited with the discovery of the neutron
|
[
"James Chadwick",
"James Chadwick",
"James Chadwick",
"James Chadwick",
"James Chadwick"
] |
{
"0": "Discovery of the neutron - wikipedia Discovery of the neutron Jump to : navigation , search James Chadwick at the 1933 Solvay Conference . Chadwick had discovered the neutron the year before while working at Cavendish Laboratory . The discovery of the neutron and its properties was central to the extraordinary developments in atomic physics that occurred in the first half of the 20th century . Early in the century , Ernest Rutherford developed a crude model for the atom , based on the gold foil experiment of Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden . In this model , atoms had their mass and positive electric charge concentrated in a very small nucleus . By 1920 chemical isotopes had been discovered , the atomic masses had been determined to be integer multiples of the mass of the hydrogen atom , and the atomic number had been identified as the charge on the nucleus . Throughout the 1920s , the nucleus was viewed as composed of combinations of protons and electrons , the two elementary particles known at the time , but that model presented several experimental and theoretical contradictions . The essential nature of the atomic nucleus was established with the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932 and the determination that it was a new elementary particle , distinct from the proton . The uncharged neutron was immediately exploited as a new means to probe nuclear structure , leading to such discoveries as the creation of new radioactive elements by neutron irradiation ( 1934 ) and the fission of uranium atoms by neutrons ( 1938 ) . The discovery of fission led to the creation of both nuclear power and weapons by the end of World War II . Both the proton and neutron were presumed to be elementary particles until the 1960s when they were determined to be composite particles built from quarks .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Gold foil experiment 2 Discovery of isotopes 3 Atomic number and Moseley 's law 4 Rutherford atom 5 Problems of the nuclear electrons hypothesis 6 Discovery of the neutron 7 Proton -- neutron model of the nucleus 8 The nature of the neutron 9 Neutron physics in the 1930s 10 After 1939 11 Videos 12 References 13 Further reading Gold foil experiment ( edit ) See also : Atomic theory and Plum pudding model A schematic of the nucleus of an atom indicating β − radiation , the emission of a fast electron from the nucleus ( the accompanying antineutrino is omitted ) . In the Rutherford model for the nucleus , red spheres were protons with positive charge and blue spheres were protons tightly bound to an electron with no net charge . The inset shows beta decay of a free neutron as it is understood today ; an electron and antineutrino are created in this process . At the start of the 20th century , the vigorous debate as to the existence of atoms had not yet been resolved . Philosophers such as Ernst Mach and Wilhelm Ostwald denied that atoms were real , viewing them as a convenient mathematical construct , while scientists such as Arnold Sommerfeld and Ludwig Boltzmann saw that physical theories required the existence of atoms . Radioactivity had been recently discovered in uranium and thorium . Ernest Rutherford had separated radioactivity into three types : alpha , beta , and gamma rays , depending on their ability to penetrate , or travel into , ordinary objects or gases . These radiations were soon identified with known particles : alpha rays were shown to be helium ions by Rutherford and Thomas Royds in 1907 ; beta rays were shown to be electrons by Henri Becquerel in 1900 ; and gamma rays were shown to be electromagnetic radiation , that is , a form of light , in 1914 . These radiations had also been identified as emanating from atoms , hence they provided clues as to processes occurring within atoms . Conversely , the radiations were also recognized as tools that could be exploited in scattering experiments to probe the interior of atoms .",
"2": "At the University of Manchester between 1908 and 1913 , Rutherford directed Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in a series of experiments to determine what happens when alpha particles scatter from metal foil . Now called the Rutherford gold foil experiment , or the Geiger -- Marsden experiment , these measurements made the extraordinary discovery that alpha particles would occasionally scatter to high angle when passing through a thin gold foil . The scattering indicated that the alpha particles were reflecting from a small , but dense , component of atoms . Based on these measurements , by 1911 it was apparent to Rutherford that the atom consisted of a small massive nucleus with positive charge surrounded by a much larger cloud of negatively charged electrons . The concentrated atomic mass was required to provide the observed reflection of the alpha particles , and Rutherford developed a mathematical model that accounted for the scattering . The Rutherford model was very influential , motivating the Bohr model for electrons orbiting the nucleus in 1913 and eventually leading to quantum mechanics by the mid-1920s . Discovery of isotopes ( edit ) Concurrent with the work of Rutherford , Geiger , and Marsden , the radiochemist Frederick Soddy at the University of Glasgow was studying radioactive decay chains of uranium . Soddy had been a student of Rutherford . Soddy 's study indicated about 40 different radioactive elements , referred to as radioelements , between uranium and lead , although the periodic table only allowed for 11 elements . By 1913 Soddy had determined that several of these elements had identical chemical properties but different atomic weights . He called these chemically similar elements isotopes . For his study of radioactivity and the discovery of isotopes , Soddy was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Replica of Aston 's third mass spectrometer Building from work by J.J. Thomson on the deflection of positively charged atoms by electric and magnetic fields , Francis Aston built the first mass spectrograph at the Cavendish Laboratory in 1919 . His aim was to try to separate the two isotopes of neon , which he was able to easily do . Aston discovered that the masses of all the particles are whole numbers , called the whole number rule , that is , the masses of all the isotopes are whole number multiples of the mass of the hydrogen atom .",
"3": "Aston arbitrarily computed his masses relative to oxygen - 16 , which he took to have a mass of exactly 16 . ( Today the atomic mass unit ( amu ) is relative to carbon - 12 . ) Ironically , the one exception to this rule was hydrogen itself , which had a mass value of 1.008 . The excess mass was small , but well outside experimental uncertainty . Aston and others quickly realized that the discrepancy is due to the binding energy of atoms , that is , the mass of a number of hydrogen atoms bound into a single atom must be less than the sum of the masses of the separate hydrogen atoms . Additional work determined the nuclide binding energies . Aston 's work on isotopes garnered him the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of isotopes in a large number of non-radioactive elements , and for his enunciation of the whole - number rule . Noting Aston 's recent discovery of nuclear binding energy , in 1920 Arthur Eddington suggested that stars may obtain their energy by fusing hydrogen ( protons ) into helium and that the heavier elements may form in stars . Atomic number and Moseley 's law ( edit ) Main article : Moseley 's law Rutherford and others had noted the disparity between the mass of an atom , computed in atomic mass units , and the approximate charge required on the nucleus for the Rutherford model to work . The required charge of the atomic nucleus was usually about half its atomic mass . In 1911 Antonius van den Broek made the then bold suggestion that the required charge , denoted Z , was not half of the atomic weight for elements , but instead was exactly equal to the element 's atomic number , or place in the periodic table . At that time the positions of the elements in the table were not known to have any physical significance , except as a way to order the elements in particular sequences with similar chemical properties . At the University of Manchester in 1913 Henry Moseley discussed the new Bohr model of the atom with the visiting Bohr . The model accounted for the electromagnetic emission spectrum from the hydrogen atom , and Moseley wondered if the electromagnetic emission spectra of heavier elements such as cobalt and nickel would follow their ordering by weight , or by their position in the periodic table .",
"4": "In 1913 - 1914 Moseley tested the question experimentally by using x-ray diffraction techniques . He found that the most intense short - wavelength line in the x-ray spectrum of a particular element , known as the K - alpha line , was related to the element 's position in the periodic table , that is , its atomic number , Z . Indeed , Moseley introduced this nomenclature . Moseley found that the frequencies of the radiation were related in a simple way to the atomic number of the elements for a large number of elements . Within a year it was noted that the equation for the relation , now called Moseley 's law , could be explained in terms of the 1913 Bohr model , with reasonable extra assumptions about atomic structure in other elements . Moseley 's result , by Bohr 's later account , not only established atomic number as a measurable experimental quantity , but gave it a physical meaning as the positive charge on the atomic nucleus . The elements could be ordered in the periodic system in order of atomic number , rather than atomic weight . The result tied together the organization of the periodic table , the Bohr model for the atom , and Rutherford 's model for alpha scattering from nuclei . It was cited by Rutherford , Bohr , and others as a critical advance in understanding the nature of the atomic nucleus . Further research in atomic physics was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I. Moseley was killed in 1915 at the Battle of Gallipoli , while Rutherford 's student James Chadwick was interned in Germany for the duration of the war , 1914 - 1918 . In Berlin , Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn 's work on determining the radioactive decay chains of radium and uranium by precise chemical separation was interrupted . Meitner spent much of the war working as a radiologist and medical X-ray technician near the Austrian front , while Hahn , a chemist , worked on research in poison gas warfare . Rutherford atom ( edit ) Ernest Rutherford See also : Discovery of the proton In 1920 Rutherford gave a Bakerian lecture at the Royal Society entitled the `` Nuclear Constitution of Atoms '' , a summary of what was then known about the nucleus of the atom . By 1920 , the existence of electrons within the atomic nucleus was widely assumed .",
"5": "It was assumed the nucleus consisted of hydrogen nuclei in number equal to the atomic mass . But since each hydrogen had charge + 1 , the nucleus required a smaller number of `` internal electrons '' each of charge - 1 to give the nucleus its correct total charge . The mass of protons is about 1800 times greater than that of electrons , so the mass of the electrons is incidental in this computation . Such a model was consistent with the scattering of alpha particles from heavy nuclei , as well as the charge and mass of the many isotopes that had been identified . There were other motivations for the proton -- electron model . As noted by Rutherford at the time , `` We have strong reason for believing that the nuclei of atoms contain electrons as well as positively charged bodies ... '' , namely , it was known that beta radiation was electrons emitted from the nucleus . In that lecture , Rutherford conjectured the existence of new particles . The alpha particle was known to be very stable , and it was assumed to retain its identity within the nucleus . The alpha particle was presumed to consist of four protons and two closely bound electrons to give it + 2 charge and mass 4 . In a 1919 paper , Rutherford had reported the apparent discovery of a new doubly charged particle of mass 3 , denoted the X++ , interpreted to consist of three protons and a closely bound electron . This result suggested to Rutherford the likely existence of two new particles , one of two protons with a closely bound electron , and another of one proton and a closely bound electron . The X++ particle was later determined to have mass 4 and to be just a low - energy alpha particle . Nevertheless , Rutherford had conjectured the existence of the neutron , a neutral particle of mass 1 , and the deuteron , a + 1 charge particle of mass 2 . The latter is the nucleus of deuterium , discovered in 1931 by Harold Urey . The mass of the hypothetical neutral particle would be little different from that of the proton . Rutherford determined that such a zero - charge particle would be difficult to detect by available techniques . By 1921 Rutherford had named the uncharged particle the neutron , while about that same time the word proton was adopted for the hydrogen nucleus .",
"6": "Neutron was apparently constructed from the Latin root for neutral and the Greek ending - on ( by imitation of electron and proton ) . References to the word neutron in connection with the atom can be found in the literature as early as 1899 , however . Rutherford and Chadwick immediately began an experimental program to search for the neutron at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge . The experiments continued throughout the 1920s without success . Rutherford 's conjecture was not widely accepted . In his 1931 textbook on the Constitution of Atomic Nuclei and Radioactivity , George Gamow , then at the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen , did not mention the neutron . At the time of their 1932 measurements in Paris that would lead to the discovery of the neutron , Irène Joliot - Curie and Frédéric Joliot were unaware of the conjecture . Problems of the nuclear electrons hypothesis ( edit ) Throughout the 1920s , physicists assumed that the atomic nucleus was composed of protons and `` nuclear electrons '' . Under this hypothesis , the nitrogen - 14 ( N ) nucleus would be composed of 14 protons and 7 electrons , so that it would have a net charge of + 7 elementary charge units and a mass of 14 atomic mass units . The nucleus was also orbited by another 7 electrons , termed `` external electrons '' by Rutherford , to complete the N atom . Obvious problems with the hypothesis became apparent , however . Ralph Kronig pointed out in 1926 that the observed hyperfine structure of atomic spectra was inconsistent with the proton -- electron hypothesis . This structure is caused by the influence of the nucleus on the dynamics of orbiting electrons . The magnetic moments of supposed `` nuclear electrons '' should produce hyperfine spectral line splittings similar to the Zeeman effect , but no such effects were observed . It appeared as if the magnetic moment of the electron disappeared when it was within the nucleus . Observations of the energy levels of molecules by Franco Rasetti in 1929 were inconsistent with the nuclear spin expected from proton -- electron hypothesis . Molecular Raman spectroscopy of dinitrogen ( N ) showed that transitions originating from even - numbered rotational levels are more intense than those from odd levels , hence the even levels are more populated .",
"7": "According to quantum mechanics and the Pauli exclusion principle , the spin of the N nucleus is therefore an integer multiple of ħ ( the reduced Planck constant ) . Yet both protons and electrons carry an intrinsic spin of 1⁄2 ħ , and there is no way to arrange an odd number ( 14 protons + 7 electrons = 21 ) of spins ± 1⁄2 ħ to give a spin that is an integer multiple of ħ . The Klein paradox , discovered by Oskar Klein in 1928 , presented further quantum mechanical objections to the notion of an electron confined within a nucleus . Derived from the Dirac equation , this clear and precise paradox showed that a high - energy electron approaching a potential barrier has a high probability of passing through the barrier , or escaping , by transforming to a particle of negative mass . Apparently , an electron could not be confined within a nucleus by any potential well . The meaning of this paradox was intensely debated at the time . By about 1930 it was generally recognized that it was difficult to reconcile the proton -- electron model for nuclei with the Heisenberg uncertainty relation of quantum mechanics . This relation , Δx ⋅ Δp ≥ 1⁄2ħ , implies that an electron confined to a region the size of an atomic nucleus has an expected kinetic energy of 10 -- 100 MeV . This energy is larger than the observed energy of beta particles emitted from the nucleus . The expected electron energy is also larger than the binding energy of nucleons , which Aston and others had shown to be less than 9 MeV per nucleon . While all these considerations did not `` prove '' an electron could not exist in the nucleus , they were challenging for physicists to interpret . In his 1931 textbook , Gamow summarized all these contradictions . Adding to the confusion in interpretation , the continuous energy distribution of beta decay electrons seemed to indicate that energy was not conserved by this `` nuclear electrons '' process . Indeed , Bohr , Gamow , Heisenberg and others considered the possibility that the laws of quantum mechanics were not applicable inside the nucleus . Such considerations were apparently reasonable , inasmuch as the laws of quantum mechanics had so recently overturned the laws of classical mechanics . The contradictions were mysterious and troublesome , until it was realized that there are no electrons in the nucleus .",
"8": "Discovery of the neutron ( edit ) In 1930 , Walther Bothe and Herbert Becker in Giessen , Germany found that if the energetic alpha particles emitted from polonium fell on certain light elements , specifically beryllium ( 9 4Be ) , boron ( 11 5B ) , or lithium ( 7 3Li ) , an unusually penetrating radiation was produced . Beryllium produced the most intense such radiation . Polonium is highly radioactive , hence it is a good source of energetic alpha radiation . Polonium was commonly used for such scattering experiments at the time . Since the observed radiation was not influenced by an electric field ( neutrons have no charge ) , it was thought to be gamma radiation . The radiation was more penetrating than any gamma rays known , and the details of experimental results were difficult to interpret . A schematic diagram of the experiment used to discover the neutron in 1932 . At left , a polonium source was used to irradiate beryllium with alpha particles , which induced an uncharged radiation . When this radiation struck paraffin wax , protons were ejected . The protons were observed using a small ionization chamber . Adapted from Chadwick ( 1932 ) . Two years later Irène Joliot - Curie and Frédéric Joliot in Paris showed that if this unknown radiation fell on paraffin wax , or any other hydrogen - containing compound , it ejected protons of very high energy ( 5 MeV ) . This observation was not in itself inconsistent with the assumed gamma ray nature of the new radiation , but that interpretation ( Compton scattering ) had a logical problem . From energy and momentum considerations , a gamma ray would have to have impossibly high energy ( 50 MeV ) to scatter a massive proton . In Rome , the young physicist Ettore Majorana declared that the manner in which the new radiation interacted with protons required a new neutral particle . On hearing of the Paris results , neither Rutherford nor James Chadwick at the Cavendish Laboratory believed the gamma ray hypothesis . Assisted by Norman Feather , Chadwick quickly performed a series of experiments showing that the gamma ray hypothesis was untenable . The previous year , Chadwick , J.E.R. Constable , and E.C.",
"9": "Pollard had already conducted experiments on disintegrating light elements using alpha radiation from polonium . They had also developed more accurate and efficient methods for detecting , counting , and recording the ejected protons . Chadwick repeated the creation of the radiation using beryllium and aimed the radiation at paraffin following the Paris experiment . Paraffin wax is a hydrocarbon high in hydrogen content , hence offers a target dense with protons ; since neutrons and protons have almost equal mass , protons scatter energetically from neutrons . Chadwick measured the range of these protons , and also measured how the new radiation impacted the atoms of various gases . He found that the new radiation consisted of not gamma rays , but uncharged particles with about the same mass as the proton . These particles were neutrons . Chadwick won the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery in 1935 . The year 1932 was later referred to as the `` annus mirabilis '' for nuclear physics in the Cavendish Laboratory , with discoveries of the neutron , artificial nuclear disintegration by the Cockcroft -- Walton particle accelerator , and the positron . Proton -- neutron model of the nucleus ( edit ) Models depicting the nucleus and electron energy levels in hydrogen , helium , lithium , and neon atoms . In reality , the diameter of the nucleus is about 100,000 times smaller than the diameter of the atom . Given the problems of the proton -- electron model , it was quickly accepted that the atomic nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons , although the precise nature of the neutron was initially unclear . Within months after the discovery of the neutron , Werner Heisenberg and Dmitri Ivanenko had proposed proton -- neutron models for the nucleus . Heisenberg 's landmark papers approached the description of protons and neutrons in the nucleus through quantum mechanics . While Heisenberg 's theory for protons and neutrons in the nucleus was a `` major step toward understanding the nucleus as a quantum mechanical system , '' he still assumed the presence of nuclear electrons . In particular , Heisenberg assumed the neutron was a proton -- electron composite , for which there is no quantum mechanical explanation . Heisenberg had no explanation for how lightweight electrons could be bound within the nucleus . Heisenberg introduced the first theory of nuclear exchange forces that bind the nucleons .",
"10": "He considered protons and neutrons to be different quantum states of the same particle , i.e. , nucleons distinguished by the value of their nuclear isospin quantum numbers . The proton -- neutron model explained the puzzle of dinitrogen . When N was proposed to consist of 3 pairs each of protons and neutrons , with an additional unpaired neutron and proton each contributing a spin of ⁄ ħ in the same direction for a total spin of 1 ħ , the model became viable . Soon , neutrons were used to naturally explain spin differences in many different nuclides in the same way . If the proton -- neutron model for the nucleus resolved many issues , it highlighted the problem of explaining the origins of beta radiation . No existing theory could account for how electrons could emanate from the nucleus . In 1934 , Enrico Fermi published his classic paper describing the process of beta decay , in which the neutron decays to a proton by creating an electron and a ( as yet undiscovered ) neutrino . The paper employed the analogy that photons , or electromagnetic radiation , were similarly created and destroyed in atomic processes . Ivanenko had suggested a similar analogy in 1932 . Fermi 's theory requires the neutron to be a spin - 1⁄2 particle . The theory preserved the principle of conservation of energy , which had been thrown into question by the continuous energy distribution of beta particles . The basic theory for beta decay proposed by Fermi was the first to show how particles could be created and destroyed . It established a general , basic theory for the interaction of particles by weak or strong forces . While this influential paper has stood the test of time , the ideas within it were so new that when it was first submitted to the journal Nature in 1933 it was rejected as being too speculative . The nature of the neutron ( edit ) Seventh Solvay Conference , 1933 . The question of whether the neutron was a composite particle of a proton and an electron persisted for a few years after its discovery . In 1932 Harrie Massey explored a model for a composite neutron to account for its great penetrating power through matter and its electrical neutrality , for example . The issue was a legacy of the prevailing view from the 1920s that the only elementary particles were the proton and electron .",
"11": "The nature of the neutron was a primary topic of discussion at the 7th Solvay Conference held in October 1933 , attended by Heisenberg , Niels Bohr , Lise Meitner , Ernest Lawrence , Fermi , Chadwick , and others . As posed by Chadwick in his Bakerian Lecture in 1933 , the primary question was the mass of the neutron relative to the proton . If the neutron 's mass was less than the combined masses of a proton and an electron ( 7000100780000000000 ♠ 1.0078 u ) , then the neutron could be a proton - electron composite because of the mass defect from the binding energy . If greater than the combined masses , then the neutron was elementary like the proton . The question was challenging to answer because the electron 's mass is only 0.05 % of the proton 's , hence exceptionally precise measurements were required . The difficulty of making the measurement is illustrated by the wide - ranging values for the mass of the neutron obtained from 1932 - 1934 . The accepted value today is 7000100865999999999 ♠ 1.008 66 u . In Chadwick 's 1932 paper reporting on the discovery , he estimated the mass of the neutron to be between 7000100499999999999 ♠ 1.005 u and 7000100800000000000 ♠ 1.008 u . By bombarding boron with alpha particles , Frédéric and Irène Joliot - Curie obtained a high value of 7000101200000000000 ♠ 1.012 u , while Ernest Lawrence 's team at the University of California measured the small value 7000100060000000000 ♠ 1.0006 u using their new cyclotron . In 1935 Chadwick and his doctoral student Maurice Goldhaber resolved the issue by reporting the first accurate measurement of the mass of the neutron . They used the 2.6 MeV gamma rays of Thallium - 208 ( Tl ) ( then known as thorium C `` ) to photodisintegrate the deuteron + γ → + n In this reaction , the resulting proton and neutron have about equal kinetic energy , since their masses are about equal .",
"12": "The kinetic energy of the resulting proton could be measured ( 0.24 MeV ) , and therefore the deuteron 's binding energy could be determined ( 2.6 MeV - 2 ( 0.24 MeV ) = 2.1 MeV , or 6997230000000000000 ♠ 0.0023 u ) . The neutron 's mass could then be determined by the simple mass balance m + b.e. = m + m where m refer to the deuteron , proton , or neutron mass , and `` b.e. '' is the binding energy . The masses of the deuteron and proton were known ; Chadwick and Goldhaber used values 2.0142 u and 1.0081 u , respectively . They found that the neutron 's mass was slightly greater than the mass of the proton 7000100840000000000 ♠ 1.0084 u or 7000100899999999999 ♠ 1.0090 u , depending on the precise value used for the deuteron mass . The mass of the neutron was too large to be a proton - electron composite , and the neutron was therefore identified as an elementary particle . Ironically , in support of Fermi 's theory , Chadwick and Goldhaber predicted that a free neutron would be able to decay into a proton , electron , and neutrino ( beta decay ) . Neutron Physics in the 1930s ( edit ) See also : Neutron magnetic moment , Enrico Fermi , Lise Meitner , and Otto Hahn Soon after the discovery of the neutron , indirect evidence suggested the neutron had an unexpected non-zero value for its magnetic moment . Attempts to measure the neutron 's magnetic moment originated with the discovery by Otto Stern in 1933 in Hamburg that the proton had an anomalously large magnetic moment . By 1934 groups led by Stern , now in Pittsburgh , and I.I. Rabi in New York had independently deduced that the magnetic moment of the neutron was negative and unexpectedly large by measuring the magnetic moments of the proton and deuteron . Values for the magnetic moment of the neutron were also determined by Robert Bacher ( 1933 ) at Ann Arbor and I.Y. Tamm and S.A.",
"13": "Altshuler ( 1934 ) in the Soviet Union from studies of the hyperfine structure of atomic spectra . By the late 1930s accurate values for the magnetic moment of the neutron had been deduced by the Rabi group using measurements employing newly developed nuclear magnetic resonance techniques . The large value for the proton 's magnetic moment and the inferred negative value for the neutron 's magnetic moment were unexpected and raised many questions . Fermi and his students ( the Via Panisperna boys ) in the courtyard of Rome University 's Physics Institute in Via Panisperna , about 1934 . From Left to right : Oscar D'Agostino , Emilio Segrè , Edoardo Amaldi , Franco Rasetti and Fermi The discovery of the neutron immediately gave scientists a new tool for probing the properties of atomic nuclei . Alpha particles had been used over the previous decades in scattering experiments , but such particles , which are helium nuclei , have + 2 charge . This charge makes it difficult for alpha particles to overcome the Coulomb repulsive force and interact directly with the nuclei of atoms . Since neutrons have no electric charge , they do not have to overcome this force to interact with nuclei . Almost coincident with its discovery , neutrons were used by Norman Feather , Chadwick 's colleague and protege , in scattering experiments with nitrogen . Feather was able to show that neutrons interacting with nitrogen nuclei scattered to protons or induced nitrogen to disintegrate to form boron with the emission of an alpha particle . Feather was therefore the first to show that neutrons produce nuclear disintegrations . In Rome , Enrico Fermi bombarded heavier elements with neutrons and found the products to be radioactive . By 1934 Fermi had used neutrons to induce radioactivity in 22 different elements , many of these elements of high atomic number . Noticing that other experiments with neutrons at his laboratory seemed to work better on a wooden table than a marble table , Fermi suspected that the protons of the wood were slowing the neutrons and so increasing the chance for the neutron to interact with nuclei . Fermi therefore passed neutrons through paraffin wax to slow them and found that the radioactivity of bombarded elements increased by a hundredfold . The cross section for interaction with nuclei is much larger for slow neutrons than for fast neutrons .",
"14": "In 1938 Fermi received the Nobel Prize in Physics `` for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation , and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons '' . Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn in their laboratory in 1913 . Nuclear fission caused by absorption of a neutron by uranium - 235 . The heavy nuclide fragments into lighter components and additional neutrons . In Berlin , the collaboration of Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn , together with their assistant Fritz Strassmann , furthered the research begun by Fermi and his team when they bombarded uranium with neutrons . Between 1934 and 1938 , Hahn , Meitner , and Strassmann found a great number of radioactive transmutation products from these experiments , all of which they regarded as transuranic . Transuranic nuclides are those that have an atomic number greater than uranium ( 92 ) , formed by neutron absorption ; such nuclides are not naturally occurring . In July 1938 , Meitner was forced to escape antisemitic persecution in Nazi Germany after the Anschluss , and she was able to secure a new position in Sweden . The decisive experiment on 16 -- 17 December 1938 ( using a chemical process called `` radium -- barium -- mesothorium fractionation '' ) produced puzzling results : what they had understood to be three isotopes of radium were instead consistently behaving as barium . Radium ( atomic number 88 ) and barium ( atomic number 56 ) are in the same chemical group . By January 1939 Hahn had concluded that he was seeing barium , lanthanum , cerium and light platinoids . Meitner and her nephew Otto Frisch immediately and correctly interpreted these observations as nuclear fission , a term coined by Frisch . Hahn and his collaborators had detected the splitting of uranium nuclei , made unstable by neutron absorption , into lighter elements . Meitner and Frisch also showed that the fission of each uranium atom would release about 200 MeV of energy . The discovery of fission electrified the global community of atomic physicists and the public .",
"15": "In their second publication on nuclear fission , Hahn and Strassmann predicted the existence and liberation of additional neutrons during the fission process . Frédéric Joliot and his team proved this phenomenon to be a chain reaction in March 1939 . In 1945 Hahn received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry `` for his discovery of the fission of heavy atomic nuclei . '' After 1939 ( edit ) The Trinity test of the Manhattan Project in 1945 was the first atomic bomb . See also : Chicago Pile - 1 and Timeline of particle discoveries The discovery of nuclear fission at the end of 1938 marked a shift in the centers of nuclear research from Europe to the United States . Large numbers of scientists were migrating to the United States to escape the troubles and antisemitism in Europe and the looming war ( See Jewish scientists and the Manhattan Project ) . The new centers of nuclear research were the universities in the United States , particularly Columbia University in New York and the University of Chicago where Enrico Fermi had relocated , and a secret research facility at Los Alamos , New Mexico , established in 1942 , the new home of the Manhattan project . This wartime project was focussed on the construction of nuclear weapons , exploiting the enormous energy released by the fission of uranium or plutonium through neutron - based chain reactions . The discoveries of the neutron and positron in 1932 were the start of the discoveries of many new particles . Muons were discovered in 1936 . Pions and kaons were discovered in 1947 , while lambda particles were discovered in 1950 . Throughout the 1950s and 1960s , a large number of particles called hadrons were discovered . A classification scheme for organizing all these particles , proposed independently by Murray Gell - Mann and George Zweig in 1964 , became known as the quark model . By this model , particles such as the proton and neutron were not elementary , but composed of various configurations of a small number of other truly elementary particles called partons or quarks . The quark model received experimental verification beginning in the late 1960s and finally provided an explanation for the neutron 's anomalous magnetic moment . Videos ( edit ) Ernest Rutherford summarizes the state of nuclear physics in 1935 . ( 7 min.",
"16": ", Nobelprize.org ) Hans Bethe discusses Chadwick and Goldhaber 's work on deuteron disintegration. ( 2 min. , Web of Stories ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pais , Abraham ( 1986 ) . Inward Bound . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0198519974 . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford , E. ( 1911 ) . `` The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom '' . Philosophical Magazine . Series 6 ( 21 ) : 669 -- 688 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786440508637080 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Longair , M.S. ( 2003 ) . Theoretical concepts in physics : an alternative view of theoretical reasoning in physics . Cambridge University Press . pp. 377 -- 378 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52878 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Squires , Gordon ( 1998 ) . `` Francis Aston and the mass spectrograph '' . Dalton Transactions ( 23 ) : 3893 -- 3900 . doi : 10.1039 / a804629h . Retrieved 6 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Byrne , J. Neutrons , Nuclei , and Matter , Dover Publications , Mineola , New York , 2011 , ISBN 0486482383 ^ Jump up to : Chadwick , James ( 1932 ) . `` Existence of a Neutron '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 136 ( 830 ) : 692 -- 708 . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1932.0112 . ^ Jump up to : Chadwick , J. ; Goldhaber , M. ( 1935 ) . `` A nuclear photoelectric effect '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 151 ( 873 ) : 479 -- 493 . Bibcode : 1935RSPSA. 151 ... 479C . doi : 10.1098 / rspa.",
"17": "1935.0162 . ^ Jump up to : Stuewer , Roger H. ( 1983 ) . `` The Nuclear Electron Hypothesis '' . In Shea , William R. Otto Hahn and the Rise of Nuclear Physics . Dordrecht , Holland : D. Riedel Publishing Company . pp. 19 -- 67 . ISBN 90 - 277 - 1584 - X . ^ Jump up to : Rife , Patricia ( 1999 ) . Lise Meitner and the dawn of the nuclear age . Basel , Switzerland : Birkhäuser . ISBN 0 - 8176 - 3732 - X . ^ Jump up to : Perkins , Donald H. ( 1982 ) , Introduction to High Energy Physics , Addison Wesley , Reading , Massachusetts , pp. 201 -- 202 , ISBN 0 - 201 - 05757 - 3 Jump up ^ Rutherford distinguished and named α and β rays on page 116 of : Rutherford , E. ( 1899 ) `` Uranium radiation and the electrical conduction produced by it , '' Philosophical Magazine , Series 5 , vol. 47 , no . 284 , 109 -- 163 . Rutherford named γ rays on page 177 of : Rutherford , E. ( 1903 ) `` The magnetic and electric deviation of the easily absorbed rays from radium , '' Philosophical Magazine , Series 6 , vol. 5 , no . 26 , 177 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , E. ; Royds , T. ( 1908 ) `` Spectrum of the radium emanation , '' Philosophical Magazine , Series 6 , vol. 16 , 313 -- 317 . Jump up ^ Bohr , N. ( 1913 ) . `` On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules , Part I '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Magazine . 26 ( 151 ) : 1 -- 24 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786441308634955 . Jump up ^ Choppin , G. ; Liljenzin , J.O. ; Rydberg , J. ( 1995 ) . Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry .",
"18": "( 2nd ed . ) Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann , pp. 3 -- 5 , ISBN 9781483293462 ^ Jump up to : Ley , Willy ( October 1966 ) . `` The Delayed Discovery '' . For Your Information . Galaxy Science Fiction . pp. 116 -- 127 . Jump up ^ Others had also suggested the possibility of isotopes ; for example : Strömholm , D. and Svedberg , T. ( 1909 ) `` Untersuchungen über die Chemie der radioactiven Grundstoffe II . '' ( Investigations into the chemistry of the radioactive elements , part 2 ) , Zeitschrift für anorganischen Chemie , 63 : 197 -- 206 ; see especially page 206 . Cameron , Alexander Thomas ( 1910 ) . Radiochemistry . London , England : J.M. Dent & Sons , p. 141 . ( Cameron also anticipated the displacement law . ) Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 : Frederick Soddy -- Biographical '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hevesy , G. ( 1948 ) . `` Francis William Aston. 1877 -- 1945 '' . Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society . 5 ( 16 ) : 634 -- 650 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbm. 1948.0002 . JSTOR 768761 . Jump up ^ `` Atomic Weights and the International Committee -- A Historical Review '' . 26 January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922 : Francis W. Aston -- Biographical '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Eddington , A.S. ( 1920 ) . `` The Internal Constitution of the Stars '' . The Observatory . 43 : 341 . Bibcode : 1920Obs ... 43 ... 341E . Jump up ^ Eddington , A.S. ( 1920 ) . `` The Internal Constitution of the Stars '' . Nature .",
"19": "106 ( 2653 ) : 14 . Bibcode : 1920Natur. 106 ... 14E . doi : 10.1038 / 106014a0 . Jump up ^ Heilbron , J.L. , H.G.J. Moseley : The Life and Letters of an English Physicist , 1887 - 1915 , University of California Press , 1974 , ISBN 0520023757 Jump up ^ Moseley , Henry G.J. ( 1913 ) . `` The High Frequency Spectra of the Elements '' . Philosophical Magazine . 26 ( 156 ) : 1024 - 1034 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oral History Interview : Niels Bohr , Session I '' . American Institute of Physics , Niels Bohr Library and Archives . 31 October 1962 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynosa , Peter ( 7 January 2016 ) . `` An Ode to Henry Moseley '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Month in Physics History : May 1932 : Chadwick reports the discovery of the neutron '' . APS News . American Physical Society . 16 ( 5 ) . 2007 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford , E. ( 1920 ) . `` Bakerian Lecture : Nuclear Constitution of Atoms '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 97 ( 686 ) : 374 -- 400 . Bibcode : 1920RSPSA ... 97 ... 374R . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1920.0040 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , E. ( 1919 ) . `` Collision of α particles with light atoms '' . Philosophical Magazine . 37 : 571 . Jump up ^ Urey , H. ; Brickwedde , F. ; Murphy , G. ( 1932 ) . `` A Hydrogen Isotope of Mass 2 '' . Physical Review . 39 : 164 -- 165 .",
"20": "Bibcode : 1932PhRv ... 39 ... 164U . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 39.164 . ^ Jump up to : Glasson , J.L. ( 1921 ) . `` Attempts to detect the presence of neutrons in a discharge tube '' . Philosophical Magazine . 42 ( 250 ) : 596 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786442108633801 . Jump up ^ Rutherford reported acceptance by the British Association of the word proton for the hydrogen nucleus in a footnote to Masson , O. ( 1921 ) . `` XXIV. The constitution of atoms '' . Philosophical Magazine . Series 6 . 41 ( 242 ) : 281 -- 285 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786442108636219 . Jump up ^ Pauli , W. ( 1985 ) . `` Das Jahr 1932 Die Entdeckung des Neutrons '' . Wolfgang Pauli Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel mit Bohr , Einstein , Heisenberg u.a . Sources in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences . 6 . p. 105 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 78801 - 0_3 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 13609 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hendry , John , ed. ( 1984 ) , Cambridge Physics in the Thirties , Bristol : Adam Hilger Ltd , ISBN 0852747616 Jump up ^ Feather , N. ( 1960 ) . `` A history of neutrons and nuclei . Part 1 '' . Contemporary Physics. 1 ( 3 ) : 191 -- 203 . Bibcode : 1960ConPh ... 1 ... 191F . doi : 10.1080 / 00107516008202611 . ^ Jump up to : Gamow G. ( 1931 ) Constitution of Atomic Nuclei and Radiation , Oxford : Clarendon Press Jump up ^ Crowther , J.G. ( 1971 ) . `` Rutherford the Great '' .",
"21": "New Scientist and Science Journal . 51 ( 3 ) : 464 -- 466 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Laurie M. ( 1978 ) . `` The idea of the neutrino '' . Physics Today . 31 ( 9 ) : 23 . Bibcode : 1978PhT ... 31i ... 23B . doi : 10.1063 / 1.2995181 . ^ Jump up to : Friedlander , G. ; Kennedy , J.W. ; Miller , J.M. ( 1964 ) Nuclear and Radiochemistry ( 2nd edition ) , Wiley , pp. 22 -- 23 and 38 -- 39 ^ Jump up to : Stuewer , Roger H. ( 1985 ) . `` Niels Bohr and Nuclear Physics '' . In French , A.P. ; Kennedy , P.J. Niels Bohr : A Centenary Volume . Harvard University Press . pp. 197 -- 220 . ISBN 0674624165 . Jump up ^ Interview with Franco Rasetti Judith R. Goodstein , Caltech Oral History Project ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Atkins , P.W. ; J. de Paula , P.W. ( 2006 ) `` Atkins ' Physical Chemistry '' ( 8th edition ) , W.H. Freeman , p. 451 Jump up ^ Herzberg , G. ( 1950 ) Spectra of Diatomic Molecules ( 2nd edition ) , van Nostrand Reinhold , pp. 133 -- 140 Jump up ^ Klein , O. ( 1929 ) . `` Die Reflexion von Elektronen an einem Potentialsprung nach der relativistischen Dynamik von Dirac '' . Zeitschrift für Physik. 53 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 157 . Bibcode : 1929ZPhy ... 53 ... 157K . doi : 10.1007 / BF01339716 . Jump up ^ Shultis , J. Kenneth ; Faw , Richard E.",
"22": "( 2007 ) , Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering , CRC , 2nd edition , ISBN 1420051369 Jump up ^ In a nucleus of diameter R in the order of 10 fm , the uncertainty principle would require an electron to have a momentum p of the order of h / R. Such a momentum implies that the electron has a ( relativistic ) kinetic energy of 10 -- 100 MeV . Jump up ^ Aston , F.W. ( 1927 ) . `` Bakerian Lecture - A new mass - spectrograph and the whole number rule '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 115 ( 772 ) : 487 -- 514 . Bibcode : 1927RSPSA. 115 ... 487A . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1927.0106 . Jump up ^ Bothe , W. ; Becker , H. ( 1930 ) . `` Künstliche Erregung von Kern - γ - Strahlen '' ( Artificial excitation of nuclear γ - radiation ) . Zeitschrift für Physik ( in German ) . 66 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 289 . Bibcode : 1930ZPhy ... 66 ... 289B . doi : 10.1007 / BF01390908 . Jump up ^ Becker , H. ; Bothe , W. ( 1932 ) . `` Die in Bor und Beryllium erregten γ - Strahlen '' ( Γ - rays excited in boron and beryllium ) . Zeitschrift für Physik ( in German ) . 76 ( 7 -- 8 ) : 421 . Bibcode : 1932ZPhy ... 76 ... 421B . doi : 10.1007 / BF01336726 . Jump up ^ Joliot - Curie , Irène ; Joliot , Frédéric ( 1932 ) . `` Émission de protons de grande vitesse par les substances hydrogénées sous l'influence des rayons γ très pénétrants '' ( Emission of high - speed protons by hydrogenated substances under the influence of very penetrating γ - rays ) .",
"23": "Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences ( in French ) . 194 : 273 . Jump up ^ Zichichi , A. , Ettore Majorana : genius and mystery , CERN Courier , 25 July 2006 , Access date : 16 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , A. ( 1997 ) . The Neutron and the Bomb : A Biography of Sir James Chadwick . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198539926 . Jump up ^ `` Oral History Interview : Norman Feather , Session I '' . American Institute of Physics , Niels Bohr Library and Archives . 25 February 1971 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , J. ; Constable , J.E.R. ; Pollard , E.C. ( 1931 ) . `` Artificial disintegration by α - particles '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 130 ( 814 ) : 463 -- 489 . Bibcode : 1931RSPSA. 130 ... 463C . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1931.0017 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atop the Physics Wave : Rutherford Back in Cambridge , 1919 -- 1937 '' . Rutherford 's Nuclear World . American Institute of Physics. 2011 -- 2014 . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , James ( 1932 ) . `` Possible Existence of a Neutron '' . Nature . 129 ( 3252 ) : 312 . Bibcode : 1932Natur. 129Q. 312C . doi : 10.1038 / 129312a0 . ^ Jump up to : Chadwick , J. ( 1933 ) . `` Bakerian Lecture. -- The Neutron '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 142 ( 846 ) : 1 -- 25 . Bibcode : 1933RSPSA. 142 ... 1C . doi : 10.1098 / rspa.",
"24": "1933.0152 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935 : James Chadwick -- Biographical '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Heisenberg , W. ( 1932 ) . `` Über den Bau der Atomkerne . I '' . Zeitschrift für Physik. 77 : 1 -- 11 . Bibcode : 1932ZPhy ... 77 ... 1H . doi : 10.1007 / BF01342433 . Jump up ^ Heisenberg , W. ( 1932 ) . `` Über den Bau der Atomkerne. II '' . Zeitschrift für Physik. 78 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 156 -- 164 . Bibcode : 1932ZPhy ... 78 ... 156H . doi : 10.1007 / BF01337585 . Jump up ^ Heisenberg , W. ( 1933 ) . `` Über den Bau der Atomkerne . III '' . Zeitschrift für Physik. 80 ( 9 -- 10 ) : 587 -- 596 . Bibcode : 1933ZPhy ... 80 ... 587H . doi : 10.1007 / BF01335696 . Jump up ^ Iwanenko , D.D. , The neutron hypothesis , Nature 129 ( 1932 ) 798 . Jump up ^ Miller A.I. Early Quantum Electrodynamics : A Sourcebook , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , 1995 , ISBN 0521568919 , pp. 84 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , L.M. ; Rechenberg , H. ( 1996 ) . The Origin of the Concept of Nuclear Forces . Bristol and Philadelphia : Institute of Physics Publishing . ISBN 0750303735 . ^ Jump up to : Iwanenko , D. ( 1932 ) . `` Sur la constitution des noyaux atomiques '' . Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris . 195 : 439 -- 441 . Jump up ^ Bacher , R.F.",
"25": "; Condon , E.U. ( 1932 ) . `` The Spin of the Neutron '' . Physical Review . 41 ( 5 ) : 683 -- 685 . Bibcode : 1932PhRv ... 41 ... 683G . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 41.683 . Jump up ^ Whaling , W. ( 2009 ) . `` Robert F. Bacher 1905 -- 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2014 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Fred L. ( 1968 ) . `` Fermi 's Theory of Beta Decay '' . Am. J. Phys. 36 ( 12 ) : 1150 -- 1160 . Bibcode : 1968AmJPh ... 36.1150 W . doi : 10.1119 / 1.1974382 . Jump up ^ Iwanenko , D. ( 1932 ) . `` Neutronen und kernelektronen '' . Physikalische Zeitschrift der Sowjetunion. 1 : 820 -- 822 . Jump up ^ Kurie , F.N.D. ( 1933 ) . `` The Collisions of Neutrons with Protons '' . Physical Review . 44 ( 6 ) : 463 . Bibcode : 1933PhRv ... 44 ... 463K . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 44.463 . ^ Jump up to : Breit , G. ; Rabi , I.I. ( 1934 ) . `` On the interpretation of present values of nuclear moments '' . Physical Review . 46 ( 3 ) : 230 . Bibcode : 1934PhRv ... 46 ... 230B . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 46.230 . Jump up ^ Massey , H.S.W. ( 1932 ) . `` The passage of neutrons through matter '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A.",
"26": "138 ( 835 ) : 460 -- 469 . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1932.0195 . Jump up ^ Sime , R.L. ( 1996 ) . Lise Meitner : A Life in Physics . University of California Press . ISBN 0520089065 . Jump up ^ Seidel , R.W. ( 1989 ) . Lawrence and his Laboratory : A History of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520064263 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , J. ; Goldhaber , M. ( 1934 ) . `` A nuclear photo - effect : disintegration of the diplon by gamma rays '' . Nature . 134 ( 3381 ) : 237 -- 238 . Bibcode : 1934Natur. 134 ... 237C . doi : 10.1038 / 134237a0 . Jump up ^ Frisch , R. ; Stern , O. ( 1933 ) . `` Über die magnetische Ablenkung von Wasserstoffmolekülen und das magnetische Moment des Protons . I / Magnetic Deviation of Hydrogen Molecules and the Magnetic Moment of the Proton . I '' . Zeitschrift für Physik. 84 : 4 -- 16 . Bibcode : 1933ZPhy ... 85 ... 4F . doi : 10.1007 / bf01330773 . Jump up ^ Esterman , I. ; Stern , O. ( 1933 ) . `` Über die magnetische Ablenkung von Wasserstoffmolekülen und das magnetische Moment des Protons. II / Magnetic Deviation of Hydrogen Molecules and the Magnetic Moment of the Proton . I '' . Zeitschrift für Physik. 85 : 17 -- 24 . Bibcode : 1933ZPhy ... 85 ... 17E . doi : 10.1007 / BF01330774 . Jump up ^ Esterman , I. ; Stern , O. ( 1934 ) . `` Magnetic moment of the deuton '' . Physical Review .",
"27": "45 ( 10 ) : 761 ( A109 ) . Bibcode : 1934PhRv ... 45 ... 739S . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 45.739 . Jump up ^ Rabi , I.I. ; Kellogg , J.M. ; Zacharias , J.R. ( 1934 ) . `` The magnetic moment of the proton '' . Physical Review . 46 ( 3 ) : 157 . Bibcode : 1934PhRv ... 46 ... 157R . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 46.157 . Jump up ^ Rabi , I.I. ; Kellogg , J.M. ; Zacharias , J.R. ( 1934 ) . `` The magnetic moment of the deuton '' . Physical Review . 46 ( 3 ) : 163 . Bibcode : 1934PhRv ... 46 ... 163R . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 46.163 . ^ Jump up to : Rigden , John S. ( 2000 ) . Rabi , Scientist and Citizen . Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674004351 . Jump up ^ Bacher , R.F. ( 1933 ) . `` Note on the Magnetic Moment of the Nitrogen Nucleus '' . Physical Review . 43 ( 12 ) : 1001 . Bibcode : 1933PhRv ... 43.1001 B . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 43.1001 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Tamm , I.Y. ; Altshuler , S.A. ( 1934 ) . `` Magnetic Moment of the Neutron '' . Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. 8 : 455 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Feather , N. ( 1 June 1932 ) . `` The Collisions of Neutrons with Nitrogen Nuclei '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Royal Society A.",
"28": "136 ( 830 ) : 709 -- 727 . Bibcode : 1932RSPSA. 136 ... 709F . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1932.0113 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938 : Enrico Fermi -- Biographical '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Dan ( 1999 ) . Enrico Fermi : And the Revolutions in Modern physics . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511762 - X . OCLC 39508200 . Jump up ^ Hahn , O. ( 1958 ) . `` The Discovery of Fission '' . Scientific American . 198 ( 2 ) : 76 . Bibcode : 1958SciAm. 198b ... 76H . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0258 - 76 . Jump up ^ Meitner , L. ; Frisch , O.R. ( 1939 ) . `` Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons : A New Type of Nuclear Reaction '' . Nature . 143 ( 3615 ) : 239 . Bibcode : 1939Natur. 143 ... 239M . doi : 10.1038 / 143239a0 . Jump up ^ Hahn , O. ; Strassmann , F. ( 10 February 1939 ) . `` Proof of the Formation of Active Isotopes of Barium from Uranium and Thorium Irradiated with Neutrons ; Proof of the Existence of More Active Fragments Produced by Uranium Fission '' . Die Naturwissenschaften. 27 ( 6 ) : 89 -- 95 . Bibcode : 1939NW ... 27 ... 89H . doi : 10.1007 / BF01488988 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944 : Otto Hahn -- Biographical '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jeremy ( 2001 ) .",
"29": "Hitler 's uranium club : the secret recordings at Farm Hall . New York : Copernicus . p. 281 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 95089 - 3 . Jump up ^ Isaacson , Walter ( 2007 ) . Einstein : His Life and Universe . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0743264747 . Jump up ^ `` About Enrico Fermi '' . The University of Chicago Library : Digital Activities and Collections . Guide to the Enrico Fermi Collection , Special Collections Research Center , University of Chicago Library . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fermi at Columbia : The Manhattan Project and the First Nuclear Pile '' . Columbia University Department of Physics . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Richard ( 1986 ) . The Making of the Atomic Bomb . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 44133 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gell - Mann , M. ( 1964 ) . `` A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons '' . Physics Letters. 8 ( 3 ) : 214 -- 215 . Bibcode : 1964PhL ... 8 ... 214G . doi : 10.1016 / S0031 - 9163 ( 64 ) 92001 - 3 . Jump up ^ Zweig , G. ( 1964 ) . `` An SU ( 3 ) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking '' ( PDF ) . CERN Report No. 8182 / TH. 401 . Jump up ^ Zweig , G. ( 1964 ) . `` An SU ( 3 ) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking : II '' ( PDF ) . CERN Report No. 8419 / TH. 412 . Jump up ^ Gell , Y. ; Lichtenberg , D.B. ( 1969 ) . `` Quark model and the magnetic moments of proton and neutron '' . Il Nuovo Cimento A. Series 10 . 61 : 27 -- 40 .",
"30": "Bibcode : 1969NCimA ... 61 ... 27G . doi : 10.1007 / BF02760010 . Further reading ( edit ) Annotated bibliography for neutrons from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues Abraham Pais , Inward Bound , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1986 . ISBN 0198519974 . Herwig Schopper , Weak interactions and nuclear beta decay , Publisher , North - Holland Pub. Co. , 1966 . OCLC 644015779 Ruth Lewin Sime , Lise Meitner : A Life in Physics , Berkeley , University of California Press , 1996 . ISBN 0520208609 . Roger H. Stuewer , `` The Nuclear Electron Hypothesis '' . In Otto Hahn and the Rise of Nuclear Physics , William R. Shea , ed . Dordrecht , Holland : D. Riedel Publishing Company . pp. 19 -- 67 , 1983 . ISBN 90 - 277 - 1584 - X . Sin - Itiro Tomonaga , The Story of Spin , The University of Chicago Press , 1997 . ISBN 9780226807942 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_of_the_neutron&oldid=817398114 '' Categories : Neutron Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 03 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where does the name elevator pitch come from
|
[
"reflects the idea that it should be possible to deliver the summary in the time span of an elevator ride"
] |
{
"0": "Elevator pitch - Wikipedia Elevator pitch Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Pitch . An elevator pitch , elevator speech , or elevator statement is a short description of an idea , product , company , or oneself that explains the concept in a way such that any listener can understand it in a short period of time . This description typically explains who the product / company is for , what it does , why it is needed , and how it will get done . For the latter , when explaining an individual , the description generally explains one 's skills and goals , and why they would be a productive and beneficial person to have on a team or within a company / project . An elevator pitch does not have to include all of these components , but it usually does at least explain what the idea , product , company , or person is and why it / they are valuable . An elevator pitch can be used to entice an investor , executive in a company , or explain an idea to a founder 's parents . The goal is simply to convey the overall concept or topic in an exciting way . Unlike a sales pitch , there may not be a clear buyer / seller relationship . The name -- elevator pitch -- reflects the idea that it should be possible to deliver the summary in the time span of an elevator ride , or approximately thirty seconds to two minutes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background information and history 2 Aspects of an Elevator Pitch 3 Advantages of utilizing Elevator Pitches 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Background information and history ( edit ) There are many origin stories for the elevator pitch or elevator speech . One commonly - known origin story is that of Ilene Rosenzweig and Michael Caruso , two former journalists in the 90s . According to Rosenzweig , Caruso was a senior editor at Vanity Fair and was continuously attempting to pitch story ideas to the Editor - In - Chief at the time , but could never pin her down long enough to do so simply because she was always on the move . So , in order to pitch her ideas , Caruso would join her during short free periods of time she had , such as on an elevator ride . Thus , the concept of an elevator pitch was created , as says Rosenzweig .",
"1": "However , there is another known potential origin story that dates back prior to the story of Rosenzweig and Caruso . Philip Crosby , author of `` The Art of Getting Your Own Sweet Way '' ( 1972 ) and `` Quality Is Still Free , '' ( 1996 ) suggested individuals should have a pre-prepared speech that can deliver information regarding themselves or a quality that they can provide within a short period of time , namely the amount of time of an elevator ride for if an individual finds themselves on an elevator with a prominent figure . Essentially , an elevator pitch , or elevator speech , is meant to allow an individual to pitch themselves or an idea to a person who is high up in a company , with very limited time . Crosby , who worked as a quality test technician , and then later as the Director of Quality at International Telephone and Telegraph , recounted how an elevator pitch could be used to push for change within the company . He planned a speech regarding the change he wanted to see and waited at the ITT headquarters elevator . Crosby stepped onto an elevator with the CEO of the company in order to deliver his speech . Once they reached the floor in which the CEO was getting off , Crosby was asked to deliver a full presentation on the topic at a meeting for all of the general managers . The concept of an elevator pitch , as created by Crosby , did not receive much popularity until two statisticians , Gerry Hahn from General Electric and Tom Boardman , a professor at the University or Colorado , started to push the concept onto other statisticians . The two pushed this concept in order to help other statisticians in promoting what they have to offer . Boardman pushed the concept much further than Hahn , resulting in the elevator pitch , or elevator speech , ultimately being linked to Boardman and his professional life . Another origin story for the elevator pitch is from Elisha Graves Otis , the inventor of a device meant for elevator safety , which dates back to the 1850s . In 1852 , Otis began developing a device that would improve the safety of elevators , specifically related to the hoists used to lift heavy equipment to upper floors . The device was created out of steel wagon spring meshing and provided a backup catch and hold mechanism if the rope lifting the elevator gave way .",
"2": "In 1854 , in the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York in front of a big audience , Otis revealed his device . He did so by lifting an elevator , like normal , but as it was positioned approximately halfway up the elevator shaft , the rope was cut . The elevator platform was held in place by Otis ' device . This can be known as the first elevator pitch ever . Aspects of an elevator pitch ( edit ) An elevator pitch is meant to last the duration of an elevator ride , which can vary in length from approximately 15 seconds to two minutes . Therefore , the main focus of an elevator pitch should be making it short and direct . According to the Idaho Business Review , the first two sentences of any elevator pitch are the most important , and should hook or grab the attention of the listener ( s ) . Information in an elevator pitch , due to the limited amount of time , should be condensed in order to express the most important ideas or concepts within the allotted time . Business agreement at coffee shop Furthermore , the Idaho Business Review suggests individuals who use an elevator pitch deliver it using simple language , and avoiding statistics or other language that may disrupt the focus of the listener . Bloomberg Businessweek suggests that an important lesson to think about when giving an elevator pitch is to `` adjust the pitch to the person who is listening , and refine it as you and your business continue to grow and change . '' When delivering an elevator pitch , individuals are encouraged to remain flexible and adaptable , and to be able to deliver the pitch in a genuine and fluent fashion . By doing so , the intended audience of the pitch will likely be able to follow the information , and will not interpret it as being too scripted . Advantages of utilizing elevator pitches ( edit ) Advantages to conducting an elevator pitch , or elevator speech , include convenience and simplicity . For instance , elevator pitches can be given on short notice and without much preparation due to the pre-planning of the content being delivered within said pitch . Furthermore , elevator pitches allow the individual who is giving the pitch the ability to simplify the content and deliver it in a less complicated manner by providing the information in a cut - down fashion that gets right to the point .",
"3": "See also ( edit ) High concept Mission statement Vision statement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://presentingrob.blogspot.com/2016/01/elevator-pitches-brief-history.html Jump up ^ http://www.the-confidant.info/2012/the-history-of-the-elevator-speech/ Jump up ^ http://asq.org/quality-progress/2011/05/one-good-idea-going-up.html Jump up ^ https://buildingpharmabrands.com/2013/03/29/the-first-ever-elevator-pitch/ Jump up ^ https://idahobusinessreview.com/2012/02/22/the-elevator-pitch-for-every-professional/ Jump up ^ http://www.mrgriffin.org/FHSWEB/ENT/articles/ThePerfectElevatorPitch.pdf Jump up ^ https://idahobusinessreview.com/2012/02/22/the-elevator-pitch-for-every-professional/ Jump up ^ `` The Wow Project '' . FastCompany . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Further reading ( edit ) Look up elevator pitch in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Pagliarini , Robert , `` How to Write an Elevator Speech '' , Business Know - How , Attard Communications , Inc . This article relating to communication is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elevator_pitch&oldid=838171383 '' Categories : Business terms Elevators Rhetorical techniques Selling techniques Statements Communication stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 10 : 42 . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "List of regions of the United States - wikipedia List of regions of the United States Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of some of the regions in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Interstate regions 1.1 Official regions of the United States 1.1. 1 Census Bureau - designated regions and divisions 1.1. 2 Standard federal regions 1.1. 3 Federal Reserve banks 1.1. 4 Time zones 1.1. 5 Courts of Appeals circuits 1.1. 6 Bureau of Economic Analysis regions 1.1. 7 Energy Information Administration 1.2 Unofficial U.S. multi-state and multi-territory regions 1.2. 1 The Belts 1.2. 2 Interstate metropolitan areas 1.2. 3 Interstate megalopolises 2 Intrastate and intraterritory regions 2.1 Alabama 2.2 Alaska 2.3 American Samoa 2.4 Arizona 2.5 Arkansas 2.6 California 2.7 Colorado 2.8 Connecticut 2.9 Delaware 2.10 District of Columbia 2.11 Florida 2.12 Georgia 2.12.",
"1": "1 Physiographic regions 2.13 Guam 2.14 Hawaii 2.15 Idaho 2.16 Illinois 2.17 Indiana 2.18 Iowa 2.19 Kansas 2.20 Kentucky 2.21 Louisiana 2.22 Maine 2.23 Maryland 2.24 Massachusetts 2.25 Michigan 2.26 Minnesota 2.27 Mississippi 2.28 Missouri 2.29 Montana 2.30 Nebraska 2.31 Nevada 2.32 New Hampshire 2.33 New Jersey 2.34 New Mexico 2.35 New York 2.36 North Carolina 2.37 North Dakota 2.38 Northern Mariana Islands 2.39 Ohio 2.40 Oklahoma 2.41 Oregon 2.42 Pennsylvania 2.43 Puerto Rico 2.44 Rhode Island 2.45 South Carolina 2.46 South Dakota 2.47 Tennessee 2.48 Texas 2.49 U.S. Minor Outlying Islands 2.50 Utah 2.51 Vermont 2.52 Virgin Islands 2.53 Virginia 2.54 Washington 2.55 West Virginia 2.56 Wisconsin 2.57 Wyoming 3 Other regional listings 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Interstate regions ( edit ) Official regions of the United States ( edit ) Many regions in the United States are defined in law or regulations by the federal government . Census Bureau - designated regions and Divisions ( edit ) U.S. Census Bureau Regions and Divisions . The United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions , with nine divisions . The Census Bureau region definition is `` widely used ... for data collection and analysis , '' and is the most commonly used classification system .",
"2": "Regional divisions used by the United States Census Bureau : Region 1 : Northeast Division 1 : New England ( Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Vermont ) Division 2 : Mid-Atlantic ( New Jersey , New York , and Pennsylvania ) Region 2 : Midwest ( Prior to June 1984 , the Midwest Region was designated as the North Central Region . ) Division 3 : East North Central ( Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , and Wisconsin ) Division 4 : West North Central ( Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota ) Region 3 : South Division 5 : South Atlantic ( Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Maryland , North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia , District of Columbia , and West Virginia ) Division 6 : East South Central ( Alabama , Kentucky , Mississippi , and Tennessee ) Division 7 : West South Central ( Arkansas , Louisiana , Oklahoma , and Texas ) Region 4 : West Division 8 : Mountain ( Arizona , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah , and Wyoming ) Division 9 : Pacific ( Alaska , California , Hawaii , Oregon , and Washington ) Puerto Rico and other US territories are not part of any census region or census division . Standard Federal regions ( edit ) Standard federal regions . The ten standard federal regions were established by OMB ( Office of Management and Budget ) Circular A-105 , `` Standard Federal Regions , '' in April , 1974 , and required for all executive agencies . In recent years , some agencies have tailored their field structures to meet program needs and facilitate interaction with local , state and regional counterparts . However , the OMB must still approve any departures .",
"3": "Region I : Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , Vermont Region II : New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico , US Virgin Islands Region III : Delaware , District of Columbia , Maryland , Pennsylvania , Virginia , West Virginia Region IV : Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee Region V : Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Minnesota , Ohio , Wisconsin Region VI : Arkansas , Louisiana , New Mexico , Oklahoma , Texas Region VII : Iowa , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska Region VIII : Colorado , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Utah , Wyoming Region IX : Arizona , California , Hawaii , Nevada , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Region X : Alaska , Idaho , Oregon , Washington Federal Reserve Banks ( edit ) Federal Reserve districts . The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 divided the country into twelve districts with a central Federal Reserve Bank in each district . These twelve Federal Reserve Banks together form a major part of the Federal Reserve System , the central banking system of the United States . Missouri is the only U.S. state to have two Federal Reserve locations within its borders . Boston New York Philadelphia Cleveland Richmond Atlanta Chicago St. Louis Minneapolis Kansas City Dallas San Francisco Time zones ( edit ) Main article : Time in the United States U.S. time zones . UTC − 12 : 00 ( Baker Island , Howland Island ) Samoa Time Zone ( American Samoa , Jarvis Island , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll ) Hawaii -- Aleutian Time Zone ( Hawaii , Aleutian Islands ( Alaska ) , Johnston Atoll ) Alaska Time Zone ( Alaska , excluding Aleutian Islands ) Pacific Time Zone Mountain Time Zone Central Time Zone Eastern Time Zone Atlantic Time Zone ( Puerto Rico , U.S. Virgin Islands ) Chamorro Time Zone ( Guam , Northern Mariana Islands ) Wake Island Time Zone ( Wake Island ) Courts of appeals circuits ( edit ) Main article : United States courts of appeals U.S. Courts of Appeals circuits .",
"4": "First Circuit Second Circuit Third Circuit Fourth Circuit Fifth Circuit Sixth Circuit Seventh Circuit Eighth Circuit Ninth Circuit Tenth Circuit Eleventh Circuit DC Circuit The Federal Circuit is not a regional circuit . Its jurisdiction is nationwide , but based on subject matter . Bureau of Economic Analysis regions ( edit ) Bureau of Economic Analysis regions . The Bureau of Economic Analysis defines regions for comparison of economic data . New England : Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island and Vermont Mideast : Delaware , District of Columbia , Maryland , New Jersey , New York Great Lakes : Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , and Wisconsin Plains : Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota Southeast : Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia , and West Virginia Southwest : Arizona , New Mexico , Oklahoma , and Texas Rocky Mountain : Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Utah , and Wyoming Far West : Alaska , California , Hawaii , Nevada , Oregon , and Washington Energy Information Administration ( edit ) The Energy Information Administration currently uses the PADD system established by Petroleum Administration for War in World War II . It is used for data collection on refining petroleum and its products . Each PADD is subdivided into refining districts . PADD I : East Coast East Coast : Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New Jersey , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Florida ; along with counties in New York east of , north of and including Cayuga , Tompkins , and Chemung ; and counties in Pennsylvania east of and including Bradford , Sullivan , Columbia , Montour , Northumberland , Dauphin and York . Appalachian No. 1 : West Virginia along with counties of Pennsylvania and New York State not mentioned above .",
"5": "PADD II : Midwest Indiana - Illinois - Kentucky : Indiana , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , Michigan , Ohio Minnesota - Wisconsin - North and South Dakota : Minnesota , Wisconsin , North Dakota , South Dakota Oklahoma - Kansas - Missouri : Oklahoma , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , Iowa PADD III : Gulf Coast Texas Gulf Coast : The Texan counties of Newton , Orange , Jefferson , Jasper , Tyler , Hardin , Liberty , Chambers , Polk , San Jacinto , Montgomery , Harris , Galveston , Waller , Fort Bend , Brazoria , Wharton , Matagorda , Jackson , Victoria , Calhoun , Refugio , Aransas , San Patricio , Nueces , Kleberg , Kenedy , Willacy and Cameron Texas Inland : Texan counties not mentioned above . Louisiana Gulf Coast : Parishes of Louisiana south of , and including Vernon , Rapides , Avoyelles , Pointe Coupee , West Feliciana , East Feliciana , Saint Helena , Tangipahoa and Washington ; along with Pearl River , Stone , George , Hancock , Harrison , and Jackson County of Mississippi ; and Alabama 's Mobile and Baldwin County . North Louisiana - Arkansas : Arkansas and parts of Louisiana , Mississippi and Alabama not mentioned above . New Mexico : New Mexico PADD IV : Rocky Mountain : Colorado , Montana , Idaho , Wyoming , Utah PADD V : West Coast : Washington , Oregon , California , Nevada , Arizona , Alaska , Hawaii PADD I can also be subdivided into 3 Subdistricts : Sub-PAD 1A : New England ( Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Sub-PAD 1B : Central Atlantic ( Delaware , Maryland , New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , District of Columbia ) Sub-PAD 1C : Lower Atlantic ( Florida , Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia , West Virginia ) PADD system was established in World War II and therefore do n't accurately reflect current trends . The EIA has updated the PADD system with a complimentary set of regions to reflect this and will change it to suite current needs .",
"6": "( Note : Region 9 includes countries not part of the USA but is included for the sake of completion since it contains Puerto Rico ) Region 1 : PADD I Region 2 : PADD II `` Inland '' ( States of North Dakota , South Dakota , Nebraska , Kansas , Oklahoma , Missouri , Iowa , Tennessee and Kentucky ) Region 3 : PADD II `` Lakes '' ( States of Minnesota , Wisconsin , Illinois , Michigan , Indiana and Ohio ) Region 4 : PADD III `` Gulf '' ( Refining districts of Texas Gulf Coast and Louisiana Gulf Coast ) Region 5 : PADD III `` Inland '' ( Refining districts of Texas Inland , New Mexico and North Louisiana - Arkansas ) Region 6 : PADD IV Region 7 : PADD V `` California '' ( State of California ) Region 8 : PADD V `` Other '' ( States of Alaska , Arizona , Hawaii , Nevada , Oregon and Washington ) Region 9 : `` International '' Maritime Canada ( Newfoundland , Nova Scotia , New Brunswick ) Caribbean ( Puerto Rico , Trinidad & Tobago ) Unofficial U.S.",
"7": "multi-state and multi-territory regions ( edit ) Appalachia Ark - La - Tex Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Border states : Civil War border states International border states Calumet Region The Carolinas Central United States Champlain Valley Coastal states Colorado Plateau Columbia Basin Contiguous United States The Dakotas Deep South Delaware Valley Delmarva Peninsula Dixie Driftless Area East Coast Eastern United States Four Corners Great American Desert Great Appalachian Valley Great Basin Great Lakes Region Great North Woods Great Plains Gulf Coast Gulf South High Plains Inland Northwest Interior Plains Intermountain States Jefferson ( proposed Pacific state ) Lake Tahoe Lehigh Valley Llano Estacado Mid-Atlantic states Mississippi Delta Mojave Desert Mormon Corridor Northern New England Ohio Valley Ozarks Pacific Northwest Pacific States Palouse Piedmont Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Shawnee Hills Shenandoah Valley Siouxland South Shore Southeastern United States Southern New England Southern Rocky Mountains Southern United States Southwestern United States Old Southwest Susquehanna River Tennessee Valley Tornado Alley Trans - Mississippi Twin Tiers Upland South Upper Midwest Virginias Waxhaws West Coast American Frontier Oregon Trail Appalachian Trail There are also multi-territory regions : Mariana Islands ( Guam and Northern Mariana Islands ) Samoan Islands ( American Samoa and independent Samoa ) Virgin Islands ( U.S. Virgin Islands , eastern Puerto Rico , and British Virgin Islands ) The belts ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of belt regions of the United States .",
"8": "Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Pine Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Snowbelt Sun Belt Interstate metropolitan areas ( edit ) See also : Tri-state area Central Savannah River Area ( part of Georgia and South Carolina ) Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area ( District of Columbia and parts of Maryland , Virginia , West Virginia , and Pennsylvania ) Washington metropolitan area ( District of Columbia and parts of Maryland , Virginia , and West Virginia ) Greater Boston ( parts of Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and New Hampshire ) Charlotte metropolitan area ( parts of North Carolina and South Carolina ) Chattanooga Metropolitan Area Chicago metropolitan area ( parts of Illinois , Indiana , and Wisconsin ) Cincinnati metropolitan area ( parts of Ohio , Indiana , and Kentucky ) Columbus - Auburn - Opelika ( GA - AL ) Combined Statistical Area ( parts of Georgia and Alabama ) Delaware Valley ( Philadelphia metropolitan area ) ( parts of Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Delaware , and Maryland ) Evansville , IN -- KY Metropolitan Statistical Area ( parts of Indiana and Kentucky ) Fargo -- Moorhead ( parts of North Dakota and Minnesota ) Fort Smith metropolitan area ( parts of Arkansas and Oklahoma ) Front Range Urban Corridor ( parts of Colorado and Wyoming ) Greater Grand Forks ( part of Minnesota and North Dakota ) Kansas City metropolitan area ( parts of Missouri and Kansas ) Louisville metropolitan area ( Kentuckiana ) ( parts of Kentucky and Indiana ) Memphis metropolitan area ( parts of Tennessee , Arkansas , and Mississippi ) Michiana ( parts of Michigan and Indiana ) Minneapolis -- Saint Paul ( the Twin Cities ) ( parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin ) New York metropolitan area ( parts of New York , New Jersey , Connecticut , and Pennsylvania ) Omaha -- Council Bluffs metropolitan area ( parts of Nebraska and Iowa ) Portland metropolitan area ( parts of Oregon and Washington ) Quad Cities ( parts of Iowa and Illinois ) Sacramento metropolitan area ( parts of California and Nevada ) Greater St.",
"9": "Louis ( parts of Missouri and Illinois ) Texarkana metropolitan area ( parts of Texas and Arkansas ) Tri-Cities ( parts of Tennessee and Virginia ) Twin Ports ( Duluth , Minnesota and Superior , Wisconsin ) Hampton Roads region ( parts of Virginia and North Carolina ) Youngstown -- Warren -- Boardman metropolitan statistical area ( parts of Ohio and Pennsylvania ) Interstate megalopolises ( edit ) See also : Megaregions of the United States and Megalopolis ( city type ) Arizona Sun Corridor California Cascadia Great Lakes Northeast megalopolis Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion ( PAM ) Intrastate and intraterritory regions ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) A map of Alabama regions . Alabama Gulf Coast Greater Birmingham Black Belt Central Alabama Lower Alabama Mobile Bay North Alabama Northeast Alabama Northwest Alabama South Alabama Alaska ( edit ) The Alaska Panhandle . Alaska Interior Alaska North Slope Alaska Panhandle Aleutian Islands Arctic Alaska The Bush Kenai Peninsula Matanuska - Susitna Valley Seward Peninsula Southcentral Alaska Southwest Alaska Tanana Valley Yukon - Kuskokwim Delta American Samoa ( edit ) American Samoa Ofu - Olosega Rose Atoll Swains Island ( claimed by Tokelau ) Ta'ū Tutuila & Aunu'u Arizona ( edit ) The Arizona Strip . For a more comprehensive list , see List of regions of Arizona . Arizona Strip Grand Canyon North Central Arizona Northeast Arizona Northern Arizona Phoenix metropolitan area Southern Arizona Arkansas ( edit ) Arkansas Delta Arkansas River Valley Arkansas Timberlands Central Arkansas Crowley 's Ridge Northwest Arkansas South Arkansas California ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of regions of California .",
"10": "Colorado ( edit ) An enlargeable map of the Front Range Urban Corridor of Colorado and Wyoming Central Colorado ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) Colorado Eastern Plains ( part of High Plains and Great Plains ) Colorado Front Range ( part of Front Range Urban Corridor ) Colorado Mineral Belt ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) Colorado Piedmont ( contains parts of the Front Range Urban Corridor and High Plains ) Colorado Western Slope ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau ) Denver - Aurora Metropolitan Area ( part of Front Range Urban Corridor ) High Rockies ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) Northwestern Colorado ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) San Luis Valley South - Central Colorado ( part of Front Range Urban Corridor ) Southwestern Colorado ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau ) Connecticut ( edit ) The Greater Bridgeport Region in location to other officially recognized Connecticut regions with regional governments . The Connecticut Panhandle and `` The Oblong '' . In Connecticut , there are 14 official regions , each with a regional government that serves for the absence of county government in Connecticut . There are also a fair number of unofficial regions in Connecticut with no regional government . Central Naugatuck Valley Coastal Connecticut Connecticut panhandle Greater Bridgeport Greater New Haven Greater Hartford Housatonic Valley ( shared with Massachusetts ) Litchfield Hills Lower Connecticut River Valley Naugatuck River Valley New York Metropolitan Area / Gold Coast Southeastern Connecticut Southwestern Connecticut Delaware ( edit ) `` Upstate '' or `` Up North '' Delaware Valley also known as `` Above the Canal '' ( referring to the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal ) `` Slower Lower '' Cape Region Central Kent Delaware coast District of Columbia ( edit ) See Neighborhoods in the District of Columbia Florida ( edit ) The First Coast . The Florida Panhandle .",
"11": "Directional regions Central Florida North Florida Northwest Florida North Central Florida Northeast Florida South Florida Southwest Florida Local vernacular regions Big Bend Emerald Coast First Coast Florida Heartland Florida Keys Florida Panhandle Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area ( also Surf Coast and Fun Coast ) Red Hills Nature Coast Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Georgia ( edit ) Atlanta metropolitan area Central Georgia Central Savannah River Area Colonial Coast Golden Isles of Georgia Historic South North Georgia North Georgia mountains ( Northeast Georgia ) Southern Rivers Southeast Georgia Wiregrass Region Physiographic regions ( edit ) Appalachian Plateau Blue Ridge Mountains Coastal Plain Piedmont Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Guam ( edit ) Guam ( main island ) Tumon Hawaii ( edit ) Hawaiian archipelago Main Hawaiian Islands Hawaiʻi / Big Island Hamakua Coast Kaʻū Desert Kohala Coast Kona Coast Mauna Kea Puna District Waiākea - Uka Kahoʻolawe Kauaʻi Nā Pali Coast Kaʻula Lānai Maui Haleakalā Molokini West Maui Mountains Iao Valley Molokaʻi Kalaupapa Peninsula Niʻihau Lehua Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Nihoa ( Moku Manu ) Necker Island ( Mokumanamana ) French Frigate Shoals ( Kānemiloha ) Gardner Pinnacles ( Pūhāhonu ) Maro Reef ( Nalukākala ) Laysan ( Kauō ) Lisianski ( Papaāpoho ) Pearl and Hermes ( Holoikauaua ) Kure Atoll ( Mokupāpapa ) Oʻahu Kaʻena Point Makapuʻu North Shore Waikīkī Idaho ( edit ) The Idaho Panhandle .",
"12": "Central Idaho Eastern Idaho Idaho Panhandle Magic Valley North Central Idaho Palouse Hills Southern Idaho Southwestern Idaho Treasure Valley Illinois ( edit ) Main article : Regions of Illinois Southern Illinois is also known as `` Little Egypt '' . American Bottom Central Illinois Champaign -- Urbana metropolitan area Chicago metropolitan area Driftless Area Forgottonia Fox Valley Metro - East Metro Lakeland Military Tract of 1812 Mississippi Alluvial Plain North Shore Northern Illinois Northwestern Illinois Peoria , Illinois metropolitan area Quad Cities River Bend Rock River Valley Shawnee Hills Southern Illinois ( sometimes , Little Egypt ) Streatorland Tri-State Area Wabash Valley Indiana ( edit ) Regions of Indiana . Main article : Geography of Indiana East Central Indiana Indianapolis metropolitan area Michiana Northern Indiana Northwest Indiana Southern Indiana Southwestern Indiana Wabash Valley Iowa ( edit ) Regions of Iowa . Coteau des Prairies Des Moines metropolitan area Dissected Till Plains Driftless Area Great River Road Honey Lands Iowa Great Lakes Loess Hills Omaha -- Council Bluffs metropolitan area Quad Cities Siouxland Kansas ( edit ) East - Central Kansas Flint Hills High Plains Kansas City Metropolitan Area North Central Kansas Osage Plains Ozarks Red Hills Santa Fe Trail Smoky Hills Southeast Kansas Kentucky ( edit ) Kentucky 's regions . The Bluegrass Central Kentucky Cumberland Plateau Eastern Kentucky Coalfield Kentucky Bend The Knobs Northern Kentucky Pennyroyal Plateau South Central Kentucky The Purchase Western Coal Fields Louisiana ( edit ) A map of Louisiana 's regions . Acadiana Cajun Heartland River Parishes Central Louisiana ( Cen - La ) Florida Parishes `` French Louisiana '' ( Acadiana + Greater New Orleans ) Greater New Orleans North Louisiana Maine ( edit ) Acadia Down East High Peaks / Maine Highlands Kennebec Valley Maine Highlands Maine Lake Country Maine North Woods Mid Coast Penobscot Bay Southern Maine Coast Western Maine Mountains Maryland ( edit ) Maryland 's regions .",
"13": "Baltimore - Washington Metropolitan Area Capital region Chesapeake Bay Eastern Shore of Maryland Patapsco Valley Southern Maryland Western Maryland Western Shore of Maryland Regions shared with other states : Allegheny Mountains Atlantic coastal plain Blue Ridge Mountains Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Delmarva Peninsula consists of Maryland 's and Virginia 's Eastern Shore and all of Delaware Piedmont ( United States ) Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Massachusetts ( edit ) The Berkshire region of Massachusetts . Western Massachusetts The Berkshires ( map shown , right ) Housatonic Valley Pioneer Valley Quabbin - Swift River Valley Central Massachusetts MetroWest Montachusett - North County South County Blackstone River Valley Northeastern Massachusetts North Shore Merrimack Valley Cape Ann Greater Boston Southeastern Massachusetts Cape Cod and Islands South Coast South Shore Michigan ( edit ) Michigan 's regions . Main article : Geography of Michigan Lower Peninsula Northern Michigan Leelanau Peninsula Central / Mid-Michigan The Thumb West Michigan Michiana Southeast Michigan Metro Detroit Upper Peninsula Copper Country Keweenaw Peninsula Minnesota ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Minnesota Regions of Minnesota . Arrowhead Region Boundary Waters Buffalo Ridge Central Minnesota Coulee Region Iron Range Minnesota River Valley North Shore Northwest Angle Pipestone Region Red River Valley Southeast Minnesota Twin Cities Metro Mississippi ( edit ) Black Belt Mississippi Alluvial Plain Mississippi East Gulf Coast Plain Missouri ( edit ) The Missouri Bootheel . Bootheel Dissected Till Plains Kansas City Metropolitan Area Lead Belt Little Dixie Natchez Trace Ozarks St. Louis Metropolitan Area Montana ( edit ) Big Horn Mountains Eastern Montana The Flathead Glacier Country Glacier National Park Regional designations of Montana South Central Montana Southwestern Montana Two Medicine Western Montana Yellowstone National Park Nebraska ( edit ) The Nebraska Panhandle .",
"14": "Nebraska Panhandle Northwest Nebraska Pine Ridge Rainwater Basin Sand Hills Southeast Nebraska South Central Nebraska Wildcat Hills Nevada ( edit ) Black Rock Desert Lake Tahoe Las Vegas Valley Mojave Desert Pahranagat Valley Sierra Nevada New Hampshire ( edit ) Connecticut River Valley Dartmouth - Lake Sunapee Region ( overlaps with Connecticut River Valley ) Great North Woods Region Lakes Region Merrimack Valley Golden Triangle Monadnock Region ( overlaps with Connecticut River Valley ) Seacoast Region White Mountains New Jersey ( edit ) North Jersey Skylands Amwell Valley Black Dirt Region ( shared with New York ) Great Valley Sussex County Snow Belt Hunterdon Plateau Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Highlands Somerset Hills The Sourlands Gateway Chemical Coast / Soundshore Hudson Waterfront North Hudson Meadowlands Pascack Valley Raritan Bayshore West Hudson Central Jersey Bayshore Jersey Shore Shore Region South Jersey Shore Region Northern Headlands Irish Riviera Pine Barrens Delaware Valley Pine Barrens The Sourlands Southern Shore Cape May The Glades Tri Cities ( Bridgeton , Millville , Vineland ) Tri-County Farm Belt Greater Atlantic City Pine Barrens Central Corridor Piedmont Region New Mexico ( edit ) Central New Mexico Eastern New Mexico New Mexico Bootheel Northern New Mexico New York ( edit ) Regions of New York as defined by the New York State Department of Economic Development . 1 . Western New York -- counties : Niagara , Erie , Chautauqua , Cattaraugus , Allegany 2 . Finger Lakes -- counties : Orleans , Genesee , Wyoming , Monroe , Livingston , Wayne , Ontario , Yates , Seneca 3 . Southern Tier -- counties : Steuben , Schuyler , Chemung , Tompkins , Tioga , Chenango , Broome , Delaware 4 . Central New York -- counties : Cortland , Cayuga , Onondaga , Oswego , Madison 5 . North Country -- counties : St. Lawrence , Lewis , Jefferson , Hamilton , Essex , Clinton , Franklin 6 .",
"15": "Mohawk Valley -- counties : Oneida , Herkimer , Fulton , Montgomery , Otsego , Schoharie 7 . Capital District -- counties : Albany , Columbia , Greene , Warren , Washington , Saratoga , Schenectady , Rensselaer 8 . Hudson Valley -- counties : Sullivan , Ulster , Dutchess , Orange , Putnam , Rockland , Westchester 9 . New York City -- counties ( boroughs ) : New York ( Manhattan ) , Bronx ( The Bronx ) , Queens ( Queens ) , Kings ( Brooklyn ) , Richmond ( Staten Island ) 10 . Long Island -- counties : Nassau , Suffolk Downstate New York New York metropolitan area The Five Boroughs ( New York City ) Long Island Nassau County Suffolk County The Hamptons North Shore ( Gold Coast ) South Shore Westchester County Rockland County Putnam County Upstate New York Erie Canal Corridor New York State Canal System New York State Canalway Trail Western New York Holland Purchase Burned - over district Finger Lakes former Leatherstocking Country ( now the Central New York Region ) Central New York Central New York Military Tract Phelps and Gorham Purchase Syracuse metropolitan area Mohawk Valley Southern Tier Capital District North Country Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ski country Thousand Islands Tug Hill Catskill Mountains Borscht Belt Hudson Valley Shawangunk Ridge Black Dirt Region ( shared with New Jersey ) North Carolina ( edit ) Regions of North Carolina .",
"16": "Western North Carolina Foothills Region South Mountains The Unifour ( Catawba Valley Area ) High Country ( Boone Area ) Land of the Sky Asheville Metropolitan Area Great Craggy Mountains Blue Ridge Mountains Black Mountains Brushy Mountains Great Balsam Mountains Unaka Mountains Unicoi Mountains Great Smoky Mountains Tennessee Valley Central North Carolina Piedmont Crescent Metropolitan Charlotte ( Metrolina ) Lake Norman Area Metropolitan Piedmont Triad Sauratown Mountains Uwharrie Mountains Yadkin Valley The Research Triangle New Hope Valley Triangle East Eastern North Carolina Fayetteville Metropolitan Area Inner Banks Albemarle Global TransPark Economic Development Area Tidewater Lower Cape Fear ( Wilmington Area ) Outer Banks Crystal Coast Bogue Banks Down East Sandhills North Dakota ( edit ) Badlands Missouri Escarpment Missouri River Corridor Red River Valley Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) Northern Mariana Islands Anatahan Agrihan Asuncion Island Farallon de Medinilla Farallon de Pajaros Guguan Maug Islands Pagan Rota Saipan Sarigan Tinian Ohio ( edit ) The area roughly covered by the Great Black Swamp Allegheny Plateau Appalachian Ohio Cincinnati - Northern Kentucky metropolitan area Columbus , Ohio metropolitan area Connecticut Western Reserve ( historic , now defunct ) Great Black Swamp ( shared with Indiana ) The Lake Erie Islands Miami Valley Northeast Ohio ( often used interchangeably with Greater Cleveland , but also includes the counties of Ashtabula , Portage , Summit , Trumbull , Mahoning and Columbiana . ) Northwest Ohio Oklahoma ( edit ) The Oklahoma Panhandle . Central Oklahoma Cherokee Outlet Green Country Kiamichi Country Little Dixie Northwestern Oklahoma Panhandle South Central Oklahoma Southwestern Oklahoma Oregon ( edit ) Main article : List of regions of Oregon Oregon 's topography . Oregon 's High Desert .",
"17": "Cascade Range Central Oregon Columbia Plateau Columbia River Columbia River Gorge Eastern Oregon Goose Lake Valley Harney Basin High Desert Hood River Valley Mount Hood Corridor Northwest Oregon Oregon Coast Palouse Portland metropolitan area Rogue Valley Southern Oregon Treasure Valley Tualatin Valley Warner Valley Western Oregon Willamette Valley Pennsylvania ( edit ) Allegheny National Forest Coal Region Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Dutch Country Endless Mountains Highlands Region Laurel Highlands Lehigh Valley Main Line Northern Tier Northeastern Pennsylvania Northwest Region Pittsburgh metropolitan area The Poconos South Central Pennsylvania Susquehanna Valley Western Pennsylvania Wyoming Valley ( Scranton / Wilkes - Barre Metropolitan Area ) Puerto Rico ( edit ) Puerto Rico Caja de Muertos Culebra Desecheo Island Isla de Mona Puerto Rico ( main island ) Vieques Rhode Island ( edit ) Blackstone Valley East Bay West Bay South County South Carolina ( edit ) The Lowcountry The Midlands The Upstate Travel / Tourism locations Grand Strand Lake Murray Country The Lowcountry & Resort Islands Old 96 District Olde English District Pee Dee Santee Cooper Country Other geographical distinctions Blue Ridge Mountains Charleston metropolitan area Coastal South Carolina Columbia metropolitan area The Piedmont Rock Hill , South Carolina Area The Sandhills Sea Islands West Ashley South Dakota ( edit ) South Dakota East River West River East River and West River , divided by the Missouri River Badlands Black Hills Coteau des Prairies Tennessee ( edit ) Main article : Grand Divisions of Tennessee East Tennessee Middle Tennessee West Tennessee Other geographical distinctions : Highland Rim Nashville Basin Tennessee Valley Texas ( edit ) Main article : List of geographical regions in Texas The Texas Panhandle .",
"18": "Brazos Valley Central Texas Texas blackland prairies The Hill Country Gulf Coast Galveston Bay Greater Houston East Texas Piney Woods and Northeast Texas North Texas Dallas -- Fort Worth Metroplex Texoma South Texas Mission Country Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas Golden Triangle Greater Houston Texas Midwest / West - Central Texas ( includes Abilene , San Angelo , Brownwood , Texas ) Texas Urban Triangle ( Houston to San Antonio to Dallas - Fort Worth ) West Texas Concho Valley Edwards Plateau Llano Estacado ( a portion of northwest Texas ) Permian Basin South Plains ( includes 24 counties south of the Texas Panhandle and north of the Permian Basin ) Texas Panhandle ( pictured ) Trans - Pecos Great Plains U.S. Minor Outlying Islands ( edit ) The United States Minor Outlying Islands ( Navassa Island not on map ) Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Island Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island ( claimed by Haiti ) Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Utah ( edit ) Cache Valley Colorado Plateau Dixie Great Salt Lake Desert Mojave Desert San Rafael Swell Southeastern Utah Southwestern Utah Uinta Mountains Wasatch Back Wasatch Front Wasatch Range Vermont ( edit ) Burlington metropolitan area Champlain Valley Green Mountains Mount Mansfield Northeast Kingdom Virgin Islands ( edit ) Minor islands of the U.S. Virgin Islands Saint Croix Saint John Saint Thomas Virginia ( edit ) A map of the Shenandoah Valley .",
"19": "Eastern Shore Hampton Roads Historic Triangle Piedmont region of Virginia Northern Neck Northern Virginia Greater Richmond Region Shenandoah Valley South Hampton Roads Southside Virginia Southwest Virginia Tidewater Tri-Cities Virginia Peninsula Washington ( edit ) Central Washington Columbia Plateau Eastern Washington Kitsap Peninsula Long Beach Peninsula Okanagan Country Olympic Mountains Olympic Peninsula Puget Sound Rocky Mountains San Juan Islands Skagit Valley Tri-Cities Walla Walla Valley Western Washington Yakima Valley West Virginia ( edit ) Eastern Panhandle North - Central West Virginia Northern Panhandle Potomac Highlands Southern West Virginia Wisconsin ( edit ) Wisconsin 's Door Peninsula . Apostle Islands Central Plain Chippewa Valley Door Peninsula Driftless Region Eastern Ridges and Lowlands Four Lakes Region Fox River Valley Kettle Moraine Lake Superior Lowland Menomonee Valley Northern Highland Southeastern Wisconsin Western Upland Wyoming ( edit ) Bighorn Basin Grand Teton Powder River Country Yellowstone National Park Other regional listings ( edit ) Boy Scouts of America regions in 1992 Regions of the Boy Scouts of America Central Region Northeast Region Southern Region Western Region See also ( edit ) United States portal Geography of the United States Historic regions of the United States List of metropolitan areas of the United States Media market , e.g. , Nielsen Designated Market Area The Nine Nations of North America Political divisions of the United States United States territory Vernacular geography Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Midway Atoll , part of the Northwest Hawaiian Islands , is not politically part of Hawaii ; it is one of the United States Minor Outlying Islands References ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau , Geography Division . `` Census Regions and Divisions of the United States '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The National Energy Modeling System : An Overview 2003 '' ( Report # : DOE / EIA - 0581 , October 2009 ) . United States Department of Energy , Energy Information Administration . Jump up ^ `` The most widely used regional definitions follow those of the U.S.",
"20": "Bureau of the Census . '' Seymour Sudman and Norman M. Bradburn , Asking Questions : A Practical Guide to Questionnaire Design ( 1982 ) . Jossey - Bass : p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` Perhaps the most widely used regional classification system is one developed by the U.S. Census Bureau . '' Dale M. Lewison , Retailing , Prentice Hall ( 1997 ) : p. 384 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 461427 - 4 Jump up ^ `` ( M ) ost demographic and food consumption data are presented in this four - region format . '' Pamela Goyan Kittler , Kathryn P. Sucher , Food and Culture , Cengage Learning ( 2008 ) : p. 475 . ISBN 9780495115410 ^ Jump up to : `` Census Bureau Regions and Divisions with State FIPS Codes '' ( PDF ) . US Census Bureau . Archived from the original Check url = value ( help ) ( PDF ) on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Terms and Concepts - Census Divisions and Census Regions '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BEA Regions '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis . February 18 , 2004 . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records of Petroleum Administration for War '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Appedix A : District Description and Maps '' ( PDF ) . Energy Information Administration . October 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PADD Definitions '' . Energy Information Administration . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Energy Outlook 2012 '' . Energy Information Administration . June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Library of Congress Map of the US Regions Regions of the United States Administrative ( political ) Units U.S.",
"21": "state District of Columbia Insular area Minor Outlying Island Maritime territory Time zones Hawaii -- Aleutian Alaska Pacific Mountain Central Eastern Census West Pacific Mountain Midwest EN Central WN Central Northeast New England Middle Atlantic South S Atlantic ES Central WS Central Courts of appeals 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Physical Physiographic Pacific Mountain Intermontane Plateaus Rocky Mountain Superior Upland Interior Plains Interior Highlands Appalachian Atlantic Plain Coastal Arctic West Great Lakes Gulf East Historical Acquisitions Thirteen Colonies Northwest Territory Southwest Territory Louisiana Purchase Gadsden Purchase Texas annexation Oregon Treaty Mexican Cession Alaska Purchase Newlands Resolution Civil War Union Border states Confederacy Old South Dixie Slave and free states Theaters Pacific Western Trans - Mississippi Lower Seaboard Eastern Divided Pacific Northwest Atlantic Northeast Prairie Pothole Columbia Oregon Other Appalachia Border states Red states and blue states Central Eastern Four Corners Great Plains High Plains Intermountain Interior Northern Northwest South Central Southern Deep New Upland Southeast Southwest List Category United States political regions States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S.",
"22": "Virgin Islands United States Census Regions Division State Federal District Insular area American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands ZIP Code Tabulation Area Native areas Alaska Native corporation Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Off - reservation trust land Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area Metropolitan Primary statistical area list Combined statistical area Core - based statistical area list Metropolitan statistical area list Micropolitan statistical area list New England city and town area Urban area list State - level Congressional district County list Alaska census area Independent city Municipio Place Census - designated Public use microdata area School district lists State legislative district Urban growth area County - level Census county division Minor civil division Traffic analysis zone Voting district Local Block Block group Tract Census Bureau Office of Management and Budget United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier America 's Critical Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial",
"23": "Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District",
"24": "of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex",
"25": "rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal List of regions of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"26": "php?title=List_of_regions_of_the_United_States&oldid=818339572 '' Categories : Regions of the United States Regions of the United States by state United States geography - related lists United States history - related lists United States science - related lists Regions of North America by country Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from January 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Čeština Español فارسی Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 00 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where did an independence movement occur because of the congress of vienna
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{
"0": "Congress of Vienna - wikipedia Congress of Vienna Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Congress of Vienna ( disambiguation ) . `` Vienna peace congress '' redirects here . For the 2015 congress on Syria , see Vienna peace talks for Syria . The national boundaries within Europe set by the Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna ( German : Wiener Kongress ) was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich , and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815 , though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814 . The objective of the Congress was to provide a long - term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars . The goal was not simply to restore old boundaries but to resize the main powers so they could balance each other and remain at peace . The leaders were conservatives with little use for republicanism or revolution , both of which threatened to upset the status quo in Europe . France lost all its recent conquests while Prussia , Austria and Russia made major territorial gains . Prussia added smaller German states in the west , Swedish Pomerania and 60 % of the Kingdom of Saxony ; Austria gained Venice and much of northern Italy . Russia gained parts of Poland . The new Kingdom of the Netherlands had been created just months before , and included formerly Austrian territory that in 1830 became Belgium . Frontispiece of the Acts of the Congress of Vienna The immediate background was Napoleonic France 's defeat and surrender in May 1814 , which brought an end to 25 years of nearly continuous war . Negotiations continued despite the outbreak of fighting triggered by Napoleon 's dramatic return from exile and resumption of power in France during the Hundred Days of March to July 1815 . The Congress 's `` final act '' was signed nine days before his final defeat at Waterloo on 18 June 1815 . The Congress has often been criticized for causing the subsequent suppression of the emerging national and liberal movements , and it has been seen as a reactionary movement for the benefit of traditional monarchs . However , others praise it for having created relatively long - term stability and peaceful conditions in most of Europe .",
"1": "In a technical sense , the `` Congress of Vienna '' was not properly a congress : it never met in plenary session , and most of the discussions occurred in informal , face - to - face sessions among the Great Powers of Austria , Britain , France , Russia , and sometimes Prussia , with limited or no participation by other delegates . On the other hand , the congress was the first occasion in history where , on a continental scale , national representatives came together to formulate treaties instead of relying mostly on messages among the several capitals . The Congress of Vienna settlement , despite later changes , formed the framework for European international politics until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preliminaries 2 Participants 2.1 Four Great Powers and Bourbon France 2.2 Other signatories of the Treaty of Paris , 1814 2.3 Others 3 Talleyrand 's role 3.1 Polish - Saxon crisis 4 Final Act 4.1 Other changes 5 Later criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Primary sources 8.2 Other languages 9 External links Preliminaries ( edit ) The Treaty of Chaumont in 1814 had reaffirmed decisions that had been made already and that would be ratified by the more important Congress of Vienna of 1814 - 15 . They included the establishment of a confederated Germany , the division of Italy into independent states , the restoration of the Bourbon kings of Spain , and the enlargement of the Netherlands to include what in 1830 became modern Belgium . The Treaty of Chaumont became the cornerstone of the European Alliance that formed the balance of power for decades . Other partial settlements had already occurred at the Treaty of Paris between France and the Sixth Coalition , and the Treaty of Kiel that covered issues raised regarding Scandinavia . The Treaty of Paris had determined that a `` general congress '' should be held in Vienna and that invitations would be issued to `` all the Powers engaged on either side in the present war '' . The opening was scheduled for July 1814 . Participants ( edit ) 1 . Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington 2 . Joaquim Lobo Silveira , 7th Count of Oriola 3 .",
"2": "António de Saldanha da Gama , Count of Porto Santo 4 . Count Carl Löwenhielm 5 . Jean - Louis - Paul - François , 5th Duke of Noailles 6 . Klemens Wenzel , Prince von Metternich 7 . André Dupin 8 . Count Karl Robert Nesselrode 9 . Pedro de Sousa Holstein , 1st Count of Palmela 10 . Robert Stewart , Viscount Castlereagh 11 . Emmerich Joseph , Duke of Dalberg 12 . Baron Johann von Wessenberg 13 . Prince Andrey Kirillovich Razumovsky 14 . Charles Stewart , 1st Baron Stewart 15 . Pedro Gómez Labrador , Marquis of Labrador 16 . Richard Le Poer Trench , 2nd Earl of Clancarty 17 . Wacken ( Recorder ) 18 . Friedrich von Gentz ( Congress Secretary ) 19 . Baron Wilhelm von Humboldt 20 . William Cathcart , 1st Earl Cathcart 21 . Prince Karl August von Hardenberg 22 . Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord 23 . Count Gustav Ernst von Stackelberg The Congress functioned through formal meetings such as working groups and official diplomatic functions ; however , a large portion of the Congress was conducted informally at salons , banquets , and balls . Four Great powers and Bourbon France ( edit ) The Four Great Powers had previously formed the core of the Sixth Coalition . On the verge of Napoleon 's defeat they had outlined their common position in the Treaty of Chaumont ( March 1814 ) , and negotiated the Treaty of Paris ( 1814 ) with the Bourbons during their restoration : Austria was represented by Prince Metternich , the Foreign Minister , and by his deputy , Baron Johann von Wessenberg . As the Congress 's sessions were in Vienna , Emperor Francis was kept closely informed . Great Britain was represented first by its Foreign Secretary , Viscount Castlereagh ; then by the Duke of Wellington , after Castlereagh 's return to England in February 1815 .",
"3": "In the last weeks it was headed by the Earl of Clancarty , after Wellington left to face Napoleon during the Hundred Days . Tsar Alexander I controlled the Russian delegation which was formally led by the foreign minister , Count Karl Robert Nesselrode . The tsar had two main goals , to gain control of Poland and to promote the peaceful coexistence of European nations . He succeeded in forming the Holy Alliance ( 1815 ) , based on monarchism and anti-secularism , and formed to combat any threat of revolution or republicanism . Prussia was represented by Prince Karl August von Hardenberg , the Chancellor , and the diplomat and scholar Wilhelm von Humboldt . King Frederick William III of Prussia was also in Vienna , playing his role behind the scenes . France , the `` fifth '' power , was represented by its foreign minister , Talleyrand , as well as the Minister Plenipotentiary the Duke of Dalberg . Talleyrand had already negotiated the Treaty of Paris ( 1814 ) for Louis XVIII of France ; the king , however , distrusted him and was also secretly negotiating with Metternich , by mail . Other signatories of the Treaty of Paris , 1814 ( edit ) These parties had not been part of the Chaumont agreement , but had joined the Treaty of Paris ( 1814 ) : Spain -- Marquis Pedro Gómez de Labrador Portugal -- Plenipotentiaries : Pedro de Sousa Holstein , Count of Palmela ; António de Saldanha da Gama , Count of Porto Santo ; Joaquim Lobo da Silveira . Sweden -- Count Carl Löwenhielm Others ( edit ) Denmark -- Count Niels Rosenkrantz , foreign minister . King Frederick VI was also present in Vienna . The Netherlands -- Earl of Clancarty , the British Ambassador at the Dutch court , and Baron Hans von Gagern Switzerland -- Every canton had its own delegation . Charles Pictet de Rochemont from Geneva played a prominent role .",
"4": "The Papal States -- Cardinal Ercole Consalvi Republic of Genoa -- Marquise Agostino Pareto , Senator of the Republic On German issues , Bavaria -- Maximilian Graf von Montgelas Württemberg -- Georg Ernst Levin von Wintzingerode ( de ) Hanover , then in a personal union with the British crown -- Georg Graf zu Münster . ( King George III had refused to recognize the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and maintained a separate diplomatic staff as Elector of Hanover to conduct the affairs of the family estate , the Duchy of Brunswick - Lüneburg , until the results of the Congress were concluded establishing the Kingdom of Hanover . ) Mecklenburg - Schwerin -- Leopold von Plessen ( de ) Virtually every state in Europe had a delegation in Vienna -- more than 200 states and princely houses were represented at the Congress . In addition , there were representatives of cities , corporations , religious organizations ( for instance , abbeys ) and special interest groups -- e.g. , a delegation representing German publishers , demanding a copyright law and freedom of the press . The Congress was noted for its lavish entertainment : according to a famous joke it did not move , but danced . Talleyrand 's role ( edit ) Talleyrand proved an able negotiator for the defeated French . Initially , the representatives of the four victorious powers hoped to exclude the French from serious participation in the negotiations , but Talleyrand skillfully managed to insert himself into `` her inner councils '' in the first weeks of negotiations . He allied himself to a Committee of Eight lesser powers ( including Spain , Sweden , and Portugal ) to control the negotiations . Once Talleyrand was able to use this committee to make himself a part of the inner negotiations , he then left it , once again abandoning his allies . The major Allies ' indecision on how to conduct their affairs without provoking a united protest from the lesser powers led to the calling of a preliminary conference on protocol , to which Talleyrand and the Marquis of Labrador , Spain 's representative , were invited on 30 September 1814 . Congress Secretary Friedrich von Gentz reported , `` The intervention of Talleyrand and Labrador has hopelessly upset all our plans .",
"5": "Talleyrand protested against the procedure we have adopted and soundly ( be ) rated us for two hours . It was a scene I shall never forget . '' The embarrassed representatives of the Allies replied that the document concerning the protocol they had arranged actually meant nothing . `` If it means so little , why did you sign it ? '' snapped Labrador . Talleyrand 's policy , directed as much by national as personal ambitions , demanded the close but by no means amicable relationship he had with Labrador , whom Talleyrand regarded with disdain . Labrador later remarked of Talleyrand : `` that cripple , unfortunately , is going to Vienna . '' Talleyrand skirted additional articles suggested by Labrador : he had no intention of handing over the 12,000 afrancesados -- Spanish fugitives , sympathetic to France , who had sworn fealty to Joseph Bonaparte , nor the bulk of the documents , paintings , pieces of fine art , and books that had been looted from the archives , palaces , churches and cathedrals of Spain . Polish - Saxon Crisis ( edit ) The most dangerous topic at the Congress was the so - called Polish - Saxon Crisis . Russia wanted most of Poland , and Prussia wanted all of Saxony , whose king had allied with Napoleon . The tsar would become king of Poland . Austria was fearful this would make Russia much too powerful , a view which was supported by Britain . The result was deadlock , for which Talleyrand proposed a solution : Admit France to the inner circle , and France would support Austria and Britain . The three nations signed a secret treaty on 3 January 1815 , agreeing to go to war against Russia and Prussia , if necessary , to prevent the Russo - Prussian plan from coming to fruition . When the tsar heard of the secret treaty he agreed to a compromise that satisfied all parties on 24 October 1815 . Russia received most of the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw as a `` Kingdom of Poland '' -- called Congress Poland , with the tsar as king ruling it independently of Russia . Russia , however , did not receive the province of Posen ( Poznań ) , which was given to Prussia as the Grand Duchy of Posen , nor Kraków , which became a free city .",
"6": "Furthermore , the tsar was unable to unite the new domain with the parts of Poland that had been incorporated into Russia in the 1790s . Prussia received 60 percent of Saxony - later known as the Province of Saxony , with the remainder returned to King Frederick Augustus I as his Kingdom of Saxony . Final Act ( edit ) In pink , territories left to France in 1814 but removed after the Hundred Days . The Final Act , embodying all the separate treaties , was signed on 9 June 1815 ( a few days before the Battle of Waterloo ) . Its provisions included : Russia was given most of the Duchy of Warsaw ( Poland ) and was allowed to keep Finland ( which it had annexed from Sweden in 1809 and held until 1917 ) . Prussia was given three fifths of Saxony , parts of the Duchy of Warsaw ( the Grand Duchy of Posen ) , Danzig , and the Rhineland / Westphalia . A German Confederation of 39 states was created from the previous 300 of the Holy Roman Empire , under the presidency of the Austrian Emperor . Only portions of the territory of Austria and Prussia were included in the Confederation . The Netherlands and the Southern Netherlands ( approx . modern - day Belgium ) were united in a monarchy , the United Kingdom of the Netherlands , with the House of Orange - Nassau providing the king ( the Eight Articles of London ) . To compensate for the Orange - Nassau 's loss of the Nassau lands to Prussia , the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg were to form a personal union under the House of Orange - Nassau , with Luxembourg ( but not the Netherlands ) inside the German Confederation . Swedish Pomerania , given to Denmark a year earlier in return for Norway , was ceded by Denmark to Prussia . France received back Guadeloupe from Sweden in return for yearly installments to the Swedish king . The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed . Hanover gave up the Duchy of Lauenburg to Denmark , but was enlarged by the addition of former territories of the Bishop of Münster and by the formerly Prussian East Frisia , and made a kingdom .",
"7": "Most of the territorial gains of Bavaria , Württemberg , Baden , Hesse - Darmstadt , and Nassau under the mediatizations of 1801 -- 1806 were recognized . Bavaria also gained control of the Rhenish Palatinate and parts of the Napoleonic Duchy of Würzburg and Grand Duchy of Frankfurt . Hesse - Darmstadt , in exchange for giving up the Duchy of Westphalia to Prussia , received Rhenish Hesse with its capital at Mainz . Austria regained control of the Tyrol and Salzburg ; of the former Illyrian Provinces ; of Tarnopol district ( from Russia ) ; received Lombardy - Venetia in Italy and Ragusa in Dalmatia . Former Austrian territory in Southwest Germany remained under the control of Württemberg and Baden , and the Austrian Netherlands were also not recovered . Habsburg princes were returned to control of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena . The Papal States were under the rule of the pope and restored to their former extent , with the exception of Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin , which remained part of France . Britain was confirmed in control of the Cape Colony in Southern Africa ; Tobago ; Ceylon ; and various other colonies in Africa and Asia . Other colonies , most notably the Dutch East Indies and Martinique , were restored to their previous owners . The King of Sardinia was restored in Piedmont , Nice , and Savoy , and was given control of Genoa ( putting an end to the brief proclamation of a restored Republic ) . The Duchies of Parma , Piacenza and Guastalla were given to Marie Louise , Napoleon 's wife . The Duchy of Lucca was created for the House of Bourbon - Parma , which would have reversionary rights to Parma after the death of Marie Louise . The Bourbon Ferdinand IV , King of Sicily was restored to control of the Kingdom of Naples after Joachim Murat , the king installed by Bonaparte , supported Napoleon in the Hundred Days and started the Neapolitan War by attacking Austria . The slave trade was condemned . Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers , notably the Rhine and the Danube .",
"8": "The Final Act was signed by representatives of Austria , France , Portugal , Prussia , Russia , Sweden - Norway , and Britain . Spain did not sign the treaty but ratified it in 1817 . Other changes ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alexander I of Russia ( 1812 ) considered himself a guarantor of European security . The Congress 's principal results , apart from its confirmation of France 's loss of the territories annexed between 1795 -- 1810 , which had already been settled by the Treaty of Paris , were the enlargement of Russia , ( which gained most of the Duchy of Warsaw ) and Prussia , which acquired the district of Poznań , Swedish Pomerania , Westphalia and the northern Rhineland . The consolidation of Germany from the nearly 300 states of the Holy Roman Empire ( dissolved in 1806 ) into a much less complex system of thirty - nine states ( 4 of which were free cities ) was confirmed . These states formed a loose German Confederation under the leadership of Austria and Prussia . Representatives at the Congress agreed to numerous other territorial changes . By the Treaty of Kiel , Norway had been ceded by the king of Denmark - Norway to the king of Sweden . This sparked the nationalist movement which led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Norway on May 17 , 1814 and the subsequent personal Union with Sweden . Austria gained Lombardy - Venetia in Northern Italy , while much of the rest of North - Central Italy went to Habsburg dynasties ( the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , the Duchy of Modena , and the Duchy of Parma ) . The Papal States were restored to the Pope . The Kingdom of Piedmont - Sardinia was restored to its mainland possessions , and also gained control of the Republic of Genoa . In Southern Italy , Napoleon 's brother - in - law , Joachim Murat , was originally allowed to retain his Kingdom of Naples , but his support of Napoleon in the Hundred Days led to the restoration of the Bourbon Ferdinand IV to the throne .",
"9": "A large United Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed for the Prince of Orange , including both the old United Provinces and the formerly Austrian - ruled territories in the Southern Netherlands . Other , less important , territorial adjustments included significant territorial gains for the German Kingdoms of Hanover ( which gained East Frisia from Prussia and various other territories in Northwest Germany ) and Bavaria ( which gained the Rhenish Palatinate and territories in Franconia ) . The Duchy of Lauenburg was transferred from Hanover to Denmark , and Prussia annexed Swedish Pomerania . Switzerland was enlarged , and Swiss neutrality was established . Swiss mercenaries had played a significant role in European wars for a couple of hundred years : the Congress intended to put a stop to these activities permanently . During the wars , Portugal had lost its town of Olivença to Spain and moved to have it restored . Portugal is historically Britain 's oldest ally , and with British support succeeded in having the re-incorporation of Olivença decreed in Article 105 of the Final Act , which stated that the Congress `` understood the occupation of Olivença to be illegal and recognized Portugal 's rights '' . Portugal ratified the Final Act in 1815 but Spain would not sign , and this became the most important hold - out against the Congress of Vienna . Deciding in the end that it was better to become part of Europe than to stand alone , Spain finally accepted the Treaty on 7 May 1817 ; however , Olivença and its surroundings were never returned to Portuguese control and this question remains unresolved . Great Britain received parts of the West Indies at the expense of the Netherlands and Spain and kept the former Dutch colonies of Ceylon and the Cape Colony as well as Malta and Heligoland . Under the Treaty of Paris , Britain obtained a protectorate over the United States of the Ionian Islands and the Seychelles . Later criticism ( edit ) The Congress of Vienna was frequently criticized by 19 - century and more recent historians for ignoring national and liberal impulses , and for imposing a stifling reaction on the Continent . It was an integral part in what became known as the Conservative Order , in which the liberties and civil rights associated with the American and French Revolutions were de-emphasized , so that a fair balance of power , peace and stability , might be achieved .",
"10": "In the 20th century , however , many historians came to admire the statesmen at the Congress , whose work prevented another widespread European war for nearly 100 years ( 1815 -- 1914 ) . Among these is Henry Kissinger , who in 1954 wrote his doctoral dissertation , A World Restored , on it . Historian Mark Jarrett argues that the Congress of Vienna and the Congress System marked `` the true beginning of our modern era '' . He says the Congress System was deliberate conflict management , and was the first genuine attempt to create an international order based upon consensus rather than conflict . `` Europe was ready , '' Jarrett states , `` to accept an unprecedented degree of international cooperation in response to the French Revolution . '' Historian Paul Schroeder argues that the old formulae for `` balance of power '' were in fact highly destabilizing and predatory . He says the Congress of Vienna avoided them and instead set up rules that produced a stable and benign equilibrium . The Congress of Vienna was the first of a series of international meetings that came to be known as the Concert of Europe , which was an attempt to forge a peaceful balance of power in Europe . It served as a model for later organizations such as the League of Nations in 1919 and the United Nations in 1945 . Before the opening of the Paris peace conference of 1918 , the British Foreign Office commissioned a history of the Congress of Vienna to serve as an example to its own delegates of how to achieve an equally successful peace . Besides , the main decisions of the Congress were made by the Four Great Powers and not all the countries of Europe could extend their rights at the Congress . The Italian peninsula became a mere `` geographical expression '' as divided into seven parts : Lombardy -- Venetia , Modena , Naples -- Sicily , Parma , Piedmont -- Sardinia , Tuscany , and the Papal States under the control of different powers . Poland remained partitioned among Russia , Prussia and Austria , with the largest part , the newly created Kingdom of Poland , remaining under Russian control . The arrangements made by the Four Great Powers sought to ensure future disputes would be settled in a manner that would avoid the terrible wars of the previous 20 years . Although the Congress of Vienna preserved the balance of power in Europe , it could not check the spread of revolutionary movements across the continent some 30 years later .",
"11": "See also ( edit ) Diplomatic timeline for 1815 Concert of Europe European balance of power Battle of Waterloo International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1814 ) Paris Peace Conference , 1919 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Olson , James Stuart -- Shadle , Robert ( 1991 ) . Historical dictionary of European imperialism , Greenwood Press , p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 26257 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Mark Jarrett , The Congress of Vienna and Its Legacy : War and Great Power Diplomacy after Napoleon ( 2013 ) pp. 353 , xiv , 187 . ^ Jump up to : Paul W. Schroeder , `` Did the Vienna settlement rest on a balance of power ? '' American Historical Review ( 1992 ) 97 # 3 pp 683 - 706 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Frederick B. Artz , Reaction & Revolution : 1814 -- 1832 ( 1934 ) p 110 Jump up ^ Article XXXII . See Harold Nicolson , The Congress of Vienna , chap. 9 . Jump up ^ King , David ( 2008 ) . Vienna 1814 : How the Conquerors of Napoleon Made Love , War , and Peace at the Congress of Vienna . Crown Publishing Group . p. 334 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 33716 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , Harold ( 1946 ) . The Congress of Vienna ; a Study in Allied Unity , 1812 -- 1822 . Constable & co . ltd . p. 158 . Jump up ^ Malettke , Klaus ( 2009 ) . Die Bourbonen 3 . Von Ludwig XVIII . bis zu den Grafen von Paris ( 1814 -- 1848 ) ( in German ) . 3 . Kohlhammer . p. 66 . ISBN 3 - 17 - 020584 - 6 . Jump up ^ Treaty between Great Britain and Portugal , January 22 , 1815 . 5 George IV .",
"12": "London : His Majesty 's Statute and Law Printers. 1824 . p. 650 . Jump up ^ Freksa , Frederick ( 1919 ) . A peace congress of intrigue . trans . Harry Hansen ( 1919 ) . New York : The Century Co. p. 116 . Jump up ^ Zamoyski , Adam ( 2007 ) . Rites of Peace ; the Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna . HarperCollins Publishers . p. 297 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 077518 - 6 . : `` ( ... ) the Danish plenipotentiary Count Rosenkrantz . '' Jump up ^ Couvée , D.H. ; G. Pikkemaat ( 1963 ) . 1813 -- 15 , ons koninkrijk geboren . Alphen aan den Rijn : N. Samsom nv . pp. 123 -- 124 . Jump up ^ `` ( Castlereagh , during his stay in The Hague , in January 1813 ) induced the Dutch to leave their interests entirely in British hands . '' On page 65 of Nicolson ( 1946 ) . Jump up ^ Nicolson , Harold ( 1946 ) . The Congress of Vienna ; a Study in Allied Unity , 1812 -- 1822 . Constable & co . ltd . p. 197 . : `` Baron von Gagern -- one of the two plenipotentiaries for the Netherlands . '' Jump up ^ Page 195 of Nicolson ( 1946 ) . Jump up ^ Zamoyski , Adam ( 2007 ) . Rites of Peace ; the Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna . HarperCollins Publishers . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 077518 - 6 . : `` The Pope 's envoy to Vienna , Cardinal Consalvi ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ Fritz Apian - Bennewitz : Leopold von Plessen und die Verfassungspolitik der deutschen Kleinstaaten auf dem Wiener Kongress 1814 / 15 .",
"13": "Eutin : Ivens 1933 ; Hochschulschrift : Rostock , Univ. , Diss. , 1933 Jump up ^ Page 2 of King ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Zamoyski , Adam ( 2007 ) . Rites of Peace ; the Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna . HarperCollins Publishers . pp. 258 , 295 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 077518 - 6 . Jump up ^ According to King ( 2008 ) , it was Prince de Ligne , an attendee at the conference , who wryly quipped , `` the congress does not move forward , it dances . '' ( `` Le congrès danse beaucoup , mais il ne marche pas . '' ) Jump up ^ William , Sir Ward Adolphus ( 2009 ) . The Period of Congresses , BiblioLife , p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 113 - 44924 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Nicolson , Sir Harold ( 2001 ) . The Congress of Vienna : A Study in Allied Unity : 1812 -- 1822 Grove Press ; Rep. Ed . pp. 140 -- 164 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3744 - X Jump up ^ Susan Mary Alsop ( 1984 ) . The Congress Dances . New York : Harper & Row , Publishers . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Wenceslao Ramírez de Villa - Urrutia , Marqués de Villa - Urrutia , España en el Congreso de Viena según la correspondencia de D. Pedro Gómez Labrador , Marqués de Labrador . Segunda Edición Corregida y Aumentada ( Madrid : Francisco Beltrán , 1928 ) , 13 . Jump up ^ Antonio Rodríguez - Moñino ( ed . ) , Cartas Políticas ( Badajoz : Imprenta Provincial , 1959 ) , 14 ( Letter IV , 10 July 1814 ) .",
"14": "Labrador 's letters are full of such pungent remarks , and include his opinions on bad diplomats , the state of the postal system , the weather , and his non-existent salary and coach and accompanying livery for the Congress . Jump up ^ Villa - Urrutia , España en el Congreso de Viena , 61 -- 2 . Joseph had left Madrid with a huge baggage train containing pieces of art , tapestries , and mirrors . The most rapacious of the French was Marshal Nicolas Soult , who left Spain with entire collections , which disappeared to unknown , separate locations around the world . According to Juan Antonio Gaya Nuño , at least `` ( the paintings ) have come to spread the prestige of Spanish art around the whole word . '' Jump up ^ W.H. Zawadzki , `` Russia and the Re-Opening of the Polish Question , 1801 - 1814 , '' International History Review ( 1985 ) 7 # 1 pp 19 - 44 . Jump up ^ Couvée , D.H. ; G. Pikkemaat ( 1963 ) . 1813 -- 15 , ons koninkrijk geboren . Alphen aan den Rijn : N. Samsom nv . pp. 127 -- 130 . ^ Jump up to : Stearns , Peter N. -- Langer , William Leonard ( 2001 ) . The Encyclopedia of world history : ancient , medieval , and modern , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ; 6th ed. p. 440 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 65237 - 5 Jump up ^ Hammond , Richard James ( 1966 ) . Portugal and Africa , 1815 -- 1910 : a study in uneconomic imperialism ( Study in Tropical Development ) , Stanford Univ Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0296 - 9 Jump up ^ Ragsdale , Hugh -- Ponomarev , V.N. ( 1993 ) . Imperial Russian foreign policy , Cambridge University Press ; 1st ed . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44229 - X Jump up ^ Benedict , Bertram ( 2008 ) . A History of the Great War , BiblioLife .",
"15": "Vol . I , p. 7 , ISBN 0 - 554 - 41246 - 2 Jump up ^ Willner , Mark -- Hero , George -- Weiner , Jerry Global ( 2006 ) . History Volume I : The Ancient World to the Age of Revolution , Barron 's Educational Series , p. 520 . ISBN 0 - 7641 - 5811 - 2 Further reading ( edit ) Chapman , Tim . The Congress of Vienna 1814 - 1815 ( Routledge , 1998 ) Dakin , Douglas . `` The Congress of Vienna , 1814 -- 1815 and its Antecedents '' in Alan Sked , ed. , Europe 's Balance of Power 1815 -- 1848 ( London : Macmillan , 1979 ) , pp. 14 -- 33 . Ferraro , Guglielmo . The Reconstruction of Europe ; Talleyrand and the Congress of Vienna , 1814 -- 1815 ( 1941 ) Gulick , E.V. `` The final coalition and the Congress of Vienna , 1813 - 15 '' in C.W. Crawley , ed. , The New Cambridge Modern History , vol 9 , 1793 - 1830 ( 1965 ) pp 639 -- 67 . Jarrett , Mark ( 2013 ) . The Congress of Vienna and its Legacy : War and Great Power Diplomacy after Napoleon . London : I.B. Tauris & Company , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1780761169 . online review King , David ( 2008 ) . Vienna 1814 ; How the Conquerors of Napoleon Made Love , War , and Peace at the Congress of Vienna . Random House Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 33716 - 0 . Kissinger , Henry A . `` The Congress of Vienna : A Reappraisal , '' World Politics ( 1956 ) 8 # 2 pp. 264 -- 280 in JSTOR Kissinger , Henry ( 1957 ) . A World Restored ; Metternich , Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace , 1812 -- 22 .",
"16": "Boston : Houghton Mifflin . Kraehe , Enno E. Metternich 's German Policy . Vol. 2 : The Congress of Vienna , 1814 -- 1815 ( 1984 ) 443 pp Oaks , Augustus ; R.B. Mowat ( 1918 ) . The Great European Treaties of the Nineteenth Century . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ( `` Chapter II The restoration of Europe '' ) Nicolson , Harold ( 1946 ) . The Congress of Vienna : A Study in Allied Unity , 1812 -- 1822 . Constable & co . ltd . Spiel , Hilde ( 1968 ) . The Congress of Vienna ; an Eyewitness Account . Philadelphia : Chilton Book Co . Rowell , Christopher and Wolf Burchard , ' The British Embassy at Palais Stahremberg : Furniture from the Congress of Vienna at Mount Stewart ' , Furniture History LIII ( 2017 ) : 191 - 224 . Schroeder , Paul W. `` Did the Vienna settlement rest on a balance of power ? '' American Historical Review ( 1992 ) 97 # 3 pp 683 -- 706 . in JSTOR Schroeder , Paul W . The Transformation of European Politics , 1763 -- 1848 ( 1996 ) , pp 517 -- 82 advanced diplomatic history online Vick , Brian . The Congress of Vienna . Power and Politics after Napoleon . Harvard University Press , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 72971 - 1 . Webster , C.K. `` The pacification of Europe '' in A.W. Ward and G.P. Gooch , eds . The Cambridge history of British foreign policy , 1783 - 1919 , ( 1922 ) Volume 1 ch IV online pp 392 -- 521 also published as Webster , Charles . The Congress of Vienna , 1814 -- 1815 ( 1919 ) , a British perspective Webster , C.K.",
"17": "The Foreign Policy of Castlereagh , 1812 -- 1815 , Britain and the Reconstruction of Europe ( 1931 ) 618pp online Zamoyski , Adam ( 2007 ) . Rites of Peace ; the Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna . HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 077518 - 6 . Primary sources ( edit ) British diplomacy , 1813 -- 1815 : Select Documents Dealing with the Reconstruction of Europe ( 1921 ) ; 409pp Other languages ( edit ) Ghervas , Stella ( 2008 ) . Réinventer la tradition . Alexandre Stourdza et l'Europe de la Sainte - Alliance . Paris : Honoré Champion . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7453 - 1669 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Congress of Vienna . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Declaration at the Congress of Vienna Wikisource has original text related to this article : Final Act of the Congress of Vienna Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Vienna ( Seventh Coalition ) Animated map Europe and nations , 1815 -- 1914 Final Act of the Congress of Vienna Map of Europe in 1815 Congress of Vienna ( 1814 -- 1815 ) Search Results at Internet Archive Coordinates : 48 ° 12 ′ 30 '' N 16 ° 22 ′ 23 '' E / 48.20833 ° N 16.37306 ° E / 48.20833 ; 16.37306 VIAF : 147367697 LCCN : n50055590 GND : 2026986 - 9 SUDOC : 027458601 BNF : cb11949509b ( data ) HDS : 8922 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Vienna&oldid=837470678 '' Categories : Diplomatic conferences in Austria 19th - century diplomatic conferences Peace treaties Treaties involving territorial changes 1814 in international relations 1814 in law",
"18": "1814 in the Austrian Empire 1815 in international relations 1815 in the Austrian Empire 1815 in law 1815 conferences 1815 treaties 1815 in Europe 1815 in Switzerland 19th century in Vienna European political history Modern history of Italy Treaties of the Austrian Empire Treaties of the Bourbon Restoration Treaties of the Kingdom of Portugal Treaties of the Kingdom of Prussia Treaties of the Russian Empire Treaties of the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway Treaties of the United Kingdom ( 1801 -- 1922 ) Treaties of the Spanish Empire Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing German - language text Interlanguage link template link number Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2011 Coordinates not on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn",
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[
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who played the princess in kingsman secret service
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[
"Hanna Alström",
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"Hanna Alström",
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"Hanna Alström"
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{
"0": "Kingsman : the Secret Service - wikipedia Kingsman : the Secret Service Jump to : navigation , search `` The Secret Service ( film ) '' redirects here . For other uses , see Secret Service ( disambiguation ) . Kingsman : The Secret Service Theatrical release poster Directed by Matthew Vaughn Produced by Matthew Vaughn David Reid Adam Bohling Screenplay by Jane Goldman Matthew Vaughn Based on Kingsman by Mark Millar Dave Gibbons Starring Colin Firth Samuel L. Jackson Mark Strong Taron Egerton Michael Caine Music by Henry Jackman Matthew Margeson Cinematography George Richmond Edited by Eddie Hamilton Jon Harris Production companies Marv Films Cloudy Productions Shangri - La Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date 13 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 13 ) ( Butt - Numb - A-Thon ) 29 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 129 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $94 million ( gross ) $81 million ( net ) Box office $414.4 million Kingsman : The Secret Service is a 2014 action spy comedy film directed and co-produced by Matthew Vaughn . The screenplay was written by Vaughn and Jane Goldman , based on the comic book series Kingsman , created by Dave Gibbons and Mark Millar . It follows the recruitment and training of Gary `` Eggsy '' Unwin ( Taron Egerton ) , into a secret spy organisation . Eggsy joins a mission to tackle a global threat from Richmond Valentine ( Samuel L. Jackson ) , a wealthy megalomaniac . The film also stars Colin Firth , Mark Strong , and Michael Caine . Kingsman : The Secret Service premiered at the annual film marathon Butt - Numb - A-Thon on 13 December 2014 , and was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on 29 January 2015 .",
"1": "The film received generally positive reviews from critics who highly praised the stylized action sequences , the acting performances , villain , score , and its black humor , though some of the violent and sexual scenes were criticized for being too over the top . The film has grossed over $414 million worldwide , becoming Vaughn 's most commercially successful film to date . In 2015 , it won the Empire Award for Best British Film . A sequel , titled Kingsman : The Golden Circle , was released in September 2017 , with Vaughn and the main cast returning . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Franchise 6.1 # TBT to That Time Archer Met Kingsman 6.2 Kingsman : The Golden Circle 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Probationary secret agent Lee Unwin sacrifices himself to protect his superior Harry Hart while on a mission in the Middle East in 1997 . Hart , blaming himself , returns to London to give Lee 's widow Michelle and her young son Gary `` Eggsy '' a medal engraved with an emergency assistance number . Seventeen years later , Eggsy , having dropped out of training for the Royal Marines despite his intelligence and capability , has become a stereotypical chav . After being arrested for stealing a car , Eggsy calls the number . Hart arranges his release . Hart explains that he is a member of Kingsman , a private intelligence service founded by wealthy British individuals who lost their heirs in World War I. Hart , code name `` Galahad '' , explains there is a position available , as agent `` Lancelot '' was killed by the assassin Gazelle while trying to rescue Professor James Arnold from kidnappers . Eggsy becomes Hart 's candidate . Other candidates are eliminated through dangerous training tests run by operative `` Merlin '' , until only Eggsy and Roxy , a candidate he befriended , are left .",
"2": "Eggsy is unable to complete the final test -- shooting a dog he has raised during the training process ( unaware that the gun holds blanks ) -- and Roxy is named the new `` Lancelot '' . Meanwhile , Merlin discovers that Professor Arnold has returned to work as if nothing had happened . Hart attempts to interrogate him , but a chip in Professor Arnold 's neck explodes , killing him . The detonation signal is traced to a facility owned by Internet billionaire and philanthropist Richmond Valentine , who has recently offered everyone in the world SIM cards that grant free lifetime cellular and Internet connectivity . Hart , impersonating a billionaire philanthropist , meets Valentine face - to - face . Hart learns of Valentine 's connection to an obscure hate group 's church in Kentucky , and travels there , wearing glasses containing a video transceiver . Eggsy watches as Valentine activates the SIM cards in the church , triggering a signal that causes the parishioners to become murderously violent . Hart 's spy training leaves him as the only survivor . Outside the church Valentine explains what happened , then shoots Hart in the face . Eggsy returns to Kingsman headquarters and finds that Chester `` Arthur '' King , Kingsman 's leader , has a scar on his neck just like Professor Arnold 's . King reveals that Valentine plans to transmit his `` neurological wave '' worldwide via satellite network , believing the resulting `` culling '' of the human race will avert its extinction . Only those Valentine has chosen , willing and unwilling , will be unaffected . King tries to poison Eggsy , but Eggsy switches glasses and King poisons himself . Eggsy , Merlin and Roxy set out to stop Valentine . Roxy uses high - altitude balloons to destroy one of Valentine 's satellites and break up the network , but Valentine quickly secures a replacement from a business associate . Merlin flies Eggsy to Valentine 's base , where he masquerades as King . Eggsy is discovered by a failed Kingsman recruit , Charlie Hesketh , leading to both Eggsy and Merlin being cornered . On Eggsy 's suggestion , Merlin activates the implanted chips ' failsafe , killing almost everyone with a chip . An angry Valentine activates the signal and triggers worldwide pandemonium .",
"3": "Eggsy kills Gazelle and uses one of her sharpened prosthetic legs to impale Valentine and kill him , stopping the signal and ending the threat . In a mid-credits scene , Eggsy , now a full Kingsman agent , offers his mother and half - sister a new home away from his abusive stepfather Dean , who flatly objects to Eggsy 's suggestion . Eggsy then dispatches him in exactly the same manner that Hart dealt with one of Dean 's henchmen earlier . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Kingsman characters Colin Firth as Harry Hart / Galahad Samuel L. Jackson as Richmond Valentine Mark Strong as Merlin Taron Egerton as Gary `` Eggsy '' Unwin Michael Caine as Chester King / Arthur Sophie Cookson as Roxanne `` Roxy '' Morton / Lancelot Sofia Boutella as Gazelle Samantha Womack as Michelle Unwin Geoff Bell as Dean Baker Edward Holcroft as Charles `` Charlie '' Hesketh Mark Hamill as Professor James Arnold Jack Davenport as James Spencer / Lancelot Hanna Alström and Bjørn Floberg appear as Crown Princess Tilde of Sweden , and Swedish Prime Minister Morten Lindström , respectively . Jack Cutmore - Scott portrays Rufus Saville , and Lily Travers portrays Lady Sophie . Jonno Davies played Lee Unwin , Eggsy 's father and a former Kingsman candidate who sacrificed himself to save Hart . Nicholas Banks , Nicholas Agnew , Rowan Polonski and Tom Prior portrayed , respectively , Digby Barker , Nathaniel , Piers and Hugo Higins , the other four Kingsman candidates . Fiona Hampton played Amelia , a Kingsman employee who masquerades as a candidate in order to `` die '' during the first test . Richard Brake played the interrogator during the penultimate test , Ralph Ineson the police interviewer after Eggsy 's arrest , whereas Corey Johnson starred as a fanatic church leader , and Velibor Topić portrayed the biggest goon in the bar fight scene . Tobias Bakare and Theo Barklem - Biggs play Eggsy 's friends Jamal and Ryan .",
"4": "Production ( edit ) The project originated when Mark Millar and Vaughn were at a bar discussing spy movies , lamenting that the genre had become too serious over the years and deciding to do `` a fun one . '' To have the time to make the film , Vaughn had to opt out of directing X-Men : Days of Future Past , which he called `` a really tough decision '' . He reasoned that if he did not do it , `` somebody else ... ( would ) wake up and do a fun spy movie . Then I would have written a bloody screenplay that no one would want to make . '' Colin Firth joined the cast to lead the film on 29 April 2013 . It was initially reported in 2013 that Leonardo DiCaprio was in talks to play a villain , although Vaughn himself later denied that he was ever considered stating that he came as close to playing the role `` as I am to becoming the Pope . '' Instead the role of the villain went to Samuel L. Jackson , Jackson took the role , in part because of a career long dream to be in a James Bond movie . As he felt that this was unlikely to come true he took on the role stating `` I felt like this was an opportunity to play a really great Bond villain . '' Jackson 's character has a notable lisp , a choice he decided to make based partially on the stutter he had as a kid . In September 2013 , Vaughn cast Sophie Cookson for the female lead , preferring a newcomer over more obvious candidates like Emma Watson and Bella Heathcote . Mark Hamill was cast as Professor James Arnold , a reference to his character in the source comic book being named `` Mark Hamill '' . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began 6 October 2013 in Deepcut , Surrey , on a budget reported to be one - third of the $200 million budget of Skyfall . The Alexandra Road Estate in Camden was used for Eggsy 's home area , and some scenes were filmed at Imperial College London . The Black Prince Pub in Kennington , South London , was used for various fight scenes and the car chase . Savile Row in Mayfair was also employed as a location and the exterior of tailors Huntsman at No. 12 , which provided the clothes , and James Lock & Co.",
"5": "in St James 's , which provided the hats . While rumours of several celebrity cameo parts were published , including Adele , Elton John , Lady Gaga , and David Beckham , none of these rumours proved to be true . Music ( edit ) Main article : Kingsman : The Secret Service ( soundtrack ) In May 2014 , it was reported that Henry Jackman and Matthew Margeson would be composing the music for the film , while in July it was announced that Gary Barlow would be writing the music for the film . Additionally , a song from Take That 's seventh studio album III , `` Get Ready for It '' , played during the end credits . Release ( edit ) The film 's premiere was held in London on 14 January 2015 , with director Vaughn and stars Firth , Egerton , and Strong attending , and Take That performing the film 's theme live . A regional premiere was held in Glasgow at exactly the same time as the London event , and live footage was streamed from the premiere to Glasgow . Mark Millar also hosted a charity screening of the film ahead of its release in Glasgow to raise money for his old school , St. Bartholomews . The film opened in the United Kingdom on 29 January 2015 . In the United States 20th Century Fox planned to release the film on 14 November 2014 , but later delayed it to 6 March 2015 . It was later moved up to 24 October 2014 , before being delayed again to 13 February 2015 . The film was released in most of Latin America and Indonesia , with the action scene set in the church removed . The scene , considered vital by the director and film critics , was excised almost completely , leaving only the set - up and immediate consequences . Marketing ( edit ) The trade paperback collecting the comics miniseries was released on 14 January 2015 . Vaughn teamed up with luxury retailer Mr Porter to create a 60 - piece clothing line based on the film . Mr Porter worked with the film 's costume designer , Arianne Phillips , to design the bespoke suiting , while everything from the ties and shirts to eyewear , umbrellas , shoes and watches were designed by heritage brands such as Cutler and Gross , George Cleverley , Mackintosh and Bremont .",
"6": "The collaboration is the first of its kind , making Kingsman : The Secret Service the first film from which customers can buy all of the outfits they see . The film also includes significant product placement for Adidas Originals . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on digital HD on 15 May 2015 and on Blu - ray Disc and DVD on 9 June . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Kingsman : The Secret Service grossed $414.4 million worldwide ; $24.2 million of the takings were generated from the UK market and $128.3 million from North America . Kingsman opened on 30 January 2015 in Sweden , UK , Ireland and Malta . In the UK the film opened with $6.5 million and debuted at second place ( behind Big Hero 6 ) . The following weekend it opened in two additional countries : Australia and New Zealand . It debuted atop the box office in both countries and had a successful opening in Australia with $3.6 million . In its third weekend , it earned $23 million from 4,844 screens in 39 countries . It topped the box office in three countries ; Singapore , Hong Kong , and Thailand , the rest of which were dominated by Fifty Shades of Grey . In its fourth weekend , it expanded to a total of 54 countries and grossed $33.4 million from 5,940 screens . Its biggest opener outside of North America was in China where it earned $27.9 million . Other high openings occurred in South Korea ( $5.3 million ) Russia and the CIS ( $3.6 million ) , Taiwan ( $3.4 million ) , and France ( $3.3 million ) . In the United States and Canada , the film opened on 13 February and was predicted to debut to around $28 million . The film opened in 3,204 cinemas and grossed $10.4 million on its first day , $15.4 million on its second day and $10.4 million on its third day , for a weekend gross of $36.2 million ( an $11,300 per - cinema average ) , finishing second at the box office behind Fifty Shades of Grey . During the four - day Presidents Day weekend it grossed $41.8 million .",
"7": "Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes sampled 230 critics and judged 74 % of the reviews as positive , with an average rating of 6.8 / 10 , calling the film `` Stylish , subversive , and above all fun '' . On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . The Movie Review Query Engine ( MRQE ) rates the film at 63 out of 100 , based on 108 film critic reviews . According to CinemaScore , audiences gave the film a grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said of the film , `` This slam - bang action movie about British secret agents is deliriously shaken , not stirred ... Even when it stops making sense , Kingsman is unstoppable fun '' . Jordan Hoffman , writing for The Guardian , said of the film , `` The spirit of 007 is all over this movie , but Vaughn 's script ... has a licence to poke fun ... no one involved in the production can believe they 're getting away with making such a batshit Bond . '' Comparing the film to those of Christopher Nolan , Hoffman said , `` Despite the presence of grandfatherly Michael Caine , Kingsman 's tone is about as far from the Christopher Nolan - style superhero film as you can get . Verisimilitude is frequently traded in for a rich laugh '' . Peter Bradshaw , writing for The Guardian , called the film `` a smirking spy spoof , weirdly charmless and dated in unintentional ways '' , commenting that `` it is a film forever demanding to be congratulated on how `` stylish '' it is . '' Some reviewers were critical of the film 's depiction of violence , which was considered to be too graphic for a comedy . Anthony Lane of The New Yorker stated , `` Few recent movies have fetched quite as far as `` Kingsman '' , and countless viewers will relish the brazen zest of its invention . '' However , Lane was critical of the film 's use of stereotypes . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times enjoyed the film , but criticised Vaughn 's use of violence as a cinematic tool , calling it `` narrative overkill '' .",
"8": "Jason Ward of The Guardian wrote that `` ( e ) verything about Kingsman exists to disguise the fact that it is solidly conservative '' . His examples include `` ( t ) he depiction of Valentine 's plan as a throwback to a less serious era of spy movies ( which ) is revealed as a feint , with the ulterior motive of undermining environmentalists '' . Likewise , The A.V. Club 's Ignatiy Vishnevetsky commented that , `` Far from being a Team America - style send - up of gentleman spy movies , Kingsman is actually even more reactionary than the movies it 's referencing ; it traffics in the kind of Tory values Bond flicks merely suggest ( ... ) the thing is , the movie is fun , at least from a visual design standpoint , even though it 's hard to separate its bespoke fashions , future - vintage gadgets , and aristocratic décor from its fusty worldview '' . Peter Sobczynski of rogerebert.com , who gave the film two out of four stars , likened Vaughn 's script to the spy film equivalent of Scream and also criticised the overuse of graphic violence , despite its cartoonish rendering . Vaughn has faced some criticism for an anal sex gag at the end of the film that was a reference to the James Bond films . Franchise ( edit ) # Tbt to that time Archer Met Kingsman ( edit ) Main article : Archer ( TV series ) # TBT to That Time Archer Met Kingsman , also known as Throwback to That Time Archer Met Kingsman , is a 2017 animated short film set between Kingsman : The Secret Service and Kingsman : The Golden Circle . The short was unveiled at the 2017 Comic - Con 's Kingsman : The Golden Circle panel in Hall H , showing a meeting between Taron Egerton 's Eggsy and H. Jon Benjamin 's Sterling Archer , who stumbles into the Kingsmen 's secret arsenal hidden in the bespoke suit shop . There , he helps himself to guns and alcohol . Fighting to reclaim the goods , Eggsy challenges Archer to `` the most gentlemanly of competitions '' : a drinking contest , while planning to kill him with a drugged glass . However , Archer instead drinks the bottle and passes out .",
"9": "Eggsy , insulted by Archer 's behaviour , vows to go to America and `` teach them a lesson '' . Kingsman : the Golden Circle ( edit ) Main article : Kingsman : The Golden Circle Millar and Vaughn stated that a sequel was possible if the film performs well at the box office , and Vaughn expressed interest in directing the sequel . Vaughn also noted that he hoped to have Firth back in the sequel , and that Strong was interested in returning as well . It was confirmed that Taron Egerton is contracted for the sequel . When asked how they would incorporate Firth 's character into the sequel , Millar stated that various ideas have been discussed , including giving Harry Hart an evil brother , or perhaps turning the character into a ghost . Fox announced a sequel was in the works , but it was unclear if Vaughn would return to direct . On 11 June 2015 , it was confirmed Vaughn had begun writing the sequel , and that he might return to direct it . Principal photography was set to begin in April 2016 , with an 6 October 2017 release date . It was reported that Julianne Moore was in talks to star as the new villain , and Halle Berry might sign on as the Head of the CIA . On 18 March 2016 , Edward Holcroft was also confirmed to reprise his role as Charles `` Charlie '' Hesketh . Vaughn later revealed the sequel 's title to be Kingsman : The Golden Circle . The plot follows Eggsy and Merlin joining forces with `` Statesman '' , their American counterpart after Kingsman was destroyed by the film 's villain Poppy , played by Moore . On 7 April 2016 , Egerton revealed the first poster for the film , which strongly hinted that Firth would return for the film ; the poster features Harry Hart 's trademark pair of glasses with one of the eyes missing below the tagline ( a borrowed quote from Mark Twain ) stating `` reports of my death have been greatly exaggerated . '' Sophie Cookson will also reprise her role as Roxy Morton in the sequel . The next day , Deadline reported that Pedro Pascal was in talks for the role of Jack Daniels . On 12 April 2016 , Elton John was in talks about joining the cast of the upcoming sequel .",
"10": "The next day , Channing Tatum announced on his Twitter account that he was joining the cast . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Kingsman : The Secret Service ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kingsman : The Secret Service ( 2015 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( 15 June 2016 ) . `` 2015 Feature Film Study '' . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kingsman : The Secret Service ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 1 March 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( 13 February 2015 ) . `` ' Kingsman : The Secret Service ' shakes up spy genre , reviews say '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Vaughn Movie Box office '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fox Sets Release Dates for Two Secret Marvel Movies ; Pushes ' Kingsman 2 ' to October 2017 '' . collider.com. 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Lawson . `` Kingsman : The Secret Service Review '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ `` Kingsman -- The Secret Service review : Spy spoof has a licence to thrill '' . BelfastTelegraph.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Collura . `` MATTHEW VAUGHN TALKS CHOOSING KINGSMAN : THE SECRET SERVICE OVER X-MEN : DAYS OF FUTURE PAST , CHANGING THE COMIC , AND BRINGING FUN BACK TO SPY MOVIES '' . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kits , Borys ( 29 April 2013 ) . `` ' The Secret Service ' : Colin Firth in Talks to Star '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 September 2013 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( 4 June 2013 ) . `` Leonardo DiCaprio in talks for Mark Millar 's ' Secret Service ' ? '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 15 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew . `` Matthew Vaughn Says the ' Kingsman ' Sequel Will Introduce the American Branch ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Moviefone . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Conner , Megan . `` Samuel L Jackson : ' I create characters -- it keeps me from being me all day ' '' . Guardian . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 5 September 2013 ) . `` Sophie Cookson Lands Female Lead in Matthew Vaughn 's ' Secret Service ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( 5 February 2015 ) . `` Mark Hamill : Actor talks ' Kingsman ' cameo , ' Star Wars ' anticipation '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Takyi , Stephanie ( 6 October 2013 ) . `` Suave appeal : Colin Firth shows off his dapper style as he 's spotted for first time on set of new film The Secret Service '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Cater , Sophie ( 8 October 2013 ) . Bridget Jones star Colin Firth spotted shooting The Secret Service in London . Radiotimes . Immediate Media Company Limited . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Christine ( 11 October 2013 ) . `` Colin Firth and Samuel L. Jackson filming ' The Secret Service ' in Deepcut , UK '' . OLV . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Grey ( 5 February 2015 ) . `` Colin Firth Stars in ' Kingsman : The Secret Service ' '' . WSJ . Jump up ^ `` Massive Hollywood thriller filmed on Camden estate proved `` sweet as honey '' for residents -- FilmFixer `` . FilmFixer .",
"12": "Jump up ^ `` The US love of bespoke British suits '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele , Elton John , David Beckham Appearing In Spy Thriller , `` The Secret Service '' `` . www.newnownext.com. 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John Considered for Fight Scene in ' The Secret Service '' . ultimateclassicrock.com. 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Service : Lady Gaga to play herself in the film '' . ibnlive.in.com. 17 September 2013 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga lands The Secret Service role -- report '' . www.express.co.uk. 16 September 2013 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Jackman & Matt Margeson to Score Matthew Vaughn 's ' Kingsman : The Secret Service ' '' . filmmusicreporter.com. 20 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Barlow Writing Music For ' Kingsman : The Secret Service ' Film '' . mtv.co.uk. 11 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Kingsman : The Secret Service World Premiere Live On Yahoo '' . yahoo.com. 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buy cinema tickets and watch trailers for Kingsman : The Secret Service Regional Premiere , book online with Vue Cinemas '' . Vue Cinemas . Jump up ^ Nicola Love . `` Kingsman The Secret Service by Mark Millar at Glasgow Cineworld -- STV Glasgow -- Glasgow '' . STV Glasgow . Jump up ^ `` Film Changes W / C 15 / 09 '' . Digital Cinema Media . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( 27 March 2013 ) . `` Fox Wins Rights To Matthew Vaughn 's Next Pic ' The Secret Service ' , Sets November 2014 Release Date '' . Deadline . Retrieved 15 September 2013 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ `` Fox Shifts ' Fantastic Four ' , ' The Secret Service ' , ' Assassin 's Creed ' , Sets ' Untitled Vince Vaughn ' & ' Susan Cooper ' Dates '' . Deadline. 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Bettinger , Brendan ( 21 March 2014 ) . `` Fox Announces Release Dates for The Fantastic Four 2 , Wolverine Sequel , Untitled Marvel Film , Taken 3 , Ridley Scott Project , and More ( Updated ) '' . Collider . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pam ( 6 August 2014 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' to Compete With Fox 's ' Kingsman ' at Box Office '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( February 2015 ) . `` WTF ? Colin Firth Almost Got Pulled From The Kingsman Church Scene , Here 's Why '' . Cinemablend . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kimgsmen - The Secret Service Movie Review : James Bond Gets A Jolly Good Rogering '' . Badass Digest . 13 February 2015 . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fox decidió censurar Kingsman : The Secret Service en Latinoamérica '' ( in Spanish ) . Salondelmal. 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sensor Kingsman menghilangkan aksi brutal bak The Raid dalam sebuah adegan penuh kekerasan di dalam gereja '' ( in Indonesian ) . duniaku. 21 February 2015 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 4 December 2014 ) . `` ' Secret Service ' Comic Gets Movie Tie - In Cover ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Gentleman 's Wardrobe '' . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Kingsman Collection '' . Retrieved 2 February 2015 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ Thomson , Simon ( 30 January 2015 ) . `` Film review : Kingsman '' . City A.M. Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Kingsman : The Secret Service Coming to Digital HD in May and Blu - ray in June '' . SuperHeroHype . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kingsman : The Secret Service '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( 3 February 2015 ) . `` ' Penguins ' , ' Sniper ' Aim Higher In Actuals : International Box Office Update '' . Deadline . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( 10 February 2015 ) . `` ' Jupiter ' Ascends A Touch ; ' Exodus ' Crosses $200 M : Intl Box Office Actuals '' . Deadline . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( 17 February 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Dominates ; ' Kingsman ' Sees Action ; ' Mockingjay ' at $751 M+ Global -- Tuesday Update '' . Deadline . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( 24 February 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Still Sexy At Overseas Box Office ; Chinese New Year Festive For ' Kingsman ' -- In'tl B.O. Update '' . Deadline . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( 20 March 2015 ) . `` ' Cinderella ' Counts $337.3 M At Global Ball ; ' Insurgent ' Secures $178.2 M Worldwide -- Int'l B.O. Update '' . Deadline . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kingsman ' Targets $30 Million President 's Day Debut '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kingsman : The Secret Service Daily Box office '' . Box Office Mojo .",
"15": "Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` February 13 - 15 , 2015 Three day Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` February 13 - 16 , 2015 Four day Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kingsman ' Spies $42 Million President 's Day Debut '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kingsman : The Secret Service '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kingsman : The Secret Service Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2015 ) . `` Kingsman : The Secret Service ( 2015 ) - MRQE Metric - Critics Reviews '' . Movie Review Query Engine . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Kingsman : The Secret Service '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Kingsman : The Secret Service review -- dapper laughs in thrillingly adolescent 007 pastiche '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Kingsman : The Secret Service review -- a smirking , charmless spy spoof '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane , Anthony ( 16 February 2015 ) . `` Society of Men : ' Kingsman : The Secret Service ' and ' What We Do in the Shadows . ' '' The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( 12 February 2015 ) . `` Review : In ' Kingsman : The Secret Service , ' Colin Firth Get His Suits Splattered '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ward , Jason ( 27 January 2015 ) . `` Is Kingsman the most conservative comedy this century ? ''",
"16": ". The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Kingsman is a slick , gory spy pastiche -- just do n't think about it too hard '' . www.avclub.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Sobczynski , Peter ( 13 February 2015 ) . `` Kingsman : The Secret Service '' . rogerebert.com . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. `` Kingsman director Matthew Vaughn reveals the secrets behind the church scene , that sex joke , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Paul ( 4 February 2015 ) . `` Kingsman review : Ultra-violence of Colin Firth spy film bludgeons comedy into submission '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ # TBT to That Time Archer Met Kingsman Jump up ^ `` Kingsman Sequel ? Mark Millar Interview '' . YouTube . 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Maidy , Alex ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Matthew Vaughn Shares Details On Kingsman 2 and Kick - Ass 3 '' . Joblo . Jump up ^ `` Colin Firth Could Be Back For Kingsman : The Secret Service Sequel '' . Jump up ^ 2015 Jameson Empire Awards - Mark Strong . 30 March 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Kingsman 2 : Colin Firth Could Return '' . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( 29 April 2015 ) . `` ' Kingsman : The Secret Service ' Sequel in Works At Fox ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 11 June 2015 ) . `` Matthew Vaughn Says He 's Writing The ' Kingsman ' Sequel And May Direct '' . Indiewire.com . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Bovingdon , Edward ( 11 June 2015 ) . `` Matthew Vaughn Confirms Plans For Kingsman 2 ( Exclusive ) '' . Yahoo UK . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 30 September 2015 ) .",
"17": "`` ' Kingsman ' Star Creates Tug - of - War Between Lionsgate and Fox '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 17 February 2016 ) . `` Julianne Moore Circling Villain Role for Kingsman 2 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( 10 March 2016 ) . `` Halle Berry In Talks To Star In ' Kingsman 2 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Jaafer , Ali ( 18 March 2016 ) . `` Edward Holcroft To Return To Matthew Vaughn 's ' Kingsman 2 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( 29 March 2016 ) . `` ' Kingsman : The Secret Service ' Sequel Gets Title '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( 7 April 2016 ) . `` ' Kingsman 2 ' Poster Suggests a Certain Someone Is Returning After All '' . / Film . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( 7 April 2016 ) . `` Kingsman 2 Just Hinted At The Return Of A Major Character '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Cookson , Sophie ( 8 April 2016 ) . `` Mmm and here is another ... Welcome back to Roxy ! ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Games Of Thrones ' Pedro Pascal To Board ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 12 April 2016 ) . `` Elton John in Talks to Join ' Kingsman ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Channing Tatum on Twitter '' . twitter.com .",
"18": "Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Channing Tatum Joins the Cast of ' Kingsman ' Sequel '' . Variety . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Kingsman : The Secret Service Official website Kingsman : The Secret Service on IMDb Kingsman : The Secret Service at the TCM Movie Database Kingsman : The Secret Service at Box Office Mojo Kingsman : The Secret Service at Rotten Tomatoes Kingsman : The Secret Service at Metacritic Kingsman : The Secret Service at the Internet Movie Firearms Database Related topic navboxes Kingsman Films Kingsman : The Secret Service ( 2014 ) Kingsman : The Golden Circle ( 2017 ) Music Kingsman : The Secret Service Kingsman : The Golden Circle Other media Characters Matthew Vaughn Director Layer Cake ( 2004 ) Stardust ( 2007 ) Kick - Ass ( 2010 ) X-Men : First Class ( 2011 ) Kingsman : The Secret Service ( 2014 ) Kingsman : The Golden Circle ( 2017 ) Writer only The Debt ( 2010 , also producer ) X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) Producer only The Innocent Sleep ( 1996 ) Lock ,",
"19": "Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1998 ) Snatch ( 2000 ) Mean Machine ( 2001 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Harry Brown ( 2009 ) Kick - Ass 2 ( 2013 ) Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) Eddie the Eagle ( 2016 ) Production company Marv Films Mark Millar 2000 AD Big Dave Canon Fodder Red Razors DC Comics Aztek Superman Adventures Superman : Red Son Swamp Thing Zauriel Marvel Comics Civil War Marvel Knights Spider - Man Marvel 1985 Skrull Kill Krew Trouble Ultimate Comics : Avengers Ultimate Fantastic Four Ultimate X-Men Ultimates The Ultimates The Ultimates 2 Wolverine `` Old Man Logan '' Fantastic Four Other comics The Authority CLiNT Jenny Sparks : The Secret History of the Authority Jupiter 's Legacy Kick - Ass Hit - Girl Kick - Ass 2 Kick - Ass 3 Nemesis Saviour The Secret Service Starlight Superior The Unfunnies Wanted War Heroes Films Wanted Kick - Ass Kick - Ass 2 Kingsman : The Secret Service Captain America : Civil War Logan Kingsman : The Golden Circle Live - action theatrical films based on Marvel Comics Franchises Ant - Man Ant - Man Ant - Man and the Wasp Avengers The Avengers Avengers : Age of Ultron Avengers : Infinity War Untitled Avengers film production Blade Blade Blade II Blade : Trinity Captain America Captain America ( serial ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger Captain America : The Winter Soldier Captain America : Civil War Daredevil Daredevil Elektra Deadpool Deadpool Deadpool 2 Fantastic Four The Fantastic Four ( 1994 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) Ghost Rider Ghost Rider Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Vol.",
"20": "2 Hulk Hulk The Incredible Hulk Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Punisher The Punisher ( 1989 ) The Punisher ( 2004 ) Punisher : War Zone Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor Thor Thor : The Dark World Thor : Ragnarok Wolverine X-Men Origins : Wolverine The Wolverine Logan X-Men X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand X-Men : First Class X-Men : Days of Future Past X-Men : Apocalypse X-Men : Dark Phoenix Single films Howard the Duck Red Sonja Man - Thing Doctor Strange Black Panther The New Mutants Venom Franchises from Marvel Comics imprints Kick - Ass Kick - Ass Kick - Ass 2 Kingsman Kingsman : The Secret Service Kingsman : The Golden Circle Men in Black Men in Black Men in Black II Men in Black 3 See also Marvel Studios Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel One - Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King No Good Deed Empire Award for Best British Film Shallow Grave ( 1996 ) Trainspotting ( 1997 ) The Full Monty ( 1998 ) Lock ,",
"21": "Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1999 ) Notting Hill ( 2000 ) Billy Elliot ( 2001 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2002 ) 28 Days Later ( 2003 ) Love Actually ( 2004 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2005 ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2006 ) United 93 ( 2007 ) Atonement ( 2008 ) RocknRolla ( 2009 ) Harry Brown ( 2010 ) Kick - Ass ( 2011 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2012 ) Sightseers ( 2013 ) The World 's End ( 2014 ) Kingsman : The Secret Service ( 2015 ) Spectre ( 2016 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingsman:_The_Secret_Service&oldid=807299985 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s action films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy films 2010s spy films American films American action comedy films American coming - of - age films American spy films British films British action films British comedy films British coming - of - age films British spy films Fictional intelligence agencies Film scores by Henry Jackman Films about security and surveillance Films about terrorism Films based on American comics Films based on Marvel Comics Films based on works by Mark Millar Films directed by Matthew Vaughn Films set in 1997 Films set in 2014 Films set in Argentina Films set in Kentucky Films set in London Films set in the Middle East Films set in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Films set in Washington , D.C.",
"22": "Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in London Films shot in Surrey Films shot in Toronto IMAX films Prosthetics in fiction Screenplays by Jane Goldman Screenplays by Matthew Vaughn Shangri - La Entertainment films Spy comedy films Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) Use British English from February 2015 Use dmy dates from January 2015 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 03 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did the three little pigs come out
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[
"first published in 1890",
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"1886",
"c.1886"
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{
"0": "The three Little pigs - wikipedia The three Little pigs Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Three Little Pigs ( disambiguation ) . The Three Little Pigs The wolf blows down the straw house in a 1904 adaptation of the story . Illustration by Leonard Leslie Brooke . Folk tale Name The Three Little Pigs Data Aarne - Thompson grouping 124 Country England Related ' The Three Little Pigs is a fable about three pigs who build three houses of different materials . A big bad wolf blows down the first two pigs ' houses , made of straw and sticks respectively , but is unable to destroy the third pig 's house , made of bricks . Printed versions date back to the 1840s , but the story itself is thought to be much older . The phrases used in the story , and the various morals drawn from it , have become embedded in Western culture . Many versions of The Three Little Pigs have been recreated or have been modified over the years , sometimes making the wolf a kind character . It is a type 124 folktale in the Aarne -- Thompson classification system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Traditional versions 2 Later adaptations 2.1 Disney cartoon 2.2 Warner Brothers and MGM versions 2.3 Subsequent retellings 3 References 4 External links Traditional versions ( edit ) Illustration from J. Jacobs , English Fairy Tales ( New York , 1895 ) The Three Little Pigs was included in The Nursery Rhymes of England ( London and New York , c. 1886 ) , by James Halliwell - Phillipps . The story in its arguably best - known form appeared in English Fairy Tales by Joseph Jacobs , first published in 1890 and crediting Halliwell as his source . The story begins with the title characters being sent out into the world by their mother , to `` seek out their fortune '' . The first little pig builds a house of straw , but a wolf blows it down and devours him . The second little pig builds a house of sticks , which the wolf also blows down , and the second little pig is also devoured .",
"1": "Each exchange between wolf and pig features ringing proverbial phrases , namely : `` Little pig , little pig , let me come in . '' `` not by the hair on my chinny chin chin . '' `` Then I 'll huff , and I 'll puff , and I 'll blow your house down . '' The third little pig builds a house of bricks . The wolf fails to blow down the house . He then attempts to trick the pig out of the house by asking to meet him at various places , but he is outwitted each time . Finally , the wolf resolves to come down the chimney , whereupon the pig catches the wolf in a cauldron of boiling water , slams the lid on , then cooks and eats him . In some versions , the first and second little pigs are not eaten by the wolf after he demolishes their homes , but instead run to their brother 's house , and after the wolf goes down the chimney he either dies like in the original , or runs away and never returns to eat the three little pigs , who all survive in either case . The story uses the literary rule of three , expressed in this case as a `` contrasting three '' , as the third pig 's brick house turns out to be the only one which is adequate to withstand the wolf . Variations of the tale appeared in Uncle Remus : His Songs and Sayings in 1881 . The story also made an appearance in Nights with Uncle Remus in 1883 , both by Joel Chandler Harris , in which the pigs were replaced by Brer Rabbit . Andrew Lang included it in The Green Fairy Book , published in 1892 , but did not cite his source . In contrast to Jacobs 's version , which left the pigs nameless , Lang 's retelling cast the pigs as Browny , Whitey , and Blacky . It also set itself apart by exploring each pig 's character and detailing interaction between them . The antagonist of this version is a fox , not a wolf . The pigs ' houses are made either of mud , cabbage , or brick . Blacky , the third pig , rescues his brother and sister from the fox 's den after the fox has been defeated .",
"2": "Later adaptations ( edit ) Disney cartoon ( edit ) Main article : The Three Little Pigs ( film ) The most well - known version of the story is an award - winning 1933 Silly Symphony cartoon , which was produced by Walt Disney . The production cast the title characters as Fifer Pig , Fiddler Pig , and Practical Pig . The first two are depicted as both frivolous and arrogant . The story has been somewhat softened . The first two pigs still get their houses blown down , but escape from the wolf . Also , the wolf is not boiled to death but simply burns his behind and runs away . Three sequels soon followed in 1934 , 1936 and 1939 respectively . Fifer Pig , Fiddler Pig , Practical Pig and the Big Bad Wolf appeared in the 2001 series Disney 's House of Mouse in many episodes , and again in Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse . The three pigs can be seen in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts as greetable characters . Warner Brothers and MGM versions ( edit ) In 1942 , there was a Merrie Melodies version made that was a serious musical treatment , plus the usual Friz Freleng visual humor . It parodies both the Disney version , and Fantasia itself . Other versions of the tale were also made . One was an MGM Tex Avery cartoon named Blitz Wolf , a 1942 wartime version with the Wolf as a Nazi . Another animated spoof was a 1952 Warner Brothers cartoon called The Turn - Tale Wolf , directed by Robert McKimson . This cartoon tells the story from the wolf 's point of view and makes the pigs out to be the villains . Another Warner Brothers spoof was Friz Freleng 's The Three Little Bops ( 1957 ) , which depicts the three little pigs as jazz musicians who refuse to let the wolf join their band . Subsequent retellings ( edit ) In 1953 , Tex Avery did a Droopy cartoon , `` The Three Little Pups '' . In it , the wolf is a Southern - speaking dog catcher ( voiced by Daws Butler ) trying to catch Droopy and his brothers , Snoopy and Loopy , to put in the dog pound .",
"3": "Though successfully blowing the first two houses down , he meets his match when he fails to blow down Droopy 's house of bricks . The dog catcher makes several failed attempts to destroy the house and catch the pups . His last failed attempt ended with him `` going to television '' where he is playing a cowboy on the TV show the pups were watching . The 1989 parody , The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs ! , is presented as a first - person narrative by the wolf , who portrays the entire incident as a misunderstanding ; he had gone to the pigs to borrow some sugar , had destroyed their houses in a sneezing fit , ate the first two pigs to not waste food ( since they 'd died in the house collapse anyway ) , and was caught attacking the third pig 's house after the pig had continually insulted him . The 1992 Green Jellö song , Three Little Pigs ( and its claymation music video ) sets the story in Los Angeles . The wolf drives a Harley Davidson motorcycle , the first little pig is an aspiring guitarist , the second is a cannabis smoking , dumpster diving evangelist and the third holds a Master of Architecture degree from Harvard University . In the end , with all three pigs barricaded in the brick house , the third pig calls 9 - 1 - 1 . John Rambo is dispatched to the scene , and kills the wolf with a machine gun . The 1993 children 's book The Three Little Wolves and the Big Bad Pig inverts the cast and makes a few changes to the plot : the wolves build a brick house , then a concrete house , then a steel house , and finally a house of flowers . The pig is unable to blow the houses down , destroying them by other means , but eventually gives up his wicked ways when he smells the scent of the flower house , and becomes friends with the wolves . The three pigs and the wolf appear in the four Shrek films , and the specials Shrek the Halls and Scared Shrekless . In 2003 the Flemish company Studio 100 created a musical called Three Little Pigs ( Dutch : De 3 Biggetjes ) , which follows the three daughters of the pig with the house of stone with new original songs , introducing a completely new story loosely based on the original story .",
"4": "The musical was specially written for the band K3 , who play the three little pigs , Pirky , Parky and Porky ( Dutch : Knirri , Knarri and Knorri ) . In 2014 Peter Lund let the three little pigs live together in a village in the musical Grimm with Little Red Riding Hood and other fairy tale characters . In 2015 Saturn Animation Studio , Canada , has produced an interactive adaptation of Three Little Pigs for all mobile devices . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ashliman , Professor D.L. `` Three Little Pigs and other folktales of Aarne - Thompson - Uther type 124 '' . Folklore and Mythology Electronic Texts . University of Pittsburgh . Retrieved 25 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Tatar , Maria ( 2002 ) . The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 206 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05163 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Joseph ( 1890 ) . English Fairy Tales . Oxford University . pp. 68 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Booker , Christopher ( 2005 ) . `` The Rule of Three '' . The Seven Basic Plots : Why We Tell Stories . Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 230 -- 231 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Steven ( November 1996 ) . `` In search of the real three little pigs - different versions of the story ' The Three Little Pigs ' '' . Washington Monthly . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Three Little Pigs Wikimedia Commons has media related to Three little pigs . The nursery rhymes of England By James Orchard Halliwell - Phillipps , pp. 37 -- 41 on books.google.com Three Little Pigs fairy tale with an interactive twist The Story of the Three Little Pigs in The nursery rhymes of England , by Halliwell , pp.",
"5": "37 -- 41 on Archive.org The Three Little Pigs : Pleasure principle versus reality principle , from : The Uses of Enchantment , The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales , by Bruno Bettelheim , Vintage Books , NY , 1975 19th century versions of the Three Little Pigs story The Golden Goose Book : The Story of the Three Little Pigs from Google books Three Little Pigs The fairy tale , lushly illustrated in The Colorful Story Book of 1941 . MP3 of the song `` Who 's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf '' The Adventures of the Three Little Pigs , interactive Book '' The Three Little Pigs at The Big Cartoon DataBase Pigs Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Suborder Suina Family Suidae Subfamily Suinae Genus Sus Domestic Breeding Shows Farming Intensive farming Sty Pannage Toilet Hog oiler Gestation crate Cross-fostering Swineherd As food Bacon Ham Lard Pork Scalder Slaughter Suckling Blood Religious restrictions Cuts Back bacon Boston butt Fatback Ham hock Pig 's trotters Pork belly Pork chop Pork jowl Loin Tenderloin Ribs Spare ribs Pork rind Pork steak Ear Tail Other uses Bladder Racing War Wrestling Truffling Wild and Feral Wild boar Heraldry Hunting In the Philippines Razorback Pigs in culture Iron Age pig Flitch of bacon custom Miss Piggy Porky Pig Piglet `` The Three Little Pigs '' Animal Farm Old Major Napoleon Snowball Squealer Babe Babe : Pig in the City Bad Piggies My Brother the Pig Charlotte 's Web The Sheep - Pig Peppa Pig Super Pig Fair , then Partly Piggy Jakers !",
"6": "The Adventures of Piggley Winks Olivia ( character TV series ) Pink Floyd pigs Pinky and Perky Preston Pig Rasher Spider - Ham The Tale of Little Pig Robinson The Tale of Pigling Bland `` This Little Piggy '' Huxley Pig Wibbly Pig Zhu Bajie Other List of pigs List of fictional pigs Piganino Pigasus ( politics ) `` When pigs fly '' Pigs The Three Little Pigs Film The Three Little Pigs ( 1933 ) The Big Bad Wolf ( 1934 ) Three Little Wolves ( 1936 ) The Practical Pig ( 1939 ) Unstable Fables ( 2008 ) Stage De 3 Biggetjes ( 2003 musical ) Parody films Blitz Wolf ( 1942 ) Pigs in a Polka ( 1943 ) The Windblown Hare ( 1949 ) Three Little Bops ( 1957 ) Parody books The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs ! ( 1989 ) The Three Little Wolves and the Big Bad Pig ( 1993 ) The Three Pigs ( 2001 ) Games Oink ! Songs `` Who 's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf ? ''",
"7": "( 1933 ) `` Three Little Pigs '' ( 1991 ) Story in story Season 's Greetings Related San zhi xiao zhu Big Bad Wolf ( character ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Three_Little_Pigs&oldid=806832667 '' Categories : Fictional pigs Fables English fairy tales English folklore Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Animal tales Characters in fairy tales Pigs in literature Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing Dutch - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Перем Коми Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 12 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
7,
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7429441805782246560
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where does the term the west come from
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[
"the Roman Empire"
] |
{
"0": "Western world - Wikipedia Western world Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Western World ( disambiguation ) . `` Westerners '' and `` Occident '' redirect here . For historical politics in Korea , see Westerners ( Korean political faction ) . For other uses , see Occident ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Western Hemisphere or Western bloc . See also : Western culture and Westernization Western world defined as the Anglosphere and the European Single Market The Parthenon , Athens , Greece The Pantheon , Rome , Italy The Western world , or simply the West , refers to various nations , depending on the context , most often including at least part of Europe . There are many accepted definitions based on commonalities . The Western world is also known as the Occident ( from Latin : occidens `` sunset , West '' , as contrasted with Orient ) . The concept of the Western part of the Earth has its roots in the Greco - Roman world in Europe , Judaism and the advent of Christianity in Ancient Israel . In the modern era , Western culture has been heavily influenced by the traditions of the Renaissance , Protestant Reformation , and Age of Enlightenment -- and shaped by the expansive imperialism and colonialism of the 15th to 20th centuries . Before the Cold War era , the traditional Western viewpoint identified Western Civilization with the Western Christian ( Catholic - Protestant ) countries and culture . Its political usage was temporarily changed by the antagonism during the Cold War in the mid-to - late 20th century ( 1947 -- 1991 ) . The term originally had a literal geographic meaning . It contrasted Europe with the cultures and civilisations of the Middle East and North Africa , Sub-Saharan Africa , South Asia , Southeast Asia , and the remote Far East which early - modern Europeans saw as the East . In the contemporary cultural meaning , the phrase Western world includes Europe , as well as many countries of European colonial origin with substantial European ancestral populations in the Americas and Oceania .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 Western culture 3 Historical divisions 3.1 Hellenic 3.2 Roman Empire 3.3 Christian schism 3.4 Colonial `` West '' 3.5 Cold War context 4 Modern definitions 4.1 Cultural definition 4.2 Modern political definition 4.3 Economic definition 5 Other views 5.1 Definition by the statistics bureau of Norway 5.2 Turkey 6 Maps 6.1 Europe 6.2 World 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading Introduction ( edit ) Western culture was influenced by many older great civilizations of the ancient Near East , such as Phoenicia , Minoan Crete , Sumer , Babylonia , and also Ancient Egypt . It originated in the Mediterranean basin and its vicinity ; Greece and Rome are often cited as its originators . Over time , their associated empires grew first to the east and west to include the rest of the Mediterranean and Black Sea coastal areas , conquering and absorbing . Later , they expanded to the north of the Mediterranean Sea to include Western , Central , and Southeastern Europe . Christianisation of Ireland ( 5th century ) , Bulgaria , Serbia ( 9th century ) , Kievan Rus ' ( Russia , Ukraine , Belarus ; 10th century ) , Scandinavia ( 12th century ) and Lithuania ( 14th century ) brought the rest of present - day European territory into Western civilisation . Historians , such as Carroll Quigley in The Evolution of Civilizations , contend that Western civilization was born around 500 AD , after the total collapse of the Western Roman Empire , leaving a vacuum for new ideas to flourish that were impossible in Classical societies . In either view , between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Renaissance , the West ( or those regions that would later become the heartland of the culturally `` western sphere '' ) experienced a period of first , considerable decline , and then readaptation , reorientation and considerable renewed material , technological and political development .",
"2": "This whole period of roughly a millennium is known as the Middle Ages , its early part forming the `` Dark Ages '' , designations that were created during the Renaissance and reflect the perspective on history , and the self - image , of the latter period . The knowledge of the ancient Western world was partly preserved during this period due to the survival of the Eastern Roman Empire and the institutions of the Catholic Church ; it was also greatly expanded by the Arab importation of both the Ancient Greco - Roman and new technology through the Arabs from India and China to Europe . Since the Renaissance , the West evolved beyond the influence of the ancient Greeks and Romans and the Islamic world due to the Commercial , Scientific , and Industrial Revolutions , and the expansion of the peoples of Western and Central European empires , and particularly the globe - spanning empires of the 18th and 19th centuries . Numerous times , this expansion was accompanied by Christian missionaries , who attempted to proselytize Christianity . Generally speaking , the current consensus would locate the West , at the very least , in the cultures and peoples of Europe ( at least the European Union member states , EFTA countries , European microstates ) , the United States , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and parts of Latin America . There is debate among some as to whether Latin America is in a category of its own . The Russian culture ( particularly literature , music , painting , philosophy and architecture ) is classified as a part of the Western culture . Western culture ( edit ) Main articles : Western culture , Western literature , Western art history , and Classical music Further information : History of Western civilization History of Western philosophy Western philosophy By era Pre-Socratic Ancient Medieval Renaissance Modern Contemporary By century 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st See also Religious philosophy Buddhist Christian Hindu Islamic Jewish Sikh Eastern philosophy Chinese Indian Iranian Japanese Korean Western culture Western world The term `` Western culture '' is used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms , ethical values , traditional customs , religious beliefs , political systems , and specific artifacts and technologies . Specifically , Western culture may imply : a Biblical Christian cultural influence in spiritual thinking , customs and either ethic or moral traditions , around the Post-Classical Era and after .",
"3": "European cultural influences concerning artistic , musical , folkloric , ethic and oral traditions , whose themes have been further developed by Romanticism . a Graeco - Roman Classical and Renaissance cultural influence , concerning artistic , philosophic , literary , and legal themes and traditions , the cultural social effects of migration period and the heritages of Celtic , Germanic , Slavic and other ethnic groups , as well as a tradition of rationalism in various spheres of life , developed by Hellenistic philosophy , Scholasticism , Humanisms , the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment . The concept of Western culture is generally linked to the classical definition of the Western world . In this definition , Western culture is the set of literary , scientific , political , artistic and philosophical principles that set it apart from other civilizations . Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the Western canon . The term has come to apply to countries whose history is strongly marked by European immigration or settlement , such as the Americas , and Oceania , and is not restricted to Europe . Some tendencies that define modern Western societies are the existence of political pluralism , laicism , generalization of middle class , prominent subcultures or countercultures ( such as New Age movements ) , increasing cultural syncretism resulting from globalization and human migration . The modern shape of these societies is strongly based upon the Industrial Revolution and the societies ' associated social and environmental problems , such as class and pollution , as well as reactions to them , such as syndicalism and environmentalism . Historical divisions ( edit ) The geopolitical divisions in Europe that created a concept of East and West originated in the Roman Empire . The Eastern Mediterranean was home to the highly urbanized cultures that had Greek as their common language ( owing to the older empire of Alexander the Great and of the Hellenistic successors ) , whereas the West was much more rural in its character and more readily adopted Latin as its common language . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , Western and Central Europe were substantially cut off from the East where Byzantine Greek culture and Eastern Christianity became founding influences in the Arab / Muslim world and among the Eastern and Southern Slavic peoples . Roman Catholic Western and Central Europe , as such , maintained a distinct identity particularly as it began to redevelop during the Renaissance .",
"4": "Even following the Protestant Reformation , Protestant Europe continued to see itself as more tied to Roman Catholic Europe than other parts of the perceived civilized world . Use of the term West as a specific cultural and geopolitical term developed over the course of the Age of Exploration as Europe spread its culture to other parts of the world . In the past two centuries the term Western world has sometimes been used synonymously with Christian world because of the numerical dominance of Roman Catholicism and Protestantism compared to other Christian traditions , ancient Roman ideas , and heresies . As secularism rose in Europe and elsewhere during the 19th and 20th centuries , the term West came to take on less religious connotations and more political connotations , especially during the Cold War . Additionally , closer contacts between the West and Asia and other parts of the world in recent times have continued to cloud the use and meaning of the term . Hellenic ( edit ) The Ancient Greek world , c. 550 BC The Hellenic division between the barbarians and the Greeks contrasted in many societies the Greek - speaking culture of the Greek settlements around the Mediterranean to the surrounding non-Greek cultures . Herodotus considered the Persian Wars of the early 5th century BC a conflict of Europa versus Asia ( which he considered all land north and east of the Sea of Marmara , respectively ) . The terms `` West '' and `` East '' were not used by any Greek author to describe that conflict . The anachronistic application of those terms to that division entails a stark logical contradiction , given that , when the term `` West '' appeared , it was used in opposition to the Greeks and Greek - speaking culture . Western society traces its cultural origins , at least partially , to Greek thought and Christian religion , thus following an evolution that began in ancient Greece and the Levant , continued through the Roman Empire , and spread throughout Europe . The inherently `` Greek '' classical ideas of history ( which one might easily say they invented ) and art may , however , be considered almost inviolate in the West , as their original spread of influence survived the Hellenic period of Roman classical antiquity , the Dark Ages , its resurgence during the Western Renaissance , and has managed somehow to keep and exert its pervasive influence down into the present age , with every expectation of it continuing to dominate any secular Western cultural developments .",
"5": "However , the conquest of the Western parts of the Roman Empire by Germanic peoples and the subsequent dominance by the Western Christian Papacy ( which held combined political and spiritual authority , a state of affairs absent from Greek civilization in all its stages ) , resulted in a rupture of the previously existing ties between the Latin West and Greek thought , including Christian Greek thought . The Great Schism and the Fourth Crusade confirmed this deviation . On the other hand , the Modern West , emerging after the Renaissance as a new civilization , has been greatly influenced by ( its own interpretation of ) Greek thought , which was preserved in the Roman Empire and the medieval Islamic world during the Medieval West 's Dark Ages and transmitted from there by emigration of Greek scholars , courtly marriages , and Latin translations . The Renaissance in the West emerged partly from currents within the Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire . Roman Empire ( edit ) Main article : Roman Empire The Roman Empire in 210 AD , at its greatest extent under Septimius Severus ( its vassals in pink ) The Roman Empire under Trajan in 117 AD Ancient Rome ( 510 BC -- AD 476 ) was a civilization that grew from a city - state founded on the Italian Peninsula about the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea . In its 12 - century existence , Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy , to a republic , to an autocratic empire . It came to dominate Western , Central and Southeastern Europe and the entire area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea through conquest using the Roman legions and then through cultural assimilation by giving Roman privileges and eventually citizenship to the whole empire . Nonetheless , despite its great legacy , a number of factors led to the eventual decline of the Roman Empire . The Western Roman Empire provinces eventually were replaced by Germanic ruled kingdoms in the 5th century AD due to civil wars , corruption , and devastating Germanic invasions from such tribes as the Goths , the Franks and the Vandals . The Eastern Roman Empire , governed from Constantinople , is usually referred to as the Byzantine Empire after 476 , the traditional date for the `` fall of the Western Roman Empire '' and for the beginning of the Early Middle Ages . The Eastern Roman Empire survived the fall of the West , and protected Roman legal and cultural traditions , combining them with Greek and Christian elements , for another thousand years .",
"6": "The name Byzantine Empire was used after the Byzantine Empire ended , the inhabitants of the Byzantine Empire continued to call themselves Romans . Plato , Seneca and Aristotle in a medieval manuscript illustration The Roman Empire succeeded the approximately 500 - year - old Roman Republic ( 510 BC -- 1st century BC ) , which had been weakened by the conflict between Gaius Marius and Sulla and the civil war of Julius Caesar against Pompey and Marcus Brutus . During these struggles hundreds of senators were killed , and the Roman Senate had been refilled with loyalists of the First Triumvirate and later those of the Second Triumvirate . Several dates are commonly proposed to mark the transition from Republic to Empire , including the date of Julius Caesar 's appointment as perpetual Roman dictator ( 44 BC ) , the victory of Caesar 's heir Octavian at the Battle of Actium ( 2 , 31 September BC ) , and the Roman Senate 's granting to Octavian the honorific Augustus. ( 16 , 27 January BC ) . Octavian / Augustus officially proclaimed that he had saved the Roman Republic and carefully disguised his power under republican forms : Consuls continued to be elected , tribunes of the plebeians continued to offer legislation , and senators still debated in the Roman Curia . However , it was Octavian who influenced everything and controlled the final decisions , and in final analysis , had the legions to back him up , if it became necessary . Roman expansion began long before the empire and reached its zenith under emperor Trajan with the conquest of Dacia in AD 106 . During this territorial peak , the Roman Empire controlled about 5 900 000 km2 ( 2,300,000 sq. mi . ) of land surface and had a population of 100 million . From the time of Caesar to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire , Rome dominated Western Eurasia ( as well as the Mediterranean coast of northern Africa ) comprising the majority of its population , and trading with population living outside it through trade routes . Ancient Rome has contributed greatly to the development of law , war , art , literature , architecture , technology and language in the Western world , and its history continues to have a major influence on the world today .",
"7": "Latin language has been the base from which Roman languages evolved and it has been the official language of the Catholic Church and all Catholic religious ceremonies all over Europe until 1967 , as well as an or the official language of countries such as Poland ( 9th -- 18th centuries ) . The Roman Empire is where the idea of the `` West '' began to emerge . Due to Rome 's central location at the heart of the Empire , `` West '' and `` East '' were terms used to denote provinces West and east of the capital itself . Therefore , Iberia ( Portugal and Spain ) , Gaul ( France ) , Mediterranean coast of North Africa ( Tunisia , Algeria , and Morocco ) and Britannia were all part of the `` West '' , while Greece , Cyprus , Anatolia , Lebanon , Syria , Israel , Palestine , Egypt , and Libya were part of the `` East '' . Italy itself was considered central , until the reforms of Diocletian , with the idea of formally dividing the Empire into true two halves : Eastern and Western . In 395 , the Roman Empire formally split into a Western Roman Empire and an Eastern one , each with their own emperors , capitals , and governments , although ostensibly they still belonged to one formal Empire . The dissolution of the Western half ( nominally in 476 , but in truth a long process that ended by 500 ) left only the Eastern Roman Empire alive . For centuries , the East continued to call themselves Eastern Romans , while the West began to think in terms of Latins ( those living in the old Western Empire ) and Greeks ( those inside the Roman remnant to the east ) . Christian Schism ( edit ) Main article : East -- West Schism This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( September 2015 ) The religious distribution in 1054 In the early 4th century , the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great established the city of Constantinople as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire . The Eastern Roman Empire included lands east of the Adriatic Sea and bordering on the Eastern Mediterranean and parts of the Black Sea .",
"8": "This division into Eastern and Western Roman Empires was reflected in the administration of the Roman Catholic and Eastern Greek Orthodox churches , with Rome and Constantinople debating over whether either city was the capital of Western religion . As the Eastern ( Orthodox ) and Western ( firstly Catholic , then Protestant as well ) churches spread their influence , the line between Eastern and Western Christianity was moving . Its movement was affected by the influence of the Byzantine empire and the fluctuating power and influence of the Catholic church in Rome . Beginning in the Middle Ages religious cultural hegemony slowly waned in Europe generally . This process may have prompted the geographic line of religious division to approximately follow a line of cultural divide . The influential American conservative political scientist , adviser and academic Samuel P. Huntington argued that this cultural division still existed during the Cold War as the approximate Western boundary of those countries that were allied with the Soviet Union . Others have fiercely criticized these views arguing they confuse the Eastern Roman Empire with Russia , especially considering the fact that the country that had the most historical roots in Byzantium , Greece , expelled communists and was allied with the West during the Cold War . Still , Russia accepted Eastern Christianity from the Byzantine Empire ( by the Patriarch of Constantinople : Photios I ) linking Russia very close to the Eastern Roman Empire world . Later on , in 16th century Russia created its own religious centre in Moscow . Religion survived in Russia beside severe persecution carrying values alternative to the communist ideology . Under Charlemagne , the Franks established an empire that was recognized as the Holy Roman Empire by the Pope in Rome , offending the Roman Emperor in Constantinople . The crowning of the Emperor by the Pope led to the assumption that the highest power was the papal hierarchy , establishing , until the Protestant Reformation , the civilization of West Christendom . The Latin Rite Catholic Church of western and central Europe headed by the Pope split with the eastern , Greek - speaking Patriarchates during the Great Schism . Meanwhile , the extent of each expanded , as British Isles , Germanic peoples , Bohemia , Poland , Hungary , Scandinavia , Baltic peoples and the other non-Christian lands of the northwest were converted by the Western Church , while Greece , Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia , Montenegro , Russia , Belarus , Ukraine , and Georgia were converted by the Eastern Church .",
"9": "In this context , the Protestant reformation may be viewed as a schism within the Catholic Church . Martin Luther , in the wake of precursors , broke with the pope and with the emperor , backed by many of the German princes in an attempt to reform corruption within the church . These changes were adopted by the Scandinavian kings . Later , the commoner Jean Cauvin ( John Calvin ) assumed the religio - political leadership in Geneva , a former ecclesiastical city whose prior ruler had been the bishop . The English King later improvised on the Lutheran model , but subsequently many Calvinist doctrines were adopted by popular dissenters , leading to the English Civil War . Both royalists and dissenters colonized North America , eventually resulting in an independent United States of America . Colonial `` West '' ( edit ) The Reformation , and consequent dissolution of West Christendom as even a theoretical unitary political body , resulted in the Thirty Years War . The war ended in the Peace of Westphalia , which enshrined the concept of the nation - state and the principle of absolute national sovereignty in international law . The Industrial Revolution , which began in Great Britain in the mid 18th to early 19th century , forever modified the economy worldwide . These concepts of a world of nation - states , coupled with the ideologies of the Enlightenment , the coming of modernity , the Scientific Revolution , and the Industrial Revolution , produced powerful political and economic institutions that have come to influence ( or been imposed upon ) most nations of the world today . Historians agree that the Industrial Revolution was one of the most important events in history . This process of influence ( and imposition ) began with the voyages of discovery , colonization , conquest , and exploitation of Portugal and Spain it continued with the rise of the Dutch East India Company , and the creation and expansion of the British and French colonial empires . Due to the reach of these empires , Western institutions expanded throughout the world . Even after demands for self - determination from subject peoples within Western empires were met with decolonization , these institutions persisted . One specific example was the requirement that post-colonial societies were made to form nation - states ( in the Western tradition ) , which often created arbitrary boundaries and borders that did not necessarily represent a whole nation , people , or culture , and are often the cause of international conflicts and friction even to this day .",
"10": "Though the overt colonial era has passed , Western nations , as comparatively rich , well - armed , and culturally powerful states , still wield a large degree of influence throughout the world . Although not part of Western colonization process proper , Western culture entered Japan primarily in the so - called Meiji period ( 1868 -- 1912 ) , though earlier contact with the Portuguese , the Spaniards and the Dutch were also present in the recognition of European nations as strategically important to the Japanese . The traditional Japanese society was virtually overturned into an industrial and militarist power like Western countries such as the United Kingdom , the French Third Republic , and the German Empire . Cold War context ( edit ) During the Cold War , a new definition emerged . Earth was divided into three `` worlds '' . The First World , analogous in this context to what was called the West , was composed of NATO members and other countries aligned with the United States . The Second World was the Eastern bloc in the Soviet sphere of influence , including the Soviet Union ( 15 republics including presently independent Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania ) and Warsaw Pact countries like Poland , Bulgaria , Hungary , Romania , East Germany ( now united with Germany ) , Czechoslovakia ( now split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia ) . The Third World consisted of countries , many of which were unaligned with either , and important members included India , Yugoslavia , Finland ( Finlandization ) and Switzerland ( Swiss Neutrality ) ; some include the People 's Republic of China , though this is disputed , since the People 's Republic of China , as communist , had friendly relations -- at certain times -- with the Soviet bloc , and had a significant degree of importance in global geopolitics . Some Third World countries aligned themselves with either the US - led West or the Soviet - led Eastern bloc . European trade blocs as of the late 1980s . EEC member states are marked in blue , EFTA -- green , and Comecon -- red . East and West in 1980 , as defined by the Cold War . The Cold War had divided Europe politically into East and West , with the Iron Curtain splitting Central Europe . A number of countries did not fit comfortably into this neat definition of partition , including Switzerland , Sweden , Austria , and Ireland , which chose to be neutral .",
"11": "Finland was under the Soviet Union 's military sphere of influence ( see FCMA treaty ) but remained neutral and was not communist , nor was it a member of the Warsaw Pact or Comecon but a member of the EFTA since 1986 , and was west of the Iron Curtain . In 1955 , when Austria again became a fully independent republic , it did so under the condition that it remain neutral , but as a country to the west of the Iron Curtain , it was in the United States ' sphere of influence . Spain did not join the NATO until 1982 , towards the end of the Cold War and after the death of the authoritarian Franco . Modern definitions ( edit ) The exact scope of the Western world is somewhat subjective in nature , depending on whether cultural , economic , spiritual or political criteria are employed . Many anthropologists , sociologists and historians oppose `` the West and the Rest '' in a categorical manner . The same has been done by Malthusian demographers with a sharp distinction between European and non-European family systems . Among anthropologists , this includes Durkheim , Dumont and Lévi - Strauss . As the term `` Western world '' does not have a strict international definition , governments do not use the term in legislation of international treaties and instead rely on other definitions . Cultural definition ( edit ) Further information : Western culture and Culture of Europe Latin alphabet world distribution . The dark green areas shows the countries where this alphabet is the sole main script . The light green shows the countries where the alphabet co-exists with other scripts . In addition , nearly all languages which do n't regularly use the Latin alphabet have romanization systems . From a cultural and sociological approach the Western world is defined as including all cultures that are directly derived from and influenced by European cultures , i.e. Europe ( at least the European Union member states , EFTA countries , European microstates ) ; in the Americas ( e.g. Argentina , Brazil , Canada , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Panama , Mexico , United States of America and Uruguay ) , in Africa ( South Africa ) , and in Oceania ( Australia and New Zealand ) . Together these countries constitute Western society .",
"12": "In the 20th century , Christianity declined in influence in many Western countries , mostly in the European Union where some member states have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent years , and also elsewhere . Secularism ( separating religion from politics and science ) increased . However , while church attendance is in decline , in some western countries ( i.e. Italy , Poland and Portugal ) more than half the people state that religion is important , and most Westerners nominally identify themselves as Christians ( e.g. 59 % in the United Kingdom ) and attend church on major occasions , such as Christmas and Easter . In the Americas , Christianity continues to play an important societal role , though in areas such as Canada , low level of religiosity is common as a result of experiencing processes of secularization similar to European ones . The official religions of the United Kingdom and some Nordic countries are forms of Christianity , even though the majority of European countries have no official religion . Despite this , Christianity , in its different forms , remains the largest faith in most Western countries . Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western world , where 70 % are Christians . A 2011 Pew Research Center survey found that 76 % of Europeans , 73 % in Oceania , and about 86 % in the Americas ( 90 % in Latin America and 77 % in North America ) described themselves as Christians . Modern political definition ( edit ) Legal systems of the world Countries of the Western world are generally considered to share certain fundamental political ideologies , including those of liberal democracy , the rule of law , human rights and gender equality . All of these are prerequisites , for example , for a state to become a full member of the European Union and therefore from a modern political point of view all European Union member states from Western , Central and Eastern Europe are considered part of the Western world .",
"13": "Economic definition ( edit ) Though the Cold War has ended , and some members of the former Eastern Bloc make a general movement towards liberal democracy and other beliefs held in common by traditionally Western states , most of the former Soviet republics ( except Baltic states ) are not considered Western because of the small presence of social and political reform , as well as the significant cultural , economic and political differences to what is known today as described by the term `` The West '' : United States of America and Canada , European Union and European Free Trade Association member states , Australia and New Zealand . The term `` Western world '' is sometimes interchangeably used with the term First World or developed countries , stressing the difference between First World and the Third World or developing countries . This usage occurs despite the fact that many countries that may be culturally `` Western '' are developing countries -- in fact , a significant percentage of the Americas are developing countries . It is also used despite many developed countries or regions not being Western ( e.g. , Japan , South Korea , Taiwan , Singapore , Hong Kong , Macao , Qatar , Israel ) , and therefore left out when `` Western world '' is used to denote developed countries . The existence of `` The North '' implies the existence of `` The South '' , and the socio - economic divide between North and South . The term `` the North '' has in some contexts replaced earlier usage of the term `` the West '' , particularly in the critical sense , as a more robust demarcation than the terms `` West '' and `` East '' . The North provides some absolute geographical indicators for the location of wealthy countries , most of which are physically situated in the Northern Hemisphere , although , as most countries are located in the northern hemisphere in general , some have considered this distinction equally unhelpful . The 35 high - income countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , which include : Australia , Canada , Iceland , Israel , Japan , New Zealand , Norway , South Korea , Switzerland , the United States and the countries of the EU ( except for : Bulgaria , Croatia , Cyprus , Lithuania , Malta and Romania ) , are generally included in what used to be called developed world , although the OECD includes countries , namely Chile , Mexico and Turkey , that are not yet fully industrial countries , but newly industrialised countries .",
"14": "Although Andorra , Cyprus , Hong Kong , Macau , Malta , Liechtenstein , Monaco , San Marino , Singapore , Taiwan and Vatican City , are not members of the OECD , they might also be regarded as developed countries , because of their high living standards , high per capita incomes , and their social , economic and political structure are quite similar to those of the high income OECD countries . Other views ( edit ) The clash of civilizations according to Samuel P. Huntington ( 1996 ) , as presented in the book . Huntington 's map of major civilizations . What constitutes Western civilization in his view is coloured dark blue , although he considers that Latin America ( shown in purple ) might be either an additional part of the West or a separate civilization akin to the West . Turkey , Russia and Mexico were considered `` torn countries '' that are either already part of the West or in the process of joining the West . A series of scholars of civilization , including Arnold J. Toynbee , Alfred Kroeber , and Carroll Quigley have identified and analyzed `` Western civilization '' as one of the civilizations that have historically existed and still exist today . Toynbee entered into quite an expansive mode , including as candidates those countries or cultures who became so heavily influenced by the West as to adopt these borrowings into their very self - identity ; carried to its limit , this would in practice include almost everyone within the West , in one way or another . In particular , Toynbee refers to the intelligentsia formed among the educated elite of countries impacted by the European expansion of centuries past . While often pointedly nationalist , these cultural and political leaders interacted within the West to such an extent as to change both themselves and the West . The theologian and paleontologist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin conceived of the West as the set of civilizations descended from the Nile Valley Civilization of Egypt . Palestinian - American literary critic Edward Said uses the term occident in his discussion of orientalism . According to his binary , the West , or Occident , created a romanticized vision of the East , or Orient to justify colonial and imperialist intentions . This Occident - Orient binary focuses on the Western vision of the East instead of any truths about the East . His theories are rooted in Hegel 's Master - slave dialectic : The Occident would not exist without the Orient and vice versa .",
"15": "Further , Western writers created this irrational , feminine , weak `` Other '' to contrast with the rational , masculine , strong West because of a need to create a difference between the two that would justify imperialist ambitions , Said influenced Indian - American theorist Homi K. Bhabha . The term the `` West '' may also be used pejoratively by certain tendencies and especially critical of the influence of the traditional West , due to the history of most of the members of the traditional West being previously involved , at one time or another , in outright imperialism and colonialism . Some of these critics also claim that the traditional West has continued to engage in what might be viewed as modern implementations of imperialism and colonialism , such as neoliberalism and globalization . ( It should be noted that many Westerners who subscribe to a positive view of the traditional West are also very critical of neoliberalism and globalization , for their allegedly negative effects on both the developed and developing world . ) Allegedly , definitions of the term `` Western world '' that some may consider `` ethnocentric '' others consider `` constructed '' around one or another Western culture . The British writer Rudyard Kipling wrote about this contrast : East is East and West is West and never the twain shall meet , expressing his belief that somebody from the West `` can never understand the Asian cultures '' as the latter `` differ too much '' from the Western cultures . Some may view this alleged incompatibility as a precursor to Huntington 's `` clash of civilizations '' theory . From a very different perspective , it has also been argued that the idea of the West is , in part , a non-Western invention , deployed in the non-West to shape and define non-Western pathways through or against modernity . Definition by the statistics bureau of Norway ( edit ) The official statistics bureau of Norway , Statistics Norway , has used a definition of the `` West '' as `` EU28 / EEA , United States , Canada , Australia and New Zealand '' , and a definition of the `` Rest of the World '' as `` Asia , Africa , Latin America , Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand , and Europe outside EU / EEA '' , for the purpose of immigration statistics .",
"16": "Turkey ( edit ) Turkey , an EU candidate , and member states of NATO , in the European Union -- Turkey Customs Union According to Samuel P. Huntington , Turkey , whose political leadership has systematically tried to Westernize the predominantly Muslim country with only 3 % of its territory within Europe since the 1920s , is his chief example of a `` torn country '' that is attempting to join Western civilization . The country 's elite started the Westernization efforts , beginning with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , who took power as the first president of the modern Turkish nation - state in 1923 , imposed western institutions and dress , removed the Arabic alphabet and embraced the Latin alphabet , joined NATO , and are seeking to join the European Union since the 1960s with very slow progress . Maps ( edit ) The following maps aim to give a perspective of what separates the variously defined Western world from the rest of the world . Europe ( edit ) Geopolitical Occident of Europe . European Union and its member candidate countries . European Union and European Free Trade Association . EU member states ( as of 2013 ) EFTA member states NATO has added 13 new members since the German reunification and the end of the Cold War . World ( edit ) World map by quartiles of Human Development Index in 2014 . Western world defined by European Single Market and spread of the Romance languages ( 2017 ) Countries with 50 % or more Christians are colored purple while countries with 10 % to 50 % Christians are colored pink The global distribution of Christians : countries coloured a darker shade have a higher proportion of Christians . Distribution of Roman Catholics Distribution of Protestants Gallery ( edit ) The Roman Forum ( Rome ) The Parliament of the United Kingdom ( London ) The National Assembly ( Paris ) The Hungarian Parliament Building ( Budapest ) The United States Congress ( Washington , D.C. ) The Basilica of Saint Peter seen from the Castel Sant'Angelo ( Vatican City ) The School of Athens depicts a fictional gathering of the most prominent thinkers of classical antiquity .",
"17": "Fresco by Raphael , 1510 -- 1511 See also ( edit ) Americanization Anglicisation Anglophone Atlanticism Eastern world East - West dichotomy Europeanisation Far West Francophonie Golden billion Hispanophone Mid-Atlantic English Western esotericism Western philosophy Organisations European Union European Economic Area Group of Eight ( G8 ) Representation in the UN Eastern European Group Western European and Others Group References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Western Civilization , Our Tradition ; James Kurth ; accessed 30 August 2011 Jump up ^ Religions in Global Society . p. 146 , Peter Beyer ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Cambridge University Historical Series , An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects , p. 40 : Hebraism , like Hellenism , has been an all - important factor in the development of Western Civilization ; Judaism , as the precursor of Christianity , has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the christian era . Jump up ^ Caltron J.H Hayas , Christianity and Western Civilization ( 1953 ) , Stanford University Press , p. 2 : That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization -- the civilization of western Europe and of America -- have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo -- Graeco -- Christianity , Catholic and Protestant . Jump up ^ Horst Hutter , University of New York , Shaping the Future : Nietzsche 's New Regime of the Soul And Its Ascetic Practices ( 2004 ) , p. 111 : three mighty founders of Western culture , namely Socrates , Jesus , and Plato . Jump up ^ Fred Reinhard Dallmayr , Dialogue Among Civilizations : Some Exemplary Voices ( 2004 ) , p. 22 : Western civilization is also sometimes described as `` Christian '' or `` Judaeo - Christian '' civilization . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Google books results in English language between the 1800 -- 1960 period ^ Jump up to : Thompson , William ; Hickey , Joseph ( 2005 ) . Society in Focus . Boston , MA : Pearson . 0 - 205 - 41365 - X .",
"18": "Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of Civilizations -- An Introduction to Historical Analysis ( 1979 ) '' . Archive.org. 10 March 2001 . p. 84 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Middle Ages Of the three great civilizations of Western Eurasia and North Africa , Christian Europe began as the least developed in virtually all aspects of material and intellectual culture , well behind the Islamic states and Byzantium . Jump up ^ H.G. Wells , The Outline of History , Section 31.8 , The Intellectual Life of Arab Islam For some generations before Muhammad , the Arab mind had been , as it were , smouldering , it had been producing poetry and much religious discussion ; under the stimulus of the national and racial successes it presently blazed out with a brilliance second only to that of the Greeks during their best period . From a new angle and with a fresh vigour it took up that systematic development of positive knowledge , which the Greeks had begun and relinquished . It revived the human pursuit of science . If the Greek was the father , then the Arab was the foster - father of the scientific method of dealing with reality , that is to say , by absolute frankness , the utmost simplicity of statement and explanation , exact record , and exhaustive criticism . Through the Arabs it was and not by the Latin route that the modern world received that gift of light and power . Jump up ^ Lewis , Bernard ( 2002 ) . What Went Wrong . Oxford University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 051605 - 5 . For many centuries the world of Islam was in the forefront of human civilization and achievement ... In the era between the decline of antiquity and the dawn of modernity , that is , in the centuries designated in European history as medieval , the Islamic claim was not without justification . Jump up ^ `` Science , civilization and society '' . Es.flinders.edu.au . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Mayne , Jr . `` Middle Ages '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ InfoPlease.com , commercial revolution Jump up ^ `` The Scientific Revolution '' . Wsu.edu. 6 June 1999 .",
"19": "Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Eric Bond ; Sheena Gingerich ; Oliver Archer - Antonsen ; Liam Purcell ; Elizabeth Macklem ( 17 February 2003 ) . `` Innovations '' . The Industrial Revolution . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How Islam Created Europe ; In late antiquity , the religion split the Mediterranean world in two . Now it is remaking the Continent . '' . TheAtlantic.com . May 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Questions about immigrant - related statistics . `` Key figures Immigration and immigrants -- SSB '' . Ssb.no . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre , 1 . januar 2015 Statistics Norway ( in Norwegian ) retrieved 15 December 2015 ^ Jump up to : Cf. , Arnold J. Toynbee , Change and Habit . The challenge of our time ( Oxford 1966 , 1969 ) at 153 -- 56 ; also , Toynbee , A Study of History ( 10 volumes , 2 supplements ) . Jump up ^ Auster , Lawrence ( 3 April 2006 ) . `` Are Hispanics Westerners ? The Debate Continues '' . Amnation.com . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Duran 1995 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Bideleux , Robert ; Jeffries , Ian . A history of eastern Europe : crisis and change . Routledge . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16112 - 1 . Jump up ^ Charles Freeman . The Closing of the Western Mind . Knopf , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4085 - X Jump up ^ Karin Friedrich et al. , The Other Prussia : Royal Prussia , Poland and Liberty , 1569 -- 1772 , Cambridge University Press , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 58335 - 7 , Google Print , p.",
"20": "88 Jump up ^ Dragan Brujić ( 2005 ) . `` Vodič kroz svet Vizantije ( Guide to the Byzantine World ) '' . Beograd . p. 51 . Jump up ^ `` Modern West Civ. 7 : The Scientific Revolution of the 17 Cent '' . Fordham.edu . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Industrial Revolution '' . Mars.wnec.edu . Archived from the original on 18 October 2000 . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living : The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics , Library of Economics and Liberty ^ Jump up to : `` New Left Review - Jack Goody : The Labyrinth of Kinship '' . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Embassy of Brazil -- Ottawa '' . Brasembottawa.org . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Falcoff , Mark . `` Chile Moves On '' . AEI . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Ford , Peter ( 22 February 2005 ) . `` What place for God in Europe '' . USA Today . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Eurostat ( 2005 ) . `` Social values , Science and Technology '' ( PDF ) . Special Eurobarometer 225 . Europa , web portal : 9 . Retrieved 11 June 2009 . Jump up ^ See ARDA data archives : http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/regions/index.asp ^ Jump up to : ANALYSIS ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` Global Christianity '' . Pewforum.org . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ ANALYSIS ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` Europe '' . Pewforum.org . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ ANALYSIS ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` Americas '' . Pewforum.org . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ ANALYSIS ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` Global religious landscape : Christians '' .",
"21": "Pewforum.org . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ The World of Civilizations : Post-1990 scanned image Archived 12 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Huntington , Samuel P. ( August 2 , 2011 ) . The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order . Simon & Schuster . pp. 151 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 1451628975 . Jump up ^ Cf. , Teilhard de Chardin , Le Phenomene Humain ( 1955 ) , translated as The Phenomena of Man ( New York 1959 ) . Jump up ^ Bonnett , A. 2004 . The Idea of the West Jump up ^ Samuel P. Huntington . The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order . The Free Press . pp. 144 -- 49 . Jump up ^ ANALYSIS ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` Table : Religious Composition by Country , in Percentages '' . Pewforum.org . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Ankerl , Guy ( 2000 ) . Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo - Muslim , Bharati , Chinese , and West . INU societal research . Vol. 1 : . Global communication without universal civilization . Geneva : INU Press . ISBN 2881550045 . Bavaj , Riccardo : `` The West '' : A Conceptual Exploration , European History Online , Mainz : Institute of European History , 2011 , retrieved : 28 November 2011 . Daly , Jonathan . `` The Rise of Western Power : A Comparative History of Western Civilization '' ( London and New York : Bloomsbury , 2014 ) . ISBN 978 - 1441161314 . Daly , Jonathan . `` Historians Debate the Rise of the West '' ( London and New York : Routledge , 2015 ) . ISBN 978 - 1138774810 . The Western Tradition homepage at Annenberg / CPB - where you can watch each episode on demand free ( Pop - ups required ) J.F.C. Fuller . A Military History of the Western World .",
"22": "Three Volumes . New York : Da Capo Press , Inc. , 1987 and 1988 . V. 1 . From the earliest times to the Battle of Lepanto ; ISBN 0306803046 . V. 2 . From the defeat of the Spanish Armada to the Battle of Waterloo ; ISBN 0306803054 . V. 3 . From the American Civil War to the end of World War II ; ISBN 0306803062 . Western world and culture Aspects Canon Law Literature Media Music Painting Modern / Contemporary Painting Philosophy Religion Thought History Classical antiquity Late Antiquity Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation Early modern period Great Divergence Modernism World Wars Social generations of Western society Lost Generation Interbellum Generation G.I. Generation Silent Generation Baby boomers Generation X Millennials Generation Z VIAF : 252383743 NDL : 00570464 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_world&oldid=807106314 '' Categories : Country classifications Cultural concepts Cultural regions Historiography of Europe Western culture Hidden categories : Articles with Norwegian - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2010 Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from September 2015 All articles needing rewrite Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents",
"23": "About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 23 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is the first president to be impeached
|
[
"Johnson",
"Andrew Johnson"
] |
{
"0": "Impeachment of Andrew Johnson - wikipedia Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Jump to : navigation , search Theodore R. Davis 's illustration of President Johnson 's impeachment trial in the Senate , published in Harper 's Weekly . The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson occurred in 1868 , when the United States House of Representatives resolved to impeach President Andrew Johnson , adopting eleven articles of impeachment detailing his `` high crimes and misdemeanors , '' in accordance with Article Two of the United States Constitution . The House 's primary charge against Johnson was violation of the Tenure of Office Act , passed by the U.S. Congress in March 1867 , over the president 's veto . Specifically , he had removed from office Edwin M. Stanton , the Secretary of War -- whom the Act was largely designed to protect -- and attempted to replace him with Brevet Major General Lorenzo Thomas ( Earlier , while Congress was not in session , Johnson had suspended Stanton and appointed General Ulysses S. Grant as secretary of war ad interim ) . The House approved the articles of impeachment on March 2 -- 3 , 1868 , and forwarded them to the Senate . The trial in the Senate began three days later , with Chief Justice of the United States Salmon P. Chase presiding . On May 16 , the Senate failed to convict Johnson on one of the articles , with the 35 -- 19 vote in favor of conviction falling short of the necessary two - thirds majority by a single vote . A ten - day recess was called before attempting to convict him on additional articles . The delay did not change the outcome , however , as on May 26 , it failed to convict the President on two articles , both by the same margin ; after which the trial was adjourned . This was the first impeachment of a President since creation of the office in 1789 . The culmination of a lengthy political battle between Johnson , a lifelong Democrat and the Republican majority in Congress over how best to deal with the defeated Southern states following the conclusion of the American Civil War , the impeachment , and the subsequent trial ( and acquittal ) of Johnson were among the most dramatic events in the political life of the nation during the Reconstruction Era .",
"1": "Together , they have gained a historical reputation as an act of political expedience , rather than necessity , which was based on Johnson 's defiance of an unconstitutional piece of legislation , and which was conducted with little regard for the will of a general public which , despite the unpopularity of Johnson , opposed the impeachment . Johnson is one of only three presidents against whom articles of impeachment have been reported to the full House for consideration . In 1974 , during the Watergate scandal , the House Judiciary Committee approved articles of impeachment against Richard Nixon , who resigned from office , rather than face certain impeachment and the prospect of being convicted at trial and removed from office . In 1999 , Bill Clinton was impeached ; He , like Johnson , was acquitted from all charges following a Senate trial . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Tenure of Office Act 2 Impeachment 3 Trial 3.1 Acquittal 3.2 Senate votes 3.3 Proposed abolition of the Presidency 4 Later review of Johnson 's impeachment 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) President Andrew Johnson . Tension between the executive and legislative branches had been high prior to Johnson 's ascension to the presidency . Following Union Army victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in July 1863 , President Lincoln began contemplating the issue how to bring the South back into the Union . He wished to offer an olive branch to the rebel states by pursuing a lenient plan for their reintegration . The forgiving tone of the president 's plan , plus the fact that he implemented it by presidential directive without consulting Congress , enraged Radical Republicans . They countered with their own more stringent plan , which Lincoln pocket vetoed . The assassination of Abraham Lincoln on April 14 , 1865 , just days after the Army of Northern Virginia 's surrender at Appomattox briefly lessened the tension over who would set the terms of peace . The radicals were convinced that the new president , Andrew Johnson would defer , or at least acquiesce to their hardline proposals . Though a Democrat from Tennessee , Johnson had been a fierce critic of the Southern secession .",
"2": "Then after several states left the Union , including his own , he chose to stay in Washington , and later , when Union troops occupied Tennessee , Johnson was appointed military governor . He exercised his powers with vigor , frequently stating that `` treason must be made odious and traitors punished . '' Instead , Johnson unexpectedly switched course , rejecting the Radicals . During the first few months of his presidency , Johnson issued proclamations of general amnesty for most former Confederates , both government and military officers , and oversaw creation of new governments in states that had , until recently , been in rebellion . Later , Johnson also vetoed legislation that extended civil rights and financial support for the former slaves . Congress was able to override only a few of his vetoes , setting the stage for a showdown between Congress and the president . At an impasse with Congress , Johnson offered himself directly to the American public as a `` tribune of the people . '' In the late - summer of 1866 , the president embarked on a national `` Swing Around the Circle '' speaking tour , where he asked his audiences for their support in his battle against the Congress and urged voters to elect representatives to Congress in the upcoming midterm election who supported his policies . The tour backfired on Johnson , however , when reports of his undisciplined , vitriolic speeches and ill - advised confrontations with hecklers swept the nation . Contrary to his hopes , the 1866 elections led to veto - proof Republican majorities in both houses of Congress . As a result , Radicals were able to pass a series of Reconstruction Acts -- each one over the President 's veto -- addressing requirement for southern states to be restored to the Union . The first of these acts divided those states ( excluding Johnson 's home state of Tennessee ) into five military districts subject to martial law . Tenure of office Act ( edit ) Congress 's control of the military Reconstruction policy was mitigated by Johnson 's command of the military as president ; however , Johnson had inherited , as Secretary of War , Lincoln 's appointee Edwin M. Stanton , a staunch Radical Republican , who as long as he remained in office would comply with Congressional Reconstruction policies . To ensure that Stanton would not be replaced , Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act in 1867 over Johnson 's veto .",
"3": "The act required the President to seek the Senate 's advice and consent before relieving or dismissing any member of his Cabinet ( an indirect reference to Stanton ) or , indeed , any federal official whose initial appointment had previously required its advice and consent . `` The Situation '' , a Harper 's Weekly editorial cartoon shows Secretary of War Stanton aiming a cannon labeled `` Congress '' to defeat Johnson . The rammer is `` Tenure of Office Bill '' and cannonballs on the floor are `` Justice '' . Because the Tenure of Office Act did permit the President to suspend such officials when Congress was out of session , when Johnson failed to obtain Stanton 's resignation , he instead suspended Stanton on August 5 , 1867 , which gave him the opportunity to appoint General Ulysses S. Grant , then serving as Commanding General of the Army , interim Secretary of War . When the Senate adopted a resolution of non-concurrence with Stanton 's dismissal in December 1867 , Grant told Johnson he was going to resign , fearing punitive legal action . Johnson , assured Grant that he would assume all responsibility in the matter , and asked him to delay his resignation until a suitable replacement could be found . Contrary to Johnson 's belief that Grant had agreed to remain in office , when the Senate voted and reinstated Stanton in January 1868 , Grant immediately resigned , before the president had an opportunity to appoint a replacement . Johnson was furious at Grant , accusing him of lying during a stormy cabinet meeting . The publication of angry messages between Grant and Johnson led to a complete break between the two . As a result of these letters , Grant solidified his standing as the frontrunner for the 1868 Republican presidential nomination . Believing the Tenure of Office Act unconstitutional , Johnson ignored the Senate 's reinstatement of Stanton until , on January 28 , he offered the post to Lorenzo Thomas , a brevet major general in the Army , who first turned it down , saying that he would like to stay in office as Adjutant General until his retirement . ( The President originally wanted the position for General William Tecumseh Sherman , who was an enemy of Stanton 's , but Sherman turned the President down , saying he hated politics . )",
"4": "Johnson later convinced Thomas to help him make a test case , however , and on February 21 , 1868 , the President appointed Lorenzo Thomas Secretary of War and ordered the removal of Stanton from office . Thomas personally delivered the President 's dismissal notice to Stanton , but the Secretary refused either to accept its legitimacy or to vacate the premises . Instead , Stanton had barricaded himself in his office and ordered Thomas arrested for violating the Tenure of Office Act . Thomas asked if he could be brought to the White House to let the President know that he had been placed under arrest . When Stanton realized , however , that the arrest would allow the courts to review the law , he had the charges dropped . Stanton then claimed that Johnson had broken the recently instituted Tenure of Office Act by removing a Cabinet member without Senate approval . Johnson 's opponents in Congress were outraged by his actions ; the president 's challenge to congressional authority -- with regard to both the Tenure of Office Act and post-war reconstruction -- had , in their estimation , been tolerated for long enough . In swift response , an impeachment resolution was introduced in the House by representatives Thaddeus Stevens and John Bingham . Expressing widespread sentiment among House Republicans , Representative William D. Kelley ( on February 22 , 1868 ) declared : Sir , the bloody and untilled fields of the ten unreconstructed states , the unsheeted ghosts of the two thousand murdered negroes in Texas , cry , if the dead ever evoke vengeance , for the punishment of Andrew Johnson . Impeachment ( edit ) The impeachment resolution against Andrew Johnson , approved by the House of Representatives on February 24 , 1868 . On February 24 , 1868 three days after Johnson 's dismissal of Stanton , the House of Representatives voted 126 to 47 ( with 17 members not voting ) in favor of a resolution to impeach the President for high crimes and misdemeanors . Thaddeus Stevens addressed the House prior to the vote . `` This is not to be the temporary triumph of a political party , '' he said , `` but is to endure in its consequence until this whole continent shall be filled with a free and untrammeled people or shall be a nest of shrinking , cowardly slaves . '' One week later , the House adopted eleven articles of impeachment against the President .",
"5": "The articles charged Johnson with : Dismissing Edwin Stanton from office after the Senate had voted not to concur with his dismissal and had ordered him reinstated . Appointing Thomas Secretary of War ad interim despite the lack of vacancy in the office , since the dismissal of Stanton had been invalid . Appointing Thomas without the required advice and consent of the Senate . Conspiring , with Thomas and `` other persons to the House of Representatives unknown , '' to unlawfully prevent Stanton from continuing in office . Conspiring to unlawfully curtail faithful execution of the Tenure of Office Act . Conspiring to `` seize , take , and possess the property of the United States in the Department of War . '' Conspiring to `` seize , take , and possess the property of the United States in the Department of War '' with specific intent to violate the Tenure of Office Act . Issuing to Thomas the authority of the office of Secretary of War with unlawful intent to `` control the disbursements of the moneys appropriated for the military service and for the Department of War . '' Issuing to Major General William H. Emory orders with unlawful intent to violate the Tenure of Office Act . Making three speeches with intent to show ( or `` sow '' ? ) disrespect for the Congress among the citizens of the United States . Bringing disgrace and ridicule to the presidency by his aforementioned words and actions . Trial ( edit ) John A. Bingham and Thaddeus Stevens before the Senate addressing the vote on the president 's impeachment by the House . Johnson Impeachment Committee from a photograph by Mathew Brady in the Signal Corps , War Department , Washington . Left to right , Seated : Benjamin F. Butler , Thaddeus Stevens , Thomas Williams , John A. Bingham . Standing : James F. Wilson , George S. Boutwell , John A. Logan . A trial started in the Senate , presided by Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase , and committees were organized to represent the prosecution and defense . The impeachment committee was made up of Thaddeus Stevens , Benjamin F. Butler , John A. Bingham , John A. Logan , George S. Boutwell , Thomas Williams and James F. Wilson .",
"6": "Johnson 's defense team was made up of Alexander Morgan , Henry Stanbery , William M. Evarts , Benjamin R. Curtis , Thomas A.R. Nelson and Jeremiah S. Black ( who resigned before the trial began ) . The trial began on March 13 , 1868 . As there was no contitutional provision at the time for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency ( accomplished a century later by the Twenty - fifth Amendment , the office had been vacant since Johnson succeeded to the presidency . Due to this , the President pro tempore of the Senate , Benjamin Wade , who was among the Radical Republican leaders , would , under the Presidential succession act then in force and effect , become president if Johnson were removed from office . Indiana Senator Thomas Hendricks questioned Wade 's impartiality and suggested that Wade abstain from voting . But Hendricks was persuaded to withdraw his objection a day later and leave the matter to Wade 's own conscience . Subsequently , Wade voted for conviction . Chief Justice Chase , who was himself a Radical Republican , ruled that Johnson should be permitted to present evidence that Thomas 's appointment to replace Secretary of War Edwin Stanton was intended to provide a test case to challenge the constitutionality of the Tenure of Office Act . The Senate , however , overruled Chase by a simple majority vote . Before the trial started Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio made a surprise attempt on 28 February to add two reliably Radical members to the senate by gaining the admission of Colorado , over Johnson 's anticipated veto , as a state . But Wade could not corral the necessary two - thirds majority to override Johnson 's expected veto . The attempt , therefore , failed . A separate attempt was made just before the scheduled verdict vote in May to admit senators from selected Reconstruction states in order to add more reliably Radical members to the vote , but it was also unsuccessful . On the first day , Johnson 's defense committee asked for forty days to collect evidence and witnesses since the prosecution had had a longer amount of time to do so , but only ten days were granted . The proceedings began on March 23 . Senator Garrett Davis argued that because not all states were represented in the Senate the trial could not be held and that it should therefore be adjourned . The motion was voted down .",
"7": "After the charges against the president were made , Henry Stanbery asked for another thirty days to assemble evidence and summon witnesses , saying that in the ten days previously granted there had only been enough time to prepare the president 's reply . John A. Logan argued that the trial should begin immediately and that Stanberry was only trying to stall for time . The request was turned down in a vote 41 to 12 . However , the Senate voted the next day to give the defense six more days to prepare evidence , which was accepted . The trial commenced again on March 30 . Benjamin F. Butler opened for the prosecution with a three - hour speech reviewing historical impeachment trials , dating from King John of England . For days Butler spoke out against Johnson 's violations of the Tenure of Office Act and further charged that the president had issued orders directly to Army officers without sending them through General Grant . The defense argued that Johnson had not violated the Tenure of Office Act because President Lincoln did not reappoint Stanton as Secretary of War at the beginning of his second term in 1865 and that he was therefore a leftover appointment from the 1860 cabinet , which removed his protection by the Tenure of Office Act . The prosecution called several witnesses in the course of the proceedings until April 9 , when they rested their case . Benjamin R. Curtis called attention to the fact that after the House passed the Tenure of Office Act , the Senate had amended it , meaning that it had to return it to a Senate -- House conference committee to resolve the differences . He followed up by quoting the minutes of those meetings , which revealed that while the House members made no notes about the fact , their sole purpose was to keep Stanton in office , and the Senate had disagreed . The defense then called their first witness , Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas . He did not provide adequate information in the defense 's cause and Butler made attempts to use his information to the prosecution 's advantage . The next witness was General William T. Sherman , who testified that President Johnson had offered to appoint Sherman to succeed Stanton as Secretary of War in order to ensure that the department was effectively administered . This testimony damaged the prosecution , which expected Sherman to testify that Johnson offered to appoint Sherman for the purpose of obstructing the operation , or overthrow , of the government .",
"8": "Sherman essentially affirmed that Johnson only wanted him to manage the department and not to execute directions to the military that would be contrary to the will of Congress . Acquittal ( edit ) The Senate then had fifty - four members representing the twenty - seven states whose legislatures could then elect Senators ; of these , thirty - six `` guilty '' votes were required to remove Johnson from office . On all three occasions , 35 Senators voted `` guilty '' and 19 `` not guilty . '' As the Constitution requires a two - thirds majority for conviction in impeachment trials , Johnson was acquitted . Seven Republican senators were concerned that the proceedings had been manipulated to give a one - sided presentation of the evidence . Senators William Pitt Fessenden ( Maine ) , Joseph S. Fowler ( Tennessee ) , James W. Grimes ( Iowa ) , John B. Henderson ( Missouri ) , Lyman Trumbull ( Illinois ) , Peter G. Van Winkle ( West Virginia ) , and Edmund G. Ross ( Kansas ) , who provided the decisive vote , defied their party by voting against conviction . In addition to the above seven , three more Republicans James Dixon ( Connecticut ) , James Doolittle ( Wisconsin ) , and Daniel Norton ( Minnesota ) and all nine Democratic Senators voted not guilty . On decision day , before the first vote was taken , Samuel Pomeroy , who was the senior senator from Kansas , told the junior Kansas Senator Ross that if Ross voted for acquittal that Ross would become the subject of an investigation for bribery . The first 35 - to - 19 vote was taken on 16 May for the eleventh article . In hopes of persuading at least one of the seven Republican acquittal senators to change his vote , the Senate adjourned for ten days to take a second vote on 26 May on the other articles . During the hiatus , under Butler 's leadership , the House put through a resolution to investigate alleged `` improper or corrupt means used to influence the determination of the Senate '' . But the pressure did not change any of the acquittal votes , with the result that the vote on 26 May was the same . After the trial , Ben Butler conducted hearings on the widespread reports that Republican senators had been bribed to vote for Johnson 's acquittal .",
"9": "In Butler 's hearings , and in subsequent inquiries , there was increasing evidence that some acquittal votes were acquired by promises of patronage jobs and cash cards . Nonetheless , the investigations never resulted in charges , much less convictions , against anyone . Moreover , there is evidence that the prosecution attempted to bribe the senators voting for acquittal to switch their votes to conviction . Maine Senator Fessenden was offered the Ministership to Great Britain . Prosecutor Butler said , `` Tell ( Kansas Senator Ross ) that if he wants money there is a bushel of it here to be had . '' Butler 's investigation also boomeranged when it was discovered that Kansas Senator Pomeroy , who voted for conviction , had written a letter to Johnson 's Postmaster General seeking a $40,000 bribe for Pomeroy 's acquittal vote along with three or four others in his caucus . Benjamin Butler was himself told by Ben Wade that Wade would appoint Butler as Secretary of State when Wade assumed the Presidency after a Johnson conviction . An opinion that Senator Ross was mercilessly persecuted for his courageous vote to sustain the independence of the Presidency as a branch of the Federal Government is the subject of an entire chapter in President John F. Kennedy 's book , Profiles in Courage . That opinion has been rejected by some scholars , such as Ralph Roske , and endorsed by others , such as Avery Craven . Not one of the Republican senators who voted for acquittal ever again served in an elective office . Although they were under intense pressure to change their votes to conviction during the trial , afterward public opinion rapidly shifted around to their viewpoint . Some senators who voted for conviction , such as John Sherman and even Charles Sumner , later changed their minds . Senate votes ( edit ) State Senator Party Article XI May 16 , 1868 Article II May 26 , 1868 Article III May 26 ,",
"10": "1868 Rhode Island Anthony Guilty Guilty Guilty Delaware Bayard Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty Pennsylvania Buckalew Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty Pennsylvania Cameron Guilty Guilty Guilty New Jersey Cattell Guilty Guilty Guilty Michigan Chandler Guilty Guilty Guilty California Cole Guilty Guilty Guilty New York Conkling Guilty Guilty Guilty California Conness Guilty Guilty Guilty Oregon Corbett Guilty Guilty Guilty New Hampshire Cragin Guilty Guilty Guilty Kentucky Davis Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty Connecticut Dixon Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty Wisconsin Doolittle Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty Missouri Drake Guilty Guilty Guilty Vermont Edmunds Guilty Guilty Guilty Connecticut Ferry Guilty Guilty Guilty Maine Fessenden Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty Tennessee Fowler Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty New Jersey Frelinghuysen Guilty Guilty Guilty Iowa Grimes Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty Iowa Harlan Guilty Guilty Guilty Missouri Henderson Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty Indiana Hendricks Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty Michigan Howard Guilty Guilty Guilty Wisconsin Howe Guilty Guilty Guilty Maryland Johnson Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty Kentucky McCreery Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty New York Morgan Guilty Guilty Guilty Vermont Morrill , J Guilty Guilty Guilty Maine Morrill ,",
"11": "L Guilty Guilty Guilty Indiana Morton Guilty Guilty Guilty Minnesota Norton Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty Nevada Nye Guilty Guilty Guilty Tennessee Patterson , D Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty New Hampshire Patterson , J Guilty Guilty Guilty Kansas Pomeroy Guilty Guilty Guilty Minnesota Ramsey Guilty Guilty Guilty Kansas Ross Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty Delaware Saulsbury Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty Ohio Sherman Guilty Guilty Guilty Rhode Island Sprague Guilty Guilty Guilty Nevada Stewart Guilty Guilty Guilty Massachusetts Sumner Guilty Guilty Guilty Nebraska Thayer Guilty Guilty Guilty Nebraska Tipton Guilty Guilty Guilty Illinois Trumbull Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty West Virginia Van Winkle Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty Maryland Vickers Not Guilty Not Guilty Not Guilty Ohio Wade Guilty Guilty Guilty West Virginia Willey Guilty Guilty Guilty Oregon Williams Guilty Guilty Guilty Massachusetts Wilson Guilty Guilty Guilty Illinois Yates Guilty Guilty Guilty Total Votes : Not Guilty : 19 ; Guilty : 35 Not Guilty : 19 ; Guilty : 35 Not Guilty : 19 ; Guilty : 35 Proposed abolition of the Presidency ( edit ) Johnson 's acquittal impelled some citizens of Boston and Roxbury , Massachusetts to submit a petition to Congress calling for the complete abolition of the Presidency . In it , the petitioners argued that only two forms of government exist : absolute monarchy and absolute democracy .",
"12": "They claimed that President Johnson had abused the powers of the Presidency , to which impeachment was the only corrective ; the failure of impeachment in Johnson 's case proved to the petitioners that the Presidency had grown too powerful and the only remaining solution was the abolition of the office . The petitioners proposed an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that abolished the Presidency and transferred the powers of the executive office to a body composed of members of Congress or `` other competent citizens , '' chosen by Congress and supervised by a standing committee . Later review of Johnson 's impeachment ( edit ) Impeachment of Andrew Johnson . In 1887 , the Tenure of Office Act was repealed by Congress , and subsequent rulings by the United States Supreme Court seemed to support Johnson 's position that he was entitled to fire Stanton without Congressional approval . The Supreme Court 's ruling on a similar piece of later legislation in the 1926 Myers v. United States affirmed the ability of the president to remove a postmaster without Congressional approval , and stated in its majority opinion `` that the Tenure of Office Act of 1867 ... was invalid . '' Lyman Trumbull of Illinois , one of the seven Republican Senators whose refusal to vote for conviction prevented Johnson 's removal from office , noted , in the speech he gave explaining his vote for acquittal , that had Johnson been convicted , the main source of the President 's political power -- the freedom not to agree with the Congress without consequences -- would have been destroyed , and the Constitution 's system of checks and balances along with it : Once set the example of impeaching a President for what , when the excitement of the hour shall have subsided , will be regarded as insufficient causes , as several of those now alleged against the President were decided to be by the House of Representatives only a few months since , and no future President will be safe who happens to differ with a majority of the House and two thirds of the Senate on any measure deemed by them important , particularly if of a political character . Blinded by partisan zeal , with such an example before them , they will not scruple to remove out of the way any obstacle to the accomplishment of their purposes , and what then becomes of the checks and balances of the Constitution , so carefully devised and so vital to its perpetuity ? They are all gone .",
"13": "See also ( edit ) Impeachment of Bill Clinton Impeachment process against Richard Nixon List of federal political scandals in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Burlingame , Michael . `` Abraham Lincoln : Domestic Affairs '' . Charlottesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Whittington , Keith E. ( March 2000 ) . `` Bill Clinton Was No Andrew Johnson : Comparing Two Impeachments '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Constitutional Law . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : University of Pennsylvania . 2 ( 2 ) : 422 -- 465 . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trefousse , Hans L. ( 1989 ) . Andrew Johnson : A Biography . New York City : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 193 -- 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31742 - 8 . Jump up ^ Trefousse , Hans L. ( 1989 ) . Andrew Johnson : A Biography . New York City : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 234 -- 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31742 - 8 . Jump up ^ Varon , Elizabeth R. `` Andrew Johnson : Domestic Affairs '' . Charlottesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron ( 2017 ) . Grant . New York : Penguin Press . p. 594 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5942 - 0487 - 6 . Jump up ^ Trefousse , Hans L. ( 1989 ) . Andrew Johnson : A Biography . New York City : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 275 -- 299 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31742 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson ( 1868 ) President of the United States '' . Washington , D.C. : Historical Office , United States Senate .",
"14": "Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Burg , Robert ( 2012 ) . Manweller , Mathew , ed . Chronology of the U.S. Presidency ( 4 volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 545 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 645 - 4 . Jump up ^ White , Ronald C. ( 2016 ) . American Ulysses : A Life of Ulysses S. Grant . Random House Publishing Group . p. 453 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5883 - 6992 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron ( 2017 ) . Grant . New York : Penguin Press . p. 603 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5942 - 0487 - 6 . Jump up ^ White , Ronald C. ( 2016 ) . American Ulysses : A Life of Ulysses S. Grant . Random House Publishing Group . pp. 454 -- 455 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5883 - 6992 - 5 . Jump up ^ Trefousse , Hans L. ( 1989 ) . Andrew Johnson : A Biography . New York City : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 306 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31742 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Glass , Andrew ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` House votes to impeach Andrew Johnson , February 24 , 1868 '' . www.politico.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brockett , L.P. ( 1872 ) . Men of our day ; or , Biographical sketches of patriots , orators , statesmen , generals , reformers , financiers and merchants , now on the stage of action : including those who in military , political , business and social life , are the prominent leaders of the time in this country . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Zeigler , McCurdy . p. 502 -- via Internet Archive , 2009 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ `` President Andrew Johnson impeached - Feb 24 , 1868 - HISTORY.com '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gene Davis `` High Crimes and Misdemeanors '' ( New York : Morrow , 1977 ) , 242 ; Curt Anders `` Powerlust : Radicalism in the Civil War Era '' p. 494 ; Eric Foner `` Reconstruction , '' p. 336 Jump up ^ Neal Q. Herrick ( 2009 ) . After Patrick Henry : A Second American Revolution . p. 207 . Jump up ^ Elmer Ellis , `` Colorado 's First Fight for Statehood , 1865 -- 1868 , '' The Colorado Magazine , 8 ( January , 1931 ) , 23 -- 30 Jump up ^ Committee on the Judiciary ; House of Representatives ; Ninety - third Congress ; Second Session ( 1974 ) . Impeachment : Selected Materials on Procedure . U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. 104 -- 5 . Jump up ^ David O. Stewart ( 2009 ) . Impeached : The Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln 's Legacy . Simon and Schuster . pp. 207 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Stewart . Impeached : The Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln 's Legacy . p. 231 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Johnson Trial : The Consciences of Seven Republicans Save Johnson . '' Jump up ^ `` The Trial of Andrew Johnson , 1868 . '' Jump up ^ Curt Anders `` Powerlust : Radicalism in the Civil War Era '' p. 531 Jump up ^ Stewart , Impeached ( 2009 ) , pp. 240 -- 249 , 284 -- 299 . Jump up ^ Gene Davis High Crimes and Misdemeanors ( New York : William Morrow & Company , 1977 ) , 266 -- 7 , 290 -- 1 Jump up ^ Curt Anders `` Powerlust : Radicalism in the Civil War Era , '' p.",
"16": "532 - 3 Jump up ^ Eric McKitrick `` Andrew Johnson '' ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1988 ) , 507 -- 8 Jump up ^ John F. Kennedy `` Profiles in Courage '' ( New York : Harper Brothers , 1961 ) , 115 -- 39 Jump up ^ Avery Craven `` Reconstruction '' ( New York : Holt , Rinehart & Winston , 1969 ) , 221 Jump up ^ Ralph J. Roske , `` The Seven Martyrs ? . '' American Historical Review 64.2 ( 1959 ) : 323 -- 330 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Hodding Carter `` The Angry Scar '' ( New York : Doubleday , 1959 ) , 143 Jump up ^ Kenneth Stampp `` Reconstruction '' ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1965 ) , 153 Jump up ^ Chester Hearn `` The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson '' ( Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland , 2000 ) , 202 Jump up ^ Avery Craven `` Reconstruction '' ( New York : Holt , Rinehart & Winston , 1969 ) , 221 Jump up ^ `` Memorial Regarding the Abolition of the Presidency '' . National Archives Catalog . Center for Legislative Archives , National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ MYERS v. UNITED STATES , Findlaw Cases and Codes Further reading ( edit ) Benedict , Michael Les . `` A New Look at the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson , '' Political Science Quarterly , Sep 1973 , Vol. 88 Issue 3 , pp 349 -- 367 in JSTOR Benedict , Michael Les . The impeachment and trial of Andrew Johnson ( 1973 ) , 212pp ; the standard scholarly history online edition DeWitt , David M. The impeachment and trial of Andrew Johnson ( 1903 ) , old monograph online edition McKitrick , Eric L. Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction ( 1960 ) influential analysis Rable , George C. `` Forces of Darkness , Forces of Light : The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson and the Paranoid Style , '' Southern Studies 1978 , Vol. 17 Issue 2 , pp 151 -- 173 Sefton , James E.",
"17": "`` The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson : A Century of Writing , '' Civil War History , June 1968 , Vol. 14 Issue 2 , pp 120 -- 147 Sigelman , Lee , Christopher J. Deering , and Burdett A. Loomis . `` Wading Knee Deep in Words , Words , Words '' : Senatorial Rhetoric in the Johnson and Clinton Impeachment Trials . '' Congress & the Presidency 28 # 2 ( 2001 ) pp 119 -- 139 . Stathis , Stephen W. `` Impeachment and Trial of President Andrew Johnson : A View from the Iowa Congressional Delegation , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly Vol. 24 , No. 1 , ( Winter , 1994 ) , pp. 29 -- 47 in JSTOR Stewart , David O. Impeached : The Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln 's Legacy ( 2009 ) Trefousse , Hans L. `` The Acquittal of Andrew Johnson and the Decline of the Radicals , '' Civil War History , June 1968 , Vol.",
"18": "14 Issue 2 , pp 148 -- 161 Trefousse , Hans L. Andrew Johnson : A Biography ( 1989 ) major scholarly biography excerpt and text search Trefousse , Hans L. Impeachment of a President : Andrew Johnson , the Blacks , and Reconstruction ( 1999 ) External links ( edit ) The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson , exerpts from 1865 -- 1869 Harper 's Weekly articles along with other information ( a HarpWeek website ) Andrew Johnson Impeachment Trial ( 1868 ) , essay and other resources , www.famous-trials.com , University of Missouri - Kansas City Law School Interview with William Rehnquist on Grand Inquests : The Historic Impeachments of Justice Samuel Chase and President Andrew Johnson , 1992 , Booknotes , C - SPAN Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson&oldid=838431302 '' Categories : 1868 in the United States United States presidential history Political history of the United States Legal history of the United States Reconstruction Era Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Trials of political people Presidency of Andrew Johnson Impeachment in the United States 1868 in American politics Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 00 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what kind of beer is st pauli girl
|
[
"Lager",
"Special Dark",
"Non-Alcoholic Malt Beverage"
] |
{
"0": "St. Pauli Girl - wikipedia St. Pauli Girl Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) St Pauli Girl Location Bremen , Germany Owned by Constellation Brands Active beers Name Type St Pauli Girl Lager Pilsner St Pauli Girl Special Dark Dark lager St Pauli Girl NA Non-Alcoholic St. Pauli Girl beers are brewed and bottled by the St. Pauli Brauerei , which is located within the Beck 's brewery in Bremen , Germany . The brand derives its name from the fact that the original brewery , which was established in 1857 by Lüder Rutenberg , was located next to the former St. Paul 's Friary ( de ) in Bremen . There are currently three brands of beer brewed : St. Pauli Girl Lager , St. Pauli Girl Special Dark and St. Pauli Non-Alcoholic Malt Beverage . The beer is only produced for export and is not sold in Germany . St Pauli Girl , like many German breweries , advertises that they brew all of their beers according to the Reinheitsgebot ( German purity law ) of 1516 , even though they use culture yeast as an ingredient , which is not allowed by the 1516 law . The distinctive label depicting a woman wearing traditional outfits was introduced in the 19th century with the advent of the bottled beer . The local artist commissioned for the label drew his inspiration from the waitresses at the time . St Pauli Girl 's Beers were first introduced into select US markets in 1965 . National Distribution began in 1975 . St. Pauli Non-Alcoholic was first sold in the United States in 1991 . The St Pauli Girl website claims that their beer is the number two selling German beer in the United States . St. Pauli Girl spokesmodels ( edit ) St. Pauli Girl beer bottle Since 1982 , St.",
"1": "Pauli Girl Beer has chosen a model to represent the beer brand nationally each year and appear on the popular St. Pauli Girl poster . 1977 The first year of St Pauli Girls Spokesmodel campaign 1984 Gail Star Smith 1988 Jennifer Fabello 1989 Jennifer Fabello 1990 Felice Schachter 1991 Katie Vogt 1998 Teresa Politi 1999 Playboy magazine 's Playmate of the month January 1999 Jaime Bergman 2000 Playboy magazine 's Playmate of the month August 1998 Angela Little 2001 Playboy magazine 's Playmate of the month March 1994 Neriah Davis 2002 Playboy magazine 's Playmate of the month January 1998 Heather Kozar 2003 Playboy magazine 's Playmate of the month July 1998 Lisa Dergan 2004 Icelandic model and actress Berglind Icey 2005 Playboy magazine 's Playmate of the month February 1999 Stacy Fuson 2006 model Brittany Evans 2007 model and actress Bobbi Sue Luther 2008 Playboy magazine 's Playmate of the month January 2001 Irina Voronina 2009 Slovak model Katarina Van Derham 2010 Katarina Van Derham 2011 American Model / Actress Jen England References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` St. Pauli Girl : Breaking News '' . St. Pauli Girl Official Website . ^ Jump up to : ABC News . `` Mascots Vie to Be No. 1 Ad Icon '' . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Model Katarina Van Derham Takes Oath as 2009 St. Pauli Girl '' . Crown Imports . PR Newswire. 13 January 2009 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Hein , Kenneth ( 14 January 2009 ) . `` Important breaking news : A new St. Pauli Girl has been chosen ! '' . BrandFreak.com . Retrieved 15 January 2009 .",
"2": "External links ( edit ) Anheuser - Busch InBev Corporate directors Carlos Brito , CEO August Busch IV Arnoud de Pret Roose de Calesberg Philippe de Spoelberch Jorge Paulo Lemann Subsidiaries Anheuser - Busch , Inc ( Manufacturers Railway ) AmBev InBev Grupo Modelo SABMiller St. Louis Refrigerated Car Co . Equity investments Craft Brew Alliance ( 32.2 % ) Redhook Widmer Bros . Kona Brewing Global and multi-country brands Beck 's Budweiser Castle Lager Cerveza Corona Hoegaarden Leffe Stella Artois Local brands 10 Barrel Brewing Antarctica Bass Belle - Vue Blue Point Boddingtons Brewery Brahma beer Breckenridge Brewery Busch Beer Camden Town Diebels Diekirch Dommelsch Dutch Gold Elysian Franziskaner Four Peaks Guaraná Antarctica Harbin Brewery Hasseröder Hertog Jan Jupiler Karbach King Cobra Kokanee Labatt Lakeport Löwenbräu Lucky Michelob Mousel Natural Oranjeboom Quilmes Rolling Rock Skol Spaten St. Pauli Girl Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Pauli_Girl&oldid=779258736 '' Categories : Beer brands of Germany Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2012 Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations Interlanguage link template link number Germany articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2017 , at 22 : 24 . About Wikipedia",
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papayas were suffering from what pathogen on the big island of hawaii
|
[
"Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV)"
] |
{
"0": "Papaya ringspot virus - wikipedia Papaya ringspot virus Jump to : navigation , search Papaya ringspot virus ( PRSV ) Symptoms of PRSV on Papaya tree ( a ) and fruit ( b ) Virus classification Group : Group IV ( ( + ) ssRNA ) Order : Unassigned Family : Potyviridae Genus : Potyvirus Species : Papaya ringspot virus Synonyms Papaya ringspot potyvirus Papaya distortion mosaic virus Papaya leaf distortion virus Papaw distortion ringspot virus Papaw mosaic virus Watermelon mosaic virus 1 Papaya ringspot virus ( PRSV ) is a pathogenic plant virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae which primarily infects the papaya tree . The virus is a non-enveloped , flexous rod - shaped particle that is between 760 -- 800 nm long and 12 nm in diameter . It is transmitted between plants by mechanical activities like pruning and by numerous aphid species such as Myzus persicae . No seed transmission has been detected . There are two major types of this virus that are serologically indistinguishable and are so closely genetically related that they are now considered the same virus species . The type that gave the virus its name are the Type P isolates ( PRSV - P ) . This type infects papaya and several members of the melon family ( Cucurbitaceae ) . The other type , Type W isolates ( PRSV - W ) , does not infect papaya . Isolates of PRSV - W do infect cucurbits such as watermelon , cucumber , and squash and were originally known as Watermelon mosaic virus 1 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Distribution and origin 3 PRSV - P 4 PRSV - W 5 Vectors 6 Control 6.1 Cross protection 6.2 Transgenics 6.3 Deregulation 6.4 Durability of resistance 7 Economic impact 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Hawaiian papaya production has been severely affected twice by PRSV .",
"1": "The virus was introduced to Oahu as early as 1937 . The disease was mild for a number of years until it either mutated or a more aggressive strain was introduced around 1950 . Within 12 years , the amount of land under papaya production dropped 94 % . Production was then moved from Oahu to the Puna region of Hawaii island ( the `` Big Island '' ) under strict quarantine . In 1971 PRSV was found in home gardens but efforts were taken to prevent its spread . The virus emerged in commercial farms in 1992 and by 1995 production in Puna was impossible . Commercial growers again relocated to the Hamakua coast but with only limited success . Hawaiian papaya production was halved by the end of the decade . Transgenic papaya varieties that are resistant to PRSV entered production in 1998 and resuscitated the industry . Distribution and origin ( edit ) Both pathotypes are distributed worldwide . PRSV - P , for example , is known to be present in the Middle East , Africa , South and Central American . It has also been found in China , France , Germany , India , Italy , Mexico , Taiwan , and the United States . PRSV - W isolates have been found in the United States , the Caribbean , Mexico , Italy , Germany , Australia , France , India , the Middle East , and South America . Using genetic phylogeny studies , researchers suspect the virus originated in Asia , likely India , about 2,250 years ago . From there it slowly spread through the continent reaching China about 600 years ago . It was also introduced directly from India to Australia and the Americas within the last 300 years . Papayas were introduced to India only 500 years ago , at which point the virus made the jump from cucurbits . However , the virus has switched back and forth between pathotypes many times in its evolution . PRSV - P ( edit ) Symptoms are typical of viral diseases . Papaya exhibits yellowing , leaf distortion , and severe mosaic . Oily or water - soaked spots and streaks appear on the trunk and petioles . The fruit will exhibit bumps and the classic `` ringspot '' . A severe isolate of PRSV has also been shown to cause tissue necrosis .",
"2": "Cucurbit symptoms tend to be similar to papaya symptoms including blisters , mosaic , yellowing , and leaf distortions . This virus produces two types of inclusion bodies visible under a light microscope with proper staining of epidemal strips . One inclusion is the typical cylidrical inclusion ( CI ) which is considered diagnostic for the potyvirus group , and the other is called the amorphous inclusion ( AI ) . The presence of both inclusions can be diagnostic for this virus . PRSV - W ( edit ) In squash , watermelon and other cucurbits , PRSV - W causes mottling and distortion of leaves and fruit . PRSV - W is considered to be one of the limiting factors in the growing of cucurbits in Florida . PRSV - W should not be confused with Watermelon mosaic virus 2 , another potyvirus that infects cucurbits around the world , including Florida , and which is now known simply as Watermelon mosaic virus ( WMV ) . PRSV has a different host range , different serological properties , and no nucleotide sequence homology with WMV . WMV also has different cytoplasmic inclusion bodies that can differentiate it from PRSV - W . Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have been made for both of the CI and AI proteins as well as for the capsid protein of PRSV - W . Vectors ( edit ) Aphids are the predominant means by which PRSV is transmitted . PRSV is a non-persistent virus , meaning it does not enter beyond the feeding mouthparts of the aphid , and does not circulate or multiply within its insect host . Non-persistent viruses are transmitted quickly and easily between plants . Many species of aphid can transmit PRSV , particularly the Peach Aphid and Melon Aphid . Seed transmission has been observed at rates of 2 infected second generation plants out of 1355 . This method of transmission is marginal compared to transmission through aphid vectors . However , if infected seed survives , it could then function as a source on inoculum , which then could be spread by insect vectors . Disease transmission can also occur by planting infected seedlings in fields where the virus is not present . Using `` clean '' , virus - free seedlings for planting is of very high importance .",
"3": "Control ( edit ) There is no known resistance to PRSV , although certain varieties are more symptomatic than others . There are four main methods of control for PRSV : quarantine and geographic displacement , roguing and netting , cross-protection , and genetic modification of the host plant . Because PRSV is a non-persistent virus and is consequently transmitted to healthy plants by aphids within a very short time period , insecticidal control is difficult and impractical . Once symptoms have been observed , it is already too late to spray for aphids -- the disease has most likely already been transmitted to nearby healthy plants . In order to implement successful vector control , frequent preventative sprays are required , which is rarely done . Prevention through quarantine and geographic displacement of cropland is common and has occurred in Hawaii , the Philippines and Brazil . When fields become infected , such as the case of Oahu papaya growers , attempts to relocate growing areas to virus - free fields are made . This is usually just a temporary avoidance of the disease , which eventually spreads to the new fields . Roguing , or the removal and destruction of infected plants , is a way to control the spread of PRSV . This method was employed unsuccessfully when PRSV began to invade the Puna region of Hawaii . It is difficult to suppress the spread of PRSV through rouging because it is spread very quickly and effectively by aphids . Netting can also be used to prevent insect vectors from spreading the virus . Production under netting is prohibitively expensive for subsistence and small - scale producers , but was used effectively in Taiwan because geographical displacement was not possible on such a small island . Cross protection ( edit ) Cross protection is similar in practice , although not in mode of action , to viral vaccinations in humans . A mild strain of PRSV is introduced into the host plant , which then develops resistance to virulent strains of the virus . Development of cross-protection in papaya was researched in Hawaii starting in 1979 . A delay in the onset of symptoms was achieved , as well as a reduction in the severity of symptoms . However , inoculation of the mild strain also caused pathogenesis on the papaya plants .",
"4": "Transgenics ( edit ) There are two transgenic varieties of papaya , both of which were created by Dennis Gonsalves and his team and were introduced for production in May 1 , 1998 . Rainbow ( created by Dennis Gonsalves ) is an F1 hybrid , which is a cross between the yellow fleshed Kapoho and the red - fleshed SunUp . Rainbow is produced on 76 % of Hawaiian papaya acreage , while SunUp is hardly grown commercially . SunUp is thought to be more resistant to exotic strains of PRSV , while Rainbow has shown susceptibility to such exotic strains of the virus . Transgenic varieties have been shown to be extremely effective against Hawaiian strains of PRSV , showing complete resistance to the virus compared to 100 % infection of susceptible strains in some trials . Pathogen - derived resistance ( PDR ) is the technique of inserting a gene fragment from the pathogen into the transgenic crop , which then affords the crop plant resistance against the pathogen . This method was employed in the development of transgenic papaya . PRSV 's coat protein gene was inserted into highly embryogenic plant tissue by using the newly invented gene gun , which led to the development of the transgenic line 55 - 1 , which was proven to be effective at controlling Hawaiian strains of PRSV . Deregulation ( edit ) The evaluation of whether or not to release transgenic papaya in the United States was undertaken by APHIS , the EPA and the FDA . This incident was unique in that transgenic crops are usually developed and promoted by commercial operations , while transgenic papaya and the case for deregulation was adopted by University of Hawaii researchers . The university was highly motivated to help save the Hawaiian papaya industry , and consequently took a leading role in pushing for commercialization of the fruit . Japan is 20 % of Hawaii 's export market . Japan had been resistant to approve GMO papaya since its introduction in 1998 . As of 2011 , the Rainbow transgenic papaya has been approved for export to Japan . Durability of resistance ( edit ) So far in Hawaii , there has been no breakdown of the coat protein resistance encoded in transgenic strains of papaya .",
"5": "Exposure to foreign strains of the virus is a serious risk , as Rainbow papayas have been shown to be susceptible to PRSV from Guam , Taiwan and Thailand . Economic impact ( edit ) In Hawaii , PRSV has had dramatic effects . Between 1992 and 1997 , nearly all fields in the Puna region had been affected . This is a local industry worth $11 million annually . Papaya is grown for personal consumption by small subsistence farmers in parts of Southeast Asia , with small surpluses sold at market . PRSV is the biggest constraint to papaya production in the Philippines . In 1994 , PRSV damage had destroyed 60 million pesos worth of papaya production in the Southern Tagalog area , and had reduced production levels by 80 % . Brazil accounts for nearly half of global output , with India second and Nigeria third in worldwide production . Dramatic geographical shifts of production to avoid PRSV have been common . For example , between 1973 and 1984 , papaya production moved substantially in Brazil away from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo to the northern states of Espirito Santo and Bahia . As with the case of Hawaii , PRSV generally catches up to the industry 's movements over time . The total economic costs of such redistributive costs are unknown , but likely significant . Backlash against GMO papaya has resulted in surreptitious destruction of papaya plantations under the cover of darkness . In some cases , farmers have lost up to $15,000 worth of papaya trees . See also ( edit ) Viruses portal List of papaya diseases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About Plant Viruses '' . Jump up ^ `` Description of Plant Viruses : Papaya ringspot virus '' . Jump up ^ Webb ; Scott ( 1965 ) . `` Isolation and identification of watermelon on mosaic viruses 1 and 2 '' . Phytopathology. 55 : 895 -- 900 . Jump up ^ Purcifull , D.E. ; Hiebert , E. ( 1979 ) . `` Serological Distinction of Watermelon Mosaic Virus Isolates '' ( PDF ) . Phytopathology . American Phytopathological Society .",
"6": "69 ( 2 ) : 112 -- 116 . doi : 10.1094 / phyto - 69 - 112 . Jump up ^ Parris , G.K. ( 1938 ) A new disease of papaya in Hawaii . Proc. Am. Soc . Hortic . Sci. 36 , 263 -- 265 . Jump up ^ Tripathi , S. ; Suzuki , J.N.Y. ; Ferreira , S.A. ; Gonsalves , D. ( 2008 ) . `` Papaya ringspot virus - P : Characteristics , pathogenicity , sequence variability and control '' . Molecular Plant Pathology. 9 ( 3 ) : 269 -- 280 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1364 - 3703.2008. 00467. x . PMID 18705869 . Jump up ^ Olarte Castillo , X.A. ; Fermin , G. ; Tabima , J. ; Rojas , Y. ; Tennant , P.F. ; Fuchs , M. ; Sierra , R. ; Bernal , A.J. ; Restrepo , S. ( 2011 ) . `` Phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of Papaya ringspot virus '' . Virus Research . 159 ( 2 ) : 132 -- 140 . doi : 10.1016 / j. virusres. 2011.04. 011 . PMID 21549774 . Jump up ^ Gonsalves , D. ; Tripathi , S. ; Carr , J.B. ; Suzuki , J.Y. ( 2010 ) . `` Papaya Ringspot virus '' . The Plant Health Instructor . American Phytopathological Society . doi : 10.1094 / PHI - I - 2010 - 1004 - 01 . Jump up ^ Dahal , G. ; Lecoq , H. ; Albrechtsen , S.E. ( 1997 ) . `` Occurrence of papaya ringspot potyvirus and cucurbit viruses in Nepal '' . Annals of Applied Biology . 130 ( 3 ) : 491 .",
"7": "doi : 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7348.1997. tb07677. x . Jump up ^ `` The Plant Viruses of Florida and their Inclusions '' . Jump up ^ `` Inclusions of PRSV '' . Jump up ^ `` Papaya Ringspot virus in Squash '' . Jump up ^ Webb , S. ; Hiebert , E. ; Kucharek , T.A. ( 2003 ) . `` Identity and distribution of viruses infecting cucurbits in Florida '' . 93 ( S1 ) . American Phytopathological Society : 89 . doi : 10.1094 / PHYTO. 2003.93. 6. S1 . Jump up ^ `` Description of Plant Viruses : Watermelon mosaic virus 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Cylindrical Inclusions of Watermelon Mosaic virus '' . Jump up ^ Baker , C.A. ; Lecoq , H. ; Purcifull , D.E. ( 1991 ) . `` Serological and Biological Variability Among Papaya Ringspot Virus Type - W Isolated in Florida '' ( PDF ) . Phytopathology. 81 ( 7 ) : 722 -- 728 . doi : 10.1094 / phyto - 81 - 722 . Jump up ^ Heu R.A. ; Nagata N.M. ; Fukada M.T. ; Yonahara B.Y. ( May 2002 ) . Papaya Ringspot Virus Established on Maui ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Hawaii Department of Agriculture . Jump up ^ Bayot , R.G. , Villegas , V.N. , Magdalita , P.M. , Jovellana , M.D. , Espino , T.M. , & Exconde , S.B. ( 1990 ) . Seed transmissibility of papaya ringspot virus . Philippine Journal of Crop Science , 15 ( 2 ) , 107 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : Gonsalves , D. ( 1998 ) .",
"8": "`` CONTROL OF PAPAYA RINGSPOT VIRUS IN PAPAYA : A Case Study '' . Annual Review of Phytopathology. 36 : 415 -- 437 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. phyto. 36.1. 415 . PMID 15012507 . ^ Jump up to : Papaya Ringspot Virus - Resistant ( PRVR ) Papaya `` Why genetically engineer virus resistance into papaya ? '' Fact Sheet ( PDF ) ( Report ) . USAID , ABSP & Cornell University . September 10 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Fuller G.B. ( 2005 ) . Use and Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Asian Productivity Organization . pp. 31 -- 21 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 11 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The man behind the Rainbow - Biology Fortified , Inc '' . Biology Fortified , Inc. 2012 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ sss253 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Dennis Gonsalves : Public Sector Hero '' . Cornell Alliance for Science . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hawaii Grown Papayas '' . Jump up ^ Ferreira , S.A. ; Pitz , K.Y. ; Manshardt , R. ; Zee , F. ; Fitch , M. ; Gonsalves , D. ( 2002 ) . `` Virus Coat Protein Transgenic Papaya Provides Practical Control ofPapaya ringspot virusin Hawaii '' . Plant Disease . 86 ( 2 ) : 101 . doi : 10.1094 / PDIS. 2002.86. 2.101 . Jump up ^ Tennant , P.F. ( 1994 ) . `` Differential Protection Against Papaya Ringspot Virus Isolates in Coat Protein Gene Transgenic Papaya and Classically Cross-Protected Papaya '' . Phytopathology.",
"9": "84 ( 11 ) : 1359 -- 1366 . doi : 10.1094 / Phyto - 84 - 1359 . ^ Jump up to : Kelleher J.S. ( August 21 , 2011 ) . `` Hawaii 's geneticially modified papayas attacked '' . The Maui News . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sarris , Alexander ( 2003 ) . Medium - term prospects for agricultural commodities : projections to the year 2010 ( Vol. 1 ) . Rome : Food and Agricultural Organization ( FAO ) . p. 118 . ISBN 92 - 5 - 105077 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Description of Plant Viruses : Papaya ringspot virus Plant Viruses Online : Papaya ringspot virus Plant viruses Online : Watermelon mosaic virus 1 ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database : Papaya ringspot potyvirus ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database : Watermelon mosaic virus 1 Family Groups - The Baltimore Method Crop Knowledge Master : Papaya ringspot virus ( P strain ) American Phytopathological Society : Papaya Ringspot Virus Taxon identifiers Wd : Q7132538 EoL : 540306 EPPO : PRSV00 NCBI : 12205 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papaya_ringspot_virus&oldid=832026488 '' Categories : Viral plant pathogens and diseases Potyviruses Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Français Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 11 : 27 . About Wikipedia",
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when does like cage season 2 come out
|
[
"June 22, 2018",
"June 22, 2018",
"June 22, 2018",
"June 22, 2018"
] |
{
"0": "Luke Cage ( season 2 ) - wikipedia Luke Cage ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search Luke Cage ( season 2 ) Starring Mike Colter Simone Missick Rosario Dawson Alfre Woodard Theo Rossi Mustafa Shakir Gabrielle Dennis Country of origin United States Release Original network Netflix Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 List of Luke Cage episodes The second season of the American web television series Luke Cage , which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name , sees Cage become a hero and celebrity in Harlem after clearing his name , only to face a new threat . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise . The season was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios , with Cheo Hodari Coker serving as showrunner . Mike Colter stars as Cage , alongside returning principal cast members Simone Missick , Rosario Dawson , Alfre Woodard , and Theo Rossi . They are joined by Mustafa Shakir and Gabrielle Dennis . The second season was ordered in December 2016 , and filmed in New York City from June to November , 2017 . The season is set to premiere June 22 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Notable guests 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 4 Release 5 References 6 External links Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No.",
"1": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 14 `` Soul Brother # 1 '' Lucy Liu Cheo Hodari Coker June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 15 `` Straighten It Out '' Steph Green Akela Cooper June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 16 `` Wig Out '' Marc Jobst Matt Owens June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 17 `` I Get Physical '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Matthew Lopes June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 18 5 `` All Souled Out '' Kasi Lemmons Ian Stokes June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 19 6 `` The Basement '' Millicent Shelton Aïda Mashaka Croal June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) Jump up ^ Each episode is named after a Pete Rock & CL Smooth song Neema Barnette directed an episode in the season . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Luke Cage characters Main ( edit ) Mike Colter as Luke Cage Simone Missick as Mercedes `` Misty '' Knight Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple Alfre Woodard as Mariah Dillard Theo Rossi as Hernan `` Shades '' Alvarez Mustafa Shakir as John McIver Gabrielle Dennis as Tilda Johnson Notable guests ( edit ) Thomas Q. Jones as Comanche Finn Jones as Danny Rand / Iron Fist Reg E. Cathey as James Lucas Danny Johnson as Benjamin Donovan Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2015 , Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated the series was `` eligible to go into multiple seasons for sure '' and Netflix would look at `` how well ( they ) are addressing both the Marvel fanbase but also the broader fanbase '' in terms of determining if additional seasons would be appropriate .",
"2": "In July 2015 , Sarandos said some of the Defenders series would `` selectively have multiple seasons as they come out of the gate . '' Regarding a second season , showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker stated he had `` a few ideas '' , including possibly exploring the `` Hero for Hire '' aspect of Luke Cage , though noted he was not taking `` any of this for granted '' in terms of feeling a second season renewal from Netflix was guaranteed . Actor Mike Colter also felt `` Heroes for Hire '' could be explored in future seasons , as well as further exploring Cage 's lifestyle change regarding his relationship with Jessica Jones and introducing the couple 's daughter . In December 2016 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season , of 13 episodes . Coker compared the season to A Tribe Called Quest 's second album The Low End Theory saying , their first album People 's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm `` was great , but then Low End Theory was the record that everyone says ... when they think of A Tribe Called Quest taking it to the next level . That 's my hope for season 2 , is that we have some of the similar sounds , but we go in a deeper direction . '' Coker also noted that music would continue to be an important element for the season and that Harlem would still be `` at the heart and its center '' for the series . Writing ( edit ) In July 2017 , Colter said the writing for the season was different from the first , because `` we know the show now . We know the world that we 're in and we know sort of what works and what does n't work and we 're just gon na double down on that stuff , so look forward to a very exciting and very relevant and pop culture - heavy show . '' He added that after the first season and the crossover miniseries The Defenders , Cage would have `` a whole new outlook on life '' and would not be dealing with the judicial system anymore .",
"3": "Coker explained that the storyline for the season did not come from any particular iteration of the comics , and instead was based on the characters that appear : `` who is Luke Cage and getting much deeper into that , but also finding out different things about Mariah Dillard , also finding out things about Misty Knight , '' including getting her mechanical arm `` and what that entails from an emotional standpoint . '' In particular , the new villains introduced for the season and their abilities impacted the story in terms of `` what that represents against Luke '' . Each episode of the season is named after a Pete Rock & CL Smooth song , just as Coker named each episode of the first season after a Gang Starr song . Casting ( edit ) Colter returns to star as Cage , along with Simone Missick as Misty Knight , Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple , Alfre Woodard as Mariah Dillard , and Theo Rossi as Hernan `` Shades '' Alvarez . In July 2017 , Marvel announced the casting of Mustafa Shakir as John McIver , and Gabrielle Dennis as Tilda Johnson . Thomas Q. Jones and Danny Johnson also reprise their roles as Comanche and Benjamin Donovan in the season . In October 2017 , it was revealed that Finn Jones would be reprising his role as Danny Rand / Iron Fist in the season . Colter explained that there had been interest from fans to see more of the previously established relationship between Cage and Jessica Jones , but for this season they `` went out on a limb '' and decided to give to the fans of the `` Heroes for Hire '' instead by having Cage and Rand team up for part of the season . He added that Finn Jones `` will bring some fresh blood in the new season '' . Following the death of Reg E. Cathey in February 2018 , Marvel revealed that his final performance was as Luke Cage 's father James Lucas in this season . The character appeared briefly in the first season portrayed by an unnamed actor . In March 2018 , Annabella Sciorra was announced to have been cast in the `` key role '' of Rosalie Carbone . The next month , Antonique Smith joined the cast as Detective Nandi Tyler , a longtime rival of Misty Knight . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began by June 10 , 2017 , under the series ' working title Tiara .",
"4": "Production wrapped that November . Music ( edit ) Coker wanted to have live musical performances in the season again after the first , and hoped that some musicians who had turned him down for the first season would be happy to join the second after getting to see the series . In July 2017 , Colter said that the second season would have `` another feel to it '' in terms of the music , praising the season 's musical guests and explaining that he and Coker had chosen a `` certain type '' of music for the season after listening to it at a birthday party and agreeing that there had `` not been one bad song '' played . Coker later explained that the season would explore the roots of hip - hop with blues and reggae , after the first season introduced hip - hop to the MCU . He added that the season would explore `` the entire diaspora of black music '' along with different cultures . Release ( edit ) The second season of Luke Cage is set to be released on June 22 , 2018 , on the streaming service Netflix worldwide , in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gracie , Bianca ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Luke Cage Season 2 Episodes Are Named After Pete Rock & CL Smooth Songs '' . Complex . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2018 . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brockington , Ariana ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Luke Cage ' Season 2 Gets Premiere Date , Teaser Trailer ( Watch ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Coker , Cheo Hodari ( @ cheo_coker ) ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` '' Soul Brother # 1 '' Written by Cheo Hodari Coker . Directed by @ LucyLiu . 13 weeks out from Season Two dropping , so every coming week I 'll reveal the Pete Rock & CL Smooth song title , the writer , and the director . We good ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter .",
"5": "Jump up ^ Coker , Cheo Hodari ( @ cheo_coker ) ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Episode 2 : `` Straighten It Out '' Written by @ AkelaCooper . Directed by Steph Green '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Coker , Cheo Hodari ( @ cheo_coker ) ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Episode 3 : `` Wig Out '' Written by Matt Owens . Directed by Marc Jobst '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Coker , Cheo Hodari ( @ cheo_coker ) ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Episode 4 : I Get Physical . Written by Matthew Lopes . Directed by Salli Richardson Whitfield '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Coker , Cheo Hodari ( @ cheo_coker ) ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Episode 5 : All Souled Out . Written by Ian Stokes . Directed by Kasi Lemmons '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Coker , Cheo Hodari ( @ cheo_coker ) ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Episode 6 : The Basement . Written by Aida Mashaka Croal . Directed by Milicent Shelton '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Rivera , Brittany ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` Luke Cage Season 2 Adds More Female Directors '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Mustafa Shakir & Gabrielle Dennis Join Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Luke Cage ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 .",
"6": "^ Jump up to : Morales , Wilson ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Thomas Q. Jones To Reprise Comanche Role In Luke Cage Season 2 '' . Black Film . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Luke Cage first look : Iron Fist joins Luke in season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel Mourns the Loss of Reg E. Cathey '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Morales , Wilson ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Actress / Singer Antonique Smith To Play New Character On Marvel 's Luke Cage Season 2 '' . Blackfilm . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Easter Eggs : Stan Lee , Iron Man and More '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix announces ' Daredevil , ' ' Bloodline , ' ' Kimmy Schmidt ' premiere dates '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix On Marvel Series Release Plan And If Punisher Could Get A Spinoff '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Meghan ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker On Mike Colter , `` Heroes For Hire , '' And Making An `` Inclusively Black '' Superhero Show `` . Decider . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2016 . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Luke Cage Talks Future Marvel Netflix Storylines '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stedman , Alex ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Renewed for Season 2 on Netflix '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel TV - Netflix New York Projects Will Count 135 Episodes By Year 's End ; Record Production Commitment In State 's History '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Season 2 aims for ' bulletproof dopeness , ' says showrunner '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mohamed , Jasmine ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Luke Cage Season 2 Will Be Exciting , Relevant & Pop Culture - Heavy '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Dallas ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Mike Colter Excited For Luke Cage Season 2 Soundtrack , Storyline '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 .",
"8": "Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huver , Scott ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : ' Luke Cage ' Showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker Talks Season Two , Villains , and Music '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` SDCC 2016 : Marvel & Netflix 's LUKE CAGE Panel '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jamie ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Luke Cage Season 2 Starts Production In June , Wraps In March '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erao , Matthew ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Luke Cage & Claire Temple Share A Moment in Season 2 Set Photos '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coley , Sam ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy 's Theo Rossi on New Movie , Lowriders : ' Roles Like This Make Me a Better Father ' '' . Parade . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morales , Wilson ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Mike Colter Talks Girls Trip Blu - ray & Luke Cage Season 2 '' . BlackFilm.com . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mino ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` James Leonard Lucas '' . Comicbook Movies : Who 's Who . WordPress . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2018 .",
"9": "Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel casts Annabella Sciorra as Luke Cage season 2 villain '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jason ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Luke Cage Season 2 Wraps Filming '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duff , Seamus ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Luke Cage show creator says : ' We are the best music show on television ' '' . Metro.co.uk . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Luke Cage '' . Netflix . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Luke Cage Archie Goodwin John Romita Sr . Supporting characters Big Ben Donovan Noah Burstein David Griffith Iron Fist Jessica Jones Misty Knight Claire Temple Colleen Wing Enemies Black Mariah Bushmaster Chemistro Cheshire Cat Circus of Crime Comanche Cottonmouth Diamondback Discus Dontrell Hamilton El Aguila Gideon Mace Goldbug Erik Josten Maggia Mr.",
"10": "Fish Nightshade Purple Man Señor Muerte / Señor Suerte Shades Spear Steeplejack Stiletto Zzzax Teams Defenders Heroes for Hire Mighty Avengers New Avengers Thunderbolts Publications Power Man and Iron Fist In other media Luke Cage season 1 characters soundtrack Category Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher season 1 Hulu Runaways `` Reunion '' Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other media Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.",
"11": ": Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Tony Stark Claire Temple Music Soundtracks Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Singles `` Live to Rise '' `` All the Stars '' `` King 's Dead '' `` Pray for Me '' MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Disney Parks Iron Man Experience Marvel Land Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Other Team Thor Book Category Portal Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luke_Cage_(season_2)&oldid=837698839 '' Categories : Luke Cage ( TV series ) Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 13 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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types of skiing in the winter olympics 2018
|
[
"Downhill",
"Super-G",
"Giant slalom",
"Slalom",
"Slalom – (SC)"
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{
"0": "Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Alpine Skiing at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games Pictograms for speed ( left ) and technical ( right ) alpine skiing events Venues Jeongseon Alpine Centre ( speed ) Yongpyong Alpine Center ( technical ) Dates 12 -- 24 February 2018 No. of events 11 ( 5 men , 5 women , 1 mixed ) Competitors 322 from 80 nations ← 2014 2022 → Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics Qualification Combined men women Downhill men women Giant slalom men women Slalom men women Super-G men women Team event mixed Yongpyong Jeongseon Locations in South Korea Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held from 12 to 24 February at Yongpyong Alpine Centre ( slalom and giant slalom ) at the Alpensia Sports Park in PyeongChang and at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre ( speed events ) in Jeongseon , South Korea . In June 2015 , the International Olympic Committee approved the addition of a mixed team event , bringing the total of medal events in alpine skiing to eleven . It was the last event on the schedule . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualification 2 Competition schedule 2.1 Course information 3 Medal summary 3.1 Medal table 3.2 Men 's events 3.3 Women 's events 3.4 Team event 4 Participating nations 5 References 6 External links Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification A maximum of 320 quota spots were available to athletes to compete at the games . A maximum of twenty - two athletes could be entered by a National Olympic Committee , with a maximum of fourteen men or fourteen women . A total of sixteen countries also qualified for the inaugural team event . There were two qualification standards for the games : an A standard and a B standard .",
"1": "Competition schedule ( edit ) Date Time Event 13 February 11 : 30 15 : 00 Men 's combined 15 February 10 : 00 13 : 45 Women 's giant slalom 11 : 30 Men 's downhill 16 February 10 : 00 13 : 15 Women 's slalom 11 : 00 Men 's super-G 17 February 12 : 00 Women 's super-G 18 February 10 : 15 13 : 45 Men 's giant slalom 21 February 11 : 00 Women 's downhill 22 February 10 : 00 13 : 30 Men 's slalom 11 : 30 15 : 00 Women 's combined 24 February 11 : 00 Team event Source : All times are ( UTC + 9 ) Notes Men 's downhill was postponed ( high winds ) from 11 to 15 February . Women 's giant slalom was postponed ( high winds ) from 12 to 15 February . Women 's slalom was postponed ( high winds ) from 14 to 16 February . Men 's super-G was postponed ( scheduling conflict ) from 15 to 16 February . Women 's combined was moved forward 24 hours ( due to scheduled high winds ) from 23 to 22 February . Course information ( edit ) Date Race Start elevation Finish elevation Vertical drop Course length Average gradient 15 February Downhill -- men 1,370 m ( 4,495 ft ) 545 m ( 1,788 ft ) 825 m ( 2,707 ft ) 2.965 km ( 1.842 mi ) 7001278000000000000 ♠ 27.8 % 21 February Downhill -- women 1,275 m ( 4,183 ft ) 545 m ( 1,788 ft ) 730 m ( 2,395 ft ) 2.775 km ( 1.724 mi ) 7001263000000000000 ♠ 26.",
"2": "3 % 13 February Downhill -- ( SC ) -- men 1,195 m ( 3,921 ft ) 545 m ( 1,788 ft ) 650 m ( 2,133 ft ) 2.050 km ( 1.274 mi ) 7001317000000000000 ♠ 31.7 % 22 February Downhill -- ( SC ) -- women 1,275 m ( 4,183 ft ) 545 m ( 1,788 ft ) 730 m ( 2,400 ft ) 2.775 km ( 1.724 mi ) 7001263000000000000 ♠ 26.3 % 16 February Super-G -- men 1,195 m ( 3,921 ft ) 545 m ( 1,788 ft ) 650 m ( 2,133 ft ) 2.322 km ( 1.443 mi ) 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 % 17 February Super-G -- women 1,130 m ( 3,707 ft ) 545 m ( 1,788 ft ) 585 m ( 1,919 ft ) 2.010 km ( 1.249 mi ) 7001291000000000000 ♠ 29.1 % 18 February Giant slalom -- men 1,405 m ( 4,610 ft ) 965 m ( 3,166 ft ) 440 m ( 1,444 ft ) 1.326 km ( 0.824 mi ) 7001332000000000000 ♠ 33.2 % 15 February Giant slalom -- women 1,365 m ( 4,478 ft ) 965 m ( 3,166 ft ) 400 m ( 1,312 ft ) 1.250 km ( 0.777 mi ) 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32.0 % 22 February Slalom -- men 1,176 m ( 3,858 ft ) 965 m ( 3,166 ft ) 211 m ( 692 ft ) 0.575 km ( 0.",
"3": "357 mi ) 7001367000000000000 ♠ 36.7 % 16 February Slalom -- women 1,169 m ( 3,835 ft ) 965 m ( 3,166 ft ) 204 m ( 669 ft ) 0.556 km ( 0.345 mi ) 7001367000000000000 ♠ 36.7 % 13 February Slalom -- ( SC ) -- men 745 m ( 2,444 ft ) 545 m ( 1,788 ft ) 200 m ( 656 ft ) 0.521 km ( 0.324 mi ) 7001384000000000000 ♠ 38.4 % 22 February Slalom -- ( SC ) -- women 724 m ( 2,375 ft ) 545 m ( 1,788 ft ) 179 m ( 587 ft ) 0.515 km ( 0.320 mi ) 7001348009999900000 ♠ 34.8 % 24 February Team event 1,041 m ( 3,415 ft ) 961 m ( 3,153 ft ) 80 m ( 262 ft ) 0.265 km ( 0.165 mi ) 7001302000000000000 ♠ 30.2 % Estimates - data from official Olympic venue websites . Medal summary ( edit ) Medal table ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Austria ( AUT ) 7 Switzerland ( SUI ) 7 Sweden ( SWE ) 0 0 Norway ( NOR ) 7 5 United States ( USA ) 6 Italy ( ITA ) 0 7 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 0 0 8 France ( FRA ) 0 9 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 0 0 Total 11 11 11 33 Men 's events ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Downhill details Aksel Lund Svindal Norway 1 : 40.",
"4": "25 Kjetil Jansrud Norway 1 : 40.37 Beat Feuz Switzerland 1 : 40.43 Super-G details Matthias Mayer Austria 1 : 24.44 Beat Feuz Switzerland 1 : 24.57 Kjetil Jansrud Norway 1 : 24.62 Giant slalom details Marcel Hirscher Austria 2 : 18.04 Henrik Kristoffersen Norway 2 : 19.31 Alexis Pinturault France 2 : 19.35 Slalom details André Myhrer Sweden 1 : 38.99 Ramon Zenhäusern Switzerland 1 : 39.33 Michael Matt Austria 1 : 39.66 Combined details Marcel Hirscher Austria 2 : 06.52 Alexis Pinturault France 2 : 06.75 Victor Muffat - Jeandet France 2 : 07.54 Women 's events ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Downhill details Sofia Goggia Italy 1 : 39.22 Ragnhild Mowinckel Norway 1 : 39.31 Lindsey Vonn United States 1 : 39.69 Super-G details Ester Ledecká Czech Republic 1 : 21.11 Anna Veith Austria 1 : 21.12 Tina Weirather Liechtenstein 1 : 21.22 Giant slalom details Mikaela Shiffrin United States 2 : 20.02 Ragnhild Mowinckel Norway 2 : 20.41 Federica Brignone Italy 2 : 20.48 Slalom details Frida Hansdotter Sweden 1 : 38.63 Wendy Holdener Switzerland 1 : 38.68 Katharina Gallhuber Austria 1 : 38.95 Combined details Michelle Gisin Switzerland 2 : 20.90 Mikaela Shiffrin United States 2 : 21.87 Wendy Holdener Switzerland 2 : 22.",
"5": "34 Team event ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Mixed team details Switzerland ( SUI ) Luca Aerni Denise Feierabend Wendy Holdener Daniel Yule Ramon Zenhäusern Austria ( AUT ) Stephanie Brunner Manuel Feller Katharina Gallhuber Katharina Liensberger Michael Matt Marco Schwarz Norway ( NOR ) Sebastian Foss - Solevåg Nina Haver - Løseth Leif Kristian Nestvold - Haugen Kristin Lysdahl Jonathan Nordbotten Maren Skjøld Participating nations ( edit ) A total of 322 athletes from 80 nations ( including the IOC 's designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia ) were scheduled to participate ( the numbers of athletes are shown in parentheses ) . Albania ( 2 ) Andorra ( 3 ) Argentina ( 2 ) Armenia ( 1 ) Australia ( 3 ) Austria ( 22 ) Azerbaijan ( 1 ) Belarus ( 2 ) Belgium ( 4 ) Bolivia ( 1 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 2 ) Brazil ( 1 ) Bulgaria ( 3 ) Canada ( 14 ) Chile ( 3 ) China ( 2 ) Colombia ( 1 ) Croatia ( 10 ) Cyprus ( 1 ) Czech Republic ( 9 ) Denmark ( 2 ) East Timor ( 1 ) Eritrea ( 1 ) Estonia ( 2 ) Finland ( 2 ) France ( 22 ) Georgia ( 2 ) Germany ( 14 ) Great Britain ( 4 ) Greece ( 2 ) Hong Kong ( 1 ) Hungary ( 4 ) Iceland ( 2 ) Iran ( 2 ) Ireland ( 2 ) Israel ( 1 ) Italy ( 20 ) Japan ( 4 ) Kazakhstan ( 2 ) Kenya ( 1 ) Kosovo ( 1 ) Kyrgyzstan ( 1 ) Latvia ( 2 ) Lebanon ( 2 ) Liechtenstein ( 2 )",
"6": "Lithuania ( 2 ) Luxembourg ( 1 ) Macedonia ( 1 ) Madagascar ( 1 ) Malaysia ( 1 ) Malta ( 1 ) Mexico ( 2 ) Moldova ( 1 ) Monaco ( 2 ) Montenegro ( 2 ) Morocco ( 1 ) New Zealand ( 3 ) North Korea ( 3 ) Norway ( 11 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( 5 ) Pakistan ( 1 ) Philippines ( 1 ) Poland ( 3 ) Portugal ( 1 ) Puerto Rico ( 1 ) Romania ( 2 ) San Marino ( 1 ) Serbia ( 3 ) Slovakia ( 7 ) Slovenia ( 11 ) South Africa ( 1 ) South Korea ( 4 ) Spain ( 2 ) Sweden ( 10 ) Switzerland ( 22 ) Thailand ( 2 ) Turkey ( 2 ) Ukraine ( 2 ) United States ( 22 ) Uzbekistan ( 1 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Venues '' . www.pyeongchang2018.com/ . Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Stephen ( 8 June 2015 ) . `` Four new events added to 2018 Winter Olympics '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Qualification Systems for XXII Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 Alpine skiing '' ( PDF ) . International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 - 02 Calendar '' . FIS . Retrieved 24 July 2017 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/feb/11/winter-olympics-2018-pyeongchang-downhill-skiing-postponed Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/winter-olympics/43027402 Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-2018-alps-w-sl-delay/womens-slalom-postponed-until-friday-idUSKCN1FY06Q Jump up ^ `` Shiffrin to miss downhill after combined moved forward '' . Reuters. 2018 . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jeongseon Alpine Centre '' . 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's Downhill Oficial Results '' ( PDF ) . 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ladies ' Downhill Official Results '' ( PDF ) . 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's Alpine Combined - Downhill Official Results '' ( PDF ) . 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ladies ' Alpine Combined - Downhill Official Results '' ( PDF ) . 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's Super-G Official Results '' ( PDF ) . 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ladies ' Super-G Official Results '' ( PDF ) . 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's Giant Slalom Official Results '' ( PDF ) . 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ladies ' Giant Slalom Official Results '' ( PDF ) . 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's Slalom Official Results '' ( PDF ) . 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ladies ' Slalom Official Results '' ( PDF ) . 2018 Winter Olympics .",
"8": "Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's Alpine Combined - Official Results '' ( PDF ) . 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ladies ' Alpine Combined - Official Results '' ( PDF ) . 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yongpyong Alpine Centre '' . 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Men 's downhill results Jump up ^ Men 's super-G results Jump up ^ Men 's giant slalom results Jump up ^ Men 's slalom results Jump up ^ Men 's combined results Jump up ^ Women 's downhill results Jump up ^ Women 's super-G results Jump up ^ Women 's giant slalom results Jump up ^ Women 's slalom results Jump up ^ Women 's combined results Jump up ^ Mixed team results Jump up ^ Number of Entries by NOC External links ( edit ) Official Results Book -- Alpine Skiing Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 List of medalists List of venues Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( Pyeongchang ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"9": "php?title=Alpine_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=835739884 '' Categories : Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics 2018 in alpine skiing Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics Alpine skiing competitions in South Korea 2018 Winter Olympics events Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 13 : 52 . About Wikipedia",
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[
2,
1,
3,
7,
8,
4,
9,
0,
5,
6
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[
2,
1,
3,
7
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-5881961149303861412
|
who played gino in a place to call home
|
[
"Aldo Mignone",
"Aldo Mignone",
"Aldo Mignone",
"Aldo Mignone"
] |
{
"0": "A Place to Call Home ( season 3 ) - Wikipedia A Place to Call Home ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search A Place to Call Home ( season 3 ) Country of origin Australia No. of episodes 10 Release Original network SoHo Original release 27 September ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) -- 29 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 29 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of A Place to Call Home episodes The third season of the Seven Network television series A Place to Call Home premiered on SoHo on 27 September 2015 and concluded on 29 November 2015 . The series is produced by Chris Martin - Jones , and executive produced by Penny Win and Julie McGauran . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Plot 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring & Guest 3.2. 1 Casting 4 Episodes 4.1 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) Helen Vnuk from TV Week confirmed that a third season had been commissioned in May 2014 . However , one month later , the magazine reported that Channel Seven had passed on the option to renew the series and had recently told the cast and crew they would not be required for a third season . On 15 October 2014 , it was announced that Foxtel had finalised a deal with Channel Seven that would see third and fourth seasons written , using the outlines created by Bevan Lee , produced by Seven Productions , but aired on Foxtel . On 25 October 2014 , Amy Harris of The Daily Telegraph announced that A Place to Call Home had been officially renewed for another two seasons and would return in late 2015 , airing on Foxtel channel SoHo . It was also announced that all the original cast and crew members would return . Production was scheduled to resume in March 2015 in Camden , the show 's original filming location . On 19 November 2014 , it was announced that Bevan Lee had stepped down as the script producer and had hand - picked Susan Bower to take over .",
"1": "As well as a new script producer , a new writing team , consisting of David Hannam , Sarah Lambert , Giula Sandler and Katherine Thomson , was also hired . The season has been written by Susan Bower , Katherine Thomson , Sarah Lambert , David Hannam , Giula Sandler , Deborah Parsons , Kim Wilson and John Ridley , and directed by Ian Watson , Shirley Barrett , Lynn - Maree Danzey and Chris Martin - Jones . Plot ( edit ) In season three of A Place to Call Home : as Australia faces internal and external threats to its way of life so too do the people of Inverness , and previous alliances and relationships are tested . Sarah 's dilemma , between her feelings for George and her duty to her husband Rene , is exacerbated by a heartbreaking secret . James and Olivia 's relationship is under pressure when the true parentage of baby George is threatened with exposure . Elizabeth Bligh 's decision to leave Ash Park to explore a life of her own proves more difficult than she thought . Anna and Gino face the difference between the fairytale romance and the reality of married life . Independent lovers Carolyn and Jack try to move closer to a commitment . Through it all , Regina 's manipulative behaviour weaves an impenetrable web around George . In the sleepy village of Inverness , sex , death and secrets are never far below the surface . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Marta Dusseldorp as Sarah Nordmann Noni Hazelhurst as Elizabeth Bligh Brett Climo as George Bligh Craig Hall as Dr. Jack Duncan David Berry as James Bligh Abby Earl as Anna Poletti Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood as Olivia Bligh Aldo Mignone as Gino Poletti Sara Wiseman as Carolyn Bligh Jenni Baird as Regina Bligh Frankie J. Holden as Roy Briggs Recurring & guest ( edit ) Deborah Kennedy as Doris Collins Brenna Harding as Rose O'Connell Mark Lee as Sir Richard Bennett Ben Winspear as René Nordmann Tim Draxl as Dr. Henry Fox Scott Grimley as Norman Parker Robert Coleby as Douglas Goddard Heather Mitchell as Prudence Swanson Rick Donald as Lloyd Ellis Parker Warwick Young as Sgt .",
"2": "Eddie Franklin Judi Farr as Peg Maloney Casting ( edit ) Puberty Blues actress , Brenna Harding will join the series as maid Rose O'Connell . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of A Place to Call Home episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Australian viewers 24 `` The Things We Do for Love '' Ian Barry David Hannam 27 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 0.154 After George is shot , Sarah is forced to remove the bullet from his chest en route to the hospital . He is later operated on and awakens in his hospital room and whispers Sarah 's name , around Regina . Anna is shocked to learn that the baby that is being masqueraded as James and Olivia 's , is actually the baby of an unwed mother , and is later disappointed to learn that Gino is disgusted by James ' homosexuality . René is arrested for attempted murder , however , after Regina delivers Sarah an ultimatum that if George dies , she 'll make sure René hangs , he is released when Regina changes her story and says George stopped René committing suicide . Olivia hires a new maid Rose , who acts oddly suspicious around baby George . James quietly flirts with George 's doctor , Henry Fox , over a cigarette . After dealing with the shocking events of the past day , Sarah is shocked when she learns that she is pregnant with George 's baby . 25 `` L'Chaim , to Life '' Ian Barry Giula Sandler 4 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 0.154 George 's return from hospital opens a whole new world for the Bligh family , as his new lease on life , pushes him to pursue a career in politics , announcing that he 'll run for the Country Party in the next election . While he has the support of close friend , Sir Richard Bennett , George is later informed by Richard that he will more likely win the election if he were to marry a suitable woman , with an aristocratic background .",
"3": "James and Olivia 's decision to move the christening of baby George forward is marred when Gino , now aware of James ' sexuality , chooses to not become the godfather of his son . With his father 's political bid announced , James assures Olivia that his sexuality will not stand in the way of their marriage , and they proceed to make love . After learning she 's pregnant with George 's baby , Sarah is forced to deal with her past in Ravensbrück , as she reveals to Jack that she was once pregnant , however was brutally bashed by the Nazis and seemingly , lost the baby . After René has a severe health crisis , Sarah makes the ultimate decision to go to the city , and have an abortion . 26 `` Somewhere Beyond the Sea '' Lynn - Maree Danzey Katherine Thomson 11 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 0.154 Elizabeth 's new life in the city gets off to a great start when Douglas Goddard , a prevalent man in Sydney 's high society and a friend of Prudence 's offers Elizabeth the experience of a lifetime , volunteering in a soup kitchen for men affected by the Second World War . Gino tries to continue to hide his disgust towards James , and his sexuality , whilst revealing to Anna that he wants to use his parents ' farm to grow grapes and become a successful wine maker like the other men in his family . Lloyd Ellis Parker , a painter friend of Carolyn 's , arrives from England to paint the young Bligh family . George throws a party to celebrate his entrance into the ballot for the Country Party , which is the catalyst for two romantic moments : one between James and Dr Henry Fox , and the other between Olivia and Lloyd , leading to them sharing a passionate kiss . Sarah arrives in Sydney to look after Aunt Peg , while secretly searching for a doctor , willing to terminate her pregnancy , and after a disagreement with her , Aunt Peg gives her the number of an abortionist and Sarah pays them a visit .",
"4": "27 `` Too Old to Dream '' Lynn - Maree Danzey Deborah Parsons 18 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) 0.170 Anna and Gino 's grape plantation gets slowly underway , but Anna worries that there will not be enough time and money to allow them to wait for them to be harvested . Regina witnesses a moment of passion between James and Henry , and decides to use it to her advantage . Elizabeth 's feelings towards Douglas begin to slowly grow as she continues to do work at the Retired Veterans centre . Carolyn is offered a writing job by Sir Richard at the Sydney newspaper , but Elizabeth worries that her views may not be accepted , nor liked by the public . Olivia worries when she ca n't find Baby George , until it is discovered that he was in bed with Rose . Later that night , Olivia dreams that she is involved in a passionate romp with Lloyd , the painter . Sarah decides against the abortion , but sees a young girl , whose mother eventually contacts her for help . Despite her and Jack 's best efforts , the girl dies , and Sarah makes the ultimate decision to tell René that she is pregnant with another man 's child . 28 5 `` Living in the Shadow '' Shirley Barrett Kim Wilson 25 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 25 ) 0.167 Carolyn takes up Sir Richard 's offer of having her own column in the Sydney newspaper , and begins her new job with a controversial article about the woman with no female friends , an article written specifically about Regina . Douglas decides that life is too short and begins a series of romantic advances towards Elizabeth , which cause her to withdraw . Doris organises a day out for Inverness to meet George as the new Country Party candidate . Anna learns the truth about Olivia and Andrew 's deception , which leads Olivia to seek solace in Lloyd 's arms and ultimately begin an affair with him . Gino begins to realise how bad his money problems are and sells his father 's pocket watch as a way to try and save his farm . Jack and Sarah travel to Sydney to track down the doctor , who is performing illegal abortions , in a bid to avenge the death of the young girl Jack could n't save .",
"5": "After initial problems , René finally accepts Sarah 's pregnancy , but the next morning on her way to work , Sarah begins cramping and collapses . 29 6 `` In the Heat of the Night '' Shirley Barrett Sarah Lambert 1 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 01 ) 0.174 After introducing Olivia to the world of oral sex , Lloyd 's life is threatened when James uncovers the truth about his wife 's level of intimacy with him and punches him . Learning that Henry is , in fact , gay and his partner died some time ago , James seeks solace in him . Carolyn 's given a further opportunity by Sir Richard when he decides to keep her on as a writer , and she is later invited to one of his soirees , and takes a homosexual friend , Simon . Elizabeth makes a decision not to return to the soup kitchen , but after Douglas reveals his true feelings for her , she changes her mind and returns . Anna and Gino are caught in the middle of the Bligh family drama after Rose steals baby George , believing that he is the child that she lost at birth , and whilst Olivia knows it is the truth , she hides it from Rose and tells her that George is hers and James ' son . Sarah is placed into hospital with spotting , and is forced to tell George the truth - he 's the father of her child . After the cramps stop and Sarah is given the all clear and taken home , René 's illness takes a turn for the worst , and mistaking his wife for George , René strangles Sarah . 30 7 `` The Sins of the Father '' Chris - Martin Jones John Ridley 8 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) 0.198 George is haunted by the memory of his father 's death and it is revealed that when George was 12 , he found his father , Lewis , kissing another man , and when George confronted him over it , Lewis bashed him and rode away on his horse . He later found his father dead on a river bank , having been thrown from his horse , over a bridge - and believed it to be a suicide , until Elizabeth assured him that he was not to blame for Lewis ' death .",
"6": "Regina suspects that James and Henry 's relationship is more than platonic , and while spying on them , she pays Richard a visit who tells her to put into motion her plan to get George . Sarah learns that René 's ailment is worsening , and the only way to fix it is for him to have experimental brain surgery that could potentially kill him . Carolyn 's new job at the newspaper puts her in danger -- when she invites Sir Richard over for drinks to propose a new story , he brutally rapes her . 31 8 `` Til Death Do Us Part '' Chris Martin - Jones Giula Sandler 15 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 0.178 René is admitted to hospital on the day of his surgery and after undergoing his potentially fatal brain operation , he awakens , but later when he tries to get out of bed , he falls over and hits his head , causing a brain haemmorhage , which leads to his death . Carolyn reels in the wake of her rape and decides to confront Richard about it , but is soon disheartened when he tells her that no one would believe her . James returns to Inverness for baby George 's christening , and decides to stay to keep up appearances , but he will stay in a separate room from Olivia . Gino discovers that all of his grape vines have died and when he reveals this to Anna , she also learns how in debt the young couple are . After taking Richard 's advice , George proposes to Regina ; however when she learns that René has died and that Elizabeth knows that she cheated on her late husband , Charles , she suggests an impromptu wedding . As Sarah returns to Inverness with the body of her late husband , the wedding is underway . 32 9 `` The Mourners ' Kadish '' Lynn - Maree Danzey Katherine Thomson 22 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 22 ) 0.169 Regina and George return to Ash Park from their wedding , where both Elizabeth and Carolyn warn both parties about their marriage of convenience . Sarah is flustered in her attempts to arrange René 's funeral but Roy and Doris Collins offer their support . With her family in tatters , Elizabeth refuses Douglas ' offer of a deeper friendship .",
"7": "Gino is upset when he finds and reads Anna 's unpublished novel . As their romantic dream shatters , Anna returns to Ash Park . Regina takes extreme measures to further ensnare George . 33 10 `` The Love Undeniable '' Lynn - Maree Danzey David Hannam 29 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 29 ) 0.163 Elizabeth and Douglas ' relationship grows to the point where he asks her on an overseas trip as more than friends , and to accept his offer , she just needs to meet him at Carolyn 's apartment , but when he arrives , he 's disappointed when she is n't there , ignorant to the fact that she has suffered a heart attack and is unconscious in the apartment . Anna and Gino make up and she reveals to him that she has received a book offer from Angus & Robertson , who want to publish her novel . James sleeps with Dr. Henry . Olivia , after learning of her husband 's infidelity , packs her bags , takes her son and pursues a plight to find Lloyd . Jack learns that Carolyn was raped by Sir Richard , and is called into questioning by police after allegations are made that he is performing backyard abortions . George learns that Sarah considered having an abortion , and he reveals that he loves her , and that , when she is ready , he will divorce Regina to be with her . Knowing that George has never stopped loving Sarah , Regina poisons Sarah 's tonic with rat poison , tricking Mrs Collins into delivering it to her .",
"8": "Ratings ( edit ) Episode Title Original airdate Overnight Viewers Nightly Rank 3 - 01 `` The Things We Do for Love '' 27 September 2015 154,000 # 2 3 - 02 `` L'Chaim , to Life '' 4 October 2015 154,000 # 2 3 - 03 `` Somewhere Beyond the Sea '' 11 October 2015 154,000 # 4 3 - 04 `` Too Old to Dream '' 18 October 2015 170,000 # 1 3 - 05 `` Living in the Shadow '' 25 October 2015 167,000 # 1 3 - 06 `` In the Heat of the Night '' 1 November 2015 174,000 # 2 3 - 07 `` The Sins of the Father '' 8 November 2015 198,000 # 1 3 - 08 `` Til Death Do Us Part '' 15 November 2015 178,000 # 1 3 - 09 `` The Mourners ' Kadish '' 22 November 2015 169,000 # 1 3 - 10 `` The Love Undeniable '' 29 November 2015 163,000 # 1 Figures are OzTAM Data for the 5 City Metro areas . Overnight - Live broadcast and recordings viewed the same night . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vnuk , Helen ( 10 -- 16 May 2014 ) . `` Home comforts '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 19 ) : 97 . Jump up ^ Williams , Glen ( 14 -- 20 June 2014 ) . `` No place to call home '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 22 ) : 11 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 15 October 2014 ) . `` New Place for A Place to Call Home '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 15 October 2014 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ Harris , Amy ( 25 October 2014 ) . `` Foxtel breathes new life into A Place To Call Home after Seven signs deal to keep the show alive '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 18 November 2014 ) . `` Bevan Lee passes the baton on A Place to Call Home '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Place to Call Home series 3 ( 2015 ) '' . Screen Australia . 5 August 2015 . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 17 August 2015 ) . `` Returning : A Place to Call Home '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Puberty Blues star Brenna Harding turns down transgender roles coming soon to Australian TV '' . news.com.au. 14 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David . `` Sunday 27 September 2015 -- TV Tonight '' . Tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David . `` Sunday 4 October 2015 -- TV Tonight '' . Tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David . `` Sunday 11 October 2015 -- TV Tonight '' . Tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David . `` Sunday 18 October 2015 -- TV Tonight '' . Tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David . `` Sunday 25 October 2015 -- TV Tonight '' . Tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David . `` Sunday 1 November 2015 -- TV Tonight '' . Tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 .",
"10": "^ Jump up to : Knox , David . `` Sunday 8 November 2015 -- TV Tonight '' . Tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David . `` Sunday 15 November 2015 -- TV Tonight '' . Tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David . `` Sunday 22 November 2015 -- TV Tonight '' . Tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David . `` Sunday 29 November 2015 -- TV Tonight '' . Tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official website A Place to Call Home on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Place_to_Call_Home_(season_3)&oldid=813934455 '' Categories : 2015 Australian television seasons Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 00 : 48 . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "San Francisco 49ers - wikipedia San Francisco 49ers Jump to : navigation , search San Francisco 49ers Current season Established June 4 , 1944 ; 73 years ago ( June 4 , 1944 ) First season : 1946 Play in Levi 's Stadium Santa Clara , California Headquartered in Marie P. DeBartolo Sports Center Santa Clara , California Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 1949 ) Western Division ( 1946 -- 1949 ) National Football League ( 1950 -- present ) Coastal Division ( 1950 -- 1970 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC West ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Red , Gold Mascot Sourdough Sam Personnel Chairman Denise DeBartolo York John York ( co-chairs ) CEO Jed York President Al Guido General manager John Lynch Head coach Kyle Shanahan Team history San Francisco 49ers ( 1946 -- present ) Team nicknames Niners Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 1981 ( XVI ) , 1984 ( XIX ) , 1988 ( XXIII ) , 1989 ( XXIV ) , 1994 ( XXIX ) Conference championships ( 6 ) NFC : 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 Division championships ( 19 ) NFC West : 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1981 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 2002 , 2011 , 2012 Playoff appearances ( 26 ) AAFC : 1949 NFL : 1957 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1981 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 ,",
"1": "1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 Home fields Kezar Stadium ( 1946 -- 1970 ) Candlestick Park ( 1971 -- 2013 ) Stanford Stadium ( 1989 , one game after Loma Prieta earthquake ) Levi 's Stadium ( 2014 -- present ) The San Francisco 49ers are a professional American football team located in the San Francisco Bay Area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The team currently plays its home games at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California , located 45 miles ( 72 km ) southeast of San Francisco in the heart of Silicon Valley . Since 1988 , the 49ers have been headquartered in Santa Clara . The team was founded in 1946 as a charter member of the All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) and joined the NFL in 1949 when the leagues merged . The 49ers were the first major league professional sports franchise based in San Francisco . The name `` 49ers '' comes from the prospectors who arrived in Northern California in the 1849 Gold Rush . The team is legally and corporately registered as the San Francisco Forty Niners . The team began play at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco before moving across town to Candlestick Park in 1970 and then to Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara in 2014 . The 49ers won five Super Bowl championships between 1981 and 1995 , led by Hall of Famers Joe Montana , Jerry Rice , Ronnie Lott , Steve Young , and coach Bill Walsh . As of the 2016 NFL season , the team has won six conference championships , with the first in 1981 and the last in 2012 . They have been division champions 19 times between 1970 and 2012 winning nearly back to back games during the late 80s and early 90s , making them one of the most successful teams in NFL history . The 49ers have been in the league playoffs 26 times : 25 times in the NFL and one time in the AAFC .",
"2": "The team has set numerous notable NFL records , including most consecutive road games won ( 18 ) , most consecutive seasons leading league scoring ( 1992 -- 95 ) , most consecutive games scored ( 1979 to 2004 ) , most field goals in a season ( 44 ) , fewest turn - overs in a season ( 10 ) , and most touchdowns in a Super Bowl . According to Forbes Magazine , the team is the 4th most - valuable team in the NFL , valued at $3 billion as of July 2016 . In 2016 , the 49ers were ranked the 10th most valuable sports team in the world , behind basketball 's Los Angeles Lakers and above soccer 's Bayern Munich . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1946 -- 1978 : Early years 1.2 1979 -- 1980 : Arrival of Bill Walsh and Joe Montana 1.3 1981 -- 1984 : First two Super Bowls 1.4 1985 -- 1987 : Arrival of Jerry Rice 1.5 1988 -- 1989 : Back - to - back Super Bowls 1.6 1990 -- 1993 : Failed three - peat / Steve Young steps in 1.7 1994 -- 1998 : Fifth Super Bowl 1.8 1999 -- 2002 : Ownership change 1.9 2003 -- 2010 : Struggles 1.10 2011 -- 2014 : Jim Harbaugh era 1.10. 1 Replacement of Candlestick Park 1.11 2015 -- present : Struggles after Harbaugh 2 Championships 2.1 Super Bowls 2.2 NFC championships 3 Logos and uniforms 3.1 Logo 3.2 Uniforms 4 Cheerleaders and mascot 4.1 Cheerleaders 4.2 Mascot 5 Rivalries 5.1 NFC West 5.1. 1 Los Angeles Rams 5.1. 2 Seattle Seahawks 5.1. 3 Arizona Cardinals 5.2 Battle of the Bay rivalry 5.2.",
"3": "1 Oakland Raiders 5.3 Historic rivals 6 Season - by - season records 7 Players and personnel 7.1 Current roster and coaching staff 7.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.3 Retired numbers 7.4 49ers in the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame 7.5 49ers Hall of Fame 7.6 Forty - Niner 10 - year club 7.7 Franchise leaders 8 Achievements 8.1 Individual awards 9 Radio and television 9.1 San Francisco 49ers radio broadcasters history 9.2 Radio affiliates 9.3 San Francisco 49ers preseason TV broadcasters history 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Franchise history ( edit ) 49ers team headquarters in Santa Clara Main article : History of the San Francisco 49ers 1946 -- 1978 : early years ( edit ) The San Francisco 49ers , an original member of the new All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) , were the first major league professional sports franchise based in San Francisco , and one of the first major league professional sports teams based on the Pacific Coast . The team joined the Los Angeles Rams of the rival National Football League as the first `` big four '' - sport playing in the Western United States in 1946 , eventually becoming part of the NFL themselves in 1950 . In 1957 , the 49ers enjoyed their first sustained success as members of the NFL . After losing the opening game of the season , the 49ers won their next three against the Rams , Bears , and Packers before returning home to Kezar Stadium for a game against the Chicago Bears on October 27 , 1957 . The 49ers fell behind the Bears 17 -- 7 . Tragically , 49ers owner Tony Morabito ( 1910 -- 1957 ) collapsed of a heart attack and died during the game . The 49ers players learned of his death at halftime when coach Frankie Albert was handed a note with two words : `` Tony 's gone . ''",
"4": "With tears running down their faces , and motivated to win for their departed owner , the 49ers scored 14 unanswered points to win the game , 21 -- 17 . Dicky Moegle 's late - game interception in the endzone sealed the victory . After Tony 's death 49er ownership went to Victor Morabito ( 1919 -- 1964 ) and Tony 's widow , Josephine V. Morabito ( 1910 -- 1995 ) . The 49ers special assistant to the Morabitos , Louis G. Spadia ( 1921 -- 2013 ) was named general manager . Joe Perry played for the 49ers for 14 seasons . During the decade of the 1950s the 49ers were known for their so - called `` Million Dollar Backfield '' , consisting of four future Hall of Fame members : quarterback Y.A. Tittle and running backs John Henry Johnson , Hugh McElhenny , and Joe Perry . They became the only full - house backfield inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . For most of the next 13 years , the 49ers hovered around . 490 , except for 1963 and 1964 when they went 2 -- 12 and 4 -- 10 respectively . Key players for these 49ers included running back Ken Willard , quarterback John Brodie , and offensive lineman Bruce Bosley . During this time the 49ers became the first NFL team to use the shotgun formation . It was named by the man who actually devised the formation , San Francisco 49ers ' coach Red Hickey , in 1960 . The formation , where the quarterback lines up seven yards behind the center , was designed to allow the quarterback extra time to throw . The formation was used for the first time in 1960 and enabled the 49ers to beat the Baltimore Colts , who were not familiar with the formation . In 1961 , primarily using the shotgun , the 49ers got off to a fast 4 -- 1 start , including two shutouts in back - to - back weeks . In their sixth game they faced the Chicago Bears , who by moving players closer to the line of scrimmage and rushing the quarterback , were able to defeat the shotgun and in fact shut out the 49ers , 31 -- 0 .",
"5": "Though the 49ers went only 3 -- 5 -- 1 the rest of the way , the shotgun eventually became a component of most team 's offenses and is a formation used by football teams at all levels . In 1962 , the 49ers had a frustrating season as they won only 6 games that year . They won only one game at Kezar Stadium while on the road they won five of seven games . After posting a losing record in 1963 . Victor Morabito died May 10 , 1964 , at age 45 . The 1964 season was another lost campaign . According to the 1965 49ers Year Book the co-owners of the team were : Mrs. Josephine V. Morabito Fox , Mrs. Jane Morabito , Mrs. O.H. Heintzelman , Lawrence J. Purcell , Mrs. William O'Grady , Albert J. Ruffo , Franklin Mieuli , Frankie Albert , Louis G. Spadia and James Ginella . The 1965 49ers rebounded nicely to finish with a 7 -- 6 -- 1 record . They were led that year by John Brodie , who after being plagued by injuries came back to become one of the NFL 's best passers by throwing for 3,112 yards and 30 touchdowns . In 1966 , the Morabito widows named Lou Spadia , team president . For the 1968 season , the 49ers hired as their head coach Dick Nolan , who had been Tom Landry 's defensive coordinator with the Dallas Cowboys . Nolan 's first two seasons with the 49ers had gone much the same as the previous decade , with the 49ers going 7 -- 6 -- 1 and 4 -- 8 -- 2 . The 49ers started out the 1970 season 7 -- 1 -- 1 , their only loss a one - point defeat to Atlanta . After losses to Detroit and Los Angeles , the 49ers won their next two games before the season finale against the Oakland Raiders .",
"6": "Going into the game the 49ers had a half - game lead on the Rams and needed either a win or the Giants to defeat the Rams in their finale to give the 49ers their first ever divisional title . In the early game the Giants were crushed by the Rams 31 -- 3 , thus forcing the 49ers to win their game to clinch the division . In wet , rainy conditions in Oakland , the 49ers dominated the Raiders , 38 -- 7 , giving the 49ers their first divisional title , making them champions of the NFC West . The 49ers won their divisional playoff game 17 -- 14 against the defending conference champion Minnesota Vikings , thus setting up a matchup against the Dallas Cowboys for the NFC championship . In the final home game for the 49ers at Kezar Stadium the 49ers kept up with the Cowboys before losing , 17 -- 10 , thus giving the Cowboys their first conference championship . The 49ers sent five players to the Pro Bowl that season , including MVP veteran quarterback John Brodie , wide receiver Gene Washington , and linebacker Dave Wilcox . Nolan was also named NFL Coach of the Year for 1970 . Following the 1970 season the 49ers moved from Kezar Stadium to Candlestick Park . Despite being located on the outskirts of the city , Candlestick Park gave the 49ers a much more modern facility with more amenities that was easier for fans to access by highway . The 49ers won their second straight divisional title in 1971 with a 9 -- 5 record . The 49ers again won their divisional playoff game , this time against the Washington Redskins by a 24 -- 20 final score . This set up a rematch against the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC championship game , this time played in Dallas . Though the defense again held the Cowboys in check , the 49ers offense was ineffective and the eventual Super Bowl champion Cowboys beat the 49ers again , 14 -- 3 . In 1971 , eight 49ers made the Pro Bowl , including defensive back Jimmy Johnson and Gene Washington , both for the second year in a row , as well as defensive end Cedric Hardman , running back Vic Washington , and offensive lineman Forrest Blue .",
"7": "The 49ers won their third consecutive NFC West title in 1972 with five wins in their last six games , making them the only franchise to win their first three divisional titles after the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger . Their opponents this time in the divisional playoffs were the Dallas Cowboys , making it the third consecutive year the teams faced each other in the playoffs . Vic Washington took the opening kickoff 97 yards for a score , and the 49ers took a 21 -- 6 lead in the second quarter . After the 49ers took a 28 -- 13 lead in the 4th quarter , Tom Landry sent quarterback Roger Staubach , who was backing up Craig Morton , into the game . Staubach quickly led the Cowboys on a drive to a field goal , bringing the score to within 28 -- 16 , and as the game wound down it appeared that this would be the last points the Cowboys would get . However , Dallas completed the comeback in the last two minutes . Just after the two - minute warning Staubach took just four plays to drive 55 yards in only 32 seconds , hitting Billy Parks on a 20 - yard touchdown pass to bring the score to 28 -- 23 . Cowboys kicker Toni Fritsch then executed a successful onside kick that was recovered by Mel Renfro , giving the Cowboys the ball at midfield with 1 : 20 left on the clock . With the 49ers on the ropes , Staubach scrambled for 21 yards , then completed a 19 - yard sideline pass to Billy Parks who went out of bounds at the 10 - yard line to stop the clock . Staubach then completed the comeback with a 10 - yard touchdown pass to Ron Sellers with only 52 seconds left , giving the Cowboys a dramatic 30 -- 28 victory and sending the 49ers to yet another crushing playoff defeat . The 49ers run at the top of the NFC West ended in 1973 with the 49ers falling to a 5 -- 9 record , their worst since 1969 . The team lost six of its last eight games , including games to the also - ran New Orleans Saints and Detroit Lions . In the final season of his career , longtime 49ers quarterback John Brodie split playing time with two other quarterbacks , most notably longtime backup Steve Spurrier .",
"8": "The team also suffered from not having a dominant running back , with Vic Washington leading the team with only 534 yards rushing . In 1974 , the 49ers drafted Wilbur Jackson from the University of Alabama to be the team 's primary back . Jackson enjoyed a fine rookie year , leading the 49ers with 705 yards rushing . He and fellow running back Larry Schreiber combined for over 1300 yards rushing . With Steve Spurrier injured and missing nearly the entire year , the 49ers did not have a regular quarterback but did put together a respectable 6 -- 8 record . Following the season , longtime tight end Ted Kwalick left the 49ers to join the World Football League , then the Oakland Raiders upon the WFL 's dissolution . The 49ers dropped to 5 -- 9 in what would be Dick Nolan 's final season as coach in 1975 , losing their final four games of the season . Wilbur Jackson was hurt much of the year and Delvin Williams led the 49ers in rushing with 631 yards rushing . Following the 1975 season the 49ers traded for New England Patriots quarterback Jim Plunkett , former Heisman Trophy winner from nearby Stanford University ( which was also the alma mater of John Brodie ) . Though Plunkett had shown promise with the Patriots , he had not won there and it was thought that he needed a change of scenery . Monte Clark was also brought on as 49ers head coach . The 49ers featured one of the best running games in the NFL in 1976 . Delvin Williams emerged as an elite back , gaining over 1200 yards rushing and made the Pro Bowl . Wilbur Jackson also enjoyed a resurgence , rushing for 792 yards . Once again Gene Washington was the team 's leading receiver with 457 yards receiving and six scores . The 49ers started the season 6 -- 1 for their best start since 1970 . Most of the wins were against second - tier teams , although the 49ers did shut out the Rams 16 -- 0 , in Los Angeles on Monday Night Football . In that game the 49ers recorded 10 sacks , including 6 by Tommy Hart .",
"9": "However , the 49ers lost four games in a row , including two against divisional rivals Los Angeles and Atlanta that proved fatal to their playoff hopes . Louis G. Spadia retired from the 49ers in 1977 upon the team 's sale to the DeBartolo Family . The team was sold to Edward J. DeBartolo Jr. in March 1977 , and despite finishing the season with a winning record of 8 -- 6 , Clark was fired after just one season by newly hired general manager Joe Thomas , who oversaw the worst stretch of football in the team 's history . Under coach Ken Meyer the 49ers lost their first five games of the 1977 season , including being shut out twice . Though they won five of their next six , they lost their last three games to finish the season 5 -- 9 . Playing in San Francisco did not revive Plunkett 's career as he had another disappointing season , throwing only 9 touchdown passes . Bright spots for the 49ers included defensive linemen Tommy Hart and Cleveland Elam , who made the Pro Bowl , and running backs Wilbur Jackson and Delvin Williams , who combined for over 1600 yards rushing . Gene Washington again led the team in receiving in 1977 , his final year with the 49ers . The 1977 offseason was marked by a number of questionable moves by Joe Thomas that backfired badly . Thomas 's big offseason acquisition was running back O.J. Simpson from the Buffalo Bills . As with Plunkett two years previously , it was thought that rescuing Simpson from a bad situation and bringing him to the west coast where he had been raised would rejuvenate his career . To create playing time for Simpson , Thomas traded Delvin Williams to the Miami Dolphins for wide receiver Freddie Solomon . Thomas also released Jim Plunkett , giving up on him after two seasons . Finally , Thomas fired Meyer after only one season , and replaced him with Pete McCulley , his third coach in three seasons . The 1978 season was a disaster for the 49ers , as they finished 2 -- 14 , their only wins coming against the Cincinnati Bengals and Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Simpson indeed led the team in rushing , but with less than 600 yards .",
"10": "It became apparent that Simpson 's knees and body were worn out , and he was near the end of his career . Wilbur Jackson also missed the entire season due to injury . Even worse for the franchise was that their first pick of the 1979 draft was traded to the Bills as part of the O.J. Simpson deal . Joe Thomas was fired following the season . Some of the key players that became part of the 49ers stunning rise began their 49ers career in 1978 . Rookie quarterback Steve DeBerg , Joe Montana 's first mentor , was the 49ers starting quarterback . Running back Paul Hofer and center / guard Randy Cross also started with the 49ers in 1978 . 1979 -- 1980 : arrival of Bill Walsh and Joe Montana ( edit ) The headquarters of The DeBartolo Corporation in Boardman , Ohio with the 49ers logo on the building , signifying the team 's ownership by the Youngstown - based DeBartolo - York family . The team was led in its turnaround from late 1970s doormat by new owner Edward J. DeBartolo Jr. and head coach Bill Walsh . The former head coach of Stanford University was known for stockpiling draft picks , making excellent draft selections , and patching roster holes by acquiring key free agents . Bill Walsh was hired to be the 49ers head coach in the 1978 off - season . Walsh was a disciple of Paul Brown , and served as Brown 's offensive coordinator with the Cincinnati Bengals from 1968 to 1975 . However , Brown did not appoint him as his successor upon his retirement , choosing another assistant , former 49ers center Bill `` Tiger '' Johnson . Desiring head coach experience , Walsh looked to Stanford University in 1977 . He had had some success there before the 49ers tapped him to be their replacement . Walsh is given credit for popularizing the ' West Coast offense ' . The Bill Walsh offense was actually created and refined while he was an assistant coach with the Bengals . The offense utilizes a short , precise , timed passing game as a replacement / augmentation of the running game . The offense is extremely difficult to defend against as it is content to consistently make 6 -- 8 - yard gains all the way down the field .",
"11": "( The other West Coast offense -- more focused on the vertical , or downfield , passing game -- was actually created by 1960s L.A. / San Diego coach Sid Gillman , and San Diego State coach Don Coryell , who also employed a version of it as head coach of the St. Louis ( football ) Cardinals and San Diego Chargers during a period where it garnered the nickname `` Air Coryell '' . ) In Walsh 's first draft , the 49ers had targeted Notre Dame quarterback Joe Montana as an early round pick . Montana had enjoyed a storied college career , leading the Fighting Irish to the 1977 national title and a number of dramatic comeback victories , the most stunning of all being his final game , at the 1979 Cotton Bowl Classic . Playing the University of Houston in an ice storm , and with Montana suffering from a bad flu , Notre Dame was down 34 -- 10 in the third quarter . However , Montana led a magnificent rally that culminated with him throwing a touchdown pass on the game 's final play to give Notre Dame the 35 -- 34 win . Joe Montana in 2006 Despite this , most scouts did not peg Montana as a top prospect . Although 6'2 '' and 190 -- 200 lbs. , Montana 's arm strength was considered suspect as was the consistency of his play . Although he did get his share of the credit , most thought of him as a system player surrounded by a great team . In the 1979 draft , the Dallas Cowboys were placed just ahead of the 49ers . The Cowboys ' draft strategy through that time was to take the highest - ranked player on their draft board at the time of their selection , regardless of position . When the Cowboys ' turn came up in the third round , the highest rated player on their board was Montana . However , feeling that the quarterback position was in excellent long - term shape with Roger Staubach and Danny White , and desperately needing a tight end , the Cowboys went off their strategy and drafted Doug Cosbie . The 49ers took Montana . The 49ers other notable draft choice of the 1979 draft was wide receiver Dwight Clark in the 10th round . Walsh discovered the unheralded Clark while scouting quarterback Steve Fuller of Clemson University as Clark ran routes for Fuller during Walsh 's evaluation of the quarterback .",
"12": "Walsh 's serendipitous discovery of Clark proved to be an early glimpse into the coach 's keen eye for talent . As Walsh implemented his strategies and game plan , the 49ers had another year of losing , going 2 -- 14 . There were , however , a number of bright spots . Despite throwing more interceptions ( 21 ) than touchdowns ( 17 ) , Steve DeBerg blossomed under Walsh , throwing for over 3600 yards and completing 60 % of his passes . Freddie Solomon also had a good year , with over 800 yards receiving . The running game was patchwork , with Paul Hofer leading the team with 615 yards and O.J. Simpson , in his final season , rushing for only 460 yards and being sidelined with injuries . The 49ers got off to a strong start in 1980 , winning their first three games of the season . However , the team , still maturing , lost their next eight games in a row . Many of those games though were close , and the 49ers acquitted themselves well . During the season Walsh alternated DeBerg and Montana at quarterback . Though DeBerg had played well for the 49ers , Walsh felt the team 's best chance to win in the long run was with Montana . He alternated the two quarterbacks , giving Montana some experience while keeping opponents off guard . This strategy of alternating quarterbacks from game to game and during games is rare in football , although it had been employed by other successful teams in the past , specifically the Dallas Cowboys of the early 1970s who alternated Roger Staubach and Craig Morton , and the Los Angeles Rams of the early 1949s alternating Norm Van Brocklin and Bob Waterfield . In all DeBerg started nine games , going 4 -- 5 with 1,998 yards , 12 touchdowns and 17 interceptions . Montana started seven games , going 2 -- 5 with 1,795 yards , 15 touchdowns , and nine picks ; Montana also had a better completion percentage at 64.6 to DeBerg 's 57.9 . The highlight of the 1980 season , and a sign of good things to come , came in Week 14 .",
"13": "The 49ers trailed the New Orleans Saints , who at the time were winless at 0 -- 13 , 35 -- 7 at halftime . However , led by Joe Montana , the 49ers made ( what was then ) the greatest comeback in NFL history , coming back to tie the score in regulation and winning the game in overtime with a field goal by Ray Wersching to give the 49ers an incredible 38 -- 35 victory . It was this game , which marked Montana 's first big NFL comeback win , that won Montana the quarterback job full - time . A number of key players emerged for the 49ers in 1980 . Among them were Dwight Clark , who led the 49ers with 82 receptions and just under 1,000 yards receiving , and running back Earl Cooper , who ran for over 700 yards . 1981 -- 1984 : first two Super Bowls ( edit ) See also : 1981 San Francisco 49ers season and The Catch ( American football ) The 49ers playing against the Bengals in Super Bowl XVI . With the offense playing well consistently , Walsh and the 49ers focused on overhauling the defense in 1981 . Walsh took the highly unusual step of overhauling his entire secondary with rookies and untested players , bringing on board Ronnie Lott , Eric Wright and Carlton Williamson and giving Dwight Hicks a prominent role . He also acquired veteran linebacker Jack `` Hacksaw '' Reynolds and veteran defensive lineman and sack specialist Fred Dean . These new additions , when added to existing defensive mainstays like Keena Turner , turned the 49ers into an offensively and defensively balanced , dominant team . After a 1 -- 2 start , the 49ers won all but one of their remaining games to finish with a 13 -- 3 record , up to this point in time it was the team 's best regular season win - loss record in its history . Dean made the Pro Bowl , as did Lott , and Hicks . Led by Montana , the unusual offense was centered on the short passing game , which Walsh used as ball control . Both Dwight Clark and Freddie Solomon had excellent years receiving ; Clark as the possession receiver , and Solomon as more of a deep threat . The 49ers running game , however , was among the weakest in the league .",
"14": "Ricky Patton led the 49ers with only 543 yards rushing . The 49ers ' most valuable running back , however , might have been Earl Cooper , whose strength was as a pass - catching back . The 49ers faced the New York Giants in the divisional playoffs and won , 38 -- 24 . This set up an NFC championship game match - up with the Dallas Cowboys , whom the 49ers historically could not beat during their playoff runs in the early 1970s . The 49ers played the Cowboys tough , but the Cowboys forced six turnovers and held the lead late . The 49ers were down 27 -- 21 and on their own 11 - yard line with 4 : 54 remaining . As Montana had done for Notre Dame and the 49ers so many times before , he led the 49ers on a sustained final 89 - yard drive to the Cowboys ' 6 - yard line . On a 3rd - and - 3 play , with his primary receiver covered , Montana rolled right and threw the ball off balance to Dwight Clark in the end zone , who leaped up and caught the ball to tie the game at 27 ( now known as `` The Catch '' ) , with the extra point giving the 49ers the lead . Despite this , the Cowboys had one last chance to win . On the first play of the next possession , Cowboys receiver Drew Pearson caught a pass from Danny White and got to midfield before he was pulled down by the jersey at the 49ers 44 - yard line by Cornerback Eric Wright saving a potential late - touchdown . On the next play , White was sacked by Lawrence Pillers and fumbled the ball , which was recovered by Jim Stuckey , giving the 49ers the win and a trip to their first ever Super Bowl against the Cincinnati Bengals , who were also in their first Super Bowl . In Super Bowl XVI The 49ers took a 20 -- 0 halftime lead and held on to win 26 -- 21 behind kicker Ray Wersching 's four field goals and a key defensive stand . Throughout the ' 81 season , the defense had been a significant reason for the team 's success , despite residing in the shadow of the then - innovative offense .",
"15": "Montana won MVP honors mostly on the strength of leading the 49ers on a 92 - yard , 12 play drive culminating in a touchdown pass to Earl Cooper . Thus did the 49ers complete one of the most dramatic and complete turnarounds in NFL history , going from a 2 -- 14 season followed by a 6 -- 10 season to a Super Bowl championship . The 1982 season was a bad one for the 49ers , as they lost all five games at Candlestick Park en route to a 3 -- 6 record in a strike - shortened season . This was the 49ers last losing season for the next 17 years . Joe Montana was the one highlight , passing for 2,613 yards in just nine games , highlighted by five straight games in which he broke the 300 - yard barrier . Roger Craig ( middle ) and Joe Montana ( right ) in Super Bowl XIX . In 1983 , the 49ers won their final three games of the season , finishing with a 10 -- 6 record and winning their 2nd NFC Western Divisional Title in three years . Leading the rebound was Joe Montana with another stellar season , passing for 3,910 yards and connecting on 26 touchdowns . In the NFC Divisional Playoffs , they hosted the Detroit Lions . The 49ers jumped out in front early and led 17 -- 9 entering the 4th quarter , but the Lions roared back , scoring two touchdowns to take a 23 -- 17 lead . However , Montana led a comeback , hitting wide receiver Freddie Solomon on a game - winning 14 - yard touchdown pass with 2 : 00 left on the clock to put the 49ers ahead 24 -- 23 . The game ended when a potential game - winning FG attempt by Lions kicker Eddie Murray missed . The next week , the 49ers came back from a 21 -- 0 deficit against the Washington Redskins in the NFC championship game to tie the game , only to lose , after a questionable defensive holding call , 24 -- 21 on a Mark Moseley field goal that sent the Redskins to Super Bowl XVIII .",
"16": "In 1984 , the 49ers had one of the greatest seasons in team history by finishing the regular season 15 -- 1 -- 0 , setting the record for most regular season wins that was later equaled by the 1985 Chicago Bears , the 1998 Minnesota Vikings , the 2004 Pittsburgh Steelers , the 2011 Green Bay Packers and finally broken by the 2007 New England Patriots ( with 16 regular season victories ) . Their 18 wins overall is also still a record , tied by the 1985 Bears and the 2007 New England Patriots ( they won 18 straight , but lost Super Bowl XLII to the New York Giants ) . The 49ers ' only defeat in the 1984 season was a 20 -- 17 loss to the Steelers ; a late field goal attempt in that game by San Francisco kicker Ray Wersching went off the uprights and was no good . In the playoffs , they beat the New York Giants 21 -- 10 , shut out the Chicago Bears 23 -- 0 in the NFC championship , and in Super Bowl XIX the 49ers shut down a record - setting year by NFL MVP Dan Marino ( and his speedy receivers Mark Clayton and Mark Duper ) , beating the Miami Dolphins 38 -- 16 . Their entire defensive backfield ( Ronnie Lott , Eric Wright , Dwight Hicks , and Carlton Williamson ) was elected to the Pro Bowl -- an NFL first . 1985 -- 1987 : arrival of Jerry Rice ( edit ) In the 1985 NFL Draft , the team received the 28th overall pick after winning the Super bowl the previous year . On draft day , the 49ers traded its first two picks for New England 's first - round choice , the 16th selection overall ( the teams also swapped third - round picks as part of the deal ) , and selected Jerry Rice from Mississippi Valley State . It was reported that the Dallas Cowboys , who had the 17th selection overall , were intending to pick him . In the 1985 season , the 49ers were not as dominant as in 1984 , finishing the regular season with a 10 -- 6 record and a wild card berth .",
"17": "Jerry Rice struggled at times ( dropping numerous passes ) , but he still impressed the NFL in his rookie season for the 49ers in 1985 , especially after a 10 - catch , 241 - yard game against the Los Angeles Rams in December . Rice was named NFC Offensive Rookie of the Year after recording 49 catches for 927 yards , and averaging 19.9 yards per catch , Roger Craig became the first NFL player to gain 1,000 yards rushing and 1,000 yards receiving in the same season . In the 1985 playoffs the 49ers were quickly eliminated from the playoffs by the New York Giants 17 -- 3 . In the 1986 NFL season the 49ers got off to a quick start after a 31 -- 7 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on opening day . But the win was costly ; Joe Montana injured his back and was out for two months , the injury was to a spinal disc in Montana 's lower back and required immediate surgery . The injury was so severe that Montana 's doctors suggested that Montana retire . On September 15 , 1986 , the 49ers placed Montana on the injured reserve list , Jeff Kemp became the starting quarterback , and the 49ers went 4 -- 3 -- 1 in September and October . Montana returned to the team on November 6 of that year . In his first game back from injury Montana passed for 270 yards and three touchdown passes in a 43 -- 17 49er victory against the St. Louis Cardinals . The 49ers caught fire , winning the next 5 of the final 7 games , including a 24 -- 14 win over the Los Angeles Rams , to clinch the NFC West title . Jerry Rice continued to show improvement from the previous season catching 86 passes for a league - leading 1,570 yards and 15 touchdowns . Montana was co-recipient of the 1986 NFL Comeback Player of the Year Award , which he shared with Vikings quarterback Tommy Kramer . However , the New York Giants would defeat the 49ers again in the playoffs , 49 -- 3 in the team 's worst post-season loss to date . Montana was again injured in the first half by a hit from the Giants ' Jim Burt .",
"18": "In the off - season , Bill Walsh was concerned about Montana 's health going forward , and with no reliable back - up at quarterback he completed a trade for Steve Young , then a quarterback with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . During the strike - shortened 1987 season , the 49ers had become one of the NFL 's elite teams once again with a league best 13 -- 2 . Joe Montana had a bounce back year after suffering from the injuries the previous year and being questioned by the media if he could still produce at a high level by throwing 31 touchdown passes , a career - high . He also set the NFL record for most consecutive pass attempts without an incomplete pass ( 22 ) , passed for 3,054 yards , and had a passer rating of 102.1 . Rice had established himself as an elite receiver , he caught 65 passes for 1,078 yards and a then NFL - record 22 touchdowns in just 12 games . 1987 was the second of six seasons in which Rice would lead the NFL in receiving and / or touchdown receptions , he was named Offensive Player of the Year . By the end of the regular season the 49ers were ranked No. 1 on both offense and defense and were heavy favorites to win the Super Bowl . However , they were stunned in the NFC Divisional Round losing to what was believed to be an inferior Minnesota Vikings team 36 -- 24 , their third straight playoff loss in a row . Joe Montana had one of his worst post-season games of his career , and was eventually benched during the game in favor of Steve Young , who scored a rushing touchdown and threw another . After the game Eddie DeBartolo stripped Walsh of the team president title . Dwight Clark retired that off - season . 1988 -- 1989 : back - to - back Super Bowls ( edit ) During the off - season , a quarterback controversy between Joe Montana and Steve Young had begun after Montana 's poor performance in the playoffs the previous year . Many speculated that the 1988 season would be his last year with the team . In the 1988 NFL season , the 49ers struggled to start the season ; Walsh would constantly switch QBs between Montana ( who suffered an elbow injury week 1 that would linger for most of the season ) and Young .",
"19": "At one point , they were 6 -- 5 and the team was in danger of missing the playoffs . Before week 11 , Ronnie Lott called a players - only meeting ; after the meeting the team came together and defeated the defending Super Bowl champion Washington Redskins in a Monday night game , Montana had fully recovered from his injury and retook the starting quarterback job as the team eventually finished the season at 10 -- 6 . They gained a measure of revenge by routing the Minnesota Vikings 34 -- 9 in the divisional playoffs . The 49ers then traveled to Chicago 's Soldier Field for the NFC championship against the Chicago Bears , where the wind chill factor at game time was - 26 ° . However , despite the weather , Joe Montana picked apart the Bears ' top - rated defense by scoring three touchdowns as the 49ers dominated the Bears with a 28 -- 3 victory , earning the team 's third trip to the Super Bowl , to go against the Cincinnati Bengals . In Super Bowl XXIII , despite numerous trips deep into Cincinnati territory by the 49ers , the game was tied 3 -- 3 at halftime . Early in the fourth quarter , Montana tied the score at 13 ; however , Cincinnati regained the lead on a Jim Breech field goal to put the Bengals ahead 16 -- 13 with just over three minutes left on the clock . Following the kickoff , and a holding penalty , the 49ers took over on their 8 - yard line with 3 : 08 left on the clock . Joe Montana began the final drive by stepping into the huddle and remarking to offensive tackle Harris Barton , during a television timeout , `` hey , there 's John Candy '' , as he pointed to the stands on the other side of the field . His calm demeanor reassured the 49ers , and he then engineered what some consider the greatest drive in Super Bowl history , as he drove the team 92 yards for the winning touchdown on a pass to John Taylor with only 34 seconds left , as they captured their third Super bowl championship with a score of 20 -- 16 . Jerry Rice was named Super Bowl MVP . After Super Bowl XXIII , Bill Walsh retired as head coach ; his defensive coordinator and handpicked successor , George Seifert , took over as head coach .",
"20": "In the 1989 NFL season , Joe Montana threw for 3,521 yards and 26 touchdowns , with only 8 interceptions , giving him a 112.4 quarterback rating , which was then the highest single - season passer rating in NFL history , and was named NFL Most Valuable Player . Jerry Rice , in his fifth year in the league , continued to dominate ; he led the league with almost 1490 receiving yards , and 17 touchdowns . The 49ers clinched their fourth straight division title , beating the Los Angeles Rams 30 -- 27 after a dramatic second - half comeback ; they finished 14 -- 2 , gaining home - field advantage throughout the playoffs . Their two losses were by a combined five points . In the divisional playoffs , they easily defeated the Vikings , 41 -- 13 . In the NFC championship game , they played against the Rams for a third time ; the previous two games were decided by a total of 4 points , but they were able to blow out the Rams 30 -- 3 earning another trip to the Super bowl , where they defeated the Denver Broncos in relatively easy fashion by a score of 55 -- 10 in Super Bowl XXIV -- setting a record for points scored and widest margin of victory in a Super Bowl . Montana himself set many Super Bowl records ( some since tied or surpassed ) en route to his third Super Bowl MVP . In winning the Super Bowl , the 49ers became the only team to win back - to - back Super Bowls under different head coaches . This 1989 championship team is often regarded as one of the most dominant teams in NFL history , winning three playoff games by a combined 100 points . 1990 -- 1993 : failed three - peat / Steve Young steps in ( edit ) 49ers wall of trophies at the Marie P. DeBartolo Sports Center In 1990 , the 49ers won their first 10 games , and they eventually finished 14 -- 2 . They ripped through the season , and the coveted third consecutive Super Bowl victory seemed within reach . In the playoffs , the 49ers dispatched the Washington Redskins 28 -- 10 , setting up a conference championship game with the New York Giants .",
"21": "Despite not scoring a touchdown in the game , the Giants took advantage of a fourth - quarter injury to Montana and converted a faked punt attempt to thwart the 49ers attempt at a `` three - peat . '' The Giants kicked a last - second field goal after recovering a Roger Craig fumble in the final minutes of the game , winning 15 -- 13 and going on to win Super Bowl XXV . During their quest for a `` three - peat '' between 1988 and 1990 , the 49ers set a league record with 19 consecutive road victories . Joe Montana missed almost all of the following two seasons with a recurring elbow injury . Following the 1990 season , the 49ers left team stalwarts Roger Craig and Ronnie Lott unprotected and let them go to the Los Angeles Raiders via Plan B free agency . In 1991 , Steve Young injured the thumb on his throwing hand and later was sidelined with an injured knee . After 10 games , the 49ers had a record of 4 -- 6 . Backup quarterback Steve Bono helped the team win its next five games with Young sidelined . In the final game of the season , Monday night versus the NFC 's number two seed , Young returned and the 49ers beat the Chicago Bears 52 -- 14 , finishing 10 -- 6 . However , the team missed qualifying for the playoffs by virtue of losing the head - to - head tiebreaker to the Atlanta Falcons , which had beaten the 49ers on a last - second Hail Mary pass earlier in the season . The 1992 and 1993 seasons saw a resurgent 49er team under the leadership of Steve Young , but a subpar and aging defense could only take them to the NFC championship game before falling to the Dallas Cowboys each time . In 1992 , Joe Montana came back after missing almost two full seasons due to an elbow injury in his throwing arm , and started the second half of a Monday night game versus Detroit on December 28 , 1992 . With the 49ers clinging to a 7 -- 6 lead , Montana entered the game and looked as though he had not missed a single snap , completing 15 -- 21 for 126 yards and 2 TDs , as the 49ers defeated the Lions 24 -- 6 .",
"22": "The 49ers finished the 1992 season with a 14 -- 2 record and home field advantage in the playoffs . San Francisco defeated the Washington Redskins 20 -- 13 in the divisional playoff game , but lost to the Dallas Cowboys 30 -- 20 in the NFC championship at Candlestick Park . At the end of the 1992 season , partly fueled by media hype , the biggest quarterback controversy in football history was in full swing . After discussions with the owner and the coach , Montana asked for , and was granted , a trade to the Kansas City Chiefs prior to the 1993 season . Despite Eddie DeBartolo wanting Montana to stay and start , Montana realized that he and Young could not stay with the 49ers without a controversy . Montana was later quoted as saying , `` If I had stayed and started , there would have been problems . If I had stayed and Steve Young had started , there would have been problems . '' When Joe Montana left for Kansas City , Steve Young took over and had to fill some big shoes . Fans made it difficult as they had high hopes and if he did not fill those hopes , questions would be brought up from the fans as why would they get rid of Joe Montana . But with the 5th Super Bowl Win in 1994 that eliminated many of the fans questions if he was good enough . The 49ers finished the 1993 season , the team 's first without Joe Montana on the roster , with a 10 -- 6 record and no . 2 seed in the playoffs . San Francisco defeated the New York Giants 44 -- 3 in the divisional playoff game , but lost to the Dallas Cowboys 38 -- 21 in the NFC championship at Texas Stadium . 1994 -- 1998 : fifth Super Bowl ( edit ) A 49ers Super Bowl ring for Super Bowl XXIX . In 1994 , the team spent large amounts of money on the addition of several star free agents from other teams , including Ken Norton Jr. , Gary Plummer , Rickey Jackson , Bart Oates , Richard Dent , Charles Mann and Deion Sanders . Additionally , several rookie players made key contributions to the team , some becoming season - long starters such as defensive tackle Bryant Young , fullback William Floyd , and linebacker Lee Woodall .",
"23": "Due to injuries to the offensive line , the 49ers had some tough times early in the season , including a 40 -- 8 home loss to the Philadelphia Eagles , and a 24 -- 17 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs , led by former 49ers quarterback Joe Montana . Following the Eagles game , a poll conducted on local sports radio station KNBR showed that an overwhelming majority of 49er fans wanted head coach George Seifert fired . The game against the Eagles was a turning point for the 49ers despite the lopsided score . Young was benched in the 3rd quarter and was later seen livid on the sidelines , shouting profanities at Seifert . The following week in Detroit , the 49ers trailed the Lions 14 -- 0 . After throwing a pass , Young was hit , picked up , and driven into the ground by three Lions defenders . After the hit , Young was screaming with his face dark red in color . He crawled most of the way off of the field before refusing help from the trainers as he limped the remaining way off the field . He miraculously returned to the field one play later ( NFL rules state that after trainers attend to an injured player , that player must leave the field for at least one play ) to lead the 49ers to a 27 -- 21 victory . The team rallied around Young to win 10 straight games , including a 21 -- 14 victory over the two - time defending Super Bowl champion Dallas Cowboys . During that span the 49ers ' average margin of victory was nearly 20 points per game , a sustained dominance not seen since the 1985 Chicago Bears . Despite scoring only 8 points in one game and 14 in another , the 49ers set a new record for total regular season and post season combined points scored . That record was later broken by the New England Patriots in 2007 ( the 1998 Minnesota Vikings scored 556 regular season points , but only 68 post season points , for a total of 624 points , while the 1994 49ers scored 495 regular season points and 131 post season points for a total of 626 , the second highest mark in NFL history ) .",
"24": "Even after those initial rough spots early in the season , the 49ers finished the season 13 -- 3 and with home field advantage throughout the playoffs . In their first game , they easily defeated the Chicago Bears , 44 -- 15 , setting up the third straight 49ers -- Cowboys NFC championship game . The 49ers took advantage of three early Cowboys turnovers , taking a 21 -- 0 lead in the first quarter . Taking a 31 -- 14 lead into halftime after a perfect 29 - yard pass from Young to Rice in the closing seconds , the game appeared to be far out of reach for the Cowboys . But a 49er fumble on the opening kick of the 3rd quarter led to a Cowboy score , cutting the lead to 31 -- 21 . Later , the 49ers responded with a Steve Young touchdown run , making it 38 -- 21 , before the Cowboys scored another touchdown in the final minutes for a final score of 38 -- 28 . The convincing win qualified the 49ers for their fifth Super Bowl appearance , and the first to be played by two teams from California . The 49ers steamrolled the San Diego Chargers 49 -- 26 , at the time becoming the first team to win a record five Super Bowls . With a record 6 touchdown passes , Steve Young was named the game 's MVP . Their run of five Super Bowl wins in 14 seasons ( 1981 -- 1994 ) solidified them as one of the all - time greatest NFL teams . The 49ers made the playoffs in 1995 and again in 1996 , being eliminated by the Green Bay Packers both times in the Divisional Round . On January 17 , 1997 , George Seifert retired as 49ers head coach . On the same day as Seifert 's retirement , the 49ers hired Cal head coach Steve Mariucci as his replacement . At the time , Mariucci only had one year of head - coaching experience at any level . The first game of the 1997 season against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers was a disaster , as both quarterback Steve Young and receiver Jerry Rice went down with injuries . Rice appeared to be out for the season with a serious knee injury , while Steve Young left the game with one of the many concussions he suffered throughout his career .",
"25": "However , the team overcame adversity : Steve Young returned two weeks later , and with the league 's number one defense , the 49ers finished the season with a 13 -- 3 record which included an 11 - game winning streak which was the longest by a rookie head coach at the time , and the 49ers became the quickest team in NFL history to clinch their division at the time . Rice returned for one and a half quarters in week 16 against the Denver Broncos , before getting another injury to his knee ( unrelated to the first one ) . In the playoffs the 49ers defeated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 22 , advancing to the NFC championship game for the first time since 1994 , where they again met the Green Bay Packers at Candlestick Park , but lost 23 -- 10 . During that season Eddie DeBartolo Jr. was involved in a corruption investigation regarding Louisiana Governor Edwin Edwards and one of his Mississippi riverboat casinos . DeBartolo later pleaded guilty to a failure to report a felony charge in 1998 . He was suspended from active control of the 49ers for one year . His sister , Denise , and her husband , Dr. John York , took over operations of the team . In 1998 , Jerry Rice finally returned from his knee injury week 1 against the New York Jets , a game best remembered for running back Garrison Hearst 's 96 - yard touchdown run in overtime to win the game . The 49ers had the 2nd most productive offense in league history . Steve Young , who was questioned if his concussion history would put an end to his career , had his best season , throwing for 4,170 yards , 36 touchdowns and only 12 interceptions . A healthy Jerry Rice , 3rd - year player Terrell Owens , and 4th - year player J.J. Stokes became the first WR - trio in team history to catch at least 60 passes in the same season , Hearst ran for 1,570 yards and 7 touchdowns while averaging 5.1 yards per carry . The 49ers finished 12 -- 4 , their 16th straight winning season ( all with 10 wins or more ) , earning a wildcard berth . Once again , the 49ers faced the Green Bay Packers in the playoffs .",
"26": "Things looked bleak when the 49ers trailed 27 -- 23 in the waning seconds . However , in the game 's final moment , Young hit Terrell Owens ( who was having a terrible game up to that point ) on a dramatic , game - winning 25 - yard touchdown pass , dubbed by many as `` The Catch II '' . That put the 49ers ahead 30 -- 27 with just three seconds left on the game clock , sealing the win . After finally beating the Packers , the 49ers went on to lose to the eventual NFC champion Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional round 20 -- 18 , in a game that was marked by Hearst suffering a gruesome broken ankle on the first play from scrimmage . 1999 -- 2002 : ownership change ( edit ) DeBartolo returned from his suspension in 1999 , but a series of lawsuits over control of the family 's vast holdings led him to surrender controlling interest to the Yorks as part of a 2000 settlement . Denise York became chairwoman of the board , while John York became CEO . On the field , the 1999 49ers got off to a 3 -- 1 start , then in a nationally televised Monday Night Football game against the Arizona Cardinals , Steve Young suffered a blindside hit from cornerback Aeneas Williams that knocked him out of the game and eventually convinced him to retire . At the time it was believed the severe hit ended his career but Young later said in interviews he could have come back to play another season or two . After meeting with then - GM Bill Walsh and being told about how the salary cap troubles would make the team non-competitive , Young chose to retire rather than risk his long - term health further for a likely losing club . Without their future Hall of Famer , 29 - year - old rookie Jeff Garcia took over as starting quarterback , but he would be benched for poor performances in favor of Steve Stenstrom . Garcia would be reinstated as the starting quarterback and in the final 5 games of the regular season . The 49ers lost 11 of their last 12 games , and suffered their first losing season in a non-strike year since 1980 , which was also the last time that the 49ers did not win at least ten or more games in a season .",
"27": "Bobb McKittrick , 49ers offensive line coach since 1979 , also died of cancer following the 1999 season . Before the 2000 season Jeff Garcia was named the starting quarterback despite the 49ers drafting two quarterbacks ( Giovanni Carmazzi in the third round and Tim Rattay in the seventh ) . Garcia kept the starting job throughout the season and showed drastic improvement from the previous year . He broke a franchise record for most passing yards in one season , with 4,278 passing yards and 31 touchdowns and only 10 interceptions . Garcia and Terrell Owens , who established himself as the team 's number - one receiver , both earned their first Pro Bowl selections . However , the 49ers finished 6 -- 10 , missing the playoffs for the second straight season for the first time since 1979 and 1980 , due to a defense that gave up 26.4 points per game and a total of 422 points . The 2000 season was Jerry Rice 's final year with the 49ers ; he played 16 seasons with the team . In the 2001 season the 49ers established themselves as a playoff team once again after two down years . They finished with a 12 -- 4 record and a wildcard berth . A quarter of their wins came in 4th - quarter comebacks . Their defense also had a bounce - back year , going from the 28th - ranked defense in 2000 , to the 9th - ranked . Terrell Owens had become Jeff Garcia 's favorite target . Garrison Hearst , who had been forced to retire from football after breaking his ankle in the 1998 divisional playoffs , finally returned to the line - up after over two years of rehabilitation . He became the first player in NFL history to come back to football after suffering avascular necrosis . He had an excellent season , rushing for 1,206 yards on a 4.8 average . His comeback earned him the NFL Comeback Player of the Year Award . In the final 6 weeks of the season the 49ers defense shut out 3 teams ( the Buffalo Bills , Miami Dolphins , and New Orleans Saints ) , and had one of the most stupendous goal - line stands against the Philadelphia Eagles .",
"28": "In the team 's first playoff game in 2 years , they played against the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field in the NFC Wild Card , but lost 25 -- 15 . The 2002 NFL season began with the divisional realignment . The 49ers gained two new divisional rivals , the Seattle Seahawks and Arizona Cardinals , while former divisional foes Atlanta Falcons , New Orleans Saints , and Carolina Panthers moved to the newly formed NFC South . The team 's production dropped from the previous year . Jeff Garcia went from having 31 and 32 TDs in the previous 2 seasons , to only 21 in 2002 . The 49ers defense struggled at times , dropping from the 9th - ranked defense in the previous season to the 19th - ranked . Even though the team did not have the same success as they did in the 2001 regular season , the 49ers won the NFC West for the first time since 1997 , with the division - clinching game coming on a last - second TD pass to Terrell Owens against the Dallas Cowboys . The 49ers finished 10 -- 6 . In the 2002 -- 03 NFL playoffs they hosted the New York Giants in the 2002 NFC Wild Card . The Giants had a 38 -- 14 lead late in the third quarter ; however , the Giants defense , which had been highly ranked all year , began to collapse , and by the final minute in the 4th quarter Jeff Garcia had led the team back from the 24 - point deficit to take a 1 - point lead . Giants quarterback Kerry Collins then led a drive in the game 's final minute to put the Giants at the 49ers ' 23 - yard line with six seconds left for a shot at a game - winning field goal . Long snapper Trey Junkin , who had been signed by the Giants that week , made a bad snap , so holder Matt Allen attempted a desperate pass down the field , which fell incomplete , but there was a flag on the play . The initial thought by spectators and the Giants was that pass interference had clearly been committed by the 49ers defense , but the flag was against the Giants for an ineligible receiver , so the game was over .",
"29": "The next day , the NFL admitted that the referee had blown the call , that the 49ers had indeed committed pass interference , and that the down should have been replayed . A press conference was held and a reporter asked 49ers head coach Steve Mariucci about his thoughts on the NFL saying they blew the call , and he replied : `` Bummer . '' It was the second - biggest comeback victory in NFL playoff history , with the 49ers winning 39 -- 38 . The 49ers lost the next week to the eventual Super Bowl champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the Divisional round , 31 -- 6 . This was the last postseason appearance for the 49ers until the 2011 -- 12 playoffs . Steve Mariucci , whose published statements about his degree of power in the organization had frayed already - strained relations with management , was fired by John York , despite a winning record . 2003 -- 2010 : struggles ( edit ) Then - Oregon State head coach Dennis Erickson was signed to a five - year contract to replace Mariucci . The hiring of Erickson was highly criticized by the fans and the media , as Erickson 's offensive philosophy was very different from the West Coast offense . The 2003 season was one of turmoil for the 49ers . While the Niners started the season with a 49 - 7 demolishing of Chicago , the team quickly began to unravel afterwards , as the relationship between Garcia and Owens turned sour upon Garcia taking issue with Owens 's public praise for the play of backup quarterback Tim Rattay . Garcia responded with a cryptic remark of `` we can not let the sickness spread '' ; in response , Owens wore a surgeon 's mask at the following practice . The team was also ravaged by injuries to key players on both sides of the ball ; the often reckless play of Jeff Garcia started to take a toll on him , as he was forced to miss 3 games during the season . The 49ers finished 7 -- 9 and missed the playoffs . Despite this disappointing result , Erickson was retained as coach for the 2004 season . Owens ' on - and off - field antics led to the 49ers trading him to the Philadelphia Eagles during the offseason . Several other key 49er players were released due to salary cap concerns , including Garcia and Hearst .",
"30": "The team finished the 2004 season with a 2 -- 14 record , tying a franchise worst and finishing last in the NFC West for the first time since 1979 , ending what had been the NFL 's longest active streak for not finishing last in a division . With the worst record in the NFL the team secured the rights to the first pick in the NFL Draft . Dennis Erickson and GM Terry Donahue were fired . 49ers ' former running back Frank Gore in action against the St. Louis Rams in 2007 After an extensive coaching search , the 49ers hired the defensive coordinator of the Baltimore Ravens Mike Nolan as their head coach . Nolan was the son of Dick Nolan , who had led the team to three consecutive playoff appearances from 1970 to 1972 . The 49ers did not hire a general manager . In Mike Nolan 's first draft as head coach , he selected quarterback Alex Smith from the University of Utah with the first overall pick of the 2005 NFL Draft . It was a pick predicted by most , though many thought the 49ers might select local product Aaron Rodgers of the University of California . Alex Smith 's rookie season was a disaster , producing only one touchdown against eleven interceptions . The team finished 4th in the NFC West for the second consecutive year , with a 4 -- 12 record . This earned the 49ers the 6th pick in the 2006 NFL Draft which they used to draft tight end Vernon Davis . Alex Smith and the team improved greatly in 2006 , led by second year player Frank Gore from the University of Miami . Gore ran for a franchise record of 1,695 rushing yards , which led the NFC , along with 8 TDs . He was awarded his first Pro Bowl appearance . They also swept division rival and defending NFC Champion , Seattle Seahawks , and kept the Denver Broncos from a playoff berth in the last game of the season . However , the team finished 7 -- 9 , their fourth consecutive losing season . 49ers ' former quarterback Alex Smith In the off - season , the 49ers signed cornerback Nate Clements and safety Michael Lewis to improve their secondary . Clement 's contract was worth $80 million for eight years , the largest contract given to a defensive player in NFL history at the time .",
"31": "In the NFL Draft , the 49ers made another key addition to their defense , selecting middle linebacker Patrick Willis with the 11th overall pick . Willis would eventually be named the 2007 AP NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year . Before the beginning of the 2007 season , Hall of Fame coach Bill Walsh died of complications from leukemia . The 49ers started the season 2 -- 0 , for the first time since 1998 . In the fourth game of the season , against the Seattle Seahawks , Alex Smith suffered a separated shoulder on the third play of the game , an injury that severely hampered his play and ultimately led to an early end to his 2008 campaign after having shoulder surgery . Chiefly due to back up quarterback Trent Dilfer 's struggles and Alex Smith 's injury , the 49ers lost eight straight consecutive games from week three through week twelve , ending the year with a disappointing 5 -- 11 record . Questions were raised about the future of Alex Smith , whose first three seasons had been plagued by inconsistent play , injuries , and never having had the same offensive coordinator from one year to the next . Head coach Mike Nolan and new offensive coordinator Mike Martz stated that a competition between Smith , Shaun Hill , and NFL journeyman J.T. O'Sullivan would run through the first two preseason games of 2008 . O'Sullivan was named the 49ers starter because of his familiarity with the Martz offense and after performing better than Smith or Hill in the first three preseason games . On October 20 , 2008 , after a 2 -- 5 start , Mike Nolan was fired . Assistant head coach Mike Singletary , a Hall of Fame linebacker with the Chicago Bears , was named as the interim head coach . Singletary proved to be a fan favorite when after his first game as head coach he delivered a memorable post game interview . Singletary said of their loss : `` ... right now , we 've got to figure out the formula . Our formula . Our formula is this : We go out , we hit people in the mouth . '' The team went 5 -- 4 overall under Singletary , winning five of its final seven games and ending the season with a 7 -- 9 record .",
"32": "After the last game of the season , Singletary was named permanent head coach by Jed York , who had been appointed as team president just days before . Jed York is the oldest son of John York and Denise DeBartolo York . The offense of the 49ers in 2007 . Quarterback Trent Dilfer is wearing # 12 . On April 25 , 2009 , the 49ers selected Texas Tech WR Michael Crabtree , a player many people thought would go in the top five , with the 10th pick in the first round of the 2009 NFL Draft . The 2009 training camp became the first since 2005 that the 49ers failed to have all drafted rookies signed and in training camp on time , as Crabtree held out trying to reach a contract . He finally reached a contract agreement on October 7 , 2009 , having missed the first four games of the regular season . The 49ers posted an 8 -- 8 record after a frustrating season , losing only 2 games by more than a touchdown . Nevertheless , it was the team 's first non-losing season since 2002 . Despite missing the playoffs for the seventh straight season , several key players showed signs of improvement . Alex Smith regained his role as the 49ers ' starting quarterback ( after Shaun Hill had won the starting job in training camp ) , passing for more than 2,000 yards with 19 touchdowns , while Frank Gore collected his fourth consecutive 1,000 - yard season , a 49ers record . Safety Dashon Goldson showed signs of potential in his first year as full - time starter , as he tallied 94 tackles , four interceptions , three forced fumbles , and two sacks . Vernon Davis in particular had a breakthrough year at tight end , earning Pro Bowl honors with 965 yards and 13 touchdowns ( tying the NFL record for his position ) . 2010 saw five 49ers go to the Pro Bowl : Patrick Willis , Vernon Davis , Frank Gore , Justin Smith , and punter Andy Lee . The 2010 season started with the 49ers heavy favorites to win the NFC West after Cardinals QB Kurt Warner retired early in the offseason , but the season was a disaster . They started 0 -- 5 , their worst start since the dark days of 1979 .",
"33": "In week 3 , the 49ers fired offensive coordinator Jimmy Raye , who had been hand - picked by Singletary in the 2009 offseason . Starting safety Michael Lewis demanded to be released after he was demoted in favor of rookie safety Taylor Mays . By mid-season , Singletary was switching QBs between Alex Smith and Troy Smith , who had been picked up in free agency after the preseason , but with little effect . On December 27 , 2010 , the 49ers fired Mike Singletary as head coach , naming Defensive Line Coach Jim Tomsula as interim Head Coach for the last game of the season , where despite crushing the Cardinals 38 -- 7 , they finished a sad and disappointing 6 -- 10 and missed the playoffs yet again . 2011 -- 2014 : Jim Harbaugh era ( edit ) On January 4 , 2011 , Jed York promoted interim General Manager Trent Baalke to be the permanent GM . Baalke had taken over the role after former GM Scot McCloughan was relieved of his duties the year before . Two days later , on January 7 , 2011 , former head coach of Stanford University Jim Harbaugh was named the 49ers new head coach . In the 2011 NFL Draft , the 49ers selected defensive end / linebacker Aldon Smith from the University of Missouri with the seventh pick of the first round . The 49ers also selected quarterback Colin Kaepernick from the University of Nevada , Reno with the 36th overall pick in the second round . In 2011 , Jim Harbaugh was named the new head coach of the 49ers . After the end of a labor dispute that nearly threatened to postpone or cancel the 2011 season the 49ers made a controversial decision to re-sign Alex Smith to a one - year $4.8 million contract . Because of the decision to retain Smith , and a shortened offseason with an entirely new coaching staff being hired , the team was expected to be among the league 's worst by NFL prognosticators . Despite this , Harbaugh 's first season was a huge success . After 10 weeks the 49ers were 9 -- 1 , highlighted by road wins against the Philadelphia Eagles , where the team came back from a 20 - point deficit in the second half , and the previously unbeaten Detroit Lions .",
"34": "The 49ers defense became one of the most intimidating in the league , particularly against the run -- not allowing a 100 - yard rusher or a single rushing touchdown until week 16 of the regular season . Alex Smith blossomed in the new system , reviving his career while playing for yet another new offensive coordinator -- his sixth in six years . In week 13 the 49ers won the NFC West with a victory against the St. Louis Rams , finally ending their nine - year playoff drought . The 49ers finished the season with a 13 -- 3 record , earning the second overall seed in the NFC Playoffs . In the Divisional Playoffs they defeated the New Orleans Saints 36 -- 32 after a touchdown pass from Alex Smith to Vernon Davis in the closing seconds of the game . The team reached the NFC championship for the first time since 1997 , and faced the New York Giants . They lost to the eventual Super Bowl champions with a 20 -- 17 score in overtime after two critical fumbles by back up return man Kyle Williams , ending their 2011 -- 2012 season with disappointment but great promise . In 2012 , the 49ers were predicted to be the NFC West champions and possibly make a run for the Super Bowl . Starting the season 6 -- 2 , the 49ers went on to face the rival St. Louis Rams in Week 10 . Alex Smith suffered a concussion in the second quarter and exited the game . He was replaced by 2011 second - round pick Colin Kaepernick , who led the 49ers back to tie the game . The next week , Kaepernick and the 49ers blew out the Chicago Bears 32 -- 7 , and Harbaugh chose Kaepernick as the starter next week against the New Orleans Saints , despite Smith being cleared to play . A quarterback controversy began . Despite Smith leading the NFL in completion percentage ( 70 % ) and passer rating ( 104.1 ) , Kaepernick was considered more dynamic with his scrambling ability and arm strength . Kaepernick eventually started the rest of the season , going 5 -- 2 . Kaepernick set the record for rushing yards for a quarterback in the playoffs with 181 rushing yds against the Green Bay Packers .",
"35": "The 49ers defeated the Green Bay Packers and the Atlanta Falcons in the playoffs and advanced to Super Bowl XLVII , but were denied their sixth Super Bowl win against the Baltimore Ravens , who were coached by John Harbaugh , 34 -- 31 . The top performers were : passing : C. Kaepernick ( SF ) -- 302 YDS , 1 TD , 1 INT ; rushing : F. Gore ( SF ) -- 19 CAR , 110 YDS , 1 TD ; receiving : M. Crabtree ( SF ) -- 5 REC , 109 YDS , 1 TD . Another storyline towards the end of the 2012 season was the reliability of kicker David Akers . Towards the end of the season , he began to show signs of decline , missing one field goal of 20 -- 30 yards , two field goals of 30 -- 40 yards , and six field goals of 40 -- 50 yards for a below - average conversion percentage of 69 % . Akers was released on March 6 , 2013 . Shortly afterwards , the 49ers signed veteran kicker Phil Dawson . The 49ers would also trade a sixth round draft pick for wide receiver Anquan Boldin from the Baltimore Ravens , the team that had beaten them in the Super Bowl . The 49ers finished 12 -- 4 in the 2013 regular season and enter the playoffs as a wildcard , with their first game at Lambeau Field against the Green Bay Packers . On January 5 , 2014 , San Francisco 49ers defeated Green Bay Packers 23 -- 20 . On January 12 , 2014 , the 49ers defeated the Carolina Panthers 23 -- 10 , thus advancing to their third straight NFC championship game . However , the 49ers ' season ended at CenturyLink Field in Seattle , when a pass intended for Michael Crabtree was tipped by defensive back Richard Sherman and intercepted by linebacker Malcolm Smith , losing to their division rivals and the eventual Super Bowl champions , Seattle Seahawks , 23 -- 17 . After the Niners had their first 8 -- 8 season in 4 years , which included losses to the Bay Area rival Oakland Raiders , Chicago Bears , and St.",
"36": "Louis Rams , the collapse of a once - dominant offensive line , failing to reach the playoffs , Harbaugh and the 49ers decided to part ways on December 28 , 2014 , after the season 's final game , against the Arizona Cardinals , which the Niners won 20 -- 17 . Replacement of Candlestick Park ( edit ) Main article : Levi 's Stadium On November 8 , 2006 , reports surfaced that the 49ers ended negotiations with the city of San Francisco about building a new stadium and plan to do so in Santa Clara , a suburb of San Jose , California ; Santa Clara already hosts the team 's administrative headquarters and training facility . The Yorks and then - San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom had been talking over the last few months about building a privately financed stadium at Candlestick Point that was intended to be part of the city 's bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics . The 49ers ' final decision to move the stadium ended the San Francisco bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics . San Francisco , Los Angeles , and Chicago were the three cities competing to be the U.S. Olympic Committee 's choice to bid on the 2016 games , with Chicago emerging as the eventual victor . The 49ers sponsored Measure J , which appeared on the June 8 , 2010 Santa Clara ballot , to build a new stadium as the future home of the San Francisco 49ers in that city . The measure passed with 58.2 % of the total vote . This was seen as the first step for the 49ers stadium relocation to a new venue to be built in Santa Clara . The 68,490 - seat venue , Levi 's Stadium , landed rights for its first event . The stadium will be home to the Fight Hunger Bowl . On the 49ers website , the team 's owner , businessman John York had a letter stating that after a stadium is constructed in Santa Clara , the team would retain its name `` San Francisco '' even though the team would no longer be located within Metro San Francisco . United States Senator Dianne Feinstein and other leaders threatened an attempt to prevent the team from using `` San Francisco '' or the `` 49ers '' in the team name , but probably would not have succeeded without changes to state or federal law .",
"37": "Because of the team moving to Santa Clara ( which is adjacent to San Jose , which is larger than San Francisco by 145,000 residents , and 30 miles from San Francisco ) , the 49ers now become the only current ( and possibly at any time ) team in any major or minor league sport in the U.S. to use the moniker of a city further way ( San Francisco ) from the stadium / arena than a closer city with a higher population ( San Jose ) . York later confirmed in a press conference on November 9 , 2011 , that the team would build a new state of the art stadium in Santa Clara in time for the 2014 season . Groundbreaking for the new stadium took place on April 19 , 2012 . On May 8 , 2013 , the NFL 's San Francisco 49ers announced that San Francisco - based Levi Strauss & Co. had purchased the naming rights to their new stadium in Santa Clara . The naming rights deal calls for Levi 's to pay $220.3 million to the city of Santa Clara and the 49ers over 20 years , with an option to extend the deal for another five years for around $75 million . 2015 -- present : struggles after Harbaugh ( edit ) Jim Tomsula was hired on January 14 , 2015 to replace Jim Harbaugh . Subsequently , Geep Chryst was promoted to offensive coordinator and Eric Mangini was hired as defensive coordinator . On March 10 , 2015 , All - Pro linebacker Patrick Willis announced his retirement from the NFL due to repeated injuries to both feet . A week later on March 17 , linebacker Chris Borland , Patrick Willis ' presumed replacement , announced his retirement from the NFL due to fears of the effects of head trauma . These two retirements left the 49ers linebackers position group weakened as they headed into an offseason under first year head coach Jim Tomsula . Two other developments during the 49ers off season , the retirements of starters DE Justin Smith , and RT Anthony Davis , and the uncertainty of LB Aldon Smith 's availability due to his legal issues . The 49ers signed running back Reggie Bush , wide receiver Torrey Smith , and defensive tackle Darnell Dockett .",
"38": "On October 22 , in a battle with the rival Seattle Seahawks to stay out of last place in the NFC West , the 49ers fell to 2 -- 5 with a 20 -- 3 loss . On January 4 , 2016 , the 49ers fired Tomsula after he led them to a 5 -- 11 record . On January 14 , 2016 , Chip Kelly was hired as head coach . Kelly 's tenure began with an emphatic 28 -- 0 victory over the Los Angeles Rams on Monday Night Football . However , the team went on to lose 13 straight games until they narrowly defeated the Rams 22 -- 21 on December 24 , 2016 . On October 21 , 2016 , in an ESPN ranking of professional sports franchises , the 49ers were ranked the worst franchise in North America . The 49ers would end up firing Kelly following the conclusion of the regular season , finishing with a 2 -- 14 record . After hiring John Lynch as general manager and Kyle Shanahan as head coach , the Niners started the 2017 season with nine losses . After a win over the New York Giants and a loss to the Seattle Seahawks , the 49ers traded for New England Patriots backup quarterback Jimmy Garoppolo . They won their next five games with Garoppolo at the helm and finished the season 6 -- 10 . Championships ( edit ) Super Bowls ( edit ) The 49ers have won a total of 5 Super Bowls . They won their first 3 under Bill Walsh . Walsh retired after winning his 3rd in 1988 , but first year head coach George Seifert did n't miss a beat , winning the Super Bowl in his very first year in 1989 . He would also win one more in 1994 .",
"39": "Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1981 Bill Walsh XVI Pontiac , Michigan Cincinnati Bengals 26 -- 21 16 -- 3 1984 Bill Walsh XIX Stanford , California Miami Dolphins 38 -- 16 18 -- 1 1988 Bill Walsh XXIII Miami Cincinnati Bengals 20 -- 16 13 -- 6 1989 George Seifert XXIV New Orleans Denver Broncos 55 -- 10 17 -- 2 1994 George Seifert XXIX Miami San Diego Chargers 49 -- 26 16 -- 3 Total Super Bowls won : 5 NFC championships ( edit ) Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1981 Bill Walsh San Francisco Dallas Cowboys 28 -- 27 16 -- 3 1984 Bill Walsh San Francisco Chicago Bears 23 -- 0 18 -- 1 1988 Bill Walsh Chicago Chicago Bears 28 -- 3 13 -- 6 1989 George Seifert San Francisco Los Angeles Rams 30 -- 3 17 -- 2 1994 George Seifert San Francisco Dallas Cowboys 38 -- 28 16 -- 3 2012 Jim Harbaugh Atlanta Atlanta Falcons 28 -- 24 13 -- 4 -- 1 Total NFC championships won : 6 Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Main article : Logos and uniforms of the San Francisco 49ers Logo ( edit ) The original 49ers logo was a mustached 49er gold miner from the 1849 California Gold Rush , dressed in plaid pants and a red shirt , jumping in midair with his hat falling off , and firing pistols in each hand : one nearly shooting his foot , and the other pistol forming the word `` Forty - Niners '' from its smoke .",
"40": "An alternate logo with a shield - shaped crest formed from the number `` 49 '' , with a football in the upper right quadrant and `` SF '' in the lower left quadrant was created in 1965 and used for marketing purposes until 1972 . From 1962 , the 49ers ' logo has been the iconic `` SF '' within the center of a red oval ; throughout the years the logo has had minor modifications , such as a black outlining on the intertwined `` SF '' that was added in 1989 and a gold trimming inside the oval that was added in 1996 . Uniforms ( edit ) The evolution of the 49ers ' uniform , 1946 -- present The San Francisco 49ers currently have two different uniforms : red and gold home uniforms and white , red , and gold road uniforms . However , the 49ers have changed uniform designs and color combinations quite often throughout their history . From the team 's inception in 1946 , they wore dark or cardinal red , switching to scarlet red jerseys and gold pants for the 1948 season , with a gold helmet with one red stripe , with solid red socks and pants with no stripes . Entering the 1949 season , the first in the NFL , the 49ers adopted three stripes to their red jerseys , wearing gold helmets and pants , with no stripes and red socks with three white stripes . In the 1953 , ' 54 , and ' 55 seasons , the 49ers wore red helmets with a gold stripe in the middle , with silver pants with one single stripe of red . The socks also added the three stripes similar to the jersey 's . 1955 was also unique in that the 49ers wore white pants with a black stripe bounded by two red stripes , and shadow drop numbers on their red jerseys , with black shadow drop borders on the white numerals . The following season , 1956 , the team wore white helmets with no stripes , and white pants with a red stripe . In 1957 the 49ers wore red jerseys , a gold helmet with no stripes , and gold pants with no stripes ; for the first time the 49ers wore white on the road , as dictated by the NFL for all teams , to have at least one team wearing a light colored jersey during games .",
"41": "The first white jersey had two red stripes with a gold in the middle , as was their road socks : white , with two red stripes and gold in the middle . San Francisco wore red and gold in 1958 as well , with their white jersey having a single shoulder loop stripe , as well as adding TV numbers to the sleeves of their home and away jerseys . And in contrast to the socks at home , red with three red stripes , the away socks were solid red . In 1959 the team switched to red and platinum gold ( looking more like silver ) , and for the next several years afterwards , with their white jerseys having double shoulder loop stripes ( mimicking UCLA 's ) , but continuing with the three white stripes on the sleeves above the elbow and below the TV numbers , with the red home jerseys . In 1960 , the team added `` Northwestern '' red stripes to their helmets ( a thicker middle stripe bordered by two thinner stripes ) , and that changed in 1962 , with the addition of the helmet design the team has mostly worn since : white stripe bounded by two red , with the red oval and SF logo on the sides of the helmet . In 1964 the team 's colors then changed again . All silver elements were changed to what was called `` 49er Gold ; '' helmets were gold . New beige - gold pants with a red - white - red tri-stripe in the same style as the helmet were introduced . Uniform 's basic design would be worn for practically the next 30 seasons with only some minor changes and adjustments , such as a gradual change over from sans - serif to serifed block numerals from 1970 to 1974 and a switch from thin stripes to a very thick pant striping in 1976 ( during which white jerseys were also worn at home for most of that season ) . The uniform ensemble of red and white jerseys , and beige - gold pants with thick striping were worn until 1995 with a few minor changes . During the 1994 season , many NFL teams wore `` throwback uniforms '' on occasional games to celebrate the NFL 's 75th anniversary ( a corresponding diamond - shaped 75th Anniversary patch was also worn by all teams ) .",
"42": "The 49ers chose to wear a version of their 1955 uniforms as their throwbacks , with simpler sans - serif block numerals that were outlined and shadowed in black with White pants with thinner red - black - red striping were also worn , along with the old striped red socks . The regular 1989 -- 95 design gold helmet was worn with this uniform , as there was no logo on the 1955 helmet . In 1996 , the 49ers celebrated their 49th anniversary by designing a commemorative jersey patch based on the earlier shield - crest logo . The team also debuted a substantially new uniform design , most notably changing the shade of red used in their jerseys from bright scarlet to a deeper , cardinal red a black dropshadow effect ( along with gold trim ) was added to the jersey numerals ( which remained in the blocked serif style ) . As in 1994 , the Niners donned white pants full - time for the 1996 season ( also wearing them for the 1997 season and 1998 preseason , ) though this time the pant stripes were marginally thicker and the colors were reversed to black - cardinal red - black ( matching the striping on the helmets ) . For the 1998 regular season opener , the team switched back to gold pants , with a more metallic gold rather than the previous beige - matte gold of the past . The striping along the side of the pants remained black - cardinal red - black , though a thin gold trimming was added , along with further oval `` SF '' logos placed on both sides of the hip . The 1996 helmet and jersey design with the 1998 gold pants was worn as the team 's regular uniforms until the end of the 2008 season . The 49ers once again changed uniforms in 2009 , which are very similar to the classic design , albeit with several significant changes . The sleeve stripes are now set at an angle to accommodate the even shorter sleeves of modern jerseys , ( though the stripes appear straight and parallel to the ground when worn by the players themselves ) . An updated 49ers uniform with improved fit , and more breathable and moisture - resistant fabrics was debuted ( alongside the rest of the NFL teams ) by new league uniform manufacturer Nike on April 3 , 2012 .",
"43": "On April 30 , 2015 at their NFL Draft rally , the team unveiled their first ever alternate uniform ( as opposed to a throwback design ) . The uniform consists of black jerseys and pants with red numerals and striping . Nike logos are in gold , while the standard solid red socks will be worn . These uniforms will be worn a maximum of two games a year , per league rules . Cheerleaders and mascot ( edit ) Cheerleaders ( edit ) The 49ers official cheerleading squad is called the Gold Rush . Started in 1983 , the team typically consists of anywhere from 34 to 40 young female dancers . Mascot ( edit ) The 49ers official mascot is Sourdough Sam . He wears jersey number 49 . Rivalries ( edit ) The San Francisco 49ers have three rivals within their division : the Los Angeles Rams , the Arizona Cardinals , and the Seattle Seahawks . They also have rivalries with other teams that arose from post-season games in the past , most notably the Dallas Cowboys , New York Giants , and Green Bay Packers . They also have an intense crosstown rivalry with the Oakland Raiders and share an intrastate rivalry with the San Diego Chargers ( the two teams have played each other nearly every preseason , and every 4 years in the regular season , and also met in Super Bowl XXIX ) . NFC West ( edit ) Los Angeles Rams ( edit ) Main article : 49ers -- Rams rivalry The rivalry between the Los Angeles Rams and the San Francisco 49ers is considered by many to be one of the greatest NFL rivalries ever , placing No. 8 on Sports Illustrated 's `` Top 10 NFL Rivalries of All Time '' list , compiled in 2008 . After the Rams moved to St. Louis , Roger Craig stated in Tales from the San Francisco 49ers Sideline that `` the Rams will always be the 49ers ' biggest rival . It does n't matter if they no longer play in Los Angeles . If the Rams played their home games on Mars , it would still be a rivalry . ''",
"44": "In fact , the Rams are the only team to have played the 49ers twice every season for the last 58 seasons to combine for more than 100 regular season games ; the all - time regular - season lead is held by the 49ers 65 -- 63 -- 3 . They have only met once in a playoff game , when the 49ers beat the Rams 30 -- 3 in 1989 . Seattle Seahawks ( edit ) Main article : 49ers -- Seahawks rivalry The Seattle Seahawks have become a new rival of the 49ers , following the NFL 's realignment in 2002 that put both teams in the same division ( Seattle had been a brief former rival during their inaugural 1976 season , when the team was in the old pre-realignment NFC West ) . Prior to 2002 , the teams played each other almost every season during the pre-season , but only every three years during the regular season when the AFC West and NFC West teams faced each other . So far , their rivalry has not been as intense as other division foes because for the most part both teams have not been good at the same time . In the middle to late part of the decade , the Seahawks lost the division and their favorable record against the 49ers reflected this . However , games at CenturyLink Field , one of the toughest stadiums to play at as a visiting team , have still been difficult to win . The 49ers have a 3 - 7 record all - time at that stadium , with their largest margin of victory there being ten points , and failed to score a touchdown in four of those losses . The rivalry has intensified after the 49ers hired Jim Harbaugh out of Stanford in 2011 , as he and Seahawks and former USC head coach Pete Carroll had an intense rivalry in college . Seattle leads the all - time series 20 -- 15 after winning both regular season games in 2014 and taking a week 7 win at Levi 's Stadium in 2015 . Arizona Cardinals ( edit ) The Arizona Cardinals are a recent growing rival of the 49ers . Unlike most rivalries of this team , the Arizona Cardinals are in the same division as the 49ers ( since 2002 , when the Cardinals transferred from the NFC East ) .",
"45": "Recently , there has been much bad blood between these two teams ' players ; an example of this is a Twitter `` battle '' between Darnell Dockett of the Arizona Cardinals and Vernon Davis of the San Francisco 49ers . Another clash was when Early Doucet of the Cardinals and Dashon Goldson of the Niners threw punches at each other . The clash of words between players of both teams , added with the decline of the other major rivalries of the 49ers , either from the rarity of meeting the rival teams ( 49ers rarely meet the Cowboys ) or the move to different cities ( Los Angeles Rams moving to St. Louis ) , has led to the rivalry between the 49ers and the Cardinals becoming heated and intense . The 49ers currently hold the edge over the Cardinals all - time by 28 -- 18 . Battle of the Bay rivalry ( edit ) Oakland Raiders ( edit ) The Oakland Raiders are the 49ers ' geographic rivals . As a result , games between the two are referred to as the `` Battle of the Bay . '' The first exhibition game played in 1967 , ended with the NFL 49ers defeating the AFL Raiders 13 -- 10 . After the 1970 merger , the 49ers won in Oakland 38 -- 7 . Since the two teams play in different conferences , regular - season matchups are at least every four years . Fans and players of the winning team can claim `` bragging rights '' as the better team in the area . The Raiders currently lead the all - time regular season series with 7 wins to the 49ers ' 6 . Oakland won the latest matchup 24 -- 13 on December 7 in Week 14 of the 2014 regular season . On August 20 , 2011 , in the third week of the pre-season , the pre-season game between the rivals was marked by fights in restrooms and stands at Candlestick Park including a shooting outside the stadium in which several were injured . The NFL has decided to cancel all future pre-season games between the Raiders and 49ers . Historic rivals ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed .",
"46": "( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : 49ers -- Cowboys rivalry The rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and the 49ers has been going on since the 1970s . The NFL Top 10 ranked this rivalry to be the tenth best in NFL history . San Francisco has played Dallas in seven postseason games . The Cowboys defeated the 49ers in the 1970 and 1971 NFC championship games , and again in the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game . The 1981 NFC championship game in San Francisco , which saw the 49ers ' Joe Montana complete a game - winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute ( now known as The Catch ) , is one of the most famous games in NFL history . The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992 -- 1994 seasons . San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC championship game three separate times . Dallas won the first two match - ups , and San Francisco won the third . In each of these pivotal match - ups , the game 's victor went on to win the Super Bowl . Both the Cowboys and the 49ers are second all time in Super Bowl victories to the Pittsburgh Steelers with five each . The 49ers -- Cowboys rivalry is also part of the larger cultural rivalry between California and Texas . In recent years , this once - great rivalry has greatly softened , with the struggles of both the Cowboys and 49ers . However , in its prime especially in the 1990s , this rivalry was a very bitter one as both teams were the class of the NFL during this time . The all - time series is tied with a record of 17 -- 17 -- 1 , which includes a postseason record of 2 -- 5 . Main article : 49ers -- Giants rivalry The New York Giants have the most playoff meetings versus the 49ers ( eight ) . This rivalry is rooted in the 1980s when both teams were on the rise . In the first two playoff meetings between these two teams , the Joe Montana - led 49ers won both meetings , 38 -- 24 in 1981 and 24 -- 10 in 1984 both in the divisional round at Candlestick Park , the 49ers went on to win their first two Super Bowl championships both seasons .",
"47": "The Giants won the next three playoff meetings , which included a 49 -- 3 rout at Giants Stadium in 1986 , and the 1990 NFC championship , where they upset the 49ers 15 -- 13 , ruining the 49ers hopes of a Super Bowl three - peat after Roger Craig lost a fumble late in the fourth quarter and let the Giants score on a last - second field goal . Giants also went on to win their first two Super Bowl championships both seasons . The 49ers defeated the Giants 44 -- 3 in 1993 in the divisional round . In the 2002 NFC Wildcard game , the Giants were ahead 38 -- 14 late in the third quarter ; however , the 49ers came back from the 24 - point deficit to beat the Giants with a 39 -- 38 victory . The teams met again in the 2011 NFC championship at Candlestick Park , and just like the 1990 NFC championship , it was a low - scoring game ; the Giants won the game on a Lawrence Tynes 31 - yard field goal in overtime , 20 -- 17 . In an eerie similarity to Roger Craig 's fumble 21 years earlier , Kyle Williams fumbled a punt in the crucial minutes of the game , and just like the last two times the Giants beat the 49ers in the playoffs , they went on to win the Super Bowl . The all - time series is a tie record of 15 -- 15 , and includes a postseason record of 4 -- 4 . The Green Bay Packers rivalry emerged in the mid-1990s when the Packers upset the 49ers in the 1995 NFC Divisional game at Candlestick Park , ending any chance of a Super Bowl repeat . From that point , the Packers beat the 49ers four more times including two post-season games . San Francisco was finally able to exact revenge in the 1998 NFC Wild Card round , a game that is remembered for a 25 - yard game - winning touchdown reception by Terrell Owens off a Steve Young pass ( referred to by some as `` The Catch II '' ) , lifting the 49ers over the Packers 30 -- 27 .",
"48": "Since that game , the Packers had beaten the 49ers eight straight times including once in the 2001 post-season , a streak that came to an end in the 2012 season when the 49ers beat the Packers in Lambeau Field week 1 for the first time since 1990 , and again in the NFC Divisional game that same season . The 49ers trail the all - time series with a record of 30 -- 34 -- 1 , which includes a postseason record of 3 -- 4 . The New Orleans Saints were division rivals with the 49ers up until realignment in 2002 when the Saints were placed in the newly formed NFC South . The 49ers dominated the rivalry when the Saints played in the NFC West , but the Saints have held the upper hand since realignment , winning the first six - game since moving to the NFC South . They met most recently in the divisional round of the 2011 playoffs at Candlestick Park . There were four lead changes in the final four minutes of the game , culminating with Alex Smith throwing the game - winning touchdown to Vernon Davis with nine seconds left ( referred by many as Vernon Post or The Catch III ) . Three months after that game , it was revealed that then - Saints defensive coordinator Gregg Williams ordered his players to target certain players in certain areas in a profanity - laced speech as part of the bounty scandal prior to that game . The 49ers lead the all - time series with a record of 47 -- 24 -- 2 , which includes a postseason record of 1 -- 0 . The Atlanta Falcons were also division rivals with the 49ers until the Falcons moved to the NFC South in 2002 after the realignment . Just like the Saints , the 49ers had dominated the Falcons when they played in the NFC West , but the Falcons have won four straight against the 49ers since moving to the NFC South . Both teams met in the divisional round of the 1998 playoffs , when Garrison Hearst suffered an ankle break when his foot was caught in the Georgia Dome turf and twisted severely as he tried to spin away from Falcons ' defensive end Chuck Smith on the first play from scrimmage ; 49ers lost that game 20 -- 18 .",
"49": "They met in the 2012 NFC championship , in which the 49ers , led by quarterback Colin Kaepernick , defeated the top - seeded Falcons in Atlanta by a score of 28 -- 24 . The next year , the Falcons played against the 49ers in the last home game at Candlestick Park . The game ended in a dramatic interception return for a touchdown also known as `` The Pick at the ' Stick '' . The all - time series is led by the 49ers with a record of 46 -- 30 -- 1 , and includes a postseason record of 1 -- 1 . Season - by - season records ( edit ) Main article : List of San Francisco 49ers seasons Players and personnel ( edit ) See also : List of San Francisco 49ers players and Category : San Francisco 49ers players Current roster and coaching staff ( edit ) San Francisco 49ers roster view talk Quarterbacks 3 C.J. Beathard Running backs 22 Matt Breida 44 Kyle Juszczyk FB 33 Jeremy McNichols 32 Joe Williams Wide receivers 17 Victor Bolden Jr . 84 Kendrick Bourne 13 Aaron Burbridge 15 Pierre Garçon 11 Marquise Goodwin 13 Max McCaffrey 19 Aldrick Robinson 81 Trent Taylor Tight ends 88 Garrett Celek 83 Cole Hikutini 85 George Kittle Offensive linemen 68 Zane Beadles G 77 Trent Brown T 65 Joshua Garnett G 62 Erik Magnuson G 74 Joe Staley T 75 Laken Tomlinson G 78 Darrell Williams Jr . T Defensive linemen 91 Arik Armstead DE 98 Ronald Blair DE 99 DeForest Buckner DT 96 Sheldon Day DT 58 Elvis Dumervil DE 93 D.J.",
"50": "Jones DT 90 Earl Mitchell DT 94 Solomon Thomas DE Linebackers 56 Reuben Foster MLB 47 Jimmie Gilbert OLB 57 Eli Harold OLB 47 Elijah Lee MLB 48 Donavin Newsom MLB 51 Malcolm Smith OLB 55 Pita Taumoepenu OLB 97 Dekoda Watson OLB Defensive backs 38 Adrian Colbert FS 43 Chanceller James SS 20 Don Jones SS 26 Greg Mabin CB 27 Dexter McCoil SS 45 Tyvis Powell SS 29 Jaquiski Tartt SS 25 Jimmie Ward FS 24 K'Waun Williams CB 23 Ahkello Witherspoon CB Special teams 9 Robbie Gould K 86 Kyle Nelson LS 5 Bradley Pinion P Reserve lists 14 DeAndre Carter WR ( Future ) -- Malcolm Johnson FB ( Future ) 64 Andrew Lauderdale OT ( Future ) 49 Boseko Lokombo ILB ( Future ) 71 Pace Murphy OT ( Future ) 4 Nick Mullens QB ( Future ) 48 Trovon Reed CB ( Future ) 41 Channing Stribling CB ( Future ) 89 Cole Wick TE ( Future ) Unrestricted FAs 61 Tim Barnes C 95 Tank Carradine DE 50 Brock Coyle OLB 92 Leger Douzable DT 40 Antone Exum FS 63 Brandon Fusco G 10 Jimmy Garoppolo QB 76 Garry Gilliam T 20 Leon Hall CB 28 Carlos Hyde RB 30 Asa Jackson CB 36 Dontae Johnson CB 92 Chris Jones DT 67 Daniel Kilgore C 59 Aaron Lynch DE 54 Cassius Marsh DE 18 Louis Murphy WR 82 Logan Paulsen TE 35 Eric Reid SS Restricted FAs 46 Mark Nzeocha OLB Exclusive - Rights FAs 31 Raheem Mostert RB Rookies in italics Roster updated January 5 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 52 Active , 9 Inactive ,",
"51": "21 FAs → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA San Francisco 49ers staff Front Office Co-Chairman -- Denise DeBartolo York Co-Chairman -- John York Chief Executive Officer -- Jed York Co-Owner -- Gideon Yu President -- Al Guido Chief Strategy Officer / Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Paraag Marathe Chief Operating Officer -- Ethan Casson General Manager -- John Lynch Vice President of Player Personnel -- Adam Peters Senior Personnel Executive -- Martin Mayhew Director of Pro Personnel -- Ran Carthon Director of Football Administration & Analytics -- Brian Hampton Head Coaches Head Coach / Offensive Coordinator -- Kyle Shanahan Assistant Head Coach / Tight Ends -- Jon Embree Assistant Head Coach / Defense / Inside Linebackers -- Ken Norton Jr . Offensive Coaches Quarterbacks -- Rich Scangarello Running Backs -- Robert Turner Wide Receivers -- Mike LaFleur Offensive Line -- John Benton Assistant Offensive Line -- Adam Stenavich Offensive Assistant -- T.C.",
"52": "McCartney Offensive Quality Control -- Taylor Embree Run Game Specialist -- Mike McDaniel Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Robert Saleh Defensive Line -- Jeff Zgonina Outside Linebackers / Run Game Specialist -- Johnny Holland Defensive Backs -- Jeff Hafley Assistant Defensive Backs -- Daniel Bullocks Senior Defensive Assistant -- Jason Tarver Defensive Quality Control -- DeMeco Ryans Defensive Quality Control -- Bobby Slowik Defensive Quality Control -- Tem Lekabu Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Richard Hightower Assistant Special Teams -- Michael Clay Assistant Special Teams -- Stan Kwan Coaching Support Staff Assistant to the Coaching Staff -- Patrick Hagedorn Administrative Assistant to the Head Coach -- Nick Kray Seasonal Intern ( Offense ) -- Katie Sowers Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Ray Wright Strength & Conditioning Assistant -- Marquis Johnson Strength & Conditioning Assistant -- Dustin Perry → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Famers ( edit ) San Francisco 49ers in the Pro Football Hall of Fame No . Name Inducted Position ( s ) Years w / 49ers -- DeBartolo Jr. , Edward Edward J. DeBartolo Jr . 2016 Owner 1977 -- 2000 -- Walsh , Bill Bill Walsh 1993 Head coach 1979 -- 1988 ( Head ) 1999 -- 2001 ( VP and GM ) 2002 -- 2004 ( Consultant ) 8 Young , Steve Steve Young 2005 QB 1987 -- 1999 14 Tittle , Y.A. Y.A.",
"53": "Tittle 1971 QB 1951 -- 1960 16 Montana , Joe Joe Montana 2000 QB 1979 -- 1992 21 Sanders , Deion Deion Sanders 2011 CB 1994 22 Hayes , Bob Bob Hayes 2009 WR 26 Woodson , Rod Rod Woodson 2009 S / CB 1997 32 Simpson , O.J. O.J. Simpson 1985 RB 1978 -- 1979 34 Perry , Joe Joe Perry 1969 RB 1948 -- 1960 , 1963 35 Johnson , John Henry John Henry Johnson FB 1954 -- 1956 37 Johnson , Jimmy Jimmy Johnson 1994 CB 1961 -- 1976 39 McElhenny , Hugh Hugh McElhenny 1970 RB 1952 -- 1960 42 Lott , Ronnie Ronnie Lott 2000 S / CB 1981 -- 1990 56 Doleman , Chris Chris Doleman 2012 DE 1996 -- 1998 57 Jackson , Rickey Rickey Jackson DE 1994 -- 1995 64 Wilcox , Dave Dave Wilcox 2000 LB 1964 -- 1974 71 Allen , Larry Larry Allen 2013 2006 -- 2007 73 Noellini , Leo Leo Nomellini 1969 DT 1949 -- 1963 74 Dean , Fred Fred Dean 2008 DE 1981 -- 1985 79 St. Clair , Bob Bob St.",
"54": "Clair 2008 OT 1953 -- 1963 80 Rice , Jerry Jerry Rice WR 1985 -- 2000 91 Greene , Kevin Kevin Greene 2016 DE / LB 1997 95 Dent , Richard Richard Dent 2011 DE 1994 94 / 95 Haley , Charles Charles Haley 2015 DE / LB 1986 -- 1991 , 1998 -- 1999 Bold -- inducted as a player for the 49ers . Retired numbers ( edit ) The 49ers ' retired numbers displayed on the southeastern side of Candlestick Park in June 2009 San Francisco 49ers retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 8 Steve Young QB 1987 -- 1999 12 John Brodie QB 1957 -- 1973 16 Joe Montana QB 1979 -- 1992 34 Joe Perry FB 1948 -- 1960 , 1963 37 Jimmy Johnson CB 1961 -- 1976 39 Hugh McElhenny RB 1952 -- 1960 42 Ronnie Lott S , CB 1981 -- 1990 70 Charlie Krueger DL 1959 -- 1973 73 Leo Nomellini DT 1950 -- 1963 79 Bob St. Clair OT 1953 -- 1963 80 Jerry Rice WR 1985 -- 2000 87 Dwight Clark WR 1979 -- 1987 -- Edward J. DeBartolo Jr . Owner 1978 -- 2000 -- Bill Walsh Head Coach 1979 -- 1988 ( Head ) 1999 -- 2001 ( VP and GM ) 2002 -- 2004 ( Consultant ) During his tenure with the 49ers from 2006 to 2007 , quarterback Trent Dilfer , a long - time friend of Brodie , wore No. 12 with his permission , unofficially unretiring the number as a tribute .",
"55": "49ers in the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame 49ers Hall of Fame ( edit ) The Edward J. DeBartolo Sr. 49ers Hall of Fame is the team 's official hall of honor for the franchise 's greatest players and contributors . 49ers Hall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 2009 8 Steve Young QB 1987 -- 1999 12 John Brodie QB 1957 -- 1973 14 Y.A. Tittle QB 1951 -- 1960 16 Joe Montana QB 1979 -- 1992 34 Joe Perry RB 1948 -- 1960 , 1963 35 John Henry Johnson RB 1954 -- 1956 37 Jimmy Johnson CB 1961 -- 1976 39 Hugh McElhenny RB 1952 -- 1960 42 Ronnie Lott S , CB 1981 -- 1990 64 Dave Wilcox LB 1964 -- 1974 70 Charlie Krueger DL 1959 -- 1973 73 Leo Nomellini DE 1950 -- 1963 74 Fred Dean DE 1981 -- 1985 79 Bob St. Clair OT 1953 -- 1963 87 Dwight Clark WR 1979 -- 1987 -- Edward DeBartolo Jr . Owner 1978 -- 2000 -- Bill Walsh Coach 1979 -- 1988 80 Jerry Rice WR 1985 -- 2000 -- Tony Morabito Founder 1946 -- 1957 -- Vic Morabito Owner 1946 -- 1964 2011 27 R.C.",
"56": "Owens WR 1957 -- 1961 33 Roger Craig RB 1983 -- 1990 2012 82 Gordon Soltau WR 1949 -- 1958 2013 -- John McVay Executive 1980 -- 1995 1998 -- 1999 2014 -- George Seifert DB Coach Defensive Coordinator Head Coach 1980 -- 1982 1983 -- 1988 1989 -- 1996 2015 94 / 95 Charles Haley DE / LB 1986 -- 1991 1998 -- 1999 Forty - niner 10 - year club ( edit ) The 10 - year club is a shrine that honors members of the San Francisco 49ers who played 10 or more seasons with the organization , and was started by Bill Walsh to recognize players that have shown longevity , success and consistency . Each member is shown in a black - and - white photo on a scarlet and gold plaque with their name under the photo and the years in which they played . A plaque placed in the center of the photos of club members reads : `` Forty - Niners 10 - year club . Dedicated to those Forty - Niners who have served 10 or more years proudly wearing the scarlet and gold . '' 1940s No . Player Position Tenure 34 Joe Perry FB 1948 -- 60 , 1963 73 Leo Nomellini DT 1949 -- 63 14 Y.A. Tittle QB 1951 -- 60 52 / 84 Billy Wilson WR 1951 -- 60 79 Bob St. Clair OT 1953 -- 64 55 Matt Hazeltine LB 1955 -- 68 77 Bruce Bosley G / C 1956 -- 68 12 John Brodie QB 1957 -- 73 78 John Thomas 1958 -- 67 1960s No .",
"57": "Player Position Tenure 36 Tommy Davis K , P 1959 -- 69 70 Charlie Krueger DL 1959 -- 73 76 Len Rohde 1960 -- 74 60 Roland Lakes DT 1959 -- 73 37 Jimmy Johnson CB 1961 -- 76 64 Dave Wilcox LB 1964 -- 74 32 Mel Phillips 1966 -- 76 57 Frank Nunley LB 1967 -- 76 1970s No . Player Position Tenure 69 Woody Peoples 1968 -- 77 51 / 62 Randy Cross G / C 1976 -- 88 68 John Ayers 1976 -- 86 14 Ray Wersching 1977 -- 87 79 Cas Banaszek 1968 -- 77 53 Tommy Hart DE 1968 -- 77 52 Skip Vanderbundt LB 1968 -- 77 86 Cedrick Hardman DE 1970 -- 79 59 Willie Harper WR 1973 -- 83 71 / 89 Keith Fahnhorst 1974 -- 87 1980s No .",
"58": "Player Position Tenure 99 Mike Walter LB 1984 -- 93 61 Jesse Sapolu C / G 1983 -- 97 62 Guy McIntyre 1984 -- 93 80 Jerry Rice WR 1985 -- 2000 82 John Taylor WR 1986 -- 95 74 Steve Wallace 1986 -- 96 56 Fred Quillan 1978 -- 87 76 Dwaine Board DE 1979 -- 88 21 Eric Wright CB 1981 -- 90 42 Ronnie Lott 1981 -- 90 58 Keena Turner LB 1980 -- 90 85 Mike Wilson WR 1981 -- 90 16 Joe Montana QB 1979 -- 92 1990s No . Player Position Tenure 8 Steve Young QB 1987 -- 99 79 Harris Barton OT 1987 -- 98 84 / 88 Brent Jones TE 1987 -- 97 2000s No . Player Position Tenure 97 Bryant Young DT 1994 -- 2007 53 Jeff Ulbrich LB 2000 -- 2009 63 Derrick Deese OL 1992 -- 2003 86 Brian Jennings LS 2000 -- 2012 Andy Lee 2004 -- 2014 21 Frank Gore RB 2005 -- 2014 74 Joe Staley OT 2007 -- Present Franchise leaders ( edit ) Bold denotes still active with team Italics denote still active but not with team Passing yards ( regular season ) ( as of Week 3 of the 2017 - 18 season ) 1 . Joe Montana ( 35,124 ) 2 . John Brodie ( 31,548 ) 3 . Steve Young ( 29,907 ) 4 . Jeff Garcia ( 16,408 ) 5 . Y.A.",
"59": "Tittle ( 16,016 ) 6 . Alex Smith ( 14,280 ) 7 . Colin Kaepernick ( 12,271 ) 8 . Frankie Albert ( 10,795 ) 9 . Steve DeBerg ( 7,220 ) 10 . Steve Spurrier ( 5,250 ) 11 . Tim Rattay ( 3,941 ) 12 . Shaun Hill ( 3,490 ) 13 . Jim Plunkett ( 3,285 ) 14 . Elvis Grbac ( 3,098 ) 15 . Blaine Gabbert ( 2,994 ) 16 . Steve Bono ( 2,558 ) 17 . Ken Dorsey ( 1,712 ) 18 . George Mira ( 1,711 ) 19 . Norm Snead ( 1,705 ) 20 . J.T. O'Sullivan ( 1,678 ) 21 . Tom Owen ( 1,645 ) 22 . Jeff Kemp ( 1,554 ) 23 . Lamar McHan ( 1,243 ) 24 . Troy Smith ( 1,176 ) 25 . Trent Dilfer ( 1,166 ) 26 . Scott Bull ( 992 ) 27 . Joe Reed ( 905 ) 28 . Matt Cavanaugh ( 783 ) 29 . Bob Waters ( 707 ) 30 . Billy Kilmer ( 653 ) Rushing yards ( regular season ) ( as of Week 3 of the 2017 - 18 season ) 1 . Frank Gore ( 11,073 ) 2 . Joe Perry ( 8,689 ) 3 . Roger Craig ( 7,064 ) 4 . Ken Willard ( 5,930 ) 5 . Garrison Hearst ( 5,535 ) 6 . J.D. Smith ( 4,370 ) 7 . Hugh McElhenny ( 4,288 ) 8 . Kevan Barlow ( 3,614 ) 9 .",
"60": "Steve Young ( 3,581 ) 10 . Johnny Strzykalski ( 3,415 ) 11 . Wendell Tyler ( 3,112 ) 12 . Delvin Williams ( 2,966 ) 13 . Wilbur Jackson ( 2,955 ) 14 . Ricky Watters ( 2,840 ) 15 . Charlie Garner ( 2,371 ) 16 . Colin Kaepernick ( 2,300 ) 17 . Carlos Hyde ( 2,044 ) 18 . Tom Rathman ( 1,902 ) 19 . Norm Standlee ( 1,830 ) 20 . Vic Washington ( 1,813 ) 21 . Paul Hofer ( 1,746 ) 22 . Larry Schreiber ( 1,734 ) 23 . Joe Montana ( 1,595 ) 24 . Jeff Garcia ( 1,571 ) 25 . Doug Cunningham ( 1,498 ) 26 . John David Crow ( 1,474 ) 27 . Gary Lewis ( 1,421 ) 28 . Frankie Albert ( 1,272 ) 29 . Terry Kirby ( 1,235 ) 30 . Kendall Hunter ( 1,202 ) Receiving yards ( regular season ) ( as of Week 3 of the 2017 - 18 season ) 1 . Jerry Rice ( 19,247 ) 2 . Terrell Owens ( 8,572 ) 3 . Dwight Clark ( 6,750 ) 4 . Gene Washington ( 6,664 ) 5 . Billy Wilson ( 5,902 ) 6 . Vernon Davis ( 5,640 ) 7 . John Taylor ( 5,598 ) 8 . Brent Jones ( 5,195 ) 9 . Freddie Solomon ( 4,873 ) 10 . Roger Craig ( 4,442 ) 11 . Michael Crabtree ( 4,327 ) 12 . J.J.",
"61": "Stokes ( 4,139 ) 13 . Bernie Casey ( 4,008 ) 14 . Gordie Soltau ( 3,487 ) 15 . Dave Parks ( 3,334 ) 16 . Anquan Boldin ( 3,030 ) 17 . Monty Stickles ( 2,993 ) 18 . Alyn Beals ( 2,951 ) 19 . R.C. Owens ( 2,926 ) 20 . Frank Gore ( 2,883 ) 21 . Hugh McElhenny ( 2,666 ) 22 . Clyde Conner ( 2,643 ) 23 . Ted Kwalick ( 2,555 ) 24 . Tom Rathman ( 2,490 ) 25 . Dick Witcher ( 2,359 ) 26 . Mike Wilson ( 2,199 ) 27 . Ken Willard ( 2,156 ) 28 . Arnaz Battle ( 2,150 ) 29 . Russ Francis ( 2,105 ) 30 .",
"62": "Tai Streets ( 2,008 ) Achievements ( edit ) Individual awards ( edit ) AP NFL MVP Season Player Position 1970 John Brodie QB 1989 Joe Montana QB 1990 Joe Montana QB 1992 Steve Young QB 1994 Steve Young QB NFL Offensive Player of the Year Season Player Position Jerry Rice WR 1988 Roger Craig RB 1989 Joe Montana QB 1992 Steve Young QB 1993 Jerry Rice WR NFL Defensive Player of the Year Season Player Position 1994 Deion Sanders CB 1997 Dana Stubblefield DT NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Season Player Position 1970 Bruce Taylor CB 1993 Dana Stubblefield DT 2007 Patrick Willis LB Super Bowl MVP Game Player Position 1981 Joe Montana QB 1984 Joe Montana QB 1988 Jerry Rice WR 1989 Joe Montana QB 1994 Steve Young QB NFL Coach of the Year Season Coach 1981 Bill Walsh 2011 Jim Harbaugh NFL Comeback Player of the Year Season Player Position 1986 Joe Montana QB 1999 Bryant Young DT 2001 Garrison Hearst RB NFL Executive of the Year Season Executive 1994 Carmen Policy 2011 Trent Baalke Radio and television ( edit ) The 49ers ' flagship radio stations are KSAN 107.7 FM ( `` The Bone '' ) , KNBR 680 AM , and KTCT 1050 AM . KSAN airs all 49ers games on FM . On AM , they are simulcast on KTCT in August , September , and October and on KNBR from October to the end of the season . All three stations are owned by Cumulus Media .",
"63": "Joe Starkey , best known as the voice of the University of California and The Play , was previously the color commentator on the broadcasts next to legendary announcer Lon Simmons in 1987 and 1988 and took over as lead commentator in 1989 . Lon Simmons and Gordy Soltau did the broadcasts on KSFO in the 1949s and 1960s . For a brief period in the late 1970s and early 1980s Don Kline , the Voice of Stanford did the 49ers ' games . Starkey first teamed with former Detroit Lions ' and KPIX Sports Director , Wayne Walker and then former 49ers ' linebacker Gary Plummer formed the broadcast team from 1998 to 2008 , with Starkey retiring after the 2008 season . Ted Robinson replaced Starkey and teamed up with Plummer for the 2009 and 2010 seasons . Plummer was relieved of his color commentating duties for the 2011 season and replaced by former teammate Eric Davis . Pre-season games not shown on national television are shown on ABC affiliate , KGO - TV ( Channel 7 ) . When playing in the regular season , those games can be televised on Fox - owned KTVU . If they challenge an AFC team , KPIX - TV ( the CBS Owned and operated station ) will broadcast the games . In addition to regular season matches , NBC affiliate , KNTV airs them under the Sunday Night Football label . The 49ers are a beneficiary of league scheduling policies . Both the 49ers and the Oakland Raiders share the San Francisco Bay Area market , which is on the West Coast of the United States . This means that the 49ers can not play home games , road division games or interconference road games against AFC West teams Denver Broncos , Los Angeles Chargers or Oakland Raiders ( in seasons that the AFC West and NFC West meet in interconference play ) in the early 10 : 00 a.m. Pacific time slot . In addition , they can not play interconference home games at the same time or network as the Raiders . As a result , both teams generally have more limited scheduling options , and also benefit by receiving more prime time games than usual ( click here for further information ) .",
"64": "Thus , regardless of the previous season 's record , the 49ers receive a disproportionate number of Sunday Night , Monday Night and / or Thursday Night games , compared to the rest of the league . San Francisco 49ers radio broadcasters history ( edit ) Year Flagship station Play - by - play Color commentator Sideline reporter 1994 KGO Joe Starkey Wayne Walker 1989 KGO Joe Starkey Wayne Walker 1988 KGO Lon Simmons ( Weeks 1 -- 5 and 8 -- 16 ) Joe Starkey ( Weeks 6 -- 7 ) Wayne Walker Joe Starkey ( Weeks 1 -- 5 and 8 -- 16 ) 1984 KCBS Don Klein Don Heinrich 1981 KCBS Don Klein Wayne Walker Radio affiliates ( edit ) Source : Map of radio affiliates . City Call Sign Frequency San Francisco KNBR - AM 680 AM San Francisco KGO - AM 810 AM San Francisco KSAN - FM 107.7 FM Brookings , Oregon KURY - FM 95.3 FM Chico , California KTHU - FM 100.7 FM Eureka , California KATA - AM 1340 AM Fresno , California KFIG - AM 1430 AM Grass Valley , California KNCO - AM 830 AM Hilo , Hawaii KPUA - AM 670 AM Honolulu , Hawaii KHKA - AM 1500 AM King City , California KRKC - AM 1490 AM Klamath Falls , Oregon KAGO - AM 1150 AM Los Angeles KLAA - AM 830 AM Maui , Hawaii KAOI - AM 1110 AM Medford , Oregon KBOY - FM 95.7 FM Mendocino , California KUNK 96.7 FM Modesto , California KESP - AM 970 AM Paso Robles , California KPRL - AM 1230 AM Portland , Oregon KUIK - AM 1360 AM Redding , California KKXS - FM 96.",
"65": "1 FM Reno , Nevada KBZZ - AM 1270 AM Reno , Nevada KBZZ - FM 96.1 FM Sacramento , California KIFM 1320 AM Salinas , California KION - AM 1460 AM San Luis Obispo , California KKJL - AM 1400 AM Susanville , California KJDX - FM 93.3 FM San Francisco 49ers preseason TV broadcasters history ( edit ) Year Station Play - by - play Color commentator 1994 KPIX 1989 KPIX 1988 KPIX 1984 KPIX 1981 KPIX See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal National Football League portal List of Super Bowl records San Francisco 49ers draft history Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area List of National Football League records ( team ) List of professional sports teams in California References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 49ers Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Table of Contents '' ( PDF ) . 2016 San Francisco 49ers Media Guide . San Francisco 49ers . September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 49ers Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pentis , Andrew . `` Behind the Building '' . San Francisco 49ers . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Founder '' . 49ers.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Forty Niners Company Information '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Team Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Team Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' .",
"66": "Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NFL Valuations '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt . `` San Francisco 49ers - pg. 11 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : A.S. `` Doc '' Young , `` The Black Athlete in the Golden Age of Sports , Part VI : The Black Athlete Makes His Mark , '' Ebony , May 1969 , pg. 118 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Spadia , ex-San Francisco 49ers president , dies at 92 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The 1950s and The King Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVII - San Francisco 49ers vs. Baltimore Ravens - February 3rd , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` 49ers Yearly Results and Statistics National Football League ( 1950 - present ) '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Season Media Guide . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank ( 1985 - 12 - 30 ) . `` Giants Stop 49ers in Wild - Card Playoff , 17 - 3 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Larry . `` Montana was comeback king '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stellino , Vic ( 13 January 1991 ) . `` Montana picks Redskins apart in 28 - 10 victory 49ers ' interceptions thwart two drives '' . The Baltimore Sun . Jump up ^ Merron , Jeff . `` The List : Gutsiest calls in sports '' ( Page 2 ) . ESPN.com .",
"67": "Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mystery still surrounds extent of injury to Montanta 's elbow '' . articles.baltimoresun.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Singletary Press Conference `` Hit - People - in - the - Mouth '' `` . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Harbaugh to 49ers , evokes ' Genius ' '' . ESPN.com . January 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Draft Finder Query Results '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Killion , Ann ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` New era begins for 49ers , but will San Francisco get any better ? '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dodds , Eric ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Examining the 49ers Quarterback Controversy '' . time.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sando , Mike ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Reaching back for 49ers QB parallels '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens vs. 49ers - Box Score '' . scores.espn.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Akers '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Antonio ( 2013 - 03 - 06 ) . `` 49ers release 6 - time Pro Bowl kicker David Akers '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kegley , Scott ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` 49ers Sign Kicker Phil Dawson '' . 49ers.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 .",
"68": "Jump up ^ `` Anquan Boldin to be traded to San Francisco 49ers '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Branch , Eric ( December 29 , 2013 ) . `` 49ers win finale , to face Packers in playoffs '' . SFGate.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Branch , Eric ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Kaepernick drives 49ers to cold win over Packers '' . SFGate.com . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Chosen To Bid For 2016 Olympics '' . CBS . April 14 , 2007 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Clara Stadium for the 49ers , Measure J ( June 2010 ) '' . Ballotpedia . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 49ers ' new South Bay Stadium gets college bowl game '' . Mercurynews.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ York , John . `` Letter to 49ers Faithful '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Edward ( November 14 , 2006 ) . `` Dianne Feinstein leads charge for keeping 49ers in S.F '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2006 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Senator Feinstein Announces Plans to Explore Legislative Options to Keep the San Francisco 49ers in San Francisco '' ( Press release ) . Washington , D.C. : Dianne Feinstein . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Knapp , Gwen ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Santa Clara shovels begin end of 49ers in S.F '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Mike ( May 8 , 2013 ) .",
"69": "`` Levi 's Stadium : 49ers ' new Santa Clara home gets a name in $220 million deal '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Patrick Willis retiring after eight seasons with 49ers '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` San Francisco 49ers ' Chris Borland retiring from NFL '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 49ers DT Justin Smith Explains Decision to Retire '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Davis of San Francisco 49ers retires '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aldon Smith cut by 49ers after latest DUI arrest '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 49ers 2015 Roster Movement '' . 49ers.com . San Francisco 49ers. April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle 20 - 3 San Francisco '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` 49ers dismiss Jim Tomsula after 5 - 11 season -- his first '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chip Kelly hired as 49ers coach '' . ESPN . January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Los Angeles Rams vs. San Francisco 49ers ( 09 / 12 / 2016 ) - NFL.com '' . www.nfl.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Standings : 49ers drop to last place in sports '' . ESPN.com . October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 .",
"70": "Jump up ^ Killion , Ann ( 24 December 2017 ) . `` 49ers : It 's all about Garoppolo and it 's all good right now '' . sfchronicle.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Bill . `` San Francisco 49ers to honer George Seifert '' . www.espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Price , Taylor ( April 25 , 2009 ) . `` 49ers Unveil Classic Uniforms '' . San Francisco 49ers . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Price , Taylor ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Morning Tailgate : Uniform Edition ( April 3 ) '' . San Francisco 49ers . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` 49ers unveil first alternate uniform in team history '' . National Football League . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RGB '' . San Francisco 49ers. April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Rush '' . 49ers.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Rush History '' . 49ers.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Sourdough Sam Biography '' . 49ers.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 NFL Rivalries of All Time '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Craig ( 2004 ) 37 Jump up ^ Knapp , Gwen ( October 4 , 2009 ) . `` 49ers must beat Rams '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 49ers Playoff History '' . pro-football-reference.com .",
"71": "Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Wilson vs Vernon Davis ; ROTB Announcement '' . Revengeofthebirds.com . May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ 49ers -- Cardinals pre-game notes : Lombardi says Harbaugh looks headed for Michigan ; 49ers Hot Read , mercurynews.com , January 2 , 2011 ; accessed November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 49ers And Raiders Stagger Into Battle '' . KGO - TV . Associated Press . 2006 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Name That Play : Bowman 's Pick '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 49ers Announce 2015 Schedule '' . April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by Franchise - Hall of Famers - Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 49ers Retired Jerseys '' . 49ers.com . San Francisco 49ers . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dilfer to wear longtime hero Brodie 's No. 12 '' , ESPN , July 28 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` 49ers Announce Edward DeBartolo Sr. 49ers Hall of Fame '' . San Francisco 49ers . May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Story Behind the 10 - Year Club '' . San Francisco 49ers . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` 49ers Leaders '' . Football Reference. 2015 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 49ers.com - Radio Network '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Dickey , Glenn ( 2000 ) .",
"72": "Glenn Dickey 's 49ers : The Rise , Fall , and Rebirth of the NFL 's Greatest Dynasty . Prima Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 2232 - 8 . Harris , David ( 2008 ) . The Genius : How Bill Walsh Reinvented Football and Created an NFL Dynasty . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49912 - 7 . Lazarus , Adam ( 2012 ) . Best of Rivals . Joe Montana , Steve Young and the Inside Story behind the NFL 's Greatest Quarterback Controversy . DA Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82135 - 6 . Myers , Gary ( 2009 ) . The Catch : One Play , Two Dynasties , and the Game That Changed the NFL . Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40908 - 9 . Newhouse , Dave ( 2015 ) . Founding 49ers : The Dark Days Before the Dynasty . Kent State University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60635 - 254 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Francisco 49ers .",
"73": "Official website San Francisco 49ers Franchise Encyclopedia at Pro-Football Reference San Francisco 49ers Founded in 1946 Based and headquartered in Santa Clara , California Franchise Franchise Team history Coaches Players Seasons Logo and uniform history Starting quarterbacks Draft history Broadcasters Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Levi 's Stadium Culture Sourdough Sam San Francisco Gold Rush West Coast offense KGO KNBR Lore The Catch Joe Cool Million Dollar Backfield Snowball Game Harbaugh Bowl Rivalries Los Angeles Rams Seattle Seahawks Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Key figures Eddie DeBartolo Denise DeBartolo York Jed York John York Gideon Yu Division championships ( 19 ) 1970 1971 1972 1981 1984 1986 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 2002 2011 2012 Conference championships ( 6 ) 1981 1984 1988 1989 1994 2012 League championships ( 5 ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1994 ( XXIX ) Retired numbers 8 12 16 34 37 39 70 58 70 80 87 BW Mr. D Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1950 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 1949 ) Seasons ( 72 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956",
"74": "1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay",
"75": "Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S.",
"76": "Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Sports teams based in the San Francisco Bay Area Baseball MLB Oakland Athletics San Francisco Giants CL San Jose Giants PA Pittsburg Diamonds San Rafael Pacifics Sonoma Stompers Vallejo Admirals Basketball NBA Golden State Warriors ABA Bay Area Matrix San Francisco Rumble American football NFL Oakland Raiders San Francisco 49ers Ice hockey NHL San Jose Sharks AHL San Jose Barracuda Soccer MLS San Jose Earthquakes NASL NPSL CD Aguiluchos USA East Bay FC Stompers Napa Valley 1839 FC Sonoma County Sol PDL San Francisco City FC Roller derby WFTDA Bay Area Derby Silicon Valley Roller Girls Sonoma County Roller Derby Ultimate AUDL San Francisco FlameThrowers San Jose Spiders College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) California Saint Mary 's San Jose State Santa Clara Stanford San Francisco Sports teams based in California Australian rules football USAFL Golden Gate Roos Los Angeles Dragons Orange County Bombers Sacramento Suns San Diego Lions Baseball MLB Los Angeles Angels Los Angeles Dodgers Oakland Athletics San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants PCL Fresno Grizzlies Sacramento River Cats CL Inland Empire 66ers Lake Elsinore Storm Lancaster JetHawks Modesto Nuts Rancho Cucamonga Quakes San Jose Giants Stockton Ports Visalia Rawhide PA Pittsburg Diamonds San Rafael Pacifics Sonoma Stompers Vallejo Admirals CWL Canada A 's",
"77": "Palm Desert Coyotes Palm Springs Chill Palm Springs POWER PL Bakersfield Train Robbers California City Whiptails High Desert Yardbirds Hollywood Stars Monterey Amberjacks GWL Chico Heat Lincoln Potters San Francisco Seals Yuba - Sutter Gold Sox Basketball NBA Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Sacramento Kings WNBA Los Angeles Sparks G League Agua Caliente Clippers Santa Cruz Warriors South Bay Lakers American football NFL Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams Oakland Raiders San Francisco 49ers WFA Central Cal War Angels Inland Empire Ravens Kern County Crusaders Los Angeles Warriors San Diego Surge Ventura County Wolfpack IWFL Carson Bobcats North County Stars Sacramento Sirens LFL Los Angeles Temptation Ice hockey NHL Anaheim Ducks Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks AHL Bakersfield Condors Ontario Reign San Diego Gulls San Jose Barracuda Stockton Heat Roller derby WFTDA Angel City Derby Girls Bay Area Derby Central Coast Roller Derby Derby Revolution of Bakersfield Humboldt Roller Derby Sacred City Derby Girls Sac City Rollers Santa Cruz Derby Girls Silicon Valley Roller Girls Sonoma County Roller Derby RDCL Los Angeles Derby Dolls Orange County Roller Girls San Diego Derby Dolls Rugby PRP Golden Gate RFC Old Mission Beach Athletic Club Santa Monica Rugby Club Belmont Shore RFC Olympic Club SCRFU Finlander Rugby Club Soccer MLS LA Galaxy Los Angeles FC San Jose Earthquakes NASL California United FC San Diego",
"78": "1904 FC USL Fresno FC LA Galaxy II Orange County SC Sacramento Republic FC PDL Fresno Fuego FC Golden State Force Orange County SC U-23 San Diego Zest FC San Francisco City FC SoCal Surf Southern California Seahorses Ventura County Fusion NPSL Albion SC Pros CD Aguiluchos USA City of Angels FC Deportivo Coras USA East Bay FC Stompers Napa Valley 1839 FC Orange County FC Oxnard Guerreros FC Sacramento Gold Sonoma County Sol Temecula FC Arena soccer MASL Ontario Fury San Diego Sockers Turlock Express Tennis WTT Orange County Breakers San Diego Aviators Ultimate AUDL Los Angeles Aviators San Diego Growlers San Francisco FlameThrowers San Jose Spiders Lacrosse NLL San Diego Seals ( 2018 ) Sports in Los Angeles Sports in San Diego Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area College Sports in California Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco_49ers&oldid=819302721 '' Categories : San Francisco 49ers National Football League teams American football teams in the San Francisco Bay Area Sports in San Francisco Sports in Santa Clara ,",
"79": "California Sports clubs established in 1946 1946 establishments in California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles that may contain original research from January 2013 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 16 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when was the south asian association for regional co-operation (saarc) formed
|
[
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"8 December 1985",
"8 December 1985",
"8 December 1985",
"8 December 1985"
] |
{
"0": "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation - Wikipedia South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Secretariat be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since April 2018 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) ( show ) Bengali : দক্ষিণ এশীয় আঞ্চলিক সহযোগিতা সংস্থা Dari : اتحادیه همکاریهای منطقهای جنوب آسی Dzongkha : ༄ ལྷོ ཨེསིཨ ་ རེ ་ གིཨོནལ ་ ཅོཨོཔེརཏིཨོན ་ ཀོ ་ མི ་ ཏི ། Hindi : दक्षिण एशियाई क्षेत्रीय सहयोग संगठन Maldivian : ދެކުނު އޭޝިޔާގެ ސަރަޙައްދީ އެއްބާރުލުމުގެ ޖަމިއްޔާ Nepali :",
"1": "दक्षिण एशियाली क्षेत्रीय सहयोग सङ्गठन Pashto : د سویلي اسیا لپاره د سیمه ایزی همکارۍ ټولنه Sinhalese : දකුණු ආසියාතික කලාපීය සහයෝගිතා සංවිධානය Tamil : தெற்காசிய நாடுகளின் பிராந்தியக் கூட்டமைப்பு Urdu : جنوبی ایشیائی علاقائی تعاون کی تنظیم Logo Member states Observer states Headquarters Kathmandu Official languages English Demonym South Asian Member states 8 members ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka 9 observers ( show ) Australia China EU Iran Japan Mauritius Myanmar South Korea United States Leaders Secretary - General Amjad B. Hussain Establishment 8 December 1985 Area Total 5,099,611 km ( 1,968,971 sq mi ) ( 7th ) Water ( % ) 6.8 Population 2015 estimate 1,713,870,",
"2": "000 ( 1st ) Density 336.1 / km ( 870.5 / sq mi ) GDP ( PPP ) 2015 estimate Total US $9.9 trillion ( 3rd ) GDP ( nominal ) 2015 estimate Total US $ 2.9 trillion ( 5th ) Currency 8 currencies ( show ) Afghani ( AFN ) Taka ( ৳ ) ( BDT ) Ngultrum ( BTN ) Rupee ( ₹ ) ( INR ) Rufiyaa ( MVR ) Rupee ( रु . ) ( NPR ) Rupee ( PKR ) Rupee ( LKR ) Time zone ( UTC + 4 : 30 to + 6 ) Calling code 8 codes ( show ) + 880 + 91 + 92 + 93 + 94 + 960 + 975 + 977 Internet TLD . asia Website www.saarc-sec.org The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of nations in South Asia . Its member states include Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Nepal , the Maldives , Pakistan and Sri Lanka . SAARC comprises 3 % of the world 's area , 21 % of the world 's population and 3.8 % ( US $2.9 trillion ) of the global economy , as of 2015 . SAARC was founded in Dhaka on 8 December 1985 . Its secretariat is based in Kathmandu , Nepal . The organization promotes development of economic and regional integration . It launched the South Asian Free Trade Area in 2006 . SAARC maintains permanent diplomatic relations at the United Nations as an observer and has developed links with multilateral entities , including the European Union .",
"3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 2 Members and observers 2.1 Members 2.2 Observers 2.3 Potential future members 3 Secretariat 3.1 Regional Centres 4 Apex and Recognised Bodies 5 Political issues 6 South Asian Free Trade Area 7 SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme 8 Awards 8.1 SAARC Award 8.2 SAARC Literary Award 8.3 SAARC Youth Award 9 Anthem 10 Secretaries - General of SAARC 11 SAARC summits 12 Current leaders of SAARC 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Historical background ( edit ) A clickable Euler diagram showing the relationships between various Asian regional organisations v d e The idea of co-operation in South Asia was discussed in at least three conferences : the Asian Relations Conference held in New Delhi on April 1947 ; the Baguio Conference in the Philippines on May 1950 ; and the Colombo Powers Conference held in Sri Lanka in April 1954 . In the ending years of the 1970s , the seven inner South Asian nations that included Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Maldives , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka agreed upon the creation of a trade bloc and to provide a platform for the people of South Asia to work together in a spirit of friendship , trust , and understanding . President Ziaur Rahman later addressed official letters to the leaders of the countries of the South Asia , presenting his vision for the future of the region and the compelling arguments for region . During his visit to India in December 1977 , Rahman discussed the issue of regional cooperation with the Indian Prime Minister , Morarji Desai . In the inaugural speech to the Colombo Plan Consultative Committee which met in Kathmandu also in 1977 , King Birendra of Nepal gave a call for close regional cooperation among South Asian countries in sharing river waters . After the USSR 's intervention in Afghanistan , the efforts to establish the union was accelerated in 1979 and the resulting rapid deterioration of South Asian security situation . Responding to Rahman and Birendra 's convention , the officials of the foreign ministries of the seven countries met for the first time in Colombo in April 1981 .",
"4": "The Bangladeshi proposal was promptly endorsed by Nepal , Sri Lanka , Bhutan , and the Maldives but India and Pakistan were sceptical initially . The Indian concern was the proposal 's reference to the security matters in South Asia and feared that Rahman 's proposal for a regional organisation might provide an opportunity for new smaller neighbours to renationalise all bilateral issues and to join with each other to form an opposition against India . Pakistan assumed that it might be an Indian strategy to organise the other South Asian countries against Pakistan and ensure a regional market for Indian products , thereby consolidating and further strengthening India 's economic dominance in the region . However , after a series of diplomatic consultations headed by Bangladesh between South Asian U.N. representatives at the UN headquarters in New York , from September 1979 to 1980 , it was agreed that Bangladesh would prepare the draft of a working paper for discussion among the foreign secretaries of South Asian countries . The foreign secretaries of the inner seven countries again delegated a Committee of the Whole in Colombo on September 1981 , which identified five broad areas for regional cooperation . New areas of co-operation were added in the following years . In 1983 , the international conference held in Dhaka by its Ministry of Foreign Affairs , the foreign ministers of the inner seven countries adopted the Declaration on South Asian Association Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) and formally launched the Integrated Programme of Action ( IPA ) initially in five agreed areas of cooperation namely , Agriculture ; Rural Development ; Telecommunications ; Meteorology ; and Health and Population Activities . Officially , the union was established in Dhaka with Kathmandu being union 's secretariat - general . The first SAARC summit was held in Dhaka on 7 -- 8 December 1985 and hosted by the President of Bangladesh Hussain Ershad . The declaration signed by King of Bhutan Jigme Singye Wangchuk , President of Pakistan Zia - ul - Haq , Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi , King of Nepal Birendra Shah , President of Sri Lanka JR Jayewardene , and President of Maldives Maumoon Gayoom . Members and observers ( edit ) Economic data is sourced from the International Monetary Fund , current as of April 2015 , and is given in US dollars .",
"5": "Members ( edit ) Country Population ( 2016 ) GDP ( Nominal ) GDP ( PPP ) GDP per Capita ( PPP ) GDP Growth Rate ( 2014 ) Exports ( 2014 ) Foreign Direct Investment ( 2013 ) Foreign Exchange Reserves ( million ) Defense Budget ( % of GDP ) ( 2014 ) Literacy Rate ( Given Age & above ) Life Expectancy Population below Poverty Line Primary School Enrollment Secondary School enrollment Population undernourished ( % ) ( 2015 ) Human Development Index Democracy Index Global Terrorism Index G20 BRICS BIMSTEC IORA APTA BBIN SASEC AIIB ACU ACD ADB World Bank Nuclear Weapons Afghanistan 34,656,032 $21.3 bn $63.5 bn $1,976 3.2 % $0.3 bn N / A $6,442 N / A 28.1 % ( Age 15 ) 60 15.8 % N / A 54 % 26.8 % 0.465 ( 171 ) 2.77 ( 147 ) 9.233 ( 2 ) ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✖ Bangladesh 162,951,560 $285.815 bn $751.949 bn $4,560 7.65 % $37 bn $2.65 bn $32,000 $3.2 bn ( 1.2 % ) 57.7 % ( Age 15 ) 70 16 % 92 % 54 % 12.4 % 0.570 ( 142 ) 5.73 ( 86 ) 0 ( 124 ) ✖ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✖ Bhutan 797,765 $2.2 bn $6.",
"6": "3 bn $8,158 6.4 % $0.7 bn $63 mln N / A N / A 52.8 % ( age 15 ) 68 23.7 % 91 % 78 % N / A 0.605 ( 132 ) 4.93 ( 101 ) 0.305 ( 107 ) ✖ ✖ ✔ ✖ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✖ India 1,324,171,354 $2,439.0 bn $9,446.8 bn $7,174 7.3 % $464.0 bn $31.0 bn $422,532.5 $45 bn ( 1.9 % ) 74.4 % ( age 15 ) 67 21.9 % 94 % 69 % 15.2 % 0.609 ( 130 ) 7.74 ( 35 ) 4.222 ( 39 ) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Maldives 427,756 $3.0 bn $5.2 bn $14,980 4.5 % $0.28 bn N / A $356 N / A 99 % ( age 15 ) 77 16 % N / A N / A 5.2 % 0.706 ( 104 ) __ __ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✖ Nepal 28,982,771 $21.6 bn $70.7 bn $2,488 5.5 % $1.0 bn $10 mln $5,439 N / A 66 % ( age 15 ) 68 25.2 % 98 % 67 % 7.8 % 0.",
"7": "548 ( 145 ) 4.77 ( 105 ) 4.791 ( 32 ) ✖ ✖ ✔ ✖ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✖ Pakistan 193,203,476 $250 bn $928.0 bn $4,886 4.2 % $25.1 bn $0.709 bn ( 2014 ) $16,305 $7.4 bn ( 3.5 % ) 55 % ( age 15 ) 66 22.6 % 72 % 34 % 22 % 0.538 ( 147 ) 4.40 ( 112 ) 10 ( 1 ) ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Sri Lanka 20,798,492 $80.4 bn $233.7 bn $11,068 7 % $11.8 bn $0.9 bn $8,314 $1.4 bn ( 2.3 % ) 98.1 % ( age 15 ) 75 8.9 % 94 % 99 % 22 % 0.756 ( 73 ) 6.42 ( 69 ) 4.077 ( 42 ) ✖ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✖ The member states are Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Maldives , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka . SAARC was founded by seven states in 1985 . In 2005 , Afghanistan began negotiating their accession to SAARC and formally applied for membership on the same year . The issue of Afghanistan joining SAARC generated a great deal of debate in each member state , including concerns about the definition of South Asian identity because Afghanistan is a Central Asian country . The SAARC member states imposed a stipulation for Afghanistan to hold a general election ; the non-partisan elections were held in late 2005 .",
"8": "Despite initial reluctance and internal debates , Afghanistan joined SAARC as its eighth member state in April 2007 . Observers ( edit ) States with observer status include Australia , China , the European Union , Iran , Japan , Mauritius , Myanmar , South Korea and the United States . On 2 August 2006 , the foreign ministers of the SAARC countries agreed in principle to grant observer status to three applicants ; the US and South Korea ( both made requests in April 2006 ) , as well as the European Union ( requested in July 2006 ) . On 4 March 2007 , Iran requested observer status , followed shortly by Mauritius . Potential future members ( edit ) Myanmar has expressed interest in upgrading its status from an observer to a full member of SAARC . Russia has applied for observer status membership of SAARC . Turkey applied for observer status membership of SAARC in 2012 . South Africa has participated in meetings . Secretariat ( edit ) Secretariat of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation in Kathmandu , Nepal The SAARC Secretariat was established in Kathmandu on 16 January 1987 and was inaugurated by Late King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah of Nepal . Regional Centres ( edit ) The SAARC Secretariat is supported by following Regional Centres established in the Member States to promote regional co-operation . These Centres are managed by Governing Boards comprising representatives from all the Member States , SAARC Secretary - General and the Ministry of Foreign / External Affairs of the Host Government . The Director of the Centre acts as Member Secretary to the Governing Board which reports to the Programming Committee . After 31 December 2015 , there 6 regional centers were stopped by unanimous decision . These are SMRC , SFC , SDC , SCZMC , SIC , SHRDC .",
"9": "Regional Centre Location Country Website SAARC Agricultural Centre ( SAC ) Dhaka Bangladesh Official website SAARC Meteorological Research Centre ( SMRC ) Dhaka Bangladesh SAARC Forestry Centre ( SFC ) Thimphu Bhutan SAARC Development Fund ( SDF ) Thimphu Bhutan Official website SAARC Documentation Centre ( SDC ) New Delhi India SAARC Disaster Management Centre ( SDMC ) Gandhinagar India Official website SAARC Coastal Zone Management Centre ( SCZMC ) Malé Maldives SAARC Information Centre ( SIC ) Kathmandu Nepal SAARC Tuberculosis and HIV / AIDS Centre ( STAC ) Kathmandu Nepal Official website SAARC Human Resources Development Centre ( SHRDC ) Islamabad Pakistan SAARC Energy Centre ( SEC ) Islamabad Pakistan Official website SAARC Cultural Centre ( SCC ) Colombo Sri Lanka Official website Apex and Recognised Bodies ( edit ) SAARC has six Apex Bodies , they are - SAARC Chamber of Commerce & Industry ( SCCI ) , South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARCLAW ) , South Asian Federation of Accountants ( SAFA ) , South Asia Foundation ( SAF ) , South Asia Initiative to End Violence Against Children ( SAIEVAC ) , Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature ( FOSWAL ) Amjad Hussain B Sial is the current Secretary General of SAARC . SAARC also has about 17 recognised bodies . Political issues ( edit ) Lasting peace and prosperity in the Indian subcontinent has been elusive because of the various ongoing conflicts in the region . Political dialogue is often conducted on the margins of SAARC meetings which have refrained from interfering in the internal matters of its member states . During the 12th and 13th SAARC summits , extreme emphasis was laid upon greater cooperation between the SAARC members to fight terrorism . The 19th SAARC summit scheduled to be held in Pakistan was called off as India , Bangladesh , Bhutan and Afghanistan decided to boycott it . It was for the first time that four countries boycotted a SAARC summit , leading to its cancellation .",
"10": "South Asian Free trade Area ( edit ) Countries under the South Asian Free Trade Area SAFTA was envisaged primarily as the first step towards the transition to a South Asian Free Trade Area ( SAFTA ) leading subsequently towards a Customs Union , Common Market and the Economic Union . In 1995 , Sixteenth session of the Council of Ministers ( New Delhi , 18 -- 19 December 1995 ) agreed on the need to strive for the realisation of SAFTA and to this end an Inter-Governmental Expert Group ( IGEG ) was set up in 1996 to identify the necessary steps for progressing to a free trade area . The Tenth SAARC Summit ( Colombo , 29 -- 31 July 1998 ) decided to set up a Committee of Experts ( COE ) to draft a comprehensive treaty framework for creating a free trade area within the region , taking into consideration the asymmetries in development within the region and bearing in mind the need to fix realistic and achievable targets . The SAFTA Agreement was signed on 6 January 2004 during Twelfth SAARC Summit held in Islamabad , Pakistan . The Agreement entered into force on 1 January 2006 , and the Trade Liberalisation Programme commenced from 1 July 2006 . Under this agreement , SAARC members will bring their duties down to 20 percent by 2009 . Following the Agreement coming into force the SAFTA Ministerial Council ( SMC ) has been established comprising the Commerce Ministers of the Member States . In 2012 the SAARC exports increased substantially to US $354.6 billion from US $206.7 billion in 2009 . Imports too increased from US $330 billion to US $602 billion over the same period . But the intra-SAARC trade amounts to just a little over 1 % of SAARC 's GDP . In contrast , in ASEAN ( which is actually smaller than SAARC in terms of the size of the economy ) the intra-bloc trade stands at 10 % of its GDP . SAFTA was envisaged to gradually move towards South Asian Economic Union , but the current intra-regional trade and investment relation are not encouraging and it may be difficult to achieve this target . The SAARC intra-regional trade stands at just five per cent on the share of intra-regional trade in overall trade in South Asia . Similarly , foreign direct investment is also dismal .",
"11": "The intra-regional FDI flow stands at around four per cent of the total foreign investment . The Asian Development Bank has estimated that inter-regional trade in SAARC region possessed potential of shooting up agricultural exports by $14 billion per year from existing level of $8 billion to $22 billion. The study by Asian Development Bank states that against the potential average SAARC intra-regional trade of $22 billion per year , the actual trade in South Asia has been only around $8 billion . The uncaptured potential for intra-regional trade is therefore $14 billion per year , i.e. 68 % . SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme ( edit ) The SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme was launched in 1992 . The leaders at the Fourth Summit ( Islamabad , 29 -- 31 December 1988 ) , realizing the importance of people - to - people contact among SAARC countries , decided that certain categories of dignitaries should be entitled to a Special Travel document . The document would exempt them from visas within the region . As directed by the Summit , the Council of Ministers regularly kept under review the list of entitled categories . Currently , the list included 24 categories of entitled persons , which include dignitaries , judges of higher courts , parliamentarians , senior officials , entrepreneurs , journalists , and athletes . The Visa Stickers are issued by the respective Member States to the entitled categories of that particular country . The validity of the Visa Sticker is generally for one year . The implementation is reviewed regularly by the Immigration Authorities of SAARC Member States . Awards ( edit ) SAARC Award ( edit ) The Twelfth Summit approved the SAARC Award to support individuals and organisations within the region . The main aims of the SAARC Award are : To encourage individuals and organisations based in South Asia to undertake programmes and activities that complement the efforts of SAARC To encourage individuals and organisations in South Asia contributing to bettering the conditions of women and children To honour outstanding contributions and achievements of individuals and organisations within the region in the fields of peace , development , poverty alleviation , environment protection and regional cooperation To honour any other contributions and achievement not covered above of individuals and organisations in the region . The SAARC Award consists of a gold medal , a letter of citation , and cash prize of US $25,000 ( ₹ 15 lakhs ) .",
"12": "Since the institution of the SAARC Award in 2004 , it has been awarded only once and the Award was posthumously conferred upon the late President Ziaur Rahman of Bangladesh . SAARC Literary Award ( edit ) Recipients of SAARC Literary Award 2013 The SAARC Literary Award is an annual award conferred by the Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature ( FOSWAL ) since 2001 which is an apex SAARC body . Shamshur Rahman , Mahasweta Devi , Jayanta Mahapatra , Abhi Subedi , Mark Tully , Sitakant Mahapatra , Uday Prakash , Suman Pokhrel and Abhay K are some of the prominent recipients of this award . Nepali poet , lyricist and translator Suman Pokhrel is the only poet / writer to get this award twice . SAARC Youth Award ( edit ) The SAARC Youth Award is awarded to outstanding individuals from the SAARC region . The award is notable because of the recognition it gives to the Award winner in the SAARC region . The award is based on specific themes which apply to each year . The award recognises and promotes the commitment and talent of the youth who give back to the world at large through various initiatives such as Inventions , Protection of the Environment and Disaster relief . The recipients who receive this award are ones who have dedicated their lives to their individual causes to improve situations in their own countries as well as paving a path for the SAARC region to follow . The Committee for the SAARC Youth Award selects the best candidate based on his / her merits and their decision is final .",
"13": "Previous Winners : 1997 : Outstanding Social Service in Community Welfare -- Mohammed Sukur Salek ( Bangladesh ) 1998 : New Inventions and Shanu -- Najmul Hasnain Shah ( Pakistan ) 2001 : Creative Photography : South Asian Diversity -- Mushfiqul Alam ( Bangladesh ) 2002 : Outstanding contribution to protect the Environment -- Masil Khan ( Pakistan ) 2003 : Invention in the Field of Traditional Medicine -- Hassan Sher ( Pakistan ) 2004 : Outstanding contribution to raising awareness of TB and / or HIV / AIDS -- Ajij Prasad Poudyal ( Nepal ) 2006 : Promotion of Tourism in South Asia -- Syed Zafar Abbas Naqvi ( Pakistan ) 2008 : Protecting the Environment in South Asia -- Uswatta Liyanage Deepani Jayantha ( Sri Lanka ) 2009 : Outstanding contribution to humanitarian works in the aftermath of Natural Disasters -- Ravikant Singh ( India ) 2010 : Outstanding contribution for the Protection of Environment and mitigation of Climate Change -- Anoka Primrose Abeyrathne ( Sri Lanka ) Anthem ( edit ) SAARC does not have an official anthem like some other regional organisations ( e.g. ASEAN ) . A poem by poet - diplomat Abhay Kumar spurred a search for a better SAARC anthem . Nepal 's foreign minister has expressed the need for an SAARC anthem to connect SAARC nations . Nepal at the 18th summit in Kathmandu in November 2014 planned to introduce proposal for an SAARC Anthem in the agenda of summit when heads of all member states meet here .",
"14": "Secretaries - General of SAARC ( edit ) # Name Country Took office Left office Abul Ahsan Bangladesh 16 January 1985 15 October 1989 Kant Kishore Bhargava India 17 October 1989 31 December 1991 Ibrahim Hussein Zaki Maldives 1 January 1992 31 December 1993 Yadav Kant Silwal Nepal 1 January 1994 31 December 1995 5 Naeem U. Hasan Pakistan 1 January 1996 31 December 1998 6 Nihal Rodrigo Sri Lanka 1 January 1999 10 January 2002 7 Q.A.M.A. Rahim Bangladesh 11 January 2002 28 February 2005 8 Chenkyab Dorji Bhutan 1 March 2005 29 February 2008 9 Sheel Kant Sharma India 1 March 2008 28 February 2011 10 Fathimath Dhiyana Saeed Maldives 1 March 2011 11 March 2012 11 Ahmed Saleem Maldives 12 March 2012 28 February 2014 12 Arjun Bahadur Thapa Nepal 1 March 2014 28 February 2017 13 Amjad Hussain B Sial Pakistan 1 March 2017 Incumbent SAARC summits ( edit ) Main article : List of SAARC summits No Date Country Host Host leader 1st 7 -- 8 December 1985 Bangladesh Dhaka Ataur Rahman Khan 2nd 16 -- 17 November 1986 India Bengaluru Rajiv Gandhi 3rd",
"15": "2 -- 4 November 1987 Nepal Kathmandu Marich Man Singh Shrestha 4th 29 -- 31 December 1988 Pakistan Islamabad Benazir Bhutto 5th 21 -- 23 November 1990 Maldives Malé Maumoon Abdul Gayoom 6th 21 December 1991 Sri Lanka Colombo Ranasinghe Premadasa 7th 10 -- 11 April 1993 Bangladesh Dhaka Khaleda Zia 8th 2 -- 4 May 1995 India New Delhi PV Narasimha Rao 9th 12 -- 14 May 1997 Maldives Malé Maumoon Abdul Gayoom 10th 29 -- 31 July 1998 Sri Lanka Colombo Chandrika Kumaratunga 11th 4 -- 6 January 2002 Nepal Kathmandu Sher Bahadur Deuba 12th 2 -- 6 January 2004 Pakistan Islamabad Zafarullah Khan Jamali 13th 12 -- 13 November 2005 Bangladesh Dhaka Khaleda Zia 14th 3 -- 4 April 2007 India New Delhi Manmohan Singh 15th 1 -- 3 August 2008 Sri Lanka Colombo Mahinda Rajapaksa 16th 28 -- 29 April 2010 Bhutan Thimphu Jigme Thinley 17th 10 -- 11 November 2011 Maldives Addu Mohammed Nasheed 18th 26 -- 27",
"16": "November 2014 Nepal Kathmandu Sushil Koirala 19th 9 -- 10 November 2016 Pakistan Islamabad Cancelled 20th TBA Current leaders of SAARC ( edit ) Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Bhutan Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay India Prime Minister Narendra Modi Maldives President Abdulla Yameen Nepal Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Oli Sri Lanka President Maithripala Sirisena Pakistan Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi See also ( edit ) SAARC portal India portal Nepal portal ASEAN and India 's Look - East connectivity projects Asia Cooperation Dialogue SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Initiative BIMSTEC Indian - Ocean Rim Association List of SAARC summits Mekong -- Ganga Cooperation SAARC satellite South Asian University South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ . asia is representative of all of Asia ; member states also have their own TLDs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CURRICULUM VITAE OFH . E. MR . AMJAD HUSSAIN B. SIAL SECRETARY GENERAL OF SAARC '' . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Urbanization Prospects -- Population Division -- United Nations '' . un.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . imf.org . Jump up ^ `` Rest in peace SAARC : The tug of war between India and Pakistan '' . Jump up ^ `` Charter of SAARC '' . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Center , Asia Regional Integration . `` South Asian Free Trade Area Free Trade Agreement '' . aric.adb.org .",
"17": "Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://jang.com.pk/important_events/saarc_2004/history.html Jump up ^ `` History and mission of SAARC '' . Daily News . Colombo. 1 August 2008 . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Muhammad , Jamshed Iqbal . `` SAARC : Origin , Growth , Potential and Achievements '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research in Islamabad . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief on SAARC . '' South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation . No date . See for a complete historical account of SAARC e.g. Michael , Arndt ( 2013 ) . India 's Foreign Policy and Regional Multilateralism ( Palgrave Macmillan ) , pp. 57 -- 112 . Jump up ^ `` History and Evolution of SAARC '' . Jang Media Research Unit . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About SAARC '' . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1st Summit Declaration '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . imf.org . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Jump up ^ `` Net enrolment rate , primary , both sexes ( % ) - Data '' . worldbank.org . Jump up ^ `` Gross enrolment ratio , secondary , both sexes ( % ) - Data '' . worldbank.org . Jump up ^ UN Jump up ^ `` South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation '' . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan keen to join SAARC '' . rediff web services . 28 August 2005 . Retrieved 11 November 2013 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan inducted as 8th member : 14th Saarc summit begins '' . Dawn. 4 April 2004 . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sáez , Lawrence ( 2012 ) . The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) : An emerging collaboration architecture . Abingdon , Oxon : Routledge . pp. 58 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 67108 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` South Asia : Afghanistan Joins World 's Largest Regional Grouping . '' Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cooperation with Observers '' . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka , 7 - 30 - 2008 : Australia and Myanmar to admit as SAARC observers - Sri Lanka official '' . ColomboPage . ^ Jump up to : thehimalayantimes.com Archived 9 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Island - News '' . island.lk . Jump up ^ `` Cooperation with Observers '' . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` SAARC to grant observer status to US , S Korea , EU . '' Hindustan Times . 2 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Waliur Rahman . `` US and S Korea to observe SAARC . '' BBC News , 11 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Iran requests for observer status in SAARC '' . China Daily . 4 March 2007 . Jump up ^ SAARC and Myanmar : Observer Research Foundation ^ Jump up to : `` Russia , Turkey seek observer status in SAARC '' . The Economic Times . IANS. 16 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : SAARC The Changing Dimensions : UNU - CRIS Working Papers United Nations University Archived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Comparative Regional Integration Studies ^ Jump up to : Russia keen to join SAARC as observer , Oneindia News Jump up ^ `` SAARC nations call for transparency in social sector '' .",
"19": "thaindian.com . Jump up ^ `` Features Online edition of Daily News - Lakehouse Newspapers '' . archives.dailynews.lk . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://saarc-sec.org/saarc-regional-centres ^ Jump up to : `` South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation -- Apex and Recognised Bodies '' . saarc-sec.org . Jump up ^ `` SAARCLAW -- South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation in Law '' . saarclaw.org . Jump up ^ See for this aspect Michael , Arndt ( 2013 ) . Sovereignty vs. Security : SAARC and its Role in the Regional Security Architecture in South Asia . Harvard Asia Quarterly Summer 2013 , Vol . VX , No. 2 : 37 - 45 Jump up ^ Jhawar , Shiv ( 2004 ) . Building a Noble World . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9749197 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize for 2012 '' . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.geo.tv/latest/116144-SAARC-conference-in-Pakistan-postponed-confirm-official-sources Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/dhaka-kabul-thimphu-too-blame-islamabad-saarc-summit-to-be-called-off-3054953/ Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/saarc-summit-collapses-after-india-and-3-other-members-pull-out/story-kIMWfSqirGLzB6MEfuS3CN.html Jump up ^ http://www.dawn.com/news/1286684 Jump up ^ `` South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation -- Area of Cooperation '' . saarc-sec.org .",
"20": "Jump up ^ http://thehimalayantimes.com/business/safta-meet-likely-next-month/ Jump up ^ https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/142861-ADB-urges-Safta-to-exploit-rich-trade-potential-of-member-countries Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Coming-closer-together-for-trade/article14628676.ece Jump up ^ `` South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation -- SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme '' . saarc-sec.org . Jump up ^ `` South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation -- SAARC Award '' . saarc-sec.org . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) FOSWAL Website Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Five Writers honoured at SAARC Litearure Festival , Hindustan Times 11 March 2013 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Official website of SAARC : Apex and Recognized Bodies Jump up ^ Mahasweta Devi to get SAARC Literary Award Oneindia.in 30 March 2007 Jump up ^ Hindustan Times , New Delhi , Saturday , 14 February 2015 Jump up ^ http://saarc-sec.org/SAARC-Youth-Award/71/ ^ Jump up to : Will SAARC have an anthem like ASEAN ? Hindustan Times , 3 November 2014 Jump up ^ Indian diplomat 's poem spurs search for SAARC anthem IANS 9 January 2014 Jump up ^ Nepal foreign minister expresses need for an anthem to connect SAARC nations Business Standard , 6 June 2014 Jump up ^ `` Maldives holiday reviews -- Travel Guides -- Maldives Traveller '' . maldivestraveller.mv . Jump up ^ `` Press Releases , 18th SAARC Summit Declaration , November 27 , 2014 '' . SAARC . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation . Official website SAARC Youth South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) Agreements South Asian Free Trade Area Summits Dhaka 1985 Bangalore 1986",
"21": "Kathmandu 1987 Islamabad 1988 Malé 1990 Colombo 1991 Dhaka 1993 New Delhi 1995 Malé 1997 Colombo 1998 Kathmandu 2002 Islamabad 2004 Dhaka 2005 New Delhi 2007 Colombo 2008 Thimphu 2010 Addu 2011 Kathmandu 2014 Islamabad 2016 ( Cancelled ) Next Members Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Observers Australia China European Union Iran Japan Mauritius Myanmar South Korea United States Guests South Africa Russia Specialized agencies SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning SAARC Documentation Centre South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry South Asian Federation of Accountants Related Articles SAARC Secretary General SAARC Secretariat SAARC satellite South Asian University South Asian Games SAARC Literary Award SAARC Road SAARC Fountain Links to related articles SAARC heads of government Ghani Hasina Tobgay Modi Yameen Dahal Abbasi Sirisena South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) Agreements South Asian Free Trade Area Summits Dhaka 1985 Bangalore 1986 Kathmandu 1987 Islamabad 1988 Malé 1990 Colombo 1991 Dhaka 1993",
"22": "New Delhi 1995 Malé 1997 Colombo 1998 Kathmandu 2002 Islamabad 2004 Dhaka 2005 New Delhi 2007 Colombo 2008 Thimphu 2010 Addu 2011 Kathmandu 2014 Islamabad 2016 ( Cancelled ) Next Members Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Observers Australia China European Union Iran Japan Mauritius Myanmar South Korea United States Guests South Africa Russia Specialized agencies SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning SAARC Documentation Centre South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry South Asian Federation of Accountants Related Articles SAARC Secretary General SAARC Secretariat SAARC satellite South Asian University South Asian Games SAARC Literary Award SAARC Road SAARC Fountain South -- South cooperation and Third Worldism Global South Development Landlocked developing countries Least Developed Countries Heavily indebted poor countries Markets Emerging markets Newly industrialized country Transition economy Worlds Theory First World Second World Third World Fourth World Geopolitics Decolonization Cold War Neocolonialism Multipolarity World Conference against Racism Durban I Durban II Durban III Globalization BRICS Brazil -- Russia -- India -- China -- South Africa ( BRICS ) BASIC ( BRICS",
"23": "less Russia ) BRIC ( BRICS less South Africa ) India -- Brazil -- South Africa Dialogue Forum ( IBSA ) Finance Debt Asian Clearing Union Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Asian Development Bank Arab Monetary Fund BancoSur Caribbean Development Bank Common Fund for Commodities Trade and development Developmental state Flying geese paradigm Infrastructure - based development Sustainable development Global System of Trade Preferences Protocol on Trade Negotiations New International Economic Order New World Information and Communication Order United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Development Programme United Nations Industrial Development Organization Public health Generic drugs biosimilar Pharmaceutical patents criticism Test data exclusivity Doha Declaration World Health Organization Organizations and groups G - 77 G - 15 D - 8 G20 developing nations ( G - 20 ) G - 24 G33 developing countries ( G - 33 ) G - 11 G - 90 Non-Aligned Movement African , Caribbean and Pacific Group African Union Afro -- Asian Conference Association of Southeast Asian Nations Colombo Plan Community of Latin American and Caribbean States International Solar Alliance Like Minded Group Melanesian Spearhead Group Next Eleven North -- South Summit Polynesian Leaders Group South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Small Island Developing States South Centre Third World Network North -- South divide Brandt Report Global financial system International Monetary Fund World Bank World Trade Organization Fair trade Financial regulation Global digital divide Asia articles History Chronology Indian Ocean trade Silk Road Imperialism Decolonisation By",
"24": "topic Military conflicts Sovereignty Geography Cities metropolitan areas tallest buildings Countries and territories by population Extreme points Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Regions Asia - Pacific Central Asia East Asia Eurasia Inner Asia North Asia Northeast Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Tropical Asia Western Asia Politics Heads of government Heads of state Elections political parties Human rights Law Military Intergovernmental Asia Cooperation Dialogue ( ACD ) Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) Bay of Bengal Initiative ( BIMSTEC ) Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO ) Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf ( CCASG / GCC ) Mekong -- Ganga Cooperation ( MGC ) Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership ( RCEP ) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( SCO ) Economy Countries by GDP ( PPP ) Countries by HDI Currencies Stock exchanges Technology renewable energy Transport airports high - speed rail Markets Bond markets Property markets Society Demographics Education Etiquette Health Languages People ethnic groups Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Literature Music Philosophy Religion Sport Future Asian Century Chinese Century Indian Century Pacific Century Outline Index Book",
"25": "Category Portal Maps Power in international relations Types Economic Energy Food Hard National Power politics Realpolitik Smart Soft Sharp Status Small Middle Regional Emerging Great Potential Super Hyper Geopolitics American ( Pax ) Asian British Chinese Indian Pacific History List of ancient great powers List of medieval great powers List of modern great powers International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Theory Balance of power European Center of power Hegemonic stability theory Philosophy of power Polarity Power projection Power transition theory Second Superpower Sphere of influence Superpower collapse Superpower disengagement Studies Composite Index of National Capability Comprehensive National Power Organizations and groups by region or regions affected Africa African Union Union for the Mediterranean Africa -- Asia Arab League Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf ( GCC ) Organization of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) Americas Mercosur North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) Organization of American States ( OAS ) Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) Asia Asia Cooperation Dialogue ( ACD ) Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) China -- Japan -- South Korea trilateral summits Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO ) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( SCO ) Europe Council of Europe ( CE ) European",
"26": "Union ( EU ) Nordic Council Visegrád Group Eurasia Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) Collective Security Treaty Organization ( CSTO ) Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO ) Eurasian Economic Union ( EaEU ) Turkic Council North America -- Europe North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) Arctic Council Africa -- Asia -- Europe Union for the Mediterranean Africa -- South America South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone Oceania -- Pacific Australia -- New Zealand -- United States Security Treaty ( ANZUS ) Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Melanesian Spearhead Group ( MSG ) Pacific Islands Forum ( PIF ) Polynesian Leaders Group ( PLG ) Non -- regional Brazil -- Russia -- India -- China -- South Africa ( BRICS ) Commonwealth of Nations Francophonie Colombia -- Indonesia -- Vietnam -- Egypt -- Turkey -- South Africa ( CIVETS ) E7 E9 G4 G7 G8 G8 + 5 G20 G24 G77 India -- Brazil -- South Africa Dialogue Forum ( IBSA ) Mexico -- Indonesia -- Nigeria -- Turkey ( MINT ) Next Eleven ( N - 11 ) Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) Uniting for Consensus Global United Nations ( UN ) International trade Terminology Absolute advantage Balance of payments Balance of trade Capital account Comparative advantage Current account Export - oriented industrialization Fair trade Foreign exchange reserves Globalization Import substitution industrialization Net capital outflow Outsourcing Tariff Trade justice Trade war Trading nation Organizations",
"27": "and policies International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development World Bank Group World Trade Organization ( WTO ) International Trade Centre Bilateral investment treaty Economic integration Free - trade zone Special economic zone Trade agreement Trade barrier Trade bloc Political economy Free trade ( Adam Smith , The Wealth of Nations , Repeal of the Corn Laws ) Mercantilism Protectionism ( Economic nationalism , Autarky ) Regional organizations ACU ASEAN CACM CAN CARICOM CEMAC CUBKR EAC EAU EU GCC Mercosur RCEP SAARC SACU WAEMU Exports by product Aircraft & Spacecraft Aircraft parts Aluminium Cars Car parts Coal Coffee Computers Copper Corn Cotton Diamonds Electricity Engines Gas turbines Gold Integrated circuits Iron ore Natural gas Oil Petrol Pharmaceuticals Ships Steel Telecommunications equipment Telephones Trucks Wheat Wine Category Commons Regional organizations Bodies African Union Arab League Asia Cooperation Dialogue APEC OCS ASEAN BBIN BIMSTEC Caribbean Community Central American Integration System Commonwealth of Independent States Commonwealth of Nations Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Council of Europe East African Community ECOWAS Economic Cooperation Organization Eurasian Economic Union EU GUAM Gulf Cooperation Council IORA Latin American Parliament Melanesian Spearhead Group Mercosur NATO Nordic Council OAS PIF Polynesian Leaders Group RCEP",
"28": "SCO SAARC TAKM Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat Turkic Council Union of South American Nations V4 West Nordic Council Topics Regional integration Regional organizations by population Regionalism ( international relations ) Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian",
"29": "Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in",
"30": "Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007",
"31": "People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club",
"32": "Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Category Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation&oldid=837352420 '' Categories : International organizations of Asia International economic organizations Foreign relations of Bhutan Foreign relations of Bangladesh Foreign relations of Nepal Foreign relations of Pakistan Foreign relations of Sri Lanka Foreign relations of the Maldives Organizations established in 1985 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty Foreign relations of Afghanistan United Nations General Assembly observers International organisations based in Nepal Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be merged from April 2018 All articles to be merged Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from September 2013 Use Indian English from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing Bengali - language text Articles containing Dari - language text Articles containing Dzongkha - language text Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Dhivehi - language text Articles containing Nepali - language text Articles containing Pashto - language text Articles containing Sinhalese - language text Articles containing Tamil -",
"33": "language text Articles containing Urdu - language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Ligure मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Romani Русский සිංහල",
"34": "Slovenščina Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 08 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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8707879945343660137
|
what hangs from the trees in the bayou
|
[
"Spanish moss"
] |
{
"0": "Spanish moss - wikipedia Spanish moss Jump to : navigation , search Spanish moss Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae ( unranked ) : Angiosperms ( unranked ) : Monocots ( unranked ) : Commelinids Order : Bromeliales Family : Bromeliaceae Genus : Tillandsia Subgenus : Diaphoranthema Species : T. usneoides Binomial name Tillandsia usneoides ( L . ) L. , 1762 Synonyms Renealmia usneoides L . Dendropogon usneoides ( L . ) Raf . Strepsia usneoides ( L . ) Nutt . ex Steud . Tillandsia trichoides Kunth Tillandsia filiformis Lodd . ex Schult . & Schult. f . Tillandsia crinita Willd . ex Beer Spanish moss ( Tillandsia usneoides ) is an epiphytic flowering plant that often grows upon larger trees in tropical and subtropical climates , native to much of Mexico , Bermuda , the Bahamas , Central America , South America , the southern United States , and the West Indies as well as being naturalized in Queensland ( Australia ) known as `` grandpas beard '' and in French Polynesia . In the United States from where it is most known , it is commonly found on the southern live oak ( Quercus virginiana ) and bald - cypress ( Taxodium distichum ) in the lowlands , swamps , and savannas of the southeastern United States from Texas and Florida north through southern Arkansas . This plant 's specific name usneoides means `` resembling Usnea '' , and it indeed superficially resembles its namesake Usnea , also known as beard lichen , but in fact Spanish moss is neither a moss nor a lichen . Instead , it is a flowering plant ( angiosperm ) in the family Bromeliaceae ( the bromeliads ) which grows hanging from tree branches in full sun through partial shade . Formerly this plant has been placed in the genera Anoplophytum , Caraguata , and Renealmia .",
"1": "The northern limit of its natural range is Northampton County , Virginia , with unsubstantiated colonial - era reports in southern Maryland where no populations are now known to be extant . The primary range is in the southeastern United States ( including Puerto Rico ) , through Argentina , growing where the climate is warm enough and has a relatively high average humidity . It has been introduced to similar locations around the world , including Hawaii and Australia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Ecology 3 Culture and folklore 4 Human uses 5 Cultivars 6 Hybrids 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) The plant consists of one or more slender stems bearing alternate thin , curved or curly , heavily scaled leaves 2 -- 6 cm ( 0.8 -- 2.4 in ) long and 1 mm ( 0.04 in ) broad , that grow vegetatively in chain - like fashion ( pendant ) , forming hanging structures up to 6 m ( 240 in ) in length . The plant has no aerial roots and its brown , green , or yellow flowers are tiny and inconspicuous . It propagates both by seed and vegetatively by fragments that blow on the wind and stick to tree limbs , or are carried by birds as nesting material . Ecology ( edit ) Close - up of Spanish moss Spanish - moss is an epiphyte which absorbs nutrients and water through its leaves from the air and rainfall . While it rarely kills the tree upon which it grows , it can occasionally become so thick that it shades the tree 's leaves and lowers its growth rate . In the southern U.S. , the plant seems to show a preference for growth on southern live oak ( Quercus virginiana ) and bald cypress ( Taxodium distichum ) because of these trees ' high rates of foliar mineral leaching ( calcium , magnesium , potassium , and phosphorus ) providing an abundant supply of nutrients to the plant , but it can also colonize other tree species such as sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua ) , crepe - myrtles ( Lagerstroemia spp . ) , other oaks , and even pines . Spanish - moss shelters a number of creatures , including rat snakes and three species of bats .",
"2": "One species of jumping spider , Pelegrina tillandsiae , has been found only on Spanish - moss . Chiggers , though widely assumed to infest Spanish - moss , were not present among thousands of other arthropods identified in one study . Culture and folklore ( edit ) Spanish - moss with open seed capsule in Santee National Wildlife Refuge , South Carolina . Due to its propensity for growing in subtropical humid southern locales like Georgia , South Carolina , Louisiana , Mississippi , Florida , North Carolina , extreme southern Virginia , east and south Texas , and Alabama , the plant is often associated with Southern Gothic imagery and Deep South culture . One story of the origin on Spanish moss is called `` The Meanest Man Who Ever Lived '' . The man 's white hair grew very long and got caught on trees . Spanish moss was introduced to Hawaii in the 19th century , and became a popular ornamental and lei plant . On Hawai'i it is often called `` Pele 's hair '' after Pele the Hawaiian goddess . The term `` Pele 's hair '' is also used to refer to a type of filamentous volcanic glass . Human Uses ( edit ) Spanish - moss under 20x magnification , showing scale - like trichomes . Spanish - moss has been used for various purposes , including building insulation , mulch , packing material , mattress stuffing , and fiber . In the early 1900s it was used commercially in the padding of car seats . In 1939 over 10,000 tons of processed Spanish - moss was produced . It is still collected today in smaller quantities for use in arts and crafts , or for beddings for flower gardens , and as an ingredient in the traditional wall covering material bousillage . In some parts of Latin America and Louisiana Spanish moss is used in Nativity scenes . In the desert regions of the southwestern United States , dried Spanish - moss plants are used in the manufacture of evaporative coolers , colloquially known as swamp coolers ( and in some areas as `` desert coolers '' ) . These are used to cool homes and offices much less expensively than using air conditioners . A pump squirts water onto a pad made of Spanish - moss plants . A fan then pulls air through the pad and into the building .",
"3": "Evaporation of the water on the pads serves to reduce the air temperature , thus cooling the building . Cultivars ( edit ) Tillandsia ' Maurice 's Robusta ' Tillandsia ' Munro 's Filiformis ' Tillandsia ' Odin 's Genuina ' Tillandsia ' Spanish Gold ' Tillandsia ' Tight and Curly ' Hybrids ( edit ) Tillandsia ' Nezley ' ( Tillandsia usneoides × mallemontii ) Tillandsia ' Kimberly ' ( Tillandsia usneoides × recurvata ) Tillandsia ' Old Man 's Gold ' ( Tillandsia crocata × usneoides ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tillandsia usneoides '' . Germplasm Resources Information Network ( GRIN ) . Agricultural Research Service ( ARS ) , United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , Tillandsia usneoides Jump up ^ Luther , Harry E. ; Brown , Gregory K. `` Tillandsia usneoides `` . Flora of North America ( FNA ) . Missouri Botanical Garden . 22 -- via eFloras.org . Jump up ^ `` Tillandsia usneoides '' . County - level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas ( NAPA ) . Biota of North America Program ( BONAP ) . 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tillandsia '' . Germplasm Resources Information Network ( GRIN ) . Agricultural Research Service ( ARS ) , United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) . Jump up ^ Times - Dispatch , REX SPRINGSTON Richmond . `` Virginia scientists search for northernmost realm of Spanish moss '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tillandsia usneoides '' . Floridata Plant Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , William H. ; Marks , P.L. ( 1977 ) .",
"4": "`` Mineral Cycling and the Niche of Spanish Moss , Tillandsia usneoides L . '' . American Journal of Botany. 64 ( 10 ) : 1254 -- 1262 . JSTOR 2442489 . doi : 10.2307 / 2442489 . Jump up ^ Wildlife , State of Texas , Parks and . `` Flora Fact :| Spanish Moss Serves as Nature 's Draperies '' . www.tpwmagazine.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Whitaker Jr. , J ; Ruckdeschel , C. ( 2010 ) . `` Spanish Moss , the Unfinished Chigger Story '' . Southeastern Naturalist. 9 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 94 . doi : 10.1656 / 058.009. 0107 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Amy ; Johnson , Meredith ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` The Meanest Man Who Ever Lived ( An American Folktale ) '' . Uexpress . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nā Lei o Hawai ` i - Types of Lei '' . Jump up ^ `` Hair From Trees ... Spanish - moss is new upholstering material '' . Popular Science . June 1937 . Jump up ^ Adams , Dennis . Spanish Moss : Its Nature , History and Uses . Beaufort County Library , SC . Jump up ^ Gutenberg , Arthur William ( 1955 ) . The Economics of the Evaporative Cooler Industry in the Southwestern United States . Stanford University Graduate School of Business . p. 167 .",
"5": "Jump up ^ Bromeliad Cultivar Registry : Tillandsia ' Maurice 's Robusta ' Jump up ^ Bromeliad Cultivar Registry : Tillandsia ' Munro 's Filiformis ' Jump up ^ Bromeliad Cultivar Registry : Tillandsia ' Odin 's Genuina ' Jump up ^ Bromeliad Cultivar Registry : Tillandsia ' Spanish Gold ' Jump up ^ Bromeliad Cultivar Registry : Tillandsia ' Tight and Curly ' Jump up ^ Bromeliad Cultivar Registry : Tillandsia ' Nezley ' Jump up ^ Bromeliad Cultivar Registry : Tillandsia ' Kimberly ' Jump up ^ Bromeliad Cultivar Registry : Tillandsia ' Old Man 's Gold ' Mabberley , D.J. 1987 . The Plant Book . A Portable Dictionary of the Higher Plants . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 34060 - 8 . Tillandsia usneoides ( Taxonomic Serial No. : 42371 ) , Integrated Taxonomic Information System External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Tillandsia usneoides ( category ) United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile for Tillandsia usneoides ( Spanish moss ) Spanish Moss : Its History , Nature and Uses -- Beaufort County Library Florida Forest Plants Florida Spanish Moss : Theory - Does Spanish Moss kill trees ?",
"6": "Taxon identifiers Wd : Q311524 EoL : 355461 FNA : 222000404 GBIF : 2695149 GRIN : 310398 iNaturalist : 49569 IPNI : 1169665 - 2 ITIS : 42371 NCBI : 49541 Plant List : kew - 269929 PLANTS : TIUS Tropicos : 4300586 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_moss&oldid=807135363 '' Categories : Tillandsia Plants described in 1762 Bromeliaceae species Epiphytes Flora of the Caribbean Flora of Central America Flora of Mexico Flora of South America Flora of the Southeastern United States Flora of the South - Central United States Flora of the Bahamas Flora of Bermuda Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Asturianu Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Magyar Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 03 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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new york heart association functional classification of angina
|
[
"II",
"II",
"II",
"II"
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{
"0": "New York Heart Association functional classification - wikipedia New York Heart Association functional classification Jump to : navigation , search The New York Heart Association ( NYHA ) Functional Classification provides a simple way of classifying the extent of heart failure . It places patients in one of four categories based on how much they are limited during physical activity ; the limitations / symptoms are in regard to normal breathing and varying degrees in shortness of breath and / or angina . It originated in 1902 , when no measurements of cardiac function were possible , to provide a common language for physicians to communicate . Despite difficulties in applying it , such as the challenge of consistently classifying patients in class II or III , because functional capacity is such a powerful determinant of outcome it remains arguably the most important prognostic marker in routine clinical use in heart failure today . NYHA Class Symptoms Cardiac disease , but no symptoms and no limitation in ordinary physical activity , e.g. no shortness of breath when walking , climbing stairs etc . II Mild symptoms ( mild shortness of breath and / or angina ) and slight limitation during ordinary activity . III Marked limitation in activity due to symptoms , even during less - than - ordinary activity , e.g. walking short distances ( 20 -- 100 m ) . Comfortable only at rest . IV Severe limitations . Experiences symptoms even while at rest . Mostly bedbound patients . Another frequently used functional classification of cardiovascular disease is the Canadian Cardiovascular Society grading of angina pectoris . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Criteria Committee of the New York Heart Association . ( 1994 ) . Nomenclature and Criteria for Diagnosis of Diseases of the Heart and Great Vessels ( 9th ed . ) . Boston : Little , Brown & Co. pp. 253 -- 256 . Jump up ^ `` Classification of Functional Capacity and Objective Assessment '' . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Raphael C , Briscoe C , Davies J , Ian Whinnett Z , Manisty C , Sutton R , Mayet J , Francis DP ( April 2007 ) . `` Limitations of the New York Heart Association functional classification system and self - reported walking distances in chronic heart failure '' . Heart ( British Cardiac Society ) .",
"1": "93 ( 4 ) : 476 -- 82 . doi : 10.1136 / hrt. 2006.089656 . PMC 1861501 . PMID 17005715 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Heart_Association_Functional_Classification&oldid=756464505 '' Categories : Cardiology Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Italiano Norsk Polski Português Svenska Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2016 , at 11 : 55 . About Wikipedia",
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who wrote the song would i lie to you
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[
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"Peter Vale",
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"Peter Vale",
"Mike Leeson",
"Peter Vale",
"Mike Leeson",
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{
"0": "Would I Lie to You ? ( Charles & Eddie song ) - wikipedia Would I Lie to You ? ( Charles & Eddie song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Would I Lie to You ? '' Single by Charles & Eddie from the album Duophonic B - side `` Remix '' Released August 4 , 1992 Format CD single , CD maxi , 7 '' single Genre R&B , soul Length 4 : 38 ( Album Version ) 3 : 41 ( Radio Version ) Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Mike Leeson Peter Vale Producer ( s ) Josh Deutsch Charles & Eddie singles chronology `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( 1992 ) `` ' NYC ( Can You Believe This City ? ) ' '' ( 1993 ) Would I Lie to You ? ( 1992 ) NYC ( Can You Believe This City ? ) ( 1993 ) Music video `` Would I Lie to You ? '' on YouTube `` Would I Lie to You ? '' is an R&B song by American duo Charles & Eddie . Written by Mike Leeson and Peter Vale and produced by Josh Deutsch , `` Would I Lie to You ? '' was the debut single by the pop - soul duo , and it proved to be their biggest hit . A major international success , it reached number one on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in November 1992 , and was also number one in New Zealand , Germany and Austria . It was a top five hit in several other European countries while in Australia and Canada it went to number 3 . The single became a Top 20 hit in the US , peaking at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 and it enjoyed award - winning sales , earning a platinum record in the UK , a gold record in both Germany and Austria and silver record award in France . The songwriters , Leeson and Vale , received the 1992 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical reception 2 Track listings 3 Charts and sales 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Certifications 3.4 Chart successions 4 John Gibbons version 4.1 Charts 5 David Guetta , Cedric Gervais and Chris Willis version 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 5.4 Release history 6 References Critical reception ( edit ) Billboard wrote about the song : `` Male duo is quickly picking up pop radio adds with this delightful twirl into retro - R&B territory . Rich lead vocals are supported by Motown - styled harmonies , rumbling Hammond organ fills , and an insinuating , live drum beat . '' Track listings ( edit ) CD single `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( radio edit ) -- 3 : 41 `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( club mix house ) -- 5 : 04 CD maxi `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( radio edit ) -- 3 : 41 `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( club mix house ) -- 5 : 04 `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( truth and soul mix ) -- 3 : 57 `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( explicit lyrics version ) -- 5 : 01 7 '' single `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( radio edit ) -- 3 : 41 `` Would I Lie to You ? ''",
"2": "( club mix house ) -- 5 : 04 Charts and sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 -- 93 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 9 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 15 US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles Sales 59 US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 27 US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream 6 US Cash Box Top 100 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 30 Dutch Top 40 98 New Zealand 28 UK Official Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 90 Chart ( 1993 ) Position Austrian Singles Chart 6 Dutch Top 40 41 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 36 Swiss Singles Chart 23 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria Gold 15,000 France Silver 125,000 Germany Gold 250,000 United Kingdom Platinum 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Chart successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men UK number one single November 21 , 1992 -- November 28 , 1992 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston ( 2 weeks ) New Zealand RIANZ number - one single December 4 , 1992 -- December 11 , 1992 Preceded by `` More and More '' by Captain Hollywood Project German number one single January 15 ,",
"3": "1993 ( 1 - week ) Succeeded by `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston Preceded by `` Die da '' by Die Fantastischen Vier `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston Austrian number one single January 17 , 1993 ( 1 - week ) February 14 , 1993 ( 1 - week ) John Gibbons version ( edit ) `` Would I Lie to You '' Single by John Gibbons Released August 12 , 2016 Format Digital download Genre House Length 3 : 20 Label Blindsided ( label ) Sony Warner Songwriter ( s ) Mike Leeson Peter Vale Producer ( s ) John Gibbons Colin Hanley John Gibbons singles chronology `` Your Love '' ( 2015 ) `` Would I Lie to You '' ( 2016 ) `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' ( 2017 ) `` Your Love '' ( 2015 ) `` Would I Lie to You '' ( 2016 ) `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' ( 2017 ) Irish DJ and producer John Gibbons released a cover of the song titled `` Would I Lie to You '' . Gibbons co-produced the song with Colin Hanley , while Wez Clarke mixed the track with mastering from Nick Bennett . It was released for digital download on August 12 , 2016 .",
"4": "Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 34 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 46 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 53 David Guetta , Cedric Gervais and Chris Willis version ( edit ) `` Would I Lie to You '' Single by David Guetta , Cedric Gervais and Chris Willis Released September 30 , 2016 Format Digital download Genre EDM Electro house Progressive house Length 3 : 17 Label Jack Back Parlophone Warner Songwriter ( s ) Mike Leeson Peter Vale Producer ( s ) David Guetta Cedric Gervais Junkx David Guetta singles chronology `` All the Way Up ( EDM remix ) '' ( 2016 ) `` Would I Lie to You '' ( 2016 ) `` Shed a Light '' ( 2016 ) `` All the Way Up ( EDM remix ) '' ( 2016 ) `` Would I Lie to You '' ( 2016 ) `` Shed a Light '' ( 2016 ) Cedric Gervais singles chronology `` Skin On Skin '' ( 2016 ) Skin On Skin2016 `` Would I Lie to You '' ( 2016 ) Would I Lie to You2016 `` Somebody New '' ( 2017 ) Chris Willis singles chronology `` Do n't Cry ( Remember My Name ) '' ( 2015 ) Do n't Cry ( Remember My Name ) 2015 `` Would I Lie to You '' ( 2016 ) Would I Lie to You2016 Somebody New2017 French DJs David Guetta and Cedric Gervais , and American singer Chris Willis released a cover of the song titled `` Would I Lie to You '' . It was released to digital download through Jack Back Records , Parlophone , and Warner Music Group on September 30 , 2016 .",
"5": "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belarus ( Unistar Radio Top 20 ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 34 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 23 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 28 France ( SNEP ) 20 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 9 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 71 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) 8 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 9 Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 7 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 20 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 14 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 31 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 80 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 24 US Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 32 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 62 Chart ( 2017 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 36 Poland ( ZPAV ) 47 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 16 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 75,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Platinum 20,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref .",
"6": "Worldwide September 30 , 2016 Digital download Jack Back Parlophone Warner Italy Contemporary hit radio Warner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 547 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lister , David , Pop ballads bite back in lyrical fashion , The Independent , 28 May 1994 Jump up ^ `` Billboard : NEW & NOTEWORTHY '' ( PDF ) . Billboard magazine . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Charles & Eddie -- Would I Lie to You ? '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Charles & Eddie -- Would I Lie to You ? '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Charles & Eddie -- Would I Lie to You ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Charles & Eddie -- Would I Lie to You ? '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Charles & Eddie Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie ( Retrieved March 28 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Italian Single Chart Hitparadeitalia.it Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Charles & Eddie '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Charles & Eddie -- Would I Lie to You ? '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Charles & Eddie -- Would I Lie to You ? '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Charles & Eddie -- Would I Lie to You ? '' .",
"7": "Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Charles & Eddie -- Would I Lie to You ? '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com ( Retrieved March 28 , 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Billboard Allmusic.com ( Retrieved August 6 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1992 Australian Singles Chart aria.com ( Retrieved 17 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1992 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Official New Zealand Music Chart - NZ End Of Year Charts 1992 Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1992 '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ 1993 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at ( Retrieved August 6 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1993 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1993 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1993 Swiss Singles Chart Hitparade.ch ( Retrieved August 6 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Austrian certifications ifpi.at Archived July 1 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved August 6 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ French certifications See : `` Les Ventes '' = > `` Toutes les certifications depuis 1973 '' = > `` CHARLES & EDDY '' Infodisc.fr Archived March 7 , 2012 , at WebCite ( Retrieved August 6 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Would + I + Lie + to + You % 3F ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ UK certifications Bpi.co.uk ( Retrieved August 6 , 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Aaron , Charles ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` GEEKED UP : Not - So - Young Heart Runs Free '' . MTV News . MTV . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Niall ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Nialler9 's New Irish Music : Susie Blue , All Tvvins , September Girls and more '' . The Irish Times . Irish Times Trust . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Would I Lie to You '' from Would I Lie to You - Single by John Gibbons on Apple Music `` . iTunes . Apple Music . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 37 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis - Would I Lie to You '' . EDM Sauce . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wicks , Amanda ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` David Guetta and Cedric Gervais Remix 1992 Jam ' Would I Lie to You ' '' . Radio.com . CBS Radio . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Would I Lie to You - EP by David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Apple Music . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Argentina -- Del 9 al 16 de Enero , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis -- Would I Lie to You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 General '' ( in Russian ) . Unistar Radio Top 20 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis -- Would I Lie to You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis -- Would I Lie to You '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20177 into search . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201650 into search . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis -- Would I Lie to You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis -- Would I Lie to You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 49 / 2016 '' . German Charts . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége .",
"10": "Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis -- Would I Lie to You Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 45 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . 12 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 13 ) '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201649 into search . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) .",
"11": "Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201646 into search . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis -- Would I Lie to You '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis -- Would I Lie to You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis -- Would I Lie to You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Dance Chart Upstarts : Major Lazer , David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & More '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 - Single - Charts 2016 '' . oe3.orf.at . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual Argentina '' . Monitor Latino . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 2017 -- w pierwszej trójce Sheeran , Tiësto i Hyży '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official Year - End singles chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis -- Would I Lie to You '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Enter David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis in the field Interpret .",
"12": "Enter Would I Lie to You in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- David Guetta -- Would I Lie to You '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( David Guetta & Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis ; ' Would I Lie to You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- David Guetta , Cedric Gervais and Chris Willis -- Would I Lie to You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- David Guetta , Cedric Gervais and Chris Willis -- Would I Lie to You '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Worldwide releases for digital single of `` Would I Lie to You '' : For Brazil : `` Would I Lie to You - EP by David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( BR ) ( in Portuguese ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . For Japan : `` Would I Lie to You - EP by David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( JP ) ( in Japanese ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . For New Zealand : `` Would I Lie to You - EP by David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( NZ ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . For the UK : `` Would I Lie to You - EP by David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 .",
"13": "For the US : `` Would I Lie to You - EP by David Guetta , Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DAVID GUETTA & CEDRIC GERVAIS & CHRIS WILLIS `` Would I Lie to You '' ( Radio Date : 30 / 09 / 2016 ) `` . radiodate.it . Radio Airplay S.R.L . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ( hide ) David Guetta singles Discography Production discography Just a Little More Love `` Just a Little More Love '' `` Love Do n't Let Me Go '' `` People Come People Go '' `` Give Me Something '' Guetta Blaster `` Money '' `` Stay '' `` The World Is Mine '' `` In Love with Myself '' Pop Life `` Love Is Gone '' `` Baby When the Light '' `` Delirious '' `` Tomorrow Can Wait '' `` Everytime We Touch '' One Love `` When Love Takes Over '' `` I Gotta Feeling ( FMIF Remix ) '' `` Sexy Bitch '' `` I Wanna Go Crazy '' `` One Love '' `` Memories '' `` Gettin ' Over You '' One More Love `` Revolver ( One Love Remix ) '' `` Acapella '' `` Freak '' `` Commander '' `` Who 's That Chick ? ''",
"14": "Nothing but the Beat `` Sweat '' `` Where Them Girls At '' `` Little Bad Girl '' `` Lunar '' `` Night of Your Life '' `` Repeat '' `` Without You '' `` Titanium '' `` Turn Me On '' `` The Alphabeat '' `` I Can Only Imagine '' `` Crank It Up '' `` Sunshine '' Nothing but the Beat 2.0 `` Wild One Two '' `` She Wolf ( Falling to Pieces ) '' `` Just One Last Time '' `` Play Hard '' Lovers on the Sun `` Shot Me Down '' `` Bad '' `` Blast Off '' `` Lovers on the Sun '' Listen `` Dangerous '' `` What I Did for Love '' `` Hey Mama '' `` Sun Goes Down '' `` Bang My Head '' `` Listen '' Fuck Me I 'm Famous series `` Just for One Day ( Heroes ) '' `` Love Do n't Let Me Go ( Walking Away ) '' `` GRRRR '' `` Louder than Words '' `` Ai n't a Party '' Other singles `` Nation Rap '' `` Up & Away '' `` Would I Lie to You '' `` Light My Body Up '' `` Another Life '' `` 2U '' `` Complicated '' `` Dirty Sexy Money '' `` So Far Away '' Featured singles `` Wavin ' Flag ( Celebration Mix ) '' `` Club Ca n't Handle Me '' `` Pass at Me '' `` LaserLight '' `` Rest of My Life '' `` Right Now '' Produced singles `` Rock That Body '' `` Angel '' `` Scream '' `` The Best One Yet '' `` Everything is Wonderful '' `` Forever and a Day '' `` Something for the DJs '' `` Phresh Out the Runway '' Remixed songs `` Love at First Sight '' `` The Sound of Violence '' `` Bye Bye Superman '' `` I 've Got a Life '' `` Miss Me Blind '' `` Flashdance '' `` World , Hold On ( Children of the Sky ) '' `` Who 's Your Daddy ? ''",
"15": "`` Save My Soul '' `` Wow '' `` Boom Boom Pow '' `` Flash Back '' `` Celebration '' `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' `` Rapture '' `` Club Rocker '' `` Turn the Lights Down '' `` Wonderwall '' `` Pacha on Acid '' `` This Is What It Feels Like '' `` Alive '' `` Addicted to You '' `` Ten Feet Tall '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Would_I_Lie_to_You%3F_(Charles_%26_Eddie_song)&oldid=822222676 '' Categories : 1992 songs 1992 singles 2016 songs 2016 singles Charles & Eddie songs David Guetta songs Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in New Zealand UK Singles Chart number - one singles Vocal duets Songs written by Mike Leeson Songs written by Peter Vale Capitol Records singles Parlophone singles Warner Music Group singles Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for United",
"16": "Kingdom Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Music infoboxes with malformed table placement Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Polishdance Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 03 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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7369861182720043754
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what is a cup measurement in american recipes
|
[
"equal to half a liquid pint",
"traditionally equal to half a liquid pint in either US customary units or the British imperial system but is now separately defined in terms of the metric system at values between 1⁄5 and 1⁄4 of a liter"
] |
{
"0": "Cup ( unit ) - wikipedia Cup ( unit ) Jump to : navigation , search Measuring cups . Not to be confused with drinking cups , `` cup '' serving sizes , or measuring cups , which do not necessarily correspond with this unit . The cup is an English unit of volume , most commonly associated with cooking and serving sizes . It is traditionally equal to half a liquid pint in either US customary units or the British imperial system but is now separately defined in terms of the metric system at values between ⁄ and ⁄ of a liter . Because actual drinking cups may differ greatly from the size of this unit , standard measuring cups are usually used instead . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States 1.1 Legal cup 1.2 Customary cup 2 Commonwealth of Nations 2.1 Metric cup 2.2 Imperial cup 2.3 Canadian cup 3 International 3.1 Latin American cup 3.2 Japanese cup 4 Dry measure 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References United States ( edit ) Legal cup ( edit ) The cup currently used in the United States for nutrition labelling is defined in United States law as 240 ml . 1 U.S. `` legal '' cup = 240 millilitres = 16 international tablespoons = 12 Australian tablespoons ≈ 8.12 U.S. customary fluid ounces ≈ 8.45 imperial fluid ounces Customary cup ( edit ) Coffee carafe showing gradiations for measuring water ( right ) and brewed coffee ( left ) in multiples of non-standard U.S. customary cups . In the United States , the customary cup is half of a liquid pint . 1 U.S. customary cup = ⁄ U.S. customary gallon = ⁄ U.S. customary quart = ⁄ U.S. customary pint = 8 U.S. customary fluid ounces = 16 U.S. customary tablespoons = 48 U.S.",
"1": "customary teaspoons ≡ 236.5882365 millilitres exactly ≈ 15 ⁄ international tablespoons ≈ 11.75 Australian tablespoons ≈ 0.833 imperial cups ≈ 8.33 imperial fluid ounces A customary `` cup '' of coffee in the U.S. is usually defined as 4 fluid ounces , brewed using 5 fluid ounces of water . Coffee carafes used with drip coffee makers , such as Black and Decker models , have markings for both water and brewed coffee , since the carafe is also used for measuring water prior to brewing . A 12 - cup carafe , for example , has markings for 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , and 12 cups of water or coffee , which correspond to 20 , 30 , 40 , 50 , and 60 fluid ounces of water or 16 , 24 , 32 , 40 , and 48 fluid ounces of brewed coffee , respectively , the difference being the volume lost to evaporation during brewing . Commonwealth of Nations ( edit ) Metric cup ( edit ) Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and some other members of the Commonwealth of Nations -- being former British colonies that have since metricated -- employ a `` metric cup '' of 250 millilitres . Although derived from the metric system , it is not an official metric unit . 1 cup = 250 millilitres = 16 ⁄ international tablespoons ( 15 ml each ) = 12.5 Australian tablespoons ( 20 ml each ) ≈ 8.80 imperial fluid ounces ≈ 8.45 U.S. customary fluid ounces A `` coffee cup '' is 1.5 dl or 150 millilitres or 5.07 US customary fluid ounces , and is occasionally used in recipes . It is also used in the US to specify coffeemaker sizes ( what can be referred to as a Tasse à café ) . A `` 12 - cup '' US coffeemaker makes 57.6 US customary fluid ounces of coffee , or 6.8 metric cups of coffee . In older recipes cup may mean `` coffee cup '' .",
"2": "Imperial cup ( edit ) The official imperial cup was half an imperial pint or 10 imperial fluid ounces . It is no longer in common use , but appears in older recipe books . 1 imperial cup = 0.5 imperial pints = imperial gills = 10 imperial fluid ounces ≈ 284 millilitres ≈ 19 international tablespoons ≈ 14.25 Australian tablespoons ≈ 1.20 U.S. customary cups ≈ 9.61 U.S. customary fluid ounces Canadian cup ( edit ) Canada now usually employs the metric cup of 250 mL but its conventional cup was somewhat smaller than both American and imperial units . 1 Canadian cup = 8 imperial fluid ounce = 1 / 20 imperial gallon = 227.3045 millilitres 1 tablespoon = 1 / 2 imperial fluid ounce 1 teaspoon = 1 / 6 imperial fluid ounce International ( edit ) Similar units in other languages and cultures are sometimes translated `` cup '' , usually with various values around ⁄ to ⁄ of a liter . Latin American cup ( edit ) In Latin America , the amount of a `` cup '' ( Spanish : taza or vaso ) varies from country to country , with some intending 200 mL , others 250 mL , and still others the US legal or customary amount . Japanese cup ( edit ) See also : Gō The traditional Japanese unit equated with a `` cup '' size is the gō , legally equated with 2401 / 13310 liters ( ≈ 180.4 ml ) in 1891 . It is still used for reckoning amounts of rice and sake . Separately , the Japanese standardized a `` cup '' defined as 200 ml . 1 Japanese cup = 200 millilitres ≈ 7.04 imperial fluid ounces ≈ 6.76 U.S. customary fluid ounces Dry measure ( edit ) In English units , the cup derived from measures of liquid volume is also frequently used for small amounts of dry measure for fine or granulated bulk goods such as flour and sugar .",
"3": "In Europe , recipes normally weigh non-liquid ingredients in grams instead , using a kitchen scale , rather than employing volume units such as milliliters . For example , where an American customary recipe might specify `` 1 cup of sugar and 2 cups of milk '' , a European recipe might specify `` 200 g sugar and 500 ml of milk '' ( or 0.5 litre or 5 decilitres ) . Conversion between the two measures must take into account the density of the ingredients , and some recipes specify both weight and volume to simplify . Many European measuring cups have additional `` weight scales '' besides the dL or mL scale for reckoning the weight common bulk ingredients like sugar , flour , or rice by their volume . Volume to mass conversions for some common cooking ingredients ingredient density g / ml metric cup Imperial cup U.S. cup g oz g oz g oz water 250 8.8 284 10 237 -- 240 8.3 -- 8.4 granulated sugar 0.8 200 7.0 230 8.0 190 6.7 wheat flour 0.5 -- 0.6 120 -- 150 4.4 -- 5.3 140 -- 170 5.0 -- 6.0 120 -- 140 4.2 -- 5.0 table salt 1.2 300 10.6 340 12.0 280 10.0 See also ( edit ) Cooking weights and measures Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ One gram per millilitre is very close to one avoirdupois ounce per fluid ounce : 1 g / ml ≈ 1.002 av oz / imp fl oz This is not a numerical coincidence , but comes from the original definition of the kilogram being aligned with the mass of one litre of water , and the imperial gallon as the volume occupied by ten avoirdupois pounds of water . The slight difference is due to water at 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) being used for the kilogram , and at 62 ° F ( 17 ° C ) for the imperial gallon .",
"4": "The U.S. fluid ounce is slightly larger . 1 g / ml ≈ 1.043 av oz / U.S. fl oz . Jump up ^ The difference between the U.S. legal and customary definitions is smaller than the variation of density in most ingredients . Jump up ^ 1 g / ml is a good rough guide for water - based liquids such as milk ( the density of milk is about 1.03 -- 1.04 g / ml ) and alcoholic beverages , which are often less dense ( down to 0.95 g / ml ) , especially when they do not contain additives like fruit or cream . Oils are less dense than water ( around 0.9 g / ml ) . Jump up ^ The density of water ranges from about 0.96 to 1.00 g / ml dependent on temperature and pressure . The table above assumes room temperature . The variation is too small to make any difference in cooking . Jump up ^ Since 1 Imperial cup of water weighs approximately 10 Avoirdupois ounces and 5 Imperial cups are approximately equal to 6 U.S. cups , 1 U.S. customary cup of water weighs approximately 8 ⁄ avoirdupois ounces . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 21 CFR 101.9 ( b ) ( 5 ) ( viii ) Jump up ^ U.S. Government Printing Office -- Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Archived 2009 - 08 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ U.S. Food and Drug Administration -- Guidelines for Determining Metric Equivalents of Household Measures Jump up ^ `` Black and Decker Replacement Carafe '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Standard Australian Cooking Measurements '' . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` coherent units '' . BIPM . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 26 .",
"5": "Jump up ^ Rosemary Hume and Muriel Downes , Penguin Cordon Bleu Cooking , Penguin Books , 1970 Jump up ^ Stephanie Alexander , The cook 's companion , Penguin Books , 2004 Jump up ^ Jacqueline Gérard , `` La cuisine '' , Larousse 1980 Jump up ^ In the absence of measuring cups , tablespoons can be used for volume measurement . Jump up ^ The term international tablespoon as used in this article refers to the 15 ml ( ~ 0.5 fl oz ) tablespoon used in most countries . Jump up ^ The Australia tablespoon is defined as 20 ml ( ~ ⁄ fl oz ) Jump up ^ `` How Many Tablespoons in a Cup - Easy Conversions '' . First Health Mag. 2016 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ L. Fulton , E. Matthews , C. Davis : Average weight of a measured cup of various foods . Home Economics Research Report No. 41 , Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , Washington , DC , 1977 . Jump up ^ Water density calculator Jump up ^ The Physics Factbook Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cup_(unit)&oldid=807340312 '' Categories : Units of volume Customary units of measurement in the United States Imperial units Metricated units Alcohol measurement Cooking weights and measures Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 مازِرونی Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 10 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) - wikipedia The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film series released between 2001 and 2003 . For other films based on The Lord of the Rings , see Middle - earth in film . The Lord of the Rings The poster for the series is a montage that features a range of characters and scenes from all three films Directed by Peter Jackson Produced by Peter Jackson Barrie M. Osborne Fran Walsh Tim Sanders Screenplay by Peter Jackson Fran Walsh Philippa Boyens Stephen Sinclair ( The Two Towers ) Based on The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien Starring Elijah Wood Ian McKellen Liv Tyler Viggo Mortensen Sean Astin Cate Blanchett John Rhys - Davies Bernard Hill Billy Boyd Dominic Monaghan Orlando Bloom Christopher Lee Hugo Weaving Miranda Otto David Wenham Brad Dourif Karl Urban John Noble Sean Bean Ian Holm Andy Serkis ( See below ) Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by John Gilbert ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) Michael J. Horton Jabez Olssen ( The Two Towers ) Jamie Selkirk ( The Return of the King ) Production company WingNut Films The Saul Zaentz Company Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date 19 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 19 ) ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) 18 December 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 18 ) ( The Two Towers ) 17 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 17 ) ( The Return of the King ) Running time 558 minutes ( theatrical edition length ) Country New Zealand United States Language English Budget $281,000,000 Box office $2,917,506,956 The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson . They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien .",
"1": "The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , The Two Towers ( 2002 ) and The Return of the King ( 2003 ) . They are a New Zealand - American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema . Considered to be one of the biggest and most ambitious film projects ever undertaken , with an overall budget of $281 million ( some sources say $310 - $330 million ) , the entire project took eight years , with the filming for all three films done simultaneously and entirely in New Zealand , Jackson 's native country , resulting in 1 in every 160 New Zealanders being part of the production of the trilogy . Each film in the series also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases . While the films follow the book 's general storyline , they do omit some of the novel 's plot elements and include some additions to and deviations from the source material . Set in the fictional world of Middle - earth , the films follow the hobbit Frodo Baggins ( Elijah Wood ) as he and the Fellowship embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring , and thus ensure the destruction of its maker , the Dark Lord Sauron . The Fellowship eventually splits up and Frodo continues the quest together with his loyal companion Sam ( Sean Astin ) and the treacherous Gollum ( Andy Serkis ) . Meanwhile , Aragorn ( Viggo Mortensen ) , heir in exile to the throne of Gondor , Legolas , Gimli , Merry , and Pippin , and the wizard Gandalf ( Ian McKellen ) unite to rally the Free Peoples of Middle - earth in the War of the Ring . The series was received with overwhelming praise and was a major financial success , with the films collectively being among the highest - grossing film series of all time . The films were critically acclaimed and heavily awarded , winning 17 out of 30 total Academy Award nominations . The final film in the series , The Return of the King , won all 11 of its Academy Award nominations including Best Picture , which also tied it with Ben - Hur and Titanic for most Academy Awards received for a film . The series received wide praise for its innovative special and visual effects .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Production design 3 Filming 4 Cast 4.1 The Fellowship of the Ring 4.2 The Shire and Bree 4.3 Rivendell and Lothlórien 4.4 Rohan and Gondor 4.5 Isengard and Mordor 4.6 Historical figures 5 Post-production 5.1 Editing 5.2 Music 5.3 Sound 5.4 Special effects 6 Releases 6.1 Theatrical 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office performance 7.2 Public and critical response 7.3 Academy Awards 7.4 Reactions to changes in the films from the books 7.5 Legacy 8 Video games 9 The Hobbit 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Development ( edit ) Director Peter Jackson first came into contact with The Lord of the Rings when he saw Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated film The Lord of the Rings . Jackson `` enjoyed the film and wanted to know more . '' Afterwards , he read a tie - in edition of the book during a twelve - hour train journey from Wellington to Auckland when he was seventeen . In 1995 , Jackson was finishing The Frighteners and considered The Lord of the Rings as a new project , wondering `` why nobody else seemed to be doing anything about it '' . With the new developments in computer - generated imagery following Jurassic Park , Jackson set about planning a fantasy film that would be relatively serious and feel real . By October , he and his partner Fran Walsh teamed up with Miramax Films boss Harvey Weinstein to negotiate with Saul Zaentz who had held the rights to the book since the early 1970s , pitching an adaptation of The Hobbit and two films based on The Lord of the Rings . Negotiations then stalled when Universal Studios offered Jackson a remake of King Kong . Weinstein was furious , and further problems arose when it turned out Zaentz did not have distribution rights to The Hobbit ; United Artists , which was in the market , did . By April 1996 , the rights question was still not resolved .",
"3": "Jackson decided to move ahead with King Kong before filming The Lord of the Rings , prompting Universal to enter a deal with Miramax to receive foreign earnings from The Lord of the Rings while Miramax received foreign earnings from King Kong . It was also revealed that Jackson originally wanted to finish King Kong before The Lord of the Rings began . But due to location problems , he decided to start with The Lord of the Rings franchise instead . When Universal cancelled King Kong in 1997 , Jackson and Walsh immediately received support from Weinstein and began a six - week process of sorting out the rights . Jackson and Walsh asked Costa Botes to write a synopsis of the book and they began to re-read the book . Two to three months later , they had written their treatment . The first film would have dealt with what would become The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers , and the beginning of The Return of the King , ending with Saruman 's death , and Gandalf and Pippin going to Minas Tirith . In this treatment , Gwaihir and Gandalf visit Edoras after escaping Saruman , Gollum attacks Frodo when the Fellowship is still united , and Farmer Maggot , Glorfindel , Radagast , Elladan and Elrohir are present . Bilbo attends the Council of Elrond , Sam looks into Galadriel 's mirror , Saruman is redeemed before he dies and the Nazgûl just make it into Mount Doom before they fall . They presented their treatment to Harvey and Bob Weinstein , the latter of whom they focused on impressing with their screenwriting as he had not read the book . They agreed upon two films and a total budget of $75 million . During mid-1997 , Jackson and Walsh began writing with Stephen Sinclair . Sinclair 's partner , Philippa Boyens , was a major fan of the book and joined the writing team after reading their treatment . It took 13 -- 14 months to write the two film scripts , which were 147 and 144 pages respectively . Sinclair left the project due to theatrical obligations . Amongst their revisions , Sam is caught eavesdropping and forced to go along with Frodo , instead of Sam , Merry , and Pippin figuring out about the One Ring themselves and voluntarily going along after confronting Frodo about it , as occurs in the original novel .",
"4": "Gandalf 's account of his time at Orthanc was pulled out of flashback and Lothlórien was cut , with Galadriel doing what she does in the story at Rivendell . Denethor attends the Council with his son . Other changes included having Arwen rescue Frodo , and the action sequence involving the cave troll . The writers also considered having Arwen absorb Éowyn 's role entirely by having her kill the Witch - king . Trouble struck when Marty Katz was sent to New Zealand . Spending four months there , he told Miramax that the films were more likely to cost $150 million , and with Miramax unable to finance this , and with $15 million already spent , they decided to merge the two films into one . On 17 June 1998 , Bob Weinstein presented a treatment of a single two - hour film version of the book . He suggested cutting Bree and the Battle of Helm 's Deep , `` losing or using '' Saruman , merging Rohan and Gondor with Éowyn as Boromir 's sister , shortening Rivendell and Moria as well as having Ents prevent the Uruk - hai from kidnapping Merry and Pippin . Upset by the idea of `` cutting out half the good stuff '' Jackson balked , and Miramax declared that any script or work completed by Weta Workshop was theirs . Jackson went around Hollywood for four weeks , showing a thirty - five - minute video of their work , before meeting with New Line Cinema 's Mark Ordesky . At New Line Cinema , Robert Shaye viewed the video , and then asked why they were making two films when the book was published as three volumes ( this was later corrected : New Line only made this choice out of economical reasons ) ; he wanted to make a film trilogy . Now Jackson , Walsh , and Boyens had to write three new scripts . The expansion to three films allowed much more creative freedom , although Jackson , Walsh , and Boyens had to restructure their script accordingly . The three films do not correspond exactly to the trilogy 's three volumes , but rather represent a three - part adaptation . Jackson takes a more chronological approach to the story than did Tolkien .",
"5": "Frodo 's quest is the main focus , and Aragorn is the main sub-plot , and many sequences ( such as Tom Bombadil ) that do not contribute directly to those two plots were left out . Much effort was put into creating satisfactory conclusions and making sure exposition did not bog down the pacing . Amongst new sequences , there are also expansions on elements Tolkien kept ambiguous , such as the battles and the creatures . During shooting , the screenplays continued to evolve , in part due to contributions from cast members looking to further explore their characters . Most notable amongst these rewrites was the character Arwen , who was originally planned as a warrior princess , but reverted to her book counterpart , who remains physically inactive in the story ( though she sends moral and military support ) . To develop fight and sword choreography for the series , the filmmakers employed Hollywood sword - master Bob Anderson . Anderson worked directly with the talent including Viggo Mortensen and Karl Urban to develop the film 's many sword fights and stunts . Bob Anderson 's role in The Lord of the Rings series was highlighted in the film Reclaiming the Blade . This documentary on sword martial arts also featured Weta Workshop and Richard Taylor , The Lord of the Rings illustrator John Howe and actors Viggo Mortensen and Karl Urban . All discussed their roles and work on the series as related to the sword . Production design ( edit ) Alan Lee at Worldcon 2005 in Glasgow , August 2005 . Main article : Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series Jackson began storyboarding the series with Christian Rivers in August 1997 and assigned his crew to begin designing Middle - earth at the same time . Jackson hired long - time collaborator Richard Taylor to lead Weta Workshop on five major design elements : armour , weapons , prosthetics / make - up , creatures , and miniatures . In November 1997 , famed Tolkien illustrators Alan Lee and John Howe joined the project . Most of the imagery in the films is based on their various illustrations . Production designer Grant Major was charged with the task of converting Lee and Howe 's designs into architecture , creating models of the sets , while Dan Hennah worked as art director , scouting locations and organising the building of sets . Jackson 's vision of Middle - earth was described as being `` Ray Harryhausen meets David Lean '' by Randy Cook .",
"6": "Jackson wanted a gritty realism and historical regard for the fantasy , and attempted to make the world rational and believable . For example , the New Zealand Army helped build Hobbiton months before filming began so the plants could really grow . Creatures were designed to be biologically believable , such as the enormous wings of the fell beast to help it fly . In total , 48,000 pieces of armour , 500 bows , and 10,000 arrows were created by Weta Workshop . They also created many prosthetics , such as 1,800 pairs of Hobbit feet for the lead actors , as well as many ears , noses , and heads for the cast , and around 19,000 costumes were woven and aged . Every prop was specially designed by the Art Department , taking the different scales into account . Filming ( edit ) Main article : Principal photography of The Lord of the Rings film series A helmet of the Rohirrim . Principal photography for all three films was conducted concurrently in many locations within New Zealand 's conservation areas and national parks . Filming took place between 11 October 1999 and 22 December 2000 , a period of 438 days . Pick - up shoots were conducted annually from 2001 to 2003 . The series was shot at over 150 different locations , with seven different units shooting , as well as soundstages around Wellington and Queenstown . Along with Jackson directing the whole production , other unit directors included John Mahaffie , Geoff Murphy , Fran Walsh , Barrie Osbourne , Rick Porras , and any other assistant director , producer , or writer available . Jackson monitored these units with live satellite feeds , and with the added pressure of constant script re-writes and the multiple units interpreting his envisioned result , he only got around four hours of sleep a night . Due to the remoteness of some of the locations , the crew would also bring survival kits in case helicopters could not reach the location to bring them home in time . The New Zealand Department of Conservation was criticised for approving the filming within national parks without adequate consideration of the adverse environmental effects and without public notification . The adverse effects of filming battle scenes in Tongariro National Park meant that the park later required restoration work .",
"7": "Cast ( edit ) See also : Middle - earth in film § Cast The following is a list of cast members who voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the extended version of The Lord of the Rings film series . ( hide ) Character Film The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King 2002 2003 The Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) Frodo Baggins Elijah Wood Aragorn Viggo Mortensen Boromir Sean Bean Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck Dominic Monaghan Samwise Gamgee Sean Astin Gandalf Ian McKellen Gimli John Rhys - Davies Legolas Orlando Bloom Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took Billy Boyd The Shire and Bree ( edit ) Bilbo Baggins Ian Holm Ian Holm Mrs. Bracegirdle Lori Dungey Barliman Butterbur David Weatherley Rosie Cotton Sarah McLeod Sarah McLeod Gaffer Gamgee Norman Forsey Norman Forsey Elanor Gamgee Alexandra Astin Bree Gate - Keeper Martyn Sanderson Farmer Maggot Cameron Rhodes Old Noakes Bill Johnson Everard Proudfoot Noel Appleby Noel Appleby Mrs. Proudfoot Megan Edwards Otho Sackville Peter Corrigan Lobelia Sackville - Baggins Elizabeth Moody Ted Sandyman Brian Sergent Rivendell and Lothlórien ( edit ) Arwen Liv Tyler Elf escort ( a.k.a.",
"8": "Figwit ) Bret McKenzie Bret McKenzie Lord Celeborn Marton Csokas Marton Csokas Lord Elrond Hugo Weaving Lady Galadriel Cate Blanchett Haldir Craig Parker Rúmil Jørn Benzon Rohan and Gondor ( edit ) Damrod Alistair Browning Denethor John Noble Éomer Karl Urban Éothain Sam Comery Éowyn Miranda Otto Faramir David Wenham Freda Olivia Tennet Gamling Bruce Hopkins Grimbold Bruce Phillips Háma John Leigh Haleth Calum Gittins Irolas Ian Hughes King of the Dead Paul Norell Madril John Bach Morwen Robyn Malcolm King Théoden Bernard Hill Théodred Paris Howe Strewe Treebeard John Rhys - Davies ( voice ) Isengard and Mordor ( edit ) Sméagol / Gollum Andy Serkis Gorbag Stephen Ure Gothmog Lawrence Makoare Craig Parker ( voice ) Gríma Wormtongue Brad Dourif Grishnákh Stephen Ure Lurtz Lawrence Makoare Mauhúr Robbie Magasiva Andy Serkis ( voice ) Mouth of Sauron Bruce Spence The One Ring Alan Howard ( voice ) Alan Howard ( voice ) Saruman Christopher Lee Sauron Sala Baker Alan Howard ( voice ) Sala Baker Alan Howard ( voice ) Shagrat Peter Tait Sharku Jed Brophy Snaga Jed Brophy Andy Serkis ( voice ) Uglúk Nathaniel Lees Witch - king of Angmar Brent McIntyre Andy Serkis ( voice ) Lawrence Makoare Historical figures ( edit ) Déagol Thomas Robins ( hand only ) Thomas Robins Elendil Peter McKenzie Gil - galad Mark Ferguson Isildur Harry Sinclair Harry Sinclair Post-production ( edit ) An example of Elvish armour from the films .",
"9": "Each film had the benefit of a full year of post-production time before its respective December release , often finishing in October -- November , with the crew immediately going to work on the next film . In this period 's later part , Jackson would move to London to supervise the scoring and continue editing , while having a computer feed for discussions to The Dorchester Hotel , and a `` fat pipe '' of Internet connections from Pinewood Studios to look at the special effects . He had a video link and 5.1 surround sound to organise meetings , and listen to new music and sound effects generally wherever he was . The extended editions also had a tight schedule at the start of each year to complete special effects and music . Editing ( edit ) To avoid pressure , Jackson hired a different editor for each film . John Gilbert worked on the first film , Mike Horton and Jabez Olssen on the second and longtime Jackson collaborator Jamie Selkirk and Annie Collins on the third . Daily rushes would often last up to four hours , with scenes being done throughout 1999 -- 2002 for the rough ( 41⁄2 hours ) assemblies of the films . In total , 1828 km ( six million feet ) of film was edited down to the 11 hours and 23 minutes ( 683 minutes ) of Extended running time . This was the final area of shaping of the films , when Jackson realised that sometimes the best scripting could be redundant on screen , as he picked apart scenes every day from multiple takes . The first film 's editing was relatively easygoing , with Jackson coming up with the concept of an Extended Edition later on , although after a screening to New Line they had to re-edit the beginning for a prologue . The Two Towers was always acknowledged by the crew as the most difficult film to make , as `` it had no beginning or end '' , and had the additional problem of inter-cutting storylines appropriately . Jackson even continued editing the film when that part of the schedule officially ended , resulting in some scenes , including the reforging of Andúril , Gollum 's back - story , and Saruman 's demise , being moved to The Return of the King . Later , Saruman 's demise was cut from the theatrical edition ( but included in the Extended edition ) when Jackson felt it was not starting the third film effectively enough .",
"10": "As with all parts of the third film 's post-production , editing was very chaotic . The first time Jackson actually saw the completed film was at the Wellington premiere . Many filmed scenes remain unused , even in the Extended Editions . Promotional material for The Fellowship of the Ring contained an attack by Orcs from Moria on Lothlórien after the Fellowship leaves Moria , replaced with a more suspenseful entrance for the Fellowship . Also cut were scenes from the book , including Frodo seeing more of Middle - earth at Parth Galen and an extended Council of Elrond , and new scenes with an attack upon Frodo and Sam at the river Anduin by an Uruk - hai . The major cut to The Two Towers featured Arwen and Elrond visiting Galadriel at Lothlórien , with Arwen then leading the Elven reinforcements to Helm 's Deep . This scene , and a flashback to Arwen and Aragorn 's first meeting , was cut during a revision of the film 's plot ; the Elves ' appearance was explained with a telepathic communication between Elrond and Galadriel . Éowyn was to have a greater role in defending the refugees in the Glittering Caves from Uruk - hai intruders , while in Osgiliath , Faramir was to have a vision of Frodo becoming like Gollum , with Frodo and Sam having an extended fight sequence . Filmed for The Return of the King were two scenes present in the book ; Sam using the Phial of Galadriel to pass the Watchers at Cirith Ungol , and further epilogue footage , with endings for Legolas and Gimli , Éowyn and Faramir 's wedding and Aragorn 's death and funeral . Sauron was to fight Aragorn at the Black Gate , but with Jackson deciding the scene was inappropriate , a computer - generated Troll was used instead . To give context for Wormtongue killing Saruman , and Legolas in turn killing Wormtongue , it was to be revealed Wormtongue poisoned Théodred . The final scene cut was Aragorn having his armour fitted for the Battle of the Black Gate by the trilogy 's armourers , which was the final scene filmed during principal photography .",
"11": "Peter Jackson has stated that he would like to include some of these unused scenes in a future `` Ultimate Edition '' home video release , also including out - takes . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of The Lord of the Rings film series Howard Shore composed , orchestrated , conducted , and produced the trilogy 's music . Howard Shore composed , orchestrated , conducted , and produced the trilogy 's music . He was hired in August 2000 and visited the set , and watched the assembly cuts of The Fellowship of the Ring and The Return of the King . In the music , Shore included many ( 85 to 110 ) leitmotifs to represent various characters , cultures , and places - the largest catalogue of leitmotives in the history of cinema , surpassing - for comparison - that of the entire Star Wars saga . For example , there are multiple leitmotifs just for the hobbits and the Shire . Although the first film had some of its score recorded in Wellington , virtually all of the trilogy 's score was recorded in Watford Town Hall and mixed at Abbey Road Studios . Jackson planned to advise the score for six weeks each year in London , though for The Two Towers he stayed for twelve . As a Beatles fan , Jackson had a photo tribute done there on the zebra crossing . The score is primarily played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra ( ranging from 93 to 120 players throughout the recording ) , London Voices , London Oratory School Schola boy choir , and many artists such as Ben Del Maestro , Enya , Renée Fleming , James Galway , Annie Lennox and Emilíana Torrini contributed . Even actors Billy Boyd , Viggo Mortensen , Liv Tyler , Miranda Otto ( extended cuts only for the latter two ) , and Peter Jackson ( for a single gong sound in the second film ) contributed to the score . Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens served as librettists , writing lyrics to various music and songs , which David Salo translated into Tolkien 's languages . The third film 's end song , `` Into the West '' , was a tribute to a young filmmaker Jackson and Walsh befriended named Cameron Duncan , who died of cancer in 2003 . Shore composed a main theme for The Fellowship rather than many different character themes , and its strength and weaknesses in volume are depicted at different points in the series .",
"12": "On top of that , individual themes were composed to represent different cultures . Infamously , the amount of music Shore had to write every day for the third film increased dramatically to around seven minutes . The music for the series turned out to be a success and has been voted best movie soundtrack of all time for the six years running , passing Schindler 's List , Gladiator , Star Wars ( 1977 ) , and Out of Africa respectively . Sound ( edit ) Sound technicians spent the early part of the year trying to find the right sounds . Some , such as animal sounds like those of tigers and walruses , were bought . Human voices were also used . Fran Walsh contributed to the Nazgûl scream and David Farmer the Warg howls . Other sounds were unexpected : the fell beast 's screech is taken from that of a donkey , and the mûmakil 's bellow comes from the beginning and end of a lion 's roar . In addition , ADR was used for most of the dialogue . The technicians worked with New Zealand locals to get many of the sounds . They re-recorded sounds in abandoned tunnels for an echo - like effect in the Moria sequence . 20,000 New Zealand cricket fans provided the sound of the Uruk - hai army in The Two Towers , with Jackson acting as conductor during the innings break of a one - day international cricket match between England and New Zealand at Westpac Stadium . They spent time recording sounds in a graveyard at night , and also had construction workers drop stone blocks for the sounds of boulders firing and landing in The Return of the King . Mixing took place between August and November at `` The Film Mix '' , before Jackson commissioned the building of a new studio in 2003 . The building , however , had not yet been fully completed when they started mixing for The Return of the King . Special effects ( edit ) Main article : Special effects of The Lord of the Rings film series The first film has around 540 effect shots , the second 799 , and the third 1,488 ( 2,730 in total ) . The total increases to 3,420 with the extended editions . 260 visual effect artists began work on the series , and the number doubled by The Two Towers .",
"13": "The crew , led by Jim Rygiel and Randy Cook , worked long hours , often overnight , to produce special effects within a short space of time . Jackson 's active imagination was a driving force . For example , several major shots of Helm 's Deep were produced within the last six weeks of post-production of The Two Towers , and the same happened again within the last six weeks on The Return of the King . Releases ( edit ) Theatrical ( edit ) The trilogy 's online promotional trailer was first released on 27 April 2000 , and set a new record for download hits , registering 1.7 million hits in the first 24 hours of its release . The trailer used a selection from the soundtrack for Braveheart and The Shawshank Redemption among other cuts . In 2001 , 24 minutes of footage from the series , primarily the Moria sequence , was shown at the Cannes Film Festival , and was very well received . The showing also included an area designed to look like Middle - earth . The Fellowship of the Ring was released 19 December 2001 . It grossed $47 million in its U.S. opening weekend and made around $871 million worldwide . A preview of The Two Towers was inserted just before the end credits near the end of the film 's theatrical run . A promotional trailer was later released , containing music re-scored from the film Requiem for a Dream . The Two Towers was released 18 December 2002 . It grossed $62 million in its first U.S. weekend and out - grossed its predecessor with $926 million worldwide . The promotional trailer for The Return of the King was debuted exclusively before the New Line Cinema film Secondhand Lions on 23 September 2003 . Released 17 December 2003 , its first U.S. weekend gross was $72 million , and became the second film ( after Titanic ) to gross over $1 billion worldwide . Home media ( edit ) The first two films were released on standard two - disc edition DVDs containing previews of the next film . The success of the theatrical cuts brought about four - disc Extended Editions , with new editing , added special effects and music . The extended cuts of the films and the included special features were spread over two discs , and a limited collector 's edition was also released .",
"14": "The Fellowship of the Ring was released on 12 November 2002 , containing 30 minutes more footage , an Alan Lee painting of the Fellowship entering Moria , and the Moria Gate on the back of the sleeve ; an Argonath - styled bookend was included with the Collector 's Edition . The Two Towers , released on 18 November 2003 , contained 44 minutes extra footage and a Lee painting of Gandalf the White 's entrance ; the Collector 's Edition contained a Sméagol statue , with a crueller - looking statue of his Gollum persona available by order for a limited time . The Return of the King was released on 14 December 2004 , having 51 minutes more footage , a Lee painting of the Grey Havens and a model of Minas Tirith for the Collector 's Edition , with Minas Morgul available by order for a limited time . The Special Extended DVD Editions also had in - sleeve maps of the Fellowship 's travels . They have also played at cinemas , most notably for a 16 December 2003 marathon screening ( dubbed `` Trilogy Tuesday '' ) culminating in a late afternoon screening of the third film . Attendees of `` Trilogy Tuesday '' were given a limited edition keepsake from Sideshow Collectibles containing one random frame of film from each of the three movies . Both versions were put together in a Limited Edition `` branching '' version , plus a new feature - length documentary by Costa Botes . The complete series was released in a six - disc set on 14 November 2006 . Warner Bros. released the trilogy 's theatrical versions on Blu - ray Disc in a boxed set on 6 April 2010 . An extended edition Blu - ray box set was made available for pre-order from Amazon.com in March 2011 and was released on 28 June 2011 . Each film 's extended Blu - ray version is identical to the extended DVD version ; the total running time is longer due to added credit sequence listing the names of `` Lord of the Rings fan - club members '' who contributed to the project . In 2014 , brand new Blu - ray steelbook editions of the five - disc Extended Editions were released . The first , The Fellowship of the Ring , was released on 24 March 2014 .",
"15": "The discs are identical to those found in the previous five - disc Blu - ray set . Film Theatrical edition length Extended edition length The Fellowship of the Ring 178 mins 208 mins ( 228 with additional credits ) The Two Towers 179 mins 223 mins ( 235 with additional credits ) The Return of the King 200 mins 251 mins ( 263 with additional credits ) Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ranking Budget Reference North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide The Fellowship of the Ring 19 December 2001 $315.544. 750 $555.985. 574 $871.530. 324 No. 32 # 76 No. 37 $93.000. 000 The Two Towers 18 December 2002 $342.551. 365 $583.495. 746 $926.047. 111 No. 22 # 61 No. 29 $94.000. 000 The Return of the King 17 December 2003 $377.845. 905 $742.083. 616 $1.119. 929.521 No. 17 # 52 No. 8 $94.000. 000 Total $1.035. 942.020 $1.881. 564.936 $2.917. 506.956 $281.000. 000 List indicator ( s ) indicates the adjusted ranks based on current ticket prices ( calculated by Box Office Mojo ) . Public and critical response ( edit ) Unadjusted for inflation , The Lord of the Rings film series is the highest - grossing film trilogy worldwide of all time , higher even than other film franchises such as the original Star Wars trilogy and The Godfather trilogy . The film series grossed a total of $2.91 billion and also tied a record with Ben - Hur and Titanic for the total number of Academy Awards won for a single film , with The Return of the King receiving eleven Oscars .",
"16": "The majority of critics have also praised the series , with Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times writing that `` the trilogy will not soon , if ever , find its equal '' . Some were critical of the films ' pacing and length : `` It 's a collection of spectacular set pieces without any sense of momentum driving them into one another '' according to Philadelphia Weekly . On Rotten Tomatoes , the films received approval ratings of 91 % , 95 % , and 93 % respectively . Metacritic , based on its ratings for each film ( 92 , 87 , and 94 respectively ) , features the series within the top ten of the best films of the decade . As of July 2016 , every film is placed in the top 200 of Metacritic 's ' Best Movies of all Time ' list . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the films an average grade of A - , A , and A+ respectively on an A+ to F scale . The series appears in the Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association 's Top 10 Films , Time magazine 's All - Time 100 Movies , and James Berardinelli 's Top 100 . In 2007 , USA Today named the series as the most important films of the past 25 years . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` Bringing a cherished book to the big screen ? No sweat . Peter Jackson 's trilogy -- or , as we like to call it , our preciousssss -- exerted its irresistible pull , on advanced Elvish speakers and neophytes alike . '' Paste Magazine named it one of the 50 Best Movies of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) , ranking it at No. 4 . In another Time magazine list , the series ranks second in `` Best Movies of the Decade '' . Empire magazine voted the films at # 1 on the ' 32 Greatest Film Trilogies ' . In addition , six characters and their respective actors made the list of ' The 100 Greatest Movie Characters ' , also compiled by Empire , with Viggo Mortensen 's portrayal of Aragorn ranking No. 15 , Ian McKellen 's portrayal of Gandalf ranking No.",
"17": "30 , Ian Holm 's portrayal of Bilbo Baggins ( shared with Martin Freeman for his portrayal of the same character in The Hobbit films ) ranking No. 61 , Andy Serkis ' portrayal of Gollum ranking No. 66 , Sean Astin 's portrayal of Samwise Gamgee ranking No. 77 , and Orlando Bloom 's portrayal of Legolas ranking No. 94 . Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Fellowship of the Ring 91 % ( 8.2 / 10 average rating ) ( 227 reviews ) 92 ( 34 reviews ) A − The Two Towers 95 % ( 8.5 / 10 average rating ) ( 250 reviews ) 87 ( 39 reviews ) The Return of the King 93 % ( 8.7 / 10 average rating ) ( 269 reviews ) 94 ( 41 reviews ) A+ Academy Awards ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series The three films together were nominated for a total of 30 Academy Awards , of which they won 17 , a record for any movie trilogy ( the three nominations for The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey and The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug along with the single nomination for The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies brings the series ' total to 37 nominations ) . The Fellowship of the Ring earned thirteen nominations , the most of any film at the 74th Academy Awards , winning four . The Return of the King won in every category in which it was nominated , setting the current Oscar record for the highest clean sweep , and its 11 Academy Awards wins ties the record held by Ben - Hur and Titanic ( though both of those films had additional nominations that they ultimately lost ) . The Return of the King became only the second sequel to win the Oscar for Best Picture ( after The Godfather Part II ) and the first fantasy film to receive this honor , though this has been widely perceived as an award by proxy for the entire series ( the first two films were also nominated for Best Picture ) . No actors in any of the three films won Oscars , and Ian McKellen was the only actor in the trilogy to receive a nomination , for his work in The Fellowship of the Ring .",
"18": "The Fellowship of the Ring -- Nominations : 13 , Wins : 4 The Two Towers -- Nominations : 6 , Wins : 2 The Return of the King -- Nominations : 11 , Wins : 11 Award Awards Won The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Picture Nominated Nominated Won Director Nominated Won Supporting Actor Nominated Adapted Screenplay Nominated Won Art Direction Nominated Nominated Won Cinematography Won Costume Design Nominated Won Film Editing Nominated Nominated Won Makeup Won Won Original Score Won Won Original Song Nominated Won Sound / Sound Mixing Nominated Nominated Won Sound Editing Won Visual Effects Won Won Won As well as Academy Awards , each film in the series won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , the MTV Movie Award for Best Movie , and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film . The first and third films also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film . The soundtrack for The Two Towers did not receive a nomination because of a rule prohibiting a soundtrack including music from a previous soundtrack to be eligible for nomination . This rule was changed in time for The Return of the King to receive the Oscar for Best Music Score . The New York Film Critics Circle awarded The Return of the King its Best Picture Award at the 2003 Awards Ceremony , hosted by Andrew Johnston , chair of the organization at that time , who called it `` a masterful piece of filmmaking . '' Reactions to changes in the films from the Books ( edit ) See also : List of original characters in The Lord of the Rings film series The film series provoked both positive and negative reaction from fans and scholars of the novels , and was sometimes seen as changing parts Tolkien felt thematically necessary in terms of characters , themes , events and subtlety . Some fans of the book who disagreed with such changes have released fan edits of the films such as The Lord of the Rings : The Purist Edition , which removed many of the changes to bring them closer to the original .",
"19": "Various changes to characters such as Gandalf , Aragorn , Arwen , Denethor , Faramir , Gimli , and Frodo , when considered together , were seen by some to alter the tone and themes found in the books . Several critics contend that the portrayal of women , especially Arwen , in the films is thematically faithful to ( or compatible with ) Tolkien 's writings despite some differences . Wayne G. Hammond , a Tolkien scholar , said of the first two films that he found them to be `` travesties as adaptations ... faithful only on a basic level of plot '' and that many characters had not been depicted faithfully to their appearance in the novel . Other critics have argued that Tolkien 's characters were weakened and misinterpreted by their portrayal in the films . Changes to events ( such as the Elves participating at the Battle of Helm 's Deep , Faramir taking the hobbits to Osgiliath , and the deletion of the chapter `` The Scouring of the Shire '' ) are also seen as changing Tolkien 's themes . Janet Brennan Croft criticized the films using Tolkien 's own terms `` anticipation '' and `` flattening '' , which she used in critiquing a proposed film script . She contrasts Tolkien 's subtlety with Jackson 's tendency to show `` too much too soon '' . Supporters of the series assert that it is a worthy interpretation of the book and that most of the changes were necessary . Many who worked on the series are fans of the book , including Christopher Lee , who ( alone among the cast ) had actually met Tolkien in person , and Boyens once noted that no matter what , it is simply their interpretation of the book . Jackson once said that to simply summarize the story on screen would be a mess , and in his own words , `` Sure , it 's not really The Lord of the Rings ... but it could still be a pretty damn cool movie . '' Other fans also claim that , despite any changes , the films serve as a tribute to the book , appealing to those who have not yet read it , and even leading some to do so . The Movie Guide for The Encyclopedia of Arda ( an online Tolkien encyclopedia ) states that Jackson 's films were exceptional since filming the whole story of The Lord of the Rings was probably impossible .",
"20": "This notion is partially supported by a review published in 2005 that otherwise criticized a lack of `` faithfulness to Tolkien 's spirit and tone . '' Douglas Kellner argues that the conservative community spirit of Tolkien 's Shire is reflected in Jackson 's films as well as the division of the Fellowship into `` squabbling races '' . In a 2006 review , film theorist Kristin Thompson was critical about the fact that film studies were undertaken by literary researchers and about the frequent denigration of Jackson 's work in the collected essays . Legacy ( edit ) They eviscerated the book by making it an action movie for young people aged 15 to 25 , and it seems that The Hobbit will be the same kind of film . ( ... ) Tolkien has become a monster , devoured by his own popularity and absorbed by the absurdity of our time . The chasm between the beauty and seriousness of the work , and what it has become , has gone too far for me . Such commercialisation has reduced the aesthetic and philosophical impact of this creation to nothing . There is only one solution for me : turning my head away . `` '' -- Christopher Tolkien , Le Monde , 9 July 2012 The release of the films saw a surge of interest in The Lord of the Rings and Tolkien 's other works , vastly increasing his impact on popular culture . It was rumored that the Tolkien family became split on the series , with Christopher Tolkien and his son Simon Tolkien feuding over whether or not it was a good idea to adapt . Christopher has since denied these claims , saying , `` My own position is that The Lord of the Rings is peculiarly unsuitable to transformation into visual dramatic form . The suggestions that have been made that I ' disapprove ' of the films , even to the extent of thinking ill of those with whom I may differ , are wholly without foundation . '' He added that he had never `` expressed any such feeling '' . In 2012 , however , he described the films as having `` eviscerated '' the book , and criticized the resulting `` commercialisation '' of his father 's work .",
"21": "As a result of the series ' success , Peter Jackson has become a major player in the film business ( sometimes called a mogul ) in the mold of Steven Spielberg and George Lucas , in the process befriending some industry heavyweights like Bryan Singer and Frank Darabont. Jackson has since founded his own film production company , Wingnut Films , as well as Wingnut Interactive , a video game company . He was also finally given a chance to remake King Kong in 2005 . The film was a critical and box office success , although not as successful as The Lord of the Rings series . Jackson has been called a `` favourite son '' of New Zealand . In 2004 , Howard Shore toured with The Lord of the Rings Symphony , playing two hours of the score . Along with the Harry Potter films , the series has renewed interest in the fantasy film genre . Tourism for New Zealand is up , possibly due to its exposure in the series , with the country 's tourism industry waking up to an audience 's familiarity . Air New Zealand painted this Airbus A320 in The Lord of the Rings livery to help promote the films . In December 2002 , The Lord of the Rings Motion Picture Trilogy : The Exhibition opened at the Te Papa museum in Wellington , New Zealand . As of 2007 , the exhibition has traveled to seven other cities around the world . A musical adaptation of the book was launched in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , in 2006 , but it closed after mostly poor reviews . A shortened version opened in London , United Kingdom , in the summer of 2007 . The success of the films has also spawned numerous video games and many other kinds of merchandise . The legacy of The Lord of the Rings is also that of court cases over profits from the trilogy . Sixteen cast members ( Noel Appleby ( de ) , Jed Brophy , Mark Ferguson , Ray Henwood , Bruce Hopkins , William Johnson , Nathaniel Lees , Sarah McLeod , Ian Mune , Paul Norell , Craig Parker , Robert Pollock , Martyn Sanderson , Peter Tait and Stephan Ure ( de ) ) sued over the lack of revenue from merchandise bearing their appearance . The case was resolved out of court in 2008 . The settlement came too late for Appleby , who died of cancer in 2007 .",
"22": "Saul Zaentz also filed a lawsuit in 2004 claiming he had not been paid all of his royalties . The next year , Jackson himself sued the studio over profits from the first film , slowing development of the prequels until late 2007 . The Tolkien Trust filed a lawsuit in February 2008 , for violating Tolkien 's original deal over the rights that they would earn 7.5 % of the gross from any films based on his works . The Trust sought compensation of $150 million . A judge denied them this option , but allowed them to win compensation from the act of the studio ignoring the contract itself . On 8 September 2009 , a settlement of this dispute between the Trust and New Line was announced , clearing a potential obstacle to the making of a new film based on The Hobbit . Video games ( edit ) Numerous video games have been released to supplement the film series . The releases include : The Two Towers , Pinball , The Return of the King , The Third Age , The Third Age ( GBA ) , Tactics , The Battle for Middle - earth , The Battle for Middle - earth II , The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king , The Lord of the Rings Online , Conquest , Aragorn 's Quest , War in the North , Lego The Lord of the Rings , Guardians of Middle - earth , Lego The Hobbit ( video game ) , Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor , and Middle - earth : Shadow of War . The Hobbit ( edit ) Main article : The Hobbit ( film series ) Peter Jackson also directed three films based on Tolkien 's earlier 1937 novel The Hobbit . The first film , The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , was released on 12 December 2012 , the second film , The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug , was released on 13 December 2013 , and the third film , The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , was released on 17 December 2014 . Several actors from The Lord of the Rings , including Ian McKellen , Andy Serkis , Hugo Weaving , Elijah Wood , Ian Holm ( as older Bilbo ) , Christopher Lee , Cate Blanchett and Orlando Bloom reprised their roles .",
"23": "See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Book : The Lord of the Rings film series The Hobbit ( film series ) The Hobbit ( 1977 film ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 film ) The Return of the King ( 1980 film ) List of films considered the best List of longest films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Hobbit ' Trilogy Has Cost $561 Million So Far '' . Archived from the original on 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings : Popular Culture in Global Context . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Can Harry Potter work his magic on Oscar ? '' . The Hamilton Spectator . McClatchy - Tribune News Service . 26 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaino , Lorna ( 16 November 2016 ) . `` What Difference Does a Museum Make ? TE Papa 's Contribution to the New Zealand Economy '' . Media International Australia incorporating Culture and Policy . 117 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 42 . doi : 10.1177 / 1329878X0511700105 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 29 November 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Jackson interview '' . Explorations ( the Barnes & Noble Science Fiction newsletter ) . October -- November 2001 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ian Nathan ( 28 November 2003 ) .",
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"26": "Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hey , what happened to Saruman ? '' . CNN . 17 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2005 . Retrieved 15 October 2006 . Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring DVD preview of The Two Towers ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Elijah Wood and Sean Astin on The Two Towers Extended Edition commentary Jump up ^ Knowles , Harry ( 17 December 2000 ) . `` There and Back Again : A Geek 's Adventures in Middle - earth , CHAPTER FOUR ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on 26 March 2007 . Retrieved 15 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Peter Jackson in The Return of the King audio commentary Jump up ^ `` Peter Jackson talks of Lord of the Rings Ultimate Box Set '' . The Movie Blog.com . Archived from the original on 28 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 January 2005 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 15 August 2000 ) . `` Lord of the Rings Composer Confirmed '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings voted ' best movie soundtrack ' '' . BBC News . 7 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 20 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings News LoTR movie internet trailer preview '' . Xenite.org . Archived from the original on 21 August 2008 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 15 May 2001 ) . `` IGN : LOTR Footage Wows Journalists '' . Uk.movies.ign.com . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 25 January 2002 ) . `` A Longer Fellowship Ending ? '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 .",
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"28": "Jump up ^ `` The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Two Towers ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Return of the King ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings Moviesat the Box Office ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 20 July 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Successful Movie Trilogies Of All Time '' . therichest.com. 5 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2015 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings Total Grosses '' . boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Oscars won by a film '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Return of the King review at CalendarLive.com Archived 22 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine . by Kenneth Turan . Retrieved 5 August 2006 Jump up ^ Ringing Hollow bot = Brojam fix - attempted = yes ) ) by Sean Burns . Retrieved 15 February 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 22 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Two Towers '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 .",
"29": "^ Jump up to : `` The Return of the King '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Two Towers ( 2002 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2 February 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Return of the King ( 2003 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Dietz , Jason ( 3 January 2010 ) . `` Film Critics Pick the Best Movies of the Decade '' . metacritic.com . Archived from the original on 3 April 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Releases by Score '' . metacritic.com . Archived from the original on 17 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Archived from the original on 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli . `` Berardinelli 's All - Time Top 100 '' . Reelviews . Retrieved 16 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Susan Wloszczyna ( 2 July 2007 ) . `` Hollywood highlights : 25 movies with real impact '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 7 July 2007 . Retrieved 3 July 2007 .",
"30": "Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ; Jensen , Jeff ; Jordan , Tina ; Lyons , Margaret ; Markovitz , Adam ; Nashawaty , Chris ; Pastorek , Whitney ; Rice , Lynette ; Rottenberg , Josh ; Schwartz , Missy ; Slezak , Michael ; Snierson , Dan ; Stack , Tim ; Stroup , Kate ; Tucker , Ken ; Vary , Adam B. ; Vozick - Levinson , Simon ; Ward , Kate ( 11 December 2009 ) , `` THE 100 Greatest MOVIES , TV SHOWS , ALBUMS , BOOKS , CHARACTERS , SCENES , EPISODES , SONGS , DRESSES , MUSIC VIDEOS , AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS '' . Entertainment Weekly . ( 1079 / 1080 ) : 74 - 84 Jump up ^ `` The 50 Best Movies of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) '' . Paste Magazine . 3 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2011 . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( 29 December 2009 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings trilogy ( 2001 -- 03 ) -- Best Movies , TV , Books and Theater of the Decade '' . TIME . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 33 Greatest Movie Trilogies - 1 . The Lord of the Rings - Empire '' . empireonline.com . Archived from the original on 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 March 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Mary ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Can ' Harry Potter ' ever capture Oscar magic ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 7 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York film critics honor ' Rings ' '' . MSNBC.",
"31": "15 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Leo Grin . `` Tolkien Purists Strike Back ! '' . Archived from the original on 28 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : the purist edition '' . Archived from the original on 22 September 2007 . Retrieved 28 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Akers - Jordan , Cathy ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Fairy Princess or Tragic Heroine ? The Metamorphosis of Arwen Undomiel in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings Films '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Chance , Jane ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Tolkien 's Women ( and Men ) : The Films and the Books '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gaydosik , Victoria ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` The Transformation of Tolkien 's Arwen and the Abandonment of the Psyche Archetype : The Lord of the Rings on the Page and on the Screen '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Thum , Maureen ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` The `` Sub-Subcreation '' of Galadriel , Arwen , and Éowyn : Tolkien 's Women and The Lord of the Rings `` . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings .",
"32": "Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Philip Irving . `` A Beginner 's Guide to Tolkien Criticism '' . Dallas Baptist University . Archived from the original on 30 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Select Bibliography of Works about John Ronald Reuel Tolkien ( 1892 -- 1973 ) '' . St. Bonaventure University . Archived from the original on 17 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Croft , Janet Brennan . `` Anticipation and Flattening in Peter Jackson 's The Fellowship of the Ring '' . faculty-staff.ou.edu . University of Oklahoma . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Kirst , Sean . `` Tolkien Scholar Stings `` Rings '' Films . '' Review of The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring and The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers . First published in the Syracuse Post-Standard , 4 February 2003 . May be accessed here `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . in full , last retrieved 15 September 2006 Jump up ^ Crowe , Joe ( 21 November 2005 ) . `` Tolkien on Film : Review '' . RevolutionSF . Archived from the original on 29 November 2009 . Retrieved 23 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Timmons , Dan ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Frodo on Film : Peter Jackson 's Problematic Portrayal '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wiggins , Kayla McKinney ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` The Epic Hero and the Little Man '' .",
"33": "In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rutledge , Fleming ( 2004 ) . The Battle for Middle - Earth : Tolkien 's Divine Design in The Lord of the Rings . William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . p. 176 , note 39 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2497 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5th Anniversary of TTT release ( Archive ) - The Barrow - Downs Discussion Forum '' . Forum.barrowdowns.com. 18 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Croft , Jannet Brennan ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Mithril Coats and Tin Ears : ' Anticipation ' and ' Flattening ' in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings Trilogy '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Biography for Christopher Lee on IMDb Jump up ^ `` 20 Questions with Peter Jackson . Last retrieved 16 September 2006 '' . Members.tripod.com . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings Movies -- Complete List of Film Changes -- Overview -- The Hobbit , The Lord of the Rings , and Tolkien -- The One Ring -- The Home of Tolkien Online '' . Theonering.com . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Encyclopedia of Arda '' . Glyphweb.com . Archived from the original on 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bratman , David ( 1 January 2005 ) .",
"34": "`` Summa Jacksonica : A Reply to Defenses of Peter Jackson 's Lord of the Rings films , after St. Thomas Aquinas '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . It 's Jackson 's vision , not Tolkien 's ... The perfect film would have been 40 hours long . Jump up ^ Kellner , Douglas ( 2006 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings as Allegory : A Multiperspectivist Reading '' . In Matthijs , Ernest ; Pomerance , Murray . From Hobbits to Hollywood : Essays on Peter Jackson 's Lord of the Rings . Amsterdam : Editions Rodopi . pp. 21 , 23 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 1682 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Kristin ( 2006 ) . `` Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's ' The Lord of the Rings ' ( review ) '' . Tolkien Studies . 3 : 222 -- 228 . doi : 10.1353 / tks. 2006.0035 . ^ Jump up to : Rérolle , Raphaëlle ( 5 July 2012 ) . `` Tolkien , l'anneau de la discorde '' . Le Monde . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Ils ont éviscéré le livre , en en faisant un film d'action pour les 15 -- 25 ans . Et il paraît que Le Hobbit sera du même acabit . ( ... ) Tolkien est devenu un monstre , dévoré par sa popularité et absorbé par l'absurdité de l'époque . Le fossé qui s'est creusé entre la beauté , le sérieux de l'œuvre , et ce qu'elle est devenue , tout cela me dépasse . Un tel degré de commercialisation réduit à rien la portée esthétique et philosophique de cette création . Il ne me reste qu'une seule solution : tourner la tête .",
"35": "Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( 16 November 2003 ) . `` Lord of the Gold Ring '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 27 August 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Feud over ' Rings ' movie splits Tolkien family '' . The New Zealand Herald . 3 December 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Tolkien 's son denies rift '' . BBC News . 7 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` My Father 's `` Eviscerated '' `` . Worldcrunch.com. 5 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NZer of the year : Peter Jackson '' . The New Zealand Herald . 29 December 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Tourism in New Zealand '' . Archived from the original on 20 November 2005 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand , Home of Middle - earth '' . The New Zealand Herald . Archived from the original on 10 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Bruce Hopkins ( 8 October 2008 ) . `` New Zealand actors settle out of court with New Line '' . TheOneRing.net . Archived from the original on 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 9 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Svetkey ( 4 October 2007 ) . `` ' The Hobbit ' : Peace in Middle - Earth ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 5 October 2007 . Retrieved 5 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` J.R.R. Tolkien Trust Sues New Line Cinema for Portion of ' Lord of the Rings ' Profits '' . findlaw.com . Archived from the original on 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Alex Viega ( 12 February 2008 ) . `` Tolkien Estate Sues New Line Cinema '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 3 May 2008 .",
"36": "Jump up ^ `` No punitive damages in Rings case '' . BBC News . 26 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Alex Dobuzinskis ( 8 September 2009 ) . `` Legal settlement clears way for `` Hobbit '' movie `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 8 September 2009 . The Hollywood studio behind a film based on ' The Hobbit ' and trustees for author J.R.R. Tolkien 's estate said on Tuesday they had settled a lawsuit that clears the way for what is expected to be a blockbuster movie based on the book . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit Worldwide Release Dates '' . thehobbit.com . Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 31 August 2012 ) . `` Third ' Hobbit ' Film Sets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lord of the Rings ( movies ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Lord of the Rings film trilogy .",
"37": "Official site of the films The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series The Lord of the Rings Films The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Music The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` Aníron '' `` Concerning Hobbits '' `` Into the West '' `` May It Be '' `` A Walking Song '' Production Original characters ( Figwit ) Production design Principal photography Special effects Accolades The Exhibition Gollum : How We Made Movie Magic The Long and Short of It The Hobbit Films An Unexpected Journey The Desolation of Smaug The Battle of the Five Armies Production Original characters Tauriel Music `` I See Fire '' Accolades Video games The Two Towers The Return of the King The Third Age The Third Age ( GBA ) Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth The Battle for Middle - earth II The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Lego The Hobbit Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth in film Middle - earth Enterprises Animated films The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Live - action films Sagan om ringen ( 1971 ) The Hobbit ( 1985 ) Hobitit ( 1993 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Hobbit An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Fan films The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Book J.R.R.",
"38": "Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship !",
"39": "( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol .",
"40": "I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Peter Jackson Films directed Bad Taste ( 1987 ) Meet the Feebles ( 1989 ) Braindead ( 1992 ) Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) The Frighteners ( 1996 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) King Kong ( 2005 ) The Lovely Bones ( 2009 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Other films The Valley ( 1976 ) Forgotten Silver ( 1995 ) Crossing the Line ( 2008 ) Produced only Valley of the Stereos ( 1992 ) Jack Brown Genius ( 1997 ,",
"41": "also writer ) District 9 ( 2009 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) West of Memphis ( 2012 ) Mortal Engines ( 2018 , also writer ) Companies WingNut Films Weta Workshop Weta Digital Park Road Post Related The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) The Hobbit ( film series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"42": "php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)&oldid=838314961 '' Categories : English - language films The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) Adventure films by series American epic films American films Fictional - language films Film series High fantasy films New Zealand films New Line Cinema films Film series introduced in 2001 2000s fantasy films Films directed by Peter Jackson Films released in separate parts American fantasy adventure films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use British English from January 2013 Interlanguage link template link number Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 07 : 08 .",
"43": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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8239463385147663167
|
is jaffa cakes a biscuit or a cake
|
[
"cakes",
"Cake",
"the Jaffa cake should be considered a cake for tax purposes",
"biscuit-sized cakes"
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{
"0": "Jaffa cakes - wikipedia Jaffa cakes Jump to : navigation , search Jaffa Cakes A Jaffa Cake cut in half Alternative names Jaffa Type Cake Place of origin United Kingdom Region or state All Regions Created by McVitie and Price Main ingredients Sponge cake , orange - flavoured jam , chocolate Variations Various limited edition flavours ( Lemon and lime , strawberry , black currant ) Cookbook : Jaffa Cakes Media : Jaffa Cakes Jaffa Cakes are biscuit - sized cakes introduced by McVitie and Price in the UK in 1927 and named after Jaffa oranges . The most common form of Jaffa cakes are circular , 2 ⁄ inches ( 54 mm ) in diameter and have three layers : a Genoise sponge base , a layer of orange flavoured jam and a coating of chocolate . Jaffa cakes are also available as bars or in small packs , and in larger and smaller sizes . The original Jaffa Cakes come in packs of 12 , 24 or 36 . Because McVitie 's did not trademark the name `` Jaffa Cakes '' , other biscuit manufacturers and supermarkets have made similar products under the same name . The product 's classification as a cake or biscuit was part of a VAT tribunal in 1991 , with the court finding in McVitie 's favour that the Jaffa cake should be considered a cake for tax purposes . In 2012 they were ranked the best selling cake or biscuit in the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Manufacture 2 Flavour variants 3 Categorisation as cake or biscuit for VAT 4 References Manufacture McVitie 's entire line of Jaffa cakes are produced in the United Kingdom at the McVitie 's factory in Stockport . The Jaffa cake production area covers an acre ( 4,000 m ) and includes a production line over a mile ( 1.6 km ) long which sits on the Stockport side of the site 's boundary with Manchester .",
"1": "Because of the nature of the product -- having multiple components of cake , chocolate covering and jam -- special hardware accelerators were devised to allow rapid computer inspection of 20 products per second , taking place under four symmetrically placed lights . Flavour variants Although Jaffa cakes are usually orange flavour , limited edition flavours have been available , such as lemon - and - lime , strawberry and blackcurrant . Categorisation as cake or biscuit for VAT In the United Kingdom , value added tax is payable on chocolate - covered biscuits , but not on chocolate - covered cakes . McVities defended its classification of Jaffa Cakes as cakes at a VAT tribunal in 1991 , against the ruling that Jaffa cakes were biscuits due to their size and shape , and the fact that they were often eaten in place of biscuits . McVities insisted that the product was a cake , and allegedly produced a giant Jaffa cake in court to illustrate its point . The product was assessed on the following criteria : The product 's name was regarded as a minor consideration . The ingredients were regarded as similar to those of a cake , producing a thin cake - like batter rather than the thick dough of a biscuit . The product 's texture was regarded as being that of a sponge cake . The product hardens when stale , in the manner of a cake . A substantial part of the Jaffa cake , in terms of bulk and texture , is sponge . In size , the Jaffa cake is more like a biscuit than a cake . The product was generally displayed for sale alongside other biscuits , rather than with cakes . The product is presented as a snack and eaten with the fingers , like a biscuit , rather than with a fork as a cake might be . The tribunal also considered that children would eat them in `` a few mouthfuls '' , in the manner of a sweet . The court found in favour of McVitie 's and ruled that the product should be considered a cake , meaning that VAT is not paid on Jaffa cakes in the United Kingdom . In Ireland , Jaffa cakes are regarded as cakes by Revenue as their moisture content is greater than 12 % . As a result , they are charged the reduced rate of VAT ( 13.5 % as of 2016 ) .",
"2": "References Jump up ^ `` Labelling rules '' . Food Standards Agency . 9 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jaffa Cake 's lemon squeezy bar '' . Thegrocer.co.uk . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jaffa Cakes , A Cake Or Buscuit ? '' . ColdRicePudding. 1 January 2009 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Harry Wallop ( 6 May 2012 ) . `` Jaffa Cakes - definitely not biscuits - prepare to take on imitators '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ VAT Tribunal case LON / 91 / 0160 ( United Biscuits ) Jump up ^ `` Jaffa Cakes - definitely not biscuits - prepare to take on imitators '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 28 December 2014 Jump up ^ `` The factory where life is sweet '' . Manchester Evening News . 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Machine Vision for the Inspection of Natural Products -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` McVitie 's Jaffa Cakes Lemon and Lime '' . Snackspot.org.uk . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` McVitie 's launches limited edition Strawberry - flavoured Jaffa Cakes '' . Talkingretail.com. 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jaffa Cakeover '' . The Daily Record . 12 December 2005 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Natalie ( 2011 ) . Revenue Law Principles and Practice . A&C Black . p. 1009 . ISBN 9781847667663 . ^ Jump up to : `` What you do -- and do n't -- pay VAT on '' . Which ? Magazine . 24 June 2010 .",
"3": "Retrieved 27 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom VAT & Duties Tribunals Decisions -- Torq Ltd v Revenue and Customs ( 2005 ) '' . British and Irish Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Excepted items : Confectionery : The bounds of confectionery , sweets , chocolates , chocolate biscuits , cakes and biscuits : The borderline between cakes and biscuits '' . hmrc.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` The borderline between cakes and biscuits '' . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ JAFFA CAKES ( Food and drink for human consumption ) at the Wayback Machine ( archived January 7 , 2018 ) ( hide ) Snack cakes Alfajor Chocodile Twinkie Choco pie Ding Dong Fudge Rounds Gansito Ho Hos Hostess CupCake Jaffa Cakes Jos . Louis May West Moon pie Sno Balls Suzy Q Twinkie Wagon Wheels Whoopie pie Yodels Zingers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaffa_Cakes&oldid=819048427 '' Categories : British cakes United Biscuits brands Brand name snack foods Biscuits ( British style ) Products introduced in 1927 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from October 2014 Use British English from May 2013 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Scots Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 03 : 19 . About Wikipedia",
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who does the voice of stewie family guy
|
[
"Seth MacFarlane",
"Seth MacFarlane",
"Seth MacFarlane",
"Seth MacFarlane",
"Seth MacFarlane"
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{
"0": "List of Family Guy cast members - wikipedia List of Family Guy cast members Jump to : navigation , search Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane also provides the voices of Peter Griffin , Stewie Griffin , Brian Griffin , and Glenn Quagmire . Family Guy is an American animated sitcom that features five main voice actors , and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars . The principal voice cast consists of show creator Seth MacFarlane , Alex Borstein , Mila Kunis ( who replaced Lacey Chabert after the first season ( her last episode is `` Holy Crap , '' now marketed as the second episode of season two ) ) , Seth Green , and Mike Henry . Recurring voice actors include Patrick Warburton , Adam West , John G. Brennan , Nicole Sullivan and Jennifer Tilly , and repeat guest stars include Phyllis Diller , Charles Durning , Rush Limbaugh , and Phil LaMarr . Many cast members provide voices for multiple characters . The voice actors , in portraying the various character personalities on the show , draw inspiration from celebrities and pop culture . Family Guy characters have been played by more than one actor , after members of the show left the series or had conflicting obligations . Kunis was nominated for an Annie Award for voicing Meg Griffin in the season 5 episode `` Barely Legal '' and MacFarlane has also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice - Over Performance and an Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production , though no other cast member has won an award for their work on the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current cast 1.1 Seth MacFarlane 1.2 Alex Borstein 1.3 Mila Kunis 1.4 Seth Green 1.5 Mike Henry 2 Recurring cast 3 Recurring guest voices 4 Casting changes 5 Awards and nominations 6 References Current cast ( edit ) Seth Green provides the voice of Chris Griffin . Mike Henry voices various characters in the series . Mila Kunis provides the voice of Meg Griffin . Alex Borstein provides the voice of Lois Griffin . Patrick Warburton provides the voice of Joe Swanson . The real Adam West provided the voice of Mayor Adam West . From seasons 1 to 4 , Family Guy had four main cast members .",
"1": "Since season 5 , there have been five main cast members . The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1 . Seth MacFarlane ( edit ) Seth MacFarlane voices three of the show 's main characters : Peter Griffin , Brian Griffin , and Stewie Griffin . MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself , believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it . MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design . Stewie 's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison , especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady . MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian . MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one - time only characters , most prominently those of news anchor Tom Tucker , Lois ' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr. Hartman . He is the only voice to be in every episode . Alex Borstein ( edit ) Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin , Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa , Loretta Brown and Lois ' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt . Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv . She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was `` really sight unseen '' . At the time , Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles , in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins . The voice was originally slower ( and deeper for the original series ) , but when MacFarlane heard it , he replied `` Make it a little less fucking annoying ... and speed it up , or every episode will last four hours . '' Mila Kunis ( edit ) Mila Kunis voices Meg Griffin . Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character , in part due to her performance on That ' 70s Show . MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition , instructing her to speak slower , and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more . Once she claimed that she had it under control , MacFarlane hired her .",
"2": "Kunis described her character as `` the scapegoat '' . She further explained , `` Meg gets picked on a lot . But it 's funny . It 's like the middle child . She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14 - year - old , when you 're kind of going through puberty and what - not . She 's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation . And it 's fun . '' Seth Green ( edit ) Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman . Green stated that he did an impression of the `` Buffalo Bill '' character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition . His main inspiration for Chris ' voice came from envisioning how `` Buffalo Bill '' would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald 's . Mike Henry ( edit ) Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown , John Herbert The Pervert and various other characters . A Family Guy writer and producer , he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory ( see below ) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005 . Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show , he also voices Cleveland 's step - son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy . Recurring cast ( edit ) In addition to both its main cast and guest stars , Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors . Some appear in nearly every episode each season , while others appear less frequently . Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters , while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags . The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors : Actor Character ( s ) No. of Episodes ( Out of 245 produced ) Notes Benjamin , H. Jon H. Jon Benjamin Carl 14 Since 2006 . Breckenridge , Alexandra Alexandra Breckenridge Various women 57 Since 2005 . Currently voices most female `` extras '' not voiced by Alex Borstein . Brennan , Johnny Johnny Brennan Goldman , Mort Mort Goldman , Horace the bartender 77 Callaghan , Steve Steve Callaghan Various 37 Also the current showrunner and executive producer of Family Guy and former showrunner / EP of American Dad ! .",
"3": "Garman , Ralph Ralph Garman Various 138 Lakin , Christine Christine Lakin Kinney , Joyce Joyce Kinney 23 Since 2010 . LaMarr , Phil Phil LaMarr Williams , Ollie Ollie Williams and the Quahog judge 56 MacFarlane , Rachael Rachael MacFarlane Olivia and various women 54 Formerly one of the most frequent female voices . She reduced her number of appearances per season after joining American Dad ! in 2005 but still appears several times per season . Seth MacFarlane 's sister . Osment , Emily Emily Osment Various 14 Since 2012 . Richardson , Kevin Michael Kevin Michael Richardson Jerome and Cleveland Jr . 30 Since 2009 . Sheridan , Chris Chris Sheridan Various 33 Also a Family Guy writer . Smith , Danny Danny Smith Various , including Evil Monkey , Al Harrington and Ernie , the Giant Chicken 189 Also a Family Guy writer . Sulkin , Alec Alec Sulkin Christ , Jesus Jesus Christ and various others 147 Since 2005 , Also a Family Guy writer . Tatasciore , Fred Fred Tatasciore Various 36 Tilly , Jennifer Jennifer Tilly Swanson , Bonnie Bonnie Swanson 42 Has recurred as the Griffin 's neighbor since the first season . Viener , John John Viener Various 182 Since 2005 , he has been one of the most frequently heard male voices aside from Seth MacFarlane . Also a Family Guy writer . Warburton , Patrick Patrick Warburton Swanson , Joe Joe Swanson 163 Has appeared as the Griffins ' neighbor since the first season , and usually appears in most episodes each season . Warburton is the most frequently appearing one - character actor in the supporting repertory . Wingert , Wally Wally Wingert Various 41 In addition to the above , the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series : Actor Character ( s ) No. of Episodes Notes Alan , Lori Lori Alan Simmons , Diane Diane Simmons 63 Left the show in season nine when her character was killed off .",
"4": "Was replaced in the series ' context by Christine Lakin 's Joyce Kinney Alazraqui , Carlos Carlos Alazraqui Weed , Mr.Mr . Weed 10 Peter 's first boss , Mr. Weed , was killed off early in the series ' run . Barrymore , Drew Drew Barrymore Russell , Jillian Jillian Russell 12 Played Jillian , Brian 's former girlfriend . The character still appears in background roles Cole , Gary Gary Cole Various 38 Cole appeared frequently in the earlier seasons , but still pops up now and then to play Meg and Chris ' principal , Mr. Shepherd . Hartman , Butch Butch Hartman Various 8 Henry , Mike Mike Henry Cleveland Brown , Herbert , Bruce , Consuela , and various others Was promoted to main cast in 2005 . Also a Family Guy writer . Hentemann , Mark Mark Hentemann Opie and various others 45 Recently left Family Guy to work on another Seth MacFarlane project . Also a Family Guy writer . Fisher , Carrie Carrie Fisher Angela 19 Has recurred as Peter 's boss several times per season since 2005 . Died in 2016 . Strong , Tara Tara Strong Various , as well as Meg 's singing voice 21 Appeared frequently in the first four seasons . Returned briefly in 2010 - 2012 and again for one episode in 2014 . Sullivan , Nicole Nicole Sullivan Goldman , Muriel Muriel Goldman 27 Muriel was killed off in season nine . Whitman , Mae Mae Whitman Various 10 Was a recurring younger female voice for several seasons between 2008 - 2010 . Wild , Wellesley Wellesley Wild Various 14 No longer a recurring voice ( since 2013 ) . He was a producer , but left the show . Wilhoit , Lisa Lisa Wilhoit D'Amico , Connie Connie D'Amico 15 Meg 's bully Connie has not appeared in the series since 2013 .",
"5": "West , Adam Adam West Mayor West , Adam Adam West 93 Played a warped version of himself as the mayor of Quahog . Died in 2017 . Recurring guest voices ( edit ) Main article : List of Family Guy guest stars The recurring guest voices include Adam Carolla as Death , Patrick Stewart as Susie Swanson , Scott Grimes as Kevin Swanson and Sanaa Lathan as Donna Tubbs Brown . Previous recurring guests included Phyllis Diller in three episodes as Peter 's Mother , Thelma , and Charles Durning as Peter 's father , Francis . Both characters have since died , but Durning returned once to play Francis as a ghost . Early in the show 's run , Fred Willard and Jane Lynch had a recurring role as a family of nudists . James Woods as James Woods . Casting changes ( edit ) Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season ( 14 episodes ) , but , because of a contractual agreement , was never credited . Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five , as well as schoolwork . Norm Macdonald voiced the character of Death in a second season episode of Family Guy . He was subsequently replaced by Adam Carolla in all other appearances . Jon Cryer originally voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance , before the role was passed temporarily onto Seth MacFarlane . The character was written out of the series for several years , with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned . Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character in the third season . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Actor Award Category Role Result Ref .",
"6": "2000 Seth MacFarlane Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - Over Performance Stewie Griffin Won 2009 Seth MacFarlane Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - Over Performance Peter Griffin Won 2006 Seth MacFarlane Annie Award Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production Stewie Griffin Won 2007 Mila Kunis Annie Award Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production Meg Griffin Won References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( January 29 , 1999 ) . `` Cartoonist MacFarlane funny guy of Fox 's ' Family ' Subversive voice of series is his '' . USA Today . p . E7 . ^ Jump up to : Cruz , Gilbert ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` Family Guy 's Seth MacFarlane '' . Time . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andy ( April 30 , 2005 ) . `` A Real Family Reunion '' . Providence Journal TV . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dean , John ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's $2 Billion Family Guy Empire '' . Fox Business . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Nancy ( January 16 , 2006 ) . `` American Idiots '' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to : `` Family Guy Cast and Details '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Kirk ( November 19 , 2008 ) . `` Q&A : Alex Borstein '' . Metromix . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alex Borstein ( Lois ) Laughs at the Once - Dead Family Guy 's Longevity '' . TV Guide . November 13 , 2006 .",
"7": "Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Family Guy -- Casting Mila Kunis . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris ( September 25 , 2007 ) . `` Mila Kunis Talks About Working on Family Guy and Her Upcoming Movie '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( April 9 , 1999 ) . `` Seth Green fits right in with new Family '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Fans help ' Family Guy ' return to Fox '' . Observer - Reporter. April 29 , 2005 . p . E5 . Jump up ^ Green , Seth ( September 27 , 2005 ) . Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story : Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . Jump up ^ `` Steve Callaghan Named ' American Dad ' Showrunner '' . Jump up ^ Epstein , Daniel Robert . `` Interview with Seth MacFarlane , creator of The Family Guy '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sonic the Horndog '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Brian Lowry ( 2000 - 08 - 28 ) . `` NBC Leads Tally of Early Emmys , Boosted by ' West Wing ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The 61st Primetime Emmy Awards and 2009 Creative Arts Emmy Awards Nominees are ... '' Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . 2009 - 07 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Award Winners '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 21 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 2006 ) '' . Annie Awards . 2009 - 11 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 05 . ( hide ) Family Guy Characters Griffin family Peter Lois Meg Chris Stewie Brian Other characters Quagmire Cleveland Adam West Herbert Cleveland Jr . Production Cast members Guest stars Writers Awards Media releases The Life of Larry shorts Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Live in Vegas Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Hallmarks Road to ... episodes Star Wars episodes Merchandise Home video Video games Family Guy Video Game ! ( 2006 ) Family Guy Online ( 2012 ) Back to the Multiverse ( 2012 ) Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff ( 2014 ) Family Guy : Another Freakin ' Mobile Game ( 2017 ) See also Criticism Night of the Hurricane The Cleveland Show American Dad ! Animation Domination `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' Book Portal Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Family_Guy_cast_members&oldid=820114547 '' Categories : Family Guy Hidden categories : Featured lists Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Português Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 03 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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6,
3,
2,
8
] |
7875168227068849793
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when did it change from bc to ad
|
[
"year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth"
] |
{
"0": "Anno Domini - wikipedia Anno Domini Jump to : navigation , search `` AD '' and `` Before Christ '' redirect here . For other uses , see Anno Domini ( disambiguation ) and AD ( disambiguation ) . Anno Domini inscription at a cathedral in Carinthia , Austria . The terms anno Domini ( AD ) and before Christ ( BC ) are used to label or number years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars . The term anno Domini is Medieval Latin and means `` in the year of the Lord '' , but is often presented using `` our Lord '' instead of `` the Lord '' , taken from the full original phrase `` anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi '' , which translates to `` in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ '' . This calendar era is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth , with AD counting years from the start of this epoch , and BC denoting years before the start of the era . There is no year zero in this scheme , so the year AD 1 immediately follows the year 1 BC . This dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus of Scythia Minor , but was not widely used until after 800 . The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used calendar in the world today . For decades , it has been the unofficial global standard , adopted in the pragmatic interests of international communication , transportation , and commercial integration , and recognized by international institutions such as the United Nations . Traditionally , English followed Latin usage by placing the `` AD '' abbreviation before the year number . However , BC is placed after the year number ( for example : AD 2018 , but 68 BC ) , which also preserves syntactic order . The abbreviation is also widely used after the number of a century or millennium , as in `` fourth century AD '' or `` second millennium AD '' ( although conservative usage formerly rejected such expressions ) . Because BC is the English abbreviation for Before Christ , it is sometimes incorrectly concluded that AD means After Death , i.e. , after the death of Jesus . However , this would mean that the approximate 33 years commonly associated with the life of Jesus would neither be included in the BC nor the AD time scales .",
"1": "Terminology that is viewed by some as being more neutral and inclusive of non-Christian people is to call this the Current or Common Era ( abbreviated as CE ) , with the preceding years referred to as Before the Common or Current Era ( BCE ) . Astronomical year numbering and ISO 8601 avoid words or abbreviations related to Christianity , but use the same numbers for AD years . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Popularization 1.2 Change of year 2 Historical birth date of Jesus 3 Other eras 4 CE and BCE 5 No year zero / Start and end of a century 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Sources 9 External links History The Anno Domini dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus to enumerate the years in his Easter table . His system was to replace the Diocletian era that had been used in an old Easter table because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians . The last year of the old table , Diocletian 247 , was immediately followed by the first year of his table , AD 532 . When he devised his table , Julian calendar years were identified by naming the consuls who held office that year -- he himself stated that the `` present year '' was `` the consulship of Probus Junior '' , which was 525 years `` since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ '' . Thus Dionysius implied that Jesus ' Incarnation occurred 525 years earlier , without stating the specific year during which his birth or conception occurred . `` However , nowhere in his exposition of his table does Dionysius relate his epoch to any other dating system , whether consulate , Olympiad , year of the world , or regnal year of Augustus ; much less does he explain or justify the underlying date . '' Bonnie J. Blackburn and Leofranc Holford - Strevens briefly present arguments for 2 BC , 1 BC , or AD 1 as the year Dionysius intended for the Nativity or Incarnation .",
"2": "Among the sources of confusion are : In modern times , Incarnation is synonymous with the conception , but some ancient writers , such as Bede , considered Incarnation to be synonymous with the Nativity . The civil or consular year began on 1 January but the Diocletian year began on 29 August ( 30 August in the year before a Julian leap year ) . There were inaccuracies in the lists of consuls . There were confused summations of emperors ' regnal years . It is not known how Dionysius established the year of Jesus 's birth . Two major theories are that Dionysius based his calculation on the Gospel of Luke , which states that Jesus was `` about thirty years old '' shortly after `` the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar '' , and hence subtracted thirty years from that date , or that Dionysius counted back 532 years from the first year of his new table . It is convenient to initiate a calendar not from the very day of an event but from the beginning of a cycle which occurs in close proximity . For example , the Islamic calendar begins not from the date of the Hijra , but rather weeks prior , on the first occurrence of the month of Muharram ( corresponding to 16 July 622 ) . It has also been speculated by Georges Declercq that Dionysius ' desire to replace Diocletian years with a calendar based on the incarnation of Christ was intended to prevent people from believing the imminent end of the world . At the time , it was believed by some that the Resurrection and end of the world would occur 500 years after the birth of Jesus . The old Anno Mundi calendar theoretically commenced with the creation of the world based on information in the Old Testament . It was believed that , based on the Anno Mundi calendar , Jesus was born in the year 5500 ( or 5500 years after the world was created ) with the year 6000 of the Anno Mundi calendar marking the end of the world . Anno Mundi 6000 ( approximately AD 500 ) was thus equated with the resurrection and the end of the world but this date had already passed in the time of Dionysius .",
"3": "Popularization The Anglo - Saxon historian the Venerable Bede , who was familiar with the work of Dionysius Exiguus , used Anno Domini dating in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People , completed in 731 . In this same history , he also used another Latin term , ante vero incarnationis dominicae tempus anno sexagesimo ( `` in fact in the 60th year before the time of the Lord 's incarnation '' ) , equivalent to the English `` before Christ '' , to identify years before the first year of this era . Both Dionysius and Bede regarded Anno Domini as beginning at the incarnation of Jesus , but `` the distinction between Incarnation and Nativity was not drawn until the late 9th century , when in some places the Incarnation epoch was identified with Christ 's conception , i.e. , the Annunciation on March 25 '' ( Annunciation style ) . Statue of Charlemagne by Agostino Cornacchini ( 1725 ) , at St. Peter 's Basilica , Vatican City . Charlemagne promoted the usage of the Anno Domini epoch throughout the Carolingian Empire . On the continent of Europe , Anno Domini was introduced as the era of choice of the Carolingian Renaissance by the English cleric and scholar Alcuin in the late eighth century . Its endorsement by Emperor Charlemagne and his successors popularizing the use of the epoch and spreading it throughout the Carolingian Empire ultimately lies at the core of the system 's prevalence . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , popes continued to date documents according to regnal years for some time , but usage of AD gradually became more common in Roman Catholic countries from the 11th to the 14th centuries . In 1422 , Portugal became the last Western European country to switch to the system begun by Dionysius . Eastern Orthodox countries only began to adopt AD instead of the Byzantine calendar in 1700 when Russia did so , with others adopting it in the 19th and 20th centuries . Although Anno Domini was in widespread use by the 9th century , the term `` Before Christ '' ( or its equivalent ) did not become common until much later .",
"4": "Bede the Venerable used the expression `` anno igitur ante incarnationem Dominicam '' ( so in the year before the Incarnation of the Lord ) twice . `` Anno an xpi nativitate '' ( in the year before the birth of Christ ) is found in 1474 in a work by a German monk . In 1627 , the French Jesuit theologian Denis Pétau ( Dionysius Petavius in Latin ) , with his work De doctrina temporum , popularized the usage ante Christum ( Latin for `` Before Christ '' ) to mark years prior to AD . Change of year When the reckoning from Jesus ' incarnation began replacing the previous dating systems in western Europe , various people chose different Christian feast days to begin the year : Christmas , Annunciation , or Easter . Thus , depending on the time and place , the year number changed on different days in the year , which created slightly different styles in chronology : From 25 March 753 AUC ( today in 1 BC ) , i.e. , notionally from the incarnation of Jesus . That first `` Annunciation style '' appeared in Arles at the end of the 9th century , then spread to Burgundy and northern Italy . It was not commonly used and was called calculus pisanus since it was adopted in Pisa and survived there till 1750 . From 25 December 753 AUC ( today in 1 BC ) , i.e. , notionally from the birth of Jesus . It was called `` Nativity style '' and had been spread by the Venerable Bede together with the Anno Domini in the early Middle Ages . That reckoning of the Year of Grace from Christmas was used in France , England and most of western Europe ( except Spain ) until the 12th century ( when it was replaced by Annunciation style ) , and in Germany until the second quarter of the 13th century . From 25 March 754 AUC ( today in AD 1 ) . That second `` Annunciation style '' may have originated in Fleury Abbey in the early 11th century , but it was spread by the Cistercians . Florence adopted that style in opposition to that of Pisa , so it got the name of calculus florentinus .",
"5": "It soon spread in France and also in England where it became common in the late 12th century and lasted until 1752 . From Easter , starting in 754 AUC ( AD 1 ) . That mos gallicanus ( French custom ) bound to a moveable feast was introduced in France by king Philip Augustus ( r . 1180 -- 1223 ) , maybe to establish a new style in the provinces reconquered from England . However , it never spread beyond the ruling élite . With these various styles , the same day could , in some cases , be dated in 1099 , 1100 or 1101 . Historical birth date of Jesus See also : Date of birth of Jesus , Nativity of Jesus § Date of birth , and Chronology of Jesus § Historical birth date of Jesus The date of birth of Jesus of Nazareth is not stated in the gospels or in any secular text , but most scholars assume a date of birth between 6 BC and 4 BC . The historical evidence is too sketchy to allow a definitive dating , but the date is estimated through two different approaches - one by analyzing references to known historical events mentioned in the Nativity accounts in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew , and the second by working backwards from the estimation of the start of the ministry of Jesus . Other eras Further information : Calendar era During the first six centuries of what would come to be known as the Christian era , European countries used various systems to count years . Systems in use included consular dating , imperial regnal year dating , and Creation dating . Although the last non-imperial consul , Basilius , was appointed in 541 by Emperor Justinian I , later emperors through Constans II ( 641 -- 668 ) were appointed consuls on the first 1 January after their accession . All of these emperors , except Justinian , used imperial post-consular years for the years of their reign , along with their regnal years . Long unused , this practice was not formally abolished until Novell XCIV of the law code of Leo VI did so in 888 . Another calculation had been developed by the Alexandrian monk Annianus around the year AD 400 , placing the Annunciation on 25 March AD 9 ( Julian ) -- eight to ten years after the date that Dionysius was to imply .",
"6": "Although this incarnation was popular during the early centuries of the Byzantine Empire , years numbered from it , an Era of Incarnation , were exclusively used and are yet used , in Ethiopia . This accounts for the seven - or eight - year discrepancy between the Gregorian and Ethiopian calendars . Byzantine chroniclers like Maximus the Confessor , George Syncellus , and Theophanes dated their years from Annianus ' creation of the world . This era , called Anno Mundi , `` year of the world '' ( abbreviated AM ) , by modern scholars , began its first year on 25 March 5492 BC . Later Byzantine chroniclers used Anno Mundi years from 1 September 5509 BC , the Byzantine Era . No single Anno Mundi epoch was dominant throughout the Christian world . Eusebius of Caesarea in his Chronicle used an era beginning with the birth of Abraham , dated in 2016 BC ( AD 1 = 2017 Anno Abrahami ) . Spain and Portugal continued to date by the Era of the Caesars or Spanish Era , which began counting from 38 BC , well into the Middle Ages . In 1422 , Portugal became the last Catholic country to adopt the Anno Domini system . The Era of Martyrs , which numbered years from the accession of Diocletian in 284 , who launched the last yet most severe persecution of Christians , was used by the Church of Alexandria and is still used , officially , by the Coptic Orthodox and Coptic Catholic churches . It was also used by the Ethiopian church . Another system was to date from the crucifixion of Jesus Christ , which as early as Hippolytus and Tertullian was believed to have occurred in the consulate of the Gemini ( AD 29 ) , which appears in some medieval manuscripts . CE and BCE Main article : Common Era Alternative names for the Anno Domini era include vulgaris aerae ( found 1615 in Latin ) , `` Vulgar Era '' ( in English , as early as 1635 ) , `` Christian Era '' ( in English , in 1652 ) , `` Common Era '' ( in English , 1708 ) , and `` Current Era '' . Since 1856 , the alternative abbreviations CE and BCE , ( sometimes written C.E. and B.C.E. )",
"7": "are sometimes used in place of AD and BC . The `` Common / Current Era '' ( `` CE '' ) terminology is often preferred by those who desire a term that does not explicitly make religious references . For example , Cunningham and Starr ( 1998 ) write that `` B.C.E. / C.E. ... do not presuppose faith in Christ and hence are more appropriate for interfaith dialog than the conventional B.C. / A.D. '' Upon its foundation , the Republic of China adopted the Minguo Era , but used the Western calendar for international purposes . The translated term was 西元 ( `` xī yuán '' , `` Western Era '' ) . Later , in 1949 , the People 's Republic of China adopted 公元 ( gōngyuán , `` Common Era '' ) for all purposes domestic and foreign . No year zero / start and end of a century Further information : 0 ( year ) , Astronomical year numbering , Millennium , and Century In the AD year numbering system , whether applied to the Julian or Gregorian calendars , AD 1 is preceded by 1 BC . There is no year `` 0 '' between them , so a new century begins in a year which has `` 01 '' as the final digits ( e.g. , 1801 , 1901 , 2001 ) . New millennia likewise are considered to have begun in 1001 and 2001 . This is at odds with the much more common conception that centuries and millennia begin when the trailing digits are zeroes ( 1800 , 1900 , 2000 , etc . ) ; for example , the worldwide celebration of the new millennium took place on New Year 's Eve 1999 , when the year number ticked over to 2000 . For computational reasons , astronomical year numbering and the ISO 8601 standard designate years so that AD 1 = year 1 , 1 BC = year 0 , 2 BC = year − 1 , etc . In common usage , ancient dates are expressed in the Julian calendar , but ISO 8601 uses the Gregorian calendar and astronomers may use a variety of time scales depending on the application . Thus dates using the year 0 or negative years may require further investigation before being converted to BC or AD .",
"8": "See also Ante Christum natum Calendar Common Era Holocene calendar Notes Jump up ^ The word `` anno '' is often capitalized , but this is considered incorrect by many authorities and either not mentioned in major dictionaries or only listed as an alternative . Wikipedia 's manual of style also prescribes lowercase . Jump up ^ This convention comes from grammatical usage . Anno 500 means `` in the year 500 '' ; anno domini 500 means `` in the year 500 of Our Lord '' . Just as `` 500 in the year '' is not good English syntax , neither is 500 AD ; whereas `` AD 500 '' preserves syntactic order when translated . Jump up ^ To convert from a year BC to astronomical year numbering , reduce the absolute value of the year by 1 , and prefix it with a negative sign ( unless the result is zero ) . For years AD , omit the AD and prefix the number with a plus sign ( plus sign is optional if it is clear from the context that the year is after the year 0 ) . References Citations Jump up ^ `` anno Domini '' . Collins English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` anno Domini '' . American Heritage Dictionary . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Jump up ^ The word `` before '' is often capitalized , but this is considered incorrect by many authorities and either not mentioned in major dictionaries or only listed as an alternative . Wikipedia 's manual of style also prescribes lowercase . Jump up ^ `` BC '' . Collins English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` before Christ '' . American Heritage Dictionary . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Jump up ^ `` BC '' . Merriam Webster Online Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Anno Domini '' . Merriam Webster Online Dictionary . Merriam - Webster . 2003 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 04 . Etymology : Medieval Latin , in the year of the Lord Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Blackburn & Holford - Strevens 2003 , p.",
"9": "782 `` since AD stands for anno Domini , ' in the year of ( Our ) Lord ' '' ^ Jump up to : Teresi , Dick ( July 1997 ) . `` Zero '' . The Atlantic . ^ Jump up to : Blackburn & Holford - Strevens 2003 , pp. 778 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Eastman , Allan . `` A Month of Sundays '' . Date and Time . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Chicago Manual of Style 2010 , pp. 476 -- 7 ; Goldstein 2007 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Chicago Manual of Style , 1993 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Donald P. Ryan , ( 2000 ) , 15 . Jump up ^ Blackburn & Holford - Strevens 2003 , p. 767 . Jump up ^ Nineteen year cycle of Dionysius Introduction and First Argumentum . Jump up ^ Blackburn & Holford - Strevens 2003 , p. 778 . Jump up ^ Tøndering , Claus , The Calendar FAQ : Counting years Jump up ^ Mosshammer , Alden A ( 2009 ) . The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Oxford . p. 347 . Jump up ^ F.A. Shamsi , `` The Date of Hijrah '' , Islamic Studies 23 ( 1984 ) : 189 - 224 , 289 - 323 ( JSTOR link 1 + JSTOR link 2 ) . Jump up ^ Declercq , Georges , `` Anno Domini . The Origins of the Christian Era '' Turnhout , Belgium , 2000 Jump up ^ Wallraff , Martin : Julius Africanus und die Christliche Weltchronik . Walter de Gruyter , 2006 Jump up ^ Mosshammer , Alden A. : The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Oxford University Press , 2009 , p. 254 , p. 270 , p.",
"10": "328 Jump up ^ Declercq , Georges : Anno Domini . The Origins of the Christian Era . Turnhout Belgium . 2000 Jump up ^ Bede 731 , Book 1 , Chapter 2 , first sentence . Jump up ^ Blackburn & Holford - Strevens 2003 , p. 881 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick , 1908 Jump up ^ `` General Chronology '' . New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol III . New York : Robert Appleton Company . 1908 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Werner Rolevinck in Fasciculus temporum ( 1474 ) used Anno an xpi nativitatem ( in the ... ( th ) year before the birth of Christ ) for all years between creation and Jesus . `` xpi '' is the Greek χρι in Latin letters , which is an abbreviation for Christi . This phrase appears upside down in the centre of recto folios ( right hand pages ) . From Jesus to Pope Sixtus IV he usually used Anno Christi or its abbreviated form Anno xpi ( on verso folios -- left hand pages ) . He used Anno mundi alongside all of these terms for all years . Jump up ^ Steel , Duncan ( 2000 ) . Marking time : the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 29827 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Lynn Avery ( 2008 ) . Measuring time , making history . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 963 - 9776 - 14 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Petau , Denis ( 1758 ) . search for `` ante Christum '' in a 1748 reprint of a 1633 abridgement entitled Rationarium temporum by Denis Petau . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ C.R.",
"11": "Cheney , A Handbook of Dates , for students of British history , Cambridge University Press , 1945 -- 2000 , pp. 8 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Dunn , James DG ( 2003 ) . `` Jesus Remembered '' . Eerdmans Publishing : 324 . Jump up ^ Doggett 1992 , p579 : `` Although scholars generally believe that Christ was born some years before AD 1 , the historical evidence is too sketchy to allow a definitive dating '' . Jump up ^ Paul L. Maier `` The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus '' in Chronos , kairos , Christos : nativity and chronological studies by Jerry Vardaman , Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 ISBN 0 - 931464 - 50 - 1 pp. 113 -- 129 Jump up ^ New Testament History by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 ISBN 0 - 310 - 31201 - 9 pp. 121 -- 124 Jump up ^ Roger S. Bagnall and Klaas A. Worp , Chronological Systems of Byzantine Egypt , Leiden , Brill , 2004 . Jump up ^ Alfred von Gutschmid , Kleine Schriften , F. Ruehl , Leipzig , 1889 , p. 433 . Jump up ^ Johannes Kepler ( 1615 ) . Joannis Keppleri Eclogae chronicae : ex epistolis doctissimorum aliquot virorum & suis mutuis , quibus examinantur tempora nobilissima : 1 . Herodis Herodiadumque , 2 . baptismi & ministerii Christi annorum non plus 2 1 / 4 , 3 . passionis , mortis et resurrectionis Dn . N. Iesu Christi , anno aerae nostrae vulgaris 31 . non , ut vulgo 33. , 4 . belli Iudaici , quo funerata fuit cum Ierosolymis & Templo Synagoga Iudaica , sublatumque Vetus Testamentum .",
"12": "Inter alia & commentarius in locum Epiphanii obscurissimum de cyclo veteri Iudaeorum ( in Latin ) . Francofurti : Tampach . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 18 . anno aerae nostrae vulgaris Jump up ^ Kepler , Johann ; Vlacq , Adriaan ( 1635 ) . Ephemerides of the Celestiall Motions , for the Yeers of the Vulgar Era 1633 ... Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sliter , Robert ( 1652 ) . A celestiall glasse , or , Ephemeris for the year of the Christian era 1652 being the bissextile or leap - year : contayning the lunations , planetary motions , configurations & ecclipses for this present year ... : with many other things very delightfull and necessary for most sorts of men : calculated exactly and composed for ... Rochester . London : Printed for the Company of Stationers . Jump up ^ The History of the Works of the Learned. 10 . London : Printed for H. Rhodes . January 1708 . p. 513 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ BBC Team ( 8 February 2005 ) . `` History of Judaism 63BCE -- 1086CE '' . BBC Religion & Ethics . British Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 18 . Year 1 : CE -- What is nowadays called the ' Current Era ' traditionally begins with the birth of a Jewish teacher called Jesus . His followers came to believe he was the promised Messiah and later split away from Judaism to found Christianity Jump up ^ Raphall , Morris Jacob ( 1856 ) . Post-Biblical History of The Jews . Moss & Brother . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 18 . The term common era does not appear in this book ; the term Christian era ( lowercase ) does appear a number of times . Nowhere in the book is the abbreviation explained or expanded directly .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Robinson , B.A. ( 20 April 2009 ) . `` Justification of the use of `` CE '' & `` BCE '' to identify dates . Trends `` . ReligiousTolerance.org . Jump up ^ William Safire ( 17 August 1997 ) . `` On Language : B.C. / A.D. or B.C.E. / C.E. ? '' . The New York Times Magazine . Jump up ^ Cunningham , ed. by Philip A. ( 2004 ) . Pondering the Passion : what 's at stake for Christians and Jews ? . Lanham , Md. ( u.a. ) : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 193 . ISBN 978 - 0742532182 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Doggett , 1992 , p. 579 Sources Abate , Frank R. ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . Oxford Pocket Dictionary and Thesaurus ( American ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513097 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Goldstein , Norm , ed. ( 2007 ) . Associated Press Style Book . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00489 - X . Bede. ( 731 ) . Historiam ecclesiasticam gentis Anglorum . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 07 . Chicago Manual of Style ( 2nd ed . ) . University of Chicago . 1993 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 10389 - 7 . Chicago Manual of Style ( 16th ed . ) . University of Chicago . 2010 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 10420 - 6 . Blackburn , Bonnie ; Holford - Strevens , Leofranc ( 2003 ) . The Oxford companion to the Year : An exploration of calendar customs and time - reckoning . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214231 - 3 .",
"14": "Corrected reprinting of original 1999 edition . Cunningham , Philip A ; Starr , Arthur F ( 1998 ) . Sharing Shalom : A Process for Local Interfaith Dialogue Between Christians and Jews . Paulist Press . ISBN 0 - 8091 - 3835 - 2 . Declercq , Georges ( 2000 ) . Anno Domini : The origins of the Christian era . Turnhout : Brepols . ISBN 2 - 503 - 51050 - 7 . ( despite beginning with 2 , it is English ) Declercq , G. `` Dionysius Exiguus and the Introduction of the Christian Era '' . Sacris Erudiri 41 ( 2002 ) : 165 -- 246 . An annotated version of part of Anno Domini . Doggett. ( 1992 ) . `` Calendars '' ( Ch. 12 ) , in P. Kenneth Seidelmann ( Ed . ) Explanatory supplement to the astronomical almanac . Sausalito , CA : University Science Books . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Patrick , J. ( 1908 ) . `` General Chronology '' . In The Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 from New Advent : http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm Richards , E.G. ( 2000 ) . Mapping Time . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 286205 - 7 . Riggs , John ( January 2003 ) . `` Whatever happened to B.C. and A.D. , and why ? '' . United Church News . Retrieved 2005 - 12 - 19 . Ryan , Donald P. ( 2000 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Biblical Mysteries . Alpha Books . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 863831 - X . External links Look up AD or Anno Domini in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Calendar Converter",
"15": "Chronology Key topics Archaeology Astronomy Geology History Paleontology Time Eras Epochs Calendar eras Human Era Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Byzantine era Seleucid era Spanish era Before Present Hijri Egyptian Sothic cycle Hindu units of time ( Yuga ) Mesoamerican Long Count Short Count Tzolk'in Haab ' Regnal year Canon of Kings Lists of kings Limmu Era names Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese Calendars Pre-Julian / Julian Pre-Julian Roman Original Julian Proleptic Julian Revised Julian Gregorian Gregorian Proleptic Gregorian Old Style and New Style dates Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Dual dating Astronomical Lunisolar Solar Lunar Astronomical year numbering Others Chinese sexagenary cycle Geologic Calendar Hebrew Iranian Islamic ISO week date Mesoamerican Maya Aztec Winter count ( Plains Indians ) Astronomic time Cosmic Calendar Ephemeris Galactic year Metonic cycle Milankovitch cycles Geologic time Concepts Deep time Geological history of Earth Geological time units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age ( GSSA ) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point ( GSSP ) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope",
"16": "geochemistry Law of superposition Luminescence dating Samarium -- neodymium dating Chronological dating Absolute dating Amino acid racemisation Archaeomagnetic dating Dendrochronology Ice core Incremental dating Lichenometry Paleomagnetism Radiometric dating Radiocarbon Uranium -- lead Potassium -- argon Tephrochronology Luminescence dating Thermoluminescence dating Relative dating Fluorine absorption Nitrogen dating Obsidian hydration Seriation Stratigraphy Genetic methods Molecular clock Linguistic methods Glottochronology Related topics Chronicle New Chronology Periodization Synchronoptic view Timeline Year zero Circa Floruit Terminus post quem ASPRO chronology Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anno_Domini&oldid=818650667 '' Categories : 6th - century Christianity Calendar eras Christian terminology Chronology Latin religious phrases Timelines of Christian history Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2012 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia",
"17": "Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kiswahili Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 20 : 02 .",
"18": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what drug does the mom use in requiem for a dream
|
[
"amphetamines",
"weight-loss amphetamines",
"amphetamines",
"amphetamines"
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{
"0": "Requiem for a Dream - wikipedia Requiem for a Dream Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Requiem for a Dream ( disambiguation ) . Requiem for a Dream Theatrical release poster Directed by Darren Aronofsky Produced by Eric Watson Palmer West Screenplay by Hubert Selby , Jr . Darren Aronofsky Based on Requiem for a Dream by Hubert Selby , Jr . Starring Ellen Burstyn Jared Leto Jennifer Connelly Marlon Wayans Music by Clint Mansell Cinematography Matthew Libatique Edited by Jay Rabinowitz Production company Thousand Words Protozoa Pictures Distributed by Artisan Entertainment Release date May 14 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 14 ) ( Cannes ) October 27 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 27 ) ( US ) Running time 101 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4.5 million Box office $7.4 million Requiem for a Dream is a 2000 American psychological drama film directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Ellen Burstyn , Jared Leto , Jennifer Connelly , and Marlon Wayans . The film is based on the novel of the same name by Hubert Selby , Jr. , with whom Aronofsky wrote the screenplay . The film depicts four different forms of drug addiction , which lead to the characters ' imprisonment in a world of delusion and reckless desperation that is subsequently overtaken by reality , thus leaving them as hollow shells of their former selves . Requiem for a Dream was screened out of competition at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival and received positive reviews from critics upon its U.S. release . Burstyn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Themes 5 Style 6 Release 6.1 Rating 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Accolades 7 Soundtrack 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) During the summer in Brighton Beach , Brooklyn , widow Sara Goldfarb spends her time watching infomercials . Meanwhile , her son Harry occasionally pawns her television set to fund his , his girlfriend Marion 's , and his best friend Tyrone 's drug use . After Sara receives a call that she has won a spot on a television game show , she becomes excited about attending it . To fit back into her red dress , the favorite of her deceased husband Seymour 's , she attempts to lose weight through unsuccessful diets . At the recommendation of a friend , she visits an unscrupulous physician who prescribes her a regimen of weight - loss amphetamines . She begins losing weight , and is excited by how much energy she has . Harry and Tyrone plan to sell heroin to make enough to live off ; that summer , their small - time dealing business thrives . Harry and Marion plan to open up a dress shop for Marion 's designs , and Tyrone dreams of escaping the ghetto to make his mother proud . Sara and her friends wait expectantly every day for the game show invitation to arrive . With the extra money , Harry stops by to tell his mother he ordered her a new television set , but when he implores her to get off the amphetamines , she confesses that the only thing she has to live for anymore is the dream of looking glamorous on a television stage , and the extra attention she receives now from her friends . As Sara 's tolerance for the amphetamines increases , she craves the high she once had , while becoming frantic about the invitation . When she increases her dosage she develops amphetamine psychosis . During a drug deal , Tyrone is caught in a shootout between the two rival gangs . He flees the scene and is arrested . Harry has to use most of their earned money to post bail . The local supply of heroin becomes restricted , and they are unable to find any for either use or sale .",
"2": "Eventually , Tyrone hears of a large shipment coming , but the price is doubled and the minimum high . Harry , desperate , suggests Marion ask her psychiatrist , Arnold , for money in exchange for sex , straining their relationship . When the drug buy goes bad , Harry returns empty - handed to Marion . He departs after giving her the number of a pimp , Big Tim , who trades heroin for sex . Harry and Tyrone decide that to put their business back on track , they will drive to Florida to buy directly from the wholesaler there . After a series of horrifying hallucinations , Sara flees her apartment for the office of the casting agency in Manhattan , to confirm when she will be on TV . She is taken away by ambulance and committed to a psychiatric ward where she is subjected to degrading treatments . When none work , the physician induces a barely lucid Sara to approve electroconvulsive therapy . On the drive to Miami , Harry and Tyrone visit a hospital because of Harry 's increasingly infected needle injection sites . The doctor notices the symptoms of drug abuse , and Harry and Tyrone are arrested . Back in New York , a desperate Marion has sex with the pimp to get heroin . Recognizing her addiction , he entices her with a bigger score of heroin if she returns that weekend for a party . Tyrone is taunted by racist prison guards whilst enduring manual labor . Harry 's infected arm is amputated . Sara undergoes violent electroshock therapy . Marion is humiliated as the subject of a graphic sex show . When Sara 's friends come to the hospital to visit , they are distraught by her almost vegetative state . Harry wakes emotionally distraught after the amputation , knowing that Marion will not be visiting him . Tyrone thinks of his mother in prison and suffers from drug withdrawal . Marion comes home from the show and lies on her sofa , clutching her score of heroin . Sara dreams that she is on television , and has won the grand prize , with Harry as the guest of honor . Cast ( edit ) Ellen Burstyn as Sara Goldfarb Jared Leto as Harry Goldfarb Jennifer Connelly as Marion Silver Marlon Wayans as Tyrone C. Love Christopher McDonald as Tappy Tibbons Mark Margolis as Mr.",
"3": "Rabinowitz Louise Lasser as Ada Marcia Jean Kurtz as Rae Sean Gullette as Arnold , Marion 's psychiatrist Keith David as Big Tim , Marion 's pimp Dylan Baker as Southern Doctor Ajay Naidu as Mailman Ben Shenkman as Dr. Spencer Hubert Selby , Jr. as Laughing guard Darren Aronofsky ( uncredited ) as Visitor Production ( edit ) The film rights to Hubert Selby , Jr. 's book were optioned by Scott Vogel for Truth and Soul Pictures in 1997 prior to the release of Aronofsky 's film π . Themes ( edit ) The majority of reviewers characterized Requiem for a Dream in the genre of `` drug movies '' , along with films like The Basketball Diaries , Trainspotting , Spun , and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas . However , Aronofsky has said : Requiem for a Dream is not about heroin or about drugs ... The Harry - Tyrone - Marion story is a very traditional heroin story . But putting it side by side with the Sara story , we suddenly say , ' Oh , my God , what is a drug ? ' The idea that the same inner monologue goes through a person 's head when they 're trying to quit drugs , as with cigarettes , as when they 're trying to not eat food so they can lose 20 pounds , was really fascinating to me . I thought it was an idea that we had n't seen on film and I wanted to bring it up on the screen . In the book , Selby refers to the `` American Dream '' as amorphous and unattainable , a compilation of the various desires of the story 's characters . Style ( edit ) Rapid cuts in Requiem for a Dream Play media One of the filmmaking techniques in Requiem for a Dream is the use of rapid cuts or a hip hop montage . Whenever the characters use street drugs , a rapid succession of images illustrates their transition from sobriety to intoxication . In this scene , Harry and Tyrone deal drugs and Marion uses cocaine while she designs clothes . The speed of the footage and the cuts alternates as the characters become intoxicated and sober . Problems playing this file ? See media help .",
"4": "As in his previous film , π , Aronofsky uses montages of extremely short shots throughout the film ( sometimes termed a hip hop montage ) . While an average 100 - minute film has 600 to 700 cuts , Requiem features more than 2,000 . Split - screen is used extensively , along with extremely tight closeups . Long tracking shots ( including those shot with an apparatus strapping a camera to an actor , called the Snorricam ) and time - lapse photography are also prominent stylistic devices . To portray the shift from the objective , community - based narrative to the subjective , isolated state of the characters ' perspectives , Aronofsky alternates between extreme closeups and extreme distance from the action and intercuts reality with a character 's fantasy . Aronofsky aims to subjectivize emotion , and the effect of his stylistic choices is personalization rather than alienation . The camera serves as a vehicle for exploring the characters ' states of mind , hallucinations , visual distortions , and corrupted sense of time . The film 's distancing itself from empathy is structurally advanced by the use of intertitles ( Summer , Fall , Winter ) , marking the temporal progress of addiction . The average scene length shortens as the film progresses ( beginning around 90 seconds to two minutes ) until the movie 's climactic scenes , which are cut together very rapidly ( many changes per second ) and are accompanied by a score which increases in intensity accordingly . After the climax , there is a short period of serenity , during which idyllic dreams of what may have been are juxtaposed with portraits of the four shattered lives . Release ( edit ) Requiem for a Dream premiered at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival on May 14 , 2000 and the 2000 Toronto International Film Festival on September 13 before a wide release on October 27 . Rating ( edit ) In the United States , the film was originally rated NC - 17 by the MPAA , but Aronofsky appealed the rating , claiming that cutting any portion of the film would dilute its message . The appeal was denied and Artisan decided to release the film unrated . An R - rated version was released on video , with the sex scene edited , but the rest of the film identical to the unrated version .",
"5": "In the United Kingdom , the film was given an 18 certificate by the BBFC for `` drug depiction , coarse language and sex '' . In Australia the film was rated R18+ by the ACB for `` drug use and adult themes '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Requiem for a Dream received positive reviews from critics and has a `` Certified Fresh '' score of 78 % on Rotten Tomatoes based on 133 reviews , with an average rating of 7.4 out of 10 . The critical consensus states , `` Though the movie may be too intense for some to stomach , the wonderful performances and the bleak imagery are hard to forget . '' The film also has a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 32 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Film critic James Berardinelli considered Requiem for a Dream the second best film of the decade , behind The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . Roger Ebert gave the film 31⁄2 stars out of four , stating that `` What is fascinating about Requiem for a Dream , ... is how well ( Aronofsky ) portrays the mental states of his addicts . When they use , a window opens briefly into a world where everything is right . Then it slides shut , and life reduces itself to a search for the money and drugs to open it again . '' Elvis Mitchell , writing for The New York Times , gave the film a positive review , stating that `` After the young director 's phenomenal debut with the barely budgeted Pi , which was like watching a middleweight boxer win a fight purely on reflexes , he comes back with a picture that shows maturation . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian , lauded the film . `` His agonising and unflinchingly grim portrait of drug abuse , taken from a novel by Hubert Selby Jr ( with whom Aronofsky co-wrote the screenplay ) , is a formally pleasing piece of work - if pleasing can possibly be the right word . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote that `` no one interested in the power and magic of movies should miss it . ''",
"6": "Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly , who gave the work an `` A '' grade , argued that it `` may be the first movie to fully capture the way drugs dislocate us from ourselves '' and said , `` The movie , a full - throttle mind - bender , is hypnotically harrowing and intense , a visual and spiritual plunge into the seduction and terror of drug addiction . '' Scott Brake of IGN gave the film a 9.0 out of 10 and argued , `` The reason it works so well as a film about addiction is that , in every frame , the film itself is addictive . It 's absolutely relentless , from Aronofsky 's bravura cinematic techniques ( split screens , complex cross-cutting schemes , hallucinatory visuals ) to Clint Mansell 's driving , hypnotic score ( performed by the Kronos Quartet ) , the movie compels you to watch it . '' Some critics were less positive , however . On Mr. Showbiz , Kevin Maynard stated that the film is `` never the heart - wrenching emotional experience it seems intended to be . '' J. Rentilly billed the work as `` chilling and technically proficient and , also , fairly hollow . '' Desson Thompson of The Washington Post argued that its characters are `` mostly relegated to human mannequins in Aronofsky 's visual schemes '' . David Sterritt of the Christian Science Monitor wrote that `` Aronofsky 's filmmaking gets addicted to its own flashy cynicism '' . Accolades ( edit ) Ellen Burstyn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as Sara Goldfarb , but lost to Julia Roberts in the title role of Erin Brockovich . She was nominated for several other awards including the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role . In 2007 , Requiem for a Dream was picked as one of the 400 nominated films for the American Film Institute list AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) . In 2012 , the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed Requiem for a Dream as the 29th best - edited film of all time based on a survey of its members .",
"7": "In a 2016 international critics ' poll conducted by BBC , the film , Toni Erdmann and Carlos were tied together and were three voted together as the 100 greatest motion pictures since 2000 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main articles : Requiem for a Dream ( soundtrack ) and Lux Aeterna ( Mansell ) The soundtrack was composed by Clint Mansell with the string ensemble performed by Kronos Quartet . The string quartet arrangements were written by Pulitzer Prize - winning composer David Lang . The soundtrack was re-released with the album Requiem for a Dream : Remixed , which contains remixes of the music by Paul Oakenfold , Josh Wink , Jagz Kooner , and Delerium , among others . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` REQUIEM FOR A DREAM ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 23 , 2000 . Retrieved January 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Requiem for a Dream ( 2000 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . January 1 , 2002 . Retrieved January 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Requiem for a Dream : : rogerebert.com : : Reviews '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Skorin - Kapov , Jadranka ( 2015 ) Darren Aronofsky 's Films and the Fragility of Hope , p. 32 Bloomsbury Academic Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Requiem for a Dream '' . Festival-Cannes.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Booker , M. ( 2007 ) . Postmodern Hollywood . New York : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 99900 - 9 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Susan ( 2008 ) . Hooked . New York : Routledge . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 95706 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a punk movie '' .",
"8": "Salon.com ( October 13 , 2000 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Dancyger , Ken ( 2002 ) . The Technique of Film and Video Editing . London : Focal . pp. 257 -- 258 . ISBN 0 - 240 - 80420 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Anna ( 2007 ) . Deleuze , Altered States and Film . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . p. 75 . ISBN 0 - 7486 - 3282 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Eugene ; Anthony Kaufman ( August 25 , 2000 ) . `` MPAA Upholds NC - 17 Rating for Aronofsky 's `` Requiem for a Dream '' ; Artisan Stands Behind Film and Will Release Film Unrated `` . indieWIRE . SnagFilms . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Requiem for a Dream Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Requiem for a Dream Reviews '' . Metacritic . n.d . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Movies of the Decade '' . ReelViews.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 3 , 2000 ) . `` Requiem for a Dream Movie Review ( 2000 ) '' . Rogerebert.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Elvis ( October 6 , 2000 ) . `` Movie Review : Requiem for a Dream '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( January 18 , 2001 ) . `` Living in Oblivion '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 11 , 2000 ) . `` Requiem for a Dream '' . Rolling Stone .",
"9": "Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( October 13 , 2000 ) . `` Movie Review : ' Requiem for a Dream ' Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review of Requiem for a Dream '' . IGN . October 20 , 2000 . Retrieved December 13 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Requiem for a Dream '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Rick ( March 4 , 2001 ) . `` OSCAR FILMS / ACTORS : An Angry Man and an Underused Woman ; Ellen Burstyn Enjoys Her Second Act '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Award Nominees -- 2000 '' . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Oscars.org . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Ballot Jump up ^ `` The 75 Best Edited Films '' . Editors Guild Magazine . 1 ( 3 ) . May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 21st century 's 100 greatest films '' . BBC . August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Requiem for a Dream Requiem for a Dream on IMDb Requiem for a Dream at AllMovie Requiem for a Dream at Box Office Mojo Requiem for a Dream at Rotten Tomatoes Requiem for a Dream at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Darren Aronofsky Pi ( 1998 ) Requiem for a Dream ( 2000 ) The Fountain ( 2006 ) The Wrestler ( 2008 ) Black Swan ( 2010 ) Noah ( 2014 ) Mother !",
"10": "( 2017 ) Unrealized projects VIAF : 316751968 GND : 7669191 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Requiem_for_a_Dream&oldid=837413732 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films 2000s independent films 2000s psychological drama films American independent films American psychological drama films Films directed by Darren Aronofsky Films about heroin addiction Films about prostitution Films based on American novels Films set in Brooklyn Films shot in New York City Artisan Entertainment films Screenplays by Darren Aronofsky Films scored by Clint Mansell Films set in psychiatric hospitals Films about television Protozoa Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 17 : 35 .",
"11": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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how long was dark side of the moon number 1
|
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"42:49",
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{
"0": "The Dark Side of the Moon - wikipedia The Dark Side of the Moon Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the album by Pink Floyd . For other uses , see Dark side of the Moon . For the far or hidden side of the Moon , see Far side of the Moon . The Dark Side of the Moon Album cover by Hipgnosis and George Hardie Studio album by Pink Floyd Released 1 March 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 01 ) Recorded 1 June 1972 -- January 1973 Studio Abbey Road Studios , London Genre Progressive rock Length 42 : 49 Label Harvest Producer Pink Floyd Pink Floyd chronology Obscured by Clouds ( 1972 ) Obscured by Clouds 1972 The Dark Side of the Moon ( 1973 ) Wish You Were Here ( 1975 ) Wish You Were Here 1975 30th anniversary SACD Re-issue Singles from The Dark Side of the Moon `` Money '' Released : 7 May 1973 `` Us and Them '' Released : 4 February 1974 The Dark Side of the Moon is the eighth studio album by English rock band Pink Floyd , released on 1 March 1973 by Harvest Records . The album built on ideas explored in earlier recordings and live shows , but lacks the extended instrumental excursions that characterised their earlier work . Its themes explore conflict , greed , the passage of time , and mental illness , the latter partly inspired by the deteriorating mental state of founding member and principal contributor , Syd Barrett . Developed during live performances , an early version was premiered several months before recording began ; new material was recorded in two sessions in 1972 and 1973 at Abbey Road in London . The group used some advanced recording techniques at the time , including multitrack recording and tape loops . Analogue synthesizers were prominent in several tracks , and snippets from recorded interviews with Pink Floyd 's road crew and others provided philosophical quotations throughout . Engineer Alan Parsons was responsible for many distinctive sonic aspects and the recruitment of singer Clare Torry .",
"1": "The album 's iconic sleeve was designed by Storm Thorgerson ; following keyboardist Richard Wright 's request for a `` simple and bold '' design , it depicts a prism spectrum , representing the band 's lighting and the record 's themes . The Dark Side of the Moon was a commercial and critical success . It topped the Billboard Top LPs & Tapes chart for a week and remained in the chart for 741 weeks from 1973 to 1988 . After the rules were changed in 2009 , the album re-entered the chart and eventually topped out at 937 total weeks . With an estimated 45 million copies sold , it is Pink Floyd 's most successful album and one of the best - selling worldwide . It has been remastered and re-released several times , and covered in its entirety by several acts . It produced two singles , `` Money '' and `` Us and Them '' . It is often ranked as one of the greatest albums of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Concept 3 Recording 3.1 Instrumentation 3.2 Voices 3.3 Completion 4 Packaging 5 Release 5.1 Label 5.2 Sales 5.3 Re-issues and remastering 6 Legacy 6.1 Rankings 6.2 Covers , tributes and samples 6.3 Dark Side of the Rainbow 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 8.1 Pink Floyd 8.2 Additional musicians 8.3 Production 8.4 Design 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Charts 9.2 Certifications 10 Release history 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Following Meddle in 1971 , Pink Floyd assembled for a tour of Britain , Japan and the United States in December of that year . In a band meeting at drummer Nick Mason 's home in Camden , bassist Roger Waters proposed that a new album could form part of the tour . Waters ' idea was for an album that dealt with things that `` make people mad '' , focusing on the pressures faced by the band during their arduous lifestyle , and dealing with the apparent mental problems suffered by former band member Syd Barrett .",
"2": "The band had explored a similar idea with 1969 's The Man and The Journey . In an interview for Rolling Stone , guitarist David Gilmour said : `` I think we all thought -- and Roger definitely thought -- that a lot of the lyrics that we had been using were a little too indirect . There was definitely a feeling that the words were going to be very clear and specific . '' `` Money '' ( demo ) Waters ' early demo recording of `` Money '' , made in his garden shed . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Generally , all four members agreed that Waters ' album concept unified by a single theme was a good idea . Waters , Gilmour , Mason and keyboardist Richard Wright participated in the writing and production of the new material , and Waters created the early demo tracks at his Islington home in a small studio built in his garden shed . Parts of the new album were taken from previously unused material ; the opening line of `` Breathe '' came from an earlier work by Waters and Ron Geesin , written for the soundtrack of The Body , and the basic structure of `` Us and Them '' borrowed from an original composition by Wright for Zabriskie Point . The band rehearsed at a warehouse in London owned by The Rolling Stones , and then at the Rainbow Theatre in Finsbury Park , London . They also purchased extra equipment , which included new speakers , a PA system , a 28 - track mixing desk with a four channel quadraphonic output , and a custom - built lighting rig . Nine tonnes of kit was transported in three lorries ; this would be the first time the band had taken an entire album on tour . The album had been given the provisional title of Dark Side of the Moon ( an allusion to lunacy , rather than astronomy ) . However , after discovering that that title had already been used by another band , Medicine Head , it was temporarily changed to Eclipse . The new material premièred at The Dome in Brighton , on 20 January 1972 , and after the commercial failure of Medicine Head 's album the title was changed back to the band 's original preference .",
"3": "The Rainbow Theatre in London , where The Dark Side of the Moon was played for the press in 1972 Dark Side of the Moon : A Piece for Assorted Lunatics , as it was then known , was performed in the presence of an assembled press on 17 February 1972 -- more than a year before its release -- at the Rainbow Theatre , and was critically acclaimed . Michael Wale of The Times described the piece as `` ... bringing tears to the eyes . It was so completely understanding and musically questioning . '' Derek Jewell of The Sunday Times wrote `` The ambition of the Floyd 's artistic intention is now vast . '' Melody Maker was , however , less enthusiastic : `` Musically , there were some great ideas , but the sound effects often left me wondering if I was in a bird - cage at London zoo . '' However , the following tour was praised by the public . The new material was performed in the same order in which it was eventually recorded ; differences included the lack of synthesizers in tracks such as `` On the Run '' , and Bible readings later replaced by Clare Torry 's vocals on `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' . Pink Floyd 's lengthy tour through Europe and North America gave them the opportunity to make continual improvements to the scale and quality of their performances . Work on the album was interrupted in late February when the band travelled to France and recorded music for French director Barbet Schroeder 's film La Vallée . They then performed in Japan and returned to France in March to complete work on the film . After a series of dates in North America , the band flew to London to begin recording , from 24 May to 25 June . More concerts in Europe and North America followed before the band returned on 9 January 1973 to complete the album . Concept ( edit ) The Dark Side of the Moon built upon experiments Pink Floyd had attempted in their previous live shows and recordings , but lacks the extended instrumental excursions which , according to critic David Fricke , had become characteristic of the band after founding member Syd Barrett left in 1968 . Gilmour , Barrett 's replacement , later referred to those instrumentals as `` that psychedelic noodling stuff '' , and with Waters cited 1971 's Meddle as a turning - point towards what would be realised on the album .",
"4": "The Dark Side of the Moon 's lyrical themes include conflict , greed , the passage of time , death , and insanity , the latter inspired in part by Barrett 's deteriorating mental state ; he had been the band 's principal composer and lyricist . The album is notable for its use of musique concrète and conceptual , philosophical lyrics , as found in much of the band 's other work . Each side of the album is a continuous piece of music . The five tracks on each side reflect various stages of human life , beginning and ending with a heartbeat , exploring the nature of the human experience , and ( according to Waters ) `` empathy '' . `` Speak to Me '' and `` Breathe '' together stress the mundane and futile elements of life that accompany the ever - present threat of madness , and the importance of living one 's own life -- `` Do n't be afraid to care '' . By shifting the scene to an airport , the synthesizer - driven instrumental `` On the Run '' evokes the stress and anxiety of modern travel , in particular Wright 's fear of flying . `` Time '' examines the manner in which its passage can control one 's life and offers a stark warning to those who remain focused on mundane aspects ; it is followed by a retreat into solitude and withdrawal in `` Breathe ( Reprise ) '' . The first side of the album ends with Wright and vocalist Clare Torry 's soulful metaphor for death , `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' . Opening with the sound of cash registers and loose change , the first track on side two , `` Money '' , mocks greed and consumerism using tongue - in - cheek lyrics and cash - related sound effects ( ironically , `` Money '' has been the most commercially successful track from the album , with several cover versions produced by other bands ) . `` Us and Them '' addresses the isolation of the depressed with the symbolism of conflict and the use of simple dichotomies to describe personal relationships . `` Any Colour You Like '' concerns the lack of choice one has in a human society . `` Brain Damage '' looks at a mental illness resulting from the elevation of fame and success above the needs of the self ; in particular , the line `` and if the band you 're in starts playing different tunes '' reflects the mental breakdown of former bandmate Syd Barrett .",
"5": "The album ends with `` Eclipse '' , which espouses the concepts of alterity and unity , while forcing the listener to recognise the common traits shared by humanity . Recording ( edit ) Abbey Road Studios The album was recorded at Abbey Road Studios , in two sessions , between May 1972 and January 1973 . The band were assigned staff engineer Alan Parsons , who had worked as assistant tape operator on Atom Heart Mother , and who had also gained experience as a recording engineer on the Beatles ' Abbey Road and Let It Be . The recording sessions made use of some of the most advanced studio techniques of the time ; the studio was capable of 16 - track mixes , which offered a greater degree of flexibility than the eight - or four - track mixes they had previously used , although the band often used so many tracks that to make more space available second - generation copies were made . Beginning on 1 June , the first track to be recorded was `` Us and Them '' , followed six days later by `` Money '' . Waters had created effects loops from recordings of various money - related objects , including coins thrown into a food - mixing bowl taken from his wife 's pottery studio , and these were later re-recorded to take advantage of the band 's decision to record a quadraphonic mix of the album ( Parsons has since expressed dissatisfaction with the result of this mix , attributed to a lack of time and the paucity of available multi-track tape recorders ) . `` Time '' and `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' were the next pieces to be recorded , followed by a two - month break , during which the band spent time with their families and prepared for an upcoming tour of the US . The recording sessions suffered regular interruptions ; Waters , a supporter of Arsenal F.C. , would often break to see his team compete , and the band would occasionally stop work to watch Monty Python 's Flying Circus on the television , leaving Parsons to work on material recorded up to that point . Gilmour has , however , disputed this claim ; in an interview in 2003 he said : `` We would sometimes watch them but when we were on a roll , we would get on . ''",
"6": "The EMS VCS 3 ( Putney ) synthesizer Returning from the US in January 1973 , they recorded `` Brain Damage '' , `` Eclipse '' , `` Any Colour You Like '' and `` On the Run '' , while fine - tuning the work they had already laid down in the previous sessions . A foursome of female vocalists was assembled to sing on `` Brain Damage '' , `` Eclipse '' and `` Time '' , and saxophonist Dick Parry was booked to play on `` Us and Them '' and `` Money '' . With director Adrian Maben , the band also filmed studio footage for Pink Floyd : Live at Pompeii . Once the recording sessions were complete , the band began a tour of Europe . Instrumentation ( edit ) The album features metronomic sound effects during `` Speak to Me '' , and tape loops opening `` Money '' . Mason created a rough version of `` Speak to Me '' at his home , before completing it in the studio . The track serves as an overture and contains cross-fades of elements from other pieces on the album . A piano chord , replayed backwards , serves to augment the build - up of effects , which are immediately followed by the opening of `` Breathe '' . Mason received a rare solo composing credit for `` Speak to Me '' . The sound effects on `` Money '' were created by splicing together Waters ' recordings of clinking coins , tearing paper , a ringing cash register , and a clicking adding machine , which were used to create a 7 - beat effects loop ( later adapted to four tracks in order to create a `` walk around the room '' effect in quadraphonic presentations of the album ) . At times the degree of sonic experimentation on the album required the engineers and band to operate the mixing console 's faders simultaneously , in order to mix down the intricately assembled multitrack recordings of several of the songs ( particularly `` On the Run '' ) . Along with the conventional rock band instrumentation , Pink Floyd added prominent synthesizers to their sound . For example , the band experimented with an EMS VCS 3 on `` Brain Damage '' and `` Any Colour You Like '' , and a Synthi A on `` Time '' and `` On the Run '' .",
"7": "They also devised and recorded unconventional sounds , such as an assistant engineer running around the studio 's echo chamber ( during `` On the Run '' ) , and a specially treated bass drum made to simulate a human heartbeat ( during `` Speak to Me '' , `` On the Run '' , `` Time '' and `` Eclipse '' ) . This heartbeat is most prominent as the intro and the outro to the album , but it can also be heard sporadically on `` Time '' and `` On the Run '' . `` Time '' features assorted clocks ticking , then chiming simultaneously at the start of the song , accompanied by a series of Rototoms . The recordings were initially created as a quadraphonic test by Parsons , who recorded each timepiece at an antique clock shop . Although these recordings had not been created specifically for the album , elements of this material were eventually used in the track . `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' features Richard Wright 's piano composition accompanied by improvised vocal work from Clare Torry . This selection is taken from about two minutes forty seconds onwards . `` Money '' `` Money '' makes use of tape loops and a 7 / 4 time signature . Although similar to the original demo track recorded by Waters , it is considerably more rock - orientated . This is an excerpt from the start of the track . Voices ( edit ) Several tracks , including `` Us and Them '' and `` Time '' , demonstrated Richard Wright 's and David Gilmour 's ability to harmonise their voices . In the 2003 Classic Albums documentary The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon , Waters attributed this to the fact that their voices sounded extremely similar . To take advantage of this , Parsons utilised studio techniques such as the double tracking of vocals and guitars , which allowed Gilmour to harmonise with himself . The engineer also made prominent use of flanging and phase shifting effects on vocals and instruments , odd trickery with reverb , and the panning of sounds between channels ( most notable in the quadraphonic mix of `` On the Run '' , when the sound of the Hammond B3 organ played through a Leslie speaker rapidly swirls around the listener ) . The album 's credits include Clare Torry , a session singer and songwriter , and a regular at Abbey Road .",
"8": "She had worked on pop material and numerous cover albums , and after hearing one of those albums Parsons invited her to the studio to sing on Wright 's composition `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' . She declined this invitation as she wanted to watch Chuck Berry perform at the Hammersmith Odeon , but arranged to come in on the following Sunday . The band explained the concept behind the album , but were unable to tell her exactly what she should do . Gilmour was in charge of the session , and in a few short takes on a Sunday night Torry improvised a wordless melody to accompany Wright 's emotive piano solo . She was initially embarrassed by her exuberance in the recording booth , and wanted to apologise to the band -- only to find them delighted with her performance . Her takes were then selectively edited to produce the version used on the track . For her contribution she was paid £ 30 , equivalent to about £ 360 in 2018 , but in 2004 she sued EMI and Pink Floyd for songwriting royalties , arguing that her contribution to `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' was substantial enough to be considered co-authorship . The High Court agreed with her , but the terms of the settlement were not disclosed . All post-2005 pressings therefore credit Wright and Torry jointly for the song . Clare Torry in 2003 Snippets of voices between and over the music are another notable feature of the album . During recording sessions , Waters recruited both the staff and the temporary occupants of the studio to answer a series of questions printed on flashcards . The interviewees were placed in front of a microphone in a darkened Studio 3 , and shown such questions as `` What 's your favourite colour ? '' and `` What 's your favourite food ? '' , before moving on to themes more central to the album ( such as madness , violence , and death ) . Questions such as `` When was the last time you were violent ? '' , followed immediately by `` Were you in the right ? '' , were answered in the order they were presented . Roger `` The Hat '' Manifold proved difficult to find , and was the only contributor recorded in a conventional sit - down interview , as by then the flashcards had been mislaid .",
"9": "Waters asked him about a violent encounter he had had with another motorist , and Manifold replied `` ... give ' em a quick , short , sharp shock ... '' When asked about death he responded `` live for today , gone tomorrow , that 's me ... '' Another roadie , Chris Adamson , who was on tour with Pink Floyd , recorded the snippet which opens the album : `` I 've been mad for fucking years -- absolutely years '' . The band 's road manager Peter Watts ( father of actress Naomi Watts ) contributed the repeated laughter during `` Brain Damage '' and `` Speak to Me '' . His second wife , Patricia `` Puddie '' Watts ( now Patricia Gleason ) , was responsible for the line about the `` geezer '' who was `` cruisin ' for a bruisin ' '' used in the segue between `` Money '' and `` Us and Them '' , and the words `` I never said I was frightened of dying '' heard halfway through `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' . Perhaps the most notable responses `` I am not frightened of dying . Any time will do : I do n't mind . Why should I be frightened of dying ? There 's no reason for it -- you 've got to go sometime '' and closing words `` there is no dark side in the moon , really . As a matter of fact it 's all dark '' came from the studios ' Irish doorman , Gerry O'Driscoll . Paul and Linda McCartney were also interviewed , but their answers were judged to be `` trying too hard to be funny '' , and were not included on the album . McCartney 's Wings bandmate Henry McCullough contributed the line `` I do n't know , I was really drunk at the time '' . Completion ( edit ) Following the completion of the dialogue sessions , producer Chris Thomas was hired to provide `` a fresh pair of ears '' . Thomas 's background was in music , rather than engineering . He had worked with Beatles producer George Martin , and was acquainted with Pink Floyd 's manager Steve O'Rourke . All four members of the band were engaged in a disagreement over the style of the mix , with Waters and Mason preferring a `` dry '' and `` clean '' mix which made more use of the non-musical elements , and Gilmour and Wright preferring a subtler and more `` echoey '' mix .",
"10": "Thomas later claimed there were no such disagreements , stating `` There was no difference in opinion between them , I do n't remember Roger once saying that he wanted less echo . In fact , there were never any hints that they were later going to fall out . It was a very creative atmosphere . A lot of fun . '' Although the truth remains unclear , Thomas 's intervention resulted in a welcome compromise between Waters and Gilmour , leaving both entirely satisfied with the end product . Thomas was responsible for significant changes to the album , including the perfect timing of the echo used on `` Us and Them '' . He was also present for the recording of `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' ( although Parsons was responsible for hiring Torry ) . Interviewed in 2006 , when asked if he felt his goals had been accomplished in the studio , Waters said : When the record was finished I took a reel - to - reel copy home with me and I remember playing it for my wife then , and I remember her bursting into tears when it was finished . And I thought , `` This has obviously struck a chord somewhere '' , and I was kinda pleased by that . You know when you 've done something , certainly if you create a piece of music , you then hear it with fresh ears when you play it for somebody else . And at that point I thought to myself , `` Wow , this is a pretty complete piece of work '' , and I had every confidence that people would respond to it . Packaging ( edit ) It felt like the whole band were working together . It was a creative time . We were all very open . `` '' -- Richard Wright The album was originally released in a gatefold LP sleeve designed by Hipgnosis and George Hardie . Hipgnosis had designed several of the band 's previous albums , with controversial results ; EMI had reacted with confusion when faced with the cover designs for Atom Heart Mother and Obscured by Clouds , as they had expected to see traditional designs which included lettering and words . Designers Storm Thorgerson and Aubrey Powell were able to ignore such criticism as they were employed by the band . For The Dark Side of the Moon , Richard Wright instructed them to come up with something `` smarter , neater -- more classy '' .",
"11": "The prism design was inspired by a photograph that Thorgerson had seen during a brainstorming session with Powell . The artwork was created by their associate , George Hardie . Hipgnosis offered the band a choice of seven designs , but all four members agreed that the prism was by far the best . The final design depicts a glass prism dispersing light into colour . The design represents three elements : the band 's stage lighting , the album lyrics , and Wright 's request for a `` simple and bold '' design . The spectrum of light continues through to the gatefold -- an idea that Waters came up with . Added shortly afterwards , the gatefold design also includes a visual representation of the heartbeat sound used throughout the album , and the back of the album cover contains Thorgerson 's suggestion of another prism recombining the spectrum of light , facilitating interesting layouts of the sleeve in record shops . The light band emanating from the prism on the album cover has six colours , missing indigo compared to the traditional division of the spectrum into red , orange , yellow , green , blue , indigo and violet . Inside the sleeve were two posters and two pyramid - themed stickers . One poster bore pictures of the band in concert , overlaid with scattered letters to form PINK FLOYD , and the other an infrared photograph of the Great Pyramids of Giza , created by Powell and Thorgerson . Since the departure of founder member Barrett in 1968 , the burden of lyrical composition had fallen mostly on Waters . He is therefore credited as the author of the album 's lyrics , making The Dark Side of the Moon the first of five consecutive Pink Floyd albums with lyrics credited to him alone . The band were so confident of the quality of the words that , for the first time , they printed them on the album 's sleeve . `` Roger 's concerns in it are not out of date , '' remarked Gilmour on the album 's twentieth anniversary . `` He did a fantastic job with those words . Then , Roger was always more verbal than the rest of us , who had no great confidence in our lyric - writing . Probably , in hindsight , we should have stuck at it : the roots of our problems were being set back then . But we all got the credit and money that we were happy with . ''",
"12": "Release ( edit ) Professional ratings Retrospective reviews Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Billboard Christgau 's Record Guide Encyclopedia of Popular Music MusicHound Rock NME 8 / 10 Q The Rolling Stone Album Guide Sputnikmusic Uncut A live performance of The Dark Side of the Moon at Earls Court , shortly after its release in 1973 . ( left to right ) David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Dick Parry , Roger Waters As the quadraphonic mix of the album was not then complete , the band ( with the exception of Wright ) boycotted the press reception held at the London Planetarium on 27 February . The guests were , instead , presented with a quartet of life - sized cardboard cut - outs of the band , and the stereo mix of the album was presented through a poor - quality public address system . Generally , however , the press were enthusiastic ; Melody Maker 's Roy Hollingworth described side one as `` so utterly confused with itself it was difficult to follow '' , but praised side two , writing : `` The songs , the sounds , the rhythms were solid and sound , Saxophone hit the air , the band rocked and rolled , and then gushed and tripped away into the night . '' Steve Peacock of Sounds wrote : `` I do n't care if you 've never heard a note of the Pink Floyd 's music in your life , I 'd unreservedly recommend everyone to The Dark Side of the Moon '' . In his 1973 review for Rolling Stone magazine , Loyd Grossman declared Dark Side `` a fine album with a textural and conceptual richness that not only invites , but demands involvement '' . In his 1981 review of the album , Robert Christgau found its lyrical ideas clichéd and its music pretentious , but called it a `` kitsch masterpiece '' that can be charming with highlights such as taped speech fragments , Parry 's saxophone , and studio effects which enhance Gilmour 's guitar solos . The Dark Side of the Moon was released first in the US on 1 March 1973 , and then in the UK on 16 March . It became an instant chart success in Britain and throughout Western Europe ; by the following month , it had gained a gold certification in the US .",
"13": "Throughout March 1973 the band played the album as part of their US tour , including a midnight performance at Radio City Music Hall in New York City on 17 March before an audience of 6,000 . The album reached the Billboard Top LP 's & Tape chart 's number one spot on 28 April 1973 , and was so successful that the band returned two months later for another tour . Label ( edit ) Much of the album 's early American success is attributed to the efforts of Pink Floyd 's US record company , Capitol Records . Newly appointed chairman Bhaskar Menon set about trying to reverse the relatively poor sales of the band 's 1971 studio album Meddle . Meanwhile , disenchanted with Capitol , the band and manager O'Rourke had been quietly negotiating a new contract with CBS president Clive Davis , on Columbia Records . The Dark Side of the Moon was the last album that Pink Floyd were obliged to release before formally signing a new contract . Menon 's enthusiasm for the new album was such that he began a huge promotional advertising campaign , which included radio - friendly truncated versions of `` Us and Them '' and `` Time '' . In some countries -- notably the UK -- Pink Floyd had not released a single since 1968 's `` Point Me at the Sky '' , and unusually `` Money '' was released as a single on 7 May , with `` Any Colour You Like '' on the B - side . It reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 in July 1973 . A two - sided white label promotional version of the single , with mono and stereo mixes , was sent to radio stations . The mono side had the word `` bullshit '' removed from the song -- leaving `` bull '' in its place -- however , the stereo side retained the uncensored version . This was subsequently withdrawn ; the replacement was sent to radio stations with a note advising disc jockeys to dispose of the first uncensored copy . On 4 February 1974 , a double A-side single was released with `` Time '' on one side , and `` Us and Them '' on the opposite side .",
"14": "Menon 's efforts to secure a contract renewal with Pink Floyd were in vain however ; at the beginning of 1974 , the band signed for Columbia with a reported advance fee of $1 M ( in Britain and Europe they continued to be represented by Harvest Records ) . Sales ( edit ) The Dark Side of the Moon became one of the best - selling albums of all time and is in the top 25 of a list of best - selling albums in the United States . Although it held the number one spot in the US for only a week , it remained in the Billboard album chart for 741 weeks -- 736 of those consecutive . The album re-appeared on the Billboard charts with the introduction of the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart in May 1991 , and has been a perennial feature since then . In the UK , it is the seventh - best - selling album of all time and the highest selling album never to reach number one . ... I think that when it was finished , everyone thought it was the best thing we 'd ever done to date , and everyone was very pleased with it , but there 's no way that anyone felt it was five times as good as Meddle , or eight times as good as Atom Heart Mother , or the sort of figures that it has in fact sold . It was ... not only about being a good album but also about being in the right place at the right time . `` '' -- Nick Mason In the US the LP was released before the introduction of platinum awards on 1 January 1976 . It therefore held only a gold disc until 16 February 1990 , when it was certified 11 × platinum . On 4 June 1998 the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified the album 15 × platinum , denoting sales of fifteen million in the United States -- making it their biggest - selling work there ( The Wall is 23 × platinum , but as a double album this signifies sales of 11.5 million ) . `` Money '' has sold well as a single , and as with `` Time '' , remains a radio favourite ; in the US , for the year ending 20 April 2005 , `` Time '' was played on 13,723 occasions , and `` Money '' on 13,731 occasions . Industry sources suggest that worldwide sales of the album total about 45 million .",
"15": "`` On a slow week '' between 8,000 and 9,000 copies are sold , and a total of 400,000 were sold in 2002 , making it the 200th - best - selling album of that year -- nearly three decades after its initial release . The album has sold 9,502,000 copies in the US since 1991 when Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales for Billboard . To this day , it occupies a prominent spot on Billboard 's Pop Catalog Chart . It reached number one when the 2003 hybrid CD / SACD edition was released and sold 800,000 copies in the US . On the week of 5 May 2006 The Dark Side of the Moon achieved a combined total of 1,716 weeks on the Billboard 200 and Pop Catalog charts . One in every fourteen people in the US under the age of 50 is estimated to own , or to have owned , a copy . Upon a chart rule change in 2009 allowing catalogue titles to re-enter the Billboard 200 , The Dark Side of the Moon returned to the chart at number 189 on 12 December of that year for its 742nd charting week . It has continued to sporadically appear on the Billboard 200 since then , with the current total at 937 weeks on the chart . `` The combination of words and music hit a peak , '' explained Gilmour . `` All the music before had not had any great lyrical point to it . And this one was clear and concise . The cover was also right . I think it 's become like a benevolent noose hanging behind us . Throughout our entire career , people have said we would never top the Dark Side record and tour . But The Wall earned more in dollar terms . '' Re-issues and remastering ( edit ) In 1979 , The Dark Side of the Moon was released as a remastered LP by Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab , and in April 1988 on their `` Ultradisc '' gold CD format . The album was released by EMI on the then - new compact disc format in 1984 , and in 1992 it was re-released as a remastered CD in the box set Shine On . This version was re-released as a 20th anniversary box set edition with postcards the following year .",
"16": "The cover design was again by Storm Thorgerson , the designer of the original 1973 cover . On some pressings , a faintly audible orchestral version of the Beatles ' `` Ticket to Ride '' can be heard after `` Eclipse '' over the album 's closing heartbeats . The original quadraphonic mix , created by Alan Parsons , was commissioned by EMI but never endorsed by Pink Floyd , as Parsons was disappointed with his mix . To celebrate the album 's 30th anniversary , an updated surround version was released in 2003 . The band elected not to use Parsons ' quadraphonic mix ( done shortly after the original release ) , and instead had engineer James Guthrie create a new 5.1 channel surround sound mix on the SACD format . Guthrie had worked with Pink Floyd since co-producing and engineering their eleventh album , The Wall , and had previously worked on surround versions of The Wall for DVD - Video and Waters ' In the Flesh for SACD . Speaking in 2003 , Alan Parsons expressed some disappointment with Guthrie 's SACD mix , suggesting that Guthrie was `` possibly a little too true to the original mix '' , but was generally complimentary . The 30th - anniversary edition won four Surround Music Awards in 2003 , and has since sold more than 800,000 copies . The cover image was created by a team of designers including Storm Thorgerson . The image is a photograph of a custom - made stained glass window , built to match the exact dimensions and proportions of the original prism design . Transparent glass , held in place by strips of lead , was used in place of the opaque colours of the original . The idea is derived from the `` sense of purity in the sound quality , being 5.1 surround sound ... '' The image was created out of a desire to be `` the same but different , such that the design was clearly DSotM , still the recognisable prism design , but was different and hence new '' . The Dark Side of the Moon was also re-released in 2003 on 180 - gram virgin vinyl ( mastered by Kevin Gray at AcousTech Mastering ) and included slightly different versions of the original posters and stickers that came with the original vinyl release , along with a new 30th anniversary poster .",
"17": "In 2007 the album was included in Oh , by the Way , a box set celebrating the 40th anniversary of Pink Floyd , and a DRM - free version was released on the iTunes Store . In 2011 the album was re-released as part of the Why Pink Floyd ... ? campaign , featuring a remastered version of the album along with various other material . Legacy ( edit ) It 's changed me in many ways , because it 's brought in a lot of money , and one feels very secure when you can sell an album for two years . But it has n't changed my attitude to music . Even though it was so successful , it was made in the same way as all our other albums , and the only criterion we have about releasing music is whether we like it or not . It was not a deliberate attempt to make a commercial album . It just happened that way . We knew it had a lot more melody than previous Floyd albums , and there was a concept that ran all through it . The music was easier to absorb and having girls singing away added a commercial touch that none of our records had . `` '' -- Richard Wright The success of the album brought wealth to all four members of the band ; Richard Wright and Roger Waters bought large country houses , and Nick Mason became a collector of upmarket cars . Some of the profits were invested in the production of Monty Python and the Holy Grail . Engineer Alan Parsons received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Engineered Recording , Non-Classical for The Dark Side of the Moon , and he went on to have a successful career as a recording artist with the Alan Parsons Project . Although Waters and Gilmour have on occasion downplayed his contribution to the success of the album , Mason has praised his role . In 2003 , Parsons reflected : `` I think they all felt that I managed to hang the rest of my career on Dark Side of the Moon , which has an element of truth to it . But I still wake up occasionally , frustrated about the fact that they made untold millions and a lot of the people involved in the record did n't . '' Part of the legacy of The Dark Side of the Moon is in its influence on modern music , the musicians who have performed cover versions of its songs , and even in modern urban myths .",
"18": "Its release is often seen as a pivotal point in the history of rock music , and comparisons are sometimes drawn between Pink Floyd and Radiohead -- specifically their 1997 album OK Computer -- which has been called The Dark Side of the Moon of the 1990s , owing to the fact that both albums share themes relating to the loss of a creative individual 's ability to function in the modern world . Rankings ( edit ) The Dark Side of the Moon has frequently appeared on rankings of the greatest albums of all - time . In 1987 , Rolling Stone listed the record 35th on its `` Top 100 Albums of the Last 20 Years '' , and sixteen years later , in 2003 the album polled in 43rd position on the magazine 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Albums of All Time ''. and was voted 43rd again on the magazine 's 2012 list . In 2006 , it was voted `` My Favourite Album '' by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation 's audience . NME readers voted the album eighth in their 2006 `` Best Album of All Time '' online poll , and in 2009 , Planet Rock listeners voted the album the `` greatest of all time '' . The album is also number two on the `` Definitive 200 '' list of albums , made by the National Association of Recording Merchandisers `` in celebration of the art form of the record album '' . It came 29th in The Observer 's 2006 list of `` The 50 Albums That Changed Music '' , and 37th in The Guardian 's 1997 list of the `` 100 Best Albums Ever '' , as voted for by a panel of artists and music critics . The album 's cover has been lauded by critics and listeners alike , VH1 proclaiming it the fourth greatest in history , and Planet Rock listeners the greatest of all time . In 2013 , The Dark Side of the Moon was selected for preservation in the United States National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress for being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . In 2014 , readers of Rhythm voted it the seventh most influential progressive drumming album .",
"19": "Covers , tributes and samples ( edit ) One of the more notable covers of The Dark Side of the Moon is Return to the Dark Side of the Moon : A Tribute to Pink Floyd . Released in 2006 , the album is a progressive rock tribute featuring artists such as Adrian Belew , Tommy Shaw , Dweezil Zappa , and Rick Wakeman . In 2000 , The Squirrels released The Not So Bright Side of the Moon , which features a cover of the entire album . The New York dub collective Easy Star All - Stars released Dub Side of the Moon in 2003 and Dubber Side of the Moon in 2010 . The group Voices on the Dark Side released the album Dark Side of the Moon a Cappella , a complete a cappella version of the album . The bluegrass band Poor Man 's Whiskey frequently play the album in bluegrass style , calling the suite Dark Side of the Moonshine . A string quartet version of the album was released in 2004 . In 2009 , The Flaming Lips released a track - by - track remake of the album in collaboration with Stardeath and White Dwarfs , and featuring Henry Rollins and Peaches as guest musicians . Industrial metal band Ministry called their seventh studio album Dark Side of the Spoon as a play of word to The Dark Side of the Moon with reference to heroin , as several members of the band suffered from long - term addiction to said substance at the time . Several notable acts have covered the album live in its entirety , and a range of performers have used samples from The Dark Side of the Moon in their own material . Jam - rock band Phish performed a semi-improvised version of the entire album as part their show on 2 November 1998 in West Valley City , Utah . Progressive metal band Dream Theater have twice covered the album in their live shows , and in May 2011 Mary Fahl released From the Dark Side of the Moon , a song - by - song `` re-imagining '' of the album . Milli Vanilli used the tape loops from Pink Floyd 's `` Money '' to open their track `` Money '' , followed by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch on Music for the People .",
"20": "Dark Side of the Rainbow ( edit ) Main article : Dark Side of the Rainbow Dark Side of the Rainbow and Dark Side of Oz are two names commonly used in reference to rumours ( circulated on the Internet since at least 1994 ) that The Dark Side of the Moon was written as a soundtrack for the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz . Observers playing the film and the album simultaneously have reported apparent synchronicities , such as Dorothy beginning to jog at the lyric `` no one told you when to run '' during `` Time '' , and Dorothy balancing on a tightrope fence during the line `` balanced on the biggest wave '' in `` Breathe '' . David Gilmour and Nick Mason have both denied a connection between the two works , and Roger Waters has described the rumours as `` amusing '' . Alan Parsons has stated that the film was not mentioned during production of the album . Track listing ( edit ) All lyrics written by Roger Waters . Side one No . Title Music Lead vocals Length 1 . `` Speak to Me '' Nick Mason instrumental 1 : 30 2 . `` Breathe '' ( listed as `` Breathe in the Air '' on the original LP label ) Roger Waters David Gilmour Richard Wright David Gilmour 2 : 43 3 . `` On the Run '' Waters Gilmour instrumental 3 : 30 4 . `` Time '' ( containing `` Breathe ( Reprise ) '' ) Waters Gilmour Wright Mason Gilmour with Richard Wright 6 : 53 5 . `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' Wright Clare Torry Clare Torry 4 : 15 Side two No . Title Music Lead vocals Length 1 . `` Money '' Waters Gilmour 6 : 30 2 . `` Us and Them '' Waters Wright Gilmour 7 : 51 3 . `` Any Colour You Like '' Gilmour Mason Wright instrumental 3 : 24 4 . `` Brain Damage '' Waters Roger Waters 3 : 50 5 .",
"21": "`` Eclipse '' Waters Waters 2 : 03 Personnel ( edit ) Pink Floyd ( edit ) David Gilmour -- vocals , guitars , Synthi AKS Nick Mason -- drums , percussion , tape effects Richard Wright -- organ ( Hammond and Farfisa ) , piano , electric piano ( Wurlitzer , Rhodes ) , vocals , VCS 3 , Synthi AKS Roger Waters -- bass guitar , vocals , VCS 3 , tape effects Additional musicians ( edit ) Dick Parry -- saxophone on `` Us and Them '' and `` Money '' Clare Torry -- vocals on `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' Doris Troy -- backing vocals Lesley Duncan -- backing vocals Liza Strike -- backing vocals Barry St. John -- backing vocals Production ( edit ) Alan Parsons -- engineering Peter James -- assistant ( incorrectly identified as `` Peter Jones '' on first US pressings of the LP ) Chris Thomas -- mix supervisor Design ( edit ) Hipgnosis -- sleeve design , photography George Hardie -- sleeve art , stickers art Charts and certifications ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Canada Top Albums / CDs ( RPM ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Spanish Albums ( AFE ) UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) UK Albums ( OCC ) 7 US Billboard 200 23 Chart ( 1993 -- 94 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 11 Canada Top Albums / CDs ( RPM ) 20 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 59 German Albums (",
"22": "Offizielle Top 100 ) 28 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 16 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 45 Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 48 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 42 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 28 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 30 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 41 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 6 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 7 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 24 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) Chart ( 2005 -- 06 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 24 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 55 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 49 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 26 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 10 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 43 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 5 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 16 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 24 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 96 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 16 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 47 Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 22 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 10 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders )",
"23": "16 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 6 Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) 13 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 21 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 19 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 16 French Albums ( SNEP ) 7 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 25 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 5 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 8 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 11 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 8 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) 5 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 15 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Albums ( OCC ) 11 US Billboard 200 12 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Argentina ( CAPIF ) 2 × Platinum 120,000 Australia ( ARIA ) 14 × Platinum 980,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Diamond 2,000,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 2,084,500 Germany ( BVMI ) 2 × Platinum 1,000,000 Italy ( FIMI ) ( since 2009 ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 16 × Platinum 240,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Platinum 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 14 × Platinum 4,300,000 United States ( RIAA ) 15 × Platinum 15,000,",
"24": "000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Label Format Catalogue no . Canada 1 March 1973 Harvest Records Vinyl , Cassette , 8 - Track SMAS - 11163 ( LP ) 4XW - 11163 ( CC ) 8XW - 11163 ( 8 - Track ) United States Capitol Records United Kingdom 16 March 1973 Harvest Records SHVL 804 ( LP ) TC - SHVL 804 ( CC ) Q8 - SHVL 804 ( 8 - Track ) Australia 1973 Vinyl Q4 SHVLA. 804 References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` At one time , it was called Eclipse because Medicine Head did an album called Dark Side of the Moon . But , that did n't sell well , so what the hell . I was against Eclipse and we felt a bit annoyed because we had already thought of the title before Medicine Head came out . Not annoyed at them but because we wanted to use the title . '' -- David Gilmour Jump up ^ This material was later released under the title Obscured by Clouds . Jump up ^ Mason is responsible for most of the sound effects used on Pink Floyd 's discography . Jump up ^ The sleeve notes for Wish You Were Here , Animals and The Wall credit Roger Waters as sole lyricist . Jump up ^ Harvest / Capitol 3609 Jump up ^ Harvest / Capitol 3832 Jump up ^ According to Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems Jump up ^ Harvest Q4SHVL - 804 Jump up ^ Alan Parsons was paid a weekly wage of £ 35 while working on the original album ( equivalent to £ 400 in 2016 ) . Jump up ^ All post-2005 pressings including `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' credit both Wright and Torry for the song , as per her successful court challenge . Footnotes Jump up ^ Mason 2005 , p.",
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"33": "198 -- 199 Jump up ^ The Not So Bright Side of the Moon , thesquirrels.com , retrieved 27 March 2009 Jump up ^ Dub Side of the Moon , easystar.com , archived from the original on 6 February 2009 , retrieved 27 March 2009 Jump up ^ Jeffries , David ( 25 October 2010 ) , Dubber Side of the Moon -- Easy Star All - Stars , AllMusic , retrieved 11 December 2012 Jump up ^ The Dark Side of the Moon -- A Cappella , darksidevoices.com , archived from the original on 27 June 2013 , retrieved 27 March 2009 Jump up ^ Dark Side of the Moonshine , poormanswhiskey.com , 8 May 2007 , archived from the original on 5 July 2008 , retrieved 28 March 2009 Jump up ^ The String Quartet Tribute to Pink Floyd 's the Dark Side of the Moon , billboard.com , 2004 , retrieved 2 August 2009 Jump up ^ Lynch , Joseph Brannigan ( 31 December 2009 ) , Flaming Lips cover Pink Floyd 's ' Dark Side of the Moon ' album ; results are surprisingly awful , music-mix.ew.com , retrieved 14 January 2010 Jump up ^ Iwasaki , Scott ( 3 November 1998 ) , ' Phish Phans ' jam to tunes by Pink ' Phloyd ' , deseretnews.com , retrieved 20 March 2012 Jump up ^ Dark Side Of The Moon CD , ytsejamrecords.com , retrieved 28 March 2009 Jump up ^ Interview : Mary Fahl , nippertown.com , 22 September 2010 , retrieved 11 May 2011 Jump up ^ Reising 2005 , pp. 189 -- 190 Jump up ^ Reising 2005 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Reising 2005 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Reising 2005 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) , Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) , St. Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book , p.",
"34": "233 , ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Albums : Issue 4816 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian charts portal ( 17 / 1973 ) '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 - 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian charts portal ( 09 / 05 / 1993 ) '' . australiancharts.com . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Albums : Issue 1775 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada .",
"35": "Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand charts portal ( 18 / 04 / 1993 ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track Albums : Week 15 , 2003 '' . Chart - Track . IRMA . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian charts portal ( 17 / 04 / 2003 ) '' . italiancharts.com . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien .",
"36": "Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd : The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track Albums : Week 33 , 2006 '' . Chart - Track . IRMA . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 June 2016 .",
"37": "Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian chart portal ( 09 / 10 / 2011 ) '' . australiancharts.com . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon -- Experience Edition '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon -- Experience Edition '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201139 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danish charts portal ( 07 / 10 / 2011 ) '' . danishcharts.com . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finnish charts portal ( 40 / 2011 ) '' . finnishcharts.com . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon -- Experience Edition '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track Albums : Week 39 , 2011 '' . Chart - Track . IRMA . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian charts portal ( 06 / 10 / 2011 ) '' . italiancharts.com . Retrieved 9 June 2016 .",
"38": "Jump up ^ `` New Zealand charts portal ( 03 / 10 / 2011 ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon -- Experience Edition '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese charts portal ( 40 / 2011 ) '' . portuguesecharts.com . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish charts portal ( 02 / 11 / 2011 ) '' . spanishcharts.com . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish charts portal ( 07 / 10 / 2011 ) '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Argentinian album certifications -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2007 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Enter Pink Floyd in the field Interpret . Enter The Dark Side of the Moon in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' .",
"39": "Music Canada . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French album certifications -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Les Meilleures Ventes de CD / Albums `` Tout Temps '' '' ( in French ) . infodisc.fr . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Pink Floyd ; ' The Dark Side of the Moon ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian album certifications -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand album certifications -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish album certifications -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Enter The Dark Side of the Moon in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Gumble , Daniel ( 5 July 2016 ) . `` UK 's 60 Biggest Selling Albums of All Time '' . Music Week . Intent Media . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Pink Floyd -- Dark Side of the Moon '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 8 March 2017 .",
"40": "If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Bibliography Blake , Mark ( 2008 ) , Comfortably Numb -- The Inside Story of Pink Floyd , Da Capo , ISBN 0 - 306 - 81752 - 7 Buckley , Peter ( 2003 ) , The Rough Guide to Rock , Rough Guides , ISBN 1 - 84353 - 105 - 4 Christgau , Robert ( 1981 ) , Christgau 's Record Guide : Rock Albums of the Seventies , Ticknor & Fields , ISBN 0 - 89919 - 025 - 1 Dallas , Karl ( 1987 ) , Pink Floyd : Bricks in the Wall , Shapolsky Publishers / Baton Press , ISBN 0 - 933503 - 88 - 1 Graff , Gary ; Durchholz , Daniel ( eds ) ( 1999 ) , MusicHound Rock : The Essential Album Guide , Farmington Hills , Michigan : Visible Ink Press , ISBN 1 - 57859 - 061 - 2 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Griffiths , Dai ( 2004 ) , OK Computer , Continuum International Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1663 - 2 Harris , John ( 2006 ) , The Dark Side of the Moon ( third ed . ) , Harper Perennial , ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 779090 - 6 Mabbett , Andy ( 1995 ) , The Complete Guide to the Music of Pink Floyd , Omnibus Press , ISBN 0 - 7119 - 4301 - X Mason , Nick ( 2005 ) , Philip Dodd , ed. , Inside Out : A Personal History of Pink Floyd ( Paperback ed . )",
"41": ", Phoenix , ISBN 0 - 7538 - 1906 - 6 Parker , Alan ; O'Shea , Mick ( 2006 ) , And Now for Something Completely Digital , The Disinformation Company , ISBN 1 - 932857 - 31 - 1 Povey , Glenn ( 2007 ) , Echoes , Mind Head Publishing , ISBN 0 - 9554624 - 0 - 1 Reising , Russell ( 2005 ) , Speak to Me , Ashgate Publishing , Ltd , ISBN 0 - 7546 - 4019 - 1 Ruhlmann , William ( 2004 ) , Breaking Records , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 94305 - 1 Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1991 ) , Saucerful of Secrets ( first ed . ) , London : Sidgwick & Jackson , ISBN 0 - 283 - 06127 - 8 Coleman , Mark ( 1992 ) . `` Pink Floyd '' . In DeCurtis , Anthony ; Henke , James ; George - Warren , Holly . The Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 3rd ed . ) . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73729 - 4 .",
"42": "Whiteley , Sheila ( 1992 ) , The Space Between the Notes , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 06816 - 9 External links ( edit ) Quotations related to The Dark Side of the Moon at Wikiquote The Dark Side of the Moon Songs Side one `` Speak to Me '' `` Breathe '' `` On the Run '' `` Time '' `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' Side two `` Money '' `` Us and Them '' `` Any Colour You Like '' `` Brain Damage '' `` Eclipse '' Related articles Dark Side of the Moon Tour The Dark Side of the Moon Live Dark Side of the Rainbow Darkside Tribute albums Dub Side of the Moon Dubber Side of the Moon The Flaming Lips and Stardeath and White Dwarfs Doing The Dark Side of the Moon From the Dark Side of the Moon Return to the Dark Side of the Moon Us and Them : Symphonic Pink Floyd Pink Floyd Nick Mason Roger Waters Richard Wright Syd Barrett David Gilmour Studio albums The Piper at the Gates of Dawn A Saucerful of Secrets More Ummagumma Atom Heart Mother Meddle Obscured by Clouds The Dark Side of the Moon Wish You Were Here Animals The Wall The Final Cut A Momentary Lapse of Reason The Division Bell The Endless River Live albums Ummagumma Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse Is There Anybody Out There ? The Wall Live 1980 -- 81 Singles `` Arnold Layne '' / `` Candy and a Currant Bun '' `` See Emily Play '' / `` The Scarecrow '' `` Flaming '' / `` The Gnome '' ( US ) `` Apples and Oranges '' / `` Paint Box '' ( UK ) `` It Would Be So Nice '' / `` Julia Dream '' `` Let There Be More Light '' / `` Remember a Day '' ( US ) `` Point Me at the Sky '' / `` Careful with That Axe ,",
"43": "Eugene '' ( UK ) `` One of These Days '' / `` Fearless '' ( US ) `` Free Four '' `` Money '' / `` Any Colour You Like '' ( US ) `` Time '' / `` Us and Them '' ( US ) `` Have a Cigar '' / `` Welcome to the Machine '' ( US ) or `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond Part I '' ( Europe ) `` Another Brick in the Wall ( Part II ) '' / `` One of My Turns '' `` Run Like Hell '' / `` Do n't Leave Me Now '' ( Europe / some US ) or `` Comfortably Numb '' ( later US ) `` Comfortably Numb '' / `` Hey You '' ( US ) `` Pink Floyd The Wall - Music From The Film '' ( `` When the Tigers Broke Free '' / `` Bring the Boys Back Home '' ) `` Not Now John '' / `` The Hero 's Return ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' `` Learning to Fly '' / `` Terminal Frost '' and / or `` One Slip '' `` On the Turning Away '' / `` Run Like Hell ( live ) '' ( UK ) `` One Slip '' / `` Terminal Frost '' / `` The Dogs of War '' ( UK ) `` Take It Back '' / `` Astronomy Domine ( live ) '' ( US ) `` High Hopes '' / `` Keep Talking '' / `` Marooned '' `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' / `` Coming Back to Life ( live ) / `` Keep Talking ( live ) '' ( UK ) `` Louder than Words '' Compilations The Best of the Pink Floyd / Masters of Rock Relics A Nice Pair A Collection of Great Dance Songs Works 1967 : The First Three Singles Echoes : The Best of Pink Floyd The Best of Pink Floyd : A Foot in the Door 1965 : Their First Recordings Box sets Shine On Oh ,",
"44": "by the Way Discovery The Early Years 1965 -- 1972 Films Concerts London ' 66 -- ' 67 Live at Pompeii Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse Narratives The Wall The Final Cut Documentaries The Pink Floyd and Syd Barrett Story London ' 66 -- ' 67 The Story of Wish You Were Here Soundtracks San Francisco The Committee Tonite Lets All Make Love in London More Zabriskie Point Obscured by Clouds Pink Floyd -- The Wall La Carrera Panamericana Tours World Tour 1968 The Man and The Journey Tour Atom Heart Mother World Tour Meddle Tour Dark Side of the Moon Tour Wish You Were Here Tour In the Flesh The Wall Tour A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour The Division Bell Tour Related media and tributes 19367 Pink Floyd The Amazing Pudding The Australian Pink Floyd Show Barn Jams Brit Floyd The Dark Side of the Moo `` Embryo '' Inside Out : A Personal History of Pink Floyd The Man and The Journey Music from The Body Pinkfloydia `` Proper Education '' Synalpheus pinkfloydi Umma gumma Their Mortal Remains Other topics Discography Videography Song list Unreleased material Members Bootleg recordings Pink Floyd live performances The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream Azimuth Co-ordinator Blackhill Enterprises Britannia Row Studios Dark Side of the Rainbow EMS Synthi A Games for May Midsummer High Weekend Pink Floyd pigs Publius Enigma Why Pink Floyd . ? Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Side_of_the_Moon&oldid=838533801 '' Categories : 1973 albums Albums produced by David Gilmour Albums produced by Nick Mason Albums produced by Richard Wright ( musician ) Albums produced by Roger Waters Albums recorded at Abbey Road Studios Albums with cover art by Hipgnosis Albums with cover art by Storm Thorgerson Capitol Records albums Concept albums EMI Records albums Grammy Hall of Fame",
"45": "Award recipients Harvest Records albums Pink Floyd albums United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) EngvarB from August 2016 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Certification Table Entry usages for Argentina Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Featured articles Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano",
"46": "עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 16 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where is the snooker world open currently held
|
[
"in Haikou on the Hainan Island",
"Hainan International Exhibition Center",
"Haikou"
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{
"0": "World Open ( snooker ) - wikipedia World Open ( snooker ) Jump to : navigation , search World Open Tournament information Venue Hainan International Exhibition Center Location Haikou Country China Established 1982 Organisation ( s ) World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association Format Ranking event Current champion ( s ) Ding Junhui The World Open is a professional ranking snooker tournament . It had previously been known as the Professional Players Tournament , the LG Cup and the Grand Prix . During 2006 and 2007 , it was played in a unique round - robin format , more similar to association football and rugby tournaments than the knock - out systems usually played in snooker . The knock - out format returned in 2008 with an FA Cup - style draw . The random draw was abandoned after the 2010 edition . Ding Junhui was the defending champion . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Winners 3 Records 4 Media coverage 5 References History ( edit ) The tournament was created in 1982 as the Professional Players Tournament by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association , in order to provide another ranking event . Ray Reardon beat Jimmy White by 10 frames to 5 in the final to win the first prize of £ 5,000 . In 1984 Rothmans started sponsoring the tournament , changing its name to the Grand Prix , and moved its venue to the Hexagon Theatre in Reading . The tournament has had various sponsors and venues since . Previous sponsors include LG Electronics , who took over in 2001 and changed the tournament 's name to the LG Cup . After LG withdrew their sponsorship , the Grand Prix name was revived for 2004 and was sponsored by totesport . Between 2006 and 2008 the event was sponsored by Royal London Watches . The tournament was played at the Guild hall in 1998 , at the start of the snooker season , until 2005 ( moving once to Telford in 2000 ) . Prize money for 2005 totalled £ 400,000 , with the winner receiving £ 60,000 .",
"1": "In its original form , the tournament had a flatter structure than most tournaments , with the top 32 players all coming in at the last 64 stage ( in other tournaments there are only 16 players left when the players ranked 17 -- 32 come in , and then the 16 winners of those matches face the top 16 ) . These facts made it more common to see surprise results than in most other tournaments , with players such as Dominic Dale , Marco Fu , Euan Henderson and Dave Harold all surprise finalists at the time . A player from outside the top 16 has reached the final roughly half the times the contest has been played . Few of those have become consistent stars , although Stephen Hendry and John Higgins took their first ranking titles in the event . In addition , over the years , many top 16 players were eliminated in the early stages of the contest . Taking the 1996 event as an extreme case , thirteen of the top sixteen seeds failed to reach the quarter final stages , and the semi-finals featured one match between two top 16 players ( Mark Williams and John Parrott ) and another between two unseeded players ( Euan Henderson and Mark Bennett ) ; with Bennett and Henderson respectively winning the first two quarter final matches , a surprise finalist was guaranteed before the quarter finals had been completed . The event moved to Scotland at the A.E.C.C. in Aberdeen for 2006 , and introduced a brand new format . Players were split into groups ( 8 groups of 8 in qualifying , 8 groups of 6 in the final stages ) and played every other player in their group once . The top 2 players progressed ; the last 16 and onwards were played as a straight knock - out . This resulted in several surprise results . Little - known players such as Ben Woollaston , Jamie Jones and Issara Kachaiwong made it through qualifying , while stars such as Graeme Dott , Stephen Hendry and Shaun Murphy failed to clear their groups . The format was slightly tweaked for 2007 , after complaints ( notably from Dennis Taylor ) that the system was too random . Matches increased in length from best - of - 5 to best - of - 7 , to give the better player more chance to win .",
"2": "The main tie - breaker for players level on wins was changed , with frame difference now taking precedence over results between the players who are level on points . Notably , under the 2007 format , 2006 runner - up Jamie Cope would have been eliminated in the groups , as he defeated third - placed Michael Holt but had an inferior frame - difference . The 2007 event saw fewer surprises , although 2006 World Champion Graeme Dott , 1997 World Champion Ken Doherty , defending champion Neil Robertson , seven - time World Champion Stephen Hendry , six - time World Champion Steve Davis , twice World Champion Mark Williams and 2007 World Championship finalist Mark Selby were all eliminated in the groups . The format was not continued for 2008 , due to dwindling ticket sales in the early rounds . For 2008 , the event moved to the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre ( SECC ) in Glasgow . It went back to a knock - out format with no round - robin . The last 16 and beyond however was played using a FA Cup - style draw , rather than automatically pitching higher ranked players ( or their conquerors ) against lower - ranked players . In 2009 , the event was held in Glasgow , but at another venue , the Kelvin Hall . Following Barry Hearn 's takeover of the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association , the Grand Prix was reformatted and renamed to World Open . The event gave a chance for amateurs to play alongside professionals . The amateurs had to win 3 matches to qualify for the main draw . On 9 January 2012 it was announced , that the World Open would be held in the next five years in Haikou on the Hainan Island . In November 2014 , it was announced that the tournament would not be held in the 2014 / 2015 season after the contract with the promoter was not renewed and a new venue was not found in time . The event returned in the 2016 / 2017 season . Winners ( edit ) Year Winner Runner - up Final score Venue Season Professional Players Tournament 1982 Ray Reardon Jimmy White 10 -- 5 Birmingham 1982 / 1983",
"3": "Tony Knowles Joe Johnson 9 -- 8 Bristol 1983 / 1984 Grand Prix 1984 Dennis Taylor Cliff Thorburn 10 -- 2 Reading 1984 / 1985 1985 Steve Davis Dennis Taylor 10 -- 9 Reading 1985 / 1986 1986 Jimmy White Rex Williams 10 -- 6 Reading 1986 / 1987 Stephen Hendry Dennis Taylor 10 -- 7 Reading 1987 / 1988 1988 Steve Davis Alex Higgins 10 -- 6 Reading 1988 / 1989 1989 Steve Davis Dean Reynolds 10 -- 0 Reading 1989 / 1990 1990 Stephen Hendry Nigel Bond 10 -- 5 Reading 1990 / 1991 1991 Stephen Hendry Steve Davis 10 -- 6 Reading 1991 / 1992 1992 Jimmy White Ken Doherty 10 -- 9 Reading 1992 / 1993 1993 Peter Ebdon Ken Doherty 9 -- 6 Reading 1993 / 1994 1994 John Higgins Dave Harold 9 -- 6 Derby 1994 / 1995 1995 Stephen Hendry John Higgins 9 -- 5 Sunderland 1995 / 1996 Mark Williams Euan Henderson 9 -- 5 Bournemouth 1996 / 1997 1997 Dominic Dale John Higgins",
"4": "9 -- 6 Bournemouth 1997 / 1998 1998 Stephen Lee Marco Fu 9 -- 2 Preston 1998 / 1999 1999 John Higgins Mark Williams 9 -- 8 Preston 1999 / 2000 2000 Mark Williams Ronnie O'Sullivan 9 -- 5 Telford 2000 / 2001 LG Cup 2001 Stephen Lee Peter Ebdon 9 -- 4 Preston 2001 / 2002 2002 Chris Small Alan McManus 9 -- 5 Preston 2002 / 2003 2003 Mark Williams John Higgins 9 -- 5 Preston 2003 / 2004 Grand Prix Ronnie O'Sullivan Ian McCulloch 9 -- 5 Preston 2004 / 2005 2005 John Higgins Ronnie O'Sullivan 9 -- 2 Preston 2005 / 2006 2006 Neil Robertson Jamie Cope 9 -- 5 Aberdeen 2006 / 2007 2007 Marco Fu Ronnie O'Sullivan 9 -- 6 Aberdeen 2007 / 2008 2008 John Higgins Ryan Day 9 -- 7 Glasgow 2008 / 2009 2009 Neil Robertson Ding Junhui 9 -- 4 Glasgow 2009 / 2010 World Open Neil Robertson Ronnie O'Sullivan 5 -- 1 Glasgow 2010 / 2011",
"5": "Haikou World Open 2012 Mark Allen Stephen Lee 10 -- 1 Haikou 2011 / 2012 2013 Mark Allen Matthew Stevens 10 -- 4 Haikou 2012 / 2013 2014 Shaun Murphy Mark Selby 10 -- 6 Haikou 2013 / 2014 World Open 2016 Ali Carter Joe Perry 10 -- 8 Yushan 2016 / 2017 2017 Ding Junhui Kyren Wilson 10 -- 3 Yushan 2017 / 2018 Records ( edit ) The 1985 final between Steve Davis and Dennis Taylor is the longest one - day final in snooker history . It lasted 10 hours and 21 minutes . In the 2005 final , John Higgins set two records : His century breaks in the seventh , eighth , ninth and tenth frames marked the first time a player had ever recorded centuries in four consecutive frames in a match during a ranking tournament . He scored 494 points without reply , the greatest number in any professional snooker tournament at that time . Currently Ronnie O'Sullivan holds the record with 556 points without reply against Ricky Walden in the 2014 Masters . Higgins 's tally remains the record for a ranking tournament . John Higgins and Stephen Hendry are the only players to have won this tournament four times each . Media coverage ( edit ) The World Open was shown live on Eurosport and Eurosport 2 . It was shown on BBC One , BBC Two and BBC Red Button , but the BBC confirmed that they would not be showing the 2012 edition . ITV4 televised the event in 2013 . References ( edit ) General Turner , Chris . `` Professional Players Tournament , Grand Prix , LG Cup '' . cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk . Chris Turner 's Snooker Archive . Archived from the original on 16 February 2012 .",
"6": "Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Turner , Chris . `` World Open '' . cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk . Chris Turner 's Snooker Archive . Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . `` Hall of Fame ( 1982 -- 2010 ) '' . Snooker.org . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . `` Hall of Fame ( 2012 -- 2014 ) '' . Snooker.org . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Special Jump up ^ `` Hearn reveals future plans '' . Sky Sports . 2 April 2010 . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Amateurs to take on pros in World Open snooker '' . Sports City . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reanne Evans invited to play in snooker World Open '' . BBC Sport. 21 April 2010 . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Haikou To Stage World Open '' . worldsnooker.com . World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Open Removed From Calendar '' . worldsnooker.com . World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association . 7 November 2014 . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Calendar 2016 / 2017 Jump up ^ `` Haikou World Open ( 2012 ) '' . Snooker.org . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Yuan - jiang Gujinggong Liquor Haikou World Open ( 2013 ) '' . Snooker.org . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gujinggong Liquor Haikou World Open ( 2014 ) '' . Snooker.org . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Calendar 2016 / 2017 Jump up ^ Dee , John ( 1 May 2001 ) . `` Ebdon quick to sit on fence '' .",
"7": "London : The Sunday Telegraph . Retrieved 29 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` John Higgins : ' The Wizard of Wishaw ' '' . stv.tv . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 8 May 2007 ) . `` Reborn Higgins joins the greats '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Everton , Clive . `` Century - maker Higgins overwhelms O'Sullivan '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ McGovern , Thomas ( 17 January 2014 ) . `` Awesome O'Sullivan Smashes Record '' . worldsnooker.com . World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Turner , Chris . `` Various Snooker Records '' . cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk . Chris Turner 's Snooker Archive . Archived from the original on 10 February 2013 . Retrieved 5 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Metcalfe , Nick ( 6 February 2013 ) . `` ITV to show first ranking event in 20 years as deal agreed to screen snooker 's World Open '' . London : Mail Online . Retrieved 9 February 2013 .",
"8": "World Open ( snooker ) Players Tournament 1982 Grand Prix 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 LG Cup 2001 2002 2003 Grand Prix 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 World Open 2012 2013 2014 2016 2017 List of winners Active professional snooker tournaments Ranking Riga Masters China Championship Paul Hunter Classic Indian Open World Open European Masters English Open International Championship Shanghai Masters Northern Ireland Open UK Championship Scottish Open German Masters Snooker Shoot - Out World Grand Prix Welsh Open Gibraltar Open Players Championship China Open World Snooker Championship Non-ranking World Cup ( team event ) Hong Kong Masters World Games CVB Snooker Challenge ( team event ) Haining Open Champion of Champions The Masters Championship League World Seniors Tour UK Seniors Championship Irish Seniors Masters World Seniors Championship The Seniors Masters Variant Six - red World Championship Pro-am Vienna Snooker Open Belgium Snooker Open Pink Ribbon Italian Snooker Open Related World Snooker Tour Triple Crown Q School List of snooker ranking tournaments List of ranking title winners Withdrawn tournaments Tournaments by longevity Current season Current world rankings ranking points Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"9": "php?title=World_Open_(snooker)&oldid=802173623 '' Categories : World Open ( snooker ) Snooker ranking tournaments Recurring sporting events established in 1982 1982 establishments in England Snooker competitions in England Snooker competitions in Scotland Snooker competitions in China Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Deutsch Français ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 13 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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8499576329103738172
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who is the actor that plays jt on the young and the restless
|
[
"Thaddeus Rowe Luckinbill",
"Thaddeus Rowe Luckinbill",
"Thaddeus Rowe Luckinbill",
"Thaddeus Rowe Luckinbill",
"Thaddeus Rowe Luckinbill"
] |
{
"0": "Thad Luckinbill - wikipedia Thad Luckinbill Jump to : navigation , search Thad Luckinbill Thad Luckinbill ( right ) and Trent Luckinbill in 2015 Thaddeus Rowe Luckinbill ( 1975 - 04 - 24 ) April 24 , 1975 ( age 43 ) Enid , Oklahoma , U.S. Occupation Actor , producer Years active 1999 -- present Spouse ( s ) Amelia Heinle ( m . 2007 ; div. 2017 ) Children Thaddeus Rowe Luckinbill ( born April 24 , 1975 ) is an American actor and producer best known for playing J.T. Hellstrom on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless , from August 1999 to November 2010 . He revived the role of J.T. in December 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Acting career 2.1 Television 3 Producer 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Personal Life ( edit ) Thad Luckinbill has an identical twin brother , Trent , who is twelve minutes younger . Trent Luckinbill is a lawyer who lives in Los Angeles . In the final episode of the television series Law & Order : Criminal Intent , `` To the Boy in the Blue Knit Cap '' , Trent briefly appeared as the identical twin murder victim / corpse lying beside the murder victim / corpse of the character played by Thad . Luckinbill married Young and the Restless co-star Amelia Heinle in March 2007 while their characters were also married on the show . He is stepfather to Amelia 's son from a previous marriage . They have two children , a son and a daughter . On March 1 , 2017 , Luckinbill filed for divorce from Heinle , citing `` irreconcilable differences '' . Luckinbill enjoys playing volleyball , surfing , boxing and going to the gym . He occasionally plays for the Hollywood Knights basketball team . He majored in business finance at the University of Oklahoma . Acting career ( edit ) Television ( edit ) In addition to his role as J.T.",
"1": "Hellstrom on The Young and the Restless , Thad Luckinbill has guest - starred on several primetime television shows , including Undressed , Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Providence , Sabrina , the Teenage Witch , Nash Bridges , 8 Simple Rules , Without a Trace , CSI : NY , Nip / Tuck , Ghost Whisperer , CSI : Miami , and CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . He was a recurring character on The CW show Nikita completing six episodes as Nathan , the neighbor and love interest of Alexandra Udinov Lyndsy Fonseca , before the show was cancelled after its fourth season . Fonseca was also Luckinbill 's former Young and the Restless co-star . In 2001 , Luckinbill was also featured in an episode of the MTV documentary series True Life and appeared in Madonna 's `` Do n't Tell Me '' video as the cowboy who was thrown from his horse at the end of the song . On November 3 , 2017 , it was announced that Luckinbill would reprise his portrayal of J.T. on The Young and the Restless , beginning December 12 , 2017 . Thad 's run on `` The Young and the Restless '' ended on April 13 , 2018 when Nikki Newman hit him on the back of his head with a fireplace poker . Producer ( edit ) In 2013 , Thad , with his twin brother Trent , and well - known producer Molly Smith ( producer of P.S. I Love You and The Blind Side ) started a production company called Black Label Media . The production company has worked with A-listers such as Reese Witherspoon , Emily Blunt , and Jake Gyllenhaal , producing films including Sicario starring Blunt , Josh Brolin , and Benicio Del Toro , The Good Lie starring Witherspoon , and Demolition starring Gyllenhaal , Naomi Watts , and Chris Cooper .",
"2": "Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2000 Task Force 2001 Gary Direct - to - video 2001 Boyz II Men Faux boy band model Segment `` Crush '' 2003 Just Married Willie McNerney Sleepover Todd 2005 5 Stages of Grief Manuel Short film 2006 Shadow Effect , The The Shadow Effect Steve Sexly Short film 2006 Home of the Brave Soldier # 1 2007 Grampa 's Cabin Older Jake ( voice ) Short film 2008 Essence of Depp , The The Essence of Depp JB 2014 The Good Lie Matt Producer 2015 Breaking a Monster Documentary ; producer 2015 Sicario Producer 2015 Demolition Producer 2016 La La Land Executive Producer 2017 Rebel in the Rye Producer 2017 Only the Brave Scott Norris Producer 2018 12 Strong Vern Michaels Producer 2018 Sicario : Day of the Soldado Producer Television Year Title Role Notes 1999 Undressed Kyle 9 episodes 1999 -- 2010 ; 2017 - 2018 Young and the Restless , The The Young and the Restless J.T. Hellstrom Role held : August 27 , 1999 -- November 5 , 2010 ; December 12 , 2017 - April 13 , 2018 2001 Sabrina , the Teenage Witch Sean Hexton Episode : `` Witchright Hall '' 2001 Nash Bridges Young Bobby Bridges Episode : `` Quack Fever '' 2002 Generation Gap N / A Unsold WB pilot 2002 Division , The The Division Josh Costa Episode : `` A Priori '' 2002 Providence Jack Finch Episode : `` The Whole Truth '' 2002 JAG PO1 Moritz Episode : `` In Thin Air '' 2002 Buffy the Vampire Slayer R.J.",
"3": "Brooks Episode : `` Him '' 2003 8 Simple Rules Donny Doyle 5 episodes 2005 Bobby Cannon Dallas Unsold ABC pilot 2006 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Timothy Johnson Episode : `` Bang - Bang '' 2006 Nip / Tuck Mitchell Skinner Episode : `` Blu Mondae '' 2007 Protect & Serve Tim Cook Unsold CBS pilot 2008 Without a Trace Tim Collier Episode : `` Article 32 '' 2009 CSI : NY Connor Dunbrook 2 episodes 2009 Ghost Whisperer Grant Harper / Dr. Troy Holdon Episode : `` Stage Fright '' CSI : Miami Dominic Cross Episode : `` Miami , We Have a Problem '' CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Michael Wilson Episode : `` Blood Moon '' 2011 Nikita Nathan Colville 6 episodes 2011 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Parker Gaffney / Thomas Gaffney Episode : `` To the Boy in the Blue Knit Cap '' 2011 Keeping Up with the Randalls Will Randall Television film 2012 Matchmaker Santa Justin Greene Television film 2012 Grey 's Anatomy Kevin Banks Episode : `` Moment of Truth '' 2013 Rizzoli & Isles Tucker Franklin Episode : `` Killer in High Heels '' 2013 Major Crimes Hunt Massey Episode : `` Curve Ball '' 2015 Criminal Minds Larry Merrin Episode : `` Mr. Scratch '' 2015 Ballers Stoops Episode : `` Everything Is Everything '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Young and the Restless Cast : Jessica Collins Archived 2010 - 02 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Amelia Heinle and Thad Luckinbill welcome Thaddeus Rowe via Celebrity Baby Blog ; Retrieved 13 November 2007 Jump up ^ It 's a Boy for Y&R Stars Archived 2007 - 11 - 21 at the Wayback Machine .",
"4": "via SOAPnet ; Retrieved 13 November 2007 Jump up ^ Leon , Anya ( December 23 , 2009 ) `` Thad Luckinbill and Amelia Heinle Welcome Daughter Georgia March '' ... People.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Real - Life Y&R Couple Splits '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ HollywoodKnights.com > The Knights Gazette Jump up ^ Soapoperadigest.com Jump up ^ SOD ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Thad Luckinbill Back To Y&R ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Thad Luckinbill on IMDb VIAF : 316391841 LCCN : no2016039050 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thad_Luckinbill&oldid=838442695 '' Categories : 1975 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male soap opera actors American male television actors Identical twin male actors Living people Male actors from Oklahoma People from Enid , Oklahoma Twin people from the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Suomi 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 01 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"5": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when was the first commercial cell phone released
|
[
"1983",
"1973"
] |
{
"0": "History of mobile phones - wikipedia History of mobile phones Jump to : navigation , search A man talks on his mobile phone while standing near a conventional telephone box , which stands empty . Enabling technology for mobile phones was first developed in the 1940s but it was not until the mid 1980s that they became widely available . By 2011 , it was estimated in the United Kingdom that more calls were made using mobile phones than wired devices . The history of mobile phones covers mobile communication devices that connect wirelessly to the public switched telephone network . While the transmission of speech by radio has a long history , the first models that were wireless , mobile , and also capable of connecting to the standard telephone network are much more recent . The first such devices were barely portable compared to today 's compact hand - held devices , and their use was clumsy . Along with the process of developing a more portable technology , and a better interconnections system , drastic changes have taken place in both the networking of wireless communication and the prevalence of its use , with smartphones becoming common globally and a growing proportion of Internet access now done via mobile broadband . Contents ( hide ) 1 Predecessors 2 Early services 2.1 MTS 2.2 IMTS 2.3 Radio Common Carrier 2.4 Other services 2.5 European mobile radio networks 3 The cellular concept 4 Emergence of automated services 5 Handheld mobile phone 6 The early generations 6.1 1G -- Analogue cellular 6.2 2G -- Digital cellular 6.3 3G -- Mobile broadband 7 4G -- Native IP networks 8 Mobile device charger standards 8.1 In China 8.2 OMTP / GSMA Universal Charging Solution 8.3 EU smartphone power supply standard 9 Satellite mobile 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading Predecessors ( edit ) Before the devices existed that are now referred to as mobile phones or cell phones , there were some precursors . In 1908 , a Professor Albert Jahnke and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and Power Company claimed to have developed a wireless telephone .",
"1": "They were accused of fraud and the charge was then dropped , but they do not seem to have proceeded with production . Beginning in 1918 , the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military trains between Berlin and Zossen . In 1924 , public trials started with telephone connection on trains between Berlin and Hamburg . In 1925 , the company Zugtelephonie A.G. was founded to supply train telephony equipment and , in 1926 , telephone service in trains of the Deutsche Reichsbahn and the German mail service on the route between Hamburg and Berlin was approved and offered to first - class travelers . Karl Arnold drawing of public use of mobile telephones Fiction anticipated the development of real world mobile telephones . In 1906 , the English caricaturist Lewis Baumer published a cartoon in Punch magazine entitled `` Forecasts for 1907 '' in which he showed a man and a woman in London 's Hyde Park each separately engaged in gambling and dating on wireless telephony equipment . Then , in 1926 , the artist Karl Arnold created a visionary cartoon about the use of mobile phones in the street , in the picture `` wireless telephony '' , published in the German satirical magazine Simplicissimus . The Second World War made military use of radio telephony links . Hand - held radio transceivers have been available since the 1940s . Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s . Early devices were bulky , consumed high power , and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations . Modern cellular networks allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice and data communications . In the United States , engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles , leading to the inauguration of mobile service on 17 June 1946 in St. Louis , Missouri . Shortly after , AT&T offered Mobile Telephone Service . A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered limited coverage area and only a few available channels in urban areas . The introduction of cellular technology , which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by relatively low powered transmitters , made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible .",
"2": "In the USSR , Leonid Kupriyanovich , an engineer from Moscow , in 1957 - 1961 developed and presented a number of experimental models of handheld mobile phones . The weight of one model , presented in 19kdn61 , was only 70 g and could fit on a palm . However , in the USSR the decision at first to develop the system of the automobile `` Altai '' phone was made . In 1965 , Bulgarian company `` Radioelektronika '' presented on the Inforga - 65 international exhibition in Moscow the mobile automatic phone combined with a base station . Solutions of this phone were based on a system developed by Leonid Kupriyanovich . One base station , connected to one telephone wire line , could serve up to 15 customers . The advances in mobile telephony can be traced in successive generations from the early `` 0G '' services like MTS and its successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service , to first - generation ( 1G ) analog cellular network , second - generation ( 2G ) digital cellular networks , third - generation ( 3G ) broadband data services to the state - of - the - art , fourth - generation ( 4G ) native - IP networks . Early services ( edit ) MTS ( edit ) In 1949 , AT&T commercialized Mobile Telephone Service . From its start in St. Louis , Missouri , in 1946 , AT&T introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948 . Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing about 30,000 calls each week . Calls were set up manually by an operator and the user had to depress a button on the handset to talk and release the button to listen . The call subscriber equipment weighed about 80 lb . Subscriber growth and revenue generation were hampered by the constraints of the technology . Because only three radio channels were available , only three customers in any given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time . Mobile Telephone Service was expensive , costing 15 USD per month , plus 0.30 to 0.40 USD per local call , equivalent to about 176 USD per month and 3.50 to 4.75 per call in 2012 USD .",
"3": "In the UK , there was also a vehicle - based system called `` Post Office Radiophone Service , '' which was launched around the city of Manchester in 1959 , and although it required callers to speak to an operator , it was possible to be put through to any subscriber in Great Britain . The service was extended to London in 1965 and other major cities in 1972 . IMTS ( edit ) AT&T introduced the first major improvement to mobile telephony in 1965 , giving the improved service the obvious name of Improved Mobile Telephone Service . IMTS used additional radio channels , allowing more simultaneous calls in a given geographic area , introduced customer dialing , eliminating manual call setup by an operator , and reduced the size and weight of the subscriber equipment . Despite the capacity improvement offered by IMTS , demand outstripped capacity . In agreement with state regulatory agencies , AT&T limited the service to just 40,000 customers system wide . In New York City , for example , 2,000 customers shared just 12 radio channels and typically had to wait 30 minutes to place a call . Radio common Carrier ( edit ) A mobile radio telephone Radio Common Carrier or RCC was a service introduced in the 1960s by independent telephone companies to compete against AT&T 's IMTS . RCC systems used paired UHF 454 / 459 MHz and VHF 152 / 158 MHz frequencies near those used by IMTS . RCC based services were provided until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systems made RCC equipment obsolete . Some RCC systems were designed to allow customers of adjacent carriers to use their facilities , but equipment used by RCCs did not allow the equivalent of modern `` roaming '' because technical standards were not uniform . For example , the phone of an Omaha , Nebraska -- based RCC service would not be likely to work in Phoenix , Arizona . Roaming was not encouraged , in part , because there was no centralized industry billing database for RCCs . Signaling formats were not standardized . For example , some systems used two - tone sequential paging to alert a mobile of an incoming call . Other systems used DTMF . Some used Secode 2805 , which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone ( similar to IMTS signaling ) to alert mobiles of an offered call .",
"4": "Some radio equipment used with RCC systems was half - duplex , push - to - talk LOMO equipment such as Motorola hand - helds or RCA 700 - series conventional two - way radios . Other vehicular equipment had telephone handsets and rotary dials or pushbutton pads , and operated full duplex like a conventional wired telephone . A few users had full - duplex briefcase telephones ( radically advanced for their day ) At the end of RCC 's existence , industry associations were working on a technical standard that would have allowed roaming , and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable operation with more than one of the common signaling formats ( 600 / 1500 , 2805 , and Reach ) . Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers . Other services ( edit ) In 1969 Penn Central Railroad equipped commuter trains along the 360 km New York - Washington route with special pay phones that allowed passengers to place telephone calls while the train was moving . The system re-used six frequencies in the 450 MHz band in nine sites . In the UK , Channel Islands and elsewhere the `` Rabbit '' phone system was briefly used , being a hybrid of `` cell '' base stations and handsets . One major limitation was that you had to be less than 300 feet ( closer with buildings ) from a base due to power limitations on a portable device . With modern technology a similar variant is being considered for Apple 's new 4G `` smart watch '' so they can be used in large events in a broadly similar way to a femtocell . European mobile radio networks ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Europe , several mutually incompatible mobile radio services were developed . In 1966 Norway had a system called OLT which was manually controlled . Finland 's ARP , launched in 1971 , was also manual as was the Swedish MTD . All were replaced by the automatic NMT , ( Nordic Mobile Telephone ) system in the early 1980s .",
"5": "In July 1971 Readycall was introduced in London by Burndept after obtaining a special concession to break the Post Office monopoly to allow selective calling to mobiles of calls from the public telephone system . This system was available to the public for a subscription of £ 16 month . A year later the service was extended to two other UK towns . West Germany had a network called A-Netz launched in 1952 as the country 's first public commercial mobile phone network . In 1972 this was displaced by B - Netz which connected calls automatically . The cellular concept ( edit ) See also : Cellular network A multi-directional , cellular network antenna array ( `` cell tower '' ) In December 1947 , Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young , Bell Labs engineers , proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles . At this stage , the technology to implement these ideas did not exist , nor had the frequencies been allocated . Two decades would pass before Richard H. Frenkiel , Joel S. Engel and Philip T. Porter of Bell Labs expanded the early proposals into a much more detailed system plan . It was Porter who first proposed that the cell towers use the now - familiar directional antennas to reduce interference and increase channel reuse ( see picture at right ) Porter also invented the dial - then - send method used by all cell phones to reduce wasted channel time . In all these early examples , a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call , i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through several cell areas . The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff , as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology , were described in the late 1960s , in papers by Frenkiel and Porter . In 1970 Amos E. Joel , Jr. , a Bell Labs engineer , invented a `` three - sided trunk circuit '' to aid in the `` call handoff '' process from one cell to another . His patent contained an early description of the Bell Labs cellular concept , but as switching systems became faster , such a circuit became unnecessary and was never implemented in a system .",
"6": "A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973 , and a cellular telephone data signaling system was described in hipatitas by Hachenburg et al . Emergence of automated services ( edit ) The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in Sweden in 1956 . Named MTA ( Mobiltelefonisystem A ) , it allowed calls to be made and received in the car using a rotary dial . The car phone could also be paged . Calls from the car were direct dial , whereas incoming calls required an operator to locate the nearest base station to the car . It was developed by Sture Laurén and other engineers at Televerket network operator . Ericsson provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget ( SRA ) and Marconi provided the telephones and base station equipment . MTA phones consisted of vacuum tubes and relays , and weighed 40 kg . In 1962 , an upgraded version called Mobile System B ( MTB ) was introduced . This was a push - button telephone , and used transistors and DTMF signaling to improve its operational reliability . In 1971 the MTD version was launched , opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success . The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed . In 1958 development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR . The `` Altay '' national civil mobile phone service was based on Soviet MRT - 1327 standard . The main developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications ( VNIIS ) and the State Specialized Project Institute ( GSPI ) . In 1963 the service started in Moscow , and by 1970 was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR . Versions of the Altay system are still in use today as a trunking system in some parts of Russia . In 1959 a private telephone company in Brewster , Kansas , USA , the S&T Telephone Company , ( still in business today ) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility , offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW Kansas .",
"7": "This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard , and was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines , trucks , and automobiles . For some as yet unknown reason , the system , after being placed online and operated for a very brief time period , was shut down . The management of the company was immediately changed , and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960 , not to be seen again . In 1966 , Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT - 0 , 5 combined with a base station RATZ - 10 ( RATC - 10 ) on Interorgtechnika - 66 international exhibition . One base station , connected to one telephone wire line , could serve up to six customers ( `` Radio '' magazine , 2 , 1967 ; `` Novosti dnya '' newsreel , 37 , 1966 ) . One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in Finland , launched in 1971 . Posthumously , ARP is sometimes viewed as a zero generation ( 0G ) cellular network , being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage networks . Handheld mobile phone ( edit ) Martin Cooper photographed in 2007 with his 1973 handheld mobile phone prototype Prior to 1973 , mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles . Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone . On April 3 , 1973 , Martin Cooper , a Motorola researcher and executive , made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment , placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs , his rival . The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 1.1 kg ( 2.42 lb ) and measured 23 cm long , 13 cm deep and 4.45 cm wide . The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge . John F. Mitchell , Motorola 's chief of portable communication products and Cooper 's boss in 1973 , played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment . Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone .",
"8": "The early generations ( edit ) Newer technology has been developed and rolled out in a series of waves or generations . The `` generation '' terminology only became widely used when 3G was launched , but is now used retroactively when referring to the earlier systems . 1G -- analogue cellular ( edit ) Main article : 1G First automatic analogue cellular systems deployed were NTT 's system first used in Tokyo in 1979 , later spreading to the whole of Japan , and NMT in the Nordic countries in 1981 . The first analogue cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone System ( AMPS ) . It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 13 October 1983 , Israel in 1986 , and Australia in 1987 . AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology , but it had several serious issues by modern standards . It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner ; it was susceptible to cell phone `` cloning '' and it used a Frequency - division multiple access ( FDMA ) scheme and required significant amounts of wireless spectrum to support . On 6 March 1983 , the DynaTAC 8000X mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech . It cost $100 m to develop , and took over a decade to reach the market . The phone had a talk time of just thirty - five minutes and took ten hours to charge . Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life , weight , and low talk time , and waiting lists were in the thousands . Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS ( D - AMPS ) in 1990 , and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008 . In February 1986 Australia launched its Cellular Telephone System by Telecom Australia . Peter Reedman was the first Telecom Customer to be connected on 6 January 1986 along with five other subscribers as test customers prior to the official launch date of 28 February .",
"9": "2G -- digital cellular ( edit ) Main articles : 2G , 2.5 G , and 2.75 G Two 1991 GSM mobile phones with several AC adapters In the 1990s , the ' second generation ' mobile phone systems emerged . Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market : the European developed GSM standard and the U.S. developed CDMA standard . These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission , and also fast out - of - band phone - to - network signaling . The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones . In 1991 the first GSM network ( Radiolinja ) launched in Finland . In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America , though with some overlap . For example , the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe , so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems . In America the IS - 54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels . In 1993 , IBM Simon was introduced . This was possibly the world 's first smartphone . It was a mobile phone , pager , fax machine , and PDA all rolled into one . It included a calendar , address book , clock , calculator , notepad , email , and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard . The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with . It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped . It had applications , or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA 1.8 MB memory card into the phone . Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger `` brick '' phones toward tiny 100 -- 200 gram hand - held devices . This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy - efficient electronics , but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage . The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened , leading to increased battery life while on the move .",
"10": "Personal Handy - phone System mobiles and modems used in Japan around 1997 -- 2003 The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging . It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks . The first machine - generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person - to - person SMS sent in Finland . The advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice among the young , a trend which spread across all ages . 2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones . In 1998 the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone , launched by Finland 's Radiolinja ( now Elisa ) . Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000 , sponsored by advertising . Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca - Cola vending machine and car parking . Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway . The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart . The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999 . 3G -- mobile broadband ( edit ) Main article : 3G As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to use mobile phones in their daily lives , it became clear that demand for data ( such as access to browse the internet ) was growing . Further , experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever - increasing demand for greater data speeds . The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job , so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G . The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission . In addition , the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology ( 2 Mbit / s maximum data rate indoors , 384 kbit / s outdoors , for example ) .",
"11": "Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies , and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality . The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to EV - DO , which made several additions to the protocol while retaining backwards compatibility : Introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit / s to 3.1 Mbit / s Protocols that would decrease connection establishment time Ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot Introduction of QoS flags All these were put in place to allow for low latency , low bit rate communications such as VoIP . The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001 . NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001 , using the WCDMA technology . In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV - DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea , and Monet in the US . Monet has since gone bankrupt . By the end of 2002 , the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK ( now Softbank ) . European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by Three / Hutchison group , on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further eight commercial launches of 3G , six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV - DO standard . During the development of 3G systems , 2.5 G systems such as CDMA2000 1x and GPRS were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks . These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services . CDMA2000 - 1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit / s . Just beyond these is the EDGE system which in theory covers the requirements for 3G system , but is so narrowly above these that any practical system would be sure to fall short .",
"12": "The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry : for the first time , media streaming of radio ( and even television ) content to 3G handsets became possible , with companies such as RealNetworks and Disney among the early pioneers in this type of offering . In the mid-2000s ( decade ) , an evolution of 3G technology began to be implemented , namely High - Speed Downlink Packet Access ( HSDPA ) . It is an enhanced 3G ( third generation ) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High - Speed Packet Access ( HSPA ) family , also coined 3.5 G , 3G+ or turbo 3G , which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System ( UMTS ) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity . Current HSDPA deployments support down - link speeds of 1.8 , 3.6 , 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit / s . By the end of 2007 , there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide , which reflected 9 % of the total worldwide subscriber base . About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV - DO standard . The 3G telecoms services generated over $120 billion of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones . In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation . Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet , it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s ( decade ) that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile web . The first such devices , known as `` dongles '' , plugged directly into a computer through the USB port . Another new class of device appeared subsequently , the so - called `` compact wireless router '' such as the Novatel MiFi , which makes 3G Internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi - Fi , rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug - in . Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow . Consequently , some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi was n't needed .",
"13": "Instead , the SIM card could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services . Such 3G - capable laptops became commonly known as `` netbooks '' . Other types of data - aware devices followed in the netbook 's footsteps . By the beginning of 2010 , E-readers , such as the Amazon Kindle and the Nook from Barnes & Noble , had already become available with embedded wireless Internet , and Apple had announced plans for embedded wireless Internet on its iPad tablet devices later that year . 4G -- native IP networks ( edit ) Main article : 4G By 2009 , it had become clear that , at some point , 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth - intensive applications like streaming media . Consequently , the industry began looking to data - optimized 4th - generation technologies , with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies . The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard ( offered in the U.S. by Sprint ) and the LTE standard , first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera . One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching , instead employing an all - IP network . Thus , 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media , utilizing packet switching over Internet , LAN or WAN networks via VoIP . Mobile device charger standards ( edit ) USB power standards for mobile charger Port Current Voltage Power ( max ) Micro-USB 500 mA 5 V 2.5 W 1 A 5 V 5 W 2 A 5 V 10 W Type - C 100 mA to 3 A 5 V 15 W 1.7 A to 3 A 9 V 27 W 1.8 A to 3 A 15 V 45 W 2.25 A to 5 A 20 V 100 W Before a universal charger standard was agreed upon in the late 2000s users needed an adaptor which was often the same brand as their phone to recharge the battery .",
"14": "In China ( edit ) The Micro-USB interface is commonly found on chargers for mobile phones . As of 14 June 2007 , all new mobile phones applying for a license in China are required to use a USB port as a power port for battery charging . This was the first standard to use the convention of shorting D+ and D − . OMTP / GSMA Universal Charging Solution ( edit ) In September 2007 , the Open Mobile Terminal Platform group ( a forum of mobile network operators and manufacturers such as Nokia , Samsung , Motorola , Sony Ericsson , and LG ) announced that its members had agreed on Micro-USB as the future common connector for mobile devices . The GSM Association ( GSMA ) followed suit on 17 February 2009 , and on 22 April 2009 , this was further endorsed by the CTIA -- The Wireless Association , with the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its `` energy - efficient one - charger - fits - all new mobile phone solution , '' and added : `` Based on the Micro-USB interface , UCS chargers will also include a 4 - star or higher efficiency rating -- up to three times more energy - efficient than an unrated charger . '' EU smartphone power supply standard ( edit ) Main article : Common external power supply In June 2009 , many of the world 's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an EC - sponsored Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) , agreeing to make most data - enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply ( common EPS ) . The EU 's common EPS specification ( EN 62684 : 2010 ) references the USB Battery Charging Specification and is similar to the GSMA / OMTP and Chinese charging solutions . In January 2011 , the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) released its version of the ( EU 's ) common EPS standard as IEC 62684 : 2011 . Satellite mobile ( edit ) Main article : Satellite phone As well as the now - common cellular phone , there is also the very different approach of connecting directly from the handset to an Earth - orbiting satellite . Such mobile phones can be used in remote areas out of reach of wired networks or where construction of a cellular network is uneconomic .",
"15": "The Inmarsat system is the oldest , originally developed in 1979 for safety of life at sea , and uses a series of satellites in geostationary orbits to cover the majority of the globe . Several smaller operators use the same approach with just one or two satellites to provide a regional service . An alternative approach is to use a series of low Earth orbit satellites much closer to Earth . This is the basis of the Iridium and Globalstar satellite phone services . See also ( edit ) The Mobile Revolution Autopatch History of the prepaid mobile phone History of the telephone List of best - selling mobile phones Personal Communications Service PCS Pager Babylonokia Subscriber identity module Smartphone § History References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wallop , Harry ( 18 Jun 2011 ) . `` Mobilecomputer calls overtake landline calls for first time '' . The Telegraph ( London ) . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wireless Phone Cases Dismissed '' . San Francisco Call . 104 ( 37 ) . 1908 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 1900 '' . deutsches-telefon-museum.eu. 2007 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Informatikzentrum Mobilfunk ( IZMF ) . izmf.de : `` The development of digital mobile communications in Germany '' , retrieved on 2013 - 05 - 30 Jump up ^ Punch Jump up ^ simplicissimus.info : Bild `` Drahtlose Telephonie '' in Simplicissimus , 1926 ( Jg. 31 ) Heft 38 , S. 498. , ( PDF - file ) , retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 14 Jump up ^ Рыбчинский , Юрий ( 1961 ) . РАДИОФОН . Орловская Правда ( in Russian ) ( 12 -- 1961 ) . М. : Орловская Правда . Jump up ^ Мартин Купер был не первым .",
"16": "Олег Измеров ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ `` Nauka i zhizn '' magazine , 8 , 1957 and 10 , 1958 ; `` Technika - molodezhi '' magazine , 2 , 1959 ; `` Za rulem '' magazine , 12 , 1957 , `` Yuny technik '' magazine , 7 , 1957 , 2 , 1958 and 9 , 1996 ; `` Orlovskaya pravda '' newspaper , 12 , 1961 . Jump up ^ `` Nauka i zhizn '' magazine , 8 , 1965 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1946 : First Mobile Telephone Call '' . corp.att.com . AT&T Intellectual Property . 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon A. Gow , Richard K. Smith Mobile and wireless communications : an introduction , McGraw - Hill International , 2006 ISBN 0 - 335 - 21761 - 3 page 23 Jump up ^ http://www.btplc.com/today/art91356.html Jump up ^ https://books.google.ca/books?id=hsA8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA94&dq=%22radio+common+carrier%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=caK2VL2xG5PVasaPgsgK&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22radio%20common%20carrier%22&f=false The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America , 47 CFR1 22.2 , 10 - 1 - 92 Edition , retrieved 2015 Jan 14 Jump up ^ Rabbit ( telecommunications ) Jump up ^ Wirless World July 1971 Jump up ^ 1947 memo by Douglas H. Ring proposing hexagonal cells Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ article by Tom Farley `` Cellular Telephone Basics '' . Privateline.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : See Amos Joel patent 3,663,762 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ `` Switching hipatitas for a Cellular Mobile Telephone System '' : , Z . Fluhr and E. Nussbaum , IEEE Transactions on Communications volume 21 , # 11 p. 1281 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Hachenburg , V. ; Holm , B.D. ; Smith , J.I. ( 1977 ) . `` Data signaling functions for a cellular mobile telephone system '' . IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology . 26 : 82 . doi : 10.1109 / T - VT. 1977.23660 . Jump up ^ Shi , Mingtao ( 2007 ) . Technology Base of mobile cellular operators in Germany and China . Univerlagtuberlin . pp. 55 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7983 - 2057 - 4 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Facts about the Mobile . A Journey through Time . mobilen50ar.se Jump up ^ The first Russian mobile phone . Englishrussia.com ( 2006 - 09 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Shiels , Maggie ( 21 April 2003 ) . `` BBC interview with Martin Cooper '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Martin Cooper , et al. , `` Radio Telephone System '' , US Patent number 3,906,166 ; Filing date : 17 October 1973 ; Issue date : September 1975 ; Assignee Motorola Jump up ^ `` Martin Cooper - The Inventor of the Cell Phone '' . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ John F. Mitchell Biography . Brophy.net ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Top Giants in Telephony Archived 17 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Historyofthecellphone.com ( 2009 - 06 - 11 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Who invented the cell phone ? . Brophy.net ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) .",
"18": "Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Motorola Executive Helped spur Cellphone Revolution , Oversaw Ill - fated Iridium Project '' . The Wall Street Journal , 20 -- 21 June 2009 , Jump up ^ `` John F. Mitchell , 1928 -- 2009 : Was president of Motorola from 1980 to ' 95 '' . Chicago Tribune . 17 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ AT&T article . Corp.att.com ( 1946 - 06 - 17 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` First Cell Phone a True ' Brick ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` This Is the Original Mobile Phone Design Icon '' . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ A. Kling , Andrew ( 2010 ) . Cell Phones. 27500 Drake Road , Farmington Hills MI 48331 : Lucent Books . pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ `` Cell Phone Generations 1G , 2G , 3G and now 4G -- Tech Forums '' . Forums.techeblog.com. 25 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Before IPhone and Android Came Simon , the First Smartphone '' . Businessweek. 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ 3G and Cellular radio Information . Privateline.com ( 2005 - 01 - 23 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Thawatt ( 11 -- 15 March 2007 ) . `` IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference '' . IEEE : 3262 -- 7 . doi : 10.1109 / WCNC. 2007.601 . ISBN 1 - 4244 - 0658 - 7 . contribution = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org. 20 September 2005 .",
"19": "Archived from the original on 28 April 2006 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonsalves , Antone ( 19 September 2005 ) . `` RealNetworks Launches Streaming Music on Sprint Phones '' . Informationweek.com . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Media Week , 20 September 2005 , 12 : 00 am ( 20 September 2005 ) . `` Disney will offer mobile content -- Media news '' . Media Week . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fahd Ahmad Saeed . `` Capacity Limit Problem in 3G Networks '' . Purdue School of Engineering . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` VoIP Support in Nokia Devices '' . Archived from the original on 28 May 2009 . Retrieved 16 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Power Rules '' , Universal Serial Bus Power Delivery Specification revision 3.0 , version 1.1 , USB Implementers Forum , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 Jump up ^ Cai Yan ( 2007 - 05 - 31 ) . `` China to enforce universal cell phone charger '' . EE Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ The Chinese FCC 's technical standard : `` YD / T 1591 - 2006 , Technical Requirements and Test Method of Charger and Interface for Mobile Telecommunication Terminal Equipment '' ( PDF ) ( in Chinese ) . Dian yuan . Jump up ^ Lam , Crystal ; Liu , Harry ( 22 October 2007 ) . `` How to conform to China 's new mobile phone interface standards '' . Wireless Net DesignLine . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Pros seem to outdo cons in new phone charger standard '' . News . 20 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Broad Manufacturer Agreement Gives Universal Phone Cable Green Light '' ( Press release ) . OTMP. 17 September 2007 .",
"20": "Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Agreement on Mobile phone Standard Charger '' ( Press release ) . GSM World . Jump up ^ `` Common Charging and Local Data Connectivity '' . Open Mobile Terminal Platform. 11 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Charging Solution ~ GSM World '' . GSM world . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Meeting the challenge of the universal charge standard in mobile phones '' . Planet Analog . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Wireless Association Announces One Universal Charger Solution to Celebrate Earth Day '' ( Press release ) . CTIA. 2009 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ITU '' ( Press release ) . 2009 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` chargers '' . EU : EC . 2009 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Europe gets universal cellphone charger in 2010 '' . Wired. 2009 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` One size - fits - all mobile phone charger : IEC publishes first globally relevant standard '' . International Electrotechnical Commission . 2011 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Further reading ( edit ) Agar , Jon ( 2004 ) . Constant Touch : a Global History of the Mobile Phone . Cambridge : Icon . ISBN 978 - 1840465419 . Farley , Tom ( 2007 ) . `` The Cell - Phone Revolution '' . American Heritage of Invention & Technology . New York : American Heritage . 22 ( 3 ) : 8 -- 19 . ISSN 8756 - 7296 . OCLC 108126426 .",
"21": "BL Shelfmark 0817.734000 . Mobile phones General Features GSM services History Operating system Security Telephony airplane mode Text messaging SMS MMS Spam Tracking Web browsing HTML5 Software Apps Development Distribution Management Cloud computing Commerce Banking Marketing advertising campaigns Payments contactless donating Ticketing Content Blogging Email Gambling Gaming Health Instant messaging Learning Music News Search local Social address book Television Culture Charms Comics Dating Japanese culture Novels Ringtones silent mode Selfie Txtspk Wallpaper Devices Manufacturers 3D phone Camera phone Car phone Feature phone Projector phone Satellite phone Smartphone SIM lock Form factors Bar Flip Phablet Slider Smartwatch Smartphones Android devices rooting BlackBerry 10 iPhone iOS jailbreaking Open - source mobile phones Symbian devices Windows Phone devices Environment and health BlackBerry thumb Driving safety Electronic waste External power supply Phantom vibration syndrome Radiation and health Recycling Law Carrier IQ Use restrictions while driving Legality of recording by civilians Photography and the law Telephone tapping Texting while driving Mobile phones in prison Networking Channel capacity Frequencies Multi-band Network operator list Roaming Signal SIM ( dual SIM ) Standards comparison Tethering VoIP WAP XHTML - MP Generations 0G 1G 2G 3G adoption 3.5 G 4G 4.",
"22": "5 G 5G Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"23": "php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&oldid=821137974 '' Categories : History of mobile phones Hidden categories : CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : chapter ignored CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use dmy dates from June 2013 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Català Eesti Español Қазақша Português Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 16 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who sings the theme song for degrassi the next generation
|
[
"Jakalope",
"Jakalope",
"Jakalope",
"The Degrassi Junior Strings"
] |
{
"0": "List of Degrassi soundtracks - wikipedia List of Degrassi soundtracks Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of Degrassi soundtracks . Season Album Release date Season 4 Songs from Degrassi : The Next Generation 1 November 2005 Season 5 The N Soundtrack 1 August 2006 Season 7 Music from Degrassi : The Next Generation 2 December 2008 Season 8 Degrassi Goes Hollywood : Music from the Original Movie 4 August 2009 Season 9 Degrassi Takes Manhattan : The Heat Is On 13 July 2010 Season 10 Degrassi : The Boiling Point 1 February 2011 Songs from Degrassi : the Next Generation ( edit ) Songs from Degrassi : The Next Generation Soundtrack album by various artists Released 1 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 01 ) Genre Pop / Punk / Alternative Rock Length 51 : 38 Label Orange Record Label Degrassi chronology Songs from Degrassi : The Next Generation The N Soundtrack String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found Songs from Degrassi : The Next Generation is a soundtrack album from the television series Degrassi : The Next Generation . It was released as a digital download on 1 November 2005 , following the fourth season , and as a CD on 8 January 2007 . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Degrassi : The Next Generation Theme '' Jakalope 0 : 55 2 . `` Heartbreaker '' Tuuli 3 : 20 3 . `` Beautifully Undone '' Lindy 3 : 24 4 . `` Midnite Rider '' Supergarage 3 : 31 5 . `` Secret Splendor '' Buck 65 5 : 02 6 . `` Hard Road '' Sam Roberts 4 : 07 7 . `` Rooftop '' Melissa McClelland 5 : 13 8 .",
"1": "`` Suburbs '' Junior Achiever 3 : 30 9 . `` Feel It '' Jakalope 3 : 56 10 . `` I Do n't Want to Be Me '' Amanda Clemens 3 : 52 11 . `` White Lightning '' The Premiums 3 : 22 12 . `` Down and Out '' Evren 3 : 44 13 . `` Just Jane '' Christopher Rouse 4 : 30 14 . `` Degrassi : The Next Generation Theme ( extended version ) '' The Degrassi Junior Strings 3 : 12 Total length : 51 : 38 The N soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The N Soundtrack Released following the fifth season , in 2006 , The N Soundtrack contains songs from Degrassi : The Next Generation , including the first recording by Degrassi actor turned rapper Drake , and other shows airing on The N and CTV . Music from Degrassi : the Next Generation ( edit ) Music from Degrassi : The Next Generation Soundtrack album by various artists Released 2 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 02 ) Genre Pop / Punk / Alternative Rock Length 41 : 33 ( Canada ) 47 : 24 ( US iTunes ) Label Sall Entertainment Group / Fontana North Degrassi chronology The N Soundtrack String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found Music from Degrassi : The Next Generation Degrassi Goes Hollywood : Music from the Original Movie String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found Music from Degrassi : The Next Generation is a soundtrack album from the television series Degrassi : The Next Generation . It was released as a digital download on 2 December 2008 , following the seventh season , and as a CD on 9 December 2008 . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Misery Business '' Paramore 3 : 30 2 . `` Face Down '' The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus 3 : 09 3 .",
"2": "`` Neighbors '' The Academy Is ... 3 : 09 4 . `` All Time Lows '' Hellogoodbye 2 : 44 5 . `` Pocketful of Sunshine '' Natasha Bedingfield 3 : 43 6 . `` My Window '' Jake Epstein 2 : 36 7 . `` ( Let 's Get Movin ' ) Into Action '' Skye Sweetnam 3 : 41 8 . `` More Than a Friend '' All Too Much 4 : 20 9 . `` How Long '' Army of Me 3 : 34 10 . `` Come One , Come All '' All Time Low 3 : 32 11 . `` Rock My Body '' The Higher 3 : 31 12 . `` Bodies and Words '' Silverstein 3 : 13 13 . `` Degrassi Theme Song '' Jakalope 0 : 51 ( show ) US iTunes Store bonus tracks No . Title Artist Length 14 . `` Tell Me Lies '' Soundtrack & Melissa McIntyre 1 : 11 15 . `` Degrassi Theme ( remix ) '' Soundtrack & Jakalope 4 : 40 Degrassi Goes Hollywood : Music from the Original Movie ( edit ) Main article : Degrassi Goes Hollywood : Music from the Original Movie During the eighth season , in 2009 , Degrassi Goes Hollywood : Music from the Original Movie was released to coincide with the Degrassi Goes Hollywood film . Degrassi Takes Manhattan : the Heat is on ( edit ) Main article : Degrassi Takes Manhattan : The Heat Is On ( Music from the Original Movie ) During the ninth season , in 2010 , Degrassi Takes Manhattan : The Heat Is On ( Music from the Original Movie ) was released to coincide with the Degrassi Takes Manhattan film .",
"3": "Degrassi : the Boiling Point ( edit ) Degrassi : The Boiling Point ( Music from the Series ) Soundtrack album by various artists Released 1 February 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) Genre Pop / Alternative Length 34 : 44 Label Sall Entertainment Group Degrassi chronology Degrassi Takes Manhattan : The Heat Is On String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found Degrassi : The Boiling Point Degrassi : The Boiling Point ( Music from the Series ) ( simply Degrassi : The Boiling Point in Canada ) is a soundtrack album from the television series Degrassi . It was released as a digital download on 1 February 2011 , following the first half of the tenth season , and as a CD on 22 February 2011 . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Balls '' Stefan Brogren , Melinda Shankar , & Spencer Van Wyck 0 : 15 2 . `` Believe '' Moneen 3 : 30 3 . `` One of Those Pregnant Teenagers '' Melinda Shankar & Jessica Tyler 0 : 19 4 . `` Mr. Perfect '' Jessica Tyler 2 : 27 5 . `` Concert of the Century '' Munro Chambers , Raymond Ablack , & Jordan Todosey 0 : 17 6 . `` Do n't Say Love ( Ralph Sall edit ) '' All Too Much 2 : 23 7 . `` Stranger to Me '' Hannah Georgas 3 : 06 8 . `` I 'm a Young Adult '' Raymond Ablack 0 : 43 9 . `` The Good Times '' Royalchord 4 : 07 10 . `` The Girlfriend Label '' Luke Bilyk & Melinda Shankar 0 : 20 11 . `` Hand to Hold '' Adaline 2 : 53 12 . `` That is Pandemic ! '' Raymond Ablack & Charlotte Arnold 0 : 12 13 .",
"4": "`` Whitehorse '' Raymond Ablack & Jessica Tyler 1 : 35 14 . `` Scream at the Top of Your Lungs '' Munro Chambers & Aislinn Paul 0 : 36 15 . `` Carjack My Heart '' Dance Movie 2 : 30 16 . `` Just A Girl '' Jessica Tyler 2 : 25 17 . `` Last Night Was Epic ! '' Munro Chambers , Jordan Todosey , & Raymond Ablack 0 : 28 18 . `` Paisley Jacket '' The Dead Hand 3 : 01 19 . `` Sammy Decter '' Eve and the Ocean 3 : 27 20 . `` Big Changes '' Stefan Brogren 0 : 10 Total length : 34 : 44 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Songs from Degrassi : The Next Generation '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Apple . `` Songs from Degrassi : The Next Generation '' . iTunes Store ( Canada ) . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Music from Degrassi : The Next Generation '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Apple . `` Music From Degrassi : The Next Generation '' . iTunes Store ( Canada ) . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Apple . `` Music from Degrassi : The Next Generation '' . iTunes Store ( United States ) . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : Boiling Point ( soundtrack ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Apple . `` Degrassi : The Boiling Point '' . iTunes Store ( Canada ) . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Apple . `` Degrassi : The Boiling Point ( Music from the Series ) '' . iTunes Store ( United States ) . Retrieved 4 March 2011 .",
"5": "Degrassi franchise The Kids of Degrassi Street Ida Makes a Movie Degrassi Junior High Degrassi High Characters Joey Jeremiah Caitlin Ryan Episodes Degrassi Talks School 's Out Degrassi : The Next Generation Degrassi Seasons 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Episodes `` Mother and Child Reunion '' `` Accidents Will Happen '' `` Time Stands Still '' `` High Fidelity '' `` Paradise City '' `` The Rest of My Life '' `` My Body Is a Cage '' Films Degrassi Goes Hollywood Degrassi Takes Manhattan See also Characters J.T. Yorke Soundtracks Degrassi : Next Class Episodes Season Characters See also Awards and nominations Locations De Grassi Street Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Degrassi_soundtracks&oldid=799789128 '' Categories : Degrassi : The Next Generation Film and television discographies Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 21 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did the first ice age come out
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[
"2002",
"2002",
"2002",
"2002",
"March 15, 2002"
] |
{
"0": "Ice Age ( franchise ) - wikipedia Ice Age ( franchise ) Jump to : navigation , search Ice Age Created by Michael J. Wilson Owner Blue Sky Studios Films and television Film ( s ) Ice Age Ice Age : The Meltdown Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs Ice Age : Continental Drift Ice Age : Collision Course Short film ( s ) Gone Nutty No Time for Nuts Surviving Sid Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe Scrat : Spaced Out Television special ( s ) Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas Ice Age : The Great Egg - Scapade Theatrical presentations Play ( s ) Ice Age Live ! A Mammoth Adventure Games Video game ( s ) Ice Age ( 2002 ) Ice Age 2 : The Meltdown ( 2006 ) Ice Age 3 : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) Ice Age 3 - Boulder Drop ( 2009 ) Ice Age 3 - Dino Dinner ( 2009 ) Ice Age 3 - Slippery Slope ( 2009 ) Ice Age Village ( 2012 ) Ice Age : Continental Drift -- Arctic Games ( 2012 ) Ice Age Online ( 2012 ) Ice Age - Clueless Ice Sloth ( 2012 ) Ice Age Adventures ( 2014 ) Ice Age Avalanche ( 2016 ) Ice Age Hailstorm ( 2016 ) Ice Age Mission Control ( 2016 ) Ice Age : Arctic Blast ( 2016 ) Ice Age - Manic Meteor Run ! ( 2016 ) Ice Age - Geode Jam ! ( 2016 ) Ice Age - Coloring Book ( 2016 ) Ice Age - Matching Cards ( 2016 ) Audio Soundtrack ( s ) Ice Age Ice Age : The Meltdown Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs Ice Age : Continental Drift Ice Age : Collision Course Ice Age is an American media franchise centering on a group of mammals surviving the Paleolithic ice age . It is produced by Blue Sky Studios , a division of 20th Century Fox , and featuring the voices of Ray Romano , John Leguizamo , Denis Leary , and Chris Wedge .",
"1": "Five films have been released in the series thus far with Ice Age in 2002 , Ice Age : The Meltdown in 2006 , Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs in 2009 , Ice Age : Continental Drift in 2012 , and Ice Age : Collision Course in 2016 . It has received some criticism for making no attempt to be scientifically accurate . As of April 2016 , the franchise had generated $6 billion in revenue , making it one of the highest - grossing media franchises of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Ice Age ( 2002 ) 1.2 Ice Age : The Meltdown ( 2006 ) 1.3 Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) 1.4 Ice Age : Continental Drift ( 2012 ) 1.5 Ice Age : Collision Course ( 2016 ) 1.6 Future 2 Short films 2.1 Gone Nutty 2.2 No Time for Nuts 2.3 Surviving Sid 2.4 Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe 2.5 Scrat : Spaced Out 3 Television specials 3.1 Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas 3.2 Ice Age : The Great Egg - Scapade 4 Cast 4.1 Feature films 4.2 Short films 4.3 Television specials 5 Crew 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical and public response 7 Video games 8 Live show 9 Themed land 10 References 11 External links Films Ice Age ( 2002 ) Main article : Ice Age ( 2002 film ) Sid , a talkative sloth , is left behind by his family and the herds of mammals journeying to the south . He meets Manny , a mammoth who travels to the north , and decides to follow him . When a humans ' camp is attacked by tigers , a woman takes her baby and jumps into a river and falls over a waterfall . Before she disappears , the baby is rescued by Manny and Sid . The two animals decide to search for the father and return the baby to him .",
"2": "Diego , one of the tigers that attacked the humans , comes also claiming the baby , and the trio form an uneasy alliance during their journey to the humans . Ice Age : the Meltdown ( 2006 ) Main article : Ice Age : The Meltdown Manny , Sid , and Diego are currently living in a large valley surrounded by an enormously high ice wall on all sides . However , the trio discovers that the ice wall is actually a wall that is barely holding a massive body of water that could flood the valley to nearly a mile underwater . A vulture tells them that there is a boat at the other end of the valley that may save them all , but they only have three days to reach it or die . Manny is also having trouble fearing the fact that he may be the last mammoth left . Along the way , they meet Ellie , a mammoth who thinks she is a possum , and her possum brothers Crash and Eddie . As they begin to travel together , Manny learns , with help from Diego and Sid , that he must move on from his past . During their journey , Scrat the sabre - toothed squirrel has his own adventure . Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) Main article : Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs Manny and Ellie are expecting their first child , meanwhile Scrat falls in love with fellow squirrel Scratte . Meanwhile , Diego is anxious about settling down for a domestic life with Manny 's new family . Sid begins to wish for a family of his own , and steals some dinosaur eggs which leads to Sid ending up in a strange underground world where his herd must rescue him . The herd also meets an insane one - eyed weasel known as Buck who aids them on their quest . Ice Age : Continental Drift ( 2012 ) Main article : Ice Age : Continental Drift Taking place several years after the events of the third film , with Peaches now a teenager , Scrat 's pursuit of acorns has world - changing consequences , separating Manny , Sid and Diego from the rest of their group . As they try to return home , they come into conflict with a pirate gang led by Captain Gutt .",
"3": "Ice Age : Collision Course ( 2016 ) Main article : Ice Age : Collision Course Set after the events of Continental Drift , Scrat 's pursuit of his elusive acorn catapults him outside of Earth aboard a UFO , where he accidentally sets off a series of cosmic events that transform and threaten the planet . To save themselves from peril , Manny , Sid , Diego , and the rest of the herd leave their home and reunite with Buck , who leads them on a journey to find a way to save the planet . Future On the possibility of a potential sequel to Ice Age : Collision Course , in June 2016 , Galen T. Chu , co-director of the film , stated that there were some ideas for the next installment . In July 2016 , Bustle noted that the potential of Ice Age 6 actually being produced was relatively high even though it could largely depend on the box office performance of the fifth film . PopWrapped later commented in February 2017 , on the fifth film 's poor reception and how the franchise was moving further into absurdity and further away from leaving any lasting emotional impact on the audience , and stated that the sixth film could have potential to redeem the franchise by going back to its roots and reintroducing the humans from the original film , particularly the little baby named Roshan , and thereby bring the audience to remember why they loved Ice Age so much in the first place , and perhaps end the series on a high note . Short films Gone Nutty Main article : Gone Nutty Gone Nutty is a 2002 animated short film , directed by Carlos Saldanha , and originally released on the Ice Age DVD . The short features the character Scrat , who is yet again having troubles with collecting his beloved acorns . The film was nominated for the 2003 Academy Award for Animated Short Film . No time for Nuts Main article : No Time for Nuts No Time for Nuts is a 2006 animated short film , directed by Chris Renaud and Mike Thurmeier , and it was originally released on the Ice Age : The Meltdown DVD . The short follows Scrat on a chase after his nut , which has been accidentally sent back in time by a frozen time machine . No Time for Nuts was nominated for the 2007 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film .",
"4": "Surviving Sid Main article : Surviving Sid Surviving Sid is a 2008 animated short film , directed by Galen Tan Chu and Karen Disher . It was originally released on the Horton Hears a Who ! DVD and Blu - ray . Unlike the first two Ice Age short films , Surviving Sid focuses on Sid , who incompetently `` leads '' a small group of camping children . Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe Main article : Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe is a 2015 animated short film . The short once again follows Scrat , who discovers a flying saucer frozen in a block of ice and accidentally powers it on and ends up creating the Solar System through a series of mishaps . Scrat : Spaced out Main article : Scrat : Spaced Out Scrat : Spaced Out is a 2016 animated short film . The short once again follows Scrat , trying to get back to Earth after the events in Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe . Television specials Ice Age : a Mammoth Christmas Main article : Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas In the middle of decorating for the holiday season , Sid accidentally destroys Manny 's favourite decorations . Sid , convinced by Manny that he is now on Santa 's naughty list , takes off with Crash , Eddie and Peaches for the North Pole to get back on the Santa 's good side . When on the North Pole , Sid and his crew accidentally destroy Santa 's Workshop . When Manny , Ellie and Diego , worried over Peaches 's safety , arrive at the North Pole , they must come together and save Christmas . Ice Age : the Great egg - scapade Main article : Ice Age : The Great Egg - Scapade The special centers on a harried prehistoric bird mom who entrusts her precious , soon - to - hatch egg to Sid . When she recommends him to her neighbors -- a condor mother , Cholly Bear and Gladys Glypto -- business booms at his new egg - sitting service . However , dastardly pirate bunny Squint , who is seeking revenge on the herd , steals , camouflages and hides all the eggs .",
"5": "Once again , with Squint 's twin brother , Clint , assisting , Manny , Diego and the rest of the gang come to the rescue and take off on a daring mission that turns into the world 's first Easter egg hunt . Cast Further information : List of Ice Age characters Feature films Characters Ice Age Ice Age : The Meltdown Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs Ice Age : Continental Drift Ice Age : Collision Course 2002 2006 2009 2012 2016 Principal characters Manny Ray Romano Sid John Leguizamo Diego Denis Leary Scrat Chris Wedge Ellie Queen Latifah Crash Seann William Scott Eddie Josh Peck Buck Simon Pegg Simon Pegg ( archive recording ) Simon Pegg Peaches Character is mute Keke Palmer Granny Wanda Sykes Shira Jennifer Lopez Julian Adam DeVine Supporting characters Roshan Tara Strong Soto Goran Višnjić Zeke Jack Black Oscar Diedrich Bader Lenny Alan Tudyk Carl Cedric the Entertainer Frank Stephen Root Fast Tony Jay Leno The Lone Gunslinger Will Arnett Cretaceous Character is mute Maelstrom Character is mute Scratte Karen Disher Rudy Character is mute Momma Character is mute Egbert ,",
"6": "Yoko and Shelly Carlos Saldanha Louis Josh Gad Silent cameo Captain Gutt Peter Dinklage Squint Aziz Ansari Flynn Nick Frost Raz Rebel Wilson Gupta Kunal Nayyar Silas Alain Chabat Ariscratle Patrick Stewart Milton Alan Tudyk Eunice Joy Behar Marshall Ben Gleib Uncle Fungus Eddie `` Piolín '' Sotelo Ethan Drake Steffie Nicki Minaj Katie Heather Morris Meghan Alexandra Romano Roger Max Greenfield Gavin Nick Offerman Gertie Stephanie Beatriz Shangri Llama Jesse Tyler Ferguson Brooke Jessie J Teddy Michael Strahan Francine Melissa Rauch Short films Characters Gone Nutty No Time for Nuts Surviving Sid Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe Scrat : Spaced Out 2002 2006 2008 2015 2016 Scrat Chris Wedge Sid Silent cameo John Leguizamo Claire Emily Osment Cindy Maria Lark Manny Silent cameo Ray Romano Diego Denis Leary Scratazons Karen Disher Television specials Characters Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas Ice Age : The Great Egg - Scapade 2011 2016 Manny Ray Romano Sid John Leguizamo Diego Denis Leary Scrat Chris Wedge Ellie Queen Latifah Crash Seann William Scott Eddie Josh Peck Peaches Ciara Bravo Keke Palmer Santa Claus Billy Gardell Prancer T.J.",
"7": "Miller Ethel Taraji P. Henson Squint Seth Green Clint Blake Anderson Crew Film Director ( s ) Producer ( s ) Executive producer ( s ) Writer ( s ) Composer Editor ( s ) Ice Age Chris Wedge co-directed by : Carlos Saldanha Lori Forte Chris Meledandri screenplay : Michael Berg , Michael J. Wilson and Peter Ackerman story : Michael J. Wilson David Newman John Carnochan Ice Age : The Meltdown Carlos Saldanha Chris Meledandri & Chris Wedge screenplay : Peter Gaulke , Gerry Swallow and Jim Hecht story : Peter Gaulke & Gerry Swallow John Powell Harry Hitner Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs Carlos Saldanha co-directed by : Mike Thurmeier Lori Forte & John C. Donkin Chris Wedge screenplay : Michael Berg , Peter Ackerman , Mike Reiss and Yoni Brenner story : Jason Carter Eaton Ice Age : Continental Drift Steve Martino & Mike Thurmeier Chris Wedge & Carlos Saldanha screenplay : Michael Berg & Jason Fuchs story : Michael Berg & Lori Forte James M. Palumbo & David Ian Salter Ice Age : Collision Course Mike Thurmeier co-directed by : Galen T. Chu Lori Forte screenplay : Michael J. Wilson , Michael Berg and Yoni Brenner story : Aubrey Solomon John Debney James M. Palumbo Reception Box Office performance All five films , produced on a total budget of $429 million , have grossed over $3.2 billion worldwide , making Ice Age the 15th highest - grossing franchise of all time , and the second highest - grossing animated franchise worldwide behind Shrek . The first four films were the highest - grossing animated films in each year they were released , and among the eight highest - grossing films in their respective release years .",
"8": "Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Ice Age March 15 , 2002 $176,387,405 $206,869,731 $383,257,136 # 189 # 193 $59 million Ice Age : The Meltdown March 31 , 2006 $195,330,621 $465,610,159 $660,940,780 # 148 # 70 $80 million Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs July 1 , 2009 $196,573,705 $690,113,112 $886,686,817 # 147 # 30 $90 million Ice Age : Continental Drift July 13 , 2012 $161,321,843 $715,922,939 $877,244,782 # 225 # 32 $95 million Ice Age : Collision Course July 22 , 2016 $64,063,008 $342,989,731 $407,052,739 # 1,161 # 228 $105 million Total $793,676,582 $2,421,505,672 $3,215,182,254 # 22 # 17 $429 million Critical and public response Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Ice Age 77 % ( 165 reviews ) 60 ( 31 reviews ) Ice Age : The Meltdown 57 % ( 143 reviews ) 58 ( 29 reviews ) Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs 45 % ( 159 reviews ) 50 ( 25 reviews ) A - Ice Age : Continental Drift 37 % ( 131 reviews ) 49 ( 29 reviews ) A - Ice Age : Collision Course 15 % ( 106 reviews ) 34 ( 27 reviews ) B+ Video Games Ice Age was released in 2002 by Ubisoft for Game Boy Advance .",
"9": "Ice Age 2 : The Meltdown was released in 2006 by Sierra Entertainment for Wii , PlayStation 2 , GameCube , Game Boy Advance , Nintendo DS , Xbox , and PC . Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs was released by Activision on June 30 , 2009 , for PC , Wii , DS , PS2 , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 . Ice Age 3 - Boulder Drop is an online game released in 2009 . Ice Age 3 - Dino Dinner is an online game released in 2009 . Ice Age 3 - Slippery Slope is an online game released in 2009 . Ice Age Village , a mobile video game , was released by Gameloft on April 5 , 2012 , to iPhone , iPad , and various Android devices , and on April 24 , 2013 , to Windows Phone . The game allows players to build a village while characters from the films set them goals . Player 's can also visit their friend 's villages , play mini games and watch videos . Ice Age : Continental Drift -- Arctic Games was released by Activision on July 10 , 2012 , to Wii , Nintendo 3DS , Nintendo DS , and Xbox 360 . Ice Age Online was a free - to - play browser - based adventure platform game produced by Bigpoint Games for its gaming portal . Beta version of the game was launched on July 10 , 2012 , which put players in the role of Sid , who has to rescue lost members of his herd , separated by a volcanic eruption . Ice Age - Clueless Ice Sloth is an online game released in 2012 . Ice Age Adventures , a free - to - play game was released by Gameloft on August 7 , 2014 for iPhone , iPad , iPod touch , Android , Windows Phone and Windows 8 . Ice Age : Arctic Blast , a mobile match - 3 puzzle game , developed by Zynga and Eat Sleep Play , and featuring content from all five films , was released in June 2016 for iOS and Android devices . Ice Age Avalanche is an online game released in 2016 . Ice Age Hailstorm is an online game released in 2016 . Ice Age Mission Control is an online game released in 2016 . Ice Age - Manic Meteor Run !",
"10": "is an online game released in 2016 . Ice Age - Geode Jam ! is an online game released in 2016 . Ice Age - Coloring Book is an online game released in 2016 . Ice Age - Matching Cards is an online game released in 2016 . Live show Ice Age Live ! A Mammoth Adventure is a live arena ice show that combines ice skating , aerial arts , puppetry and film , and tells a new story based on the first three Ice Age films . The plot begins with baby mammoth Peaches being kidnapped by an evil hawk - like creature called Shadow . Her father Manny sets off to rescue Peaches , accompanied by Sid and Diego . Their mission is successful , but on the way home they encounter avalanches and rockfalls , diverting them into a fantasy underground kingdom . It is being produced by Stage Entertainment Touring Productions , and directed by Guy Caron and Michael Curry . The music and lyrics were written by Ella Louise Allaire and Martin Lord Ferguson . With the preview shows from October 19 to 21 , 2012 , in Cardiff , and from October 25 to 28 , 2012 , in Nottingham , A Mammoth Adventure officially premiered on November 2 , 2012 , during its three - day tour from November 1 to 3 at Wembley Arena in London . It continued in Germany in November 2012 , with a plan to visit more than 30 countries in its five - year worldwide tour . In August 2016 , Ice Age Live ! A Mammoth Adventure concluded its world tour and was replaced in North America by Ice Age On Ice . Themed land Ice Age inspired rides and attractions will be featured at the first 20th Century Fox theme park , called 20th Century Fox World , to open in 2017 as part of Malaysia - based Resorts World Genting . References Jump up ^ `` 20th Century Fox Press Kit - Ice Age '' . Jump up ^ Sheppard , Tony ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Avoid `` Ice Age : Continental Drift '' and seek out the Japanese film festival `` . Sacramento Press . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hartlaub , Peter ( July 1 , 2009 ) .",
"11": "`` Ice Age : Dawn of the Scientific Inaccuracies ? '' . SF Gate . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Comment on Tyson 's appearance '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilonsky , Robert ; Engel , Clint ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Clint Engel Ashley iKidz retailers get promotion for latest ' Ice Age ' movie '' . Furniture Today . Sandow Media . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassam Looch ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` ICE AGE : COLLISION COURSE INTERVIEW WITH CO-DIRECTOR GALEN T. CHU '' . Flickreel . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnny Brayson ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Will There Be Another Ice Age Movie ? This Franchise Is Staying Strong '' . Bustle . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Landon Abernathy ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` Why There Should Be An ' Ice Age 6 ' And How To Make It Great '' . PopWrapped . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( November 29 , 2002 ) . `` Ice Age DVD review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 76th Academy Awards ( 2004 ) Nominees and Winners '' . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . February 29 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No Time for Nuts '' . Blue Sky Studios . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 79th Academy Awards ( 2007 ) Nominees and Winners '' . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences .",
"12": "Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HORTON HEARS A WHO Special Edition DVD Review '' . Collider . December 14 , 2008 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age - Mammoth Christmas ( TBA ) : DVD '' . DVD Warehouse . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Ice Age ' squirrel to make Macy 's debut '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Franchises '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : The Meltdown '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Continental Drift '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Collision Course '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age ( 2002 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes .",
"13": "Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks , Inc . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age 2 : The Meltdown ( 2006 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : The Meltdown '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks , Inc . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( Ice Age 3 ) ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks , Inc . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Continental Drift 3D ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Continental Drift '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Collision Course ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Collision Course reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ice Age Movie ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` The official Ice Age app is here ! '' . Facebook . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . The official Ice Age app is here ! Help your favorite characters in this heroic challenge , and get ready for fun and surprises along the way ! Jump up ^ Stroh , Michael ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Now in the Store : Ice Age Village for Windows Phone 8 '' . Windows Phone Blog . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ `` Activision Publishing And Twentieth Century Fox Consumer Products Announce All New Ice Age Video Game '' . PR Newswire. April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bigpoint GmbH ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Bigpoint and Fox Consumer Products Get Cool with Worldwide Open Beta Launch of Ice Age Online '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gameloft and Fox Digital Entertainment Announce the Release of Ice Age Adventures for Smartphones and Tablets '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . August 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ice Age : Collision Course ' Mobile Game to Sell Movie Tickets for Regal Theaters '' . Variety . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ice Age Live ! A Mammoth Adventure is Coming in 2012 '' . Twentieth Century Fox Consumer Products via Comingsoon.net . December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dalton , Stephen ( November 3 , 2012 ) . `` Ice Age Live ! A Mammoth Adventure : Theater Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Langsworthy , Billy ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` BLE 2012 : Five - year Ice Age Live tour unveiled '' . Licensing.biz . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age Live London '' . View . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tour Schedule International '' . Ice Age Live ! A Mammoth Adventure . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ICE AGE LIVE ! A Mammoth Adventure '' . Ice Age Live . June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 17 , 2013 ) .",
"15": "`` Fox Breaks Ground On Malaysia Theme Park ; 20th Century Fox World To Open 2016 '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` Fox to Build Theme Park Featuring ' Life of Pi ' , ' Alien ' , ' Ice Age ' Attractions '' . / Film . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ice Age ( movie franchise ) . Official website Ice Age Feature films Ice Age Ice Age : The Meltdown Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs Ice Age : Continental Drift Ice Age : Collision Course Short films Gone Nutty No Time for Nuts Surviving Sid Video games Ice Age Ice Age 2 : The Meltdown Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs Other Characters Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas Ice Age : The Great Egg - Scapade Blue Sky Studios Feature films Released Ice Age ( 2002 ) Robots ( 2005 ) Ice Age : The Meltdown ( 2006 ) Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who !",
"16": "( 2008 ) Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) Rio ( 2011 ) Ice Age : Continental Drift ( 2012 ) Epic ( 2013 ) Rio 2 ( 2014 ) The Peanuts Movie ( 2015 ) Ice Age : Collision Course ( 2016 ) Ferdinand ( 2017 ) Upcoming Spies in Disguise ( 2019 ) Nimona ( 2020 ) Foster ( 2021 ) Short films Bunny ( 1998 ) Gone Nutty ( 2002 ) Aunt Fanny 's Tour of Booty ( 2005 ) No Time for Nuts ( 2006 ) Surviving Sid ( 2008 ) Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe ( 2015 ) Scrat : Spaced Out ( 2016 ) Television specials Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas ( 2011 ) Ice Age : The Great Egg - Scapade ( 2016 ) Franchises Ice Age ( 2002 -- present ) Rio ( 2011 -- present ) People Chris Wedge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_Age_(franchise)&oldid=838210178 '' Categories : Ice Age ( franchise ) Animated film series Film series Film series introduced in 2002 20th Century Fox franchises Boom ! Studios titles Media franchises Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from December 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Українська Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 16 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"17": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
8,
15,
16,
14,
1,
6,
13,
5,
2,
9,
10,
11,
12,
17,
0,
3,
4,
7
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[
8,
15,
16,
14,
1
] |
-1946900884888632776
|
what is a e8 in the marine corps
|
[
"Master sergeant",
"First sergeant",
"Master sergeant",
"First sergeant",
"Master sergeant",
"First sergeant"
] |
{
"0": "United States Marine Corps rank insignia - wikipedia United States Marine Corps rank insignia Jump to : navigation , search Various Marine and Navy rank insignia ( as well as other devices ) left at the summit of Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima . Common military ranks in English Navies Armies Air forces Commissioned officers Admiral of the fleet Field marshal or General of the army Marshal of the air force Admiral General Air chief marshal Vice admiral Lieutenant general Air marshal Rear admiral Major general Air vice-marshal Commodore Brigadier or brigadier general Air commodore Captain Colonel Group captain Commander Lieutenant colonel Wing commander Lieutenant commander Major or Commandant Squadron leader Lieutenant Captain Flight lieutenant Lieutenant junior grade or sub-lieutenant Lieutenant or first lieutenant Flying officer Ensign or midshipman Second lieutenant Pilot officer Officer cadet Officer cadet Flight cadet Enlisted grades Warrant officer or chief petty officer Warrant officer or sergeant major Warrant officer Petty officer Sergeant Sergeant Leading seaman Corporal or bombardier Corporal Seaman Private or gunner or trooper Aircraftman or airman Talk View Marine ranks in ascending order , with tables indicating abbreviations in the style used by the United States Marine Corps , pay grades , and rank insignia : Contents ( hide ) 1 Commissioned officers 1.1 `` Tombstone promotions '' 2 Warrant officers 3 Enlisted 4 Forms of address 5 Traditions 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links Commissioned officers ( edit ) Commissioned officers are distinguished from other officers by their commission , which is the formal written authority , issued in the name of the President of the United States , that confers the rank and authority of a Marine Officer . Commissioned officers carry the `` special trust and confidence '' of the President of the United States . Commissioned officer ranks are further subdivided into general officers , field - grade officers , and company - grade officers .",
"1": "The highest billets in the Marine Corps , the Commandant of the Marine Corps and the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps are , by statute , four - star ranks , as the Marine Corps is a separate naval service under the Department of the Navy . Officer Company - grade officers Field - grade officers General officers Title ( Abbreviation ) Second lieutenant ( 2ndLt ) First lieutenant ( 1stLt ) Captain ( Capt ) Major ( Maj ) Lieutenant colonel ( LtCol ) Colonel ( Col ) Brigadier general ( BGen ) Major general ( MajGen ) Lieutenant general ( LtGen ) General ( Gen ) US DoD Pay Grade O - 1 O - 2 O - 3 O - 4 O - 5 O - 6 O - 7 O - 8 O - 9 O - 10 NATO Code OF - 1 OF - 2 OF - 3 OF - 4 OF - 5 OF - 6 OF - 7 OF - 8 OF - 9 Insignia Marine Service Uniform Insignia `` Tombstone promotions '' ( edit ) The Act of Congress of March 4 , 1925 , allowed officers in the Navy , Marine Corps , and Coast Guard to be promoted one grade upon retirement if they had been specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat . Combat citation promotions were colloquially known as `` tombstone promotions '' because they conferred all the perks and prestige of the higher rank including the loftier title on their tombstones but no additional retirement pay . The Act of Congress of February 23 , 1942 , enabled tombstone promotions to three - and four - star grades . Tombstone promotions were subsequently restricted to citations issued before January 1 , 1947 , and finally eliminated altogether effective November 1 , 1959 . The practice was terminated in an effort to encourage senior officer retirements prior to the effective date of the change to relieve an overstrength in the senior ranks . Any officer who actually served in a grade while on active duty receives precedence on the retirement list over any tombstone officer holding the same retired grade . Tombstone officers rank among each other according to the dates of their highest active duty grade .",
"2": "Warrant officers ( edit ) See also : Warrant officer ( United States ) Warrant Officers provide leadership and training in specialized fields and skills . Unlike other nations ' militaries ( which rank warrant officers as Staff NCO equivalents ) , the United States military confers warrants and commissions on its Warrant Officers and classifies them into a separate category senior to all enlisted grades of rank ( including officer candidates ) , cadets , and midshipmen . As Warrant Officers are officer - level technical specialists they generally do not exercise command outside of their specialty . Warrant officers come primarily from the Staff Non-Commissioned Officer ( SNCO ) ranks . A Chief Warrant Officer , CWO2 -- CWO5 , serving in the MOS 0306 `` Infantry Weapons Officer '' carries a special title , `` Marine Gunner , '' which does not replace his rank . A Marine Gunner replaces the Chief Warrant Officer insignia on the left collar with a bursting bomb insignia . Other warrant officers are sometimes informally referred to as `` Gunner . '' Warrant Officers Infantry Weapons Officer `` Marine Gunner '' Warrant Officer ( WO ) Chief Warrant Officer - 2 ( CWO2 ) Chief Warrant Officer - 3 ( CWO3 ) Chief Warrant Officer - 4 ( CWO4 ) Chief Warrant Officer - 5 ( CWO5 ) US DoD Pay Grade W - 1 W - 2 W - 3 W - 4 W - 5 NATO Code WO - 1 WO - 2 WO - 3 WO - 4 WO - 5 Enlisted ( edit ) Enlisted Marines with paygrades of E-4 and E-5 are non-commissioned officers ( NCOs ) while those at E-6 and higher are Staff Noncommissioned Officers ( SNCOs ) . The E-8 and E-9 levels each have two ranks per pay grade , each with different responsibilities . Gunnery Sergeants ( E-7 ) indicate on their annual evaluations ( called `` fitness reports '' ) their preferred promotional track : Master Sergeant or First Sergeant .",
"3": "The First Sergeant and Sergeant Major ranks are command - oriented Senior Enlisted Advisors , with Marines of these ranks serving as the senior enlisted Marines in a unit , charged to assist the commanding officer in matters of discipline , administration , and the morale and welfare of the unit . Master Sergeants and Master Gunnery Sergeants provide technical leadership as occupational specialists in their specific MOS . First Sergeants typically serve as the senior enlisted Marine in a company , battery , or other unit at similar echelon , while Sergeants Major serve the same role in battalions , squadrons , or larger units . The Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps is a billet and with it carries a special rank insignia , conferred on the senior enlisted Marine of the entire Marine Corps , personally selected by the Commandant of the Marine Corps . It and the Marine Gunner are the only billets which rate modified rank insignia in place of the traditional rank insignia .",
"4": "Enlisted Junior enlisted Non-commissioned officers ( NCOs ) Staff non-commissioned officers ( SNCOs ) Title ( Abbreviation ) Private ( Pvt ) Private first class ( PFC ) Lance corporal ( LCpl ) Corporal ( Cpl ) Sergeant ( Sgt ) Staff sergeant ( SSgt ) Gunnery sergeant ( GySgt ) Master sergeant ( MSgt ) First sergeant ( 1stSgt ) Master gunnery sergeant ( MGySgt ) Sergeant major ( SgtMaj ) Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps ( SMMC ) US DoD Pay Grade E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 NATO Code OR - 1 OR - 2 OR - 3 OR - 4 OR - 5 OR - 6 OR - 7 OR - 8 OR - 9 Insignia no insignia Different styles of rank insignia are worn on different Marine uniforms : L to R : Evening Dress coat , Dress Blue coat , Service Dress coat , Service Dress `` B '' and `` C '' shirt , and combat utility pin - on insignia for a Staff Sergeant The gold stripes on red flash are worn on the Dress Blue uniform coat , green stripes on red flash are worn on the Service uniform coat ; the rank insignia are worn on the upper sleeve of both blouses . The khaki uniforms use green stripes on khaki flash , and again are worn on the upper sleeves of both long and short - sleeved service blouses . Utility uniform rank insignia are black metal pins and are worn on the collars , or black embroidered insignia sewn into patches of material when wearing a flak . Musicians in the United States Marine Band wear insignia with lyre in the center as opposed to the crossed rifles , to denote their lack of a combat mission ; full - service Marines who are attached to the 10 field bands of the Operating Forces and Supporting Establishment continue to wear their normal rank insignia .",
"5": "Forms of address ( edit ) See also : List of United States Marine Corps acronyms and expressions Marines address all enlisted personnel by rank , and all commissioned officers with `` sir '' or `` ma'am '' . Warrant officers , regardless of rank , are addressed just as commissioned officers are , but may also be addressed as `` Warrant Officer '' or `` Gunner '' , although the latter is sometimes considered improper unless the officer is an Infantry Weapons Officer ( MOS 0306 ) . During recruit training , recruits are indoctrinated to address all superiors as `` sir '' or `` ma'am '' . Addressing a commissioned officer ( or any rank ) as `` Mister '' has long been considered a grievous insult towards the individual . The most junior ranks between pay grades E-1 and E-3 ( privates , privates first class , and lance corporals ) are commonly referred to by their last name only , using their rank only in a formal situation . `` Marine '' is also a common form of address for junior Marines . During recruit training , recruits are not Marines until they graduate , and must address all Marines who have completed recruit training , including instructors , as `` sir '' or `` ma'am '' . Incoming recruits must also refer to themselves in the third person ( i.e. , `` this recruit '' ) , and their rank is replaced with the word `` Recruit '' . This continues until the last week of bootcamp , when recruits must pass the final , grueling test of the `` Crucible '' in order to earn both their Eagle , Globe , and Anchor and the title of `` Marine . '' Likewise , during officer training , officer candidates are not yet commissioned Marine officers , and must refer to themselves as `` this candidate '' or `` the candidate '' , even though some officer candidates may hold an enlisted rank . During Officer Candidate School , each candidate is referred to as `` candidate '' and not `` Marine . '' Unlike their enlisted counterparts , officer candidates refer to enlisted Marines , including their instructors , by their full and proper rank ; only commissioned officers are addressed as `` sir '' or `` ma'am '' . To reinforce the leadership responsibility of the rank or to show an extra measure of respect , it is common to add the words `` of Marines '' after the rank itself ; i.e. `` Corporal of Marines '' and `` Sergeant of Marines . ''",
"6": "This verbiage comes straight from the USMC noncommissioned officer promotion warrants . Informally , some enlisted ranks have commonly used nicknames , though they are not official and may be improper for use in formal situations . The acceptability of nickname use by juniors is at the discretion of the individual rank holder . A gunnery sergeant is typically called `` Gunny '' and occasionally `` Guns '' , or very rarely , `` Gunther '' . A master sergeant is commonly called `` Top '' , and a master gunnery sergeant is `` Master Gunny '' or `` Master Guns '' , or , very rarely , `` Master Gunther '' . Differing from the Army and Air Force , all ranks containing `` sergeant '' are always addressed by their full rank and never shortened to simply `` Sergeant '' or `` Sarge '' . A private first class is usually referred to as a PFC , instead of simply `` private '' ; similarly , Lance Corporal is not shortened to `` Corporal '' . Senior officers may informally address junior officers by their first name . Marines of the same rank may also address each other by their first names when among peers only and never in the presence of junior or senior Marines . Finally , Marines consider it a grievous insult to be called a `` soldier '' , as soldier is an army - specific appellation , except in the Marine Corps nom de guerre `` Soldier ( s ) of the Sea '' or its variation `` Sea Soldier ( s ) '' and in the highly generic sense of referring to any member of the military , especially those members performing ground combat missions such as Navy SEALs and Air Force special operations and Security Forces personnel . Additionally , while Marines often are collectively called `` troops '' , it is never appropriate to address Marines individually or collectively as either a `` troop '' or `` trooper ( s ) '' , as these terms are only properly used by the Army ( originally in cavalry units but in modern use extended to armor and airborne or air assault units ) and US state police forces ; the proper term is always Marine . When writing journalistic or scholarly references to the Marine Corps , its elements , and individual Marines , the correct attribution is Marine ( s ) . Traditions ( edit ) Marines have multiple traditions surrounding their rank insignia .",
"7": "When Marines are promoted , the promoting officer at the ceremony may give the promotee the opportunity to select one or two individuals present ( such as a mentor or family member ) to pin the new rank on the collar of the utility uniform . It is customary for the newly promoted Marine to hand down the old insignia from his or her former rank to a junior who shows leadership potential . It is considered an honor to be promoted with chevrons previously worn by a mentor . At annual rifle or pistol qualification , shooters who achieve expert scores sometimes remove their rank insignia from their shooting shoulder and give it to their Combat Marksmanship Coach to show appreciation for their assistance during the practice days . The coach may then pin the rank to his or her assault pack . A coach 's assault pack may display many insignia of a variety of ranks . See also ( edit ) War portal British and United States military ranks compared Comparative military ranks List of United States Marine Corps acronyms and expressions for more nicknames and forms of address Ranks and insignia of NATO References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Estes , Kenneth W. ( 2000 ) . The Marine Officer 's Guide , 6th Edition . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 567 - 5 . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 5043 & 10 U.S.C. § 5044 : Commandant of the Marine Corps & Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps . Jump up ^ United States Navy Regulations , 1920 with changes up to and including No. 19 1938 Article 1668 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Marine Corps Ranks '' . United States Marine Corps website . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ http://work.chron.com/sergeant-major-jobs-descriptions-21426.html . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sergeants Major of the Marine Corps '' . Marine Corps Legacy Museum . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 6 : Musical Units '' . Marine Corps Uniform Regulations . Marine Corps Systems Command . Retrieved 31 December 2011 .",
"8": "Sources ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps . MCO P1070 - 12K : Individual Records Administration Manual . United States Marine Corps . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 03 . Nalty , Bernard C. ; Truman R. Strobridge ; Edwin T. Turnbladh ( 1962 ) . United States Marine Corps Ranks and Grades , 1775 -- 1962 ( PDF ) . Historical Division , United States Marine Corps . External links ( edit ) USMC Rank Chevrons through the ages . since 1917 Marine Corps ranks United States Marine Corps Leadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Marine Corps generals United States Congress House Subcommittee on Seapower and Expeditionary Forces Senate Subcommittee on Seapower Major commands Organization of the Marine Corps Headquarters Marine Corps Marine Forces Command II Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Pacific I Marine Expeditionary Force III Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Reserve Fleet Marine Force Atlantic Pacific Marine Corps Combat Development Command Small Wars Center and Irregular Warfare Integration Division ( SWC / IWID ) Operations Analysis Directorate ( OAD ) Training & Education Command ( TECOM ) United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory Structure Marine Air - Ground Task Force Bases Battalions Regiments Brigades Divisions MEF / Corps Marine aviation Marine expeditionary unit Special Operations Marine Raiders Marine Raider Regiment Recon Force Division Personnel and training Personnel Personnel Rank insignia MOS Notable Marines Historical Marines Marine Astronauts Criminal Investigation Division Judge Advocate Division Chaplain of the Marine Corps Associated organizations Training Training Recruit Training School of Infantry Officer Candidates School The Basic School Martial Arts Program Uniforms and equipment Uniforms Awards Badges Weapons Vehicles and aircraft Individual equipment History and traditions History Culture Acronyms and terms Birthday Ball Eagle , Globe , and Anchor Flag Marine Band Drum and Bugle Corps Marine One Silent Drill Platoon",
"9": "White House Sentries Service Numbers Marine Corps War Memorial Marine Detachments Marines ' Hymn National Museum Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Rifleman 's Creed Semper Fidelis History of Hispanics in the USMC History of women in the USMC Women 's Reserve Honorary Marine Toys for Tots Portal Category United States Uniformed Services rank and rate insignia Officer Army Marine Corps Navy ( midshipman ) Air Force Coast Guard PHS Commissioned Corps NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps Warrant officer Enlisted Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard United States uniformed services commissioned officer and officer candidate ranks Pay grade / branch of service Officer candidate O - 1 O - 2 O - 3 O - 4 O - 5 O - 6 O - 7 O - 8 O - 9 O - 10 O - 11 Special grade Insignia ( 2 ) Army CDT / OC 2LT 1LT CPT MAJ LTC COL BG MG LTG GEN GA GAS Marine Corps Midn / Cand 2ndLt 1stLt Capt Maj LtCol Col BGen MajGen LtGen Gen Navy MIDN / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR",
"10": "CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM FADM AN Air Force Cadet / OT / OC 2d Lt 1st Lt Capt Maj Lt Col Col Brig Gen Maj Gen Lt Gen Gen GAF Coast Guard CDT / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM PHS Corps ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RADM RADM VADM ADM NOAA Corps OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM No universal insignia for officer candidate rank ; Navy candidate insignia shown Official 1945 proposal for General of the Armies insignia ; John J. Pershing 's GAS insignia : ; George Dewey 's Admiral of the Navy insignia : Rank used for specific officers in wartime only , not permanent addition to rank structure Grade is authorized by the U.S. Code for use but has not been created Grade has never been created or authorized USAF and U.S.",
"11": "Army insignia shown United States warrant officer ranks W - 1 W - 2 W - 3 W - 4 W - 5 Army WO1 CW2 CW3 CW4 CW5 Marine Corps WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Navy WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Air Force WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Coast Guard WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 PHS Corps NOAA Corps Grade inactive Grade is authorized for use by U.S. Code but has not been created Grade never created or authorized United States enlisted ranks Pay grade → Branch of service ↓ E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 Army PVT PV2 PFC SPC -- CPL SGT SSG SFC MSG -- 1SG SGM -- CSM -- SMA Marine Corps Pvt PFC LCpl Cpl Sgt SSgt GySgt MSgt -- 1stSgt MGySgt -- SgtMaj -- SgtMajMarCor Navy SR SA SN PO3 PO2 PO1 CPO SCPO -- CMDCS MCPO -- CMDCM -- FORCM , FLTCM -- MCPON Air Force AB Amn A1C SrA SSgt TSgt MSgt -- 1st Sgt SMSgt -- 1st Sgt CMSgt -- 1st Sgt -- CCM -- CMSAF Coast Guard SR SA SN PO3 PO2 PO1 CPO SCPO MCPO -- CMC -- Area CMC , CGRF - MC -- MCPOCG United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG Category MC AF",
"12": "CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs Officers",
"13": "' clubs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs",
"14": "Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard Military ranks and insignia by country List of comparative military ranks Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros DR Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Army Navy Air Force Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São",
"15": "Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Former Biafra Bophuthatswana Ciskei Kingdom of Egypt Ethiopian Empire Rhodesia South West Africa Transkei Venda Zaire Comparative Army Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Apartheid States in Southern Africa Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Army Air Force Navy Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Army Navy Nicaragua Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Officers : Army Navy Air Force Coast Guard Enlisted : Army Navy Air Force Coast Guard Other : Marine Corps Warrant officer Uruguay Venezuela Former United States Army enlisted World War I World War II Comparative Army Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Army Navy Air Force Bhutan Brunei Cambodia PR of",
"16": "China Army Navy Air Force Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Army Navy Air Force East Timor India Army Air Force Navy Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea ( North & South ) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Army Navy Air Force Nepal Oman Pakistan Army Air Force Navy Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Army Navy Air Force Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Former People 's Republic of Kampuchea Imperial Iran Imperial Japan Army Navy Mengjiang Manchukuo Mongolian People 's Republic South Vietnam Comparative Army Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Europe Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Army Navy Air Force Estonia Finland France Army Navy Gendarmerie Air Force Foresters Germany Rank information Rank insignia Georgia Greece Hungary Iceland Land Forces Coast Guard Ireland Italy Army Navy Air Force Carabinieri Finance Guard Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland",
"17": "Portugal Romania Russia Army Navy Air Force Between 1994 and 2010 San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Army officers Army other ranks Navy officers Navy ratings Air Force officers Air Force other ranks Vatican Former Austria -- Hungary Army Navy Independent State of Croatia Czechoslovakia German Empire Nazi Germany Army Navy Air Force People 's Militia SA SS Nazi Party East Germany Kingdom of Greece Army Navy Air Force Kingdom of Hungary Hungarian People 's Republic Kingdom of Italy Blackshirts Ottoman Empire Russian Empire Soviet Union 1918 -- 35 1935 -- 40 1940 -- 43 1943 -- 55 1955 -- 91 Kingdom of Yugoslavia SFR Yugoslavia FR Yugoslavia Comparative Army Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Tonga Vanuatu Comparative Army Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Post-Soviet states Army Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Commonwealth of Nations Army Officers Enlisted Air",
"18": "force Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted NATO Army Officers Enlisted Air Force Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Comparative officer ranks of World War I World War II Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia&oldid=829698020 '' Categories : United States Marine Corps ranks Military insignia Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Marine Corps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 06 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who is given credit for the gnu initiative
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[
"Richard Stallman",
"Richard Stallman",
"Richard Stallman"
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{
"0": "GNU / Linux naming controversy - wikipedia GNU / Linux naming controversy Jump to : navigation , search The GNU / Linux naming controversy is a dispute between members of the free software community and open - source software community over whether to refer to computer operating systems that use a combination of GNU software and the Linux kernel as `` GNU / Linux '' or `` Linux '' . Proponents of the term Linux argue that it is far more commonly used by the public and media , and that it serves as a generic term for systems that combine that kernel with software from multiple other sources . Proponents of the term GNU / Linux note that GNU alone would be just as good a name for GNU variants which combine the GNU operating system software with software from other sources . GNU / Linux is a term promoted by the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) and its founder Richard Stallman . Proponents call for the correction of the more extended term , on the grounds that it does n't give credit to the major contributor and the associated free software philosophy . GNU is a longstanding project begun in 1984 to develop a free operating system . It is argued that when the Linux kernel was independently created in 1991 , it merely provided a substantial missing piece . Several distributions employ the FSF - endorsed name , such as Debian , Trisquel and Parabola GNU / Linux - libre . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Composition of operating systems 3 Opinions supporting `` GNU / Linux '' 4 Opinions supporting `` Linux '' 5 Pronunciation 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) In 1983 , Richard Stallman , founder of the Free Software Foundation , set forth plans of a complete Unix - like operating system , called GNU , composed entirely of free software . In September of that year , Stallman published a manifesto in Dr. Dobb 's Journal detailing his new project publicly , outlining his vision of free software . Software development work began in January 1984 . By 1991 , the GNU mid-level portions of the operating system were almost complete , and the upper level could be supplied by the X Window System , but the lower level ( kernel , device drivers , system - level utilities and daemons ) was still mostly lacking . The GNU kernel was called GNU Hurd .",
"1": "The Hurd followed an ambitious design which proved unexpectedly difficult to implement and has only been marginally usable . Independently , in 1991 , Linus Torvalds released the first version of the Linux kernel . Early Linux developers ported GNU code , including the GNU C Compiler , to the kernel . The free software community adopted the use of the Linux kernel as the missing kernel for the GNU operating system . This work filled the remaining gaps in providing a completely free operating system . Over the next few years , several suggestions arose for naming operating systems using the Linux kernel and GNU components . In 1992 , the Yggdrasil Linux distribution adopted the name `` Linux / GNU / X '' . In Usenet and mailing - list discussions , one can find usages of `` GNU / Linux '' as early as 1992 and of `` GNU + Linux '' as early as 1993 . The Debian project , which was at one time sponsored by the Free Software Foundation , switched to calling its product `` Debian GNU / Linux '' in early 1994 ; This change followed a request by Richard Stallman ( who initially proposed `` LiGNUx , '' but suggested `` GNU / Linux '' instead after hearing complaints about the awkwardness of the former term ) . GNU 's June 1994 Bulletin describes `` Linux '' as a `` free Unix system for 386 machines '' ( with `` many of the utilities and libraries '' from GNU ) , but the January 1995 Bulletin switched to the term `` GNU / Linux '' instead . Stallman 's and the FSF 's efforts to include `` GNU '' in the name started around 1994 , but were reportedly mostly via private communications ( such as the above - mentioned request to Debian ) until 1996 . In May 1996 , Stallman released Emacs 19.31 with the Autoconf system target `` linux '' changed to `` lignux '' ( shortly thereafter changed to `` linux - gnu '' in emacs 19.32 ) , and included an essay `` Linux and the GNU system '' suggesting that people use the terms `` Linux - based GNU system '' ( or `` GNU / Linux system '' or `` Lignux '' for short ) . He later used `` GNU / Linux '' exclusively , and the essay was superseded by Stallman 's 1997 essay , `` Linux and the GNU project '' .",
"2": "Composition of operating systems ( edit ) Modern free software and Open - source software systems are composed of software by many different authors , including the Linux kernel developers , the GNU project , and other vendors such as those behind the X Window System . Desktop - and server - based distributions use GNU components such as the GNU C Library ( glibc ) , GNU Core Utilities ( Coreutils ) , and bash . In a 2002 analysis of the source code for Red Hat Linux 7.1 , a typical Linux distribution , the total size of the packages from the GNU project was found to be much larger than the Linux kernel . Later , a 2011 analysis of Ubuntu 's `` Natty '' release ( a popular Linux distribution ) main repository found that 8 % to 13 % of it consisted of GNU components ( the range depending on whether GNOME is considered part of GNU ) , while only 6 % is taken by the Linux kernel ( 9 % when including its direct dependencies ) . Determining exactly what constitutes the `` operating system '' per se is a matter of continuing debate . On the other hand , some embedded systems , such as handheld devices and smartphones ( like Google 's Android ) , residential gateways ( routers ) , and Voice over IP devices , are engineered with space efficiency in mind and use a Linux kernel with few or no components of GNU . A system running μClinux is likely to substitute uClibc for glibc and BusyBox for Coreutils . Google 's Linux - based Android operating system does not use any GNU components or libraries , replacing glibc with Google 's own BSD - based Bionic C library . The FSF agrees that `` GNU / Linux '' is not an appropriate name for these systems . There are also systems that use a GNU userspace and / or C library on top of a non-Linux kernel , for example Debian GNU / Hurd ( GNU userland on the GNU kernel ) or Debian GNU / kFreeBSD ( which uses the GNU coreutils and C library with the kernel from FreeBSD ) . Opinions supporting `` GNU / Linux '' ( edit ) FSF artwork of the gnu ( GNU mascot ) and the penguin Tux ( mascot of the Linux kernel ) representing their viewpoint on `` GNU / Linux '' .",
"3": "The GNU General Public License ( GPL ) , which is used by the Linux kernel as well as by most GNU software , armors both characters . The FSF justifies the name `` GNU / Linux '' primarily on the grounds that the GNU project was specifically developing a complete system , of which they argue that the Linux kernel filled one of the final gaps ; the large number of GNU components and GNU source code used in such systems is a secondary argument : So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on who wrote the programs in the system , the most appropriate single choice would be GNU . But we do n't think that is the right way to consider the question . The GNU Project was not , is not , a project to develop specific software packages . ( ... ) Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the system , and they all deserve credit . But the reason it is an integrated system -- and not just a collection of useful programs -- is because the GNU Project set out to make it one . We made a list of the programs needed to make a complete free system , and we systematically wrote , or found people to write , everything on the list . -- Richard Stallman In addition , the FSF also argues that `` GNU / Linux recognizes the role that our idealism played in building our community , and helps the public recognize the practical importance of these ideals '' , in contrast to the focus on `` technical advantage '' rather than `` freedom '' of the Linux kernel developers . In the case of the Linux kernel , notable and recurring examples of this focus on technical advantage over freedom come from the long - time inclusion in the Linux kernel of many non-free firmware files and other files with non-free license terms . The ordinary understanding of `` operating system '' includes both the kernel -- the specific subsystem that directly interfaces with the hardware -- and the `` userland '' software that is employed by the user and by application software to control the computer . Moreover , both the name `` GNU '' and the name `` Linux '' are intentionally related to the name `` Unix '' , and Unix has always conceptually included the C library and userland tools as well as the kernel .",
"4": "In the 1991 release notes for versions 0.01 to 0.11 of the Linux kernel ( which was not released under the GNU General Public License until version 0.12 ) , Torvalds wrote , `` Sadly , a kernel by itself gets you nowhere ( ... ) Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software . '' Torvalds also wrote during the 1992 Tanenbaum - Torvalds debate that , `` As has been noted ( not only by me ) , the linux kernel is a miniscule part of a complete system '' . Tanenbaum had criticized Torvalds for developing Linux as a monolithic kernel , which he considered obsolete and inferior to microkernels such as Mach . He believed that Linux would be rejected in favor of GNU 's Hurd microkernel , which had stalled in development for years . The use of the word `` Linux '' to refer to the kernel , the operating system , and entire distributions , often leads to confusion about the distinctions among the three . Many GNU packages are a key part of almost every Linux distribution , particularly the GNU toolchain , which is present in all distros ( unless Android is included ) . Media sources sometimes make erroneous statements as well , such as claiming that the entire operating system ( rather than simply the kernel ) was written by Torvalds ; Today tens of millions of users are using an operating system that was developed so they could have freedom -- but they do n't know this , because they think the system is Linux and that it was developed by a student ' just for fun ' . -- Richard Stallman Because of this confusion , legal threats and public relations campaigns apparently directed against the kernel , such as those launched by the SCO Group or the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution ( AdTI ) , have been misinterpreted by many commentators who assume that the whole operating system is being targeted . SCO and the AdTI have even been accused of deliberately exploiting this confusion . Regarding suggestions that renaming efforts stem from egotism or personal pique , Stallman has responded that his interest is not in giving credit to himself but to the GNU Project : `` Some people think that it 's because I want my ego to be fed . Of course , I 'm not asking you to call it ' Stallmanix ' . ''",
"5": "Stallman has admitted to irritation , although he believes it to be justified in response to seeing `` an idealistic project stymied and made ineffective , because people do n't usually give it the credit for what it has done , '' concluding `` If you 're an idealist like me , that can ruin your whole decade . '' In response to another common argument ( see below ) , the FSF acknowledges that many people have contributed to the system and that a short name can not credit all of them , but argues that this can not justify calling the system `` Linux '' : Since a long name such as GNU / X11 / Apache / Linux / TeX / Perl / Python / FreeCiv becomes absurd , at some point you will have to set a threshold and omit the names of the many other secondary contributions . There is no one obvious right place to set the threshold , so wherever you set it , we wo n't argue against it ... But one name that can not result from concerns of fairness and giving credit , not for any possible threshold level , is `` Linux '' . It ca n't be fair to give all the credit to one secondary contribution ( Linux ) while omitting the principal contribution ( GNU ) . -- GNU / Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman In continuing to speak on the subject , in 2010 , Stallman stated that naming is not simply a matter of giving equal mention to the GNU Project . Because the system is more widely referred as `` Linux '' people tend to `` think it 's all Linux , that it was all started by Mr. Torvalds in 1991 , and they think it all comes from his vision of life , and that 's the really bad problem . '' Opinions supporting `` Linux '' ( edit ) `` Linux '' is by far the more widespread name . Eric S. Raymond writes ( in the `` Linux '' entry of the Jargon File ) : Some people object that the name `` Linux '' should be used to refer only to the kernel , not the entire operating system . This claim is a proxy for an underlying territorial dispute ; people who insist on the term GNU / Linux want the FSF to get most of the credit for Linux because ( Stallman ) and friends wrote many of its user - level tools . Neither this theory nor the term GNU / Linux has gained more than minority acceptance .",
"6": "When Linus Torvalds was asked in the documentary Revolution OS whether the name `` GNU / Linux '' was justified , he replied : Well , I think it 's justified , but it 's justified if you actually make a GNU distribution of Linux ... the same way that I think that `` Red Hat Linux '' is fine , or `` SuSE Linux '' or `` Debian Linux '' , because if you actually make your own distribution of Linux , you get to name the thing , but calling Linux in general `` GNU Linux '' I think is just ridiculous . An earlier comment by Torvalds on the naming controversy was : Umm , this discussion has gone on quite long enough , thank you very much . It does n't really matter what people call Linux , as long as credit is given where credit is due ( on both sides ) . Personally , I 'll very much continue to call it `` Linux '' , ... The GNU people tried calling it GNU / Linux , and that 's ok . It 's certainly no worse a name than `` Linux Pro '' or `` Red Hat Linux '' or `` Slackware Linux '' ... Lignux is just a punny name -- I think Linux / GNU or GNU / Linux is a bit more `` professional '' ... The name `` GNU / Linux , '' particularly when using Stallman 's preferred pronunciation ( see below ) , has been criticized for its perceived clumsiness and verbosity , a factor that Torvalds has cited as the downfall of operating systems such as 386BSD . The Linux Journal speculated that Stallman 's advocacy of the combined name stems from frustration that `` Linus got the glory for what ( Stallman ) wanted to do . '' Others have suggested that , regardless of the merits , Stallman 's persistence in what sometimes seems a lost cause makes him and GNU look bad . For example , Larry McVoy ( author of BitKeeper , once used to manage Linux kernel development ) opined that `` claiming credit only makes one look foolish and greedy '' .",
"7": "Many users and vendors who prefer the name `` Linux , '' such as Jim Gettys , one of the original developers of the X Window System , point to the inclusion of non-GNU , non-kernel tools , such as KDE , LibreOffice , and Firefox , in end - user operating systems based on the Linux kernel : There are lots of people on this bus ; I do n't hear a clamor of support that GNU is more essential than many of the other components ; ca n't take a wheel away , and end up with a functional vehicle , or an engine , or the seats . I recommend you be happy we have a bus . Pronunciation ( edit ) Although `` GNU / Linux '' / ɡəˈnuː slæʃ ˈlɪnəks / is often pronounced without the slash , Stallman recommends explicitly saying the word `` slash '' or `` plus '' ( i.e. `` GNU + Linux '' ) in order to avoid the mistaken suggestion that the Linux kernel itself is a GNU package , as is the case with GNU Linux - libre . See also ( edit ) free software portal Alternative terms for free software GNU variants List of GNU packages History of free software References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Noyes , Katherine ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) . `` To GNU or Not to GNU ? That Is the Question '' . www.linuxinsider.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Kurp , Abraham ( July 2008 ) . `` Learning The Linux Lingo '' . MakeUseOf . Archived from the original on 8 March 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Siever , Ellen ( June 2005 ) . `` What Is Linux '' . Linux Dev Center . O'Reilly . Retrieved 10 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Eckert , Jason W. ( 2012 ) . Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification ( Third ed . ) . Boston , Massachusetts : Cengage Learning . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 1111541538 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 .",
"8": "Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . The shared commonality of the kernel is what defines a system 's membership in the Linux family ; the differing OSS applications that can interact with the common kernel are what differentiate Linux distributions . Jump up ^ Wynants , Marleen ; Cornelis , Jan ( 2005 ) . How Open is the Future ? : Economic , Social & Cultural Scenarios Inspired by Free & Open - source Software . Asp / Vubpress / Upa . p. 71 . ISBN 9789054873785 . ^ Jump up to : Stallman , Richard . `` Linux and the GNU System '' . Gnu.org . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stallman , Richard . `` GNU / Linux FAQ '' . Jump up ^ `` About Debian '' . Debian . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trisquel GNU / Linux '' . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Parabola GNU / Linux - libre '' . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirk St. Amant & Brian Still . Handbook of Research on Open Source Software : Technological , Economic , and Social Perspectives . ISBN 1591409993 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rosalie ( 17 November 2008 ) . `` Q&A : Richard Stallman , founder of the GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation '' . PC & Tech Authority . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Jamie Mazer ( 26 November 1992 ) . `` Re : ANNOUNCEMENT : Alpha release Linux / GNU / X ... '' Newsgroup : comp. unix. misc . Retrieved 3 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Rodrigo Vanegas ( 18 May 1993 ) . `` The free software myth and the commercial myth '' . Newsgroup : comp. os. linux . Retrieved 3 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Stephen Benson ( 12 May 1994 ) . `` Linux / GNU in EE Times '' . Newsgroup : comp. os. linux. misc .",
"9": "Usenet : 178@scribendum.win-uk.net . Retrieved 31 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Official announcement of the name change on the debian - announce mailing list Jump up ^ Moody , Glyn ( 2002 ) . Rebel Code : Linux And The Open Source Revolution . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0738206707 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Williams , Free as in Freedom : Richard Stallman 's Crusade for Free Software , chapter 10 ( O'Reilly , 2002 ) '' . Oreilly.com. 6 January 1994 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GNU 's Bulletin , vol. 1 no . 17 '' . Jump up ^ `` GNU 's Bulletin , vol. 1 no . 18 '' . Jump up ^ Richard Stallman ( 12 January 2003 ) . `` Re : Why is Nvidia given GPL 'd code to use in closed source drivers ? '' . linux - kernel ( Mailing list ) . Lkml.org . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Matt Welsh ( 8 September 1994 ) . `` Linux is a GNU system and the DWARF support '' . Newsgroup : comp. os. linux. misc . Retrieved 3 February 2008 . RMS 's idea ( which I have heard first - hand ) is that Linux systems should be considered GNU systems with Linux as the kernel . Jump up ^ Stallman , Richard . `` emacs - 19.31 - 19.32. diff - 1 '' . pp. line 151 -- 155 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Stallman , Richard . `` Linux and The GNU system '' . gnu.org . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ David A. Wheeler ( 29 July 2002 ) . `` More Than a Gigabuck : Estimating GNU / Linux 's Size '' . the total of the GNU project 's code is much larger than the Linux kernel 's size .",
"10": "Thus , by comparing the total contributed effort , it 's certainly justifiable to call the entire system GNU / Linux and not just Linux . Jump up ^ Côrte - Real , Pedro ( 31 May 2011 ) . `` How much GNU is there in GNU / Linux ? '' . Split Perspective . ( self - published data ) ^ Jump up to : `` GNU / Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman '' . Jump up ^ Bradley M. Kuhn , Android / Linux 's Future and Advancement of Mobile Software Freedom , blog post ( 4 November 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Paul , Ryan ( 23 February 2009 ) . `` Dream ( sheep++ ) : A developer 's introduction to Google Android '' . Arstechnica.com . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Debian GNU / Hurd web page , and GNU Hurd web page . ( Accessed June 2013 . ) Jump up ^ Debian GNU / kFreeBSD web page ( accessed June 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Stallman , `` Linux and the GNU Project '' `` . GNU Project . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Stallman , Linux , GNU , and freedom ( 2002 ) : `` Calling this variant of the GNU system `` Linux '' plays into the hands of people who choose their software based only on technical advantage , not caring whether it respects their freedom . '' Jump up ^ Linus Torvalds , linux - kernel mailing list : `` Besides , as the whole notion of ' free software ' has very little to do with the kernel , please just link to some open source site '' ( 28 April 2002 ) Jump up ^ Linus Torvalds , `` Release Notes for Linux v0. 12 '' ( January 1992 ) Jump up ^ Linus Torvalds , `` Notes for linux release 0.01 '' ( September 1991 ) Jump up ^ Linus Torvalds ( 31 January 1992 ) . `` LINUX is obsolete '' . Newsgroup : comp. os. minix . Jump up ^ Appendix A Open Sources : Voices from the Open Source Revolution , O'Reilly , 2000 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ Tanenbaum had developed his own microkernel for educational purposes , Minux , and it greatly influenced the development of Linux . Jump up ^ Torvalds has said that if the Hurd were released at that time he would not have developed Linux . Jump up ^ `` Linux is an operating system that was initially created as a hobby by a young student , Linus Torvalds , at the University of Helsinki in Finland . '' Linux.org , ( 15 October 2008 ) ; reprinted in Bill Holtsnider and Brian D. Jaffe , IT Manager 's Handbook , 2nd ed. , p. 395 ( Morgan Kaufmann , 2010 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Stallman talk + Q&A at the useR ! 2010 conference ( audio files attached ) '' . R - statistics blog . 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Free Software as a Social Movement '' . ZNet. 18 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Mike Angelo ( 28 April 2003 ) . `` SCO - Caldera v IBM '' . Generally , SCO 's Caldera v IBM Complaint is vague and confusing as to whether the accusations involve the Linux kernel , the GNU / Linux operating system , Linux distributions , Linux applications , or whatever . Jump up ^ Eben Moglen ( 27 June 2003 ) . `` FSF Statement on SCO v IBM ) '' . SCO has used `` Linux '' to mean `` all free software '' , or `` all free software constituting a UNIX - like operating system . '' This confusion , which the Free Software Foundation warned against in the past , is here shown to have the misleading consequences the Foundation has often predicted Jump up ^ Lisa Stapleton ( 27 May 2004 ) . `` Stallman : Accusatory Report Deliberately Confuses '' . LinuxInsider . In particular , Stallman criticized the ( Ken Brown / AdTI ) report for capitalizing on common confusion between the Linux kernel , which Stallman says `` Linus really wrote '' , with the full GNU operating system and associated software , which can be and generally is used with the Linux kernel .",
"12": "Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Richard M. Stallman 's speech , `` Free Software : Freedom and Cooperation '' , given at New York University in New York , NY , on 29 May 2001 `` . Jump up ^ Richard Stallman ( 3 April 1999 ) . `` Re : GNU / Linux '' . linux - kernel ( Mailing list ) . Archived from the original on 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Moore , J.T.S. ( Produced , Written , and Directed ) ( 2001 ) . Revolution OS ( DVD ) . Jump up ^ `` Linus Torvalds , Linux , GNU / Linux '' . Jump up ^ Linus Torvalds ( 3 June 1996 ) . `` Lignux , what 's the matter with you people ? '' . Newsgroup : comp. os. linux. misc . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Chris . `` The Great Debate : Is it Linux or GNU / Linux ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` It 's GNU / Linux ; stop calling it `` Linux '' ( idea ) `` . 2001 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Torvalds , Linus ( 1993 - 03 - 16 ) . `` Post '' . comp. unix. pc - clone. 32bit . Google Groups . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . No . That 's it . The cool name , that is . We worked very hard on creating a name that would appeal to the majority of people , and it certainly paid off : thousands of people are using linux just to be able to say `` OS / 2 ? Hah . I 've got Linux . What a cool name '' . 386BSD made the mistake of putting a lot of numbers and weird abbreviations into the name , and is scaring away a lot of people just because it sounds too technical . Jump up ^ `` From the Publisher : On the Politics of Freedom '' . Linux Journal No. 30 ( October 1996 ) .",
"13": "Perhaps RMS is frustrated because Linus got the glory for what RMS wanted to do . Jump up ^ Larry McVoy ( 3 April 1999 ) . `` Re : GNU / Linux '' . linux - kernel ( Mailing list ) . Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Jim Gettys ( 5 April 1999 ) . `` Re : GNU / Linux '' . linux - kernel ( Mailing list ) . Archived from the original on 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Andrews , Interview : Richard Stallman , KernelTrap.org ( 2 January . 2005 ) Archived 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) `` Why GNU / Linux ? '' ( or `` What 's in a name ? '' ) , by Richard Stallman GNU Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU , also by Richard Stallman GNU / Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman The `` Say Lignux '' Campaign , by Richard Stallman , 2013 David A. Wheeler on why he mostly says `` GNU / Linux '' Stallman explaining the relationship of GNU and Linux , Zagreb , 2006 Who wrote Linux ?",
"14": ", by Josh Mehlman , ZDNet Australia , 7 July 2004 ( show ) Linux Linux kernel History Kernel Linus 's Law Linux - libre Linux startup process Linux kernel oops Tux more ... Controversies Criticism of Linux Criticism of desktop Linux GNU / Linux naming controversy Tanenbaum -- Torvalds debate SCO and Linux Distributions General comparison Distributions list Netbook - specific comparison Distributions that run from RAM Lightweight Security - focused operating system Proprietary software for Linux Package manager Package format List of software package managers Organizations Linux Foundation Linux Mark Institute Linux User Group ( LUG ) Linux Documentation Project LinuxChix Linux Counter Adoption Desktop Embedded Mobile Gaming Linux range of use List of Linux adopters Media DistroWatch Free Software Magazine Full Circle Linux.com Linux Format Linux Gazette Linux Journal Linux Magazine LinuxUser Ubuntu User Linux Outlaws Linux Voice LugRadio LWN.net OMG ! Ubuntu ! Open Source For You Phoronix Revolution OS The Code Linux Linux kernel features Portal : Linux WikiProject Linux ( show ) GNU Project History GNU Manifesto Free Software Foundation Europe India Latin America History of free software Licenses GNU General Public License GNU Lesser General Public License GNU Affero General Public License GNU Free Documentation License GPL linking exception Software GNU ( variants ) Hurd Linux - libre glibc Bash coreutils findutils Build System GCC binutils GDB GRUB GNOME GNUstep GIMP GNU Ring GNU Emacs GNU TeXmacs GNU Octave GNU R GSL GMP GNU Electric GNU Archimedes GNUnet GNU Privacy Guard Gnuzilla ( IceCat ) GNU Health GNUmed GNU LilyPond GNU Go GNU Chess Gnash Guix Guix System Distribution more ... Public speakers Alexandre Oliva Benjamin Mako Hill Bradley M. Kuhn Eben Moglen Federico Heinz Georg C.F.",
"15": "Greve John Sullivan Loïc Dachary Matt Lee Nagarjuna G . Ricardo Galli Richard Stallman Robert J. Chassell Other topics GNU / Linux naming controversy Revolution OS Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns Defective by Design Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GNU/Linux_naming_controversy&oldid=835533494 '' Categories : Free Software Foundation Linus Torvalds Linux Naming controversies Computing terminology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2014 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский తెలుగు 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 07 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who won the 10m air pistol gold medal at commonwealth shooting championship in brisbane australia
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"Shahzar Rizvi",
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{
"0": "2017 Commonwealth Shooting Championships - wikipedia 2017 Commonwealth Shooting Championships Jump to : navigation , search The 2017 Commonwealth Shooting Federation Championships was held at the Belmont Shooting Complex in Brisbane , Australia from 28 October to 8 November 2017 . It was held in tandem with that year 's Oceania Shooting Championships and served as a test event for the 2018 Commonwealth Games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medalists 1.1 Men 1.2 Women 1.3 Open 2 Medal table 3 References 4 External links Medalists ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze 10 m air pistol Shahzar Rizvi India Omkar Singh India Jitu Rai India 25 m rapid fire pistol Sergei Evglevski Australia Anish Anish India Neeraj Kumar India 50 m pistol Prakash Nanjappa India Amanpreet Singh India Jitu Rai India 10 m air rifle Alex Hoberg Australia Jack Rossiter Australia Deepak Kumar India 50 m rifle prone Dane Sampson Australia Gagan Narang India Swapnil Suresh Kusale India 50 m rifle 3 positions Satyendra Singh India Sanjeev Rajput India Dane Sampson Australia Skeet Ben Llewellin Wales Jack Fairclough England Paul Adams Australia Trap Aaron Heading England Michael Wixey Wales James Willett Australia Double trap Ankur Mittal India Matthew French England Nathan - Lee Xuereb Malta Women ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze 10 m air pistol Heena Sidhu India Elena Galiabovitch Australia Kristy Gillman Australia 25 m pistol Lalita Yauhleuskaya Australia Elena",
"1": "Galiabovitch Australia Annu Raj Singh India 10 m air rifle Pooja Ghatkar India Anjum Moudgil India Martina Veloso Singapore 50 m rifle prone Jennifer McIntosh Scotland Seonaid McIntosh Scotland Anjum Moudgil India 50 m rifle 3 positions Seonaid McIntosh Scotland Katie Gleeson England Martina Veloso Singapore Skeet Amber Hill England Chloe Tipple New Zealand Aislin Jones Australia Trap Laetisha Scanlan Australia Penny Smith Australia Natalie Rooney New Zealand Double trap Emma Cox Australia Shreyasi Singh India Rachel Parish England Open ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Fullbore individual David Luckman England Petrus Haasbroek South Africa Jim Bailey Australia Fullbore pairs England David Luckman Parag Patel Australia Ben Emms Jim Bailey Scotland Ian Shaw Alexander Walker Medal table ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total India 6 7 7 20 Australia 6 5 6 17 England 8 Scotland 5 Wales 0 6 New Zealand 0 7 South Africa 0 0 8 Singapore 0 0 9 Malta 0 0 Total 19 19 19 57",
"2": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CSF and OSF Championships Brisbane 28 October - 8 November '' . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 10m AIR PISTOL MEN ( CSF ) - Sh '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 25m RAPID FIRE PISTOL MEN ( CSF ) -- FINAL '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50m PISTOL MEN ( CSF ) -- FINAL '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 10m AIR RIFLE MEN ( CSF ) -- FINAL '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50m RIFLE PRONE MEN ( CSF ) -- FINAL '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50m RIFLE 3 POSITIONS MEN ( CSF ) -- FINAL '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SKEET MEN ( CSF ) -- FINALS '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TRAP MEN ( CSF ) '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DOUBLE TRAP MEN ( CSF ) '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 10m AIR PISTOL WOMEN ( CSF ) -- FINAL '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 25m PISTOL WOMEN ( CSF ) -- FINAL '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 .",
"3": "Jump up ^ `` 10m AIR RIFLE WOMEN ( CSF ) -- FINAL '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50m RIFLE PRONE WOMEN ( CSF ) -- INDIVIDUAL '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50m RIFLE 3 POSITIONS WOMEN ( CSF ) -- FINAL '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SKEET WOMEN ( CSF ) -- FINAL '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TRAP WOMEN ( CSF ) '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DOUBLE TRAP WOMEN ( CSF ) '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CSF Championship -- Aggregate '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CSF PAIRS MATCH '' ( PDF ) . Shooting Australia . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Commonwealth_Shooting_Championships&oldid=812199766 '' Categories : 2017 in shooting sports International sports competitions hosted by Australia Sport in Australia 2017 in Australian sport Shooting competitions in Australia Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2017 Use dmy dates from November 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 15 : 56 . About Wikipedia",
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-7137073055537137289
|
who is the lead singer of collective soul
|
[
"Ed Roland",
"Ed Roland",
"Ed Roland",
"Ed Roland",
"Ed Roland"
] |
{
"0": "Collective Soul - Wikipedia Collective Soul Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Collective Soul ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Collective Soul Collective Soul performing at MMRBQ 2016 , Camden NJ May 21 , 2016 . Background information Origin Stockbridge , Georgia , U.S. Genres Alternative rock , hard rock , post-grunge Years active 1992 -- present Labels Rising Storm , Atlantic , El Music Group , Loud & Proud , Roadrunner , Vanguard Associated acts Marching Two - Step , Starfish and Coffee , Magnets and Ghosts , The Sweet Tea Project , Will Turpin + The Way , Kings of Chaos , Cheap Thrill Website www.collectivesoul.com Members Ed Roland Dean Roland Will Turpin Johnny Rabb Jesse Triplett Past members Ross Childress Shane Evans Joel Kosche Ryan Hoyle Cheney Brannon Collective Soul is an American rock band originally from Stockbridge , Georgia . Now based in Atlanta , the group consists of lead vocalist Ed Roland , rhythm guitarist Dean Roland , bassist Will Turpin , drummer Johnny Rabb and lead guitarist Jesse Triplett .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 1993 -- 94 : Hints , Allegations and Things Left Unsaid and signing to Atlantic Records 1.3 1995 -- 99 : Collective Soul , Disciplined Breakdown and Dosage 1.4 2000 -- 03 : Blender , 7even Year Itch and departure from Atlantic Records 1.5 2004 -- 09 : Formation of El Music Group , Youth , Afterwords and Collective Soul 1.6 2010 -- 13 : Focus on side projects and touring 1.7 2014 -- present : See What You Started by Continuing and tenth studio album 2 Origin of band name 3 Band members 4 Discography 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Before forming Collective Soul , singer Ed Roland studied music composition and guitar at the Berklee College of Music in Boston , Massachusetts . Since the mid-1980s Roland was involved in Atlanta 's underground music scene making demos and performing . He also worked at Real 2 Reel Studios in Stockbridge , which was owned by bassist Will Turpin 's father , Bill Turpin . Roland 's duties were producing , mixing and engineering for local Atlanta artists . He recorded his demos and released an independent solo album Ed - E Roland in 1991 . Roland recruited keyboard player and backing vocalist Christopher Dykes , drummer Tony Caporale , and bassist Skip Godwin to play live in clubs and showcase for A / R personnel from various record companies . At this time the group was simply known as `` Ed - E '' . They played several local shows , played a part in a CBS `` Movie Of The Week '' , and were guests on the local Atlanta television program `` Music Peachtree Style '' where local Atlanta - based artists were interviewed and profiled . That initial version of the `` Ed - E '' band dissolved in the mid to late 1980s due to incompatible musical tastes among other differences . Roland subsequently formed Marching Two - Step which included original Collective Soul drummer Shane Evans , Michele Rhea Caplinger , and Matt Serletic .",
"2": "Marching Two - Step were a local gigging band for a few years , but never managed to grow beyond the club scene . Roland 's early attempts to be signed to a recording contract by a label faced rejections . Caplinger would become a music industry publicist and was later appointed executive director of the Atlanta Chapter of the Recording Academy in 2000 . Serletic would go on to become a Grammy winning producer for Collective Soul , Matchbox Twenty , Blessid Union of Souls and Edwin McCain , and landed executive positions with record companies . 1993 -- 94 : Hints , Allegations and Things Left Unsaid and signing to Atlantic Records ( edit ) After the demise of Roland 's previous music collaborations , he enlisted musicians to record a demo in a basement . Roland initially intended to sell the songs to a publishing company and had no immediate plans of forming a band out of it . The demo was submitted to WRAS ( FM ) , 88.5 's Amy Staehling , host of the long running and popular GEORGIA MUSIC SHOW at Georgia State University 's 100,000 watt student radio station in Atlanta , the largest student run radio station in the county , where she added the song `` Shine '' to the local rotation . It was an instant listener favorite . The demo was also passed along to WJRR in Orlando , Florida which began playing `` Shine , '' soon to be its most requested song . Amidst the surprise popularity , Roland agreed to perform live shows , enlisting his brother Dean on rhythm guitar , drummer Shane Evans , bassist Will Turpin , and lead guitarist Ross Childress , in what would be the first official lineup of Collective Soul . Atlantic Records took note of the popularity of `` Shine '' and subsequently signed them to a contract . Upon Collective Soul 's signing , Atlantic wished to capitalize on the band 's success and quickly re-released the 1993 demo Hints Allegations and Things Left Unsaid as their first studio album . Although reluctant to have the unpolished demo represent their new lineup , Collective Soul gained international recognition and double - platinum status with their debut . The band quickly began work on what they would consider their true debut record and were invited to perform at Woodstock 1994 . They also toured extensively across North America .",
"3": "1995 -- 99 : Collective Soul , Disciplined Breakdown and Dosage ( edit ) The group 's self - titled second album issued the following year , was certified RIAA triple platinum , and logged a 76 - week run on the Billboard 200 . Notable singles from Collective Soul included US Rock Chart No. 1 hits `` December , '' `` Where The River Flows , '' and `` The World I Know , '' No. 2 hit `` Gel , '' and the Top 10 hit `` Smashing Young Man . '' Following a split with their manager , Collective Soul found their tour dates canceled and were called into the courtroom to face a legal battle that lasted into 1996 , presumably with said ex-manager Bill Richardson . While the legal battles continued , the band went to a cabin , in the middle of 40 acres ( 160,000 m ) of cow pasture in Stockbridge , and began recording . They recorded into a computer their impromptu efforts of songs Roland penned , and these became Disciplined Breakdown . The legal case was eventually settled , and both parties were instructed not to discuss the outcome . Disciplined Breakdown , released in 1997 , did not sell as well as their previous records despite debuting higher on the charts . The album eventually achieved platinum certification , and produced two more No. 1 singles on the US Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart : `` Precious Declaration '' and `` Listen '' , and Top 20 Hit `` Blame '' . The album peaked at No. 16 on the US Billboard 200 chart . The band 's fourth album was 1999 's platinum certified Dosage . The first single `` Heavy '' set a new high mark for 15 weeks at No. 1 on the Mainstream Rock chart . Singles such as `` Run '' , `` No More , No Less '' and `` Tremble For My Beloved '' gained notable positions on the rock charts . The album was produced by Anthony J. Resta , known for his work with Duran Duran and others . The band also performed at the Woodstock 1999 festival , where they performed `` Heavy '' , a cover of Ozzy Osbourne 's song `` Crazy Train '' , and a cover of U2 's song `` I Will Follow '' .",
"4": "2000 -- 03 : Blender , 7even year Itch and departure from Atlantic Records ( edit ) The group then released their fifth studio album , Blender in October 2000 . It did not sell as well as previous albums , although the first single `` Why , Pt. 2 '' reached No. 2 on the mainstream rock chart . They achieved additional hits with `` Vent '' and Pop Hit `` Perfect Day '' the latter being a duet between Roland and Elton John . The album became RIAA certified gold . Rolling Stone gave Blender a positive review . This was their second effort with Anthony J. Resta . The song `` You Speak My Language '' was a cover of a song written by Mark Sandman , who formed Morphine in 1989 . The song was originally on Morphine 's 1992 album , Good . In 2001 , Collective Soul released their greatest hits compilation , Seven Year Itch : Greatest Hits 1994 -- 2001 ( the title being stylized as 7even Year Itch ) , which featured the two new songs , the single `` Next Homecoming '' and `` Energy '' . The record marked the end of the group 's contract with Atlantic Records and the departure of lead guitarist Childress due to private personal differences ( Childress had an affair with Roland 's wife ) . The band promoted their longtime guitar technician , Joel Kosche from Jovian Storm , to be the new lead guitarist . 2004 -- 09 : formation of El music group , Youth , Afterwords and Collective Soul ( edit ) In 2004 Collective Soul created their independent label , El Music Group which allowed the band greater control over the production and distribution of their music . In November of that year , they released their sixth studio album , Youth , which debuted at No. 66 on the Billboard 200 . `` Counting the Days '' became a Top 10 rock hit . The second single , `` Better Now '' received significant airplay on Adult Top 40 radio , reaching the Top 10 , and was used in commercials for the cereal Special K . The resultant US and Canadian tours lasted over two years . The third single `` How Do You Love '' became a Top 20 hit on Adult Top 40 radio .",
"5": "During the recording of this album , Shane Evans was dismissed from the band due to drug use , with session musician Ryan Hoyle named as his replacement . Ryan Hoyle recorded 8 of the 11 drum / percussion tracks on this album . In May 2005 , they released an eight - song acoustic EP compilation titled From the Ground Up , which had acoustic versions of past favorites , plus a new track , `` Youth '' that also appeared on the WB show `` Charmed '' playing their song `` Better Now '' at the end of the episode at Piper 's Club P3 . Collective Soul performed two shows with the Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra on April 23 and 24 , 2005 . A DVD and double disc CD of the performances , entitled Home : A Live Concert Recording With The Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra was released in February 2006 . Collective Soul 's seventh studio album , Afterwords was released in August 2007 . It was co-produced by Anthony J. Resta who also contributed synthesizers , percussion and lead guitar on the song `` Bearing Witness '' . The band made a deal in the US with Target stores , making it the `` exclusive physical retailer '' of Afterwords for one year . The album was immediately available in digital form on iTunes . The record debuted at # 25 on the Billboard Comprehensive Albums chart ( as albums available only from a single retailer were ineligible for the Billboard 200 at the time ) . Billboard would later amend this rule due to similar successes of other artists via similar agreements . The Adult Top 40 pop - rock single `` Hollywood '' was released in May . It became the theme song for the hit T.V. show American Idol . The second single `` All That I Know '' was released in November and barely charted on Adult Top 40 . The band made an appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on August 31 to promote the album where they performed `` Hollywood '' . They were also the musical guest on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson . Collective Soul released their eighth studio album , another self - titled , but designated on August 25 , 2009 with Roadrunner Records a subsidiary of their previous label Atlantic Records . The first was single `` Staring Down '' and the second single was `` Welcome All Again '' .",
"6": "`` Staring Down '' charted at # 18 Billboard 's Adult Top 40 . The album debuted at No. 24 on the Billboard 200 . The third single , `` You , '' also charted briefly on the Billboard Adult Top 40 . Collective Soul were inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in September 2009 . In their induction speech , Roland thanked a long list of former members and collaborators who had involved over the past 3 decades , including Childress , Hoyle and Brannon . He also invited Shane Evans to the stage to celebrate with the band . 2010 -- 13 : focus on side projects and touring ( edit ) Collective Soul returned to El Music Group in 2010 , and in December that year , the band released a re-recorded version of `` Tremble for My Beloved '' ( originally from Dosage ) as both a single and a video on iTunes . The video was also included on the DVD Music Videos and Performances from The Twilight Saga Soundtracks , Vol. 1 . In 2012 , the band embarked on the Dosage Tour , with touring member Johnny Rabb replacing Cheney Brannon on drums . Recently , the band 's members have been involved in other projects . Joel Kosche and Will Turpin began their own solo careers , releasing the albums Fight Years ( 2010 ) and The Lighthouse ( 2011 ) respectively . Dean Roland is part of the rock band Magnets and Ghosts , alongside Ryan Potesta . The duo formed in 2010 , and released their debut album , Mass , in November 2011 . In 2011 , Ed Roland began recording and touring with friends Christopher Alan Yates , Brian Biskey , Grant Reynolds and Mike Rizzi . The group , Ed Roland and the Sweet Tea Project , released their debut album , Devils ' n Darlins , on September 3 , 2013 . 2014 -- present : See what You Started by Continuing and tenth studio album ( edit ) The band kicked off their 2014 tour on January 15 at Belly Up in Aspen , Colorado , where lead guitarist Jesse Triplett made his live debut as a member of Collective Soul . Triplett replaced Joel Kosche , who had been with the band since replacing original lead guitarist Ross Childress in 2001 .",
"7": "On February 6 , Collective Soul publicly confirmed Kosche 's departure from the band : `` After 13 great years , Joel Kosche has moved on in the world of music . Collective Soul welcomes Jesse Triplett as our new lead guitarist . '' On his own Facebook page , Kosche said that he had not `` moved on in the world of music '' but that he 'd been fired . The band 's ninth studio album , See What You Started by Continuing , was released on October 2 , 2015 by Vanguard Records . The album 's lead single , `` This , '' made its premiere on July 15 , 2015 at USA Today . The band has made `` This '' available as a free download on their website . The band have begun recording songs for their tenth studio album , which is planned to be released as a double album in February 2019 . The band played two new songs , titled `` Right as rain '' and `` Rule Number One '' , from the upcoming album at the Hard Rock Casino in Northfield , Ohio on February 15th , 2018 . The band released a full live album `` Collective Soul - Live '' on December 8 , 2017 . The recordings were gathered from concerts the band performed during their 2016 and 2017 tours . Origin of band name ( edit ) According to Ed Roland , the group took its name from a phrase in The Fountainhead , citing that `` we 're not preaching Ayn Rand , objectivism , egoism , or anything ... we just dug the name . '' Band members ( edit ) Collective Soul logo .",
"8": "Current members Ed Roland -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar , keyboards ( 1992 -- present ) Dean Roland -- rhythm and lead guitar ( 1992 -- present ) Will Turpin -- bass , backing vocals ( 1992 -- present ) Johnny Rabb -- drums , percussion ( 2012 -- present ) Jesse Triplett -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 2014 -- present ) Former members Ross Childress -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 1992 -- 2001 ) Shane Evans -- drums , percussion ( 1992 -- 2003 ) Joel Kosche -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 2001 -- 2014 ) Ryan Hoyle -- drums , percussion ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Cheney Brannon -- drums , percussion ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Discography ( edit ) Main articles : Collective Soul discography and List of songs recorded by Collective Soul Studio albums Hints Allegations and Things Left Unsaid ( 1993 ) Collective Soul ( 1995 ) Disciplined Breakdown ( 1997 ) Dosage ( 1999 ) Blender ( 2000 ) Youth ( 2004 ) Afterwords ( 2007 ) Collective Soul ( 2009 ) See What You Started by Continuing ( 2015 ) See also ( edit ) List of alternative rock artists List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart List of former Atlantic Records artists List of hard rock musicians List of post-grunge bands Alternative music portal Atlanta portal Georgia ( U.S. state ) portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Strong , Martin C. ( 2000 ) . The Great Rock Discography ( 5th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Mojo Books . p. 201 . ISBN 1 - 84195 - 017 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Rock Discography '' Jump up ^ `` Collective Soul Top Songs Top Songs - Chart Singles Discography '' . musicvf.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ Former Collective Soul Drummer Shane Evans clean , sober , helping kids by speaking out nightMair Creative Jump up ^ `` After 13 great years , Joel Kosche has moved on ... '' Facebook . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Collective Soul announces new single , album '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Download our new single , `` This '' `` . Collective Soul . July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Collective Soul to release double album '' . jacarandafm.com . February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectivesoul.com/news/collective-soul-live-the-album-out-now/ Jump up ^ Collective Soul `` For Those Who Have Ears to Hear '' External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCollective Soulat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Collective Soul at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) ( hide ) Collective Soul Ed Roland Dean Roland Will Turpin Johnny Rabb Jesse Triplett Ross Childress Shane Evans Joel Kosche Ryan Hoyle Cheney Brannon Studio albums Hints Allegations and Things Left Unsaid Collective Soul Disciplined Breakdown Dosage Blender Youth Afterwords Collective Soul See What You Started by Continuing Compilations Seven Year Itch : Greatest Hits ,",
"10": "1994 - 2001 EPs From the Ground Up Live releases Music in High Places : Live in Morocco Home : A Live Concert Recording with the Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra Concert tours Dosage Tour 2012 2013 Tour North American Winter Tour 2014 Canadian Tour 2014 See What You Started Tour Related Albums Woodstock 1994 Saturday Morning : Cartoons ' Greatest Hits Working Class Hero : A Tribute to John Lennon Big Shiny Tunes 2 Much at Edgefest ' 99 Big Shiny ' 90s Big Shiny ' 90s Volume 2 VH1 : I Love the ' 90s Whatever : The ' 90s Pop & Culture Box Articles Discography Songs Bands Marching Two - Step Starfish and Coffee Magnets & Ghosts Ed Roland and the Sweet Tea Project Will Turpin + The Way Kings of Chaos Cheap Thrill Concerts Woodstock ' 94 Woodstock 1999 Dow Live Earth Run for Water Labels Rising Storm Records Atlantic Records El Music Group Roadrunner Records Vanguard Records Soundtracks The Jerky Boys Scream 2 Varsity Blues Summer Catch Cursed IMAX NASCAR 3D Summerland Charmed : The Final Chapter Baby Mama Twilight Something Borrowed Hindsight Television Beverly Hills , 90210 : `` That 's the Guy '' Reverb Charmed : `` Scry Hard '' An Evening with Collective Soul : The Dosage 2012 Tour Video games Alvin and the Chipmunks Category ( hide ) Collective Soul singles Hints Allegations and Things Left Unsaid `` Shine '' `` Breathe '' `` Wasting Time '' Collective Soul `` Gel '' `` December '' `` Smashing Young Man '' `` The World I Know '' `` Where the River Flows '' Disciplined Breakdown `` Precious Declaration '' `` Listen '' `` Blame '' Dosage `` Run '' `` Heavy '' `` No More , No Less '' `` Tremble for My Beloved '' Blender `` Why , Pt.",
"11": "2 '' `` Vent '' `` Perfect Day '' Youth `` Counting the Days '' `` Better Now '' `` How Do You Love '' Afterwords `` Hollywood '' `` All That I Know '' Collective Soul `` Staring Down '' `` Welcome All Again '' `` You '' See What You Started by Continuing `` This '' `` AYTA '' `` Hurricane '' `` Contagious '' Other singles `` She Said '' `` Next Homecoming '' `` Tremble for My Beloved ( Reissue ) '' Other songs `` Blue Christmas '' `` That 's All Right '' `` Jealous Guy '' `` Dandy Life '' Category Template VIAF : 156727034 ISNI : 0000 0001 0674 3604 GND : 10304723 - 2 BNF : cb139713130 ( data ) MusicBrainz : aa266ac7 - d919 - 4132 - 982e - 76cbd95591a7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collective_Soul&oldid=832997688 '' Categories : Collective Soul 1992 establishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Alternative rock groups from Georgia ( U.S.",
"12": "state ) American hard rock musical groups American post-grunge musical groups Atlantic Records artists Musical groups established in 1992 Musical groups from Atlanta Musical quintets Roadrunner Records artists Stockbridge , Georgia Vanguard Records artists Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2009 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from July 2016 Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hCards Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Svenska Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 03 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who does dwyane wade play for right now
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{
"0": "Dwyane Wade - wikipedia Dwyane Wade Jump to : navigation , search `` Dwyane '' redirects here . For the Trinidad and Tobago footballer , see Dwyane Demmin . Dwyane Wade Wade with the Heat in 2011 No. 3 -- Miami Heat Position Shooting guard League NBA ( 1982 - 01 - 17 ) January 17 , 1982 ( age 36 ) Chicago , Illinois Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Listed weight 220 lb ( 100 kg ) Career information High school Harold L. Richards ( Oak Lawn , Illinois ) College Marquette ( 2001 -- 2003 ) NBA draft 2003 / Round : 1 / Pick : 5th overall Selected by the Miami Heat Playing career 2003 -- present Career history 2003 -- 2016 Miami Heat 2016 -- 2017 Chicago Bulls 2017 -- 2018 Cleveland Cavaliers 2018 -- present Miami Heat Career highlights and awards 3 × NBA champion ( 2006 , 2012 , 2013 ) NBA Finals MVP ( 2006 ) 12 × NBA All - Star ( 2005 -- 2016 ) NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2010 ) 2 × All - NBA First Team ( 2009 , 2010 ) 3 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2005 , 2006 , 2011 ) 3 × All - NBA Third Team ( 2007 , 2012 , 2013 ) 3 × NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2005 , 2009 , 2010 ) NBA All - Rookie First Team ( 2004 ) NBA scoring champion ( 2009 ) Consensus first - team All - American ( 2003 ) Third - team All - American -- SN ( 2002 ) Conference USA Player of the Year ( 2003 ) No.",
"1": "3 retired by Marquette Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing United States Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team competition 2004 Athens Team competition World Cup 2006 Japan Team competition Dwyane Tyrone Wade Jr. ( / dweɪn / dwayn ; born January 17 , 1982 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . After a successful college career at Marquette , Wade was drafted fifth overall in the 2003 NBA draft by Miami . In his third season , Wade led the Heat to their first NBA Championship in franchise history and was named the 2006 NBA Finals MVP . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , Wade led the United States men 's basketball team , commonly known as the `` Redeem Team '' , in scoring , and helped them capture the gold medal . In the 2008 -- 09 season , Wade led the league in scoring and earned his first NBA scoring title . With LeBron James and Chris Bosh , Wade helped guide Miami to four consecutive NBA Finals from 2011 to 2014 , winning back - to - back championships in 2012 and 2013 . After 11⁄2 seasons away from the Heat with the Chicago Bulls and Cleveland Cavaliers , Wade was traded back to Miami in February 2018 . A 12 - time NBA All - Star , Wade is Miami 's all - time leader in points , games , assists and steals , shots made and shots taken . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 College career 2.1 2001 -- 02 season 2.2 2002 -- 03 season 3 NBA career 3.1 Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 ) 3.1. 1 Rookie year ( 2003 -- 04 ) 3.1. 2 Breakthrough year ( 2004 -- 05 ) 3.1. 3 NBA champion and Finals MVP ( 2005 -- 06 ) 3.1. 4 Injuries and missing playoffs ( 2006 -- 08 ) 3.1.",
"2": "5 Scoring champion and playoff defeats ( 2008 -- 10 ) 3.1. 6 The Big 3 era and back - to - back championships ( 2010 -- 14 ) 3.1. 7 Post Big 3 era ( 2014 -- 16 ) 3.2 Chicago Bulls and Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2016 -- 2018 ) 3.3 Return to Miami ( 2018 -- present ) 4 National team career 5 Player profile 6 NBA career statistics 6.1 Regular season 6.2 Playoffs 7 Awards and honors 8 Personal life 8.1 Philanthropy 8.2 Religion 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Early life Dwyane Wade was born on the South Side of Chicago , Illinois , to JoLinda and Dwyane Wade Sr , whose name 's unusual spelling was decided by his own mother . In 1977 , JoLinda , at the age of 18 , already had two children . Wade has described his upbringing in Chicago as being very difficult . Wade stated that `` ( his ) mom was on drugs and ( his ) family was in the gang environment , so it was a rough childhood . '' At a very young age , Wade already witnessed police raids and found dead bodies several times in a nearby garbage can . When he was only 4 months old , his parents separated -- and would later divorce . Jolinda was given custody of the two children , and she moved to her mother 's house with them . The family struggled financially , and it was around that time when Jolinda started dealing drugs . His mom was addicted to several substances including cigarettes , alcohol , heroin , and cocaine . JoLinda would get high with friends at her home , even in the presence of her children . In an interview with ESPN , Wade said `` I 've seen the needles laying around the house . I 've seen my mother shoot up before . I 've seen a lot of things my mother did n't even know I 'd seen as a kid . '' At the age of 6 , he recalls police -- with guns drawn -- raiding his home as they searched for his mother .",
"3": "When Wade turned 8 years old , his older sister , Tragil , tricked him -- by telling him they were going to the movies -- into living with his father , a former Army sergeant , and stepmother in a nearby neighborhood . Wade would still occasionally visit his mom . A year later , his father moved the family to Robbins , Illinois . After moving to Robbins , Wade did n't see his mother for two years . During this time , JoLinda was able to access a free supply of drugs by volunteering to be a tester -- i.e. , someone who tests street drugs for impurities before the dealers try to sell them . JoLinda was hospitalized and nearly died after she mistakenly injected herself with LSD . In 1994 , JoLinda was arrested for possession of crack cocaine with intent to sell and locked up in Cook County Jail . Wade , at the age of 10 , reunited with his mom by talking with her at Cook County Jail through a glass panel over a telephone . JoLinda served 23 months in prison for her crimes , but while serving her second sentence in 1997 , she failed to report to prison while on work release . Wade turned to sports , especially basketball and football , to avoid the temptations of participating in drug and gang - related activities . Wade 's mom and dad would often take him to the park to play basketball . He cites one of his older sisters , Tragil , as the individual most responsible for his childhood upbringing and for steering him in the proper direction . As a child growing up in the Chicago area , Wade idolized Chicago Bulls star Michael Jordan , and has said he patterns his game after him . Wade attended Harold L. Richards High School in Oak Lawn . Wade quickly found success as a wide receiver on the football team , but he needed to work extremely hard to earn playing time on the varsity basketball team during his junior year . While he did not acquire much playing time during his second year , his stepbrother , Demetris McDaniel , was the star of the team . Wade grew four inches in the summer before his junior year and saw an increase in playing time , averaging 20.7 points and 7.6 rebounds per game .",
"4": "The following year , Wade averaged 27.0 points and 11.0 rebounds per game while leading his team to a 24 -- 5 record . It advanced to the title game of the Class AA Eisenhower Sectional . During this season he set school records for points ( 676 ) and steals ( 106 ) in a season . Wade has stated that his high school coach , Jack Fitzgerald , was one of the most positive influences in his life during this time . Wade was recruited by only three college basketball teams ( Marquette University , Illinois State , and DePaul University ) due to academic problems . During most of Wade 's time at Marquette , his mother was either eluding the law or serving time in jail for selling crack cocaine . On October 14 , 2001 , JoLinda declared that she would change her life and get clean while attending a service at a Chicago church . Wade , then a sophomore at Marquette , went home for Christmas to be with his mom , who he believed was clean and sober for the first time in his life . However , JoLinda admitted to him that she was actually going back to prison . Wade told ESPN , `` I was hurt because I felt like I was just getting my mom back , and now she had to leave again . '' On January 2 , 2002 , his mother went back to prison to serve her 14 - month sentence . She says she has been clean since 2003 . College career Wade chose to play college basketball for Tom Crean at Marquette University in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . During Wade 's freshman year at Marquette , he was ineligible to play with the men 's team as he had fallen short of academic standards set by the NCAA 's Proposition 48 . Wade sought tutoring to improve his writing skills in order to regain eligibility . 2001 -- 02 season Wade earned eligibility to play for the 2001 -- 2002 season , and he led the Golden Eagles in scoring with 17.8 ppg , led the conference in steals at 2.47 per game , and averaged 6.6 rebounds and 3.4 assists per game . Marquette finished with a 26 -- 7 record , the school 's best record since the 1993 -- 94 season .",
"5": "2002 -- 03 season In 2002 -- 03 , Wade led Marquette in scoring again with 21.5 ppg , and Marquette won the school 's first and only Conference USA championship with a 27 -- 6 record . That season Wade led the Golden Eagles to the Final Four , the school 's first appearance in the Final Four since winning the 1977 national championship . After the season , he was named to the All - America First Team by the Associated Press ; Wade is the first Marquette basketball player since 1978 to do so . Wade 's performance during the Midwest Regional Final of the 2003 NCAA Tournament was highly publicized by the national press . Against heavily favored , top - ranked and top - seeded Kentucky Wildcats , Wade recorded a triple - double with 29 points , 11 rebounds , and 11 assists . His triple - double was the fourth in NCAA Tournament history . Wade 's exceptional play helped lead Marquette over the Wildcats 83 -- 69 and into the Final Four ; Wade was named MVP of the Midwest Regional . Marquette finished the season ranked No. 6 in the AP poll , the school 's highest ranking since the 1976 -- 77 season . Wade 's strong tournament play resulted in increased visibility in the national media and , consequently , a high draft projection . As a result , he elected to forgo his senior year at Marquette and enter the 2003 NBA draft . On February 3 , 2007 , almost four years after Wade played in his final collegiate game , Marquette retired his jersey at halftime of a game against Providence . Although Marquette requires student - athletes to graduate prior to receiving jersey retirement honors , the University made a special exception for Wade based on his accomplishments since leaving Marquette . On March 5 , 2003 , JoLinda Wade was released from prison . Three days later she saw Dwyane play basketball for the first time in five years . She watched Marquette beat Cincinnati , 70 - 61 , at the Bradley Center to win the Conference USA regular - season championship . Dwyane had 26 points , 10 rebounds , and five assists .",
"6": "Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2001 -- 02 Marquette 32 32 29.2 . 487 . 346 . 690 6.6 3.4 2.5 1.1 17.8 2002 -- 03 Marquette 33 33 32.1 . 501 . 318 . 779 6.3 4.4 2.2 1.3 21.5 Career 65 65 30.7 . 494 . 333 . 745 6.5 3.9 2.3 1.2 19.7 NBA career Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 ) Rookie year ( 2003 -- 04 ) Wade dunking the ball during the 2004 Rookie Challenge game for the Rookies team . Selected 5th overall in the 2003 NBA draft by the Miami Heat , Wade quickly emerged as a productive player on a youthful Miami Heat team and averaged 16.2 points on 46.5 % shooting with averages of 4.0 rebounds and 4.5 assists per game . Wade is one of only four Marquette University players to be drafted in the first round ; his is the highest draft selection in school history . After a 5 -- 15 start , the Heat would gradually improve and finish 42 -- 40 to qualify for the NBA playoffs . He further distinguished himself with outstanding performances in the playoffs , particularly against the Indiana Pacers in the Eastern Conference Semi-finals . In the end , however , Wade 's successful rookie season was somewhat overshadowed by the success of fellow rookies Carmelo Anthony and LeBron James . Wade did earn unanimous selection to the 2004 NBA All - Rookie Team , and also finished third in rookie of the year voting ( behind James and Anthony ) . He was ranked in the top five among rookies in several major statistical categories , including second in field goal percentage , second in steals , third in scoring , fourth in assists , and fourth in minutes played .",
"7": "In the playoffs Wade hit a game - winning shot in Game 1 of the Heat 's first round series against the New Orleans Hornets . The Heat won the series 4 -- 3 and advanced to the second round to face the top - seeded and best record team in the NBA , the Indiana Pacers , in a very entertaining series that almost pushed the 61 - win Pacers to the edge , though Miami would eventually lose the series in six games . He became the fourth rookie since the shot clock era began to lead his team in scoring and assist average in the postseason . Breakthrough year ( 2004 -- 05 ) Wade with the ball versus the Milwaukee Bucks in 2005 Before the 2004 -- 05 season , Shaquille O'Neal was traded from the Los Angeles Lakers to the Heat . The following season , Miami improved by 17 games , from a 42 -- 40 record in the 2003 -- 04 season to an Eastern Conference - best 59 -- 23 record in the 2004 -- 05 season . The league 's coaches selected Wade to be a reserve in the 2005 All - Star Game . He scored 14 points in 24 minutes of play . In the first round of the 2005 NBA Playoffs , Wade averaged 26.3 points , 8.8 assists , and 6.0 rebounds while maintaining a 50 % field - goal percentage as the Heat swept the New Jersey Nets . Wade continued his high level of play in the second round by averaging 31 points , 7 rebounds , and 8 assists per game as the Heat swept the Washington Wizards . The Heat 's playoff run was stopped by the Detroit Pistons , the previous season 's champions , in 7 games in the Eastern Conference Finals . Wade scored 42 and 36 points in Games 2 and 3 respectively despite playing with sinusitis , the flu , and a knee strain . He also suffered a strained rib muscle in Game 5 of the Conference Finals that prevented him from playing in the series ' sixth game and limited him in the seventh . The Heat lost the series in the seventh game despite leading three games to two after the fifth game and holding a lead with three minutes remaining in Game 7 .",
"8": "NBA champion and Finals MVP ( 2005 -- 06 ) Wade at the free throw line By the 2005 -- 06 season Wade had developed into one of the most prominent players in the NBA and was elected to his second All - Star Game , this time a starter . In the 2006 All - Star Game , Wade made the game - winning put - back off of the Philadelphia 76ers ' Allen Iverson 's missed shot , to lead the East to a 122 -- 120 victory over the West . He scored 20 points on 9 / 11 field goals in 30 minutes of play . He finished the 2005 -- 06 regular season averaging 27.2 points , 6.7 assists , 5.7 rebounds , and 1.95 steals per game . Against the Chicago Bulls in the first round of the 2006 NBA Playoffs , Wade shook off a few injuries that scared Heat fans , including a severely bruised hip in Game 5 . Returning late in the half , Wade resurrected his team by scoring 15 of his 28 points while suffering from intense pain , leading the Heat to the much - needed 3 -- 2 series lead . After this , Wade successfully led his team to the 2006 NBA Finals , despite suffering from flu - like symptoms in game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Detroit Pistons . He put up a double - double with 14 points and 10 assists in that game , including an 8 - point flurry to close out the third quarter that put the game out of reach . In his first trip to the NBA Finals , in which Miami faced off against the Dallas Mavericks , Wade had some especially memorable moments . His performance in games three , four , and five , in which he scored 42 , 36 , and 43 points , respectively , helped bring the Heat back from a 0 -- 2 deficit to lead the series 3 - 2 . In Game 3 Wade tied his career playoff high with 42 points and grabbed a career - high 13 rebounds . Fifteen of his 42 points came in the fourth quarter , in which the Heat erased a 13 - point deficit over the final 6 : 29 with a 22 -- 7 run which included a go - ahead jumper by NBA veteran Gary Payton that sealed the win .",
"9": "The Heat went on to win Game 6 behind Wade 's 36 points , taking the series 4 -- 2 , and Wade was presented with the Finals MVP trophy . He became the fifth youngest player in NBA history to capture NBA Finals MVP honors and recorded the third highest scoring average by a player in his first NBA Finals with 34.7 points per game . His 33.8 PER in the NBA finals was ranked by ESPN 's John Hollinger as the greatest Finals performance since the NBA - ABA merger . Injuries and missing playoffs ( 2006 -- 08 ) In the 2006 -- 07 season , Wade missed a total of 31 games due to injury . He was elected to his third straight All - Star Game and received All - NBA honors . He became the first guard to earn All - NBA honors after missing at least 31 games in a season since Pete Maravich of the Utah Jazz earned Second Team honors during the 1977 -- 78 season . Despite Wade 's play , the Heat struggled early in the season with injuries and were 20 -- 25 on February 1 , 2007 . But with Shaquille O'Neal healthy and Pat Riley returning to the bench after undergoing hip and knee surgeries respectively , the Heat seemed poised to surge into the second half of the season . However , during a game against the Houston Rockets on February 21 , 2007 , while attempting to steal the ball from Shane Battier , Wade dislocated his left shoulder and was assisted off the court in a wheelchair . After the injury , he was left with the decision to either rehabilitate the shoulder or undergo season - ending surgery . Wade later announced that he would put off the surgery and rehabilitate his shoulder with the intention of rejoining the team in time for the playoffs . After missing 23 games to recover from the injury , Wade returned to the active roster in a game against the Charlotte Bobcats . Sporting a black sleeve to help protect his dislocated left shoulder , Wade played 27 minutes and recorded 12 points and 8 assists , in a 111 -- 103 overtime loss .",
"10": "For the season , Wade averaged 27.4 points , 7.5 assists , 4.7 rebounds , and 2.1 steals per game shooting 50 % from the field , and finished the season as the NBA 's leader in PER ( Player efficiency rating ) . In the playoffs , Wade averaged 23.5 points , 6.3 assists , and 4.8 rebounds per game , as the Heat were swept in the first round by the Chicago Bulls . Following the playoffs , Wade underwent a pair of successful surgeries to repair his dislocated left shoulder and left knee . The knee ailment , commonly called `` jumper 's knee '' , prevented Wade from joining USA Basketball in the Olympic Qualifying Tournament over the summer . After missing the Tournament of Americas Olympic Qualifiers over the summer , Miami 's eight pre-season games and first seven regular season games to recover from off - season left knee and left shoulder surgeries , Wade made his first appearance of the 2007 -- 08 season on November 14 , 2007 . Battling pain in his left knee throughout the season , Wade was elected to his fourth consecutive All - Star Game appearance . However , with the Heat holding the worst record in the NBA and Wade still experiencing problems in his left knee , Heat coach Pat Riley announced Wade would miss the final 21 games of the season to undergo OssaTron treatment on his left knee . Wade averaged 24.6 points , 6.9 assists , 4.2 rebounds , and 1.7 steals per game for the season . Scoring champion and playoff defeats ( 2008 -- 10 ) After undergoing months of rehabilitation on his left knee and helping the U.S. Olympic team win a gold medal at the 2008 Olympics , in which he led the team in scoring , Wade returned to the starting lineup at the start of the 2008 -- 09 season . Early in the season , Wade became the second player in NBA history to tally at least 40 points , 10 assists and five blocked shots in a game since Alvan Adams did so in the 1976 -- 77 season . With a healthy Wade leading the league in scoring and the Heat making a push for a playoff position , Wade was elected to his fifth consecutive All - Star game appearance .",
"11": "Following the All - Star game , Wade recorded 50 points on 56.6 % shooting and added 5 rebounds and 5 assists in a blow - out loss against the Orlando Magic . Wade became the fourth player in NBA history to score at least 50 points while his team lost by at least 20 in a game . The following game , Wade recorded a career - high 16 assists and added 31 points and 7 rebounds in a 103 -- 91 win against the Detroit Pistons . Wade became the second player to record 15 or more assists after scoring at least 50 points since Wilt Chamberlain did so in 1968 . Two games later , Wade tied a franchise record with 24 points in the fourth quarter , as he led the Heat back from a 15 - point deficit in the final nine minutes of the quarter to secure a 120 -- 115 win over the New York Knicks . For the game , Wade recorded 46 points on 55 % field goal shooting , 10 assists , 8 rebounds , 4 steals and 3 blocks . Wade followed the performance with a second consecutive 40 - point game against the Cleveland Cavaliers . Playing against his Eastern Conference rival and good friend , LeBron James , Wade registered 41 points on 53 % shooting , 9 assists , 7 steals , 7 rebounds and one block as the Heat lost 107 -- 100 . The following game , in former teammate Shaquille O'Neal's return to Miami since being traded , Wade tied a career - high with 16 assists and added 35 points on 62 % shooting , 6 rebounds , a steal and a block , as the Heat defeated the Phoenix Suns 135 -- 129 . Wade became the only player in Heat history to have multiple games with at least 30 points and 15 assists . Less than a week later , Wade tied his franchise record with his 78th consecutive game of scoring in double figures in a double overtime thriller against the Chicago Bulls , in which he scored the game - winning three - point basket to secure a 130 -- 127 win . Wade finished with 48 points on 71.4 % shooting , 12 assists , 6 rebounds , 4 steals and 3 blocks in 50 minutes .",
"12": "According to the Elias Sports Bureau , Wade joined Wilt Chamberlain as the only other player in NBA history to score that many points and have that many assists in a game , while having as high of a field goal percentage . Two games later , Wade surpassed Alonzo Mourning and became the Heat 's all - time leading scorer in a triple overtime classic against the Utah Jazz . Wade finished with 50 points , 10 rebounds , 9 assists , 4 steals , and 2 blocks in a 140 -- 129 win . During the season , Wade became the first player in NBA history to accumulate at least 2,000 points , 500 assists , 100 steals , and 100 blocks in a season and is the first player of 6 ft. 5 in . or shorter to register at least 100 blocks in a season . Wade also became just the fifth player in NBA history to reach 2,000 points , 500 assists , and 150 steals in a season . After a 97 -- 92 win against the Charlotte Bobcats , Wade helped the Heat clinch a playoff berth and become only the second team in NBA History to reach the postseason after winning 15 or fewer games the year before . In a 122 -- 105 win against the New York Knicks , Wade recorded a career - high 55 points on 63 % field goal shooting and added 9 rebounds and 4 assists . Wade recorded 50 points through three quarters and was pulled out of the game while he was one point shy of eclipsing the franchise record of 56 points set by Glen Rice . For the season , Wade averaged a league - high 30.2 points per game , earning his first NBA Scoring Title , and added 7.5 assists , 5.0 rebounds , 2.2 steals , and 1.3 blocks per game . Wade finished the season with higher point , assist , steal and block averages than LeBron James and Kobe Bryant , who both finished ahead of Wade in the MVP race . On November 1 , in just his third game of the 2009 -- 10 season Wade recorded his 10,000 th career point in a 95 -- 87 win against the Chicago Bulls .",
"13": "On November 12 against the Cleveland Cavaliers , Wade made a spectacular dunk over Anderson Varejão , considered by many to be one of the greatest of the season until then . LeBron James himself described the dunk as `` great , probably top 10 all - time '' . Two days later against the New Jersey Nets , with the Heat down by two in the final seconds , Wade hit a clutch three - point shot , giving the Heat the win by one point , 81 -- 80 . On January 6 , Wade scored a season - high 44 points in an overtime loss against the Boston Celtics , the most points scored by a player in a losing effort in the season until that point . On January 21 , Wade was selected to play for the East in the 2010 NBA All - Star Game , which was his sixth overall All - Star appearance . Wade was named the game 's MVP after recording 28 points , 11 assists , 5 steals and 6 rebounds . In just his second game back from the All - Star Game on February 17 , Wade strained his calf in the first quarter . He left the game with 8 points in 8 minutes of play , ending his personal and also Heat 's franchise record streak of 148 consecutive games with at least 10 points . On April 2 , Wade was named Eastern Conference Player of the Month and Player of the Week twice for his play in the month of March , leading the Heat to a 12 -- 3 , the team 's best record since March 2006 . It was his first Player of the Month award of the season and 5th of his career . He averaged 26.9 and 7.5 assists per game , which both ranked third in the Eastern Conference , and 2.3 steals per game , which ranked first . Wade recorded six 30 points games and had six double - doubles in the month , including a season - high 14 assists in an overtime win against the Los Angeles Lakers on March 4 . For the season , Wade averaged 26.6 points on 47.6 % field goal shooting , 6.5 assists , 4.8 rebounds , 1.8 steals and 1.1 blocks per game , while leading his team to a 47 -- 35 record , clinching the fifth seed in the NBA Playoffs .",
"14": "In the first round , with the Heat facing a sweep against the Boston Celtics , Wade recorded a career playoff - high and also franchise record 46 points , outscoring the entire Celtics team in the 4th quarter with 19 points versus 15 by Boston . It was also Wade 's sixth career playoff game with at least 40 points scored . Despite averaging 33.2 points on 56.4 % shooting , 6.8 assists , 5.6 rebounds , 1.6 steals and 1.6 blocks , Wade and the Heat would lose to Boston in five games . The Big 3 era and back - to - back championships ( 2010 -- 14 ) Dwyane Wade with his new teammate , LeBron James . During the off - season , Miami - Dade County commissioners voted unanimously to rename the county `` Miami - Wade County '' for one week from July 1 -- 7 , 2010 in Wade 's honor and to try and convince Wade to stay in Miami and sign with the Heat . On July 7 , it was announced that Wade would be re-signing with the Miami Heat , along with former Toronto Raptor Chris Bosh . The following day , LeBron James announced he would be joining the Heat to play with Wade and Bosh , causing a stir in the media and among fans . The deals were officially announced on July 10 ; Bosh and James arrived via sign - and - trade deals . The Heat finished with a 58 - 24 record in the first year of the Big 3 Era and earned the second seed in the Eastern Conference . For the season , Wade averaged 25.5 points , 6.4 rebounds , 4.6 assists , and 1.5 steals per game , shooting 50 % from the field . After defeating the Philadelphia 76ers , Boston Celtics , and Chicago Bulls , the Heat reached the Finals but lost to the Dallas Mavericks in six games . Wade averaged 26.5 points , 7 rebounds and 5.2 assists per game for the NBA Finals and 24.5 points , 7.1 rebounds and 4.4 for the entire playoffs .",
"15": "Prior to the beginning of the 2011 -- 12 NBA season , Bosh in 2012 opined Wade should take the last second shot instead of Bosh or James to win or lose a game based on Wade 's past success . On February 26 , 2012 , at the All - Star Game Wade recorded what was only the third triple - double in the history of the contest , posting 24 points , 10 rebounds , and 10 assists , joining Michael Jordan and LeBron James as the only players ever to record the prestigious stat ( at the 1997 and 2011 games respectively ) . On March 10 , 2012 , Wade made the game - winning shot against the Indiana Pacers , giving the Heat a 93 -- 91 overtime win . Wade finished the season averaging 22.1 points , 4.8 assists , 4.6 rebounds , and 1.7 steals per game . In the playoffs , the Heat defeated the New York Knicks in 5 games in the first round , then defeated the Indiana Pacers in 6 games in the second round . Wade heated up in Game 6 of the second round , recording 41 points and 10 rebounds . The Celtics took the Heat to seven games in the Eastern Conference Finals , but the Heat prevailed and advanced to the NBA Finals . They lost to the Oklahoma City Thunder in Game 1 of the finals but won the next four games , and Wade secured his second NBA title . Wade averaged 22.6 points per game in the series . The Heat became the first team in NBA history to win a championship after trailing in three different playoff series . Before the start of the 2012 -- 13 NBA season , Wade underwent surgery due to a left knee injury . He missed the 2012 Summer Olympics . While Wade missed the Heat 's first pre-season game against the Atlanta Hawks , he returned in time for the Heat 's second pre-season game against the Los Angeles Clippers , which was held at the MasterCard Center in Beijing , China . Miami won the game 94 -- 80 . On December 26 , 2012 , during an away game against the Charlotte Bobcats , Wade kicked guard Ramon Sessions in the groin . The following day , Wade was suspended by the NBA for one game .",
"16": "Wade finished the 2012 -- 2013 season with averages of 21.2 points , 5 rebounds and 5.1 assists per game . In the playoffs , injuries limited Wade to a career - low scoring average of 15.9 points per game , but he upped his average to 19.6 points a game during the NBA Finals against the San Antonio Spurs . After the teams split the first two games in Miami , the Spurs blew out the Heat in game 3 to take a 2 - 1 series lead . In game 4 , Wade scored 32 points on 56 percent shooting to go with 6 steals as the Heat defeated the Spurs 109 - 93 . The Spurs would bounce back in game 5 despite Wade 's 25 points and 10 assists . Wade scored 14 points in Miami 's overtime win in game 6 , followed by 23 points and 10 rebounds in game 7 as the Heat clinched their second straight championship and Wade 's third title . In the 2013 -- 14 season , Wade played in 54 games due to injury and the team 's decision to rest him during back - to - back games . Wade averaged 19 points per game and posted a career - high 54 percent field goal percentage , and had notable games in victories against elite teams such as a 32 - point outing against the Pacers on November 7 and 29 points against the Los Angeles Clippers on December 18 . In the playoffs , the team increased Wade 's minutes per game , noted by a 28 - point performance in the closing game of Miami 's second - round victory over the Brooklyn Nets and a 23 - point outing in a crucial game 2 road victory against Indiana in the Eastern Finals . The Heat would go on to win the series in six games , advancing to their fourth straight NBA Finals . Wade averaged 19.1 points a game during the playoffs on 52 percent shooting , his best percentage in a playoff run since 2010 . The Heat would once again face the San Antonio Spurs in the 2014 NBA Finals . However , they would lose in five games . Post Big 3 era ( 2014 -- 16 ) Wade making a lay - up for the Heat in 2015 .",
"17": "On June 28 , 2014 , Wade and teammates James and Bosh all opted out of their contracts in order to cut costs with the intention of all re-signing . James announced on his website on July 11 that he was returning to Cleveland after four successful seasons with Wade in Miami . Four days later , Wade re-signed with the Heat and was later joined by a returning Bosh , Udonis Haslem , Chris Andersen and Mario Chalmers as well as former rivals Danny Granger and Luol Deng . After playing in the Heat 's first eight games of the 2014 -- 15 season , Wade missed seven consecutive games due to a hamstring injury . He returned to action on November 30 against the New York Knicks to score a then season - high 27 points in an 88 - 79 win . On December 17 , despite Wade 's season - high 42 points , the Heat were defeated 105 - 87 by the Utah Jazz . He was named an All - Star for the 11th time , however , on February 11 , he pulled out of the game due to another hamstring injury and was replaced by Kyle Korver . The Heat finished the season with a 37 - 45 win / loss record , as Wade missed the post-season for just the second time in his career . On June 29 , 2015 , Wade opted out of his contract with the Heat to become a free agent . On July 10 , 2015 , he re-signed with the Heat once again to a one - year , $20 million contract . Wade hit just seven shots from beyond the arc during the entire 2015 -- 16 regular season . However , the 2016 postseason saw a change in Wade 's play . He converted on his first seven three - point shot attempts before missing his first one during a Game 3 loss to the Toronto Raptors in the conference semi-finals . According to Elias Sports Bureau , Wade had never made more than five three - pointers in a row during his career . Chicago Bulls and Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2016 -- 2018 ) In July 2016 , Wade joined his hometown Chicago Bulls on a two - year deal worth approximately $47 million . The Heat had a two - year , $40 million offer on the table for him , which Wade felt was unacceptable .",
"18": "The relationship ended on bad terms with Wade , team president Pat Riley and the Heat squabbling over his contract . Wade balked at the Heat 's initial offer as he was seeking more money and another year in a potential deal . The Heat did not increase its initial offer to Wade , leading to Wade looking at alternative options . Wade teamed - up with Jimmy Butler and Rajon Rondo in Chicago , with the trio being coined the `` Three Alphas '' . In January 2017 , the trio were all fined for criticizing their young teammates ' effort , and in March 2017 , he sustained a fractured elbow . Wade returned in time for the playoffs , but the Bulls were defeated 4 -- 2 by the Boston Celtics in the first round despite going up 2 -- 0 in the series . The chemistry of the team , which was one of the biggest question marks for the Bulls all season , was strong over the first two games , but dwindled over the final four games after Rondo missed all four with an injury . On September 24 , 2017 , three months after trading Butler and waiving Rondo , the Bulls reached an agreement on a buyout with Wade . Three days later , Wade signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers . Wade took a chance at teaming up with LeBron James once again , but the union took a turn for the worse almost immediately , with Wade balking at coach Tyronn Lue 's plan to bring him off the bench . Wade started for the Cavaliers in the first three games of season but struggled mightily , shooting 7 - for - 25 from the field . After a blowout loss to the Orlando Magic in the third game , Wade volunteered to demote himself to a bench role for the betterment of the team . Wade eventually took to the bench role and became the leader of the second unit . Return to Miami ( 2018 -- present ) On February 8 , 2018 , at the NBA trade deadline , the Cavaliers committed to a massive overhaul of their roster . After acquiring guards Jordan Clarkson , George Hill and Rodney Hood , combined with the youth movement of Cedi Osman , it was made clear to Wade that his role with the Cavaliers would be reduced .",
"19": "Cleveland wanted to `` do right '' by Wade , and as such , Wade was traded back to the Miami Heat in exchange for a protected 2024 second - round draft pick . At the funeral of Wade 's long - time agent Henry Thomas in January 2018 , Wade mended relations with Heat president Pat Riley ; less than two weeks later , Wade found himself back in Miami . Wade fully believed for many months that he would eventually return to the Heat , though he figured it would happen in a free - agent deal in the summer of 2018 . On February 9 , in his return game for the Heat , Wade was introduced with a standing ovation from the crowd and came off the bench to score three points on 1 - of - 6 shooting with two assists , one rebound , a key late block , and four turnovers in 22 minutes of play in a 91 -- 85 win over the Milwaukee Bucks . On February 27 , Wade scored a season - high 27 points , the last of those coming on a jumper that gave Miami its only lead of the fourth quarter with 5.9 seconds left , as the Heat rallied to beat the Philadelphia 76ers 102 -- 101 . Wade had 15 of his points in the fourth quarter . On April 3 , in a 101 -- 98 win over the Atlanta Hawks , Wade reached 5,000 assists in a Heat uniform , becoming the ninth player to score 20,000 points and collect 5,000 assists with one team , joining Karl Malone , Kobe Bryant , Michael Jordan , LeBron James , Larry Bird , John Havlicek , Oscar Robertson and Jerry West . On April 16 , Wade turned in a vintage performance , scoring 28 points to end the 76ers ' 17 - game winning streak and lead the Heat to a 113 -- 103 Game 2 win over Philadelphia and even the first - round playoff series . He passed Larry Bird for 10th on the NBA 's career postseason scoring list . The Heat went on to lose the series in five games . National team career Wade was a member of the 2004 U.S. national team with fellow NBA All - Stars LeBron James and Carmelo Anthony . The team competed in the 2006 FIBA World Championship in Japan , in which Wade averaged 19.3 points per game .",
"20": "The team won a bronze medal , which disappointed many United States ' fans who had hoped for a return to the days of the original `` Dream Team '' . Wade was named to the national team from 2006 to 2008 . He was named co-captain of the 2006 team , along with James and Anthony . In 2007 , due to injury , Wade was unable to compete at the FIBA Americas Championship , where the United States compiled a 10 -- 0 record and qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , the United States went unbeaten and earned gold medal honors , defeating the 2006 World champion Spain in the final game . Wade led the team in scoring throughout the tournament and tallied a game - high 27 points in 27 minutes on 75 % field goal shooting and added 4 steals , 2 assists and 2 rebounds in the game . For the tournament , he averaged a team - high 16 points in 18 minutes on 67 % field goal shooting , 4 rebounds , 2 assists and 2.3 steals , as the United States lived up to their Redeem Team moniker and captured gold medal honors for the first time since 2000 . On June 28 , 2012 , it was reported that Wade would miss the 2012 Summer Olympics in London because of knee surgery . Player profile Wade 's pre-game ritual consists of doing pull - ups at the rim . Standing at 6 feet 4 inches tall ( 1.93 m ) and weighing 220 pounds ( 100 kg ) , Wade is a shooting guard that is also capable of playing point guard as he did during his rookie season and in subsequent seasons with smaller lineups . On offense , he has established himself as one of the quickest and most difficult players to guard , as well as one of the best slashers in the NBA . Wade 's signature one - two step allows him to dash past bigger defenders and occasionally get the extra foul shot . Wade is able to get to the free throw line consistently ; he ranked first in free - throw attempts per 48 minutes in 2004 -- 05 and again in the 2006 -- 07 season .",
"21": "He has proven himself an unselfish player , averaging 6.1 assists per game throughout his career . After winning the NBA Finals MVP Award in 2006 , Wade developed a reputation as one of the premier clutch players in the NBA . He has gained a reputation for being capable of hitting game - winning baskets and potential game - winning free throws . David Thorpe , an athletic trainer who runs a training center for NBA players in the offseason , also cites Wade 's developing post up game as one of his strengths . `` Watching Wade operate on the left block is literally like watching old footage of MJ ( Michael Jordan ) '' , comments Thorpe . Thorpe goes on to say that Wade 's best moves from the post are his turnaround jump shot , double pivot , and what Thorpe terms as a `` freeze fake '' , a pump fake Wade uses to get his opponent to jump , so that he can then drive around him to the basket . The main weakness cited in Wade 's ability is his lack of three - point range ; he has averaged . 289 on three - point field goal attempts for his career . Wade is best known for his ability to convert difficult lay - ups , even after hard mid-air collisions with larger defenders . As crowd pleasing as his high - flying style of basketball may be , some have expressed concerns over the dangers of playing in this manner , as Wade has already hurt his knees and wrists after mid-air collisions with larger players . Wade has also established himself on defense for his ability to block shots and accumulate steals . He became the NBA 's all - time leader in blocks for players listed 6'4 '' ( 193 cm ) and under , which he achieved in only 679 games , over 400 games less than the previous record holder : Dennis Johnson ( 1100 ) . During the big three era , Wade has seen his overall offensive production decrease , a result of sharing the offense with LeBron James and Chris Bosh , but has succeeded at overall shooting a greater percentage despite taking fewer shots and playing more off the ball .",
"22": "NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Wade won an NBA championship * Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2003 -- 04 Miami 61 56 34.9 . 465 . 302 . 747 4.0 4.5 1.4 . 6 16.2 2004 -- 05 Miami 77 77 38.6 . 478 . 289 . 762 5.2 6.8 1.6 1.1 24.1 2005 -- 06 † Miami 75 75 38.6 . 495 . 171 . 783 5.7 6.7 1.9 . 8 27.2 2006 -- 07 Miami 51 50 37.9 . 491 . 266 . 807 4.7 7.5 2.1 1.2 27.4 2007 -- 08 Miami 51 49 38.3 . 469 . 286 . 758 4.2 6.9 1.7 . 7 24.6 2008 -- 09 Miami 79 79 38.6 . 491 . 317 .",
"23": "765 5.0 7.5 2.2 1.3 30.2 * 2009 -- 10 Miami 77 77 36.3 . 476 . 300 . 761 4.8 6.5 1.8 1.1 26.6 2010 -- 11 Miami 76 76 37.1 . 500 . 306 . 758 6.4 4.6 1.5 1.1 25.5 2011 -- 12 † Miami 49 49 33.2 . 497 . 268 . 791 4.8 4.6 1.7 1.3 22.1 2012 -- 13 † Miami 69 69 34.7 . 521 . 258 . 725 5.0 5.1 1.9 . 8 21.2 2013 -- 14 Miami 54 53 32.9 . 545 . 281 . 733 4.5 4.7 1.5 . 5 19.0 2014 -- 15 Miami 62 62 31.8 . 470 . 284 . 768 3.5 4.8 1.2 . 3 21.5 2015 -- 16 Miami 74 73 30.5 . 456 . 159 . 793 4.1 4.6 1.1 . 6 19.0 2016 -- 17 Chicago 60 59 29.9 . 434 . 310 . 794 4.5 3.8 1.4 .",
"24": "7 18.3 2017 -- 18 Cleveland 46 23.2 . 455 . 329 . 701 3.9 3.5 . 9 . 7 11.2 2017 -- 18 Miami 21 0 22.2 . 409 . 220 . 745 3.4 3.1 . 9 . 7 12.0 Career 982 907 34.5 . 483 . 287 . 767 4.7 5.5 1.6 . 9 22.5 All - Star 11 10 24.9 . 638 . 214 . 696 3.7 4.6 2.5 . 5 16.5 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Miami 13 13 39.2 . 455 . 375 . 787 4.0 5.6 1.3 . 3 18.0 2005 Miami 14 14 40.8 . 484 . 100 . 799 5.7 6.6 1.6 1.1 27.4 2006 † Miami 23 23 41.7 . 497 . 378 . 808 5.9 5.7 2.2 1.1 28.4 2007 Miami 40.5 . 429 . 000 . 688 4.8 6.3 1.3 . 5 23.5 2009 Miami 7 7 40.7 . 439 . 360 . 862 5.0 5.3 .",
"25": "9 1.6 29.1 Miami 5 5 42.0 . 564 . 405 . 675 5.6 6.8 1.6 1.6 33.2 2011 Miami 21 21 39.4 . 485 . 269 . 777 7.1 4.4 1.6 1.3 24.5 2012 † Miami 23 23 39.4 . 462 . 294 . 729 5.2 4.3 1.7 1.3 22.8 2013 † Miami 22 22 35.5 . 457 . 250 . 750 4.6 4.8 1.7 1.0 15.9 2014 Miami 20 20 34.7 . 500 . 375 . 767 3.9 3.9 1.5 . 3 17.8 2016 Miami 14 14 33.8 . 469 . 522 . 781 5.6 4.3 . 8 . 9 21.4 2017 Chicago 6 6 31.7 . 372 . 353 . 952 5.0 4.0 . 8 1.3 15.0 2018 Miami 5 0 25.4 . 443 . 000 . 808 4.2 3.6 1.4 . 2 16.6 Career 177 172 37.8 . 474 . 338 .",
"26": "780 5.2 4.9 1.5 1.0 22.3 Awards and honors See also : List of career achievements by Dwyane Wade 3 × NBA champion : 2006 , 2012 , 2013 NBA Finals MVP : 2006 NBA scoring champion : 2009 NBA All - Star Game MVP : 2010 12 × NBA All - Star : 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 8 × All - NBA : First Team : 2009 , 2010 Second Team : 2005 , 2006 , 2011 Third Team : 2007 , 2012 , 2013 3 × All - Defense : Second Team : 2005 , 2009 , 2010 NBA All - Rookie First Team : 2004 NBA Skills Challenge champion : 2006 , 2007 Gold medal with Team USA : 2008 Summer Olympic Games Bronze medal with Team USA : 2004 Summer Olympic Games Bronze medal with Team USA : 2006 FIBA World Championship Miami Heat all - time leading scorer Miami Heat all - time assists leader 2005 Best Breakthrough Athlete ESPY Award 2006 Best NBA Player ESPY Award 2006 Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year 2006 Sporting News Sportsman of the Year Wade won the 2012 -- 13 season - long NBA Community Assist Award Personal life Wade at a party with then - teammates Udonis Haslem ( second from left ) and Antoine Walker ( far right ) in 2005 Wade married his high school girlfriend Siohvaughn Funches in 2002 . He filed for a divorce in 2007 , which was granted in 2010 after a lengthy and acrimonious court battle . In 2011 , Wade was granted sole custody of his two sons with Funches , Zaire Blessing Dwyane Wade ( born February 4 , 2002 ) and Zion Malachi Airamis Wade ( born May 29 , 2007 ) .",
"27": "Wade also raises a nephew , Dahveon ( born 2002 ) , who is the son of Wade 's sister Deanna . Wade began dating actress Gabrielle Union in 2009 . According to Wade , he and Union briefly split up at some point early in 2013 due to career demands . During that time , Wade and longtime friend Aja Metoyer conceived a son , Xavier Zechariah Wade ( born November 10 , 2013 ) . Wade and Union became engaged in December 2013 , and married on August 30 , 2014 , in Miami . Wade has spoken out about violence in Chicago , in part due to his own family 's experience with it . His nephew , Darin Johnson , was shot twice in the leg in 2012 but recovered . Wade 's first cousin , 32 - year - old Nykea Aldridge , was fatally shot on the afternoon of August 26 , 2016 , while pushing a stroller in Chicago 's Parkway Gardens , when two men exchanged gunfire nearby , hitting her in the arm and the head . A mother of four , Aldridge was pronounced dead at the hospital . The child in the stroller was not hurt . Wade , who had recently spoken publicly the area 's problem of violence , reacted by tweeting , `` Another act of senseless gun violence . 4 kids lost their mom for NO REASON . Unreal . # EnoughIsEnough '' . Wade 's nicknames include D - Wade and Flash , which was given to him by former teammate Shaquille O'Neal who would sing , `` He 's the greatest in the Universe '' , in reference to the Queen song of the same name from the 1980 film Flash Gordon . The Heat 's 2005 NBA Playoffs run and Wade 's performances with Shaquille O'Neal hampered by injury , led to an explosion of media attention and rapid increase in Wade 's popularity . During those playoffs , Wade 's jersey became the top selling jersey in the league and remained so for nearly two years . After the Heat 's success and Wade 's memorable performances during the 2006 NBA Playoffs , Wade was further elevated into the public 's eye and appeared on several talk shows , including Late Show with David Letterman and Live with Regis and Kelly .",
"28": "He also made a guest star appearance on Disney Channel 's Austin & Ally as himself , who is an obsessed fan of Austin Moon . Wade has been featured in a number of magazine articles and publications . In 2005 , he was featured on People 's 50 Most Beautiful People , and in 2006 he was named the NBA 's best - dressed player by GQ Magazine . In 2007 , Esquire named him to their 4th annual Best Dressed Men in the World list for the second straight year . Wade has endorsement deals with companies such as Gatorade , Lincoln , Staples , Sean John , T - Mobile ( his TV commercials feature him paired with NBA legend Charles Barkley ) , and Topps . He had his own line of shoes with Converse named `` The Wade '' and a series of Sidekick phones known as the D - Wade Edition with T - Mobile . During the 2009 -- 10 season , Wade switched from Converse to Nike 's Jordan Brand . Wade noted that the partnership ended on good terms , stating , `` When I came into the NBA , I did n't have a lot of exposure and Converse gave me an opportunity to head a brand and be the face of a brand . I 'm really thankful for six long , good years . I 've gotten five shoes out of the deal and my dream came true at the Converse brand because they put my name on a pair of sneakers . '' Wade was hand - chosen by Michael Jordan and debuted the Air Jordan 2010 during the 2010 NBA All - Star break . During the 2011 NBA Playoffs , Wade debuted his first signature shoe for the Jordan Brand , joining fellow players Carmelo Anthony and Chris Paul , who have their own signature shoes for the brand . After his Jordan Brand contract expired in 2012 , Wade signed with the Chinese athletic brand Li - Ning . Philanthropy Wade is active in encouraging youth to develop their talents as seen in this talent search at the Chicago Theatre . Wade is well known for his philanthropic involvement in various organizations . In 2003 , he founded The Wade 's World Foundation , which provides support to community - based organizations that promote education , health , and social skills for children in at - risk situations . He hosts a variety of community outreach programs in Chicago and South Florida .",
"29": "In 2008 , he announced his partnership with former teammate Alonzo Mourning 's charitable foundation and co-hosted ZO 's Summer Groove , an annual summer event . On December 24 , 2008 , Wade purchased a new home for a South Florida woman whose nephew accidentally burned down the family home . In addition , Wade donated some furnishings , clothing , and gifts to the family for the holiday . Wade ( right ) giving a present to a U.S. Army reservist during a March 2 , 2009 , pregame ceremony After breaking his own Miami Heat single - season scoring record , Wade gave the jersey he wore in that night 's victory to 8 - year - old Michael Stolzenberg , an avid Heat fan that had his hands and feet removed surgically due to a bacterial infection . Wade stated that he knew Stolzenberg previously and wished to add to his collection of Heat memorabilia . Wade has been known for visiting other sick children , usually in private to avoid placing himself in the media spotlight . In September 2009 , Wade donated money from his foundation to keep the Robbins , Illinois public library from having to shut down . He handed the library director Priscilla Coatney a $25,000 check in order to resurrect the building , which brought Coatney to tears . He called the donation a `` small contribution '' , and reminisced about the difficult experiences he faced as a child , stating that he sometimes did not know how he would find his next meal . In January 2010 , Wade and Alonzo Mourning co-founded The Athletes Relief Fund for Haiti `` , which raised money to help the victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake . In the three days since the fund began soliciting donations from athletes , Wade announced that the `` Athletes Relief Fund for Haiti '' had already raised over $800,000 . Wade stated , `` I expected nothing less from my friends and colleagues in the sports community , our commitment to this cause knows no bounds , and we will continue to accept any and all donations throughout the days ahead . '' Wade is also an avid supporter of St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital and has served as an Ambassador for their Hoops for St. Jude basketball initiative .",
"30": "Religion Wade is a devout Christian and chose the number 3 throughout most of his career because it represents the Holy Trinity . He tithes 10 % of his salary to a church in Chicago . His mother , Jolinda , strengthened her ties to Christianity in 2001 after years of drug abuse and dealing . She served as a minister during her final prison sentence in 2002 and 2003 . She was ordained as a Baptist minister in January 2007 and formed the non-denominational Temple of Praise Binding and Loosing Ministry in Chicago . In May 2008 , Wade purchased a church building for his mother 's ministry . See also National Basketball Association portal 2002 -- 03 Marquette Golden Eagles men 's basketball team List of all - time Marquette Golden Eagles men 's basketball leaders List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff free throw scoring leaders List of Olympic medalists in basketball History of the Miami Heat References Jump up ^ Dwyane Wade gives out white hublot watches to Erik Spoelstra , Pat Riley and Micky Arison Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Only On AP : Dwyane Wade talks his return to Miami '' . apnews.com . Associated Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Raab , Scott ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Dwyane Wade : Of the Holy Trinity , Which One Is He ? '' . Esquire . I 'm a junior -- I got that name from my father . I asked him -- my grandma said that 's how she felt it was spelled . There you go . ^ Jump up to : Shipley , Amy . `` Schooled With Hard Knocks . ''",
"31": ", Washington Post , May 10 , 2005 . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jennifer LeClaire . `` She Ai n't Playin ' '' . Charisma Magazine . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph , Dave . `` Hometown still guides Wade '' , Sun - Sentinel , May 29 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Dodds , John . `` Tom Crean Talks About Dwyane Wade . '' Archived November 1 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , www.marquette.scout.com , June 22 , 2006 . Retrieved January 29 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory , Sean . `` Dwyane Wade 's Rarefied Air . '' , www.time.com , June 21 , 2006 , Retrieved May 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade . '' Archived January 24 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . www.askmen.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Men 's Basketball : Dwyane Wade . '' , www.marquette.cstv.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kamalsky , Matt . `` DraftExpressProfile : Dwyane Wade . '' www.draftexpress.com , May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wade 's jersey to be retired . '' www.marquettetribute.org . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dwyane Wade . '' Archived February 6 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . www.databasketball.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dwyane Wade : Biography . '' Archived January 17 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . NBA.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade Marquettee Jersey . '' www.archive.is .",
"32": "archived from http://www.dwaynewadejersey.net/marquette.php , July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Dwyane Wade to enter NBA draft . '' Archived October 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . www.signonsandiego.com , May 1 , 2003 . Retrieved January 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Marquette to Retire Dwyane Wade 's Number . 3 Jersey . '' www.cstv.com , September 29 , 2006 . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dwyane Wade , sports-reference.com , accessed 22 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Heat 2003 -- 04 Game Log and Scores . '' Archived October 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , www.databasebasketball.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miami Heat ( 1988 - ) '' Archived February 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . www.databasebaketball.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miami Heat 2004 -- 05 Game Log and Scores . '' Archived May 25 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . www.databasebasketball.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Playoff Eastern Conference Finals Game 6 . '' www.nba.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NBA All - Star Game . '' www.nba.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq Daddy 's double - double drops ' Baby Bulls ' out of postseason . '' www.cbs.sportsline.com , May 4 , 2006 . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Heat Headed To First NBA Finals . '' www.nba.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wade 's heroics Have Heat One Win From Title . ''",
"33": "www.nba.com , June 8 , 2006 . Retrieved January 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ' Box score - Game 4 2006 NBA Finals . '' www.nba.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score - Game 3 2006 NBA Finals . www.nba.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wade , Payton Rally Heat Past Mavericks in Game 3 . '' www.nba.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wade 's World : Finals MVP leads Heat to first title in team history '' . www.espn.com . June 20 , 2006 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nance , Roscoe . `` Who 's the best in the NBA : The case for D - Wade . '' USA Today , October 31 , 2006 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hollinger , John . `` Greatest Finals performances - No. 1 . '' www.espn.com , June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Heat Schedule / Results - 2006 - 07 . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers Storm Back , Beat Heat in Shaq 's Return . '' www.nba.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wade Injured as Heat Fall to Rockets . '' www.nba.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Wade injured in Riley 's return ; Heat lose to Rockets . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Season - ending surgery an option for Wade . '' www.espn.com , February 23 , 2007 . Retrieved February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wade says he 'll try to return for playoffs . '' www.espn.com , March 5 , 2007 .",
"34": "Retrieved March 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wade 's return does n't spell win as Heat fall to Bobcats . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dwyane Wade . '' www.basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls strip Heat 's crown , win first series since Jordan era . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wade might need offseason to recover . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wade returns for Heat , but Durant , Sonics end 0 - 8 start . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Procedure to sideline Wade for rest of season . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Garnett , Kobe , Iverson headline All - Star starters roster . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wade To Have OssaTron Treatment . '' www.nba.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` First Time for Wade . '' www.uofmtigers.blogspot.com , November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved , December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Heat 's Dwyane Wade : ' I 'm ready to go . ' '' www.topix.com . Retrieved , December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors ' big men roll as Wade 's 40 points , 11 assists not enough for Heat . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Howard tops balloting for 2009 NBA All - Star Game . '' Archived January 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . www.nba.com , February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved , January 22 , 2009 .",
"35": "^ Jump up to : `` Magic cool down Heat despite Wade 's career - high 50 points . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved , February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ' Wade 's career - best 16 assists send Pistons to 7th straight loss . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved , February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Arnovitz , Kevin. `` Daily Dime : Rockets Are Still Dangerous Without McGrady . '' www.espn.com , February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved , March 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wade scores 46 , 15 coming in a 19 -- 0 run in the fourth , as Heat sink Knicks . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved , March 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron outduels Wade 42 -- 41 as Cavs rally from 11 down in 4th quarter . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved , March 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wade has 35 points , 16 assists in Heat victory . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved , March 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : ' Wade helps Heat nip Bulls in double - overtime win . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved , March 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Elias Says : Monster Game for Wade . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved , March 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wade 's 50 points , 10 boards lead Heat 's 3OT win over Jazz . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved , March 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom . `` Inside Wade 's all - time blocks mark . '' www.espn.com , December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons in Transcending Valuable : Part III . '' , www.nbamate.com . Retrieved , March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miami moves three games ahead of Pistons in East standings . '' www.espn.com .",
"36": "Retrieved , March 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wade 's double - double paces Heat past Bobcats , into playoffs . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wade drops in career - high 55 as Heat clinch East 's 5th playoff spot . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wade reaches milestone . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cavs prevail as James , Wade put on show in Miami . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nets remain winless after Wade drains winner from 3 in final second . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rondo has 25 , tying layup before Celts win in OT . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Voters pick LeBron , Kobe to lead East , West to Dallas . '' Archived January 25 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . www.nba.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 NBA All - Star Game recap . '' www.nba.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wade strains calf and leaves Heat 's win early . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wade , Stoudemire named Players of the Month for March . '' Archived April 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . www.nba.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heat stave off elimination as Wade dominates Celtics in second half . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics boot Wade , Heat to set up showdown with Cavs . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 .",
"37": "Jump up ^ Coming July 1 , it 's Miami - Wade County Jump up ^ `` Wade granted one of his wishes with Bosh coming to Miami '' . www.nba.com . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate . `` LeBron James Leaves the Cleveland Cavaliers for Miami Heat . '' www.tvguide.com , July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HEAT Re-Sign Wade and Acquire James and Bosh '' . NBA.com . July 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hillesland , Zac . `` Mavs Win the N.B.A. Championship . '' www.offthedribble.blogs.nytimes.com , July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chiavetta , Ryan ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Chris Bosh Says Dwyane Wade , Not Lebron James , Should Be Heat Closer '' . New England Sports Network . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Joseph . `` Dwyane Wade leads Miami Heat over Indiana Pacers to advance to Eastern Conference Finals . '' www.miamiherald.com , May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade will miss Olympics . '' www.espn.com , June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( July 9 , 2012 ) . `` Dwyane Wade has knee surgery . '' ESPN.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Winderman , Ira ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Dwyane Wade returns as Heat pound Clippers 94 -- 80 . '' South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Heat at Clippers -- October 11 , 2012 . '' www.nba.com .",
"38": "Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Adi . `` Dwyane Wade on groin kick , suspension : ' I just reacted . ' '' www.usatoday.com , December 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard . `` Pushed to the Limit , James and Miami Repeat as N.B.A. Champions . '' www.nytimes.com , June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NBA Finals . '' www.basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sean Newell . `` Dwyane Wade And Chris Bosh Opt Out Of Contracts '' . Deadspin . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HEAT Re-Signs Dwyane Wade '' . Miami Heat . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Heat at Knicks '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz at Heat '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade of Miami Heat wo n't play in 2015 NBA All - Star Game '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade opts out of contract with Heat ; Luol Deng opts in '' . miamiherald . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HEAT Re-Signs Dwyane Wade '' . NBA.com. 10 July 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Siddiqi , DJ ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Wade bounces back in shooting '' . clutchpoints.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Coming home : Dwyane Wade leaving Heat for Bulls '' . apnews.com . Associated Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 .",
"39": "Jump up ^ `` Bulls sign Dwyane Wade '' . NBA.com . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade commits to Bulls , thanks Heat Nation '' . ESPN.com . July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berger , Ken ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` As Dwyane Wade walks away from Miami , nothing seems sacred anymore '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 ... it was also unacceptable from Wade 's viewpoint . Jump up ^ Navarro , Manny ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Dwyane Wade leaving Miami Heat for Chicago Bulls '' . miamiherald.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Le Batard , Dan ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Messy breakup is sad , traumatic ending to Wade 's epic Miami story '' . miamiherald.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , K.C. ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Dwyane Wade confirms buyout agreement with Bulls : ' I feel I can still play ' '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boone , Kyle ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Rajon Rondo : Bulls would 've swept Celtics in first round if not for thumb injury '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Sign Dwyane Wade '' . NBA.com . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` A chaotic Cavs stint did n't shake the LeBron - Wade friendship '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wojnarowski , Adrian ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Cavaliers deal guard Dwyane Wade back to Heat '' . ESPN.com .",
"40": "Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HEAT Acquire Dwyane Wade '' . NBA.com . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade returns to Miami after mending fences with Pat Riley at agent 's funeral '' . ESPN.com . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heat snap five - game losing streak in Wade 's return '' . ESPN.com . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Father Prime : Wade gets 27 , Heat beat 76ers 102 - 101 '' . ESPN.com . February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` x-Miami : Heat clinch playoff spot , top Hawks 101 - 98 '' . ESPN.com. April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wade turns back the clock and 76ers in Game 2 Heat victory '' . ESPN.com. April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Believe it ! 76ers roll with Meek Mill past Heat in Game 5 '' . ESPN.com. April 24 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` USA accumulated statistics - 2006 FIBA World Championship . '' www.fiba.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ventre , Michael . `` Our Big Fat Greek Embarrassment . '' www.msnbc.msn.com , September 2 , 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ventre , Michael . `` Our Big Fat Greek Embarrassment . '' www.AVsite.gr . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mejia , Tony . `` Still in the dumps over Team USA ? This 'll get you out . ''",
"41": "Archived October 4 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . www.cbs.sportsline.com , September 4 , 2006 . Retrieved February 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Carmelo Anthony Named One of Three USA World Championship Team Captains . '' www.nba.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James , Team USA bury Argentina for TOA gold . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Olympic Basketball : Dwyane Wade . '' www.fiba.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US hoops back on top , beats Spain for gold medal . '' www.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff . `` Dwyane to miss Olympics due to knee surgery . '' www.usatoday.com , June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hollinger , John . `` Hollinger stats - Dwyane Wade . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wade Leads Heat to First NBA Championship . '' www.nba.com , June 20 , 2006 . Retrieved January 29 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Thorpe , David . `` Scouting breakdown : The game 's best post players . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Thorpe , David . `` Scouting report : Best face - up games . '' www.espn.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Colston , Chris . `` In the paint : Wade elevates his defense ; Stuckey starting . '' www.usatoday.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Heat G Dwyane Wade closes in on blocks milestone . '' www.sportsillustrated.cnn.com , November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade wins 2012 - 13 Kia Community Assist award '' .",
"42": "Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane wins custody of sons . '' www.espn.com , March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` My Story '' . www.dwyanewade.com . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade 's Wants Book to Inspire '' . ESPN Wisconsin . 11 September 2012 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Cumberbatch Anderson , Jessica ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Dwyane Wade Talks New Book , ' A Father First , ' And What He Plans To Teach His Sons About Women '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cosgrove Baylis , Sheila ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` Dwyane Wade Fathers Child During Break from Gabrielle Union '' . People . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lilly , Christiana ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Gabrielle Union : Dwyane Wade Banned Me From Courtside Seats At Miami Heat Games '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Gabrielle Union : I Did n't Break Up Dwyane Wade 's Marriage '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Dwyane Wade Confirms He Fathered a Son During `` Break '' With Gabrielle Union , Calls It a `` Blessing '' `` . E !. Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ D'Zurilla , Christie ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Dwyane Wade : Yes , I 'm the daddy ( though my fiancee 's not the mom ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 .",
"43": "Jump up ^ Fowler , Brandi ( December 21 , 2013 ) . `` Gabrielle Union and Dwyane Wade Are Engaged -- See the Stunning Ring ! '' . E !. Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rayford Rubenstein , Janine ( August 30 , 2014 ) . `` Gabrielle Union and Dwyane Wade Are Married '' . People . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Edison Hayden , Michael ; Caplan , David ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` Dwyane Wade 's Cousin Fatally Shot Pushing Baby Stroller in Chicago '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ ' Atlanta Hawks BasketBlog : Five Reasons To Come To The Heat Game . '' www.nba.com , November 30 , 2005 . Retrieved February 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade - USA Basketball . '' Archived February 2 , 2014 , at Archive.is www.usoc.org . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant passes Wade for top - selling jersey at NBA stores . '' www.espn.com , January 10 , 2007 . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pitluk , Adam . `` Dwyane Wade . '' www.time.com , June 23 , 2006 . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Payne , Marissa ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` Watch Dwyane Wade sing terribly on the Disney show Austin & Ally '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade Named One of People Magazine 's 50 Most Beautiful People . '' www.nba.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stock , Kyle . `` Sportsman Gone Sartorial : Dwyane Wade Tries the Necktie Game . '' Bloomberg Businessweek , November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade Named to Esquire ' 's 2007 Best Dressed List . ''",
"44": "www.insidehoops.com , August 9 , 2007 . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade Named to Esquire ' 's 2007 Best Dressed List . '' www.nba.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` Jersey sales : Wade No. 1 , A.I. No. 2 , James No. 3 . '' www.espn.com , December 14 , 2005 . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade Joins the T - Mobile Sidekick Team . '' www.t-mobile.com , February 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` The shoe fits Dwyane Wade . '' www.espn.com , May 16 , 2005 . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jumpman : Wade ditches Converse for Jordan Brand . '' Archived July 19 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . www.nba.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Quixem . `` Dwyane Wade signs shoe deal with Li - Ning worth $10 million . '' www.fansided.com , October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Get To Know Us : Wade 's World Foundation . '' Archived February 18 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . www.wadesworldfoundation.org . Retrieved February 08 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Almeida - Shore , Mary Jo . `` The Summer Groove with Alonzo Mourning and Dwyane Wade bring a weekend full of fun and all for a good cause . '' www.miami.com . Retrieved February 08 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Miccosukee Zo 's Summer Groove Announces New Partnership With Dwyane Wade . '' www.prnewswire.com , April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 .",
"45": "^ Jump up to : `` Wade Helps Family Displaced by Fire . '' www.espn.com , December 24 , 2008 . Retrieved , February 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . `` Dwyane Wade gives jersey to sick boy after Miami Heat game . '' www.espn.com , March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 's Dwyane Wade helps out struggling Robbins library with $25,000 check . '' www.articles.chicagotribune.com , September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Evelyn . `` Dwyane Wade helps Robbins library . '' www.abclocal.go.com , September 11 , 2009 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandler , Michael , and Charlie Zegers . Dwyane Wade ( Basketball Heroes Making a Difference . ) ISBN 1617724416 . Google Books . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mourning , Wade raise money for Haiti . '' www.espn.com , January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Stars Launch Hoops for St. Jude Week . '' www.lookthestars.org , March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ai n't Nothing But A Number . '' www.nba.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Matt . `` Pinto 's Preview : Clippers at Heat . '' www.nba.com , January 3 , 2006 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Big offering : Wade gives mother a church . '' www.usatoday.com , May 18 , 2008 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dwyane Wade Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dwyane Wade .",
"46": "Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Official website Marquette bio 2008 US Olympic bio Miami Heat current roster 0 Richardson 2 Ellington 3 Wade 5 Jones ( TW ) 7 Dragić 8 T. Johnson 9 Olynyk 11 Waiters 13 Adebayo 14 Walton ( TW ) 16 J. Johnson 17 McGruder 20 Winslow 21 Whiteside 22 Babbitt 25 Mickey 40 Haslem Head coach : Spoelstra Assistant coaches : Craig Howard Quinn De La Grana Links to related articles 2003 NBA draft First round LeBron James Darko Miličić Carmelo Anthony Chris Bosh Dwyane Wade Chris Kaman Kirk Hinrich T.J. Ford Michael Sweetney Jarvis Hayes Mickaël Piétrus Nick Collison Marcus Banks Luke Ridnour Reece Gaines Troy Bell Žarko Čabarkapa David West Sasha Pavlović Dahntay Jones Boris Diaw Zoran Planinić Travis Outlaw Brian Cook Carlos Delfino Ndudi Ebi Kendrick Perkins Leandro Barbosa Josh Howard Second round Maciej Lampe Jason Kapono Luke Walton Jerome Beasley Sofoklis Schortsanitis Szymon Szewczyk Mario Austin Travis Hansen Steve Blake Slavko Vraneš Derrick Zimmerman Willie Green Zaza Pachulia Keith Bogans Malick Badiane Matt Bonner Sani Bečirovič Mo Williams James Lang James Jones Paccelis Morlende Kyle Korver Remon van de Hare Tommy Smith Nedžad Sinanović Rick Rickert Brandon Hunter Xue Yuyang Andreas Glyniadakis 2003 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Nick Collison T.J.",
"47": "Ford Josh Howard Dwyane Wade David West Second Team Carmelo Anthony Troy Bell Jason Gardner Kyle Korver Hollis Price Conference USA Men 's Basketball Player of the Year 1996 : Fortson 1997 : Fortson 1998 : D. Johnson 1999 : Richardson 2000 : Martin 2001 : Logan 2002 : Logan 2003 : Wade 2004 : Burks 2005 : Basden 2006 : Carney 2007 : Almond 2008 : Douglas - Roberts 2009 : Taylor 2010 : Culpepper 2011 : A. Johnson 2012 : Barton 2013 : Jackson 2014 : Jones 2015 : Smith 2016 : Hamilton 2017 : Williams 2018 : King Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. Johnson 1980 : E. Johnson 1981 : Maxwell 1982 : E. Johnson 1983 : Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Bird 1987 : E. Johnson 1988 : Worthy 1989 : Dumars 1990 : Thomas 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Olajuwon 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Duncan 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : O'Neal 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Billups 2005 : Duncan 2006 : Wade 2007 : Parker 2008 : Pierce",
"48": "2009 : Bryant 2010 : Bryant 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Leonard 2015 : Iguodala 2016 : James 2017 : Durant NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan",
"49": "1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R.",
"50": "Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis Miami Heat 2005 -- 06 NBA champions 3 Wade ( Finals MVP ) 5 D. Anderson 8 Walker 20 Payton 24 Kapono 25 Simien 32 O'Neal 33 Mourning 40 Haslem 42 Posey 49 S. Anderson 51 Doleac 55 Williams Head coach Riley Assistant coaches Spoelstra McAdoo Rothstein Askins Coles Regular season Playoffs Miami Heat 2011 -- 12 NBA champions 1 Bosh 3 Wade 5 Howard 6 James ( Finals MVP ) 13 Miller 14 Harris 15 Chalmers 21 Turiaf 22 Jones 30 Cole 31 Battier 40 Haslem",
"51": "45 Pittman 50 Anthony Head coach Spoelstra Assistant coaches McAdoo Askins Rothstein Fizdale Kammerer De La Grana Regular season Playoffs Miami Heat 2012 -- 13 NBA champions 1 Bosh 3 Wade 6 James ( Finals MVP ) 9 Lewis 11 Andersen 13 Miller 15 Chalmers 22 Jones 24 Varnado 30 Cole 31 Battier 34 Allen 40 Haslem 50 Anthony Head coach Spoelstra Assistant coaches McAdoo Askins Rothstein Fizdale Kammerer Craig Regular season Playoffs United States men 's basketball squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal 4 Iverson 5 Marbury 6 Wade 7 Boozer 8 Anthony 9 James 10 Okafor 11 Marion 12 Stoudemire 13 Duncan 14 Odom 15 Jefferson Coach : Brown United States squad -- 2006 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Johnson 5 Hinrich 6 James 7 Jamison 8 Battier 9 Wade 10 Paul 11 Bosh 12 Howard 13 Miller 14 Brand 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal",
"52": "4 Boozer 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Wade 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Bosh 13 Paul 14 Prince 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S.",
"53": "Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Sporting News Sportsman / Pro Athlete of the Year 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : John Wooden 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Charlie Finley 1973 : O.J.",
"54": "Simpson 1974 : Lou Brock 1975 : Archie Griffin 1976 : Larry O'Brien 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : George Brett 1981 : Wayne Gretzky 1982 : Whitey Herzog 1983 : Bowie Kuhn 1984 : Peter Ueberroth 1985 : Pete Rose 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : None 1988 : Jackie Joyner - Kersee 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Nolan Ryan 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Mike Krzyzewski 1993 : Cito Gaston & Pat Gillick 1994 : Emmitt Smith 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Joe Torre 1997 : Mark McGwire 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : Marshall Faulk & Kurt Warner 2001 : Curt Schilling 2002 : Tyrone Willingham 2003 : Dick Vermeil & Jack McKeon 2004 : Tom Brady 2005 : Matt Leinart 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Eli Manning 2009 : Mariano Rivera 2010 : Roy Halladay 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : LeBron James VIAF : 26479097 LCCN : n2005089257 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"55": "php?title=Dwyane_Wade&oldid=838209163 '' Categories : 1982 births Living people African - American basketball players African - American Christians All - American college men 's basketball players Basketball players at the 2003 NCAA Men 's Division I Final Four Basketball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Basketball players from Illinois Chicago Bulls players Cleveland Cavaliers players Marquette Golden Eagles men 's basketball players Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Miami Heat draft picks Miami Heat players National Basketball Association All - Stars Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in basketball Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball People from Oak Lawn , Illinois People from Robbins ,",
"56": "Illinois Shooting guards Sportspeople from Chicago United States men 's national basketball team players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template archiveis links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use mdy dates from June 2011 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray Yorùbá 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 16 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is the value of the currency in paraguay
|
[
"126 PYG to 1 USD",
"1 US dollar worth close to 5,770[6] guaranies"
] |
{
"0": "Paraguayan guaraní - wikipedia Paraguayan guaraní Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Paraguayan currency . For the language , see Guarani language . `` PYG '' redirects here . For the 70s Japanese rock super-group , see Pyg . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Paraguayan guaraní Guaraní paraguayo ( Spanish ) 100 Guaraní banknote of 1952 ISO 4217 Code PYG Denominations Subunit 1 / 100 céntimo because of inflation , céntimos are no longer in use . Plural guaraníes Symbol ( ₲ in unicode ) Banknotes 2,000 , 5,000 , 10,000 , 20,000 , 50,000 & 100,000 PGY Coins 50 , 100 , 500 & 1,000 guaraníes Demographics User ( s ) Paraguay Issuance Central bank Banco Central del Paraguay Website www.bcp.gov.py Printer De La Rue Giesecke & Devrient Website De La Rue Giesecke & Devrient Mint Banco Central del Paraguay Website www.bcp.gov.py Valuation Inflation 2 % Source ( 4 ) , November 2009 est . The guaraní ( Spanish pronunciation : ( ɡwaɾaˈni ) , plural : guaraníes ; sign : ₲ ; code : PYG ) is the national currency unit of Paraguay . The guaraní was divided into 100 céntimos but , because of inflation , céntimos are no longer in use . The currency sign is U + 20B2 ₲ GUARANI SIGN ( HTML & # 8370 ; ) .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Coins 3 Banknotes 4 Revaluation 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) The law creating the guaraní was passed on 5 October 1943 , and replaced the peso at a rate of 1 guaraní = 100 pesos . Guaraníes were first issued in 1944 . Between 1960 and 1985 , the guaraní was pegged to the United States dollar at 126 PYG to 1 USD . Coins ( edit ) In 1944 , aluminum - bronze coins were introduced in denominations of 1 , 5 , 10 , 25 and 50 centimos . All were round shaped . The obverses featured a flower with `` Republica del Paraguay '' and the date surrounding it , except for the 50 centimos , which featured the lion and Liberty cap insignia . The denomination was shown on the reverses . The second issue , introduced in 1953 , consisted of 10 , 15 , 25 and 50 centimos coins . All were again minted in aluminium - bronze but were scallop shaped and featured the lion and Liberty cap on the obverse . None of the céntimo coins circulate today . In 1975 , coins were introduced in denominations of 1 , 5 , 10 and 50 guaranies , all of which were round and made of stainless steel . Since 1990 , stainless steel has been replaced by brass - plated steel nickel - brass . 100 guaranies coins were introduced in 1990 , followed by 500 guaranies in 1997 . 1000 guaranies coins were minted in 2006 and released in 2007 . Coins in denominations of 1 , 5 and 10 guaranies and coins of 50 , 100 and 500 guaranies minted until 2005 where demonetized .",
"2": "Value Obverse Reverse Diameter ( mm ) Weight ( g ) First issued Obverse Image Reverse Image 50 ₲ Marshal José Félix Estigarribia Acaray Dam 19 100 ₲ General José Eduvigis Díaz Ruins of Humaitá 21 3 , 73 500 ₲ General Bernardino Caballero Central Bank of Paraguay 23 4 , 75 1,000 ₲ Marshal Francisco Solano López National Pantheon of the Heroes 25 6 2006 Banknotes ( edit ) The first guaraní notes were of 50 céntimos , 1 , 5 , and 10 guaraní overstamped on 50 , 100 , 500 , and 1000 pesos in 1943 . Regular guaraní notes for 1 , 5 , 10 , 50 , 100 , 500 and 1,000 guaraní , soon followed . They were printed by De La Rue . The 1963 series ( under the law of 1952 ) was a complete redesign . The lineup also expanded upward with the addition of 5000 and 10,000 guaraníes . This designed lasted for decades until inflation removed notes up to and including 500 guaraníes from circulation . The 1982 revision added denominations in the Guaraní language to the reverses . The first 50,000 guaraníes notes were issued in 1990 , followed by 100,000 guaraníes in 1998 . During the last two decades of the 20th century , more than one printer printed guaraní notes . Starting from 2004 , the existing denominations , except 50,000 guaraníes , underwent small but easily noticeable changes , such as a more sophisticated and borderless underprint and enhanced security features . Giesecke & Devrient print the new 20,000 guaraní note , while De La Rue prints the rest . In 2009 , the Central Bank launched the first 2,000 guaraníes polymer - made bills , which makes the notes more durable than the traditional cotton - fiber bills .",
"3": "New 50,000 guaraníes bills of series C have been printed with the date of 2005 , but as they obviously reached circulation by criminal ways before being launched officially , this series has been declared void and worthless by the central bank and bills of 1000 guaraníes and series A and B of 50,000 guaraníes where demonetized in 2012 . A new 5,000 guaraníes note has been released . The 5,000 Guarani was put into circulation on January 14 , 2013 . This note has been printed by The Canadian Bank Note Company . Such security features include a see through window in the shape of a locomotive , a watermark of the portrait . However this note will still bear the portrait of Don Carlos Antonio Lopez , the reverse will also have the same design of Lopez 's Palace . 10,000 as well as 20,000 notes are produced by Polish Security Printing Works ( Polska Wytwornia Papierow Wartosciowych ) . On December 22 , 2016 , new 20,000 , 50,000 and 100,000 notes were introduced with upgraded security . Value Color Obverse Reverse First issued Obverse Image Reverse Image 2,000 ₲ Magenta Adela and Celsa Speratti School parade 2008 5,000 ₲ Orange Carlos Antonio López Palace of the Lopez 1962 10,000 ₲ Brown José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia May 15 , 1811 scene 1962 20,000 ₲ Light blue Paraguayan woman Central Bank of Paraguay 2005 50,000 ₲ Beige Agustín Pío Barrios Guitar of Agustín Pío Barrios 1981 100,000 ₲ Green Saint Roque González de Santa Cruz Itaipú Dam 1998 Revaluation ( edit ) The guaraní is currently the least valued currency unit in the Americas , 1 US dollar worth close to 5,770 guaranies .",
"4": "In 2011 , plans were released under which the Paraguayan guaraní would be revalued as the Nuevo guaraní ( `` New guaraní '' ) ( PYN ) at the rate of 1,000 : 1 . From day 1 ( currently unknown ) , there would be a conversion at the rate of 1,000 ₲ = 1 N ₲ ( `` nuevo guaraní '' ) . After a two - year transition period ( with N ₲ as the currency sign , and only the old banknotes available , probably with three zeros crossed out manually ) , new banknotes with the lower value would be introduced , re-using the name guaraní ( ₲ ) for the lower value . However , due to possible confusion and problems with the projects , it is currently suspended . Current PYG exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD BRL ARS From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD BRL ARS From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD BRL ARS From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD BRL ARS From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD BRL ARS See also ( edit ) Economy of Paraguay References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Paraguay new 5,000 - guarani polymer note confirmed '' . Banknote News . 2013 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Presentan nuevo billete de 5 mil guaraníes '' . Ultimahora.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Więcej banknotów z Polski dla Paragwaju PWPW PL '' . Pwpw.pl. 2014 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 .",
"5": "Jump up ^ `` BCP autorizó la emisión de billetes con nuevas medidas de seguridad '' ( in Spanish ) . Banco Central del Paraguay . December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 3 ) Bibliography ( edit ) A Dictionary of Finance and Banking ( 3rd ed . ) . USA : Oxford University Press . 2005 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860749 - 0 . Krause , Chester L. ; Clifford Mishler ( 1991 ) . Standard Catalog of World Coins : 1801 -- 1991 ( 18th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0873411501 . Pick , Albert ( 1994 ) . Standard Catalog of World Paper Money : General Issues . Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer ( editors ) ( 7th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 207 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Banco Central del Paraguay . `` presentación del nuevo billete de guaraníes 20.000. - '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 09 .",
"6": "Paraguayan guaraní banknotes Preceded by : Paraguayan peso Reason : inflation Ratio : 1 guarani = 100 pesos Currency of Paraguay 1944 -- Succeeded by : current Currency symbols ( ¤ ) Circulating ؋ ฿ ₵ ₡ ¢ $ ₫ ֏ € ƒ ₲ ₴ ₾ ₭ ₺ ₼ ₦ ₱ £ 元 圆 圓 ریال ៛ ₽ ₹ ૱ ௹ ꠸ Rs ₪ ৳ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ 円 Historic ₳ ₢ ₰ ₯ ₠ ₣ ₤ ₶ RM M ₧ 𐆚 𐆖 𐆙 𐆗 𐆘 Uncirculated ₿ ₥ ₷ Currencies of the Americas North Canadian dollar Canada Saint Pierre and Miquelon Danish krone Greenland Euro Saint Pierre and Miquelon Mexican peso U.S. dollar Caribbean Aruban florin Bahamian dollar Barbadian dollar Bermudian dollar Cayman Islands dollar Cuban peso Cuban convertible peso Dominican peso East Caribbean dollar Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Dominica Grenada Montserrat Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Euro Saint Martin Saint Barthélemy Guadeloupe Martinique Haitian gourde Jamaican dollar Netherlands Antillean guilder Curaçao Sint Maarten Trinidad and Tobago dollar U.S. dollar Puerto Rico U.S.",
"7": "Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands Caribbean Netherlands Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belize dollar Costa Rican colón Guatemalan quetzal Honduran lempira Nicaraguan córdoba Panamanian balboa U.S. dollar El Salvador Panama South Argentine peso Bolivian boliviano Brazilian real British pound sterling South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Chilean peso Colombian peso Ecuadorian centavo coins Ecuador Euro French Guiana Falkland Islands pound Guyanese dollar Paraguayan guaraní Peruvian sol Surinamese dollar Uruguayan peso U.S.",
"8": "dollar Ecuador Venezuelan bolívar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Paraguayan_guaraní&oldid = 836947250 '' Categories : ISO 4217 Currency symbols Circulating currencies Currencies of Paraguay Currency introduced in 1944 Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Avañe'ẽ Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar मराठी مازِرونی Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 20 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"9": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-369896704650243974
|
what is the song i heard it through the grapevine about
|
[
"the singer's feelings of betrayal and disbelief when he hears of his girlfriend's infidelity only indirectly \"through the \"grapevine\"",
"the singer's feelings of betrayal and disbelief when he hears of his girlfriend's infidelity only indirectly \"through the \"grapevine\""
] |
{
"0": "I Heard it Through the Grapevine - wikipedia I Heard it Through the Grapevine Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the album by Marvin Gaye , see I Heard It Through the Grapevine ( album ) . For the idiom , see Wiktionary : hear through the grapevine . `` Heard It Through the Grapevine '' redirects here . For the South Korean television series , see Heard It Through the Grapevine ( TV series ) . `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' Single by Marvin Gaye from the album In the Groove B - side `` You 're What 's Happening ( in the World Today ) '' Released October 30 , 1968 Format 7 - inch single Recorded February 3 , 8 , 13 , 15 , & April 10 , 1967 Studio Hitsville USA ( Studio A ) , Detroit , Michigan Genre R&B psychedelic soul Length 3 : 16 Label Tamla ( T 54176 ) Songwriter ( s ) Norman Whitfield Barrett Strong Producer ( s ) Norman Whitfield Marvin Gaye singles chronology `` His Eye is on the Sparrow '' ( 1968 ) `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' ( 1968 ) `` Good Lovin ' Ai n't Easy to Come By '' ( 1969 ) `` His Eye is on the Sparrow '' ( 1968 ) `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' ( 1968 ) `` Good Lovin ' Ai n't Easy to Come By '' ( 1969 ) `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' is a song written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong for Motown Records in 1966 . The first recording of the song to be released was produced by Whitfield for Gladys Knight & the Pips and released as a single in September 1967 ; it went to number two in the Billboard chart . The Miracles recorded the song first and included their version on their 1968 album , Special Occasion .",
"1": "The Marvin Gaye version was placed on his 1968 album In the Groove , where it gained the attention of radio disc jockeys , and Motown founder Berry Gordy finally agreed to its release as a single in October 1968 , when it went to the top of the Billboard Pop Singles chart for seven weeks from December 1968 to January 1969 and became for a time the biggest hit single on the Motown label ( Tamla ) . The Gaye recording has since become an acclaimed soul classic , and in 2004 , it was placed 81 on the Rolling Stone list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . On the commemorative fortieth anniversary of the Billboard Hot 100 issue of Billboard magazine in June 2008 , Marvin Gaye 's `` Grapevine '' was ranked sixty - fifth . It was also inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame for `` historical , artistic and significant '' value . In addition to being released several times by Motown artists , the song has been recorded by a range of musicians including Creedence Clearwater Revival , who made an eleven - minute interpretation for their 1970 album , Cosmo 's Factory ; and has been used twice in television commercials -- each time using session musicians recreating the style of the Marvin Gaye version : the 1985 Levi 's commercial , `` Launderette '' , featuring male model Nick Kamen , and the 1986 California raisins promotion with Buddy Miles as the singer for the clay animation group The California Raisins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Motown recordings 2.1 Marvin Gaye 2.2 Gladys Knight & the Pips 3 Releases 4 Legacy 5 Covers 6 Media 7 Personnel 8 Chart performance 8.1 Weekly charts 8.1. 1 Reissue version 8.2 Year - end charts 9 References 10 External links Composition ( edit ) The lyrics tell the story in the first person of the singer 's feelings of betrayal and disbelief when he hears of his girlfriend 's infidelity only indirectly `` through the `` grapevine '' .",
"2": "By 1966 , Barrett Strong , the singer on Motown Records ' breakthrough hit , `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' , had the basics of a song he had started to write in Chicago , where the idea had come to him while walking down Michigan Avenue that people were always saying `` I heard it through the grapevine '' . The phrase is associated with black slaves during the Civil War , who had their form of telegraph : the human grapevine . Producer Norman Whitfield worked with Strong on the song , adding lyrics to Strong 's basic Ray Charles influenced gospel tune and the single chorus line of `` I heard it through the grapevine '' . This was to be the first of a number of successful collaborations between Strong and Whitfield . Motown recordings ( edit ) Producer Norman Whitfield recorded `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' with various Motown artists . The first known recording is with the Miracles on August 6 , 1966 , though there may also have been a recording with the Isley Brothers , or at least Whitfield intended to record it with them ; however a track has not turned up -- some Motown historians believe that a session may have been scheduled but cancelled . The Miracles ' version was not released as a single due to Berry Gordy 's veto during Motown 's weekly quality control meetings ; Gordy advised Whitfield and Strong to create a stronger single . The Miracles version later appeared on their 1968 Special Occasion album , and a slightly different take , possibly from the same session but unreleased , appeared on the 1998 compilation album , Motown Sings Motown Treasures . Marvin Gaye 's version was recorded in spring 1967 , and is the second known recording , though was also rejected by Gordy as a single , and would also later go onto an album , In the Groove . The third recording was in 1967 with Gladys Knight and the Pips in a new , faster arrangement . Gordy accepted the new arrangement and the Gladys Knight version was released as a single in September 1967 , reaching number 2 in the charts .",
"3": "When Gaye 's album with his version of Grapevine was released in August 1968 , radio disc jockeys were playing the song , so Gordy had it released as a single in October , and it went to number one in December . In 1968 , Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers recorded a version for their debut album based on Gladys ' recent hit ; however , after hearing the Marvin Gaye version , they felt they 'd made the wrong choice . In 1969 , Whitfield produced a version for the Temptations `` psychedelic soul '' album , Cloud Nine , in which he `` brought compelling percussion to the fore , and relegated the piano well into the wings '' . In 1971 , the Undisputed Truth recorded the song in a Marvin - styled version as did Bettye Lavette on her 1982 Motown album , Tell Me a Lie . Marvin Gaye ( edit ) `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' Marvin Gaye 's version of the song Problems playing this file ? See media help . Whitfield recorded the song with Marvin Gaye over five sessions , the first on February 3 , 1967 , and the last on April 10 , 1967 . Recordings of this version took more than a month due to Whitfield overdubbing Gaye 's vocals with that of the Andantes ' background vocals , mixing in several tracks featuring the Funk Brothers on the rhythm track , and adding the string section from the Detroit Symphony Orchestra with an arrangement by Paul Riser . The session featuring Gaye led to an argument between the producer and singer . Whitfield wanted Gaye to perform the song in a higher key than his normal range , a move that had worked on David Ruffin during the recording of the Temptations ' hit , `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' . The mixture of Gaye 's raspy vocals and the Andantes ' sweeter harmonies made Whitfield confident that he had a hit ; however , despite approval from Motown 's Quality Control Department , Gordy blocked the release . Gladys Knight & the Pips ( edit ) `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' Gladys Knight and the Pips 1967 version of the song Problems playing this file ? See media help .",
"4": "Gladys Knight & the Pips recorded `` Grapevine '' on June 17 , 1967 in Motown 's Studio A , with Norman Whitfield as producer . After hearing Aretha Franklin 's version of `` Respect '' , Whitfield rearranged `` Grapevine '' to include some of the funk elements of the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section . According to David Ritz , Whitfield set to record a song that would `` out - funk '' Aretha . After Whitfield presented the demo tapes , Gladys Knight , Bubba Knight , William Guest , and Edward Patten worked for several weeks on their vocal arrangement . To make the song suitable for Gladys , the first line of the second verse ( `` I know a man ai n't supposed to cry / But these tears I ca n't hold inside '' ) was altered to ( `` Take a good look at these tears in my eyes / Baby , these tears I ca n't hold inside '' ) . After much talk , Gordy reluctantly allowed the Pips ' version to be a single on September 28 , 1967 on Motown 's Soul label . Releases ( edit ) The Gladys Knight & the Pips version released on September 28 , 1967 was on Motown 's Soul label , with `` It 's Time to Go Now '' on the B - side . Motown put little support behind it and the Pips relied on connections with DJs across the United States to get the record played . The Pips ' version of `` Grapevine '' reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart on November 25 , 1967 , and stayed there for six weeks , making it the group 's second R&B number one after 1961 's `` Every Beat of My Heart '' . It reached two on the Billboard Pop Singles chart the same month , with the Monkees ' `` Daydream Believer '' holding top spot . It was Motown 's best - selling single to that point . The song was later placed on the Gladys Knight & the Pips album Everybody Needs Love . Whitfield wanted Gordy to release Gaye 's `` Grapevine '' as a single , but Gordy did n't want to release another version after the Pips had already made a hit out of it .",
"5": "In September 1968 , Whitfield added `` Grapevine '' to Gaye 's new album In the Groove . On release `` Grapevine '' became a radio hit and , according to Gordy himself , `` The DJs played it so much off the album that we had to release it as a single '' . So Gaye 's version was released as a single on October 30 , 1968 . Gaye 's `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' eventually outsold the Pips ' , and until The Jackson 5 's `` I 'll Be There '' 20 months later , was the biggest hit single of all time on the Motown label . It stayed at the top of the Billboard Pop Singles chart for seven weeks , from December 14 , 1968 to January 25 , 1969 . Gaye 's `` Grapevine '' also held number one on the R&B chart during the same seven weeks , and stayed at number one in the United Kingdom for three weeks starting on March 26 , 1969 . The label was pleased with the success , although Gaye , depressed because of issues such as the illness of singing partner Tammi Terrell ( which would kill her less than a year later ) , was quoted as saying that his success `` did n't seem real '' and that he `` did n't deserve it '' . Due to the song 's success , In the Groove was re-issued as I Heard It Through the Grapevine and peaked at number two on the R&B album chart and number sixty - three on the album chart , which was at the time Marvin 's highest - charted solo studio effort to date . Because of the success of both versions , `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' was the first and last number one on the Billboard R&B chart in 1968 : the Pips version was the first week of January , the Gaye version the last week of December . Gladys Knight was not pleased that Gaye 's version usurped her own , and claimed that Gaye 's version was recorded over an instrumental track Whitfield had prepared for a Pips song , an allegation Gaye denied . In 1985 , one year following Gaye 's death , the song was re-released in the UK reaching number eight thanks to a Levi 's commercial ( starring Nick Kamen ) .",
"6": "Legacy ( edit ) The Gaye recording has become an acclaimed soul classic . In 2004 , it was placed at number 80 on Rolling Stone 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , with the comment that Whitfield had produced the song with a number of artists using different arrangements , and that on the Marvin Gaye recording he had a `` golden idea '' when he set the song `` in a slower , more mysterious tempo '' . In a new Rolling Stone list published in 2011 , the single was placed slightly lower at number 81 . On the commemorative fiftieth anniversary of the Billboard Hot 100 issue of Billboard magazine in June 2008 , the Marvin Gaye version was ranked as the sixty - fifth biggest song on the chart . It was also inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame for `` historical , artistic and significant '' value . Covers ( edit ) In addition to being recorded several times by Motown artists , the song has been covered by musicians including Creedence Clearwater Revival who recorded an 11 - minute version for their 1970 album , Cosmo 's Factory , that was released as a single , reaching 43 on Billboard 's chart , with more modest success in other countries , and funk musician Roger Troutman whose extended version ( nearly 11 minutes itself ) lifted off his 1981 solo album , The Many Facets of Roger , brought the song back to number one on the R&B chart in early 1982 marking the third time the single reached the top spot on that chart . It also made the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number 79 . Queen Latifah used the music as a basis for her 1998 single `` Paper '' , produced by Pras Michel for her album Order in the Court . Media ( edit ) `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' has been used twice in television commercials -- each time using session musicians recreating the style of the Marvin Gaye version . For the 1985 Levi 's 501 commercial , `` Launderette '' , featuring male model Nick Kamen , agency BBH and director Roger Lyons , owing to budgetary constraints , brought in Karl Jenkins and Mike Ratledge to recreate the sound of the Marvin Gaye original with Tony Jackson , a Barbadian background singer for Paul Young , handling vocals and P.P. Arnold on backing vocals .",
"7": "The commercial 's success prompted Tamla - Motown to re-release Gaye 's single with the Levi 's 501 logo on the sleeve -- `` an example of integrated marketing almost before the term was invented '' . The record went to number eight on the UK Singles chart , marking its second chart performance . A year later , in 1986 , Buddy Miles was the singer for the clay animation group The California Raisins which sang it as part a TV advertising campaign . Marvin Gaye 's version of the song is used in the opening credits of The Big Chill ( 1983 ) as each of the main characters gets to hear ( through the `` grapevine '' ) about the death of their college friend , and then travels to his funeral ; the song serves in an extradiegetic fashion to both unite the main characters ' friendship and to locate it nostalgically for the viewer .",
"8": "Personnel ( edit ) Lead vocals by Marvin Gaye Background vocals by The Andantes : Jackie Hicks , Marlene Barrow and Louvain Demps Hammond organ by Earl Van Dyke Wurlitzer electric piano by Johnny Griffith Drums by Richard `` Pistol '' Allen and Uriel Jones Bass guitar by James Jamerson Percussion by Jack Ashford Guitar by Joe Messina Instrumentation by the Funk Brothers and the Detroit Symphony Orchestra String arrangement by Paul Riser Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 -- 69 ) Peak position Australia ( Go - Set Top 40 ) 40 Canadian RPM Top Singles 8 France ( SNEP ) 88 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 25 South African Chart UK ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot R&B Singles US Cash Box Top 100 Reissue version ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 18 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 48 Irish Singles Chart Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 23 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada 28 US Billboard Hot 100 88 US R&B ( Billboard ) 40 US Cash Box References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andy Bennett ( Dec 14 , 2005 ) . The Popular Music Studies Reader . Routledge . p. 328 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bill Dahl ( February 28 , 2011 ) . Motown : The Golden Years . Krause Publications . p. 77 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Allan Metcalf , David K. Barnhart ( 1999 ) . America in So Many Words : Words That Have Shaped America . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 147 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 .",
"9": "^ Jump up to : Peter Shapiro ( 2006 ) . Turn the Beat Around : The Secret History of Disco . Macmillan . pp. 122 -- 124 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : David N. Howard ( June 11 , 2004 ) . Sonic Alchemy : Visionary Music Producers and Their Maverick Recordings . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 160 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Songwriters Hall of Fame -- Barrett Strong Biography '' . Songwritershalloffame.org . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ralph McLean ( April 2003 ) . `` BBC Music : Stories Behind the Song : `` I Heard it Through the Grapevine '' `` . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Motown : The History , page 56 , Sharon Davis , Gullane , 1988 Jump up ^ Joel Francis ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` Gladys Knight and the Pips -- ' I Heard It Through the Grapevine ' '' . The Daily Record . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : John Covach , Mark Spicer ( June 22 , 2010 ) . Sounding Out Pop : Analytical Essays in Popular Music . University of Michigan Press . p. 92 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bill Dahl ( Feb 28 , 2011 ) . Motown : The Golden Years . Krause Publications . p. 318 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amy Hanson ( 2012 ) . `` Cloud Nine -- The Temptations '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bettye Lavette -- Tell Me A Lie '' . Discogs . Retrieved 9 Dec 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvin Gaye Session Dates '' . Soulfuldetroit.com. 2010 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 .",
"10": "^ Jump up to : Gerald Posner ( 2002 ) . Motown : Music , Money , Sex , and Power . Random House . pp. 224 -- 225 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 330 . Jump up ^ Berry Gordy ( 1 Dec 1995 ) . To Be Loved : The Music , the Magic , the Memories of Motown . Grand Central Pub . p. 275 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Show 50 - The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 6 ) : UNT Digital Library '' . digital.library.unt.edu . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 225 . Jump up ^ Marvin Gaye ( 1976 ) . `` 1976 interview with Marvin Gaye '' . BBC Radio 2 ( Interview ) . Interview with Paul Gambaccini . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Robinson ( March 1 , 2001 ) . The Sunday Times 100 Greatest TV Ads . HarperCollins . pp. 119 -- 121 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . December 9 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . December 9 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2008 . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs Of All Time : Marvin Gaye , ' I Heard It Through the Grapevine ' '' . RollingStone.com .",
"11": "Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 's Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Artists Are Color Blind When Looking At Copyrights '' . Billboard : 40 . Jan 29 , 1972 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nick Talevski ( 1 August 2006 ) . Knocking on Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries . Omnibus Press . p. 659 . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 499 . Jump up ^ Lynn Norment ( September 1988 ) . `` Sounding Off -- Review of Order in the Court '' . Ebony : 22 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Emma Hall ( 22 November 2002 ) . `` Campaign Screen : Music and Sound Design - Production . Top of the Pops '' . Campaign . Jump up ^ Sam Ingleby ( 17 May 2004 ) . `` Karl Jenkins : Fanfare for the Common Man '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Ron Roker ( 2009 ) . `` Ron Roker - Latest Releases '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Janet Bohdanowicz , Liz Clamp ( 1994 ) . Fashion Marketing . Routledge . p. 73 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caroline Marshall ( 20 December 1999 ) . `` Campaign Hall of Fame '' . Campaign . Jump up ^ `` Marvin Gaye - I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kristina Tunzi ( March 15 , 2008 ) . `` Buddy Miles , 60 '' .",
"12": "Billboard : 60 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ian Inglis ( 2003 ) . Popular Music and Film . Wallflower Press . p. 168 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ María del Mar Azcona ( July 11 , 2011 ) . The Multi-Protagonist Film . John Wiley & Sons . p. 168 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andrew Ford ( 2011 ) . The Sound of Pictures . Schwartz Publishing . p. 115 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Uriel Jones Obituary '' . telegraph.co.uk. 29 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I heard it through the grapevine in Australian Chart '' . Poparchives.com.au . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I heard it through the grapevine in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I heard it through the grapevine in French Chart '' ( in French ) . Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc . July 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . You have to use the index at the top of the page and search `` Marvin Gaye '' ^ Jump up to : `` I heard it through the grapevine in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Only results when searching `` I heard it through the grapevine '' ^ Jump up to : `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Marvin Gaye '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ John Samson . `` I heard it through the grapevine in South African Chart '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvin Gaye '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 .",
"13": "^ Jump up to : `` Marvin Gaye awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 1 / 18 / 69 '' . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Marvin Gaye -- I Heard It Through The Grapevine '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Marvin Gaye -- I Heard It Through The Grapevine '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Marvin Gaye -- I Heard It Through The Grapevine '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1969 / Top 100 Songs of 1969 '' . Jump up ^ Top Records on 1969 ( Based on Billboard Charts ) `` , Billboard , December 27 , 1969 . pp. 16 - 17 . Accessed December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1969 '' .",
"14": "Bibliography John Covach , Mark Spicer , Sounding Out Pop : Analytical Essays in Popular Music , 2010 , University of Michigan Press Bill Dahl , Motown : The Golden Years , 2011 , Krause Publications David N. Howard , Sonic Alchemy : Visionary Music Producers and Their Maverick Recordings , 2004 , Hal Leonard Corporation Gerald Posner , Motown : Music , Money , Sex , and Power , 2002 , New York : Random House , ISBN 0 - 375 - 50062 - 6 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Miracles Smokey Robinson Ronnie White Pete Moore Bobby Rogers Claudette Robinson Marv Tarplin Billy Griffin Donald Griffin Carl Cotton Mark Scott Dave Finley Sydney Justin Alphonse Franklin Tee Turner Pre-Miracles : Emerson `` Sonny '' Rogers James Grice Clarence Dawson Production Berry Gordy Smokey Robinson Pete Moore Studio albums Hi ... We 're The Miracles ( 1961 ) Cookin ' with The Miracles ( 1961 ) I 'll Try Something New ( 1962 ) The Fabulous Miracles ( 1963 ) The Miracles Doin ' Mickey 's Monkey ( 1963 ) I Like It Like That ( 1964 ) Going to a Go - Go ( 1965 ) Away We a Go - Go ( 1966 ) Make It Happen ( The Tears of a Clown ) ( 1967 ) Special Occasion ( 1968 ) Time Out For Smokey Robinson & the Miracles ( 1969 ) Four in Blue ( 1969 ) What Love Has Joined Together ( 1970 ) A Pocket Full Of Miracles ( 1970 ) One Dozen Roses ( 1971 ) Flying High Together ( 1972 ) Renaissance ( 1973 ) Do It Baby ( 1974 ) City of Angels ( 1975 ) Live albums The Miracles Recorded Live on Stage ( 1963 ) Smokey Robinson & The Miracles LIVE !",
"15": "( 1969 ) Smokey Robinson & The Miracles : 1957 - 1972 ( 1972 ) Other albums Christmas with The Miracles ( 1963 ) Compilations Greatest Hits : From the Beginning ( 1965 ) Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 ( 1968 ) Anthology ( 1974 ) Anthology ' 86 ( 1986 ) Anthology : The Best of Smokey Robinson & The Miracles ( 1995 ) The Ultimate Collection ( 1998 ) Ooo Baby Baby : The Anthology ( 2002 ) Depend On Me : The Early Albums ( 2009 ) Singles ( US / UK Top Twenty singles ) `` Shop Around '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' / `` Happy Landing '' `` Mickey 's Monkey '' `` Ooo Baby Baby '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` My Girl Has Gone '' `` Going to a Go - Go '' `` ( Come ' Round Here ) I 'm the One You Need '' `` The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage '' `` I Second That Emotion '' `` If You Can Want '' `` Baby , Baby Do n't Cry '' `` The Tears of a Clown '' `` I Do n't Blame You At All '' `` Do It Baby '' `` Love Machine '' Videography The Definitive Performances ( 1963 -- 1987 ) ( 2006 ) Discography Albums Songs Related articles Motown Records List of cover versions of The Miracles songs Book : The Miracles The Miracles singles discography 1950s `` Got a Job '' ( 1958 ) `` Your Love ( Is All I Need ) '' ( 1958 ) `` I Cry '' ( 1958 ) `` I Need a Change '' ( 1959 ) `` It '' ( 1959 ) `` Bad Girl '' ( 1959 ) `` The Feeling Is So",
"16": "Fine '' ( 1959 ) / `` ( You Can ) Depend on Me '' ( 1959 ) 1960s `` Way Over There '' ( 1960 ) `` Shop Around '' ( 1960 ) / `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' ( 1960 ) `` Ai n't It Baby '' ( 1961 ) `` Mighty Good Lovin ' '' ( 1961 ) / Broken Hearted '' ( 1961 ) `` Everybody 's Gotta Pay Some Dues '' ( 1961 ) `` What 's So Good About Goodbye '' ( 1961 ) / `` I 've Been Good to You '' ( 1961 ) `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1962 ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' ( 1962 ) / `` Happy Landing '' ( 1962 ) `` A Love She Can Count On '' ( 1963 ) / `` I Can Take a Hint '' ( 1963 ) `` Mickey 's Monkey '' ( 1963 ) `` I Gotta Dance to Keep From Crying '' ( 1963 ) `` The Christmas Song '' ( 1963 ) `` ( You Ca n't Let the Boy Overpower ) The Man in You '' ( 1964 ) `` I Like It Like That '' ( 1964 ) `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' ( 1964 ) `` Come On Do The Jerk '' ( 1964 ) `` Ooo Baby Baby '' ( 1965 ) `` The Tracks of My Tears '' ( 1965 ) / `` A Fork in the Road '' ( 1965 ) `` My Girl Has Gone '' ( 1965 ) `` Going to a Go - Go '' ( 1965 ) / `` Choosey Beggar '' ( 1965 ) `` Whole Lot of Shakin ' in My Heart ( Since I Met You ) '' ( 1966 ) `` ( Come ' Round Here ) I 'm the One You Need '' ( 1966 ) `` The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage '' ( 1967 ) `` More Love '' ( 1967 )",
"17": "`` I Second That Emotion '' ( 1967 ) `` If You Can Want '' ( 1968 ) `` Yester Love '' ( 1968 ) `` Special Occasion '' ( 1968 ) `` Baby , Baby Do n't Cry '' ( 1969 ) `` Here I Go Again '' ( 1969 ) / `` Doggone Right '' ( 1969 ) `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( 1969 ) `` Point It Out '' ( 1969 ) / `` Darling Dear '' ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Who 's Gonna Take the Blame '' ( 1970 ) `` The Tears of a Clown '' ( 1970 ) `` I Do n't Blame You At All '' ( 1970 ) `` Crazy About the La La '' ( 1971 ) `` Satisfaction '' ( 1971 ) `` We 've Come Too Far to End It Now '' ( 1972 ) `` I Ca n't Stand to See You Cry '' ( 1972 ) `` Do n't Let It End ( ' Til You Let It Begin ) '' ( 1973 ) `` Give Me Just Another Day '' ( 1973 ) `` Do It Baby '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Cha Love It '' ( 1974 ) `` Gemini '' ( 1975 ) `` Love Machine '' ( 1975 ) `` Night Life '' ( 1976 ) `` Spy for Brotherhood '' ( 1977 ) `` I Can Touch the Sky '' ( 1977 ) `` Mean Machine '' ( 1978 ) Book : The Miracles Marvin Gaye Studio albums The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye ( 1961 ) That Stubborn Kinda Fellow ( 1962 ) When I 'm Alone I Cry ( 1964 ) Hello Broadway ( 1964 ) How Sweet It Is to Be Loved by You ( 1965 ) A Tribute to the Great Nat `` King '' Cole ( 1965 ) Moods of Marvin Gaye ( 1966 ) In the Groove / I Heard It Through the Grapevine ! ( 1968 ) M.P.G.",
"18": "( 1969 ) That 's the Way Love Is ( 1970 ) What 's Going On ( 1971 ) Trouble Man ( 1972 ) Let 's Get It On ( 1973 ) I Want You ( 1976 ) Here , My Dear ( 1978 ) In Our Lifetime ( 1981 ) Midnight Love ( 1982 ) Posthumous albums Dream of a Lifetime ( 1985 ) Romantically Yours ( 1986 ) Vulnerable ( 1997 ) Duet albums Together ( with Mary Wells , 1964 ) Take Two ( with Kim Weston , 1966 ) United ( with Tammi Terrell , 1967 ) You 're All I Need ( with Tammi Terrell , 1968 ) Easy ( with Tammi Terrell , 1969 ) Diana & Marvin ( with Diana Ross , 1973 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1964 ) Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 ( 1967 ) Marvin Gaye and His Girls ( 1969 ) Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell 's Greatest Hits ( 1970 ) Super Hits ( 1970 ) Anthology ( 1974 ) Marvin Gaye 's Greatest Hits ( 1976 ) Motown Remembers Marvin Gaye : Never Before Released Masters ( 1986 ) The Marvin Gaye Collection ( 1990 ) The Norman Whitfield Sessions ( 1994 ) Love Starved Heart : Rare and Unreleased ( 1994 ) The Very Best of Marvin Gaye ( 1994 ) The Master ( 1961 -- 1984 ) ( 1995 ) Marvin Gaye : The Love Songs ( 2000 ) The Complete Duets ( 2001 ) The Very Best of Marvin Gaye ( 2001 ) Live albums Marvin Gaye Recorded Live on Stage ( 1963 ) Marvin Gaye Live !",
"19": "( 1974 ) Live at the London Palladium ( 1977 ) Marvin Gaye at the Copa ( 2005 ) Video albums Greatest Hits Live ( Live in Holland 1976 ) ( 2000 ) Live In Montreux 1980 ( 2003 ) The Real Thing : In Performance ( 1964 -- 1981 ) ( 2006 ) Live In Belgium 1981 ( 2006 ) US / UK Top Ten singles `` Pride and Joy '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` The Onion Song '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Got to Give It Up '' `` Sexual Healing '' Family Marvin Gay Sr. ( father ) Alberta Gay ( mother ) Anna Gordy Gaye ( first wife ) Denise Gordy ( son 's birth mother ) Nona Gaye ( daughter ) Frankie Gaye ( brother ) Gordon Banks ( brother - in - law ) Related topics Discography Songs Albums Songs by Marvin Gaye Albums produced by Marvin Gaye Songs in memory Songs produced by Marvin Gaye Personal life Death Tributes The Marquees Harvey Fuqua Tammi Terrell Leon Ware Marvin 's Room Marvin Is 60 : A Tribute Album Book Category Portal Marvin Gaye singles discography",
"20": "1960s : ( Tamla ) 1961 `` Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide '' 1962 `` Sandman '' `` Soldier 's Plea '' `` Stubborn Kind of Fellow '' `` Hitch Hike '' 1963 `` Pride and Joy '' `` Can I Get a Witness '' 1964 `` You 're a Wonderful One '' `` Once Upon a Time '' `` What 's the Matter with You Baby '' `` Try It Baby '' `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' `` What Good Am I Without You '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' 1965 `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Pretty Little Baby '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' 1966 `` One More Heartache '' `` Take This Heart of Mine '' `` Little Darling ( I Need You ) '' `` It Takes Two '' 1967 `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Your Unchanging Love '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` You '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' / `` If This World Were Mine '' 1968 `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` Chained '' `` Keep On Lovin ' Me Honey '' `` You Ai n't Livin ' till You 're Lovin ' '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' 1969 `` Good Lovin ' Ai n't Easy to Come By '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham ,",
"21": "Martin and John '' `` What You Gave Me '' `` How Can I Forget '' 1970s : ( Tamla ) 1970 `` Gonna Give Her All the Love I 've Got '' `` The Onion Song '' `` California Soul '' `` The End of Our Road '' 1971 `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Save the Children '' 1972 `` You 're the Man '' `` Trouble Man '' `` I Want to Come Home for Christmas '' 1973 `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Come Get to This '' `` You Sure Love to Ball '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Distant Lover '' 1976 `` I Want You '' `` After the Dance '' `` Since I Had You '' 1977 `` Got to Give It Up '' 1978 `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' 1979 `` A Funky Space Reincarnation '' `` Anger '' `` Ego Tripping Out '' 1980s : ( Tamla / Columbia ) 1981 `` Praise '' `` Heavy Love Affair '' 1982 `` Sexual Healing '' `` My Love Is Waiting '' `` ' Til Tomorrow '' `` Joy '' Posthumous 1985 `` Sanctified Lady '' `` It 's Madness '' `` Just Like '' 1986 `` The World Is Rated X '' 1991 `` My Last Chance '' `` Lucky , Lucky Me '' 1995 `` This Love Starved Heart Of Mine ( It 's Killing Me ) '' `` Music '' 2005 `` Let 's Get It On ( The M.P.G.",
"22": "Groove Remix ) '' 2015 `` Where Are We Going '' Book Category Portal Gladys Knight & the Pips Gladys Knight Merald `` Bubba '' Knight William Guest Edward Patten Brenda Knight Eleanor Guest Langston George Chris Morante Studio albums Everybody Needs Love Neither One of Us Imagination I Feel a Song 2nd Anniversary The One and Only Soundtrack albums Claudine Compilation albums The Ultimate Collection Singles `` Every Beat of My Heart '' `` Giving Up '' `` Take Me in Your Arms and Love Me '' `` Everybody Needs Love '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` The End of Our Road '' `` It Should Have Been Me '' `` I Wish It Would Rain '' `` The Nitty Gritty '' `` If I Were Your Woman '' `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' `` Neither One of Us ( Wants to Be the First to Say Goodbye ) '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Midnight Train to Georgia '' `` I 've Got to Use My Imagination '' `` Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me '' `` I Feel a Song ( In My Heart ) '' `` The Way We Were / Try to Remember '' `` Save the Overtime ( For Me ) '' `` Hero '' `` Love Overboard '' `` Baby , Do n't Change Your Mind '' Related topics Discography Aaliyah Barry Hankerson Book Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford Stu Cook John Fogerty Tom Fogerty Studio albums Creedence Clearwater Revival Bayou Country Green River Willy and the Poor Boys Cosmo 's Factory Pendulum Mardi Gras Live albums Live in Europe The Concert Compilations Creedence Gold More Creedence Gold Pre-Creedence Chronicle , Vol. 1 The Best of Creedence Clearwater Revival 20 Golden Greats Creedence Country Hits Album At the Movies Chronicle , Vol.",
"23": "2 Rollin ' on the River Heartland Music Presents Creedence Clearwater Revival Keep On Chooglin ' Creedence Clearwater Revival : Box Set Bad Moon Rising : The Best of Creedence Clearwater Revival Platinum Creedence Clearwater Revival Covers the Classics Singles `` Porterville '' / `` Call It Pretending '' `` Suzie Q. ( Part 1 ) '' / `` Suzie Q. ( Part 2 ) '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' / `` Walk on the Water '' `` Proud Mary '' / `` Born on the Bayou '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' / `` Lodi '' `` Green River '' / `` Commotion '' `` Down on the Corner '' / `` Fortunate Son '' `` Travelin ' Band '' / `` Who 'll Stop the Rain '' `` Run Through the Jungle '' / `` Up Around the Bend '' `` Lookin ' Out My Back Door '' / `` Long As I Can See the Light '' `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' / `` Hey Tonight '' `` Sweet Hitch - Hiker '' / `` Door to Door '' `` Someday Never Comes '' / `` Tearin ' up the Country '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' / `` Good Golly Miss Molly '' Related articles Discography Song list The Blue Velvets The Golliwogs Creedence Clearwater Revisited Fogerty v. Fantasy , Inc . Saul Zaentz Fantasy Records Book : Creedence Clearwater Revival The California Raisins TV specials and series A Claymation Christmas Celebration Meet the Raisins !",
"24": "The California Raisin Show See also California Raisin Advisory Board The Grape Escape Michael McDonald Studio albums If That 's What It Takes ( 1982 ) No Lookin ' Back ( 1985 ) Take It to Heart ( 1990 ) Blink of an Eye ( 1993 ) Blue Obsession ( 2000 ) Motown ( 2003 ) Motown Two ( 2004 ) Soul Speak ( 2008 ) Wide Open ( 2017 ) Compilation albums Sweet Freedom ( 1986 ) Singles `` I Keep Forgettin ' ( Every Time You 're Near ) '' `` No Lookin ' Back '' `` Sweet Freedom '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Reach Out , I 'll Be There '' `` Baby I Need Your Lovin ' '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Deck the Halls / Jingle Bells '' `` Walk On By '' `` ( Your Love Keeps Lifting Me ) Higher and Higher '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas ! '' Record labels Warner Bros .",
"25": "Reprise Universal Music Group Motown Related articles Discography The Doobie Brothers Toto Amy Holland Chart procession and succession Preceded by `` Soul Man '' by Sam & Dave Billboard Hot R&B Singles number - one single ( Gladys Knight & the Pips version ) December 2 , 1967 -- January 6 , 1968 Succeeded by `` I Second That Emotion '' by Smokey Robinson & the Miracles Preceded by `` Love Child '' by Diana Ross & the Supremes Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Marvin Gaye version ) December 14 , 1968 -- January 31 , 1969 Succeeded by `` Crimson and Clover '' by Tommy James & the Shondells Preceded by `` Who 's Making Love '' by Johnnie Taylor Billboard Hot R&B Singles number - one single ( Marvin Gaye version ) December 14 , 1968 -- January 25 , 1969 Succeeded by `` Can I Change My Mind '' by Tyrone Davis Preceded by `` Where Do You Go To ( My Lovely ) ? ''",
"26": "by Peter Sarstedt UK number - one single ( Marvin Gaye version ) March 26 , 1969 Succeeded by `` Israelites '' by Desmond Dekker & The Aces Preceded by `` Never Too Much '' by Luther Vandross Billboard Hot Soul Singles number - one single ( Roger version ) November 7 -- 14 , 1981 Succeeded by `` Take My Heart ( You Can Have It If You Want It ) '' by Kool & the Gang Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Heard_It_Through_the_Grapevine&oldid=836701445 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1968 singles 1981 singles Marvin Gaye songs Gladys Knight & the Pips songs Creedence Clearwater Revival songs The Miracles songs Trini Lopez songs Michael McDonald ( singer ) songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Songs written by Barrett Strong Songs written by Norman Whitfield Motown singles Tamla Records singles Fantasy Records singles Song recordings produced by Norman Whitfield 1966 songs Songs about infidelity Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Good articles Use mdy dates from July 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 10 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.",
"27": ", a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when were the atom bombs dropped on japan
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[
"the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively",
"August 6 and 9, 1945",
"on August 6 and 9, 1945",
"August 6 and 9, 1945"
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{
"0": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - wikipedia Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Jump to : navigation , search Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Part of the Pacific War of World War II Atomic bomb mushroom clouds over Hiroshima ( left ) and Nagasaki ( right ) Date August 6 and August 9 , 1945 Location Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Empire of Japan Result Allied victory Belligerents United States Manhattan Project : United Kingdom Canada Japan Commanders and leaders William S. Parsons Paul W. Tibbets , Jr . Charles Sweeney Frederick Ashworth Shunroku Hata Units involved Manhattan District : 50 U.S. , 2 British 509th Composite Group : 1,770 U.S. Second General Army : Hiroshima : 40,000 ( 5 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Nagasaki : 9,000 ( 4 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Casualties and losses 20 British , Dutch , and American prisoners of war killed Hiroshima : 20,000 soldiers killed 70,000 -- 126,000 civilians killed Nagasaki : 39,000 -- 80,000 killed Total : 129,000 -- 226,",
"1": "000 + killed Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts & Marshalls Marianas & Palau Volcano & Ryukyu Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Singapore Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Burma Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War During the final stage of World War II , the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9 , 1945 , respectively . The United States dropped the bombs after obtaining the consent of the United Kingdom , as required by the Quebec Agreement . The two bombings killed at least 129,000 people , most of whom were civilians . They remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare . In the final year of the war , the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a bloody invasion of the Japanese mainland .",
"2": "This undertaking was preceded by a conventional and firebombing campaign that destroyed 67 Japanese cities . The war in Europe had concluded when Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8 , 1945 . As the Allies turned their full attention to the war in the Pacific War , the Japanese faced the same fate . The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . The Japanese ignored the ultimatum and the war continued . By August 1945 , the Allies ' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bomb , and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands . Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25 . On August 6 , one of its B - 29s dropped a Little Boy uranium gun - type bomb on Hiroshima . Three days later , on August 9 , a Fat Man plutonium implosion - type bomb was dropped by another B - 29 on Nagasaki . The bombs immediately devastated their targets . Over the next two to four months , the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000 -- 146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000 -- 80,000 people in Nagasaki ; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day . Large numbers of people continued to die from the effects of burns , radiation sickness , and other injuries , compounded by illness and malnutrition , for many months afterward . In both cities , most of the dead were civilians , although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison . Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on August 15 , six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union 's declaration of war . On September 2 , the Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender , effectively ending World War II . The ethical and legal justification for the bombings is still debated to this day .",
"3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Pacific War 1.2 Preparations to invade Japan 1.3 Air raids on Japan 1.4 Atomic bomb development 2 Preparations 2.1 Organization and training 2.2 Choice of targets 2.3 Proposed demonstration 2.4 Leaflets 2.5 Consultation with Britain and Canada 2.6 Potsdam Declaration 2.7 Bombs 3 Hiroshima 3.1 Hiroshima during World War II 3.2 Bombing of Hiroshima 3.3 Events on the ground 3.4 Japanese realization of the bombing 4 Events of August 7 -- 9 5 Nagasaki 5.1 Nagasaki during World War II 5.2 Bombing of Nagasaki 5.3 Events on the ground 6 Plans for more atomic attacks on Japan 7 Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation 8 Reportage 9 Post-attack casualties 9.1 Cancer increases 9.2 Birth defect investigations 9.3 Investigations into brain development 10 Hibakusha 10.1 Double survivors 10.2 Korean survivors 11 Memorials 12 Debate over bombings 13 Legacy 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Background Pacific War Main article : Pacific War Situation of the Pacific War on August 1 , 1945 . Areas still controlled by Japan ( in white and green ) included Korea , Taiwan , Indochina , and much of China , including most of the main cities , and the Dutch East Indies . Allied - held areas are in red , with the neutral Soviet Union and Mongolia in grey . In 1945 , the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies entered its fourth year . Most Japanese military units fought fiercely , ensuring that the Allied victory would come at an enormous cost . The 1.25 million battle casualties incurred in total by the United States in World War II included both military personnel killed in action and wounded in action . Nearly one million of the casualties occurred during the last year of the war , from June 1944 to June 1945 .",
"4": "In December 1944 , American battle casualties hit an all - time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive . America 's reserves of manpower were running out . Deferments for groups such as agricultural workers were tightened , and there was consideration of drafting women . At the same time , the public was becoming war - weary , and demanding that long - serving servicemen be sent home . In the Pacific , the Allies returned to the Philippines , recaptured Burma , and invaded Borneo . Offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in Bougainville , New Guinea and the Philippines . In April 1945 , American forces landed on Okinawa , where heavy fighting continued until June . Along the way , the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from 5 : 1 in the Philippines to 2 : 1 on Okinawa . Although some Japanese soldiers were taken prisoner , most fought until they were killed or committed suicide . Nearly 99 % of the 21,000 defenders of Iwo Jima were killed . Of the 117,000 Okinawan and Japanese troops defending Okinawa in April -- June 1945 , 94 % were killed ; 7,401 Japanese soldiers surrendered , an unprecedented large number . As the Allies advanced towards Japan , conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people . Japan 's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000 gross tons in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945 , and 557,000 tons in August 1945 . Lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944 . The civilian economy , which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war , reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945 . The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet , and the 1945 catch was only 22 % of that in 1941 . The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909 , and hunger and malnutrition became widespread . U.S. industrial production was overwhelmingly superior to Japan 's . By 1943 , the U.S. produced almost 100,000 aircraft a year , compared to Japan 's production of 70,000 for the entire war .",
"5": "By the middle of 1944 , the U.S. had almost a hundred aircraft carriers in the Pacific , far more than Japan 's twenty - five for the entire war . In February 1945 , Prince Fumimaro Konoe advised Emperor Hirohito that defeat was inevitable , and urged him to abdicate . Preparations to invade Japan Main article : Operation Downfall Even before the surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8 , 1945 , plans were underway for the largest operation of the Pacific War , Operation Downfall , the Allied invasion of Japan . The operation had two parts : Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet . Set to begin in October 1945 , Olympic involved a series of landings by the U.S. Sixth Army intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island , Kyūshū . Operation Olympic was to be followed in March 1946 by Operation Coronet , the capture of the Kantō Plain , near Tokyo on the main Japanese island of Honshū by the U.S. First , Eighth and Tenth Armies , as well as a Commonwealth Corps made up of Australian , British and Canadian divisions . The target date was chosen to allow for Olympic to complete its objectives , for troops to be redeployed from Europe , and the Japanese winter to pass . U.S. Army propaganda poster prepares the public for the invasion of Japan after ending war on Germany and Italy Japan 's geography made this invasion plan obvious to the Japanese ; they were able to predict the Allied invasion plans accurately and thus adjust their defensive plan , Operation Ketsugō , accordingly . The Japanese planned an all - out defense of Kyūshū , with little left in reserve for any subsequent defense operations . Four veteran divisions were withdrawn from the Kwantung Army in Manchuria in March 1945 to strengthen the forces in Japan , and 45 new divisions were activated between February and May 1945 . Most were immobile formations for coastal defense , but 16 were high quality mobile divisions . In all , there were 2.3 million Japanese Army troops prepared to defend the home islands , backed by a civilian militia of 28 million men and women . Casualty predictions varied widely , but were extremely high .",
"6": "The Vice Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff , Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi , predicted up to 20 million Japanese deaths . A study from June 15 , 1945 , by the Joint War Plans Committee , who provided planning information to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , estimated that Olympic would result in between 130,000 and 220,000 U.S. casualties , of which U.S. dead would be in the range from 25,000 to 46,000 . Delivered on June 15 , 1945 , after insight gained from the Battle of Okinawa , the study noted Japan 's inadequate defenses due to the very effective sea blockade and the American firebombing campaign . The Chief of Staff of the United States Army , General of the Army George Marshall , and the Army Commander in Chief in the Pacific , General of the Army Douglas MacArthur , signed documents agreeing with the Joint War Plans Committee estimate . The Americans were alarmed by the Japanese buildup , which was accurately tracked through Ultra intelligence . Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson was sufficiently concerned about high American estimates of probable casualties to commission his own study by Quincy Wright and William Shockley . Wright and Shockley spoke with Colonels James McCormack and Dean Rusk , and examined casualty forecasts by Michael E. DeBakey and Gilbert Beebe . Wright and Shockley estimated the invading Allies would suffer between 1.7 and 4 million casualties in such a scenario , of whom between 400,000 and 800,000 would be dead , while Japanese fatalities would have been around 5 to 10 million . Marshall began contemplating the use of a weapon that was `` readily available and which assuredly can decrease the cost in American lives '' : poison gas . Quantities of phosgene , mustard gas , tear gas and cyanogen chloride were moved to Luzon from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic , and MacArthur ensured that Chemical Warfare Service units were trained in their use . Consideration was also given to using biological weapons against Japan .",
"7": "Air raids on Japan Main article : Air raids on Japan A B - 29 over Osaka on June 1 , 1945 While the United States had developed plans for an air campaign against Japan prior to the Pacific War , the capture of Allied bases in the western Pacific in the first weeks of the conflict meant that this offensive did not begin until mid-1944 when the long - ranged Boeing B - 29 Superfortress became ready for use in combat . Operation Matterhorn involved India - based B - 29s staging through bases around Chengdu in China to make a series of raids on strategic targets in Japan . This effort failed to achieve the strategic objectives that its planners had intended , largely because of logistical problems , the bomber 's mechanical difficulties , the vulnerability of Chinese staging bases , and the extreme range required to reach key Japanese cities . Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell determined that Guam , Tinian , and Saipan in the Mariana Islands would better serve as B - 29 bases , but they were in Japanese hands . Strategies were shifted to accommodate the air war , and the islands were captured between June and August 1944 . Air bases were developed , and B - 29 operations commenced from the Marianas in October 1944 . These bases were easily resupplied by cargo ships . The XXI Bomber Command began missions against Japan on November 18 , 1944 . The early attempts to bomb Japan from the Marianas proved just as ineffective as the China - based B - 29s had been . Hansell continued the practice of conducting so - called high - altitude precision bombing , aimed at key industries and transportation networks , even after these tactics had not produced acceptable results . These efforts proved unsuccessful due to logistical difficulties with the remote location , technical problems with the new and advanced aircraft , unfavorable weather conditions , and enemy action . The Operation Meetinghouse firebombing of Tokyo on the night of March 9 -- 10 , 1945 , was the single deadliest air raid in history ; with a greater area of fire damage and loss of life than either of the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima or Nagasaki . Hansell 's successor , Major General Curtis LeMay , assumed command in January 1945 and initially continued to use the same precision bombing tactics , with equally unsatisfactory results .",
"8": "The attacks initially targeted key industrial facilities but much of the Japanese manufacturing process was carried out in small workshops and private homes . Under pressure from United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) headquarters in Washington , LeMay changed tactics and decided that low - level incendiary raids against Japanese cities were the only way to destroy their production capabilities , shifting from precision bombing to area bombardment with incendiaries . Like most strategic bombing during World War II , the aim of the air offensive against Japan was to destroy the enemy 's war industries , kill or disable civilian employees of these industries , and undermine civilian morale . Over the next six months , the XXI Bomber Command under LeMay firebombed 67 Japanese cities . The firebombing of Tokyo , codenamed Operation Meetinghouse , on March 9 -- 10 killed an estimated 100,000 people and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) of the city and 267,000 buildings in a single night . It was the deadliest bombing raid of the war , at a cost of 20 B - 29s shot down by flak and fighters . By May , 75 % of bombs dropped were incendiaries designed to burn down Japan 's `` paper cities '' . By mid-June , Japan 's six largest cities had been devastated . The end of the fighting on Okinawa that month provided airfields even closer to the Japanese mainland , allowing the bombing campaign to be further escalated . Aircraft flying from Allied aircraft carriers and the Ryukyu Islands also regularly struck targets in Japan during 1945 in preparation for Operation Downfall . Firebombing switched to smaller cities , with populations ranging from 60,000 to 350,000 . According to Yuki Tanaka , the U.S. fire - bombed over a hundred Japanese towns and cities . These raids were devastating . The Japanese military was unable to stop the Allied attacks and the country 's civil defense preparations proved inadequate . Japanese fighters and antiaircraft guns had difficulty engaging bombers flying at high altitude . From April 1945 , the Japanese interceptors also had to face American fighter escorts based on Iwo Jima and Okinawa . That month , the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service stopped attempting to intercept the air raids in order to preserve fighter aircraft to counter the expected invasion .",
"9": "By mid-1945 the Japanese only occasionally scrambled aircraft to intercept individual B - 29s conducting reconnaissance sorties over the country , in order to conserve supplies of fuel . In July 1945 , the Japanese had 1,156,000 US barrels ( 137,800,000 l ) of avgas stockpiled for the invasion of Japan . About 604,000 US barrels ( 72,000,000 l ) had been consumed in the home islands area in April , May and June 1945 . While the Japanese military decided to resume attacks on Allied bombers from late June , by this time there were too few operational fighters available for this change of tactics to hinder the Allied air raids . Atomic bomb development Main article : Manhattan Project The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938 , and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch , made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility . Fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop atomic weapons first , especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries , were expressed in the Einstein - Szilard letter . This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939 . Progress was slow until the arrival of the British MAUD Committee report in late 1941 , which indicated that only 5 to 10 kilograms of isotopically enriched uranium - 235 were needed for a bomb instead of tons of natural uranium and a neutron moderator like heavy water . The 1943 Quebec Agreement merged the nuclear weapons projects of the United Kingdom and Canada , Tube Alloys and the Montreal Laboratory , with the Manhattan Project , under the direction of Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr. , of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Groves appointed J. Robert Oppenheimer to organize and head the project 's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico , where bomb design work was carried out . Two types of bombs were eventually developed , both named by Robert Serber. Little Boy was a gun - type fission weapon that used uranium - 235 , a rare isotope of uranium separated at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge , Tennessee .",
"10": "The other , known as a Fat Man device , was a more powerful and efficient , but more complicated , implosion - type nuclear weapon that used plutonium created in nuclear reactors at Hanford , Washington . There was a Japanese nuclear weapon program , but it lacked the human , mineral and financial resources of the Manhattan Project , and never made much progress towards developing an atomic bomb . Preparations Organization and training Aircraft of the 509th Composite Group that took part in the Hiroshima bombing . Left to right : Big Stink , The Great Artiste , Enola Gay The 509th Composite Group was constituted on December 9 , 1944 , and activated on December 17 , 1944 , at Wendover Army Air Field , Utah , commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets . Tibbets was assigned to organize and command a combat group to develop the means of delivering an atomic weapon against targets in Germany and Japan . Because the flying squadrons of the group consisted of both bomber and transport aircraft , the group was designated as a `` composite '' rather than a `` bombardment '' unit . Working with the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos , Tibbets selected Wendover for his training base over Great Bend , Kansas , and Mountain Home , Idaho , because of its remoteness . Each bombardier completed at least 50 practice drops of inert or conventional explosive pumpkin bombs and Tibbets declared his group combat - ready . The `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' : Captain William S. Parsons ( left ) , Rear Admiral William R. Purnell ( center ) , and Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell ( right ) The 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men , almost all of whom eventually deployed to Tinian . In addition to its authorized strength , the 509th had attached to it on Tinian 51 civilian and military personnel from Project Alberta , known as the 1st Technical Detachment . The 509th Composite Group 's 393d Bombardment Squadron was equipped with 15 Silverplate B - 29s . These aircraft were specially adapted to carry nuclear weapons , and were equipped with fuel - injected engines , Curtiss Electric reversible - pitch propellers , pneumatic actuators for rapid opening and closing of bomb bay doors and other improvements .",
"11": "The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group moved by rail on April 26 , 1945 , to its port of embarkation at Seattle , Washington . On May 6 the support elements sailed on the SS Cape Victory for the Marianas , while group materiel was shipped on the SS Emile Berliner . The Cape Victory made brief port calls at Honolulu and Eniwetok but the passengers were not permitted to leave the dock area . An advance party of the air echelon , consisting of 29 officers and 61 enlisted men flew by C - 54 to North Field on Tinian , between May 15 and May 22 . There were also two representatives from Washington , D.C. , Brigadier General Thomas Farrell , the deputy commander of the Manhattan Project , and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee , who were on hand to decide higher policy matters on the spot . Along with Captain William S. Parsons , the commander of Project Alberta , they became known as the `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' . Choice of targets The mission runs of August 6 and 9 , with Hiroshima , Nagasaki , and Kokura ( the original target for August 9 ) displayed In April 1945 , Marshall asked Groves to nominate specific targets for bombing for final approval by himself and Stimson . Groves formed a Target Committee , chaired by himself , that included Farrell , Major John A. Derry , Colonel William P. Fisher , Joyce C. Stearns and David M. Dennison from the USAAF ; and scientists John von Neumann , Robert R. Wilson and William Penney from the Manhattan Project . The Target Committee met in Washington on April 27 ; at Los Alamos on May 10 , where it was able to talk to the scientists and technicians there ; and finally in Washington on May 28 , where it was briefed by Tibbets and Commander Frederick Ashworth from Project Alberta , and the Manhattan Project 's scientific advisor , Richard C. Tolman .",
"12": "The Target Committee nominated five targets : Kokura , the site of one of Japan 's largest munitions plants ; Hiroshima , an embarkation port and industrial center that was the site of a major military headquarters ; Yokohama , an urban center for aircraft manufacture , machine tools , docks , electrical equipment and oil refineries ; Niigata , a port with industrial facilities including steel and aluminum plants and an oil refinery ; and Kyoto , a major industrial center . The target selection was subject to the following criteria : The target was larger than 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) in diameter and was an important target in a large city . The blast would create effective damage . The target was unlikely to be attacked by August 1945 . These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids and the Army Air Forces agreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the damage caused by the atomic bombs could be made . Hiroshima was described as `` an important army depot and port of embarkation in the middle of an urban industrial area . It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged . There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage . Due to rivers it is not a good incendiary target . '' The Target Committee stated that `` It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance . Two aspects of this are ( 1 ) obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japan and ( 2 ) making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released ... Kyoto has the advantage of the people being more highly intelligent and hence better able to appreciate the significance of the weapon . Hiroshima has the advantage of being such a size and with possible focussing from nearby mountains that a large fraction of the city may be destroyed . The Emperor 's palace in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value . '' Edwin O. Reischauer , a Japan expert for the U.S. Army Intelligence Service , was incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto .",
"13": "In his autobiography , Reischauer specifically refuted this claim : ... the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction is Henry L. Stimson , the Secretary of War at the time , who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier . On May 30 , Stimson asked Groves to remove Kyoto from the target list due to its historical , religious and cultural significance , but Groves pointed to its military and industrial significance . Stimson then approached President Harry S. Truman about the matter . Truman agreed with Stimson , and Kyoto was temporarily removed from the target list . Groves attempted to restore Kyoto to the target list in July , but Stimson remained adamant . On July 25 , Nagasaki was put on the target list in place of Kyoto . It was a major military port , one of Japan 's largest shipbuilding and repair centers , and an important producer of naval ordnance . Proposed demonstration In early May 1945 , the Interim Committee was created by Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy . During the meetings on May 31 and June 1 , scientist Ernest Lawrence had suggested giving the Japanese a non-combat demonstration . Arthur Compton later recalled that : It was evident that everyone would suspect trickery . If a bomb were exploded in Japan with previous notice , the Japanese air power was still adequate to give serious interference . An atomic bomb was an intricate device , still in the developmental stage . Its operation would be far from routine . If during the final adjustments of the bomb the Japanese defenders should attack , a faulty move might easily result in some kind of failure . Such an end to an advertised demonstration of power would be much worse than if the attempt had not been made . It was now evident that when the time came for the bombs to be used we should have only one of them available , followed afterwards by others at all - too - long intervals . We could not afford the chance that one of them might be a dud . If the test were made on some neutral territory , it was hard to believe that Japan 's determined and fanatical military men would be impressed . If such an open test were made first and failed to bring surrender , the chance would be gone to give the shock of surprise that proved so effective .",
"14": "On the contrary , it would make the Japanese ready to interfere with an atomic attack if they could . Though the possibility of a demonstration that would not destroy human lives was attractive , no one could suggest a way in which it could be made so convincing that it would be likely to stop the war . The possibility of a demonstration was raised again in the Franck Report issued by physicist James Franck on June 11 and the Scientific Advisory Panel rejected his report on June 16 , saying that `` we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war ; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use . '' Franck then took the report to Washington , D.C. , where the Interim Committee met on June 21 to re-examine its earlier conclusions ; but it reaffirmed that there was no alternative to the use of the bomb on a military target . Like Compton , many U.S. officials and scientists argued that a demonstration would sacrifice the shock value of the atomic attack , and the Japanese could deny the atomic bomb was lethal , making the mission less likely to produce surrender . Allied prisoners of war might be moved to the demonstration site and be killed by the bomb . They also worried that the bomb might be a dud since the Trinity test was of a stationary device , not an air - dropped bomb . In addition , only two bombs would be available at the start of August , although more were in production , and they cost billions of dollars , so using one for a demonstration would be expensive . Leaflets Various leaflets were dropped on Japan , three versions showing the names of 11 or 12 Japanese cities targeted for destruction by firebombing . The other side contained text stating `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' For several months , the U.S. had warned civilians of potential air raids by dropping more than 63 million leaflets across Japan . Many Japanese cities suffered terrible damage from aerial bombings ; some were as much as 97 % destroyed . LeMay thought that leaflets would increase the psychological impact of bombing , and reduce the international stigma of area - bombing cities . Even with the warnings , Japanese opposition to the war remained ineffective . In general , the Japanese regarded the leaflet messages as truthful , with many Japanese choosing to leave major cities .",
"15": "The leaflets caused such concern that the government ordered the arrest of anyone caught in possession of a leaflet . Leaflet texts were prepared by recent Japanese prisoners of war because they were thought to be the best choice `` to appeal to their compatriots '' . In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima , the Oppenheimer - led Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee decided against a demonstration bomb and against a special leaflet warning . Those decisions were implemented because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation and also because of the wish to maximize shock in the leadership . No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped . Various sources gave conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb . Robert Jay Lifton wrote that it was July 27 , and Theodore H. McNelly wrote that it was July 30 . The USAAF history noted that eleven cities were targeted with leaflets on July 27 , but Hiroshima was not one of them , and there were no leaflet sorties on July 30 . Leaflet sorties were undertaken on August 1 and August 4 . Hiroshima may have been leafleted in late July or early August , as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped . Three versions were printed of a leaflet listing 11 or 12 cities targeted for firebombing ; a total of 33 cities listed . With the text of this leaflet reading in Japanese `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' Hiroshima was not listed . Consultation with Britain and Canada General Thomas Handy 's order to General Carl Spaatz ordering the dropping of the atomic bombs Under the Quebec Agreement with the United Kingdom , nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent . Stimson therefore had to obtain British permission . A meeting of the Combined Policy Committee was held at the Pentagon on July 4 , 1945 . Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson announced that the British government concurred with the use of nuclear weapons against Japan , which would be officially recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee .",
"16": "As the release of information to third parties was also controlled by the Quebec Agreement , discussion then turned to what scientific details would be revealed in the press announcement of the bombing . The meeting also considered what Truman could reveal to Joseph Stalin , the leader of the Soviet Union , at the upcoming Potsdam Conference , as this also required British concurrence . Orders for the attack were issued to General Carl Spaatz on July 25 under the signature of General Thomas T. Handy , the acting Chief of Staff , since Marshall was at the Potsdam Conference with Truman . It read : The 509th Composite Group , 20th Air Force will deliver its first special bomb as soon as weather will permit visual bombing after about 3 August 1945 on one of the targets : Hiroshima , Kokura , Niigata and Nagasaki . To carry military and civilian scientific personnel from the War Department to observe and record the effects of the explosion of the bomb , additional aircraft will accompany the airplane carrying the bomb . The observing planes will stay several miles distant from the point of impact of the bomb . Additional bombs will be delivered on the above targets as soon as made ready by the project staff . Further instructions will be issued concerning targets other than those listed above . That day , Truman noted in his diary that : This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th . I have told the Sec. of War , Mr. Stimson , to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children . Even if the Japs are savages , ruthless , merciless and fanatic , we as the leader of the world for the common welfare can not drop that terrible bomb on the old capital ( Kyoto ) or the new ( Tokyo ) . He and I are in accord . The target will be a purely military one . Potsdam declaration Main article : Potsdam Declaration The July 16 success of the Trinity Test in the New Mexico desert exceeded expectations . On July 26 , Allied leaders issued the Potsdam Declaration , which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan . The declaration was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender , the Allies would attack Japan , resulting in `` the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland '' .",
"17": "The atomic bomb was not mentioned in the communiqué . On July 28 , Japanese papers reported that the declaration had been rejected by the Japanese government . That afternoon , Prime Minister Suzuki Kantarō declared at a press conference that the Potsdam Declaration was no more than a rehash ( yakinaoshi ) of the Cairo Declaration and that the government intended to ignore it ( mokusatsu , `` kill by silence '' ) . The statement was taken by both Japanese and foreign papers as a clear rejection of the declaration . Emperor Hirohito , who was waiting for a Soviet reply to non-committal Japanese peace feelers , made no move to change the government position . Japan 's willingness to surrender remained conditional on the preservation of the kokutai ( Imperial institution and national polity ) , assumption by the Imperial Headquarters of responsibility for disarmament and demobilization , no occupation of the Japanese Home Islands , Korea or Formosa , and delegation of the punishment of war criminals to the Japanese government . At Potsdam , Truman agreed to a request from Winston Churchill that Britain be represented when the atomic bomb was dropped . William Penney and Group Captain Leonard Cheshire were sent to Tinian , but found that LeMay would not let them accompany the mission . All they could do was send a strongly worded signal to Wilson . Bombs The Little Boy bomb , except for the uranium payload , was ready at the beginning of May 1945 . There were two uranium - 235 components , a hollow cylindrical projectile and a cylindrical target insert . The projectile was completed on June 15 , and the target insert on July 24 . The projectile and eight bomb pre-assemblies ( partly assembled bombs without the powder charge and fissile components ) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard , California , on July 16 aboard the cruiser USS Indianapolis , and arrived on Tinian on July 26 . The target insert followed by air on July 30 , accompanied by Commander Francis Birch from Project Alberta . Responding to concerns expressed by the 509th Composite Group about the possibility of a B - 29 crashing on takeoff , Birch had modified the Little Boy design to incorporate a removable breech plug that would permit the bomb to be armed in flight .",
"18": "The first plutonium core , along with its polonium - beryllium urchin initiator , was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier Raemer Schreiber in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison . Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a tamper . The core departed from Kirtland Army Air Field on a C - 54 transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group 's 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on July 26 , and arrived at North Field July 28 . Three Fat Man high - explosive pre-assemblies , designated F31 , F32 , and F33 , were picked up at Kirtland on July 28 by three B - 29s , two from the 393d Bombardment Squadron plus one from the 216th Army Air Force Base Unit , and transported to North Field , arriving on August 2 . Hiroshima Hiroshima during World War II The Enola Gay dropped the `` Little Boy '' atomic bomb on Hiroshima . In this photograph are five of the aircraft 's ground crew with mission commander Paul Tibbets in the center . At the time of its bombing , Hiroshima was a city of both industrial and military significance . A number of military units were located nearby , the most important of which was the headquarters of Field Marshal Shunroku Hata 's Second General Army , which commanded the defense of all of southern Japan , and was located in Hiroshima Castle . Hata 's command consisted of some 400,000 men , most of whom were on Kyushu where an Allied invasion was correctly anticipated . Also present in Hiroshima were the headquarters of the 59th Army , the 5th Division and the 224th Division , a recently formed mobile unit . The city was defended by five batteries of 7 - cm and 8 - cm ( 2.8 and 3.1 inch ) anti-aircraft guns of the 3rd Anti-Aircraft Division , including units from the 121st and 122nd Anti-Aircraft Regiments and the 22nd and 45th Separate Anti-Aircraft Battalions . In total , an estimated 40,000 Japanese military personnel were stationed in the city . Hiroshima was a supply and logistics base for the Japanese military .",
"19": "The city was a communications center , a key port for shipping , and an assembly area for troops . It was a beehive of war industry , manufacturing parts for planes and boats , for bombs , rifles , and handguns . The center of the city contained several reinforced concrete buildings and lighter structures . Outside the center , the area was congested by a dense collection of small timber workshops set among Japanese houses . A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city . The houses were constructed of timber with tile roofs , and many of the industrial buildings were also built around timber frames . The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage . It was the second largest city in Japan after Kyoto that was still undamaged by air raids , primarily because it lacked the aircraft manufacturing industry that was the XXI Bomber Command 's priority target . On July 3 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed it off limits to bombers , along with Kokura , Niigata and Kyoto . The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war but prior to the atomic bombing , the population had steadily decreased because of a systematic evacuation ordered by the Japanese government . At the time of the attack , the population was approximately 340,000 -- 350,000 . Residents wondered why Hiroshima had been spared destruction by firebombing . Some speculated that the city was to be saved for U.S. occupation headquarters , others thought perhaps their relatives in Hawaii and California had petitioned the U.S. government to avoid bombing Hiroshima . More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long , straight firebreaks . These continued to be expanded and extended up to the morning of August 6 , 1945 . Bombing of Hiroshima Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on August 6 , with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets . The 393d Bombardment Squadron B - 29 Enola Gay , named after Tibbets ' mother and piloted by Tibbets , took off from North Field , Tinian , about six hours ' flight time from Japan . Enola Gay was accompanied by two other B - 29s .",
"20": "The Great Artiste , commanded by Major Charles Sweeney , which carried instrumentation , and a then - nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil , commanded by Captain George Marquardt , which served as the photography aircraft . Strike order for the Hiroshima bombing as posted on August 5 , 1945 Special Mission 13 , Primary target Hiroshima , August 6 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Straight Flush Major Claude R. Eatherly Dimples 85 Weather reconnaissance ( Hiroshima ) Jabit III Major John A. Wilson Dimples 71 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Enola Gay Colonel Paul W. Tibbets Dimples 82 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Necessary Evil Captain . George W. Marquardt Dimples 91 Strike observation and photography Top Secret Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 72 Strike spare -- did not complete mission After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05 : 55 at 9,200 feet ( 2,800 m ) , and set course for Japan . The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at 31,060 feet ( 9,470 m ) . Parsons , who was in command of the mission , armed the bomb in flight to minimize the risks during takeoff . He had witnessed four B - 29s crash and burn at takeoff , and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B - 29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board . His assistant , Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson , removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area . The Hiroshima atom bomb cloud 2 -- 5 minutes after detonation During the night of August 5 -- 6 , Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan .",
"21": "Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga , 102 bound for Maebashi , 261 en route to Nishinomiya , 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari . An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities , among them Hiroshima . The all - clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00 : 05 . About an hour before the bombing , the air raid alert was sounded again , as Straight Flush flew over the city . It broadcast a short message which was picked up by Enola Gay . It read : `` Cloud cover less than 3 / 10th at all altitudes . Advice : bomb primary . '' The all - clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07 : 09 . At 08 : 09 , Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier , Major Thomas Ferebee . The release at 08 : 15 ( Hiroshima time ) went as planned , and the Little Boy containing about 64 kg ( 141 lb ) of uranium - 235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 31,000 feet ( 9,400 m ) to a detonation height of about 1,900 feet ( 580 m ) above the city . Enola Gay traveled 11.5 mi ( 18.5 km ) before it felt the shock waves from the blast . Due to crosswind , the bomb missed the aiming point , the Aioi Bridge , by approximately 800 ft ( 240 m ) and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic . It released the equivalent energy of 16 kilotons of TNT ( 67 TJ ) , ± 2 kt . The weapon was considered very inefficient , with only 1.7 % of its material fissioning . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , with resulting fires across 4.4 square miles ( 11 km ) . Enola Gay stayed over the target area for two minutes and was ten miles away when the bomb detonated . Only Tibbets , Parsons , and Ferebee knew of the nature of the weapon ; the others on the bomber were only told to expect a blinding flash and given black goggles .",
"22": "`` It was hard to believe what we saw '' , Tibbets told reporters , while Parsons said `` the whole thing was tremendous and awe - inspiring ... the men aboard with me gasped ' My God ' '' . He and Tibbets compared the shockwave to `` a close burst of ack - ack fire '' . Events on the ground People on the ground reported seeing a pika ( ピカ ) -- a brilliant flash of light -- followed by a don ( ドン ) -- a loud booming sound . Some 70,000 -- 80,000 people , or around 30 % of the population of Hiroshima , were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm , and another 70,000 were injured . Perhaps as many as 20,000 Japanese military personnel were killed . U.S. surveys estimated that 4.7 square miles ( 12 km ) of the city were destroyed . Japanese officials determined that 69 % of Hiroshima 's buildings were destroyed and another 6 -- 7 % damaged . Some of the reinforced concrete buildings in Hiroshima had been very strongly constructed because of the earthquake danger in Japan , and their framework did not collapse even though they were fairly close to the blast center . Since the bomb detonated in the air , the blast was directed more downward than sideways , which was largely responsible for the survival of the Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall , now commonly known as the Genbaku ( A-bomb ) dome . This building was designed and built by the Czech architect Jan Letzel , and was only 150 m ( 490 ft ) from ground zero . The ruin was named Hiroshima Peace Memorial and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 over the objections of the United States and China , which expressed reservations on the grounds that other Asian nations were the ones who suffered the greatest loss of life and property , and a focus on Japan lacked historical perspective . The bombing started fires that spread rapidly through timber and paper homes . As in other Japanese cities , the firebreaks proved ineffective . The intense fires started gutted everything in a 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) radius .",
"23": "Hiroshima bombing Hiroshima in the aftermath of the bombing Injured civilian casualties The Hiroshima Genbaku Dome after the bombing The clothes pattern , in the tight - fitting areas on this survivor , shown burnt into the skin . Direct , thermal flash burns 22 - year old victim Toyoko Kugata being treated at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital ( October 6 , 1945 ) The air raid warning had been cleared at 07 : 31 , and many people were outside , going about their activities . Eizō Nomura was the closest known survivor , being in the basement of a reinforced concrete building ( it remained as the Rest House after the war ) only 170 metres ( 560 ft ) from ground zero ( the hypocenter ) at the time of the attack . He died in 1982 , aged 84 . Akiko Takakura was among the closest survivors to the hypocenter of the blast . She was in the solidly built Bank of Hiroshima only 300 meters ( 980 ft ) from ground - zero at the time of the attack . For decades this `` Hiroshima strike '' photo was misidentified as the mushroom cloud of the bomb that formed at c. 08 : 16 . However , due to its much greater height , the scene was identified by a researcher in March 2016 as the firestorm - cloud that engulfed the city , a fire that reached its peak intensity some three hours after the bomb . Over 90 % of the doctors and 93 % of the nurses in Hiroshima were killed or injured -- most had been in the downtown area which received the greatest damage . The hospitals were destroyed or heavily damaged . Only one doctor , Terufumi Sasaki , remained on duty at the Red Cross Hospital . Nonetheless , by early afternoon , the police and volunteers had established evacuation centres at hospitals , schools and tram stations , and a morgue was established in the Asano library . Most elements of the Japanese Second General Army headquarters were at physical training on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle , barely 900 yards ( 820 m ) from the hypocenter . The attack killed 3,243 troops on the parade ground . The communications room of Chugoku Military District Headquarters that was responsible for issuing and lifting air raid warnings was in a semi-basement in the castle .",
"24": "Yoshie Oka , a Hijiyama Girls High School student who had been mobilized to serve as a communications officer had just sent a message that the alarm had been issued for Hiroshima and neighboring Yamaguchi , when the bomb exploded . She used a special phone to inform Fukuyama Headquarters ( some 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) away ) that `` Hiroshima has been attacked by a new type of bomb . The city is in a state of near - total destruction . '' Since Mayor Senkichi Awaya had been killed while eating breakfast with his son and granddaughter at the mayoral residence , Field Marshal Hata , who was only slightly wounded , took over the administration of the city , and coordinated relief efforts . Many of his staff had been killed or fatally wounded , including a Korean prince of the Joseon Dynasty , Yi Wu , who was serving as a lieutenant colonel in the Japanese Army . Hata 's senior surviving staff officer was the wounded Colonel Kumao Imoto , who acted as his chief of staff . Soldiers from the undamaged Hiroshima Ujina Harbor used suicide boats , intended to repel the American invasion , to collect the wounded and take them down the rivers to the military hospital at Ujina . Trucks and trains brought in relief supplies and evacuated survivors from the city . Twelve American airmen were imprisoned at the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters , about 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) from the hypocenter of the blast . Most died instantly , although two were reported to have been executed by their captors , and two prisoners badly injured by the bombing were left next to the Aioi Bridge by the Kempei Tai , where they were stoned to death . Eight U.S. prisoners of war killed as part of the medical experiments program at Kyushu University were falsely reported by Japanese authorities as having been killed in the atomic blast as part of an attempted cover up . Japanese realization of the bombing Hiroshima before the bombing Hiroshima after the bombing and firestorm The Tokyo control operator of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air . He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line , but it too had failed . About 20 minutes later the Tokyo railroad telegraph center realized that the main line telegraph had stopped working just north of Hiroshima .",
"25": "From some small railway stops within 16 km ( 10 mi ) of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima . All these reports were transmitted to the headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff . Military bases repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima . The complete silence from that city puzzled the General Staff ; they knew that no large enemy raid had occurred and that no sizable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time . A young officer was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima , to land , survey the damage , and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff . It was felt that nothing serious had taken place and that the explosion was just a rumor . The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest . After flying for about three hours , while still nearly 160 km ( 100 mi ) from Hiroshima , he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the bomb . After circling the city in order to survey the damage they landed south of the city , where the staff officer , after reporting to Tokyo , began to organize relief measures . Tokyo 's first indication that the city had been destroyed by a new type of bomb came from President Truman 's announcement of the strike , sixteen hours later . Events of August 7 -- 9 See also : Mokusatsu Truman announcing the bombing of Hiroshima President Truman announces the bombing of Hiroshima , which he describes as `` a military base '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . After the Hiroshima bombing , Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon . He stated , `` We may be grateful to Providence '' that the German atomic bomb project had failed , and that the United States and its allies had `` spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history -- and won '' . Truman then warned Japan : `` If they do not now accept our terms , they may expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware . '' This was a widely broadcast speech picked up by Japanese news agencies .",
"26": "Leaflet AB12 , with information on the Hiroshima bomb and a warning to civilians to petition the Emperor to surrender was dropped over Japan beginning on August 9 , by the 509th Composite Group . An AB11 is in the possession of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum . The 50,000 - watt standard wave station on Saipan , the OWI radio station , broadcast a similar message to Japan every 15 minutes about Hiroshima , stating that more Japanese cities would face a similar fate in the absence of immediate acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and emphatically urged civilians to evacuate major cities . Radio Japan , which continued to extoll victory for Japan by never surrendering , had informed the Japanese of the destruction of Hiroshima by a single bomb . Prime Minister Suzuki felt compelled to meet the Japanese press , to whom he reiterated his government 's commitment to ignore the Allies ' demands and fight on . Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's unilateral abrogation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact on August 5 . At two minutes past midnight on August 9 , Tokyo time , Soviet infantry , armor , and air forces had launched the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation . Four hours later , word reached Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's official declaration of war . The senior leadership of the Japanese Army began preparations to impose martial law on the nation , with the support of Minister of War Korechika Anami , in order to stop anyone attempting to make peace . On August 7 , a day after Hiroshima was destroyed , Dr. Yoshio Nishina and other atomic physicists arrived at the city , and carefully examined the damage . They then went back to Tokyo and told the cabinet that Hiroshima was indeed destroyed by an atomic bomb . Admiral Soemu Toyoda , the Chief of the Naval General Staff , estimated that no more than one or two additional bombs could be readied , so they decided to endure the remaining attacks , acknowledging `` there would be more destruction but the war would go on '' . American Magic codebreakers intercepted the cabinet 's messages . Purnell , Parsons , Tibbets , Spaatz , and LeMay met on Guam that same day to discuss what should be done next .",
"27": "Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering , they decided to proceed with dropping another bomb . Parsons said that Project Alberta would have it ready by August 11 , but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm , and asked if the bomb could be readied by August 9 . Parsons agreed to try to do so . Nagasaki Nagasaki during World War II The Bockscar and its crew , who dropped a Fat Man atomic bomb on Nagasaki The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest seaports in southern Japan , and was of great wartime importance because of its wide - ranging industrial activity , including the production of ordnance , ships , military equipment , and other war materials . The four largest companies in the city were Mitsubishi Shipyards , Electrical Shipyards , Arms Plant , and Steel and Arms Works , which employed about 90 % of the city 's labor force , and accounted for 90 % of the city 's industry . Although an important industrial city , Nagasaki had been spared from firebombing because its geography made it difficult to locate at night with AN / APQ - 13 radar . Unlike the other target cities , Nagasaki had not been placed off limits to bombers by the Joint Chiefs of Staff 's July 3 directive , and was bombed on a small scale five times . During one of these raids on August 1 , a number of conventional high - explosive bombs were dropped on the city . A few hit the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city , and several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works . By early August , the city was defended by the 134th Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the 4th Anti-Aircraft Division with four batteries of 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) anti-aircraft guns and two searchlight batteries . In contrast to Hiroshima , almost all of the buildings were of old - fashioned Japanese construction , consisting of timber or timber - framed buildings with timber walls ( with or without plaster ) and tile roofs . Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions .",
"28": "Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan ; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley . On the day of the bombing , an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki , including 240,000 Japanese residents , 10,000 Korean residents , 2,500 conscripted Korean workers , 9,000 Japanese soldiers , 600 conscripted Chinese workers , and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki . Bombing of Nagasaki Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Tibbets . Scheduled for August 11 against Kokura , the raid was moved earlier by two days to avoid a five - day period of bad weather forecast to begin on August 10 . Three bomb pre-assemblies had been transported to Tinian , labeled F - 31 , F - 32 , and F - 33 on their exteriors . On August 8 , a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian by Sweeney using Bockscar as the drop airplane . Assembly F - 33 was expended testing the components and F - 31 was designated for the August 9 mission . Strike order for the Nagasaki bombing as posted August 8 , 1945 Special Mission 16 , Secondary target Nagasaki , August 9 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Enola Gay Captain George W. Marquardt Dimples 82 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Laggin ' Dragon Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 95 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Bockscar Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 77 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Captain Frederick C. Bock Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Big Stink Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Dimples 90 Strike observation and photography Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Strike spare -- did not complete mission At 03 : 49 on the morning of August 9 , 1945 , Bockscar , flown by Sweeney 's crew , carried Fat Man , with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target .",
"29": "The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission , with two B - 29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B - 29s in Sweeney 's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission . Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged . During pre-flight inspection of Bockscar , the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 640 US gallons ( 2,400 l ; 530 imp gal ) of fuel carried in a reserve tank . This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back , consuming still more fuel . Replacing the pump would take hours ; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well , as the bomb was live . Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have Bockscar continue the mission . This time Penney and Cheshire were allowed to accompany the mission , flying as observers on the third plane , Big Stink , flown by the group 's operations officer , Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear . When Sweeney 's aircraft arrived at the assembly point for his flight off the coast of Japan , Big Stink failed to make the rendezvous . According to Cheshire , Hopkins was at varying heights including 9,000 feet ( 2,700 m ) higher than he should have been , and was not flying tight circles over Yakushima as previously agreed with Sweeney and Captain Frederick C. Bock , who was piloting the support B - 29 The Great Artiste . Instead , Hopkins was flying 40 - mile ( 64 km ) dogleg patterns . Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes , Sweeney continued to wait for Big Stink for forty minutes . Before leaving the rendezvous point , Sweeney consulted Ashworth , who was in charge of the bomb . As commander of the aircraft , Sweeney made the decision to proceed to the primary , the city of Kokura . Nagasaki before and after the bombing and the fires had long since burnt out After exceeding the original departure time limit by nearly a half - hour , Bockscar , accompanied by The Great Artiste , proceeded to Kokura , thirty minutes away .",
"30": "The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke over Kokura from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B - 29s on nearby Yahata the previous day . Additionally , the Yawata Steel Works intentionally burned coal tar , to produce black smoke . The clouds and smoke resulted in 70 % of the area over Kokura being covered , obscuring the aiming point . Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes , burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses around Kokura , but the bombardier was unable to drop visually . By the time of the third bomb run , Japanese antiaircraft fire was getting close , and Second Lieutenant Jacob Beser , who was monitoring Japanese communications , reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands . After three runs over the city , and with fuel running low because of the failed fuel pump , Bockscar and The Great Artiste headed for their secondary target , Nagasaki . Fuel consumption calculations made en route indicated that Bockscar had insufficient fuel to reach Iwo Jima and would be forced to divert to Okinawa , which had become entirely Allied - occupied territory only six weeks earlier . After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary , Ashworth agreed with Sweeney 's suggestion that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured . At about 07 : 50 Japanese time , an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki , but the `` all clear '' signal was given at 08 : 30 . When only two B - 29 Superfortresses were sighted at 10 : 53 , the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given . A few minutes later at 11 : 00 , The Great Artiste dropped instruments attached to three parachutes . These instruments also contained an unsigned letter to Professor Ryokichi Sagane , a physicist at the University of Tokyo who studied with three of the scientists responsible for the atomic bomb at the University of California , Berkeley , urging him to tell the public about the danger involved with these weapons of mass destruction . The messages were found by military authorities but not turned over to Sagane until a month later .",
"31": "In 1949 , one of the authors of the letter , Luis Alvarez , met with Sagane and signed the document . At 11 : 01 , a last - minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed Bockscar 's bombardier , Captain Kermit Beahan , to visually sight the target as ordered . The Fat Man weapon , containing a core of about 5 kg ( 11 lb ) of plutonium , was dropped over the city 's industrial valley . It exploded 47 seconds later at 1,650 ± 33 ft ( 503 ± 10 m ) , above a tennis court , halfway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Nagasaki Arsenal in the north . This was nearly 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) northwest of the planned hypocenter ; the blast was confined to the Urakami Valley and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills . The resulting explosion released the equivalent energy of 21 ± 2 kt ( 87.9 ± 8.4 TJ ) . Big Stink spotted the explosion from a hundred miles away , and flew over to observe . Urakami Tenshudo ( Catholic Church in Nagasaki ) destroyed by the bomb , the dome / bell of the church , at right , having toppled off Bockscar flew on to Okinawa , arriving with only sufficient fuel for a single approach . Sweeney tried repeatedly to contact the control tower for landing clearance , but received no answer . He could see heavy air traffic landing and taking off from Yontan Airfield . Firing off every flare on board to alert the field to his emergency landing , the Bockscar came in fast , landing at 140 miles per hour ( 230 km / h ) instead of the normal 120 miles per hour ( 190 km / h ) . The number two engine died from fuel starvation as he began the final approach . Touching down midway down the landing strip , Bockscar bounced up into the air again for about 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) before slamming back down hard . The heavy B - 29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B - 24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control .",
"32": "Its reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately , and with both pilots standing on the brakes , Bockscar made a swerving 90 - degree turn at the end of the runway to avoid running off it . A second engine died from fuel exhaustion before the plane came to a stop . The flight engineer later measured fuel in the tanks and concluded that less than five minutes total remained . Following the mission , there was confusion over the identification of the plane . The first eyewitness account by war correspondent William L. Laurence of The New York Times , who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock , reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in The Great Artiste . He also noted its `` Victor '' number as 77 , which was that of Bockscar . Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew , and was aware that they referred to their airplane as The Great Artiste . Except for Enola Gay , none of the 393d 's B - 29s had yet had names painted on the noses , a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account . Unaware of the switch in aircraft , Laurence assumed Victor 77 was The Great Artiste , which was in fact , Victor 89 . Events on the ground The Nagasaki Prefecture Report on the bombing characterized Nagasaki as `` like a graveyard with not a tombstone standing '' . Although the bomb was more powerful than the one used on Hiroshima , the effect was confined by hillsides to the narrow Urakami Valley . Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant , including `` mobilized '' students and regular workers , 6,200 were killed . Some 17,000 -- 22,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well . Casualty estimates for immediate deaths vary widely , ranging from 22,000 to 75,000 . At least 35,000 -- 40,000 people were killed and 60,000 others injured . In the days and months following the explosion , more people died from their injuries .",
"33": "Because of the presence of undocumented foreign workers , and a number of military personnel in transit , there are great discrepancies in the estimates of total deaths by the end of 1945 ; a range of 39,000 to 80,000 can be found in various studies . Unlike Hiroshima 's military death toll , only 150 Japanese soldiers were killed instantly , including thirty - six from the 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division . At least eight known POWs died from the bombing and as many as 13 may have died , including a British prisoner of war , Royal Air Force Corporal Ronald Shaw , and seven Dutch POWs . One American POW , Joe Kieyoomia , was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived , reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell . There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki , all of whom survived . Partially incinerated child in Nagasaki . Photo from Japanese photographer Yosuke Yamahata , one day after the blast and building fires had subsided . Once the American forces had Japan under their military control , they imposed censorship on all such images including those from the conventional bombing of Tokyo , this prevented the distribution of Yamahata 's photographs . These restrictions were lifted in 1952 . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) , followed by fires across the northern portion of the city to 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) south of the bomb . About 58 % of the Mitsubishi Arms Plant was damaged , and about 78 % of the Mitsubishi Steel Works . The Mitsubishi Electric Works suffered only 10 % structural damage as it was on the border of the main destruction zone . The Nagasaki Arsenal was destroyed in the blast . Although many fires likewise burnt following the bombing , in contrast to Hiroshima where sufficient fuel density was available , no firestorm developed in Nagasaki as the damaged areas did not furnish enough fuel to generate the phenomenon . Instead , the ambient wind at the time pushed the fire spread along the valley . As in Hiroshima , the bombing badly dislocated the city 's medical facilities . A makeshift hospital was established at the Shinkozen Primary School , which served as the main medical centre .",
"34": "The trains were still running , and evacuated many victims to hospitals in nearby towns . A medical team from a naval hospital reached the city in the evening , and fire - fighting brigades from the neighboring towns assisted in fighting the fires . Takashi Nagai was a doctor working in the radiology department of Nagasaki Medical College Hospital . He received a serious injury that severed his right temporal artery , but joined the rest of the surviving medical staff in treating bombing victims . Plans for more Atomic attacks on Japan Memorandum from Groves to Marshall regarding the third bomb , with Marshall 's hand - written endorsement Groves expected to have another atomic bomb ready for use on August 19 , with three more in September and a further three in October . On August 10 , he sent a memorandum to Marshall in which he wrote that `` the next bomb ... should be ready for delivery on the first suitable weather after 17 or 18 August . '' Marshall endorsed the memo with the hand - written comment , `` It is not to be released over Japan without express authority from the President '' , something Truman had requested that day . This modified the previous order that the target cities were to be attacked with atomic bombs `` as made ready '' . There was already discussion in the War Department about conserving the bombs then in production for Operation Downfall , and Marshall suggested to Stimson that the remaining cities on the target list be spared attack with atomic bombs . Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied , and scheduled to leave Kirtland Field for Tinian on August 11 and 14 , and Tibbets was ordered by LeMay to return to Albuquerque , New Mexico , to collect them . At Los Alamos , technicians worked 24 hours straight to cast another plutonium core . Although cast , it still needed to be pressed and coated , which would take until August 16 . Therefore , it could have been ready for use on August 19 . Unable to reach Marshall , Groves ordered on his own authority on August 13 that the core should not be shipped . Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation Main articles : Surrender of Japan and Occupation of Japan Until August 9 , Japan 's war council still insisted on its four conditions for surrender . The full cabinet met on 14 : 30 on August 9 , and spent most of the day debating surrender .",
"35": "Anami conceded that victory was unlikely , but argued in favour of continuing the war nonetheless . The meeting ended at 17 : 30 , with no decision having been reached . Suzuki went to the palace to report on the outcome of meeting , where he met with Kōichi Kido , the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan . Kido informed him that the emperor had agreed to hold an imperial conference , and gave a strong indication that the emperor would consent to surrender on condition that kokutai be preserved . A second cabinet meeting was held at 18 : 00 . Only four ministers supported Anami 's position of adhering to the four conditions , but since cabinet decisions had to be unanimous , no decision was reached before it ended at 22 : 00 . Calling an imperial conference required the signatures of the prime minister and the two service chiefs , but the Chief Cabinet Secretary Hisatsune Sakomizu had already obtained signatures from Toyoda and General Yoshijirō Umezu in advance , and he reneged on his promise to inform them if a meeting was to be held . The meeting commenced at 23 : 50 . No consensus had emerged by 02 : 00 , but the emperor gave his `` scared decision '' , authorizing the Foreign Minister , Shigenori Tōgō , to notify the Allies that Japan would accept their terms on one condition , that the declaration `` does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign ruler . '' On August 12 , the Emperor informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender . One of his uncles , Prince Asaka , then asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai could not be preserved . Hirohito simply replied , `` Of course . '' As the Allied terms seemed to leave intact the principle of the preservation of the Throne , Hirohito recorded on August 14 his capitulation announcement which was broadcast to the Japanese nation the next day despite a short rebellion by militarists opposed to the surrender .",
"36": "In his declaration , Hirohito referred to the atomic bombings , and did not explicitly mention the Soviets as a factor for surrender : Despite the best that has been done by every one -- the gallant fighting of military and naval forces , the diligence and assiduity of Our servants of the State and the devoted service of Our one hundred million people , the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan 's advantage , while the general trends of the world have all turned against her interest . Moreover , the enemy now possesses a new and terrible weapon with the power to destroy many innocent lives and do incalculable damage . Should we continue to fight , not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation , but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization . Such being the case , how are we to save the millions of our subjects , or to atone ourselves before the hallowed spirits of our imperial ancestors ? This is the reason why we have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the joint declaration of the powers . In his `` Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors '' delivered on August 17 , however , he stressed the impact of the Soviet invasion on his decision to surrender . Reportage See also : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in popular culture Play media The Hiroshima ruins in March and April 1946 , by Daniel A. McGovern and Harry Mimura On August 10 , 1945 , the day after the Nagasaki bombing , Yōsuke Yamahata , correspondent Higashi , and artist Yamada arrived in the city with orders to record the destruction for maximum propaganda purposes , Yamahata took scores of photographs , and on August 21 , they appeared in Mainichi Shimbun , a popular Japanese newspaper . Wilfred Burchett was the first western journalist to visit Hiroshima after the bombing , arriving alone by train from Tokyo on September 2 . His Morse code dispatch , `` The Atomic Plague '' , was printed by the Daily Express newspaper in London on September 5 , 1945 , and was the first public report to mention the effects of radiation and nuclear fallout . His reporting was unpopular with the U.S. military , who accused Burchett of being under the sway of Japanese propaganda , and suppressed a supporting story submitted by George Weller of the Chicago Daily News .",
"37": "Laurence dismissed the reports on radiation sickness as Japanese efforts to undermine American morale , ignoring his own account published one week earlier . A member of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey , Lieutenant Daniel McGovern , used a film crew to document the effects of the bombings in early 1946 . The film crew shot 90,000 ft ( 27,000 m ) of film , resulting in a three - hour documentary titled The Effects of the Atomic Bombs Against Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The documentary included images from hospitals showing the human effects of the bomb ; it showed burned - out buildings and cars , and rows of skulls and bones on the ground . It was classified `` secret '' for the next 22 years . Motion picture company Nippon Eigasha started sending cameramen to Nagasaki and Hiroshima in September 1945 . On October 24 , 1945 , a U.S. military policeman stopped a Nippon Eigasha cameraman from continuing to film in Nagasaki . All Nippon Eigasha 's reels were confiscated by the American authorities , but they were requested by the Japanese government , and declassified . The public release of film footage of the city post-attack , and some research about the effects of the attack , was restricted during the occupation of Japan , but the Hiroshima - based magazine , Chugoku Bunka , in its first issue published on March 10 , 1946 , devoted itself to detailing the damage from the bombing . Play media Life among the rubble in Hiroshima in March and April 1946 . Film footage taken by Lieutenant Daniel A. McGovern ( director ) and Harry Mimura ( cameraman ) for a United States Strategic Bombing Survey project . The book Hiroshima , written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey , which was originally published in article form in the popular magazine The New Yorker , on August 31 , 1946 , is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947 , and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949 . It narrated the stories of the lives of six bomb survivors from immediately prior to , and months after , the dropping of the Little Boy bomb .",
"38": "Beginning in 1974 , a compilation of drawings and artwork made by the survivors of the bombings began to be compiled , with completion in 1977 , and under both book and exhibition format , it was titled The Unforgettable Fire . The bombing amazed Otto Hahn and other German atomic scientists , whom the British held at Farm Hall in Operation Epsilon . Hahn stated that he had not believed an atomic weapon `` would be possible for another twenty years '' ; Werner Heisenberg did not believe the news at first . Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker said `` I think it 's dreadful of the Americans to have done it . I think it is madness on their part '' , but Heisenberg replied , `` One could equally well say ' That 's the quickest way of ending the war ' '' . Hahn was grateful that the German project had not succeeded in developing `` such an inhumane weapon '' ; Karl Wirtz observed that even if it had , `` we would have obliterated London but would still not have conquered the world , and then they would have dropped them on us '' . The Vatican agreed ; L'Osservatore Romano expressed regret that the bomb 's inventors did not destroy the weapon for the benefit of humanity . Rev. Cuthbert Thicknesse , the Dean of St Albans , prohibited using St Albans Abbey for a thanksgiving service for the war 's end , calling the use of atomic weapons `` an act of wholesale , indiscriminate massacre '' . Nonetheless , news of the atomic bombing was greeted enthusiastically in the U.S. ; a poll in Fortune magazine in late 1945 showed a significant minority of Americans ( 22.7 % ) wishing that more atomic bombs could have been dropped on Japan . The initial positive response was supported by the imagery presented to the public ( mainly the powerful images of the mushroom cloud ) . During this time in America , it was a common practice for editors to keep graphic images of death out of films , magazines , and newspapers . Post-attack casualties See also : Epidemiology data for low - linear energy transfer radiation , Acute radiation syndrome § History , Radiobiology , Hiroshima ( book ) , and Dr. Terufumi Sasaki Play media Silent film footage taken in Hiroshima in March 1946 showing survivors with severe burns and keloid scars .",
"39": "Survivors were asked to stand in the orientation they were in at the time of the flash , to document and convey the line - of - sight nature of flash burns , and to show that , much like a sunburn , thick clothing and fabric offered protection in many cases . The sometimes extensive burn scar contracture is not unusual , being common to all 2nd and 3rd degree burns when they cover a large area of skin . Frequent estimates are that 140,000 people in Hiroshima ( 38.9 % of the population ) and 70,000 people in Nagasaki ( 28.0 % of the population ) died in 1945 , though the number which died immediately as a result of exposure to the blast , heat , or due to radiation , is unknown . One Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission report discusses 6,882 people examined in Hiroshima , and 6,621 people examined in Nagasaki , who were largely within 2000 meters from the hypocenter , who suffered injuries from the blast and heat but died from complications frequently compounded by acute radiation syndrome ( ARS ) , all within about 20 -- 30 days . The average radiation dose that will kill approximately 50 % of adults , the LD50 , was approximately halved when the individual experienced concurrent blast or burn effect injuries , conventional skin injuries that cover a large area , frequently result in bacterial infection , the risk of which is increased when a usually non-lethal radiation dose , moderately suppresses the white blood cell count . In the spring of 1948 , the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) was established in accordance with a presidential directive from Truman to the National Academy of Sciences -- National Research Council to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Cancer increases As cancers do not immediately emerge after exposure to radiation instead radiation - induced cancer has a minimum latency period of some 5 + years . An epidemiology study by the RERF estimates that from 1950 to 2000 , 46 % of leukemia deaths and 11 % of solid cancers of unspecificed lethality , could be due to radiation from the bombs , with the statistical excess being 200 leukemia deaths and 1,700 solid cancers of undeclared lethality .",
"40": "Both of these statistics being derived from the observation of approximately half of the total survivors , strictly those who took part in the study . Birth defect investigations While during the preimplantation period , that is 1 - 10 days following conception , interuterine radiation exposure of `` at least 0.2 Gy '' can cause complications of implantation and death of the embryo . The number of miscarriages caused by the radiation from the bombings , during this radiosensitive period , is not known . One of the early studies conducted by the ABCC was on the outcome of pregnancies occurring in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and in a control city , Kure , located 18 mi ( 29 km ) south of Hiroshima , in order to discern the conditions and outcomes related to radiation exposure . James V. Neel led the study which found that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher among the children of survivors who were pregnant at the time of the bombings . He also studied the longevity of the children who survived the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , reporting that between 90 and 95 percent were still living 50 years later . The National Academy of Sciences questioned Neel 's procedure which did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure . Overall , while a statistically insignificant increase in birth defects occurred directly after the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima , Neel and others noted that in approximately 50 humans who were of an early gestational age at the time of the bombing and who were all within about 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) from the hypocenter , an increase in microencephaly and anencephaly was observed upon birth , with the incidence of these two particular malformations being nearly 3 times what was to be expected when compared to the control group in Kure , were approximately 20 cases were observed in a similar sample size . In 1985 , Johns Hopkins University geneticist James F. Crow examined Neel 's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Many members of the ABCC and its successor Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( RERF ) were still looking for possible birth defects or other causes among the survivors decades later , but found no evidence that they were more common among the survivors .",
"41": "Investigations into brain development Despite the small sample size of 1600 to 1800 persons who came forth as prenatally exposed at the time of the bombings , that were both within a close proximity to the two hypocenters , to survive the In utero absorbtion of a substantial dose of radiation and then the malnourished post-attack environment , data from this cohort does support the increased risk of severe mental retardation ( SMR ) , that was observed in some 30 individuals , with SMR being a common outcome of the aforementioned microencephaly . While a lack of statistical data , with just 30 individuals out of 1800 , prevents a definitive determination of a threshold point , the data collected suggests a threshold interuterine or fetal dose for SMR , at the most radiosensitive period of cognitive development , when there is the largest number of undifferentiated neural cells ( 8 to 15 weeks post-conception ) to begin at a threshold dose of approximately `` 0.09 '' to `` 0.15 '' Gy , with the risk then linearly increasing to a 43 % rate of SMR when exposed to a fetal dose of 1 Gy at any point during these weeks of rapid Neurogenesis . However either side of this radiosensitive age , none of the prenatally exposed to the bombings at an age less than 8 weeks , that is prior to synaptogenesis or at a gestational age more than 26 weeks `` were observed to be mentally retarded '' , with the condition therefore being isolated to those solely of 8 - 26 weeks of age and who absorbed more than approximately `` 0.09 '' to `` 0.15 '' Gy of radiation energy . Examination of the prenatally exposed in terms of IQ performance and school records , determined the beginning of a statistically significant reduction in both , when exposed to greater than 0.1 to 0.5 Gray , during the same gestational period of 8 - 25 weeks . However outside this period , at less than 8 weeks and greater than 26 after conception , `` there is no evidence of a radiation - related effect on scholastic performance . '' The reporting of doses in terms of absorbed energy ( Gy and rad ) rather than the use of the biologically significant , biologically weighted Sievert , in both the SMR and cognitive performance data is typical .",
"42": "The reported threshold dose variance , between the two cities is sometimes explained due to Little Boy emitting substantially more neutron flux , whereas the Baratol that surrounded the core of Fat Man , filtered or shifted the absorbed radiation profile , so that the dose of radiation energy received in Nagasaki , is mostly that from exposure to gamma rays , in contrast to the environment within 1500 meters of the hypocenter at Hiroshima , were instead the dose was primarily due to absorbed neutrons , which have a higher biological effect per unit of energy absorbed . Many other investigations into cognitive outcomes , such as Schizophrenia as a result of prenatal exposure , have been conducted with `` no statistically significant linear relationship seen '' , there is a suggestion that in the most extremely exposed , those who survived within a kilometer or so of the hypocenters , a trend emerges akin to that seen in SMR , though the sample size is too small to determine with any significance . Hibakusha Main article : Hibakusha The survivors of the bombings are called hibakusha ( 被爆 者 , Japanese pronunciation : ( çibakɯ̥ɕa ) ) , a Japanese word that literally translates to `` explosion - affected people '' . The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as hibakusha . As of March 31 , 2017 , 164,621 were still alive , mostly in Japan . The government of Japan recognizes about 1 % of these as having illnesses caused by radiation . The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the hibakusha who are known to have died since the bombings . Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings , as of August 2017 the memorials record the names of almost 485,000 hibakusha ; 308,725 in Hiroshima and 175,743 in Nagasaki . Hibakusha and their children were ( and still are ) victims of severe discrimination in Japan due to public ignorance about the consequences of radiation sickness , with much of the public believing it to be hereditary or even contagious . This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects or congenital malformations was found among the later conceived children born to survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki .",
"43": "A study of the long - term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17 -- 20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and somatization symptoms . Double survivors Perhaps as many as 200 people from Hiroshima sought refuge in Nagasaki . The 2006 documentary Twice Survived : The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki documented 165 nijū hibakusha ( lit . double explosion - affected people ) , nine of whom claimed to be in the blast zone in both cities . On March 24 , 2009 , the Japanese government officially recognized Tsutomu Yamaguchi as a double hibakusha . He was confirmed to be 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when the bomb was detonated . He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima . He arrived at his home city of Nagasaki on August 8 , the day before the bombing , and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives . He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings . He died on January 4 , 2010 , at the age of 93 , after a battle with stomach cancer . Korean survivors See also : Anti-Korean sentiment § Japan During the war , Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as forced labor . About 5,000 -- 8,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and another 1,500 -- 2,000 died in Nagasaki . For many years , Korean survivors had a difficult time fighting for the same recognition as Hibakusha as afforded to all Japanese survivors , a situation which resulted in the denial of the free health benefits to them in Japan . Most issues were eventually addressed in 2008 through lawsuits . Memorials Hiroshima was subsequently struck by Typhoon Ida on September 17 , 1945 . More than half the bridges were destroyed , and the roads and railroads were damaged , further devastating the city . The population increased from 83,000 soon after the bombing to 146,000 in February 1946 .",
"44": "The city was rebuilt after the war , with help from the national government through the Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction Law passed in 1949 . It provided financial assistance for reconstruction , along with land donated that was previously owned by the national government and used for military purposes . In 1949 , a design was selected for the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park . Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall , the closest surviving building to the location of the bomb 's detonation , was designated the Hiroshima Peace Memorial . The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum was opened in 1955 in the Peace Park . Hiroshima also contains a Peace Pagoda , built in 1966 by Nipponzan - Myōhōji . Panoramic view of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park . The Genbaku Dome can be seen in the center left of the image . The original target for the bomb was the `` T '' - shaped Aioi Bridge seen in the left of the image . Nagasaki was also rebuilt after the war , but was dramatically changed in the process . The pace of reconstruction was initially slow , and the first simple emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946 . The focus on redevelopment was the replacement of war industries with foreign trade , shipbuilding and fishing . This was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949 . New temples were built , as well as new churches owing to an increase in the presence of Christianity . Some of the rubble was left as a memorial , such as a torii at Sannō Shrine , and an arch near ground zero . New structures were also raised as memorials , such as the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum , which was opened in the mid-1990s . Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocenter , or ground zero , of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki Debate over bombings Main article : Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The role of the bombings in Japan 's surrender , and the ethical , legal , and military controversies surrounding the United States ' justification for them have been the subject of scholarly and popular debate . On one hand , it has been argued , that the bombings caused the Japanese surrender , thereby preventing casualties that an invasion of Japan would have involved . Stimson talked of saving one million casualties .",
"45": "The naval blockade might have starved the Japanese into submission without an invasion , but this would also have resulted in many more Japanese deaths . Japanese historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa argued that the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan `` played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow 's mediation '' . A view among critics of the bombings , that was popularized by American historian Gar Alperovitz in 1965 , is the idea of atomic diplomacy : that the United States used nuclear weapons in order to intimidate the Soviet Union in the early stages of the Cold War . Although not accepted by mainstream historians , this became the position in Japanese school history textbooks . Those who oppose the bombings , give other reasons for their view ; among them : a belief , that atomic bombing is fundamentally immoral , that the bombings counted as war crimes , that they constituted state terrorism , and that they involved racism against and the dehumanization of the Japanese people . Legacy Main article : Nuclear warfare Like the way it began , the manner in which World War II ended cast a long shadow over international relations for decades to come . By June 30 , 1946 , there were components for only nine atomic bombs in the US arsenal , all Fat Man devices identical to the one used in the bombing of Nagasaki . The nuclear weapons were handmade devices , and a great deal of work remained to improve their ease of assembly , safety , reliability and storage before they were ready for production . There were also many improvements to their performance that had been suggested or recommended , but that had not been possible under the pressure of wartime development . The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy had decried the use of the atomic bombs as adopting `` an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages '' , but in October 1947 , he reported a military requirement for 400 bombs . The American monopoly on nuclear weapons lasted only four years before the Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb in September 1949 . The United States responded with the development of the hydrogen bomb , a nuclear weapon a thousand times as powerful as the bombs that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Such ordinary fission bombs would henceforth be regarded as small tactical nuclear weapons .",
"46": "By 1986 , the United States would have 23,317 nuclear weapons , while the Soviet Union had 40,159 . By 2017 , nine nations had nuclear weapons , but Japan was not one of them . Japan reluctantly signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in February 1970 , but it still sheltered under the American nuclear umbrella . American nuclear weapons were stored on Okinawa , and sometimes in Japan itself , albeit in contravention of agreements between the two nations . Lacking the resources to fight the Soviet Union using conventional forces , the Western Alliance came to depend on the use of nuclear weapons to defend itself during the Cold War , a policy that became known in the 1950s as the New Look . In the decades after Hiroshima and Nagasaki , the United States would threaten to use its nuclear weapons many times . Notes ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 49 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 532 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Long 1963 , pp. 48 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks & Stanley 2007 , pp. 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Appleman et al. 1948 , pp. 462 -- 467 . Jump up ^ Coox 1969 , pp. 2540 -- 2544 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 125 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 45 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 121 -- 124 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Months of the War With Japan . Part III ( note 24 ) '' .",
"47": "Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Drea 1992 , pp. 202 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 340 . ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Schaffer 1985 , pp. 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 169 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 507 -- 509 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 514 -- 521 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 548 -- 551 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 536 -- 545 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 558 -- 560 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Sandler 2001 , pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 574 -- 576 . Jump up ^ Long , Tony ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` March 9 , 1945 : Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy '' . Wired . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Laurence M. Vance ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Bombings Worse than Nagasaki and Hiroshima '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joseph Coleman ( March 10 , 2005 ) .",
"48": "`` 1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror , Pain '' . CommonDreams.org . Associated Press . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 608 -- 610 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 568 -- 570 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1996 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Werrell 1996 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 614 -- 617 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 642 -- 643 . Jump up ^ Kerr 1991 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Tanaka & Young 2009 , pp. 5 , 84 -- 85 , 117 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 653 -- 658 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , pp. 412 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , pp. 40 -- 43 , 76 -- 79 . Jump up ^ `` Quebec Agreement '' . atomicarchive.com . August 19 , 1943 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Gordon . `` Canada 's Role in the Atomic Bomb Programs of the United States , Britain , France and India '' . Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp.",
"49": "82 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 522 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 511 -- 516 . Jump up ^ Grunden 1998 , pp. 50 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheets : 509th Operational Group '' . Air Force Historical Studies Office . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to August 15 , 1945 '' ( PDF ) . 509th Composite Group . 1945 . pp. 8 -- 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998 , pp. 163 , 167 -- 168 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of 3rd Target Committee Meeting 28 May 1945 '' ( PDF ) . National Archives . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved August 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 706 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to 15 August 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Tinian : Air Force Historical Research Agency . 1945 . pp. 17 -- 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Christman 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 528 -- 529 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atomic Bomb : Decision -- Target Committee , May 10 -- 11 , 1945 '' . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2005 .",
"50": "Retrieved August 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Reischauer 1986 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Kelly 2012 , pp. 183 -- 203 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 529 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 149 -- 150 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 530 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 255 -- 256 . Jump up ^ Compton 1956 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Compton 1956 , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 255 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Newman 1995 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II , A Collection of Primary Sources '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 162 . George Washington University . August 13 , 1945 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Josette H. `` The Information War in the Pacific , 1945 Paths to Peace '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 5 , 2016. ) ^ Jump up to : Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 656 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : McNelly 2000 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Lifton 1991 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ 空襲 予告 ビラ 、 高山 市民 が 保管 市 内 で 展示 ( Air Raid Notice ) ( in Japanese ) . 岐阜 新聞 社 ( Gifu Shinbunsha ( Open Library ) ) . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bungei 1981 , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp.",
"51": "372 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee , '' . Washington , DC : United States Department of State . July 4 , 1945 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Jump up ^ `` Letter received from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pages from President Truman 's diary , July 17 , 18 , and 25 , 1945 '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 389 -- 390 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 395 -- 396 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 233 -- 234 . The meaning of mokusatsu can fall anywhere in the range of `` ignore '' to `` treat with contempt '' . Jump up ^ Bix 1996 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Asada 1996 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 326 , 356 , 370 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 64 -- 65 , 163 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1995 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 , 163 . ^ Jump up to : Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 59 .",
"52": "Jump up ^ United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( June 1946 ) . `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Frank 1999 , p. 263 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions # 1 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( Formerly known as the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) ) . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bodden 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Preston 2005 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Fiévé & Waley 2003 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Rotter 2008 , p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : `` 509th Timeline : Inception to Hiroshima '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline # 2 -- the 509th ; The Hiroshima Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 , p. 467 . Jump up ^ Lewis & Tolzer 1957 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline # 2 - the 509th ; The Hiroshima Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Rebecca J. `` Rare Photo of the Mushroom Cloud Over Hiroshima Discovered in a Former Japanese Elementary School '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 .",
"53": "Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 391 -- 392 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Allen 1969 , p. 2566 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr et al 2005 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Malik , John ( September 1985 ) . `` The Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Explosions '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . describes how various values were recorded for the B - 29 's altitude at the moment of bomb release over Hiroshima . The strike report said 30,200 ft , the official history said 31,600 ft , Commander Parson 's log entry was 32,700 ft , and the navigator 's log was 31,060 ft -- the latter possibly an error transposing two digits . A later calculation using the indicated atmospheric pressure arrived at the figure of 32,200 ft . Similarly , several values have been reported as the altitude of the Little Boy bomb at the moment of detonation . Published sources vary in the range of 1,800 to 2,000 ft ( 550 to 610 m ) above the city . The device was set to explode at 1,885 ft ( 575 m ) , but this was approximate . Malik uses the figure of 1,903 ft ( 580 m ) plus or minus 50 ft ( 15 m ) , determined after data review by Hubbell et al 1969 . Radar returns from the tops of multistory buildings near the hypocenter may have triggered the detonation at a somewhat higher altitude than planned . Kerr et al. ( 2005 ) found that a detonation altitude of 600 m ( 1,968.5 ft ) , plus or minus 20 m ( 65.6 ft ) , gave the best fit for all the measurement discrepancies . Jump up ^ `` The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima , Aug 6 , 1945 '' . United States Department of Energy . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2010 .",
"54": "Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 423 . 427 . Jump up ^ `` The Bomb - '' Little Boy `` '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan , 1945 -- 1946 ( DNA 5512F ) '' ( PDF ) . Defense Nuclear Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2006 . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Super-fortress crew tell their story '' . The Guardian . August 8 , 1945 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 264 -- 265 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing -- Facts about the Atomic Bomb '' . Hiroshima Day Committee . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 6 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 37 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 286 -- 287 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . p. 9 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 .",
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"70": "ISBN 4 - 272 - 52022 - 9 . Giangreco , D.M. ( 2009 ) . Hell to Pay : Operation Downfall and the Invasion of Japan 1945 -- 1947 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 316 - 1 . OCLC 643381863 . Glasstone , Samuel ; Dolan , Philip J. , eds. ( 1977 ) . The Effects of Nuclear Weapons . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Defense and the Energy Research and Development Administration . OCLC 4016678 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Goldstein , Donald ; Dillon , Katherine V ; Wenger , J Michael ( 1995 ) . Rain of Ruin : a Photographic History of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Washington , D.C. : Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 033 - 0 . OCLC 31969557 . Gowing , Margaret ( 1964 ) . Britain and Atomic Energy , 1935 -- 1945 . London : Macmillan Publishing . OCLC 3195209 . Groves , Leslie ( 1983 ) ( 1962 ) . Now it Can be Told : The Story of the Manhattan Project . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80189 - 1 . OCLC 932666584 . Gruhl , Werner ( 2007 ) . Imperial Japan 's World War II , 1931 -- 1945 . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 . OCLC 76871604 . Grunden , Walter E. ( 1998 ) . `` Hungnam and the Japanese atomic bomb : Recent Historiography of a Postwar Myth '' . Intelligence and National Security . 13 ( 2 ) : 32 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 02684529808432475 . ISSN 0268 - 4527 .",
"71": "Ham , Paul ( 2011 ) . Hiroshima Nagasaki . Sydney : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7322 - 8845 - 7 . OCLC 746754306 . Hasegawa , Tsuyoshi ( 2006 ) . Racing the Enemy : Stalin , Truman , and the Surrender of Japan . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01693 - 4 . Hein , Laura ; Selden , Mark , eds. ( 1997 ) . Living with the Bomb : American and Japanese Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age . New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56324 - 967 - 9 . Hewlett , Richard G. ; Anderson , Oscar E. ( 1962 ) . The New World , 1939 -- 1946 ( PDF ) . A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . OCLC 493738019 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Hewlett , Richard G. ; Holl , Jack M. ( 1989 ) . Atoms for Peace and War , 1953 -- 1961 : Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission ( PDF ) . A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission . University Park , Pennsylvania : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06018 - 0 . OCLC 82275622 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation ( 2003 ) . Eyewitness Testimonies : Appeals from the A-Bomb Survivors ( 3rd ed . ) . Hiroshima , Japan : Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation . OCLC 853288543 . Hixson , Walter L. ( 2002 ) . The American Experience in World War II : The Atomic Bomb in History and Memory . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94035 - 1 . OCLC 59464269 .",
"72": "Hoddeson , Lillian ; Henriksen , Paul W. ; Meade , Roger A. ; Westfall , Catherine L. ( 1993 ) . Critical Assembly : A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years , 1943 -- 1945 . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44132 - 3 . OCLC 26764320 . Hoyt , Edwin P. ( 2001 ) . Japan 's War : The Great Pacific Conflict . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1118 - 9 . OCLC 12722494 . Hubbell , Harry ; Cheka , Joseph ; Jones , Throyce ( 1969 ) . The Epicenters of the Atomic Bombs . Reevaluation of All Available Physical Data With Recommended Values . Hiroshima : Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission . OCLC 404745043 . Ishikawa , Eisei ; Swain , David L. ( 1981 ) . Hiroshima and Nagasaki : The Physical , Medical , and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02985 - 3 . OCLC 715904227 . Japanese Broadcasting Corporation ( NHK ) ( 1977 ) . Unforgettable Fire : Pictures Drawn by Atomic Bomb Survivors . New York : Pantheon Books . ISBN 978 - 0394748238 . Johnston , Barbara Rose ( 2008 ) . The Consequential Damages of Nuclear War : The Rongelap Report . Walnutt Creek : Left Coast Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59874 - 346 - 3 . Jones , Vincent ( 1985 ) . Manhattan : The Army and the Atomic Bomb . The United States Army in World War II : Special Studies . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . OCLC 10913875 . Jowett , Philip S. ; Andrew , Stephen ( 2002 ) . The Japanese Army 1931 -- 45 : 2 1942 -- 45 .",
"73": "Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 354 - 5 . OCLC 59395824 . Kelly , Jason M. ( 2012 ) . `` Why Did Henry Stimson Spare Kyoto from the Bomb ? : Confusion in Postwar Historiography '' . Journal of American - East Asian Relations . 19 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 203 . doi : 10.1163 / 18765610 - 01902004 . ISSN 1058 - 3947 . Kerr , E. Bartlett ( 1991 ) . Flames Over Tokyo : the US Army Air Forces ' Incendiary Campaign against Japan 1944 -- 1945 . New York : Donald I. Fine Inc . ISBN 1 - 55611 - 301 - 3 . Kerr , George D. ; Young , Robert W. ; Cullings , Harry M. ; Christy , Robert F. ( 2005 ) . `` Bomb Parameters '' . In Young , Robert W. ; Kerr , George D. Reassessment of the Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosimetry for Hiroshima and Nagasaki -- Dosimetry System 2002 ( PDF ) . Hiroshima : The Radiation Effects Research Foundation . pp. 42 -- 61 . OCLC 271477587 . Kido , Kōichi ; Yoshitake , Oka ( 1966 ) . 木 戶 幸一 日記 ( Kido Kōichi Diary ) ( in Japanese ) . Tōkyō : Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai . ISBN 4 - 13 - 030012 - 1 . OCLC 959675458 . Knebel , Fletcher ; Bailey , Charles W. ( 1960 ) . No High Ground . New York : Harper and Row . OCLC 1212857 . Krimsky , Sheldon ; Shorett , Peter ( 2005 ) . Rights and Liberties in the Biotech Age : Why We Need a Genetic Bill of Rights . Lantham : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4341 - 2 .",
"74": "Lewis , Robert A. ; Tolzer , Eliot ( August 1957 ) . `` How We Dropped the A-Bomb '' . Popular Science . pp. 71 -- 75 , 209 -- 210 . ISSN 0161 - 7370 . Lifton , Robert Jay ( 1991 ) . Death in Life : Survivors of Hiroshima . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4344 - X . OCLC 490493399 . Long , Gavin ( 1963 ) . The Final Campaigns . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Volume 7 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 1297619 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . McNelly , Theodore H. ( 2000 ) . `` The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . In Jacob Neufeld . Pearl to V-J Day : World War II in the Pacific . New York : Diane Publishing Co. pp. 131 -- 170 . ISBN 1 - 4379 - 1286 - 9 . Moore , Mike ( July -- August 1995 ) . `` Troublesome Imagery '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science . 54 ( 4 ) : 73 -- 74 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . Newman , Robert P. ( 1995 ) . Truman and the Hiroshima Cult . East Lansing , Michigan : Michigan State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87013 - 403 - 5 . OCLC 32625518 . Orr , James J. ( 2008 ) . `` Review of Hiroshima in History : The Myths of Revisionism and The End of the Pacific War '' . Journal of Japanese Studies . 34 ( 2 ) : 521 -- 529 . ISSN 0095 - 6848 . JSTOR 27756604 . Preston , Diana ( 2005 ) .",
"75": "Before The Fallout : From Marie Curie to Hiroshima . New York : Walker & Co . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1445 - 5 . Quester , George H. ( September 1970 ) . `` Japan and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty '' . Asian Survey . 10 ( 9 ) : 765 -- 778 . doi : 10.2307 / 2643028 . ISSN 0004 - 4687 . JSTOR 2643028 . Reischauer , Edwin O. ( 1986 ) . My Life Between Japan And America . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039054 - 9 . OCLC 13114344 . Rhodes , Richard ( 1995 ) . Dark Sun : The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80400 - X . OCLC 32509950 . Rotter , Andrew J. ( 2008 ) . Hiroshima : The World 's Bomb . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280437 - 5 . Russ , Harlow W. ( 1990 ) . Project Alberta : The Preparation of Atomic Bombs For Use in World War II . Los Alamos , New Mexico : Exceptional Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944482 - 01 - 8 . OCLC 24429257 . Sandler , Stanley ( 2001 ) . World War II in the Pacific : an Encyclopedia . New York : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1883 - 9 . OCLC 44769066 . Schaffer , Ronald ( 1985 ) . Wings of Judgment : American Bombing in World War II . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503629 - 8 . OCLC 11785450 . Scoenberger , Walter ( 1969 ) . Decision of Destiny . Athens : Ohio University Press . OCLC 959500725 .",
"76": "Selden , Kyoko Iriye ; Selden , Mark ( 1990 ) . The Atomic Bomb : Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 87332 - 773 - X . OCLC 20057103 . Sharp , Patrick B. ( 2000 ) . `` From Yellow Peril to Japanese Wasteland : John Hersey 's ' Hiroshima ' '' . Twentieth Century Literature. 46 : 434 -- 452 . ISSN 0041 - 462X . JSTOR 827841 . Sherwin , Martin J. ( 2003 ) . A World Destroyed : Hiroshima and its Legacies . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3957 - 9 . OCLC 52714712 . Sklar , Morty , ed. ( 1984 ) . Nuke - rebuke : Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons . Iowa City , Iowa : The Spirit That Moves Us Press . ISBN 0 - 930370 - 16 - 3 . OCLC 10072916 . Slavinskiĭ , Boris Nikolaevich ( 2004 ) . The Japanese - Soviet Neutrality Pact : A Diplomatic History , 1941 -- 1945 . Nissan Institute / Routledge Japanese Studies Series . London ; New York : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32292 - 8 . Stohl , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Politics of Terrorism . New York : M. Dekker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 6764 - 8 . OCLC 4495087 . Sweeney , Charles ; Antonucci , James A. ; Antonucci , Marion K. ( 1997 ) . War 's End : An Eyewitness Account of America 's Last Atomic Mission . New York : Quill Publishing . ISBN 0 - 380 - 78874 - 8 . Tanaka , Yuki ; Young , Marilyn B. ( 2009 ) .",
"77": "Bombing Civilians : A Twentieth Century History . New York : New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59558 - 547 - 9 . OCLC 624416971 . Thomas , Gordon ; Morgan - Witts , Max ( 1977 ) . Ruin from the Air . London : Hamilton . ISBN 0 - 241 - 89726 - 2 . OCLC 252041787 . Tibbets , Paul W. ( 1998 ) . Return Of The Enola Gay . New Hope , Pennsylvania : Enola Gay Remembered . ISBN 0 - 9703666 - 0 - 4 . OCLC 69423383 . Toon , O.B. ; Turco , R.P. ; Robock , A. ; Bardeen , C. ; Oman , L. ; Stenchikov , G.L. ( 2007 ) . `` Atmospheric Effects and Societal Consequences of Regional Scale Nuclear Conflicts and Acts of Individual Nuclear Terrorism '' ( PDF ) . Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 7 : 1973 -- 2002 . ISSN 1680 - 7316 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . United States Department of State ( 1960 ) . Foreign Relations of the United States : Diplomatic Papers : the Conference of Berlin ( the Potsdam Conference ) , 1945 . Foreign Relations of the United States . 2 . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . OCLC 22435734 . Wainstock , Dennis D. ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95475 - 7 . OCLC 33243854 . Walker , J. Samuel ( January 1990 ) . `` The Decision to Use the Bomb : A Historiographical Update '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 114 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00078. x . ISSN 1467 - 7709 .",
"78": "Walker , J. Samuel ( April 2005 ) . `` Recent Literature on Truman 's Atomic Bomb Decision : A Search for Middle Ground '' . Diplomatic History . 29 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 334 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2005. 00476. x . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . Werrell , Kenneth P. ( 1996 ) . Blankets of Fire : U.S. Bombers over Japan during World War II . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 665 - 4 . OCLC 32921746 . White , Geoffrey . M. ( July 1995 ) . `` Memory Wars : The Politics of Remembering the Asia - Pacific War '' ( PDF ) . Asia - Pacific Issues ( 21 ) . ISSN 1522 - 0966 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Williams , M.H. ( 1960 ) . Chronology , 1941 -- 1945 . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army . OCLC 1358166 . Yamada , Michiko ; Izumi , Shizue ( 2002 ) . `` Psychiatric Sequelae in Atomic Bomb Survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Two Decades After the Explosions '' . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 37 ( 9 ) : 409 -- 415 . doi : 10.1007 / s00127 - 002 - 0572 - 5 . ISSN 0933 - 7954 . Zaloga , Steven J. ; Noon , Steve ( 2010 ) . Defense of Japan 1945 . Fortress . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 687 - 9 . OCLC 503042143 . Further reading Allen , Thomas ; Polmar , Norman ( 1995 ) . Code - Name Downfall . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80406 - 9 .",
"79": "Alperovitz , Gar ; Tree , Sanho ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb . New York : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 679 - 76285 - X . The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki ( 1981 ) . Hiroshima and Nagasaki : The Physical , Medical , and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02985 - X . Delgado , James P. ( 2009 ) . Nuclear Dawn : the Atomic Bomb , from the Manhattan Project to the Cold War . New York : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 396 - 4 . OCLC 297147193 . Gordin , Michael D. ( 2007 ) . Five Days in August : How World War II Became a Nuclear War . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12818 - 9 . OCLC 70630623 . Gosling , Francis George ( 1994 ) . The Manhattan Project : Making the Atomic Bomb . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Energy , History Division . OCLC 637052193 . Krauss , Robert ; Krauss , Amelia ( 2005 ) . The 509th Remembered : A History of the 509th Composite Group as Told by the Veterans Themselves . Buchanan , Michigan : 509th Press . ISBN 0 - 923568 - 66 - 2 . OCLC 59148135 . Merton , Thomas ( 1962 ) . Original Child Bomb : Points for Meditation to be Scratched on the Walls of a Cave . New York : New Directions . OCLC 4527778 . Murakami , Chikayasu ( 2007 ) . Hiroshima no shiroi sora ( The White Sky in Hiroshima ) . Tokyo : Bungeisha . ISBN 4 - 286 - 03708 - 8 . Ogura , Toyofumi ( 2001 ) .",
"80": "Letters from the End of the World : A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima . Tokyo : Kodansha International . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2776 - 1 . Sekimori , Gaynor ( 1986 ) . Hibakusha : Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Tokyo : Kosei Publishing Company . ISBN 4 - 333 - 01204 - X . Ward , Wilson ( Spring 2007 ) . `` The Winning Weapon ? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima '' . International Security . 31 ( 4 ) : 162 -- 179 . doi : 10.1162 / isec. 2007.31. 4.162 . ISSN 1531 - 4804 . Warren , Stafford L. ( 1966 ) . `` Manhattan Project '' . In Ahnfeldt , Arnold Lorentz . Radiology in World War II . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Surgeon General , Department of the Army . pp. 831 -- 922 . OCLC 630225 . External links Find more aboutAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasakiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Present day Are Nagasaki and Hiroshima still radioactive ? -- No . Includes explanation . The decision `` Order from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb '' . Wikisource. 2015 . `` Documents on the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` President Truman Defends Use of Atomic Bomb , 1945 : Original Letters '' . Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . `` Correspondence Regarding Decision to Drop the Bomb '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The effects `` The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . 1946 .",
"81": "Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Scientific Data of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Disaster '' . Atomic Bomb Disease Institute , Nagasaki University . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Tale of Two Cities : The Story of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . National Science Digital Library . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Atomic Archive. 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 1 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 2 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` Photo gallery of aftermath pictures '' . Time - Life . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Video footage of the bombing of Nagasaki ( silent ) on YouTube Video footage of the bombing of Hiroshima on YouTube The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki public domain audiobook at LibriVox Archives `` Nagasaki Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Nagasaki bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Hiroshima Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Hiroshima bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Bibliographies `` Annotated bibliography for atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Commemoration Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum Hiroshima and Nagasaki : A Look Back at the US Atomic Bombing 64 Years Later -- video by Democracy Now ! Hiroshima & Nagasaki Remembered 2005 website commemorating 60th anniversary Manhattan Project Timeline Sites Ames",
"82": "Berkeley Chicago Dayton Hanford Inyokern Los Alamos Montreal New York Oak Ridge Trinity Wendover Heavy water sites Administrators Vannevar Bush Arthur Compton James Conant Priscilla Duffield Thomas Farrell Leslie Groves John Lansdale Ernest Lawrence James Marshall Franklin Matthias Dorothy McKibbin Kenneth Nichols Robert Oppenheimer Deak Parsons William Purnell Frank Spedding Charles Thomas Paul Tibbets Bud Uanna Harold Urey Stafford Warren Ed Westcott Roscoe Wilson Scientists Luis Alvarez Robert Bacher Hans Bethe Aage Bohr Niels Bohr Norris Bradbury James Chadwick John Cockcroft Harry Daghlian Enrico Fermi Richard Feynman Val Fitch James Franck Klaus Fuchs Maria Goeppert - Mayer George Kistiakowsky George Koval Willard Libby Edwin McMillan Mark Oliphant Norman Ramsey Isidor Isaac Rabi James Rainwater Bruno Rossi Glenn Seaborg Emilio Segrè Louis Slotin Henry DeWolf Smyth Leo Szilard Edward Teller Stanisław Ulam John von Neumann John Wheeler Eugene Wigner Robert Wilson Leona Woods Operations Alsos Mission Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Operation Crossroads Operation Peppermint Project Alberta Silverplate 509th Composite Group Enola Gay Bockscar The Great Artiste Weapons Fat Man Little Boy Pumpkin bomb Thin Man Related topics Atomic Energy Act of 1946 British contribution",
"83": "Chicago Pile - 1 Demon core Einstein -- Szilárd letter Interim Committee Oppenheimer security hearing Plutonium Quebec Agreement RaLa Experiment S - 1 Executive Committee S - 50 Project Smyth Report Uranium X-10 Graphite Reactor Manhattan Project Empire of Japan Overview Agriculture Censorship Demographics Economy Economic history Education Eugenics Foreign commerce and shipping Industrial production Militarism Nationalism Statism Internal politics State Shinto Kazoku Emperors Meiji ( Mutsuhito ) Taishō ( Yoshihito ) Shōwa ( Hirohito ) Symbols Flag of Japan Rising Sun Flag Imperial Seal of Japan Government Seal of Japan State Seal of Japan Privy Seal of Japan Kimigayo Policies Constitution Charter Oath Foreign relations Imperial Rescript on Education Kokutai National Spiritual Mobilization Movement Peace Preservation Law Political parties Supreme Court of Judicature Taisei Yokusankai Tokkō Tonarigumi Greater East Asia Conference Government Administration ( Ministries ) Imperial Household Home Ministry War Army Navy Treasury Foreign Affairs Agriculture and Commerce Commerce and Industry Munitions Colonial Affairs Greater East Asia East Asia Development Board ( Kōain ) Legislative & Deliberative Bodies Daijō - kan Privy Council Gozen Kaigi Imperial Diet Peers Representatives Military Armed Forces Imperial General Headquarters Imperial Rescript to",
"84": "Soldiers and Sailors Senjinkun military code Nuclear weapons program Kamikaze War crimes Supreme War Council Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Air Service Railways and Shipping Imperial Guard Imperial Way Faction ( Kōdōha ) Japanese holdout Tōseiha Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff Air Service Land Forces Fleet Faction Treaty Faction History Meiji period Meiji Restoration Boshin War Satsuma Rebellion First Sino - Japanese War Triple Intervention Boxer Rebellion Anglo - Japanese Alliance Russo - Japanese War Taishō period World War I Siberian Intervention General Election Law Washington Naval Treaty Shōwa period Shōwa financial crisis Pacification of Manchukuo Anti-Comintern Pact Second Sino - Japanese War Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts Tripartite Pact Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact Pacific War Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Soviet -- Japanese War Surrender ( Potsdam Declaration , Gyokuon - hōsō ) Occupation Territories Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Karafuto Korea Kwantung Manchukuo South Pacific Taiwan Occupied territories Borneo Burma Hong Kong Dutch East Indies Malaya Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Other topics Sonnō jōi Fukoku kyōhei Hakkō ichiu Internment camps German pre -- World War II industrial co-operation Racial Equality Proposal Shinmin no Michi Shōwa Modan Socialist thought Yasukuni Shrine International Military Tribunal for the Far East Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period Harry S. Truman 33rd President of the United States ( 1945 -- 1953 ) 34th Vice President of the United States ( 1945 ) U.",
"85": "S. Senator from Missouri ( 1935 -- 1945 ) Presidency 1945 inauguration 1949 inauguration Potsdam Conference Agreement on Europe Declaration to Japan Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Fair Deal Mental Health Act National Institute of Mental Health National School Lunch Act Employment Act of 1946 Council of Economic Advisers Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Loyalty Order National Security Act of 1947 Joint Chiefs of Staff National Security Council Department of the Air Force Central Intelligence Agency Key West Agreement Joint Long Range Proving Grounds Revolt of the Admirals Committee on Civil Rights Integration of the Armed Forces Housing Act of 1949 North Atlantic Treaty NATO Assassination attempt Korean War U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82 , 83 Relief of General MacArthur Office of Defense Mobilization Science Advisory Committee 1952 steel strike Puerto Rican constitutional referendum , 1952 National Security Agency State of the Union Address ( 1946 1950 1952 ) Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet Truman Balcony `` The buck stops here '' Life Early life and career Presidential Library , Museum , and gravesite Missouri Office and Courtroom Truman Committee Democratic vice presidential nomination of 1944 Books Bibliography Homes Birthplace Harry S. Truman Farm Home Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site Historic District Blair House Truman Little White House Elections United States Senate election in Missouri , 1934 1940 Democratic National Convention 1944 1948 United States presidential election , 1944 1948 `` Dewey Defeats Truman '' campaign song Democratic Party presidential primaries , 1952 Legacy Truman Day Harry S Truman Building Truman Dam and Reservoir Harry S. Truman Scholarship Truman Sports Complex U.S. Postage stamps Related Give ' em Hell , Harry ( 1975 play and film ) Truman ( 1995 film ) Family Bess Wallace Truman ( wife ) Margaret Truman ( daughter ) John Anderson Truman ( father ) Martha Ellen Young Truman ( mother ) Clifton Truman Daniel ( grandson ) ← Franklin D. Roosevelt Dwight D. Eisenhower →",
"86": "Category United States in World War II Home front American music during World War II United States aircraft production during World War II Arizona during World War II Nevada during World War II New Mexico during World War II Greatest Generation American women Women Airforce Service Pilots Women 's Army Corps Woman 's Land Army of America Rosie the Riveter Minorities Hispanic Americans in World War II Native Americans and World War II Puerto Ricans in World War II Military participation Army ( Uniforms ) Army Air Force Marine Corps Navy Service medals ( Medal of Honor recipients ) Events List of battles Attack on Pearl Harbor Normandy landings Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Minorities African Americans ( Tuskegee Airmen ) Asian Americans ( Japanese Americans ) Jewish Americans Diplomatic participation Lend - Lease Destroyers for Bases Agreement Project Hula World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands",
"87": "New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor",
"88": "The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu",
"89": "Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland",
"90": "Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Soviet prisoners of war in Finland Bibliography Category Portal World War II city bombing Area bombardment Aerial bombing of cities Firestorm Strategic bombing V - weapons Acre Akita Aomori Augsburg Baedeker Bahrain Barrow - in - Furness Bath Bangkok Belfast Belgrade Berlin Birmingham Braunschweig Bremen Breslau Brighton Bristol Bucharest Caen Cardiff Chongqing Clydebank Cologne Coventry Darmstadt Darwin Dietzenbach Dresden Dublin Duisburg Essen Foggia Frampol Frankfurt Frascati Freiburg Gibraltar Gorky Greenock Haifa Hamamatsu Hamburg Hanau Heilbronn Helsinki Hildesheim Hiratsuka Hiroshima Hull Innsbruck Jaffa Kassel Kobe Kōfu Königsberg Kure Leeds Leipzig Leningrad Liverpool London Lübeck Malta Manchester Mandalay Mannheim Manila Milan Minsk Nagaoka Nagasaki Nagoya Naha Nanjing Naples Nexø",
"91": "Nijmegen Nottingham Numazu Okazaki Osaka Pearl Harbor Pforzheim Ploiești Plymouth Podgorica Prague Rabaul Allied Rangoon Rome Rønne Rotterdam Schaffhausen Schwäbisch Hall Sendai Shanghai Sheffield Shizuoka Allied Singapore Axis Singapore Sofia Southampton Stalingrad Stuttgart Swansea Taipei Tallinn Tel Aviv Tokyo Toyohashi Toyokawa Treviso Ulm Utsunomiya Vienna Warsaw Wesel Wieluń Wilhelmshaven Wuppertal Würzburg Yawata Zadar Zagreb Japan portal Nuclear technology portal United States portal World War II portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki&oldid=838327110 '' Categories : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945 in the environment 1945 in Japan August 1945 events History of the Manhattan Project 1945 in military history Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with LibriVox links Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents",
"92": "About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last",
"93": "edited on 26 April 2018 , at 09 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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a drug that might be used in surgery for its amnesic properties is
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[
"Benzodiazepines",
"Benzodiazepines",
"Benzodiazepines",
"benzodiazepines"
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{
"0": "Benzodiazepine - wikipedia Benzodiazepine Jump to : navigation , search `` Benzo '' redirects here . For the derivative drug of benzofuran , see Benzofury . Benzodiazepines The core structure of benzodiazepines . `` R '' labels denote common locations of side chains , which give different benzodiazepines their unique properties . Pronunciation : / ˌbɛnzoʊdaɪˈæzɪpiːn / Benzodiazepine List of benzodiazepines Benzodiazepine overdose Benzodiazepine dependence Benzodiazepine misuse Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome Effects of long - term benzodiazepine use Benzodiazepines ( BZD , BZs ) , sometimes called `` benzos '' , are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring . The first such drug , chlordiazepoxide ( Librium ) , was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955 , and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann -- La Roche , which , since 1963 , has also marketed the benzodiazepine diazepam ( Valium ) . In 1977 benzodiazepines were globally the most prescribed medications . They are in the family of drugs commonly known as minor tranquilizers . Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma - aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) at the GABA receptor , resulting in sedative , hypnotic ( sleep - inducing ) , anxiolytic ( anti-anxiety ) , anticonvulsant , and muscle relaxant properties . High doses of many shorter - acting benzodiazepines may also cause anterograde amnesia and dissociation . These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety , insomnia , agitation , seizures , muscle spasms , alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures . Benzodiazepines are categorized as either short - , intermediate - , or long - acting .",
"1": "Short - and intermediate - acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia ; longer - acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety . Benzodiazepines are generally viewed as safe and effective for short - term use , although cognitive impairment and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition occasionally occur . A minority of people can have paradoxical reactions such as worsened agitation or panic . Benzodiazepines are also associated with increased risk of suicide . Long - term use is controversial because of concerns about adverse psychological and physical effects , decreasing effectiveness , and physical dependence and withdrawal . As a result of adverse effects associated with the long - term use of benzodiazepines , withdrawal from benzodiazepines often leads to improved physical and mental health . The elderly are at an increased risk of suffering from both short - and long - term adverse effects , and as a result , all benzodiazepines are listed in the Beers List of inappropriate medications for older adults . There is controversy concerning the safety of benzodiazepines in pregnancy . While they are not major teratogens , uncertainty remains as to whether they cause cleft palate in a small number of babies and whether neurobehavioural effects occur as a result of prenatal exposure ; they are known to cause withdrawal symptoms in the newborn . Benzodiazepines can be taken in overdoses and can cause dangerous deep unconsciousness . However , they are less toxic than their predecessors , the barbiturates , and death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken . When combined with other central nervous system ( CNS ) depressants such as alcoholic drinks and opioids , the potential for toxicity and fatal overdose increases . Benzodiazepines are commonly misused and taken in combination with other drugs of abuse .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 1.1 Panic disorder 1.2 Generalized anxiety disorder 1.3 Insomnia 1.4 Seizures 1.5 Alcohol withdrawal 1.6 Anxiety 1.7 Other indications 2 Contraindications 2.1 Pregnancy 2.2 Elderly 3 Adverse effects 3.1 Cognitive effects 3.2 Paradoxical effects 3.3 Long - term worsening of psychiatric symptoms 3.4 Reinforcement disorders 3.4. 1 Tolerance 3.4. 2 Withdrawal symptoms and management 3.5 Controversial associations 3.5. 1 Dementia 3.5. 2 Infections 3.5. 3 Cancer 3.5. 4 Pancreatitis 4 Overdose 5 Interactions 6 Pharmacology 6.1 Mechanism of action 6.2 Pharmacokinetics 7 Chemistry 7.1 Common types 8 History 9 Society and culture 9.1 Legal status 9.2 Recreational use 10 Veterinary use 11 References 12 External links Medical uses ( edit ) Midazolam 1 & 5 mg / mL injections ( US ) See also : List of benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines possess sedative , hypnotic , anxiolytic , anticonvulsant , muscle relaxant , and amnesic actions , which are useful in a variety of indications such as alcohol dependence , seizures , anxiety disorders , panic , agitation , and insomnia . Most are administered orally ; however , they can also be given intravenously , intramuscularly , or rectally . In general , benzodiazepines are well - tolerated and are safe and effective drugs in the short term for a wide range of conditions . Tolerance can develop to their effects and there is also a risk of dependence , and upon discontinuation a withdrawal syndrome may occur . These factors , combined with other possible secondary effects after prolonged use such as psychomotor , cognitive , or memory impairments , limit their long - term applicability .",
"3": "The effects of long - term use or misuse include the tendency to cause or worsen cognitive deficits , depression , and anxiety . The College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia recommends discontinuing the usage of benzodiazepines in those on opioids and those who have used them long term . Panic disorder ( edit ) Because of their effectiveness , tolerability , and rapid onset of anxiolytic action , benzodiazepines are frequently used for the treatment of anxiety associated with panic disorder . However , there is disagreement among expert bodies regarding the long - term use of benzodiazepines for panic disorder . The views range from those that hold that benzodiazepines are not effective long - term and that they should be reserved for treatment - resistant cases to that they are as effective in the long term as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors . The American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) guidelines note that , in general , benzodiazepines are well tolerated , and their use for the initial treatment for panic disorder is strongly supported by numerous controlled trials . APA states that there is insufficient evidence to recommend any of the established panic disorder treatments over another . The choice of treatment between benzodiazepines , SSRIs , serotonin -- norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors , tricyclic antidepressants , and psychotherapy should be based on the patient 's history , preference , and other individual characteristics . Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are likely to be the best choice of pharmacotherapy for many patients with panic disorder , but benzodiazepines are also often used , and some studies suggest that these medications are still used with greater frequency than the SSRIs . One advantage of benzodiazepines is that they alleviate the anxiety symptoms much faster than antidepressants , and therefore may be preferred in patients for whom rapid symptom control is critical . However , this advantage is offset by the possibility of developing benzodiazepine dependence . APA does not recommend benzodiazepines for persons with depressive symptoms or a recent history of substance abuse . The APA guidelines state that , in general , pharmacotherapy of panic disorder should be continued for at least a year , and that clinical experience support continuing benzodiazepine treatment to prevent recurrence .",
"4": "Although major concerns about benzodiazepine tolerance and withdrawal have been raised , there is no evidence for significant dose escalation in patients using benzodiazepines long - term . For many such patients stable doses of benzodiazepines retain their efficacy over several years . Guidelines issued by the UK - based National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) , carried out a systematic review using different methodology and came to a different conclusion . They questioned the accuracy of studies that were not placebo - controlled . And , based on the findings of placebo - controlled studies , they do not recommend use of benzodiazepines beyond two to four weeks , as tolerance and physical dependence develop rapidly , with withdrawal symptoms including rebound anxiety occurring after six weeks or more of use . Nevertheless , benzodiazepines are still prescribed for long - term treatment of anxiety disorders , although specific antidepressants and psychological therapies are recommended as the first - line treatment options with the anticonvulsant drug pregabalin indicated as a second - or third - line treatment and suitable for long - term use . NICE stated that long - term use of benzodiazepines for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia is an unlicensed indication , does not have long - term efficacy , and is , therefore , not recommended by clinical guidelines . Psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy are recommended as a first - line therapy for panic disorder ; benzodiazepine use has been found to interfere with therapeutic gains from these therapies . Benzodiazepines are usually administered orally ; however , very occasionally lorazepam or diazepam may be given intravenously for the treatment of panic attacks . Generalized anxiety disorder ( edit ) Benzodiazepines have robust efficacy in the short - term management of generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) , but were not shown effective in producing long - term improvement overall . According to National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) , benzodiazepines can be used in the immediate management of GAD , if necessary . However , they should not usually be given for longer than 2 -- 4 weeks . The only medications NICE recommends for the longer term management of GAD are antidepressants .",
"5": "Likewise , Canadian Psychiatric Association ( CPA ) recommends benzodiazepines alprazolam , bromazepam , lorazepam , and diazepam only as a second - line choice , if the treatment with two different antidepressants was unsuccessful . Although they are second - line agents , benzodiazepines can be used for a limited time to relieve severe anxiety and agitation . CPA guidelines note that after 4 -- 6 weeks the effect of benzodiazepines may decrease to the level of placebo , and that benzodiazepines are less effective than antidepressants in alleviating ruminative worry , the core symptom of GAD . However , in some cases , a prolonged treatment with benzodiazepines as the add - on to an antidepressant may be justified . A 2015 review found a larger effect with medications than talk therapy . Medications with benefit include serotonin - noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors , benzodiazepines , and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors . Insomnia ( edit ) Temazepam ( Normison ) 10 mg tablets Benzodiazepines can be useful for short - term treatment of insomnia . Their use beyond 2 to 4 weeks is not recommended due to the risk of dependence . It is preferred that benzodiazepines be taken intermittently and at the lowest effective dose . They improve sleep - related problems by shortening the time spent in bed before falling asleep , prolonging the sleep time , and , in general , reducing wakefulness . However , they worsen sleep quality by increasing light sleep and decreasing deep sleep . Other drawbacks of hypnotics , including benzodiazepines , are possible tolerance to their effects , rebound insomnia , and reduced slow - wave sleep and a withdrawal period typified by rebound insomnia and a prolonged period of anxiety and agitation . The list of benzodiazepines approved for the treatment of insomnia is fairly similar among most countries , but which benzodiazepines are officially designated as first - line hypnotics prescribed for the treatment of insomnia varies between countries . Longer - acting benzodiazepines such as nitrazepam and diazepam have residual effects that may persist into the next day and are , in general , not recommended .",
"6": "Since the release of nonbenzodiazepines in 1992 in response to safety concerns , individuals with insomnia and other sleep disorders have increasingly been prescribed nonbenzodiazepines ( 2.3 % in 1993 to 13.7 % of Americans in 2010 ) , less often prescribed benzodiazepines ( 23.5 % in 1993 to 10.8 % in 2010 ) . It is not clear as to whether the new nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics ( Z - drugs ) are better than the short - acting benzodiazepines . The efficacy of these two groups of medications is similar . According to the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality , indirect comparison indicates that side - effects from benzodiazepines may be about twice as frequent as from nonbenzodiazepines . Some experts suggest using nonbenzodiazepines preferentially as a first - line long - term treatment of insomnia . However , the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence did not find any convincing evidence in favor of Z - drugs . NICE review pointed out that short - acting Z - drugs were inappropriately compared in clinical trials with long - acting benzodiazepines . There have been no trials comparing short - acting Z - drugs with appropriate doses of short - acting benzodiazepines . Based on this , NICE recommended choosing the hypnotic based on cost and the patient 's preference . Older adults should not use benzodiazepines to treat insomnia unless other treatments have failed . When benzodiazepines are used , patients , their caretakers , and their physician should discuss the increased risk of harms , including evidence that shows twice the incidence of traffic collisions among driving patients , and falls and hip fracture for older patients . Seizures ( edit ) Prolonged convulsive epileptic seizures are a medical emergency that can usually be dealt with effectively by administering fast - acting benzodiazepines , which are potent anticonvulsants . In a hospital environment , intravenous clonazepam , lorazepam , and diazepam are first - line choices , clonazepam due to its stronger and more potent anticonvulsant action , diazepam due to its faster onset and lorazepam for its longer duration of action .",
"7": "In the community , intravenous administration is not practical and so rectal diazepam or ( more recently ) buccal midazolam are used , with a preference for midazolam as its administration is easier and more socially acceptable . When benzodiazepines were first introduced , they were enthusiastically adopted for treating all forms of epilepsy . However , drowsiness and tolerance become problems with continued use and none are now considered first - line choices for long - term epilepsy therapy . Clobazam is widely used by specialist epilepsy clinics worldwide and clonazepam is popular in the Netherlands , Belgium and France . Clobazam was approved for use in the United States in 2011 . In the UK , both clobazam and clonazepam are second - line choices for treating many forms of epilepsy . Clobazam also has a useful role for very short - term seizure prophylaxis and in catamenial epilepsy . Discontinuation after long - term use in epilepsy requires additional caution because of the risks of rebound seizures . Therefore , the dose is slowly tapered over a period of up to six months or longer . Alcohol withdrawal ( edit ) Chlordiazepoxide is the most commonly used benzodiazepine for alcohol detoxification , but diazepam may be used as an alternative . Both are used in the detoxification of individuals who are motivated to stop drinking , and are prescribed for a short period of time to reduce the risks of developing tolerance and dependence to the benzodiazepine medication itself . The benzodiazepines with a longer half - life make detoxification more tolerable , and dangerous ( and potentially lethal ) alcohol withdrawal effects are less likely to occur . On the other hand , short - acting benzodiazepines may lead to breakthrough seizures , and are , therefore , not recommended for detoxification in an outpatient setting . Oxazepam and lorazepam are often used in patients at risk of drug accumulation , in particular , the elderly and those with cirrhosis , because they are metabolized differently from other benzodiazepines , through conjugation . Benzodiazepines are the preferred choice in the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome , in particular , for the prevention and treatment of the dangerous complication of seizures and in subduing severe delirium .",
"8": "Lorazepam is the only benzodiazepine with predictable intramuscular absorption and it is the most effective in preventing and controlling acute seizures . Anxiety ( edit ) Benzodiazepines are sometimes used in the treatment of acute anxiety , as they bring about rapid and marked or moderate relief of symptoms in most individuals ; however , they are not recommended beyond 2 -- 4 weeks of use due to risks of tolerance and dependence and a lack of long - term effectiveness . As for insomnia , they may also be used on an irregular / `` as - needed '' basis , such as in cases where said anxiety is at its worst . Compared to other pharmacological treatments , benzodiazepines are twice as likely to lead to a relapse of the underlying condition upon discontinuation . Psychological therapies and other pharmacological therapies are recommended for the long - term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder . Antidepressants have higher remission rates and are , in general , safe and effective in the short and long term . Other indications ( edit ) Benzodiazepines are often prescribed for a wide range of conditions : They can be very useful in intensive care to sedate patients receiving mechanical ventilation or those in extreme distress . Caution is exercised in this situation due to the occasional occurrence of respiratory depression , and it is recommended that benzodiazepine overdose treatment facilities should be available . Benzodiazepines are effective as medication given a couple of hours before surgery to relieve anxiety . They also produce amnesia , which can be useful , as patients may not remember unpleasantness from the procedure . They are also used in patients with dental phobia as well as some ophthalmic procedures like refractive surgery ; although such use is controversial and only recommended for those who are very anxious . Midazolam is the most commonly prescribed for this use because of its strong sedative actions and fast recovery time , as well as its water solubility , which reduces pain upon injection . Diazepam and lorazepam are sometimes used . Lorazepam has particularly marked amnesic properties that may make it more effective when amnesia is the desired effect . Benzodiazepines are well known for their strong muscle - relaxing properties and can be useful in the treatment of muscle spasms , although tolerance often develops to their muscle relaxant effects .",
"9": "Baclofen or tizanidine are sometimes used as an alternative to benzodiazepines . Tizanidine has been found to have superior tolerability compared to diazepam and baclofen . Benzodiazepines are also used to treat the acute panic caused by hallucinogen intoxication . Benzodiazepines are also used to calm the acutely agitated individual and can , if required , be given via an intramuscular injection . They can sometimes be effective in the short - term treatment of psychiatric emergencies such as acute psychosis as in schizophrenia or mania , bringing about rapid tranquillization and sedation until the effects of lithium or neuroleptics ( antipsychotics ) take effect . Lorazepam is most commonly used but clonazepam is sometimes prescribed for acute psychosis or mania ; their long - term use is not recommended due to risks of dependence . Further research investigating the use of benzodiazepines alone and in combination with antipsychotic medications for treating acute psychosis is warranted . Clonazepam , a benzodiazepine is used to treat many forms of parasomnia . Rapid eye movement behavior disorder responds well to low doses of clonazepam . Restless legs syndrome can be treated using clonazepam as a third line treatment option as the use of clonazepam is still investigational . Benzodiazepines are sometimes used for obsessive -- compulsive disorder ( OCD ) , although they are generally believed ineffective for this indication . Effectiveness was , however , found in one small study . Benzodiazepines can be considered as a treatment option in treatment resistant cases . Antipsychotics are generally a first - line treatment for delirium ; however , when delirium is caused by alcohol or sedative hypnotic withdrawal , benzodiazepines are a first - line treatment . There is some evidence that low doses of benzodiazepines reduce adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapy . Contraindications ( edit ) Because of their muscle relaxant action , benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression in susceptible individuals . For that reason , they are contraindicated in people with myasthenia gravis , sleep apnea , bronchitis , and COPD .",
"10": "Caution is required when benzodiazepines are used in people with personality disorders or intellectual disability because of frequent paradoxical reactions . In major depression , they may precipitate suicidal tendencies and are sometimes used for suicidal overdoses . Individuals with a history of alcohol , opioid and barbiturate abuse should avoid benzodiazepines , as there is a risk of life - threatening interactions with these drugs . Pregnancy ( edit ) See also : Effects of benzodiazepines on newborns In the United States , the Food and Drug Administration has categorized benzodiazepines into either category D or X meaning potential for harm in the unborn has been demonstrated . Exposure to benzodiazepines during pregnancy has been associated with a slightly increased ( from 0.06 to 0.07 % ) risk of cleft palate in newborns , a controversial conclusion as some studies find no association between benzodiazepines and cleft palate . Their use by expectant mothers shortly before the delivery may result in a floppy infant syndrome , with the newborns suffering from hypotonia , hypothermia , lethargy , and breathing and feeding difficulties . Cases of neonatal withdrawal syndrome have been described in infants chronically exposed to benzodiazepines in utero . This syndrome may be hard to recognize , as it starts several days after delivery , for example , as late as 21 days for chlordiazepoxide . The symptoms include tremors , hypertonia , hyperreflexia , hyperactivity , and vomiting and may last for up to three to six months . Tapering down the dose during pregnancy may lessen its severity . If used in pregnancy , those benzodiazepines with a better and longer safety record , such as diazepam or chlordiazepoxide , are recommended over potentially more harmful benzodiazepines , such as temazepam or triazolam . Using the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time minimizes the risks to the unborn child . Elderly ( edit ) The benefits of benzodiazepines are least and the risks are greatest in the elderly . The elderly are at an increased risk of dependence and are more sensitive to the adverse effects such as memory problems , daytime sedation , impaired motor coordination , and increased risk of motor vehicle accidents and falls , and an increased risk of hip fractures .",
"11": "The long - term effects of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine dependence in the elderly can resemble dementia , depression , or anxiety syndromes , and progressively worsens over time . Adverse effects on cognition can be mistaken for the effects of old age . The benefits of withdrawal include improved cognition , alertness , mobility , reduced risk incontinence , and a reduced risk of falls and fractures . The success of gradual - tapering benzodiazepines is as great in the elderly as in younger people . Benzodiazepines should be prescribed to the elderly only with caution and only for a short period at low doses . Short to intermediate - acting benzodiazepines are preferred in the elderly such as oxazepam and temazepam . The high potency benzodiazepines alprazolam and triazolam and long - acting benzodiazepines are not recommended in the elderly due to increased adverse effects . Nonbenzodiazepines such as zaleplon and zolpidem and low doses of sedating antidepressants are sometimes used as alternatives to benzodiazepines . Long - term use of benzodiazepines has been associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment , but its relationship with dementia remains inconclusive . The association of a past history of benzodiazepine use and cognitive decline is unclear , with some studies reporting a lower risk of cognitive decline in former users , some finding no association and some indicating an increased risk of cognitive decline . Benzodiazepines are sometimes prescribed to treat behavioral symptoms of dementia . However , like antidepressants , they have little evidence of effectiveness , although antipsychotics have shown some benefit . Cognitive impairing effects of benzodiazepines that occur frequently in the elderly can also worsen dementia . Adverse effects ( edit ) Addiction experts in psychiatry , chemistry , pharmacology , forensic science , epidemiology , and the police and legal services engaged in delphic analysis regarding 20 popular recreational drugs . Benzodiazepines were ranked 7th in dependence , physical harm , and social harm .",
"12": "See also : Long - term effects of benzodiazepines , Paradoxical reaction § Benzodiazepines , and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome The most common side - effects of benzodiazepines are related to their sedating and muscle - relaxing action . They include drowsiness , dizziness , and decreased alertness and concentration . Lack of coordination may result in falls and injuries , in particular , in the elderly . Another result is impairment of driving skills and increased likelihood of road traffic accidents . Decreased libido and erection problems are a common side effect . Depression and disinhibition may emerge . Hypotension and suppressed breathing ( hypoventilation ) may be encountered with intravenous use . Less common side effects include nausea and changes in appetite , blurred vision , confusion , euphoria , depersonalization and nightmares . Cases of liver toxicity have been described but are very rare . The long - term effects of benzodiazepine use can include cognitive impairment as well as affective and behavioural problems . Feelings of turmoil , difficulty in thinking constructively , loss of sex - drive , agoraphobia and social phobia , increasing anxiety and depression , loss of interest in leisure pursuits and interests , and an inability to experience or express feelings can also occur . Not everyone , however , experiences problems with long - term use . Additionally , an altered perception of self , environment and relationships may occur . Cognitive effects ( edit ) The short - term use of benzodiazepines adversely affects multiple areas of cognition , the most notable one being that it interferes with the formation and consolidation of memories of new material and may induce complete anterograde amnesia . However , researchers hold contrary opinions regarding the effects of long - term administration . One view is that many of the short - term effects continue into the long - term and may even worsen , and are not resolved after stopping benzodiazepine usage . Another view maintains that cognitive deficits in chronic benzodiazepine users occur only for a short period after the dose , or that the anxiety disorder is the cause of these deficits . While the definitive studies are lacking , the former view received support from a 2004 meta - analysis of 13 small studies .",
"13": "This meta - analysis found that long - term use of benzodiazepines was associated with moderate to large adverse effects on all areas of cognition , with visuospatial memory being the most commonly detected impairment . Some of the other impairments reported were decreased IQ , visiomotor coordination , information processing , verbal learning and concentration . The authors of the meta - analysis and a later reviewer noted that the applicability of this meta - analysis is limited because the subjects were taken mostly from withdrawal clinics ; the coexisting drug , alcohol use , and psychiatric disorders were not defined ; and several of the included studies conducted the cognitive measurements during the withdrawal period . Paradoxical effects ( edit ) Paradoxical reactions , such as increased seizures in epileptics , aggression , violence , impulsivity , irritability and suicidal behavior sometimes occur . These reactions have been explained as consequences of disinhibition and the subsequent loss of control over socially unacceptable behavior . Paradoxical reactions are rare in the general population , with an incidence rate below 1 % and similar to placebo . However , they occur with greater frequency in recreational abusers , individuals with borderline personality disorder , children , and patients on high - dosage regimes . In these groups , impulse control problems are perhaps the most important risk factor for disinhibition ; learning disabilities and neurological disorders are also significant risks . Most reports of disinhibition involve high doses of high - potency benzodiazepines . Paradoxical effects may also appear after chronic use of benzodiazepines . Long - term worsening of Psychiatric symptoms ( edit ) While benzodiazepines may have short - term benefits for anxiety , sleep and agitation in some patients , long - term ( i.e. , greater than 2 -- 4 weeks ) use can result in a worsening of the very symptoms the medications are meant to treat . Potential explanations include exacerbating cognitive problems that are already common in anxiety disorders , causing or worsening depression and suicidality , disrupting sleep architecture by inhibiting deep stage sleep , withdrawal symptoms or rebound symptoms in between doses mimicking or exacerbating underlying anxiety or sleep disorders , inhibiting the benefits of psychotherapy by inhibiting memory consolidation and reducing fear extinction , and reducing coping with trauma / stress and increasing vulnerability to future stress .",
"14": "Anxiety , insomnia and irritability may be temporarily exacerbated during withdrawal , but psychiatric symptoms after discontinuation are usually less than even while taking benzodiazepines . Fortunately , for those with benzodiazepine - induced problems , functioning significantly improves within 1 year of discontinuation . Reinforcement disorders ( edit ) Diazepam 2 mg and 5 mg diazepam tablets , which are commonly used in the treatment of benzodiazepine withdrawal . Main articles : Benzodiazepine dependence , Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome , and post-acute withdrawal syndrome Tolerance ( edit ) The main problem of the chronic use of benzodiazepines is the development of tolerance and dependence . Tolerance manifests itself as diminished pharmacological effect and develops relatively quickly to the sedative , hypnotic , anticonvulsant , and muscle relaxant actions of benzodiazepines . Tolerance to anti-anxiety effects develops more slowly with little evidence of continued effectiveness beyond four to six months of continued use . In general , tolerance to the amnesic effects does not occur . However , controversy exists as to tolerance to the anxiolytic effects with some evidence that benzodiazepines retain efficacy and opposing evidence from a systematic review of the literature that tolerance frequently occurs and some evidence that anxiety may worsen with long - term use . The question of tolerance to the amnesic effects of benzodiazepines is , likewise , unclear . Some evidence suggests that partial tolerance does develop , and that , `` memory impairment is limited to a narrow window within 90 minutes after each dose '' . A major disadvantage of benzodiazepines that tolerance to therapeutic effects develops relatively quickly while many adverse effects persist . Tolerance develops to hypnotic and myorelexant effects within days to weeks , and to anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects within weeks to months . Therefore , benzodiazepines are unlikely to be effective long - term treatments for sleep and anxiety . While BZD therapeutic effects disappear with tolerance , depression and impulsivity with high suicidal risk commonly persist . Several studies have confirmed that long - term benzodiazepines are not significantly different from placebo for sleep or anxiety . This may explain why patients commonly increase doses over time and many eventually take more than one type of benzodiazepine after the first loses effectiveness .",
"15": "Additionally , because tolerance to benzodiazepine sedating effects develops more quickly than does tolerance to brainstem depressant effects , those taking more benzodiazepines to achieve desired effects may suffer sudden respiratory depression , hypotension or death . Most patients with anxiety disorders and PTSD have symptoms that persist for at least several months , making tolerance to therapeutic effects a distinct problem for them and necessitating the need for more effective long - term treatment ( e.g. , psychotherapy , serotonergic antidepressants ) . Withdrawal symptoms and management ( edit ) Chlordiazepoxide 5 mg capsules , which are sometimes used as an alternative to diazepam for benzodiazepine withdrawal . Like diazepam it has a long elimination half - life and long - acting active metabolites . Discontinuation of benzodiazepines or abrupt reduction of the dose , even after a relatively short course of treatment ( three to four weeks ) , may result in two groups of symptoms -- rebound and withdrawal . Rebound symptoms are the return of the symptoms for which the patient was treated but worse than before . Withdrawal symptoms are the new symptoms that occur when the benzodiazepine is stopped . They are the main sign of physical dependence . The most frequent symptoms of withdrawal from benzodiazepines are insomnia , gastric problems , tremors , agitation , fearfulness , and muscle spasms . The less frequent effects are irritability , sweating , depersonalization , derealization , hypersensitivity to stimuli , depression , suicidal behavior , psychosis , seizures , and delirium tremens . Severe symptoms usually occur as a result of abrupt or over-rapid withdrawal . Abrupt withdrawal can be dangerous , therefore a gradual reduction regimen is recommended . Symptoms may also occur during a gradual dosage reduction , but are typically less severe and may persist as part of a protracted withdrawal syndrome for months after cessation of benzodiazepines . Approximately 10 % of patients experience a notable protracted withdrawal syndrome , which can persist for many months or in some cases a year or longer . Protracted symptoms tend to resemble those seen during the first couple of months of withdrawal but usually are of a sub-acute level of severity . Such symptoms do gradually lessen over time , eventually disappearing altogether .",
"16": "Benzodiazepines have a reputation with patients and doctors for causing a severe and traumatic withdrawal ; however , this is in large part due to the withdrawal process being poorly managed . Over-rapid withdrawal from benzodiazepines increases the severity of the withdrawal syndrome and increases the failure rate . A slow and gradual withdrawal customised to the individual and , if indicated , psychological support is the most effective way of managing the withdrawal . Opinion as to the time needed to complete withdrawal ranges from four weeks to several years . A goal of less than six months has been suggested , but due to factors such as dosage and type of benzodiazepine , reasons for prescription , lifestyle , personality , environmental stresses , and amount of available support , a year or more may be needed to withdraw . Withdrawal is best managed by transferring the physically dependent patient to an equivalent dose of diazepam because it has the longest half - life of all of the benzodiazepines , is metabolised into long - acting active metabolites and is available in low - potency tablets , which can be quartered for smaller doses . A further benefit is that it is available in liquid form , which allows for even smaller reductions . Chlordiazepoxide , which also has a long half - life and long - acting active metabolites , can be used as an alternative . Nonbenzodiazepines are contraindicated during benzodiazepine withdrawal as they are cross tolerant with benzodiazepines and can induce dependence . Alcohol is also cross tolerant with benzodiazepines and more toxic and thus caution is needed to avoid replacing one dependence with another . During withdrawal , fluoroquinolone - based antibiotics are best avoided if possible ; they displace benzodiazepines from their binding site and reduce GABA function and , thus , may aggravate withdrawal symptoms . Antipsychotics are not recommended for benzodiazepine withdrawal ( or other CNS depressant withdrawal states ) especially clozapine , olanzapine or low potency phenothiazines e.g. chlorpromazine as they lower the seizure threshold and can worsen withdrawal effects ; if used extreme caution is required . Withdrawal from long term benzodiazepines is beneficial for most individuals .",
"17": "Withdrawal of benzodiazepines from long - term users , in general , leads to improved physical and mental health particularly in the elderly ; although some long term users report continued benefit from taking benzodiazepines , this may be the result of suppression of withdrawal effects . Controversial associations ( edit ) Beyond the well established link between benzodiazepines and psychomotor impairment resulting in motor vehicle accidents and falls leading to fracture ; research in the 2000 's and 2010 's has raised the association between benzodiazepines ( and Z - Drugs ) and other , as of yet unproven , adverse effects including dementia , cancer , infections , pancreatitis and respiratory disease exacerbations . Dementia ( edit ) A number of studies have drawn an association between long - term benzodiazepine use and neuro - degenerative disease , particularly Alzheimer 's disease . However , most of these studies have been retrospective and observational thus limiting the confidence in causal inference . Expert critics of this body of research have consistently speculated that the association may be attributable to protopathic bias or confounding by indication , whereby individuals experiencing early stages of dementia ( or who have been previously diagnosed ) are prescribed benzodiazepines to manage agitation and behavioral disturbance . Further evidence from a large prospective study of long follow - up duration along with neuro - pharmacological research is needed to confirm or refute this association . Infections ( edit ) Some observational studies have detected significant associations between benzodiazepines and respiratory infections such as pneumonia where others have not . A large meta - analysis of pre-marketing randomized controlled trials on the pharmacologically related Z - Drugs suggest a small increase in infection risk as well . An immunodeficiency effect from the action of benzodiazepines on GABA - A receptors has been postulated from animal studies . Cancer ( edit ) A Meta - analysis of observational studies has determined an association between benzodiazepine use and cancer , though the risk across different agents and different cancers varied significantly . Furthermore , most of these studies were unable to control for confounding variables that may have influenced the relationship such as lifestyle exposures ( i.e tobacco , alcohol ) .",
"18": "In terms of experimental basic science evidence , an analysis of carcinogenetic and genotoxicity data for various benzodiazepines has suggested a small possibility of carcinogenesis for a small number of benzodiazepines . A large , properly designed randomized controlled trial with appropriate follow - up in addition to further pharmacologic / toxicologic investigation is needed to confirm these preliminary findings . Pancreatitis ( edit ) The evidence suggesting a link between benzodiazepines ( and Z - Drugs ) and pancreatic inflammation is very sparse and limited to a few observational studies from Taiwan . A criticism of confounding can be applied to these findings as with the other controversial associations above . Further well - designed research from other populations as well as a biologically plausible mechanism is required to confirm this association . Overdose ( edit ) US yearly overdose deaths involving benzodiazepines . Red line represents the number of benzodiazepine deaths that also involved opioids in the US , and the purple line represents benzodiazepine deaths that did not involve opioids . The use of flumazenil is controversial following benzodiazepine overdose . Main article : Benzodiazepine overdose Although benzodiazepines are much safer in overdose than their predecessors , the barbiturates , they can still cause problems in overdose . Taken alone , they rarely cause severe complications in overdose ; statistics in England showed that benzodiazepines were responsible for 3.8 % of all deaths by poisoning from a single drug . However , combining these drugs with alcohol , opiates or tricyclic antidepressants markedly raises the toxicity . The elderly are more sensitive to the side effects of benzodiazepines , and poisoning may even occur from their long - term use . The various benzodiazepines differ in their toxicity ; temazepam appears most toxic in overdose and when used with other drugs . The symptoms of a benzodiazepine overdose may include ; drowsiness , slurred speech , nystagmus , hypotension , ataxia , coma , respiratory depression , and cardiorespiratory arrest . A reversal agent for benzodiazepines exists , flumazenil ( Anexate ) . Its use as an antidote is not routinely recommended because of the high risk of resedation and seizures .",
"19": "In a double - blind , placebo - controlled trial of 326 people , 4 people had serious adverse events and 61 % became resedated following the use of flumazenil . Numerous contraindications to its use exist . It is contraindicated in people with a history of long - term use of benzodiazepines , those having ingested a substance that lowers the seizure threshold or may cause an arrhythmia , and in those with abnormal vital signs . One study found that only 10 % of the people presenting with a benzodiazepine overdose are suitable candidates for treatment with flumazenil . Interactions ( edit ) Individual benzodiazepines may have different interactions with certain drugs . Depending on their metabolism pathway , benzodiazepines can be divided roughly into two groups . The largest group consists of those that are metabolized by cytochrome P450 ( CYP450 ) enzymes and possess significant potential for interactions with other drugs . The other group comprises those that are metabolized through glucuronidation , such as lorazepam , oxazepam , and temazepam , and , in general , have few drug interactions . Many drugs , including oral contraceptives , some antibiotics , antidepressants , and antifungal agents , inhibit cytochrome enzymes in the liver . They reduce the rate of elimination of the benzodiazepines that are metabolized by CYP450 , leading to possibly excessive drug accumulation and increased side - effects . In contrast , drugs that induce cytochrome P450 enzymes , such as St John 's wort , the antibiotic rifampicin , and the anticonvulsants carbamazepine and phenytoin , accelerate elimination of many benzodiazepines and decrease their action . Taking benzodiazepines with alcohol , opioids and other central nervous system depressants potentiates their action . This often results in increased sedation , impaired motor coordination , suppressed breathing , and other adverse effects that have potential to be lethal . Antacids can slow down absorption of some benzodiazepines ; however , this effect is marginal and inconsistent .",
"20": "Pharmacology ( edit ) Mechanism of action ( edit ) Schematic diagram of the ( α1 ) ( β2 ) ( γ2 ) GABA receptor complex that depicts the five - protein subunits that form the receptor , the chloride ( Cl ) ion channel pore at the center , the two GABA active binding sites at the α1 and β2 interfaces and the benzodiazepine ( BZD ) allosteric binding site at the α1 and γ2 interface . Benzodiazepines work by increasing the efficiency of a natural brain chemical , GABA , to decrease the excitability of neurons . This reduces the communication between neurons and , therefore , has a calming effect on many of the functions of the brain . GABA controls the excitability of neurons by binding to the GABA receptor . The GABA receptor is a protein complex located in the synapses of neurons . All GABA receptors contain an ion channel that conducts chloride ions across neuronal cell membranes and two binding sites for the neurotransmitter gamma - aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) , while a subset of GABA receptor complexes also contain a single binding site for benzodiazepines . Binding of benzodiazepines to this receptor complex does not alter binding of GABA . Unlike other positive allosteric modulators that increases ligand binding , benzodiazepine binding acts as a positive allosteric modulator by increasing the total conduction of chloride ions across the neuronal cell membrane when GABA is already bound to its receptor . This increased chloride ion influx hyperpolarizes the neuron 's membrane potential . As a result , the difference between resting potential and threshold potential is increased and firing is less likely . Different GABA receptor subtypes have varying distributions within different regions of the brain and , therefore , control distinct neuronal circuits . Hence , activation of different GABA receptor subtypes by benzodiazepines may result in distinct pharmacological actions . In terms of the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines , their similarities are too great to separate them into individual categories such as anxiolytic or hypnotic . For example , a hypnotic administered in low doses produces anxiety - relieving effects , whereas a benzodiazepine marketed as an anti-anxiety drug at higher doses induces sleep .",
"21": "The subset of GABA receptors that also bind benzodiazepines are referred to as benzodiazepine receptors ( BzR ) . The GABA receptor is a heteromer composed of five subunits , the most common ones being two αs , two βs , and one γ ( α β γ ) . For each subunit , many subtypes exist ( α , β , and γ ) . GABA receptors that are made up of different combinations of subunit subtypes have different properties , different distributions in the brain and different activities relative to pharmacological and clinical effects . Benzodiazepines bind at the interface of the α and γ subunits on the GABA receptor . Binding also requires that alpha subunits contain a histidine amino acid residue , ( i.e. , α , α , α , and α containing GABA receptors ) . For this reason , benzodiazepines show no affinity for GABA receptors containing α and α subunits with an arginine instead of a histidine residue . Once bound to the benzodiazepine receptor , the benzodiazepine ligand locks the benzodiazepine receptor into a conformation in which it has a greater affinity for the GABA neurotransmitter . This increases the frequency of the opening of the associated chloride ion channel and hyperpolarizes the membrane of the associated neuron . The inhibitory effect of the available GABA is potentiated , leading to sedatory and anxiolytic effects . For instance , those ligands with high activity at the α are associated with stronger hypnotic effects , whereas those with higher affinity for GABA receptors containing α and / or α subunits have good anti-anxiety activity . The benzodiazepine class of drugs also interact with peripheral benzodiazepine receptors . Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors are present in peripheral nervous system tissues , glial cells , and to a lesser extent the central nervous system . These peripheral receptors are not structurally related or coupled to GABA receptors . They modulate the immune system and are involved in the body response to injury . Benzodiazepines also function as weak adenosine reuptake inhibitors . It has been suggested that some of their anticonvulsant , anxiolytic , and muscle relaxant effects may be in part mediated by this action .",
"22": "Pharmacokinetics ( edit ) This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) Benzodiazepine Half - life ( range , hours ) Speed of Onset Alprazolam 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 -- 15 Intermediate Flunitrazepam 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 - 26 Intermediate Chlordiazepoxide 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 -- 30 Intermediate Clonazepam 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 -- 60 Slow Diazepam 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 -- 80 Fast Lorazepam 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 -- 20 Intermediate Midazolam 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 - 2.5 Fast Oxazepam 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 -- 10 Slow Prazepam 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 -- 200 Slow A benzodiazepine can be placed into one of three groups by its elimination half - life , or time it takes for the body to eliminate half of the dose . Some benzodiazepines have long - acting active metabolites , such as diazepam and chlordiazepoxide , which are metabolised into desmethyldiazepam . Desmethyldiazepam has a half - life of 36 -- 200 hours , and flurazepam , with the main active metabolite of desalkylflurazepam , with a half - life of 40 -- 250 hours . These long - acting metabolites are partial agonists . Short - acting compounds have a median half - life of 1 -- 12 hours . They have few residual effects if taken before bedtime , rebound insomnia may occur upon discontinuation , and they might cause daytime withdrawal symptoms such as next day rebound anxiety with prolonged usage .",
"23": "Examples are brotizolam , midazolam , and triazolam . Intermediate - acting compounds have a median half - life of 12 -- 40 hours . They may have some residual effects in the first half of the day if used as a hypnotic . Rebound insomnia , however , is more common upon discontinuation of intermediate - acting benzodiazepines than longer - acting benzodiazepines . Examples are alprazolam , estazolam , flunitrazepam , clonazepam , lormetazepam , lorazepam , nitrazepam , and temazepam . Long - acting compounds have a half - life of 40 -- 250 hours . They have a risk of accumulation in the elderly and in individuals with severely impaired liver function , but they have a reduced severity of rebound effects and withdrawal . Examples are diazepam , clorazepate , chlordiazepoxide , and flurazepam . Chemistry ( edit ) Left : The 1 , 4 - benzodiazepine ring system . Right : 5 - phenyl - 1H - benzo ( e ) ( 1 , 4 ) diazepin - 2 ( 3H ) - one forms the skeleton of many of the most common benzodiazepine pharmaceuticals , such as diazepam ( 7 - chloro - 1 - methyl substituted ) . A pharmacophore model of the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA receptor . White sticks represent the carbon atoms of the benzodiazepine diazepam , while green represents carbon atoms of the nonbenzodiazepine CGS - 9896 . Red and blue sticks are oxygen and nitrogen atoms that are present in both structures . The red spheres labeled H1 and H2 / A3 are , respectively , hydrogen bond donating and accepting sites in the receptor , while L1 , L2 , and L3 denote lipophilic binding sites .",
"24": "Benzodiazepines share a similar chemical structure , and their effects in humans are mainly produced by the allosteric modification of a specific kind of neurotransmitter receptor , the GABA receptor , which increases the overall conductance of these inhibitory channels ; this results in the various therapeutic effects as well as adverse effects of benzodiazepines . Other less important mechanisms of action are also known . The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system ( see figure to the right ) , which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems . Under Hantzsch -- Widman nomenclature , a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms , five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds . The `` benzo '' prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring . Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1 , 4 - benzodiazepines , although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties . Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure . The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties . Many of the pharmacologically active `` classical '' benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5 - phenyl - 1H - benzo ( e ) ( 1 , 4 ) diazepin - 2 ( 3H ) - one substructure ( see figure to the right ) . Benzodiazepines have been found to mimic protein reverse turns structurally , which enable them with their biological activity in many cases . Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties . While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines , both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore ( see figure to the lower - right ) , which explains their binding to a common receptor site . Common types ( edit ) 2 - keto compounds : clorazepate , diazepam , flurazepam , halazepam , prazepam , and others .",
"25": "3 - hydroxy compounds : lorazepam , lormetazepam , oxazepam , temazepam 7 - nitro compounds : clonazepam , flunitrazepam , nimetazepam , nitrazepam Triazolo compounds : adinazolam , alprazolam , estazolam , triazolam Imidazo compounds climazolam , loprazolam , midazolam History ( edit ) The molecular structure of chlordiazepoxide , the first benzodiazepine . It was marketed by Hoffmann -- La Roche from 1960 branded as Librium . The first benzodiazepine , chlordiazepoxide ( Librium ) , was synthesized in 1955 by Leo Sternbach while working at Hoffmann -- La Roche on the development of tranquilizers . The pharmacological properties of the compounds prepared initially were disappointing , and Sternbach abandoned the project . Two years later , in April 1957 , co-worker Earl Reeder noticed a `` nicely crystalline '' compound left over from the discontinued project while spring - cleaning in the lab . This compound , later named chlordiazepoxide , had not been tested in 1955 because of Sternbach 's focus on other issues . Expecting pharmacology results to be negative , and hoping to publish the chemistry - related findings , researchers submitted it for a standard battery of animal tests . However , the compound showed very strong sedative , anticonvulsant , and muscle relaxant effects . These impressive clinical findings led to its speedy introduction throughout the world in 1960 under the brand name Librium . Following chlordiazepoxide , diazepam marketed by Hoffmann -- La Roche under the brand name Valium in 1963 , and for a while the two were the most commercially successful drugs . The introduction of benzodiazepines led to a decrease in the prescription of barbiturates , and by the 1970s they had largely replaced the older drugs for sedative and hypnotic uses . The new group of drugs was initially greeted with optimism by the medical profession , but gradually concerns arose ; in particular , the risk of dependence became evident in the 1980s .",
"26": "Benzodiazepines have a unique history in that they were responsible for the largest - ever class - action lawsuit against drug manufacturers in the United Kingdom , involving 14,000 patients and 1,800 law firms that alleged the manufacturers knew of the dependence potential but intentionally withheld this information from doctors . At the same time , 117 general practitioners and 50 health authorities were sued by patients to recover damages for the harmful effects of dependence and withdrawal . This led some doctors to require a signed consent form from their patients and to recommend that all patients be adequately warned of the risks of dependence and withdrawal before starting treatment with benzodiazepines . The court case against the drug manufacturers never reached a verdict ; legal aid had been withdrawn and there were allegations that the consultant psychiatrists , the expert witnesses , had a conflict of interest . This litigation led to changes in the British law , making class action lawsuits more difficult . Although antidepressants with anxiolytic properties have been introduced , and there is increasing awareness of the adverse effects of benzodiazepines , prescriptions for short - term anxiety relief have not significantly dropped . For treatment of insomnia , benzodiazepines are now less popular than nonbenzodiazepines , which include zolpidem , zaleplon and eszopiclone . Nonbenzodiazepines are molecularly distinct , but nonetheless , they work on the same benzodiazepine receptors and produce similar sedative effects . Society and culture ( edit ) Legal status ( edit ) In the United States , benzodiazepines are Schedule IV drugs under the Federal Controlled Substances Act , even when not on the market ( for example , nitrazepam and bromazepam ) . Flunitrazepam is subject to more stringent regulations in certain states and temazepam prescriptions require specially coded pads in certain states . In Canada , possession of benzodiazepines is legal for personal use . All benzodiazepines are categorized as Schedule IV substances under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act . Since 2000 , benzodiazepines have been classed as targeted substances , meaning that additional regulations exist especially affecting pharmacists ' records .",
"27": "Since approximately 2014 , Health Canada , the Canadian Medical Association and provincial Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons have been issuing progressively stricter guidelines for the prescription of benzodiazepines , especially for the elderly ( e.g. College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia ) . Unfortunately , many of these guidelines are not readily available to the public . In the United Kingdom , the benzodiazepines are schedule 4 controlled drugs , except for flunitrazepam , temazepam and midazolam , which are schedule 3 controlled drugs and carry stronger penalties for possession and trafficking . In the Netherlands , since October 1993 , benzodiazepines , including formulations containing less than 20 mg of temazepam , are all placed on List 2 of the Opium Law . A prescription is needed for possession of all benzodiazepines . Temazepam formulations containing 20 mg or greater of the drug are placed on List 1 , thus requiring doctors to write prescriptions in the List 1 format . In East Asia and Southeast Asia , temazepam and nimetazepam are often heavily controlled and restricted . In certain countries , triazolam , flunitrazepam , flutoprazepam and midazolam are also restricted or controlled to certain degrees . In Hong Kong , all benzodiazepines are regulated under Schedule 1 of Hong Kong 's Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance . Previously only brotizolam , flunitrazepam and triazolam were classed as dangerous drugs . Internationally , benzodiazepines are categorized as Schedule IV controlled drugs , apart from flunitrazepam , which is a Schedule III drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances . Recreational use ( edit ) Xanax ( alprazolam ) 2 mg tri-score tablets Main articles : Benzodiazepine drug misuse and Drug - related crime Benzodiazepines are considered major drugs of abuse . Benzodiazepine abuse is mostly limited to individuals who abuse other drugs , i.e. , poly - drug abusers . On the international scene , benzodiazepines are categorized as Schedule IV controlled drugs by the INCB , apart from flunitrazepam , which is a Schedule III drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances .",
"28": "Some variation in drug scheduling exists in individual countries ; for example , in the United Kingdom , midazolam and temazepam are Schedule III controlled drugs . This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) British law requires that temazepam ( but not midazolam ) be stored in safe custody . Safe custody requirements ensures that pharmacists and doctors holding stock of temazepam must store it in securely fixed double - locked steel safety cabinets and maintain a written register , which must be bound and contain separate entries for temazepam and must be written in ink with no use of correction fluid ( although a written register is not required for temazepam in the United Kingdom ) . Disposal of expired stock must be witnessed by a designated inspector ( either a local drug - enforcement police officer or official from health authority ) . Benzodiazepine abuse ranges from occasional binges on large doses , to chronic and compulsive drug abuse of high doses . Benzodiazepines are used recreationally and by problematic drug misusers . Mortality is higher among poly - drug misusers that also use benzodiazepines . Heavy alcohol use also increases mortality among poly - drug users . Dependence and tolerance , often coupled with dosage escalation , to benzodiazepines can develop rapidly among drug misusers ; withdrawal syndrome may appear after as little as three weeks of continuous use . Long - term use has the potential to cause both physical and psychological dependence and severe withdrawal symptoms such as depression , anxiety ( often to the point of panic attacks ) , and agoraphobia . Benzodiazepines and , in particular , temazepam are sometimes used intravenously , which , if done incorrectly or in an unsterile manner , can lead to medical complications including abscesses , cellulitis , thrombophlebitis , arterial puncture , deep vein thrombosis , and gangrene . Sharing syringes and needles for this purpose also brings up the possibility of transmission of hepatitis , HIV , and other diseases . Benzodiazepines are also misused intranasally , which may have additional health consequences .",
"29": "Once benzodiazepine dependence has been established , a clinician usually converts the patient to an equivalent dose of diazepam before beginning a gradual reduction program . A 1999 -- 2005 Australian police survey of detainees reported preliminary findings that self - reported users of benzodiazepines were less likely than non-user detainees to work full - time and more likely to receive government benefits , use methamphetamine or heroin , and be arrested or imprisoned . Benzodiazepines are sometimes used for criminal purposes ; they serve to incapacitate a victim in cases of drug assisted rape or robbery . Overall , anecdotal evidence suggests that temazepam may be the most psychologically habit - forming ( addictive ) benzodiazepine . Temazepam abuse reached epidemic proportions in some parts of the world , in particular , in Europe and Australia , and is a major drug of abuse in many Southeast Asian countries . This led authorities of various countries to place temazepam under a more restrictive legal status . Some countries , such as Sweden , banned the drug outright . Temazepam also has certain pharmacokinetic properties of absorption , distribution , elimination , and clearance that make it more apt to abuse compared to many other benzodiazepines . Veterinary use ( edit ) Benzodiazepines are used in veterinary practice in the treatment of various disorders and conditions . As in humans , they are used in the first - line management of seizures , status epilepticus , and tetanus , and as maintenance therapy in epilepsy ( in particular , in cats ) . They are widely used in small and large animals ( including horses , swine , cattle and exotic and wild animals ) for their anxiolytic and sedative effects , as pre-medication before surgery , for induction of anesthesia and as adjuncts to anesthesia . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Shorter E ( 2005 ) . `` Benzodiazepines '' . A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry . Oxford University Press . pp. 41 -- 2 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517668 - 5 . Jump up ^ Treating Alcohol and Drug Problems in Psychotherapy Practice Doing What Works . New York : Guilford Publications . 2011 . p. 47 . ISBN 9781462504381 .",
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"63": "College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Zlomislic , Diana . `` Star obtains list of red - flagged drugs '' . thestar.com . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Doctors and health experts alarmed that Health Canada wo n't make public its reviews of drug investigations in 2013 . Jump up ^ Blackpool NHS Primary Care Trust ( 1 May 2008 ) . `` Medicines Management Update '' ( PDF ) . United Kingdom National Health Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 December 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` List of Drugs Currently Controlled Under The Misuse of Drugs Legislation '' ( PDF ) . Misuse of Drugs Act UK . British Government . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Opium Law '' ( PDF ) . Dutch Government . 29 November 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 20 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Hong Kong Government . `` DANGEROUS DRUGS ORDINANCE -- SCHEDULE 1 '' . Hong Kong Ordinances . Hong Kong : hklii.org . Jump up ^ Lee KK , Chan TY , Chan AW , Lau GS , Critchley JA ( 1995 ) . `` Use and abuse of benzodiazepines in Hong Kong 1990 - 1993 -- the impact of regulatory changes '' . Journal of Toxicology : Clinical Toxicology. 33 ( 6 ) : 597 -- 602 . doi : 10.3109 / 15563659509010615 . PMID 8523479 . Jump up ^ International Narcotics Control Board ( August 2003 ) . `` List of psychotropic substances under international control '' ( PDF ) . incb.org . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2005 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 .",
"64": "Jump up ^ International Narcotics Control Board ( 2003 ) . `` List of psychotropic substances under international control '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Home Office ( 2005 ) . Explanatory memorandum to the misuse of drugs and the misuse of drugs Archived December 16 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( supply to addicts ) ( amendment ) regulations 2005. No. 2864 . Accessed 20 -- 10 -- 03 Jump up ^ `` List of drugs currently controlled under the misuse of drugs legislation '' ( PDF ) . UK Government Home Office . 2010 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Karch SB ( 20 December 2006 ) . Drug Abuse Handbook ( 2nd ed . ) . United States of America : CRC Press . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 1690 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gerada C , Ashworth M ( 1997 ) . `` ABC of mental health . Addiction and dependence -- I : Illicit drugs '' . BMJ. 315 ( 7103 ) : 297 -- 300 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 315.7103. 297 . PMC 2127199 . PMID 9274553 . Jump up ^ Loxley W ( 2007 ) . `` Benzodiazepine use and harms among police detainees in Australia '' ( PDF ) . Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice . Canberra , A.C.T. : Australian Institute of Criminology ( 336 ) . ISSN 0817 - 8542 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kintz P ( 2007 ) . `` Bioanalytical procedures for detection of chemical agents in hair in the case of drug - facilitated crimes '' . Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry . 388 ( 7 ) : 1467 -- 74 .",
"65": "doi : 10.1007 / s00216 - 007 - 1209 - z . PMID 17340077 . Jump up ^ `` Benzodiazepine abuse '' . Benzo.org.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Farré M , Camí J ( December 1991 ) . `` Pharmacokinetic considerations in abuse liability evaluation '' . British Journal of Addiction. 86 ( 12 ) : 1601 -- 6 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1360 - 0443.1991. tb01754. x . PMID 1786493 . Jump up ^ Busto U , Sellers EM ( 1986 ) . `` Pharmacokinetic determinants of drug abuse and dependence . A conceptual perspective '' . Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 11 ( 2 ) : 144 -- 153 . doi : 10.2165 / 00003088 - 198611020 - 00004 . PMID 3514044 . ^ Jump up to : Kahn CM , Line S , Aiello SE , eds. ( 2005 ) . The Merck Veterinary Manual ( 9th ed . ) . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 911910 - 50 - 6 . Jump up ^ Frey HH ( 1989 ) . `` Anticonvulsant drugs used in the treatment of epilepsy '' . Problems in Veterinary Medicine . 1 ( 4 ) : 558 -- 77 . PMID 2520134 . Jump up ^ Podell M ( 1996 ) . `` Seizures in dogs '' . Veterinary Clinics of North America : Small Animal Practice. 26 ( 4 ) : 779 -- 809 . PMID 8813750 . Jump up ^ Gross ME ( 2001 ) . `` Tranquilizers , α - adrenergic agonists , and related agents '' . In Adams RH . Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics ( 8th ed . ) . Iowa State University Press . pp. 325 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 8138 - 1743 - 9 .",
"66": "External links ( edit ) National Institute on Drug Abuse : `` NIDA for Teens : Prescription Depressant Medications ''. * Ashton CH ( 2002 ) . Benzodiazepines : how they work & how to withdraw ( aka The Ashton Manual ) . The Ashton Manual . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . Ashton CH ( 2007 ) . `` Benzodiazepine equivalence table '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . Fruchtengarten L ( April 1998 ) . Ruse M , ed . `` Benzodiazepines '' . Poisons Information Monograph ( Group monograph ) G008 . IPCS INCHEM . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . Longo LP , Johnson B ( April 2000 ) . `` Addiction : Part I. Benzodiazepines -- side effects , abuse risk and alternatives '' . American Family Physician. 61 ( 7 ) : 2121 -- 8 . PMID 10779253 . `` The complete story of the benzodiazepines '' . The Eaton T. Fores Research Center . 2005 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . `` Benzodiazepines '' . Drugs.com . Benzodiazepines -- information from mental health charity The Royal College of Psychiatrists `` Benzodiazepines '' . RxList . `` benzodiazepines - oral '' at medicinenet.com pharmacy portal Benzodiazepines 1 ,",
"67": "4 - Benzodiazepines 2 - Oxoquazepam 3 - Hydroxyphenazepam Bromazepam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clonazepam Cloniprazepam Clorazepate Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Desmethylflunitrazepam Devazepide * Diazepam Diclazepam Doxefazepam Elfazepam Ethyl carfluzepate Ethyl dirazepate Ethyl loflazepate Flubromazepam Fletazepam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flurazepam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Iclazepam Irazepine Kenazepine Ketazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Lufuradom * Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Motrazepam N - Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Proflazepam Quazepam QH - II - 66 Reclazepam RO4491533 * Ro5 - 4864 * Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tifluadom * Tolufazepam Triflunordazepam Tuclazepam Uldazepam 1 , 5 - Benzodiazepines Arfendazam Clobazam CP - 1414S Lofendazam Triflubazam 2 ,",
"68": "3 - Benzodiazepines * Girisopam GYKI - 52466 GYKI - 52895 Nerisopam Talampanel Tofisopam Triazolobenzodiazepines Adinazolam Alprazolam Clonazolam Estazolam Flubromazolam Flunitrazolam Nitrazolam Pyrazolam Triazolam Imidazobenzodiazepines Bretazenil Climazolam EVT - 201 FG - 8205 Flumazenil Imidazenil I - Iomazenil L - 655,708 Loprazolam Midazolam PWZ - 029 Remimazolam Ro15 - 4513 Ro48 - 6791 Ro48 - 8684 Ro4938581 Sarmazenil SH - 053 - R - CH3 - 2 ′ F Oxazolobenzodiazepines Cloxazolam Flutazolam Haloxazolam Mexazolam Oxazolam Thienodiazepines Bentazepam Clotiazepam Thienotriazolodiazepines Brotizolam Ciclotizolam Deschloroetizolam Etizolam Israpafant * JQ1 * Metizolam Thienobenzodiazepines * Olanzapine Telenzepine Pyridodiazepines Lopirazepam Pyridotriazolodiazepines Zapizolam Pyrazolodiazepines Razobazam * Ripazepam Zolazepam Zomebazam",
"69": "Zometapine * Pyrrolodiazepines Premazepam Tetrahydroisoquinobenzodiazepines Clazolam Pyrrolobenzodiazepines * Anthramycin Benzodiazepine prodrugs Avizafone Rilmazafone * atypical activity profile ( not GABA receptor ligands ) Treatment of drug dependence ( N07B ) Nicotine dependence Bupropion Cytisine Lobeline Mecamylamine Varenicline AA ( Clonidine ) Alcohol dependence AD inhibitor ( Disulfiram Calcium carbimide Hydrogen cyanamide ) Acamprosate Opioid antagonists ( Naltrexone Nalmefene ) Topiramate AA ( Clonidine ) Baclofen Metadoxine Phenibut Opioid dependence AA ( Clonidine Lofexidine ) Ibogaine Opioids Buprenorphine ( + naloxone ) Levacetylmethadol Methadone Dihydrocodeine Dihydroetorphine Hydromorphone ( extended - release ) Morphine ( extended - release ) Opioid antagonists ( Naltrexone Nalmefene ) Benzodiazepine dependence AA ( Clonidine ) Benzodiazepines ( Diazepam Lorazepam Chlordiazepoxide Oxazepam ) Barbiturates ( Phenobarbital ) Research Salvia divinorum Anticonvulsants ( N03 ) GABAergics",
"70": "GABA R PAMs Barbiturates : Barbexaclone Metharbital Methylphenobarbital Pentobarbital Phenobarbital Primidone ; Carbamates : Felbamate ; Benzodiazepines : Clobazam Clonazepam Clorazepate Diazepam Lorazepam Midazolam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Temazepam ; Others : Bromide ( potassium bromide , sodium bromide ) Imepitoin Paraldehyde Stiripentol GABA - T inhibitors Fatty acids ( and related ) : Valproate Valpromide Valproate pivoxil Vigabatrin Others GABAR agonists : Progabide ; GAT - 1 inhibitors : Tiagabine Channel modulators Sodium blockers Hydantoins : Ethotoin Fosphenytoin Mephenytoin Phenytoin ; Ureides : Acetylpheneturide Chlorphenacemide Phenacemide Pheneturide ; Fatty acids : Valproate Valpromide Valproate pivoxil ; Carboxamides : Carbamazepine Eslicarbazepine acetate Oxcarbazepine ; Others : Lacosamide Lamotrigine Rufinamide Topiramate Zonisamide Calcium blockers Oxazolidinediones : Ethadione Paramethadione Trimethadione ; Succinimides : Ethosuximide Mesuximide Phensuximide ; Gabapentinoids : Gabapentin Pregabalin ;",
"71": "Others : Imepitoin Lamotrigine Topiramate Zonisamide Potassium openers Retigabine Others CA inhibitors Sulfonamides : Acetazolamide Ethoxzolamide Sultiame Topiramate Zonisamide Others Albutoin Beclamide Brivaracetam Etiracetam Levetiracetam Perampanel WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Anxiolytics ( N05B ) 5 - HT R agonists Buspirone Gepirone Tandospirone GABA R PAMs Benzodiazepines : Adinazolam Alprazolam Bromazepam Camazepam Chlordiazepoxide Clobazam Clonazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam Diazepam Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam Fludiazepam Halazepam Ketazolam Lorazepam Medazepam Nordazepam Oxazepam Pinazepam Prazepam ; Others : Alpidem Barbiturates ( e.g. , phenobarbital ) Carbamates ( e.g. , meprobamate ) Chlormezanone Ethanol ( alcohol ) Etifoxine Imepitoin ; Herbs : Kava Skullcap Valerian Gabapentinoids ( α δ VDCC blockers ) Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Phenibut Pregabalin Antidepressants SSRIs ( e.g. , escitalopram ) SNRIs ( e.g. , duloxetine ) SARIs ( e.g. , trazodone ) TCAs ( e.g. , clomipramine ) TeCAs ( e.g. , mirtazapine ) MAOIs ( e.g.",
"72": ", phenelzine ) ; Others : Agomelatine Bupropion Tianeptine Vilazodone Vortioxetine Sympatholytics ( Antiadrenergics ) Alpha - 1 blockers ( e.g. , prazosin ) Alpha - 2 agonists ( e.g. , clonidine , dexmedetomidine , guanfacine ) Beta blockers ( e.g. propranolol ) Others Benzoctamine Cannabidiol Cycloserine Fabomotizole Hydroxyzine Kanna Lavender Lorpiprazole Mebicar Mepiprazole Nicotine Opipramol Oxaflozane Phenaglycodol Phenibut Picamilon Selank Tiagabine Tofisopam Validolum WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Hypnotics / sedatives ( N05C ) GABA Alcohols 2M2B Chloralodol Ethanol ( alcohol ) Ethchlorvynol Methylpentynol Trichloroethanol Barbiturates Allobarbital Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbital Butabarbital Butobarbital Cyclobarbital Ethallobarbital Heptabarb Hexobarbital Mephobarbital Methohexital Narcobarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Propylbarbital Proxibarbal Reposal Secobarbital Talbutal Thiamylal Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital",
"73": "Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines Brotizolam Cinolazepam Climazolam Doxefazepam Estazolam Flunitrazepam Flurazepam Flutoprazepam Lorazepam Loprazolam Lormetazepam Midazolam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Phenazepam Quazepam Temazepam Triazolam Carbamates Carisoprodol Emylcamate Ethinamate Hexapropymate Meprobamate Methocarbamol Phenprobamate Procymate Tybamate Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal ( apronalide ) Bromisoval Capuride Carbromal Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone Alphadolone Alphaxolone Eltanolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone Progesterone Nonbenzodiazepines Eszopiclone Indiplon Lirequinil Necopidem Pazinaclone Saripidem Suproclone Suriclone Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone Phenols Propofol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Pyrithyldione Piperidione Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone",
"74": "Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone Others Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Bromide compounds Lithium bromide Potassium bromide Sodium bromide Centalun Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloralose Clomethiazole Dichloralphenazone Gaboxadol Kavalactones Loreclezole Paraldehyde Petrichloral Sulfonylalkanes Sulfonmethane ( sulfonal ) Tetronal Trional Triclofos Sesquiterpene Isovaleramide Isovaleric acid Valerenic acid GABA 1 , 4 - Butanediol 4 - Fluorophenibut Aceburic acid Baclofen GABOB GHB ( sodium oxybate ) GBL GVL Phenibut Tolibut Antihistamines Captodiame Cyproheptadine Diphenhydramine Doxylamine Hydroxyzine Methapyrilene Perlapine Pheniramine Promethazine Propiomazine Antidepressants Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors Etoperidone Nefazodone Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine , etc . Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine , etc . Antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine , etc . Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone , etc .",
"75": "α - Adrenergic Clonidine Detomidine Dexmedetomidine Lofexidine Medetomidine Romifidine Tizanidine Xylazine 5 - HT Antidepressants Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine , etc . Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine , etc . Antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine , etc . Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone , etc . Others Niaprazine Melatonin Agomelatine Melatonin Ramelteon Tasimelteon Orexin Almorexant Filorexant Suvorexant α δ VDCC Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Mirogabalin Phenibut Pregabalin Others Cannabidiol Cannabis Chlorophenylalkyldiols Fenpentadiol Metaglycodol Phenaglycodol Diethylpropanediol Evoxine Fenadiazole Guaifenesin - related muscle relaxants Chlorphenesin Mephenesin Mephenoxalone Metaxalone Methocarbamol Opioids ( e.g.",
"76": ", morphine ) Passion flower Scopolamine Trazodone UMB68 Valnoctamide Insomnia pharmacotherapies GABA R PAMs Benzodiazepines : Brotizolam Cinolazepam Climazolam Clorazepate Doxefazepam Estazolam Etizolam Flunitrazepam Flurazepam Flutoprazepam Haloxazolam Loprazolam Lormetazepam Midazolam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Quazepam Temazepam Triazolam ; Nonbenzodiazepines / Z - drugs : Eszopiclone Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone ; Others : Alcohols ( e.g. , ethchlorvynol , amylene hydrate , ethanol ) Barbiturates ( e.g. , amobarbital , pentobarbital , phenobarbital , secobarbital ) Bromides ( e.g. , potassium bromide , sodium bromide ) Carbamates ( e.g. , meprobamate ) Chloral hydrate Clomethiazole Kava Paraldehyde Piperidinediones ( e.g. , glutethimide ) Quinazolinones ( e.g. , methaqualone ) Sulfonmethane Valerian Antihistamines ( H R inverse agonists ) Alimemazine Captodiame Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Doxylamine Etodroxizine Hydroxyzine Meclizine Methapyrilene Pheniramine Phenyltoloxamine Pimethixene Promethazine Propiomazine Pyrilamine TCAs ( e.g. , amitriptyline , doxepin , trimipramine ) TeCAs ( e.g.",
"77": ", mirtazapine ) Triprolidine OXR antagonists Almorexant Filorexant Lemborexant Suvorexant MTR agonists Agomelatine Melatonin Ramelteon Tasimelteon Miscellaneous Antipsychotics ( e.g. , quetiapine , olanzapine , chlorpromazine ) Ashwagandha Benzoctamine Cannabinoids ( e.g. , cannabis , dronabinol ( THC ) , nabilone ) Chamomile Fenadiazole Gabapentinoids ( e.g. , gabapentin , pregabalin , phenibut ) Hops Lavender Menthyl isovalerate Niaprazine Opioids ( e.g. , hydrocodone , oxycodone , morphine ) Passion flower Scopolamine Serotonin precursors ( tryptophan , 5 - HTP ) Sodium oxybate ( GHB ) Sympatholytics ( e.g. , clonidine , guanfacine ) TCAs ( e.g. , amitriptyline , doxepin , trimipramine ) TeCAs ( e.g. mirtazapine ) Theanine Trazodone Valnoctamide GABA receptor positive modulators Alcohols Brometone Butanol Chloralodol Chlorobutanol ( cloretone ) Ethanol ( alcohol ) ( alcoholic drink ) Ethchlorvynol Isobutanol Isopropanol Menthol Methanol Methylpentynol Pentanol Petrichloral Propanol tert - Butanol ( 2M2P ) tert - Pentanol ( 2M2B ) Tribromoethanol Trichloroethanol Triclofos Trifluoroethanol Barbiturates ( - ) - DMBB",
"78": "Allobarbital Alphenal Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbexaclone Barbital Benzobarbital Benzylbutylbarbiturate Brallobarbital Brophebarbital Butabarbital / Secbutabarbital Butalbital Buthalital Butobarbital Butallylonal Carbubarb Crotylbarbital Cyclobarbital Cyclopentobarbital Difebarbamate Enallylpropymal Ethallobarbital Eterobarb Febarbamate Heptabarb Heptobarbital Hexethal Hexobarbital Metharbital Methitural Methohexital Methylphenobarbital Narcobarbital Nealbarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Phetharbital Primidone Probarbital Propallylonal Propylbarbital Proxibarbital Reposal Secobarbital Sigmodal Spirobarbital Talbutal Tetrabamate Tetrabarbital Thialbarbital Thiamylal Thiobarbital Thiobutabarbital Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Valofane Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines 2 - Oxoquazepam 3 - Hydroxyphenazepam Adinazolam Alprazolam Arfendazam Avizafone Bentazepam Bretazenil Bromazepam Brotizolam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Ciclotizolam Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clazolam Climazolam",
"79": "Clobazam Clonazepam Clonazolam Cloniprazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam CP - 1414S Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Diazepam Diclazepam Doxefazepam Elfazepam Estazolam Ethyl carfluzepate Ethyl dirazepate Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam EVT - 201 FG - 8205 Fletazepam Flubromazepam Flubromazolam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flunitrazolam Flurazepam Flutazolam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Haloxazolam Iclazepam Imidazenil Irazepine Ketazolam Lofendazam Lopirazepam Loprazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Mexazolam Midazolam Motrazepam N - Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nitrazolam Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Oxazolam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Premazepam Proflazepam Pyrazolam QH - II - 66 Quazepam Reclazepam Remimazolam Rilmazafone Ripazepam Ro48 - 6791 Ro48 - 8684 SH - 053 - R - CH3 -",
"80": "2 ′ F Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tolufazepam Triazolam Triflubazam Triflunordazepam ( Ro5 - 2904 ) Tuclazepam Uldazepam Zapizolam Zolazepam Zomebazam Carbamates Carisbamate Carisoprodol Clocental Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Emylcamate Ethinamate Febarbamate Felbamate Hexapropymate Lorbamate Mebutamate Meprobamate Nisobamate Pentabamate Phenprobamate Procymate Styramate Tetrabamate Tybamate Flavonoids 6 - Methylapigenin Ampelopsin ( dihydromyricetin ) Apigenin Baicalein Baicalin Catechin EGC EGCG Hispidulin Linarin Luteolin Rc - OMe Skullcap constituents ( e.g. baicalin ) Wogonin Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Kava constituents 10 - Methoxyyangonin 11 - Methoxyyangonin 11 - Hydroxyyangonin Desmethoxyyangonin 11 - Methoxy - 12 - hydroxydehydrokavain 7 , 8 - Dihydroyangonin Kavain 5 - Hydroxykavain 5 , 6 - Dihydroyangonin 7 , 8 - Dihydrokavain 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - Tetrahydroyangonin 5 , 6 - Dehydromethysticin Methysticin 7 ,",
"81": "8 - Dihydromethysticin Yangonin Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal ( apronalide ) Bromisoval Carbromal Capuride Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone ( brexanolone ) Alfadolone Alfaxalone 3α - Androstanediol Androstenol Androsterone Certain anabolic - androgenic steroids Cholesterol DHDOC 3α - DHP 5α - DHP 5β - DHP DHT Etiocholanolone Ganaxolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone ORG - 20599 ORG - 21465 P1 - 185 Pregnanolone ( eltanolone ) Progesterone Renanolone SAGE - 105 SAGE - 217 SAGE - 324 SAGE - 516 SAGE - 689 SAGE - 872 Testosterone THDOC Nonbenzodiazepines β - Carbolines : Abecarnil Gedocarnil Harmane SL - 651,498 ZK - 93423 Cyclopyrrolones : Eszopiclone Pagoclone Pazinaclone Suproclone Suriclone Zopiclone Imidazopyridines : Alpidem DS - 1 Necopidem Saripidem Zolpidem Pyrazolopyrimidines : Divaplon Fasiplon Indiplon Lorediplon Ocinaplon Panadiplon Taniplon Zaleplon Others : Adipiplon CGS - 8216 CGS - 9896 CGS - 13767 CGS - 20625 CL - 218,872 CP - 615,003 CTP - 354 ELB - 139 GBLD - 345 Imepitoin JM - 1232 L - 838,",
"82": "417 Lirequinil ( Ro41 - 3696 ) NS - 2664 NS - 2710 NS - 11394 Pipequaline ROD - 188 RWJ - 51204 SB - 205,384 SX - 3228 TGSC01AA TP - 003 TPA - 023 TP - 13 U-89843A U-90042 Viqualine Y - 23684 Phenols Fospropofol Propofol Thymol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione Pyrazolopyridines Cartazolate Etazolate ICI - 190,622 Tracazolate Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL - 164 Volatiles / gases Acetone Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Aliflurane Benzene Butane Butylene Centalun Chloral Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloroform Cryofluorane Desflurane Dichloralphenazone Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethyl chloride Ethylene Fluroxene Gasoline Halopropane Halothane Isoflurane Kerosine Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Norflurane Paraldehyde Propane Propylene Roflurane Sevoflurane Synthane Teflurane Toluene Trichloroethane ( methyl chloroform ) Trichloroethylene Vinyl ether Others / unsorted 3 - Hydroxybutanal α - EMTBL AA - 29504 Avermectins ( e.g.",
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"84": "php?title=Benzodiazepine&oldid=818984051 '' Categories : Benzodiazepines Chemical classes of psychoactive drugs GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators Glycine receptor antagonists Sedatives Hypnotics Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with inconsistent citation formats Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Articles needing additional medical references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional medical references from August 2016 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 18 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-1991117775599650072
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who sang i'm giving up on you
|
[
"A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera"
] |
{
"0": "Say Something - wikipedia Say Something Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Say Something ( disambiguation ) . `` Say Something '' Single by A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera from the album Is There Anybody Out There ? Released September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) Format CD digital download Recorded 2013 Genre Indie pop Length 3 : 49 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Ian Axel Chad King Mike Campbell Producer ( s ) Dan Romer A Great Big World singles chronology `` This Is the New Year '' ( 2013 ) `` Say Something '' ( 2013 ) `` Already Home '' ( 2014 ) `` This Is the New Year '' ( 2013 ) `` Say Something '' ( 2013 ) `` Already Home '' ( 2014 ) Christina Aguilera singles chronology `` Hoy Tengo Ganas Ti '' ( 2013 ) Hoy Tengo Ganas Ti 2013 `` Say Something '' ( 2013 ) Say Something2013 `` We Remain '' ( 2013 ) We Remain 2013 `` Say Something '' is a song by American indie pop duo A Great Big World from their debut album , Is There Anybody Out There ? ( 2013 ) . Written by the duo members -- Ian Axel and Chad King -- alongside Mike Campbell , the song was originally recorded by Axel for his solo album This Is the New Year ( 2011 ) . It was later released as a single by the duo on September 3 , 2013 , by Epic Records . Following its usage on American reality TV show So You Think You Can Dance , the track gained attention from singer Christina Aguilera , who wanted to collaborate with A Great Big World on the song . Quickly afterwards , a re-recorded version of `` Say Something '' with Aguilera was released on November 4 , 2013 . `` Say Something '' is a slow - tempo indie pop piano ballad which talks about a breakup , where the lover is implored to make a statement that could potentially cause the singer to change their mind , with the singers expressing humility , sadness and regret .",
"1": "In the single version with Aguilera , she plays a ghost of the lover to whom the song is addressed as she traces the steps of the lead vocal . The song was praised by music critics for its powerful lyrics , the emotional composition and Aguilera 's vocal delivery . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards , the song earned A Great Big World and Aguilera a Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo / Group Performance . `` Say Something '' did not sell significantly well until the version with Aguilera was available . It debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart after A Great Big World and Aguilera performed the song on The Voice . It eventually peaked at number four and has since sold over four million copies in the United States . It also topped the singles charts in Australia , Belgium , and Canada . A music video was released on November 19 , 2013 , featuring the trio singing as people `` act out the heartbreaking lyrics . '' To further promote `` Say Something '' , A Great Big World and Aguilera performed the track at the American Music Awards of 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical response 4 Chart performance 4.1 United States 4.2 Australia and Europe 5 Music video 5.1 Reception 6 Live performances 7 Cover versions 8 In other media 9 Track listing and formats 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 11 Certifications 12 Release history 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background and release ( edit ) `` Say Something '' was originally released on February 8 , 2011 on band member Ian Axel 's solo album This Is the New Year with the song featuring harmonies by guest vocalist Jenny Owen Youngs , but the track went largely unnoticed until it received attention after being used on the TV series So You Think You Can Dance on season 10 's semi final episode contemporary dance routine by the eventual champion Amy Yakima . This sparked a chain reaction that eventually made its way to Christina Aguilera . `` ' Say Something ' was danced to on So You Think You Can Dance almost two months ago , and so many people responded to it , '' Axel tells Billboard .",
"2": "`` In that whole process , someone on our team played it for someone on Christina 's team , and we got a call that Christina wanted to record it , and then , literally a week later , we were in L.A. recording it with her . '' The pair considers Aguilera as having `` one of the top voices in the world , '' says Chad King , and re-recorded `` Say Something '' with her in two hours . `` We look at Christina as this icon who can say anything and make it sound amazing . '' says King . About approaching to the duo to re-record the track , Aguilera said , `` Somebody sent me the song ( ... ) and it 's just the most simplest song that does n't have to fit a formula to be heard and to be appreciated , so I just heard it and I 've never done anything like this before and I was just like , ' You know ' , I just started to hear a harmony part over it and I was like , ' get in touch with these guys and see if they wan na get in the studio and sit behind the piano and just vibe together and see what happens ... ' and we did , and they 're so humble , so sweet , so down to earth , and I 'm all about that and supporting that , and we came together so organically and it was fun . '' Aguilera also added , `` It 's so quiet and still and steady and in a way pleading , '' she describes the song . `` I 'm only taking on projects that feel good to me and represent , as always , a purpose of the here and now in my life . '' Composition and lyrics ( edit ) `` Say Something '' A 23 second sample of `` Say Something '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Say Something '' was written by Ian Axel , Chad King , and Mike Campbell while production was handled by Dan Romer . Sonically , the indie pop , piano ballad is underlined by a piano and string arrangement , which was performed by Los Angeles string players Mark Robertson , Andrew Duckles , and Vanessa Freebairn - Smith . The lyrics evoke the emotion felt when choosing to leave a failed relationship even though love still remains , imploring the lover to make a statement that could potentially convince the singer to salvage the relationship instead .",
"3": "For Bill Lamb of About.com , the chorus `` Say something , I 'm giving up on you '' , `` is brilliant . '' Lamb also explained the song , writing that , `` instead of being filled with anger and desperation , it is a song expressing a powerful combination of humility , sadness and regret . '' The song was written at a time when both members were experiencing individual heartbreak . `` Writing the song was part of the healing process , '' says Axel . `` Whenever we perform it , it 's like revisiting the scar . It 's always a part of me , and I can always go there and feel it . '' Lewis Corner of Digital Spy noted that with its `` stripped - down melody and emotive lyrics '' , the song becomes the antithesis of the club - thumping blow - outs radio currently prefers . '' Critical response ( edit ) The personal lyrics , written by the band members ( pictured ) , were highly praised by critics . `` Say Something '' received universal acclaim from music critics , with significant acclaim going towards the emotional tone . Rick Florino of Artist Direct gave the song 5 out of 5 stars , calling it `` Oscar - worthy '' , with `` a cinematic heft to the track that makes it utterly vivid and vibrant . '' Florino also praised Aguilera 's performance , calling it `` one of her best ever , fortifying the hook and harmony masterfully . '' Lewis Corner of Digital Spy praised Aguilera for `` reminding us why she always sounds infinitely better when heading up a ballad '' , calling it `` a beautifully simplistic ode to heartache that evidently connects . '' Robert Copsey also of Digital Spy called it `` one of ( Aguilera 's ) most understated outings in recent memory , and it 's all the better for it . '' Jon O'Brien of Yahoo ! Music noted that the song features Aguilera 's `` most restrained and indeed impressive vocal in years '' , calling the song `` as emotive as it is theatrical . '' Melinda Newman of HitFix praised Aguilera for `` show ( ing ) admirable restraint vocally , beautifully pairing with Axel 's vocals . ''",
"4": "Sam Lansky of Idolator wrote that the song `` was already pretty heartrending , but Aguilera 's vocals provide some lovely support and additional pathos ; it 's a relief to hear that she enriches , rather than overwhelms , the track . '' Bradley Stern of MuuMuse praised the `` slow , sad piano melody '' , the `` mournful strings , '' calling it `` a haunting production -- made even better by the Stripped diva , proving once again that less is often more . '' Stern also praised Aguilera for showing a simple side of her voice , writing that she `` does n't even have her own verse or chorus -- she resigns to delivering subtle , yet effective , backing vocals for the entirety of the re-recording . It 's only in the song 's final few moments that she allows that powerhouse pipes to blow in the background . And those whispers at the very end ? ' Say something , I 'm giving up on you ... ' Gulp . '' Chart performance ( edit ) United States ( edit ) `` We still ca n't even believe that this happened . We can hardly put it into words . Not only did we get to perform on The Voice , but we were honored to do so alongside one of the best voices in the world , ' Christina Aguilera ' . We 're grateful to all of our fans around the globe who have connected with the song so closely . '' -- The duo impressed with the success of the song . The original version of the song had sold only 52,000 downloads before the version with Christina Aguilera was released , according to Nielsen SoundScan . `` Say Something '' debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , following the impact of the performance on The Voice , as the song started at number - one on Digital Songs with 189,000 sold , with the remix featuring Aguilera accounting for 86 % of the song 's overall download sales in the chart 's tracking week . The song was also a success on the Canadian Hot 100 , debuting at number 9 and peaking at number one . After the performance on the AMAs , the song jumped to number 3 on the Digital Songs chart , with 197,000 copies .",
"5": "It also jumped from number 18 to number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming A Great Big World 's first top - ten single and Aguilera 's 11th top 10 and second in 2013 ( with the other being `` Feel This Moment '' at number eight ) , becoming the second time she achieved multiple top 10s in a single year , with the first being in 2000 , when ' What a Girl Wants ' ( number - one for two weeks ) , ' I Turn To You ' ( number three ) and ' Come On Over Baby ( All I Want Is You ) ' ( number - one for four weeks ) , all from her self - titled debut album , reached the top tier . The song is also Aguilera 's first top 10 with lead billing since October 2008 , when her single `` Keeps Gettin ' Better '' debuted at its number seven peak . `` Say Something '' also became Epic 's first top - ten hit since 2008 with You Found Me by The Fray . `` Say Something '' peaked at number 4 on the chart in the sixth week of release , with 39 million radio plays and sales of 233,000 copies for the week . The following week , the song sold 355,000 downloads and climbed to number 14 on Radio Songs , although it fell to number five . In February 2014 , the song reached the Radio Songs top 10 , becoming the band 's first top 10 and Aguilera 's ninth , marking her first Radio Songs top 10 in a lead role since `` Beautiful '' in 2003 . The song reached its 3 million sales mark in February 2014 , and was certified triple platinum on March 5 , 2014 . In June of the same year , the single was certified 4x Platinum . As of December 2014 , the song had sold about 4 million copies in the US . In May 2017 the single was certified 6 × platinum in the United States for sales in excess of 6 million units . Australia and Europe ( edit ) In Australia , `` Say Something '' debuted at number 47 on the week of December 29 , 2013 . Later , it re-entered at number 45 , on January 19 , 2014 .",
"6": "The song went to jump from number 50 to number 9 , on the week of February 2 , 2014 , until it reached the top of the ARIA Charts on the week February 16 , 2014 . It became A Great Big World 's first number - one single and Aguilera 's third number - one single ( the last being `` Beautiful '' in 2003 ) . The song became Aguilera 's 18th Top 10 single in Australia , her last entry was on the Pitbull song `` Feel This Moment '' which made it to number six in March 2013 . In New Zealand , the single debuted at number 18 , on December 16 , 2013 , while on February 10 , 2014 , the song reached a peak of number two ; Aguilera 's highest charting - single since her collaboration with Maroon 5 in `` Moves Like Jagger '' ( 2011 ) , and her 14th top - five single . In Europe , the song managed to become a huge success . In Austria , the song peaked at number four on the Austrian Singles Chart , while in Norway , the song peaked at number eight on the Norwegian Singles Chart and in Sweden , `` Say Something '' became a success , peaking at number four on the Swedish Singles Chart . In other countries , `` Say Something '' was a moderate success , where in Spain , it peaked at number 24 , in Switzerland , the song reached a peak of number 31 and in France , the song is currently at number 29 , as of March 1 , 2014 . In the United Kingdom , `` Say Something '' debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart , becoming Aguilera 's 24th Top 40 hit in Britain and A Great Big World 's debut there . Music video ( edit ) A music video , directed by Christopher Sims , was already shot on November 8 , 2013 , with Aguilera posting to her Twitter , Facebook and Instagram page a picture of her standing next to a piano , where the duo is playing the track . The music video , which was shot in Los Angeles , was released on November 19 , 2013 , exclusively on Entertainment Tonight , while VEVO premiered the video on November 20 , 2013 .",
"7": "The video features Aguilera in a minimalistic black dress and natural make - up , reminiscent of her `` Beautiful '' days , according to MTV 's Natasha Chandel . In the video , the trio perform the ballad as people -- a child whose parents wo n't stop fighting , a young couple lying coldly side by side , an older man bidding his dying wife goodbye -- act out the heartbreaking lyrics . Reception ( edit ) The scene where Christina Aguilera is shown with tears welling in her eyes was praised by critics and fans alike due to her delivery . The video received widespread acclaim from critics . For Jason Lipshut of Billboard Magazine , `` Aguilera and AGBW 's Ian Axel look utterly sorrowful as they croon the break - up ballad together , with Axel carefully pounding away at the grand piano and Aguilera appearing on the verge of tears as the song reaches its climax . Meanwhile , various tear - inducing images accompany the majestic track , often in slow motion -- most strikingly , an older man climbing into a hospital bed with his peaceful female counterpart and emitting a silent shout . '' Peter Gicas of E ! Online praised Aguilera 's emotion on the video , writing that she `` serves up a certain subtleness to the clip , which is definitely appropriate given the tone of both the ballad and the video itself . '' Bradley Stern of MuuMuse agreed , writing that , `` Armed with nothing else but a piano and an old bed frame by her side , the ' Lotus ' legend bares her soul and gives you pure Stripped - era vulnerability , conjuring the simple - yet - effective one - take video for ' The Voice Within . ' No over-the - top diva theatrics , no wigs -- just raw emotion and a genuinely powerful performance . '' John Walker of MTV Buzzworthy called the video `` equal parts tragically beautiful and beautifully tragic . Like , hand us a bucket , because we are ugly - crying from our eyes , noses , mouths , ears , and at least 17 other places where tear ducts biologically should n't be located . Mike Wass of Idolator also praised the video , writing that , `` In keeping with the song 's soft and subtle tone , the visual is understated and classy . It centers around a bed and the universality of its occupants ' grief .",
"8": "Interspersed with those scenes is footage of the New York - based duo at the piano and Xtina looking utterly perfect in a sleek black dress . Grab a tissue and watch the emotional clip up top . '' Natasha Chandel of MTV praised `` a rare moment , when Xtina breaks down on camera as the hook , ' Say something , I 'm giving up on you ' crescendos , exposing a tender side to the singer that we have n't seen since her album ' Stripped ' . Live performances ( edit ) A Great Big World performing `` Say Something '' at Jonathan Law High School in Milford , Connecticut in May 2013 On November 5 , 2013 , on the 14th episode from the fifth season of The Voice , Christina Aguilera ( one of the competition 's coaches ) performed `` Say Something '' with A Great Big World . The performance consisted of a piano , some strings and a keyboard for instrumentation , while Aguilera `` reining in her voice 's natural power '' , according to Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz . Christina was wearing white t - shirt , jeans and a woolly hat . The performance was lauded by critics and other artists , such as OneRepublic , Christina Perri , Ingrid Michaelson , Cee Lo Green and Carson Daly . Caila Ball of Idolator wrote that , `` She was legendary , obviously . '' Michelle Stark of Tampa Bay Times wrote the performance `` gives us all of the goosebumps . '' British newspaper Daily Mail wrote that Christina `` gave the competitors a master class in subtlety in her touching duet . '' Douglas Cobb of Las Vegas Guardian Express called it `` a very emotional , low - key , cool performance . It was a very tender , touching song -- Christina did great , as usual , singing it . '' Bradley Stern of MuuMuse called the performance `` perfect '' , writing that , `` Christina keeps it as stripped as the studio version , allowing her naturally beautiful vocals to sound a whole lot more vulnerable than usual . The result ? One powerful , devastating performance -- you 'll be seeing your reflejo in the tears streaming down your face in no time . '' A Great Big World and Aguilera also performed the song at the 2013 American Music Awards on November 24 , 2013 .",
"9": "With her hair in a braid and wearing a muted black dress , Aguilera sang an original verse midway through the performance , which included a string section and a fairly bare stage . With A Great Big World 's Chad King manning the keyboard , the group 's Ian Axel sat at the grand piano and stamped his feet furiously as ' Say Something ' approached its emotional climax , '' according to Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz . Lindsay Dreyer of Wetpaint wrote that `` Taking her rightful place center stage in a floor - length black dress and braided updo , the 32 - year - old pop diva harmonized perfectly with the group 's lead singer Ian Axel , who worked the piano with passion and poise . Xtina 's rich yet breathy tone offered just the right amount of strength and vulnerability -- a side of Christina we have n't seen in a really long time . '' Dreyer finished the review stating , `` If tonight 's AMA performance is any indication , Christina is on the brink of a major music comeback -- and we ca n't wait ! . '' The band also performed the song at the 2013 Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show on December 10 , 2013 . However , Aguilera did not perform the song with them as a duet , due to scheduling conflicts of The Voice . Aguilera also performed the song in Malaysia in a private concert without the band on March 28 . The duo and Aguilera also performed the song during the New Orleans Jazz Festival . She gave a one - and - a-half - hour - long show and then invited the band to perform the song in front of a large crowd on May 2 , 2014 . The band ( sans Aguilera ) sang the song on the September 6 episode of Last Week Tonight in a duet with comedian John Oliver to mourn the loss of the Russian space geckos . The song was performed live on the premiere episode of Late Night with Seth Meyers Cover versions ( edit ) American indie pop duo Alex & Sierra performed the song twice on third season of The X Factor ( U.S. ) , where they were contestants and eventually won the show . During the sixth week , the duo performed the song for the first time , with Sierra on the piano and Alex on guitar .",
"10": "The performance was praised by the judges , with Kelly Rowland , one of them , feeling like she was watching an awards show performance . Catriona Wightman of Digital Spy called it `` pretty simple , but showed how genuinely talented they are . '' The cover version of the song surpassed A Great Big World and Aguilera 's version on iTunes , climbing to number 1 the morning after they sang it onstage . Series creator and head judge Simon Cowell , who mentored the group , claimed that the duo success is proof that the show is still capable of turning small - town kids into bankable stars . The duo performed the song once again on the finale of the show , eventually winning the competition . On January 19 , 2014 , The Voice of the Philippines coaches Sarah Geronimo and Bamboo performed their own rendition of the song on ABS - CBN 's Sunday variety show ASAP 19 . Right after the performance , the hashtag ' SaySomethingAshBoo ' trended on Twitter . Joe Brooks and Tammin Sursok released a pop rock version of the song on March 29 , 2014 , as a single . The song was released under Independent record label Fantastik Music and was distributed by TuneCore . Jackie Evancho and Cheyenne Jackson performed the song on August 10 , 2014 at Longwood Gardens , the last stop on Evancho 's `` Songs from the Silver Screen '' tour . Collabro , the winners of the 2014 edition of Britain 's Got Talent , performed the song at the Royal Variety Performance on 8 December 2014 . Polish singer Łukasz Tokarski covered the song in 2017 . In other Media ( edit ) The original version of the song is featured in NCIS -- the episode number 291 ( S13E09 ) , ( `` Day In Court '' ) . The song is featured in the episode 13 of season 5 of The Vampire Diaries . The instrumental version and first version of the song appears in the series finale episode , ( `` Stiiiiiiill Horny '' ) of Suburgatory . The song is featured in the movie , Perdona Si Te Llamo Amor , released on June 19 , 2014 .",
"11": "The song is heard in the first theatrical trailer for the film adaptation of Gayle Forman 's novel , If I Stay . The song was used in the season 5 finale of Rookie Blue , a Canadian television police drama . The song is heard in the episode 4 of season one of Red Band Society . The original version of the song , without Christina Aguilera , is used in a season 19 episode of South Park ; the episode was entitled : `` Tweek x Craig '' . The song is featured in a trailer for the movie , The 33 . The original version of the song is featured at the end of episode 4 , titled `` Secrets and Lies '' , from season 8 of Heartland ( Canadian TV series ) . Pentatonix did an a cappella cover of the song . Stellenbosch University Choir did an a capella cover as well on the base of the arrangement by Pentatonix . The song is featured at the end of the Season Five finale , `` Buried '' , of `` Republic of Doyle '' Track listing and formats ( edit ) Solo version digital download `` Say Something '' -- 3 : 53 Duet version digital download `` Say Something '' -- 3 : 53 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 14 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 15 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 8 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 91 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 18 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 36 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6",
"12": "Israel ( Media Forest ) 5 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 67 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 8 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 8 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 95 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 24 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 38 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 31 US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 12 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 29 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 34 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,",
"13": "000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 6 × Platinum 480,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 30,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) streaming Platinum 2,600,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 30,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 4 × Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,000,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) Platinum 10,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Version ( s ) Format Distributor Belgium 000000002013 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2013 Solo Digital download Epic Records Finland Luxembourg Portugal Switzerland Spain United States Belgium 000000002013 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2013 Duet Finland Germany Sony Music Entertainment Portugal Epic Records Sweden Switzerland Spain United States Germany 000000002013 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2013 Duet and solo CD single Sony BMG United Kingdom 000000002014 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 2014 Digital download Epic Records See also ( edit ) List of number - one dance singles of 2014 ( U.S. )",
"14": "List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2013 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2014 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lipshut , Jason ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World Talks ' Say Something ' & Answering Christina Aguilera 's Call '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Aguilera Talks Collaborating on Say Something ; Blake Shelton on His Mom Putting Him in Beauty Pageants '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera Teams Up with a Great Big World for a New Version Of `` Say Something '' : Watch `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lamb , Bill . `` Review : A Great Big World -- Say Something featuring Christina Aguilera '' . About.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : McCabe , Kathy ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` A Great Big World chase their Say Something success with Christina Aguilera to Australia '' . News Corp Australia . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Lansky , Sam ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera Lends Her Vocals to a Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' : Listen `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Corner , Lewis ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` A Great Big World ft . Christina Aguilera : Say Something review -- Digital Spy '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Florino , Rick ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World `` Say Something '' Featuring Christina Aguilera Song Review -- 5 out of 5 stars `` . Artist Direct . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ Copsey , Robert ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Playlist : 10 tracks you need to hear '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Jon ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` Weekly Singles Review -- A Great Big World ft . Christina Aguilera , Sam Smith & David Guetta '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera 's stirring ' Say Something ' video : Watch '' . HitFix . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stern , Bradley . `` CHRISTINA AGUILERA KEEPS IT ( SHOCKINGLY ) SIMPLE ON GORGEOUS RE-RECORDING OF A GREAT BIG WORLD 'S `` SAY SOMETHING '' `` . MuuMuse . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , Celine Dion and Avril Lavigne in Top Five '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Lorde 's ' Royals ' Leads Hot 100 , Lady Gaga 's ' Dope ' Debuts At No. 8 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Canadian Hota 100 : Page 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` One Direction Scores Historic Third No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Miley Cyrus ' ' Wrecking Ball ' Swings Back To No. 1 On Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem , Rihanna Remain Atop Hot 100 With ' The Monster ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` Eminem , Rihanna Rule Hot 100 for a Fourth Week ; Miley Cyrus Returns '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Katy Perry Tops Hot 100 , Beyonce Bounds to No. 2 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : You Bet Pharrell Is `` Happy '' `` . Yahoo Music . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - February 02 , 2015 '' . RIAA . Jump up ^ `` The Big 9 in 2014 : Epic '' . HITS Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . December 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Aguilera,+Christina%22 ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( January 25 , 2014 ) . `` ARIA Take 40 Chart Facts 25th January 2014 '' . take40.com . MCM Media . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 .",
"17": "^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegiancharts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spanishcharts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Smith becomes first BRITs Critics Choice winner to debut at Number 1 '' . officialcharts.com . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On set yesterday at the Say Something music video shoot with Christina Aguilera ! '' . A Great Big World . November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting the # SaySomething video with @ AGreatBigWorld ! XoXtina '' . Twitter . November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Shot : Christina Aguilera Shoots ' Say Something ' Music Video '' . That Grape Juice . November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pace , Robert ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` World Premiere : ' Say Something ' Music Video '' .",
"18": "Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chandel , Natasha ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Watch Christina Aguilera ' Say Something ' ( And Cry ) With A Great Big World '' . MTV . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Christina Aguilera and A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' Music Video `` . Gossip Cop . November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lipshut , Jason ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World , Christina Aguilera Shine In ' Say Something ' Video : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gicas , Peter ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` News : Christina Aguilera Keeps Things Understated for A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' Music Video -- Watch ! `` . E ! Online . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stern , Bradley ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` The Video for A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' with Christina Aguilera Will Also Make You Cry `` . MuuMuse . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , John ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera 's ' Say Something ' Video With A Great Big World Should Be Titled ' Weep Everything ' '' . MTV Buzzworthy . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera And A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' Video Will Make You Cry : Watch `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's not all about you , Christina ! Aguilera takes over The Voice with another show stealing performance as live rounds continue '' . Daily Mail . November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 .",
"19": "Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' With Christina Aguilera Ascends To No. 1 on iTunes Pop Songs Chart `` . Yahoo !. Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ball , Caila ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Voice ' : Christina Aguilera Performs `` Say Something '' With A Great Big World `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stark , Michelle ( November 10 , 2013 ) . `` How Christina Aguilera became the best part of ' The Voice ' '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Douglas ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Voice The Live Shows Premiere Part 2 November 5 ( Review ) '' . Las Vegas Guardian Express . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stern , Bradley ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` A GREAT BIG WORLD 'S PERFORMANCE OF `` SAY SOMETHING '' ON THE VOICE WITH CHRISTINA AGUILERA WILL MAKE YOU CRY ALL OF THE TEARS `` . MuuMuse . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera , A Great Big World and Ariana Grande to Perform at American Music Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( November 24 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World , Christina Aguilera Combine To ' Say Something ' At American Music Awards : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dreyer , Lindsay ( November 24 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera Sings `` Say Something '' With A Great Big World at 2013 American Music Awards ( VIDEO ) `` . Wetpaint . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DelliCarpini Jr. , Gregory ( November 13 , 2013 ) .",
"20": "`` Taylor Swift , Fall Out Boy and More Perform at Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / AGreatBigWorld : @ xtinaculture @ xtina Unfortunately no she ca n't make it ! '' . Twitter . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.nola.com/jazzfest/index.ssf/2014/05/christina_aguilera_played_the.html ^ Jump up to : Wightman , Catriona ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` The X Factor USA Diva & Unplugged week : Five best performances -- video '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wills , Cortney ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' X Factor ' Finalists Alex & Sierra Notch iTunes No. 1 , Show Sales Potential '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alex & Sierra Win ' X Factor ' Season Three '' . Billboard Magazine . December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ trixie0826 ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` Trending : Sarah and Bamboo ASAP duet `` Say Something '' ( Video ) `` . Philippine Showbiz . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Sarah - Bamboo vs KZ - Sam : Who Sang ' Say Something ' Better ? '' . abs-cbn.com . Jump up ^ `` BIDA KAPAMILYA : Sarah Geronimo and Bamboo ' Say Something ' Duet on ASAP 19 ( Video ) - January 19 '' . bidakapamilya.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single -- Joe Brooks & Tammin Sursok '' . iTunes . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Say Something ' by Joe Brooks & Tammin Sursok '' . Emusic . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Evancho , Cheyenne Jackson - Say Something '' .",
"21": "Jump up ^ `` Collabro - Say Something - Royal Variety '' . Jump up ^ Łukasz Tokarski − Powiedz coś ( A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera − Say Something ) . Jump up ^ `` If I Stay -- Official Trailer ( 2014 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( HD ) '' . YouTube . April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( BE ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Say Something feat . Christina Aguilera : A Great Big World : Amazon.de '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201414 into search . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201425 into search . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- A Great Big World feat . Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Aguilera , A Great Big World : Say Something '' ( in Finnish ) .",
"22": "Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- A Great Big World feat . Christina Aguilera Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 10 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World feat . Christina Aguilera -- Say Something Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World -- Chart history '' Billboard Portugal Digital Songs for A Great Big World . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201415 into search . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201439 into search . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' .",
"23": "Billboard . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts -- ARIA Top 100 Singles 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian Singles -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year End -- Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year End -- Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year End -- Dance Club Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year End -- Pop Music -- Top Pop Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 .",
"24": "Enter A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera in the field Interpret . Enter Say Something in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2014 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- A Great Big World -- Say Something '' . Music Canada . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Feat . Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( A Great Big World ; ' Say Something ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- A Great Big World -- Say Something '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- A Great Big World '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- A Great Big World -- Say Something '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norge '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan : A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Grammofonleverantörernas förening . Archived from the original ( To access certification , one must search ( Sök ) for `` Say Something '' or `` Say Something A Great Big World '' and click the `` Visa '' button . ) on May 21 , 2013 .",
"25": "Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( A Great Big World ; ' Say Something ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- A Great Big World -- Say Something '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Enter Say Something in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . November 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( FI ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( LU ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( PT ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( CH ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( ES ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Say Something : A Great Big World : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( NL - BE ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( FI ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 .",
"26": "Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( PT ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( SE ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( DE-CH ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( ES ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Say Something feat . Christina Aguilera : A Great Big World '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single -- Musik '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) `` Say Something '' audio ( solo version ) on YouTube `` Say Something '' music video ( duet version ) on YouTube A Great Big World Ian Axel Chad King Studio albums Is There Anybody Out There ?",
"27": "When the Morning Comes Singles `` Say Something '' `` Hold Each Other '' `` Wo n't Stop Running '' Christina Aguilera songs Discography Christina Aguilera `` Genie in a Bottle '' `` What a Girl Wants '' `` I Turn to You '' `` Come On Over Baby ( All I Want Is You ) '' `` Reflection '' Mi Reflejo `` Genio Atrapado '' `` Falsas Esperanzas '' `` Pero Me Acuerdo de Ti '' `` Ven Conmigo ( Solamente Tú ) '' `` Si No Te Hubiera Conocido '' `` Contigo en la Distancia '' `` Por Siempre Tú '' `` Una Mujer '' `` Mi Reflejo '' My Kind of Christmas `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Angels We Have Heard on High '' `` This Christmas '' `` The Christmas Song '' Stripped `` Dirrty '' `` Beautiful '' `` Fighter '' `` Ca n't Hold Us Down '' `` The Voice Within '' `` Walk Away '' Back to Basics `` Ai n't No Other Man '' `` Hurt '' `` Candyman '' `` Oh Mother '' `` Slow Down Baby '' Keeps Gettin ' Better : A Decade of Hits `` Keeps Gettin ' Better '' `` Genie 2.",
"28": "0 '' `` You Are What You Are ( Beautiful ) '' Bionic `` Bionic '' `` Not Myself Tonight '' `` Woohoo '' `` Elastic Love '' `` Glam '' `` Lift Me Up '' `` You Lost Me '' `` I Hate Boys '' Burlesque `` Something 's Got a Hold on Me '' `` Express '' `` Show Me How You Burlesque '' `` The Beautiful People ( from Burlesque ) '' Lotus `` Lotus Intro '' `` Army of Me '' `` Red Hot Kinda Love '' `` Make the World Move '' `` Your Body '' `` Let There Be Love '' `` Sing for Me '' `` Blank Page '' `` Around the World '' `` Circles '' `` Just a Fool '' Collaborations `` Lady Marmalade '' `` Nobody Wants to Be Lonely '' `` What 's Going On '' `` El Ultimo Adios ( The Last Goodbye ) '' `` Car Wash '' `` Tilt Ya Head Back '' `` A Song for You '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` Tell Me '' `` Castle Walls '' `` Moves like Jagger '' `` Feel This Moment '' `` Hoy Tengo Ganas de Ti '' `` Say Something '' `` Do What U Want '' Other songs `` Miss Independent '' `` Falling in Love Again ( Ca n't Help It ) '' `` We Remain '' `` Shotgun '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Change '' `` Telepathy '' The X Factor ( U.S. ) Discography Controversy and criticism Seasons Winners Melanie Amaro Tate Stevens Alex & Sierra Finalists Season 1 Winners songs `` Listen '' `` Tomorrow '' `` Say Something '' Related articles X Factor Around the World Tammin Sursok Studio albums Whatever Will Be Singles `` Pointless Relationship '' `` Whatever Will Be '' `` It 's a Beautiful Thing '' Collaborations `` Say Something '' Filmography Home and Away Aquamarine Mary Sunshine Rules of Engagement The Young and the Restless Crossing Over Albino Farm Spectacular !",
"29": "Pretty Little Liars Related Discography Dani Sutherland Colleen Carlton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say_Something&oldid=811328022 '' Categories : 2011 songs 2013 songs 2013 singles A Great Big World songs Christina Aguilera songs Epic Records singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Pop ballads 2010s ballads Sony Music Entertainment singles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from November 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Portugaldigitalsongs Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for",
"30": "Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Հայերեն Italiano Polski Português Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 22 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Axial precession - wikipedia Axial precession Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the astronomical concept . For precession of the axes outside of astronomy , see Precession . For other types of astronomical precession , see Precession § Astronomy . Precessional movement of Earth . Earth rotates ( white arrows ) once a day around its rotational axis ( red ) ; this axis itself rotates slowly ( white circle ) , completing a rotation in approximately 26,000 years In astronomy , axial precession is a gravity - induced , slow , and continuous change in the orientation of an astronomical body 's rotational axis . In particular , it can refer to the gradual shift in the orientation of Earth 's axis of rotation , which , similar to a wobbling top , traces out a pair of cones joined at their apices in a cycle of approximately 26,000 years . The term `` precession '' typically refers only to this largest part of the motion ; other changes in the alignment of Earth 's axis -- nutation and polar motion -- are much smaller in magnitude . Earth 's precession was historically called the precession of the equinoxes , because the equinoxes moved westward along the ecliptic relative to the fixed stars , opposite to the yearly motion of the Sun along the ecliptic . This term is still used in non-technical discussions , that is , when detailed mathematics are absent . Historically , the discovery of the precession of the equinoxes is usually attributed in the west to the Hellenistic - era ( second - century BCE ) astronomer , Hipparchus , although there are claims of its earlier discovery , such as in the Indian text , Vedanga Jyotisha , dating from 700 BC . With improvements in the ability to calculate the gravitational force between and among planets during the first half of the nineteenth century , it was recognized that the ecliptic itself moved slightly , which was named planetary precession , as early as 1863 , while the dominant component was named lunisolar precession . Their combination was named general precession , instead of precession of the equinoxes . Lunisolar precession is caused by the gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun on Earth 's equatorial bulge , causing Earth 's axis to move with respect to inertial space .",
"1": "Planetary precession ( an advance ) is due to the small angle between the gravitational force of the other planets on Earth and its orbital plane ( the ecliptic ) , causing the plane of the ecliptic to shift slightly relative to inertial space . Lunisolar precession is about 500 times greater than planetary precession . In addition to the Moon and Sun , the other planets also cause a small movement of Earth 's axis in inertial space , making the contrast in the terms lunisolar versus planetary misleading , so in 2006 the International Astronomical Union recommended that the dominant component be renamed the precession of the equator , and the minor component be renamed precession of the ecliptic , but their combination is still named general precession . Many references to the old terms exist in publications predating the change . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precession nomenclature 2 Effects 3 History 3.1 Hellenistic world 3.1. 1 Hipparchus 3.1. 2 Ptolemy 3.1. 3 Other authors 3.2 Alternative discovery theories 3.2. 1 Babylonians 3.2. 2 Maya 3.2. 3 Ancient Egyptians 3.3 Indian views 3.4 Chinese astronomy 3.5 Middle Ages and Renaissance 3.6 Modern period 4 Hipparchus 's discovery 5 Mithraic question 6 Changing pole stars 7 Polar shift and equinoxes shift 8 Cause 9 Equations 10 Values 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Bibliography 14 External links Precession nomenclature ( edit ) Etymologically , `` precession '' and `` procession '' are both terms that relate to motion . `` Precession '' is derived from the Latin praecedere , `` to precede , to come before or earlier '' ) , while `` procession '' is derived from the Latin procedere , `` to march forward , to advance '' ) . Generally the term `` procession '' is used to describe a group of objects moving forward .",
"2": "The stars viewed from Earth are seen to proceed in a procession from east to west daily , due to the Earth 's diurnal motion , and yearly , due to the Earth 's revolution around the Sun . At the same time the stars can be observed to anticipate slightly such motion , at the rate of approximately 50 arc seconds per year , a phenomenon known as the `` precession of the equinoxes '' . In describing this motion astronomers generally have shortened the term to simply `` precession '' . In describing the cause of the motion physicists have also used the term `` precession '' , which has led to some confusion between the observable phenomenon and its cause , which matters because in astronomy , some precessions are real and others are apparent . This issue is further obfuscated by the fact that many astronomers are physicists or astrophysicists . It should be noted that the term `` precession '' used in astronomy generally describes the observable precession of the equinox ( the stars moving retrograde across the sky ) , whereas the term `` precession '' as used in physics , generally describes a mechanical process . Effects ( edit ) The coincidence of the annual cycles of the apses ( closest and further approach to the sun ) and calendar dates ( with seasons noted ) at four equally spaced stages of precessionary 26,000 - year - cycle . The season dates are those in the north . The tilt of Earth 's axis and the eccentricity of its orbit are exaggerated . Approximate estimates . Effects of weak planetary precession on the stages shown are ignored . The precession of the Earth 's axis has a number of observable effects . First , the positions of the south and north celestial poles appear to move in circles against the space - fixed backdrop of stars , completing one circuit in approximately 26,000 years . Thus , while today the star Polaris lies approximately at the north celestial pole , this will change over time , and other stars will become the `` north star '' . In approximately 3200 years , the star Gamma Cephei in the Cepheus constellation will succeed Polaris for this position . The south celestial pole currently lacks a bright star to mark its position , but over time precession also will cause bright stars to become south stars .",
"3": "As the celestial poles shift , there is a corresponding gradual shift in the apparent orientation of the whole star field , as viewed from a particular position on Earth . Secondly , the position of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun at the solstices , equinoxes , or other time defined relative to the seasons , slowly changes . For example , suppose that the Earth 's orbital position is marked at the summer solstice , when the Earth 's axial tilt is pointing directly toward the Sun . One full orbit later , when the Sun has returned to the same apparent position relative to the background stars , the Earth 's axial tilt is not now directly toward the Sun : because of the effects of precession , it is a little way `` beyond '' this . In other words , the solstice occurred a little earlier in the orbit . Thus , the tropical year , measuring the cycle of seasons ( for example , the time from solstice to solstice , or equinox to equinox ) , is about 20 minutes shorter than the sidereal year , which is measured by the Sun 's apparent position relative to the stars . After about 26 000 years the difference amounts to a full year , so the positions of the seasons relative to the orbit are `` back where they started '' . ( Other effects also slowly change the shape and orientation of the Earth 's orbit , and these , in combination with precession , create various cycles of differing periods ; see also Milankovitch cycles . The magnitude of the Earth 's tilt , as opposed to merely its orientation , also changes slowly over time , but this effect is not attributed directly to precession . ) For identical reasons , the apparent position of the Sun relative to the backdrop of the stars at some seasonally fixed time slowly regresses a full 360 ° through all twelve traditional constellations of the zodiac , at the rate of about 50.3 seconds of arc per year , or 1 degree every 71.6 years . At present , the rate of precession corresponds to a period of 25,772 years , but the rate itself varies somewhat with time ( see Values below ) , so one can not say that in exactly 25,772 years the earth 's axis will be back to where it is now . For further details , see Changing pole stars and Polar shift and equinoxes shift , below .",
"4": "History ( edit ) Hellenistic World ( edit ) Hipparchus ( edit ) Though there is still - controversial evidence that Aristarchus of Samos possessed distinct values for the sidereal and tropical years as early as c. 280 BC , the discovery of precession usually is attributed to Hipparchus ( 190 -- 120 BC ) of Rhodes or Nicaea , a Greek astronomer . According to Ptolemy 's Almagest , Hipparchus measured the longitude of Spica and other bright stars . Comparing his measurements with data from his predecessors , Timocharis ( 320 -- 260 BC ) and Aristillus ( ~ 280 BC ) , he concluded that Spica had moved 2 ° relative to the autumnal equinox . He also compared the lengths of the tropical year ( the time it takes the Sun to return to an equinox ) and the sidereal year ( the time it takes the Sun to return to a fixed star ) , and found a slight discrepancy . Hipparchus concluded that the equinoxes were moving ( `` precessing '' ) through the zodiac , and that the rate of precession was not less than 1 ° in a century , in other words , completing a full cycle in no more than 36000 years . Virtually all of the writings of Hipparchus are lost , including his work on precession . They are mentioned by Ptolemy , who explains precession as the rotation of the celestial sphere around a motionless Earth . It is reasonable to presume that Hipparchus , similarly to Ptolemy , thought of precession in geocentric terms as a motion of the heavens , rather than of the Earth . Ptolemy ( edit ) The first astronomer known to have continued Hipparchus 's work on precession is Ptolemy in the second century AD . Ptolemy measured the longitudes of Regulus , Spica , and other bright stars with a variation of Hipparchus 's lunar method that did not require eclipses . Before sunset , he measured the longitudinal arc separating the Moon from the Sun . Then , after sunset , he measured the arc from the Moon to the star .",
"5": "He used Hipparchus 's model to calculate the Sun 's longitude , and made corrections for the Moon 's motion and its parallax ( Evans 1998 , pp. 251 -- 255 ) . Ptolemy compared his own observations with those made by Hipparchus , Menelaus of Alexandria , Timocharis , and Agrippa . He found that between Hipparchus 's time and his own ( about 265 years ) , the stars had moved 2 ° 40 ' , or 1 ° in 100 years ( 36 '' per year ; the rate accepted today is about 50 '' per year or 1 ° in 72 years ) . He also confirmed that precession affected all fixed stars , not just those near the ecliptic , and his cycle had the same period of 36,000 years as found by Hipparchus . Other authors ( edit ) Most ancient authors did not mention precession and , perhaps , did not know of it . For instance , Proclus rejected precession , while Theon of Alexandria , a commentator on Ptolemy in the fourth century , accepted Ptolemy 's explanation . Theon also reports an alternate theory : According to certain opinions ancient astrologers believe that from a certain epoch the solstitial signs have a motion of 8 ° in the order of the signs , after which they go back the same amount ... ( Dreyer 1958 , p. 204 ) Instead of proceeding through the entire sequence of the zodiac , the equinoxes `` trepidated '' back and forth over an arc of 8 ° . The theory of trepidation is presented by Theon as an alternative to precession . Alternative discovery theories ( edit ) Babylonians ( edit ) Various assertions have been made that other cultures discovered precession independently of Hipparchus . According to Al - Battani , the Chaldean astronomers had distinguished the tropical and sidereal year so that by approximately 330 BC , they would have been in a position to describe precession , if inaccurately , but such claims generally are regarded as unsupported .",
"6": "Maya ( edit ) The archaeologist Susan Milbrath has speculated that the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar of `` 30,000 years involving the Pleiades ... may have been an effort to calculate the precession of the equinox . '' This view is held by few other professional scholars of Mayan civilization . Ancient Egyptians ( edit ) Similar claims have been made that precession was known in Ancient Egypt during the dynastic era , prior to the time of Hipparchus ( Ptolemaic period ) . However , these claims remain controversial . Some buildings in the Karnak temple complex , for instance , allegedly were oriented toward the point on the horizon where certain stars rose or set at key times of the year . Nonetheless , they kept accurate calendars and if they recorded the date of the temple reconstructions it would be a fairly simple matter to plot the rough precession rate . The Dendera Zodiac , a star - map from the Hathor temple at Dendera from a late ( Ptolemaic ) age , allegedly records precession of the equinoxes ( Tompkins 1971 ) . In any case , if the ancient Egyptians knew of precession , their knowledge is not recorded as such in any of their surviving astronomical texts . Michael Rice wrote in his Egypt 's Legacy , `` Whether or not the ancients knew of the mechanics of the Precession before its definition by Hipparchos the Bithynian in the second century BC is uncertain , but as dedicated watchers of the night sky they could not fail to be aware of its effects . '' ( p. 128 ) Rice believes that `` the Precession is fundamental to an understanding of what powered the development of Egypt '' ( p. 10 ) , to the extent that `` in a sense Egypt as a nation - state and the king of Egypt as a living god are the products of the realisation by the Egyptians of the astronomical changes effected by the immense apparent movement of the heavenly bodies which the Precession implies . '' ( p. 56 ) . Rice says that `` the evidence that the most refined astronomical observation was practised in Egypt in the third millennium BC ( and probably even before that date ) is clear from the precision with which the Pyramids at Giza are aligned to the cardinal points , a precision which could only have been achieved by their alignment with the stars . ''",
"7": "( p. 31 ) The Egyptians also , says Rice , were `` to alter the orientation of a temple when the star on whose position it had originally been set moved its position as a consequence of the Precession , something which seems to have happened several times during the New Kingdom . '' ( p. 170 ) Indian views ( edit ) Main article : Ayanamsa Indian astrologers were aware of axial precession since before the Common Era . Although many of the astronomical texts stored in Taxila were burnt during Muslim invasion of India , the classic astronomical text Suryasiddhanta survived and contains references about ayana movements . In a later commentary on Suryasiddhanta around twelfth century , Bhāskara II says : `` sampāt revolves negatively 30000 times in a Kalpa of 4320 million years according to Suryasiddhanta , while Munjāla and others say ayana moves forward 199669 in a Kalpa , and one should combine the two , before ascertaining declension , ascensional difference , etc . '' Lancelot Wilkinson translated the last of these three verses in a too concise manner to convey the full meaning , and skipped the portion combine the two which the modern Hindu commentary has brought to the fore . According to the Hindu commentary , the final value of period of precession should be obtained by combining + 199669 revolutions of ayana with − 30000 revolutions of sampaat , to get + 169669 per Kalpa , i.e. one revolution in 25461 years , which is near the modern value of 25771 years . Moreover , Munjāla 's value gives a period of 21636 years for ayana 's motion , which is the modern value of precession when anomalistic precession also is taken into account . The latter has a period of 136000 years now , but Bhāskar - II gives its value at 144000 years ( 30000 in a Kalpa ) , calling it sampāt . Bhāskar - II did not give any name of the final term after combining the negative sampāt with the positive ayana .",
"8": "The value he gave indicates , however , that by ayana he meant precession on account of the combined influence of orbital and anomalistic precessions , and by sampāt he meant the anomalistic period , but defined it as equinox . His language is a bit confused , which he clarified in his own Vāsanābhāshya commentary Siddhānta Shiromani , by saying that Suryasiddhanta was not available and he was writing on the basis of hearsay . Bhāskar - II did not give his own opinion , he merely cited Suryasiddhanta , Munjāla , and unnamed `` others '' . Extant Suryasiddhanta supports the notion of trepidation within a range of ± 27 ° at the rate of 54 '' per year according to traditional commentators , but Burgess opined that the original meaning must have been of a cyclical motion , for which he quoted the Suryasiddhanta mentioned by Bhāskar II . Chinese Astronomy ( edit ) Yu Xi ( fourth century AD ) was the first Chinese astronomer to mention precession . He estimated the rate of precession as 1 ° in 50 years ( Pannekoek 1961 , p. 92 ) . Middle Ages and renaissance ( edit ) In medieval Islamic astronomy , precession was known based on Ptolemy 's Almagest , and by observations that refined the value . Al - Battani , in his Zij Al - Sabi ' , after mentioning Hipparchus calculating precession , and Ptolemy 's value of 1 degree per 100 solar years , says that he measured precession and found it to be on degree per 66 solar years . Subsequently , Al - Sufi mentions the same values in his Book of Fixed Stars , that Ptolemy 's value for precession is 1 degree per 100 solar years . He then quotes a different value from Zij Al Mumtahan , which was done during Al - Ma'mun 's reign , as 1 degree for every 66 solar years .",
"9": "He also quotes the aforementioned Al - Battani 's Zij Al - Sabi ' as adjusting coordinates for stars by 11 degrees and 10 minutes of arc to account for the difference between Al - Battani 's time and Ptolemy 's . Later , the Zij - i Ilkhani compiled at the Maragheh observatory sets the precession of the equinoxes at 51 arc seconds per annum , which is very close to the modern value of 50.2 arc seconds . In the Middle Ages , Islamic and Latin Christian astronomers treated `` trepidation '' as a motion of the fixed stars to be added to precession . This theory is commonly attributed to the Arab astronomer Thabit ibn Qurra , but the attribution has been contested in modern times . Nicolaus Copernicus published a different account of trepidation in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( 1543 ) . This work makes the first definite reference to precession as the result of a motion of the Earth 's axis . Copernicus characterized precession as the third motion of the Earth . Modern period ( edit ) Over a century later precession was explained in Isaac Newton 's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 1687 ) , to be a consequence of gravitation ( Evans 1998 , p. 246 ) . Newton 's original precession equations did not work , however , and were revised considerably by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and subsequent scientists . Hipparchus 's discovery ( edit ) Hipparchus gave an account of his discovery in On the Displacement of the Solsticial and Equinoctial Points ( described in Almagest III. 1 and VII. 2 ) . He measured the ecliptic longitude of the star Spica during lunar eclipses and found that it was about 6 ° west of the autumnal equinox . By comparing his own measurements with those of Timocharis of Alexandria ( a contemporary of Euclid , who worked with Aristillus early in the 3rd century BC ) , he found that Spica 's longitude had decreased by about 2 ° in the meantime ( exact years are not mentioned in Almagest ) . Also in VII.",
"10": "2 , Ptolemy gives more precise observations of two stars , including Spica and concludes that in each case a 2 ° : 40 ' change occurred during 128 BC and AD 139 ( hence , 1 ° per century or one full cycle in 36000 years , that is , the precessional period of Hipparchus as reported by Ptolemy ; cf. page 328 in Toomer 's translation of Almagest , 1998 edition ) ) . He also noticed this motion in other stars . He speculated that only the stars near the zodiac shifted over time . Ptolemy called this his `` first hypothesis '' ( Almagest VII. 1 ) , but did not report any later hypothesis Hipparchus might have devised . Hipparchus apparently limited his speculations , because he had only a few older observations , which were not very reliable . Why did Hipparchus need a lunar eclipse to measure the position of a star ? The equinoctial points are not marked in the sky , so he needed the Moon as a reference point . Hipparchus already had developed a way to calculate the longitude of the Sun at any moment . A lunar eclipse happens during Full moon , when the Moon is in opposition . At the midpoint of the eclipse , the Moon is precisely 180 ° from the Sun . Hipparchus is thought to have measured the longitudinal arc separating Spica from the Moon . To this value , he added the calculated longitude of the Sun , plus 180 ° for the longitude of the Moon . He did the same procedure with Timocharis ' data ( Evans 1998 , p. 251 ) . Observations such as these eclipses , incidentally , are the main source of data about when Hipparchus worked , since other biographical information about him is minimal . The lunar eclipses he observed , for instance , took place on April 21 , 146 BC , and March 21 , 135 BC ( Toomer 1984 , p. 135 n . 14 ) . Hipparchus also studied precession in On the Length of the Year . Two kinds of year are relevant to understanding his work .",
"11": "The tropical year is the length of time that the Sun , as viewed from the Earth , takes to return to the same position along the ecliptic ( its path among the stars on the celestial sphere ) . The sidereal year is the length of time that the Sun takes to return to the same position with respect to the stars of the celestial sphere . Precession causes the stars to change their longitude slightly each year , so the sidereal year is longer than the tropical year . Using observations of the equinoxes and solstices , Hipparchus found that the length of the tropical year was 365 + 1 / 4 − 1 / 300 days , or 365.24667 days ( Evans 1998 , p. 209 ) . Comparing this with the length of the sidereal year , he calculated that the rate of precession was not less than 1 ° in a century . From this information , it is possible to calculate that his value for the sidereal year was 365 + 1 / 4 + 1 / 144 days ( Toomer 1978 , p. 218 ) . By giving a minimum rate he may have been allowing for errors in observation . To approximate his tropical year Hipparchus created his own lunisolar calendar by modifying those of Meton and Callippus in On Intercalary Months and Days ( now lost ) , as described by Ptolemy in the Almagest III. 1 ( Toomer 1984 , p. 139 ) . The Babylonian calendar used a cycle of 235 lunar months in 19 years since 499 BC ( with only three exceptions before 380 BC ) , but it did not use a specified number of days . The Metonic cycle ( 432 BC ) assigned 6,940 days to these 19 years producing an average year of 365 + 1 / 4 + 1 / 76 or 365.26316 days . The Callippic cycle ( 330 BC ) dropped one day from four Metonic cycles ( 76 years ) for an average year of 365 + 1 / 4 or 365.25 days .",
"12": "Hipparchus dropped one more day from four Callippic cycles ( 304 years ) , creating the Hipparchic cycle with an average year of 365 + 1 / 4 − 1 / 304 or 365.24671 days , which was close to his tropical year of 365 + 1 / 4 − 1 / 300 or 365.24667 days . We find Hipparchus 's mathematical signatures in the Antikythera Mechanism , an ancient astronomical computer of the second century BC . The mechanism is based on a solar year , the Metonic Cycle , which is the period the Moon reappears in the same star in the sky with the same phase ( full Moon appears at the same position in the sky approximately in 19 years ) , the Callipic cycle ( which is four Metonic cycles and more accurate ) , the Saros cycle and the Exeligmos cycles ( three Saros cycles for the accurate eclipse prediction ) . The study of the Antikythera Mechanism proves that the ancients have been using very accurate calendars based on all the aspects of solar and lunar motion in the sky . In fact , the Lunar Mechanism which is part of the Antikythera Mechanism depicts the motion of the Moon and its phase , for a given time , using a train of four gears with a pin and slot device which gives a variable lunar velocity that is very close to the second law of Kepler , i.e. it takes into account the fast motion of the Moon at perigee and slower motion at apogee . This discovery proves that Hipparchus mathematics were much more advanced than Ptolemy describes in his books , as it is evident that he developed a good approximation of Kepler _́ s second law . Mithraic question ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Mithraic Mysteries , colloquially also known as Mithraism , was a 1st -- 4th century neo-platonic mystery cult of the Roman god Mithras .",
"13": "The near - total lack of written descriptions or scripture necessitates a reconstruction of beliefs and practices from the archaeological evidence , such as that found in Mithraic temples ( in modern times called mithraea ) , which were real or artificial `` caves '' representing the cosmos . Until the 1970s most scholars followed Franz Cumont in identifying Mithras as a continuation of the Persian god Mithra . Cumont 's continuity hypothesis , and his concomitant theory that the astrological component was a late and unimportant accretion , is no longer followed . Today , the cult and its beliefs are recognized as a product of ( Greco - ) Roman thought , with an astrological component even more heavily pronounced than the already very astrology - centric Roman beliefs generally were . The details , however , are debated . As far as axial precession is concerned , one scholar of Mithraism , David Ulansey , has interpreted Mithras as a personification of the force responsible for precession ( Ulansey , 1989 ) . He argues that the cult was a religious response to Hipparchus 's discovery of precession , which -- from the ancient geocentric perspective -- amounted to the discovery that the entire cosmos ( i.e. , the outermost celestial sphere of the fixed stars ) was moving in a previously unknown way . His analysis is based on the so - called `` tauroctony '' : the image of Mithras killing a bull that was located in the central place in every Mithraic temple . In the standard tauroctony , Mithras and the bull are accompanied by a dog , a snake , a raven , and a scorpion . According to Ulansey , the tauroctony is a star chart . The bull is Taurus , a constellation of the zodiac . In the astrological age that preceded the time of Hipparchus , the vernal equinox had taken place when the Sun was in the constellation of Taurus , and during that previous epoch the constellations of Canis Minor ( The Dog ) , Hydra ( The Snake ) , Corvus ( The Raven ) , and Scorpius ( The Scorpion ) -- i.e.",
"14": ", the constellations that correspond to the animals depicted in the tauroctony -- all lay on the celestial equator ( the location of which is shifted by the precession ) and thus had privileged positions in the sky during that epoch . Mithras himself represents the constellation Perseus , which is located directly above Taurus the Bull : the same location occupied by Mithras in the tauroctony image . Mithras ' killing of the Bull , by this reasoning , represented the power possessed by this new god to shift the entire cosmic structure , turning the cosmic sphere so that the location of the spring equinox left the constellation of Taurus ( a transition symbolized by the killing of the Bull ) , and the Dog , Snake , Raven , and Scorpion likewise lost their privileged positions on the celestial equator . The iconography also contains two torch - bearing twins ( Cautes and Cautopates ) framing the bull - slaying image -- one holding a torch pointing up and the other a torch pointing down . These torch - bearers are sometimes depicted with one of them ( torch up ) holding or associated with a Bull and a tree with leaves , and the other ( torch down ) holding or associated with a Scorpion and a tree with fruit . Ulansey interprets these torch - bearers as representing the spring equinox ( torch up , tree with leaves , Bull ) and the autumm equinox ( torch down , tree with fruit , Scorpion ) in Taurus and Scorpius respectively , which is where the equinoxes were located during the preceding `` Age of Taurus '' symbolized in the tauroctony as a whole . Thus Ulansey concludes that Mithraic iconography was an `` astronomical code '' whose secret was the existence of a new cosmic divinity , unknown to those outside the cult , whose fundamental attribute was his ability to shift the structure of the entire cosmos and thereby to control the astrological forces believed at that time to determine human existence , thus giving him the power to grant his devotees success during life and salvation after death ( i.e. , a safe journey through the planetary spheres and a subsequent immortal existence in the realm of the stars ) . Changing pole stars ( edit ) Precession of Earth 's axis around the north ecliptical pole A consequence of the precession is a changing pole star .",
"15": "Currently Polaris is extremely well suited to mark the position of the north celestial pole , as Polaris is a moderately bright star with a visual magnitude of 2.1 ( variable ) , and it is located about one degree from the pole . The previous pole star was Kochab ( Beta Ursae Minoris , β UMi , β Ursae Minoris ) , the brightest star in the bowl of the `` Little Dipper '' , located 16 degrees from Polaris . It held that role from 1500 BC to AD 500 . It was not quite as accurate in its day as Polaris is today . Today , Kochab and its neighbor Pherkad are referred to as the `` Guardians of the Pole '' ( meaning Polaris ) . On the other hand , Thuban in the constellation Draco , which was the pole star in 3000 BC , is much less conspicuous at magnitude 3.67 ( one - fifth as bright as Polaris ) ; today it is invisible in light - polluted urban skies . The brilliant Vega in the constellation Lyra is often touted as the best north star ( it fulfilled that role around 12,000 BC and will do so again around the year 14,000 ) ; however , it never comes closer than 5 ° to the pole . When Polaris becomes the north star again around 27,800 , due to its proper motion it then will be farther away from the pole than it is now , while in 23,600 BC it came closer to the pole . Precession of Earth 's axis around the south ecliptical pole It is more difficult to find the south celestial pole in the sky at this moment , as that area is a particularly bland portion of the sky , and the nominal south pole star is Sigma Octantis , which with magnitude 5.5 is barely visible to the naked eye even under ideal conditions . That will change from the 80th to the 90th centuries , however , when the south celestial pole travels through the False Cross . This situation also is seen on a star map . The orientation of the south pole is moving toward the Southern Cross constellation . For the last 2,000 years or so , the Southern Cross has pointed to the south celestial pole . As a consequence , the constellation is no longer visible from subtropical northern latitudes , as it was in the time of the ancient Greeks .",
"16": "Polar shift and equinoxes shift ( edit ) Precessional movement as seen from ' outside ' the celestial sphere The 26,000 - year cycle of precession as seen from near the Earth . The current north pole star is Polaris ( top ) . In about 8,000 years it will be the bright star Deneb ( left ) , and in about 12,000 years , Vega ( left center ) . The Earth 's rotation is not depicted to scale -- in this span of time , it should rotate over 9 million times . The images above attempt to explain the relation between the precession of the Earth 's axis and the shift in the equinoxes . These images show the position of the Earth 's axis on the celestial sphere , a fictitious sphere which places the stars according to their position as seen from Earth , regardless of their actual distance . The first image shows the celestial sphere from the outside , with the constellations in mirror image . The second image shows the perspective of a near - Earth position as seen through a very wide angle lens ( from which the apparent distortion arises ) . The rotation axis of the Earth describes , over a period of 25,700 years , a small circle ( blue ) among the stars , centered on the ecliptic north pole ( the blue E ) and with an angular radius of about 23.4 ° , an angle known as the obliquity of the ecliptic . The direction of precession is opposite to the daily rotation of the Earth on its axis . The orange axis was the Earth 's rotation axis 5,000 years ago , when it pointed to the star Thuban . The yellow axis , pointing to Polaris , marks the axis now . The equinoxes occur where the celestial equator intersects the ecliptic ( red line ) , that is , where the Earth 's axis is perpendicular to the line connecting the centers of the Sun and Earth . ( Note that the term `` equinox '' here refers to a point on the celestial sphere so defined , rather than the moment in time when the Sun is overhead at the Equator , though the two meanings are related . ) When the axis precesses from one orientation to another , the equatorial plane of the Earth ( indicated by the circular grid around the equator ) moves .",
"17": "The celestial equator is just the Earth 's equator projected onto the celestial sphere , so it moves as the Earth 's equatorial plane moves , and the intersection with the ecliptic moves with it . The positions of the poles and equator on Earth do not change , only the orientation of the Earth against the fixed stars . As seen from the orange grid , 5,000 years ago , the vernal equinox was close to the star Aldebaran of Taurus . Now , as seen from the yellow grid , it has shifted ( indicated by the red arrow ) to somewhere in the constellation of Pisces . Still pictures like these are only first approximations , as they do not take into account the variable speed of the precession , the variable obliquity of the ecliptic , the planetary precession ( which is a slow rotation of the ecliptic plane itself , presently around an axis located on the plane , with longitude 174 °. 8764 ) and the proper motions of the stars . Diagram showing the westward shift of the vernal equinox among the stars over the past six millennia The precessional eras of each constellation , often known as Great Months , are approximately : Constellation Year entering Year exiting Taurus 4500 BC 2000 BC Aries 2000 BC 100 BC Pisces 100 BC AD 2700 Cause ( edit ) The precession of the equinoxes is caused by the gravitational forces of the Sun and the Moon , and to a lesser extent other bodies , on the Earth . It was first explained by Sir Isaac Newton . Axial precession is similar to the precession of a spinning top . In both cases , the applied force is due to gravity . For a spinning top , this force tends to be almost parallel to the rotation axis . For the Earth , however , the applied forces of the Sun and the Moon are nearly perpendicular to the axis of rotation . The Earth is not a perfect sphere but an oblate spheroid , with an equatorial diameter about 43 kilometers larger than its polar diameter .",
"18": "Because of the Earth 's axial tilt , during most of the year the half of this bulge that is closest to the Sun is off - center , either to the north or to the south , and the far half is off - center on the opposite side . The gravitational pull on the closer half is stronger , since gravity decreases with distance , so this creates a small torque on the Earth as the Sun pulls harder on one side of the Earth than the other . The axis of this torque is roughly perpendicular to the axis of the Earth 's rotation so the axis of rotation precesses . If the Earth were a perfect sphere , there would be no precession . This average torque is perpendicular to the direction in which the rotation axis is tilted away from the ecliptic pole , so that it does not change the axial tilt itself . The magnitude of the torque from the Sun ( or the Moon ) varies with the gravitational object 's alignment with the Earth 's spin axis and approaches zero when it is orthogonal . Although the above explanation involved the Sun , the same explanation holds true for any object moving around the Earth , along or close to the ecliptic , notably , the Moon . The combined action of the Sun and the Moon is called the lunisolar precession . In addition to the steady progressive motion ( resulting in a full circle in about 25,700 years ) the Sun and Moon also cause small periodic variations , due to their changing positions . These oscillations , in both precessional speed and axial tilt , are known as the nutation . The most important term has a period of 18.6 years and an amplitude of 9.2 '' . In addition to lunisolar precession , the actions of the other planets of the Solar System cause the whole ecliptic to rotate slowly around an axis which has an ecliptic longitude of about 174 ° measured on the instantaneous ecliptic . This so - called planetary precession shift amounts to a rotation of the ecliptic plane of 0.47 seconds of arc per year ( more than a hundred times smaller than lunisolar precession ) . The sum of the two precessions is known as the general precession .",
"19": "Equations ( edit ) Tidal force on Earth due to the Sun , Moon , or a planet The tidal force on Earth due to a perturbing body ( Sun , Moon or planet ) is expressed by Newton 's law of universal gravitation , whereby the gravitational force of the perturbing body on the side of Earth nearest is said to be greater than the gravitational force on the far side by an amount proportional to the difference in the cubes of the distances between the near and far sides . If the gravitational force of the perturbing body acting on the mass of the Earth as a point mass at the center of Earth ( which provides the centripetal force causing the orbital motion ) is subtracted from the gravitational force of the perturbing body everywhere on the surface of Earth , what remains may be regarded as the tidal force . This gives the paradoxical notion of a force acting away from the satellite but in reality it is simply a lesser force towards that body due to the gradient in the gravitational field . For precession , this tidal force can be grouped into two forces which only act on the equatorial bulge outside of a mean spherical radius . This couple can be decomposed into two pairs of components , one pair parallel to Earth 's equatorial plane toward and away from the perturbing body which cancel each other out , and another pair parallel to Earth 's rotational axis , both toward the ecliptic plane .",
"20": "The latter pair of forces creates the following torque vector on Earth 's equatorial bulge : T → = 3 G m r 3 ( C − A ) sin δ cos δ ( sin α − cos α 0 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ overrightarrow ( T ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 3Gm ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ( C-A ) \\ sin \\ delta \\ cos \\ delta ( \\ begin ( pmatrix ) \\ sin \\ alpha \\ \\ - \\ cos \\ alpha \\ \\ 0 \\ end ( pmatrix ) ) ) where Gm = standard gravitational parameter of the perturbing body r = geocentric distance to the perturbing body C = moment of inertia around Earth 's axis of rotation A = moment of inertia around any equatorial diameter of Earth C − A = moment of inertia of Earth 's equatorial bulge ( C > A ) δ = declination of the perturbing body ( north or south of equator ) α = right ascension of the perturbing body ( east from vernal equinox ) . The three unit vectors of the torque at the center of the Earth ( top to bottom ) are x on a line within the ecliptic plane ( the intersection of Earth 's equatorial plane with the ecliptic plane ) directed toward the vernal equinox , y on a line in the ecliptic plane directed toward the summer solstice ( 90 ° east of x ) , and z on a line directed toward the north pole of the ecliptic . The value of the three sinusoidal terms in the direction of x ( sinδ cosδ sinα ) for the Sun is a sine squared waveform varying from zero at the equinoxes ( 0 ° , 180 ° ) to 0.36495 at the solstices ( 90 ° , 270 ° ) .",
"21": "The value in the direction of y ( sinδ cosδ ( − cosα ) ) for the Sun is a sine wave varying from zero at the four equinoxes and solstices to ± 0.19364 ( slightly more than half of the sine squared peak ) halfway between each equinox and solstice with peaks slightly skewed toward the equinoxes ( 43.37 ° ( − ) , 136.63 ° ( + ) , 223.37 ° ( − ) , 316.63 ° ( + ) ) . Both solar waveforms have about the same peak - to - peak amplitude and the same period , half of a revolution or half of a year . The value in the direction of z is zero . The average torque of the sine wave in the direction of y is zero for the Sun or Moon , so this component of the torque does not affect precession . The average torque of the sine squared waveform in the direction of x for the Sun or Moon is : T x = 3 2 G m a 3 ( 1 − e 2 ) 3 / 2 ( C − A ) sin ε cos ε ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( x ) = ( \\ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \\ frac ( Gm ) ( a ^ ( 3 ) ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 3 / 2 ) ) ) ( C-A ) \\ sin \\ epsilon \\ cos \\ epsilon ) where a ( \\ displaystyle a ) = semimajor axis of Earth 's ( Sun 's ) orbit or Moon 's orbit e = eccentricity of Earth 's ( Sun 's ) orbit or Moon 's orbit and 1 / 2 accounts for the average of the sine squared waveform , a 3 ( 1 − e 2 ) 3 / 2 ( \\ displaystyle a ^ ( 3 ) ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 3 / 2 ) ) accounts for the average distance cubed of the Sun or Moon from Earth over the entire elliptical orbit , and ε ( \\ displaystyle \\ epsilon \\ , \\ ! )",
"22": "( the angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane ) is the maximum value of δ for the Sun and the average maximum value for the Moon over an entire 18.6 year cycle . Precession is : d ψ d t = T x C ω sin ε ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d \\ psi ) ( dt ) ) = ( \\ frac ( T_ ( x ) ) ( C \\ omega \\ sin \\ epsilon ) ) ) where ω is Earth 's angular velocity and Cω is Earth 's angular momentum .",
"23": "Thus the first order component of precession due to the Sun is : d ψ S d t = 3 2 ( G m a 3 ( 1 − e 2 ) 3 / 2 ) S ( ( C − A ) C cos ε ω ) E ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d \\ psi _ ( S ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( Gm ) ( a ^ ( 3 ) ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 3 / 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) _ ( S ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( ( C-A ) ) ( C ) ) ( \\ frac ( \\ cos \\ epsilon ) ( \\ omega ) ) \\ right ) _ ( E ) ) whereas that due to the Moon is : d ψ L d t = 3 2 ( G m ( 1 − 1.5 sin 2 i ) a 3 ( 1 − e 2 ) 3 / 2 ) L ( ( C − A ) C cos ε ω ) E ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d \\ psi _ ( L ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( Gm ( 1 - 1.5 \\ sin ^ ( 2 ) i ) ) ( a ^ ( 3 ) ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 3 / 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) _ ( L ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( ( C-A ) ) ( C ) ) ( \\ frac ( \\ cos \\ epsilon ) ( \\ omega ) ) \\ right ) _ ( E ) ) where i is the angle between the plane of the Moon 's orbit and the ecliptic plane .",
"24": "In these two equations , the Sun 's parameters are within square brackets labeled S , the Moon 's parameters are within square brackets labeled L , and the Earth 's parameters are within square brackets labeled E. The term ( 1 − 1.5 sin 2 i ) ( \\ displaystyle ( 1 - 1.5 \\ sin ^ ( 2 ) i ) ) accounts for the inclination of the Moon 's orbit relative to the ecliptic . The term ( C − A ) / C is Earth 's dynamical ellipticity or flattening , which is adjusted to the observed precession because Earth 's internal structure is not known with sufficient detail . If Earth were homogeneous the term would equal its third eccentricity squared , e '' 2 = a 2 − c 2 a 2 + c 2 ( \\ displaystyle e ' ' ^ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ mathrm ( a ) ^ ( 2 ) - \\ mathrm ( c ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ mathrm ( a ) ^ ( 2 ) + \\ mathrm ( c ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) where a is the equatorial radius ( 6378137 m ) and c is the polar radius ( 6356752 m ) , so e = 0.003358481 . Applicable parameters for J2000. 0 rounded to seven significant digits ( excluding leading 1 ) are : Sun Moon Earth Gm = 1.3271244 × 10 m / s Gm = 4.902799 × 10 m / s ( C − A ) / C = 0.003273763 a = 1.4959802 × 10 m a = 3.833978 × 10 m ω = 7.292115 × 10 rad / s e = 0.016708634 e = 0.05554553 ε ( \\ displaystyle \\ epsilon \\ , \\ ! )",
"25": "= 23.43928 ° i = 5.156690 ° which yield dψ / dt = 2.450183 × 10 / s dψ / dt = 5.334529 × 10 / s both of which must be converted to `` / a ( arcseconds / annum ) by the number of arcseconds in 2 π radians ( 1.296 × 10 '' / 2π ) and the number of seconds in one annum ( a Julian year ) ( 3.15576 × 10 s / a ) : dψ / dt = 15.948788 `` / a vs 15.948870 '' / a from Williams dψ / dt = 34.723638 `` / a vs 34.457698 '' / a from Williams . The solar equation is a good representation of precession due the Sun because Earth 's orbit is close to an ellipse , being only slightly perturbed by the other planets . The lunar equation is not as good a representation of precession due to the Moon because the Moon 's orbit is greatly distorted by the Sun and neither the radius nor the eccentricity is constant over the year . Values ( edit ) Simon Newcomb 's calculation at the end of the 19th century for general precession ( p ) in longitude gave a value of 5,025.64 arcseconds per tropical century , and was the generally accepted value until artificial satellites delivered more accurate observations and electronic computers allowed more elaborate models to be calculated . Lieske developed an updated theory in 1976 , where p equals 5,029.0966 arcseconds per Julian century . Modern techniques such as VLBI and LLR allowed further refinements , and the International Astronomical Union adopted a new constant value in 2000 , and new computation methods and polynomial expressions in 2003 and 2006 ; the accumulated precession is : p = 5,028.796195 × T + 1.1054348 × T + higher order terms , in arcseconds , with T , the time in Julian centuries ( that is , 36,525 days ) since the epoch of 2000 . The rate of precession is the derivative of that : p = 5,028.796195 + 2.2108696 × T + higher order terms .",
"26": "The constant term of this speed ( 5,028.796195 arcseconds per century in above equation ) corresponds to one full precession circle in 25,771.57534 years ( one full circle of 360 degrees divided with 5,028.796195 arcseconds per century ) although some other sources put the value at 25771.4 years , leaving a small uncertainty . The precession rate is not a constant , but is ( at the moment ) slowly increasing over time , as indicated by the linear ( and higher order ) terms in T. In any case it must be stressed that this formula is only valid over a limited time period . It is a polynomial expression centred on the J2000 datum , empirically fitted to observational data , not on a deterministic model of the solar system . It is clear that if T gets large enough ( far in the future or far in the past ) , the T2 term will dominate and p will go to very large values . In reality , more elaborate calculations on the numerical model of the Solar System show that the precessional constants have a period of about 41,000 years , the same as the obliquity of the ecliptic . Note that the constants mentioned here are the linear and all higher terms of the formula above , not the precession itself . That is , p = A + BT + CT + ... is an approximation of p = a + b sin ( 2πT / P ) , where P is the 41,000 year period . Theoretical models may calculate the constants ( coefficients ) corresponding to the higher powers of T , but since it is impossible for a ( finite ) polynomial to match a periodic function over all numbers , the difference in all such approximations will grow without bound as T increases . However , greater accuracy can be obtained over a limited time span by fitting a high enough order polynomial to observation data , rather than a necessarily imperfect dynamic numerical model . So for present flight trajectory calculations of artificial satellites and spacecraft , the polynomial method gives better accuracy . In that respect , the International Astronomical Union chose the best - developed available theory . For up to a few centuries in the past and the future , all formulas do not diverge very much . For up to a few thousand years in the past and the future , most agree to some accuracy .",
"27": "For eras farther out , discrepancies become too large -- the exact rate and period of precession may not be computed using these polynomials even for a single whole precession period . The precession of Earth 's axis is a very slow effect , but at the level of accuracy at which astronomers work , it does need to be taken into account on a daily basis . Note that although the precession and the tilt of Earth 's axis ( the obliquity of the ecliptic ) are calculated from the same theory and thus , are related to each other , the two movements act independently of each other , moving in opposite directions . Precession exhibits a secular decrease due to tidal dissipation from 59 `` / a to 45 '' / a ( a = annum = Julian year ) during the 500 million year period centered on the present . After short - term fluctuations ( tens of thousands of years ) are averaged out , the long - term trend can be approximated by the following polynomials for negative and positive time from the present in `` / a , where T is in billions of Julian years ( Ga ) : p = 50.475838 − 26.368583T + 21.890862T p = 50.475838 − 27.000654T + 15.603265T Precession will be greater than p by the small amount of + 0.135052 `` / a between + 30 Ma and + 130 Ma . The jump to this excess over p will occur in only 20 Ma beginning now because the secular decrease in precession is beginning to cross a resonance in Earth 's orbit caused by the other planets . According to Ward , when , in about 1,500 million years , the distance of the Moon , which is continuously increasing from tidal effects , has increased from the current 60.3 to approximately 66.5 Earth radii , resonances from planetary effects will push precession to 49,000 years at first , and then , when the Moon reaches 68 Earth radii in about 2,000 million years , to 69,000 years . This will be associated with wild swings in the obliquity of the ecliptic as well . Ward , however , used the abnormally large modern value for tidal dissipation .",
"28": "Using the 620 - million year average provided by tidal rhythmites of about half the modern value , these resonances will not be reached until about 3,000 and 4,000 million years , respectively . However , due to the gradually increasing luminosity of the Sun , unless the atmosphere is artificially shielded , the oceans of the Earth will have vaporized before that time ( about 2,100 million years from now ) . See also ( edit ) Astrological age Age of Aquarius Axial tilt Euler angles Longitude of vernal equinox Milankovitch cycles Astronomical nutation Sidereal year Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hohenkerk , C.Y. , Yallop , B.D. , Smith , C.A. , & Sinclair , A.T. `` Celestial Reference Systems '' in Seidelmann , P.K. ( ed . ) Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . Sausalito : University Science Books . p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Astro 101 -- Precession of the Equinox , Western Washington University Planetarium , accessed 30 December 2008 Jump up ^ Robert Main , Practical and Spherical Astronomy ( Cambridge : 1863 ) pp. 203 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : James G. Williams , `` Contributions to the Earth 's obliquity rate , precession , and nutation '' , Astronomical Journal 108 ( 1994 ) 711 -- 724 , pp. 712&716 . All equations are from Williams . Jump up ^ IAU 2006 Resolution B1 : Adoption of the P03 Precession Theory and Definition of the Ecliptic Jump up ^ Dennis Rawlins , Continued fraction decipherment : the Aristarchan ancestry of Hipparchos ' yearlength & precession DIO ( 1999 ) 30 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Neugebauer , O . `` The Alleged Babylonian Discovery of the Precession of the Equinoxes '' , Journal of the American Oriental Society , Vol. 70 , No. 1 . ( Jan . -- Mar. , 1950 ) , pp. 1 -- 8 .",
"29": "Jump up ^ Susan Milbrath , `` Just How Precise is Maya Astronomy ? '' , Institute of Maya Studies newsletter , December 2007 . Jump up ^ Siddhānta - shiromani , Golādhyāya , section - VI , verses 17 -- 19 Jump up ^ Translation of the Surya Siddhānta by Pundit Bāpu Deva Sāstri and of the Siddhānta Siromani by the Late Lancelot Wilkinson revised by Pundit Bāpu Deva Sāstri , printed by CB Lewis at Baptist Mission Press , Calcutta , 1861 ; Siddhānta Shiromani Hindu commentary by Pt Satyadeva Sharmā , Chowkhambā Surbhārati Prakāshan , Varanasi , India . Jump up ^ Vāsanābhāshya commentary Siddhānta Shiromani ( published by Chowkhamba ) Jump up ^ cf . Suryasiddhanta , commentary by E. Burgess , ch. iii , verses 9 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Al - Battani . `` Zij Al - Sabi ' '' . Jump up ^ Al - Sufi . `` Book of Fixed Stars '' . Jump up ^ Rufus , W.C. ( May 1939 ) . `` The Influence of Islamic Astronomy in Europe and the Far East '' . Popular Astronomy . 47 ( 5 ) : 233 -- 238 ( 236 ) . Bibcode : 1939PA ... 47 ... 233R ... Jump up ^ van Leeuwen , F. ( 2007 ) . `` HIP 11767 '' . Hipparcos , the New Reduction . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Benningfield , Damond ( 14 June 2015 ) . `` Kochab '' . Stardate Magazine . University of Texas McDonald Observatory . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Kaler , James B. ( 2002 ) . The ever - changing sky : a guide to the celestial sphere ( Reprint ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 152 .",
"30": "ISBN 978 - 0521499187 . Jump up ^ The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia , 6th ed. , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Basics of Space Flight , Chapter 2 '' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Jet Propulsion Laboratory / NASA . 2013 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ivan I. Mueller , Spherical and practical astronomy as applied to geodesy ( New York : Frederick Unger , 1969 ) 59 . Jump up ^ G. Boué & J. Laskar , `` Precession of a planet with a satellite '' , Icarus 185 ( 2006 ) 312 -- 330 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ George Biddel Airy , Mathematical tracts on the lunar and planetary theories , the figure of the earth , precession and nutation , the calculus of variations , and the undulatory theory of optics ( third edititon , 1842 ) 200 . Jump up ^ J.L. Simon et al. , `` Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and the planets '' , Astronomy and Astrophyics 282 ( 1994 ) 663 -- 683 . Jump up ^ Dennis D. McCarthy , IERS Technical Note 13 -- IERS Standards ( 1992 ) ( Postscript , use PS2PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : N. Capitaine et al. 2003 , p. 581 expression 39 Jump up ^ J. Laskar et al. , `` A long - term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth Archived May 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , Astronomy and Astrophysics 428 ( 2004 ) 261 -- 285 , pp. 276 & 278 . Bibliography ( edit ) Berger , A.L. ( 1976 ) . `` Obliquity & precession for the last 5 000 000 years '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 51 . pp. 127 -- 135 . Bibcode : 1976A&A ... 51 ... 127B . Capitaine , N. ( 2003 ) .",
"31": "`` Expressions for IAU 2000 precession quantities '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 412 : 567 -- 586 . Bibcode : 2003A&A ... 412 ... 567C . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20031539 . Dreyer , J.L.E. . A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler . 2nd ed . New York : Dover , 1953 . Evans , James . The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy . New York : Oxford University Press , 1998 . Explanatory supplement to the Astronomical ephemeris and the American ephemeris and nautical almanac Hilton , J.L. ( 2006 ) . `` Report of the International Astronomical Union Division I Working Group on Precession and the Ecliptic '' ( PDF ) . Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy . 94 . pp. 351 -- 367 . Bibcode : 2006CeMDA ... 94 ... 351H . doi : 10.1007 / s10569 - 006 - 0001 - 2 . Lieske , J.H. ; Lederle , T. ; Fricke , W. ( 1977 ) . `` Expressions for the Precession Quantities Based upon the IAU ( 1976 ) System of Astronomical Constants '' . Astron . Astrophys. 58 . pp. 1 -- 16 . Bibcode : 1977A&A ... 58 ... 1L . Precession and the Obliquity of the Ecliptic has a comparison of values predicted by different theories Pannekoek , A . A History of Astronomy . New York : Dover , 1961 . Parker , Richard A. `` Egyptian Astronomy , Astrology , and Calendrical Reckoning . '' Dictionary of Scientific Biography 15 : 706 -- 727 . Rice , Michael ( 1997 ) , Egypt 's Legacy : The archetypes of Western civilization , 3000 -- 30 BC , London and New York . Schütz , Michael ( 2000 ) .",
"32": "`` Hipparch und die Entdeckung der Präzession . Bemerkungen zu David Ulansey , Die Ursprünge des Mithraskultes '' . Electronic Journal of Mithraic Studies . ( in German ) archived version Simon , J.L. ( 1994 ) . `` Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and the planets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 . pp. 663 -- 683 . Bibcode : 1994A&A ... 282 ... 663S . Tomkins , Peter . Secrets of the Great Pyramid . With an appendix by Livio Catullo Stecchini . New York : Harper Colophon Books , 1971 . Toomer , G.J. `` Hipparchus . '' Dictionary of Scientific Biography . Vol. 15 : 207 -- 224 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1978 . Toomer , G.J. Ptolemy 's Almagest . London : Duckworth , 1984 . Ulansey , David . The Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries : Cosmology and Salvation in the Ancient World . New York : Oxford University Press , 1989 . Vondrak , J. ; Capitaine , N. ; Wallace , P. ( 2011 ) . `` New precession equations , valid for long time intervals '' . Astron . Astrophys. 534 . p . A22 . Bibcode : 2011A&A ... 534A ... 22V . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201117274 . Ward , W.R. ( 1982 ) . `` Comments on the long - term stability of the earth 's obliquity '' . Icarus . 50 . pp. 444 -- 448 . Bibcode : 1982Icar ... 50 ... 444W . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 82 ) 90134 - 8 .",
"33": "External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Precession . D'Alembert and Euler 's Debate on the Solution of the Precession of the Equinoxes Bowley , Roger ; Merrifield , Michael . `` Axial Precession '' . Sixty Symbols . Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham .",
"34": "Forced precession and nutation of Earth ( hide ) Time measurement and standards Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology International standards Coordinated Universal Time offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31 - 1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 6 - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian Obsolete standards Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics Absolute time and space Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Planck time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T - symmetry Horology Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Intercalation Islamic Julian Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Other units of time Flick Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Olympiad Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium Related topics Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Metric time System time Time value of money Timekeeper Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"35": "php?title=Axial_precession&oldid=821770845 '' Categories : Precession Technical factors of astrology Celestial mechanics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių മലയാളം Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 14 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Johnny Manziel - wikipedia Johnny Manziel Jump to : navigation , search Johnny Manziel Manziel with the Cleveland Browns in 2015 Free agent Position : Quarterback Born : ( 1992 - 12 - 06 ) December 6 , 1992 ( age 25 ) Tyler , Texas Height : 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Weight : 210 lb ( 95 kg ) Career information High school : Kerrville ( TX ) Tivy College : Texas A&M NFL Draft : 2014 / Round : 1 / Pick : 22 Career history Cleveland Browns ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Career highlights and awards Heisman Trophy ( 2012 ) Davey O'Brien Award ( 2012 ) Manning Award ( 2012 ) Associated Press Player of the Year ( 2012 ) Sporting News Player of the Year ( 2012 ) SEC Offensive Player of the Year ( 2012 ) Consensus All - American ( 2012 ) 2 × First - team All - SEC ( 2012 , 2013 ) Career NFL statistics TD -- INT : 7 -- 7 Passing yards : 1,675 Passer rating : 74.4 Rushing yards : 259 Rushing touchdowns : 1 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR Johnathan Paul Manziel ( / mænˈzɛl / man - ZEL ; born December 6 , 1992 ) is an American football quarterback who is a free agent as of January 2018 . He played two seasons with the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Manziel was nationally recruited out of high school as a dual - threat quarterback , and he debuted for the Texas A&M Aggies as a redshirt freshman in Kevin Sumlin 's Air Raid offense during A&M 's first season in the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) in 2012 . He broke numerous NCAA Division I FBS and SEC records , which included becoming the first freshman and fifth player in NCAA history to pass for 3,000 yards and rush for 1,000 yards in a season .",
"1": "At the end of the regular season , he became the first freshman to win the Heisman Trophy , Manning Award , and the Davey O'Brien National Quarterback Award . Manziel capitalized on his redshirt freshman season by leading Texas A&M to a 41 -- 13 victory over Oklahoma in the Cotton Bowl . Manziel was drafted by the Browns as the 22nd overall pick of the 2014 NFL Draft . Despite some success , he struggled with consistency and his tenure was overshadowed by off - field controversies . He was released by the Browns after the end of the 2015 season . Following further controversies during the 2016 offseason , Manziel was unable to be signed by another team before the start of the season and returned to Texas A&M as a student . TexAgs users tagged Manziel with the nickname `` Johnny Football '' during Manziel 's sophomore high school football season in Texas . The nickname followed him to Texas A&M University . He has applied to register the nickname as a trademark . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 High school career 3 College career 3.1 2012 season 3.2 2013 season 4 Baseball 5 Professional football career 5.1 2014 season 5.2 2015 season 5.3 Canadian Football League 5.4 Statistics 6 Honors and accomplishments 6.1 College honors 6.1. 1 Full - season awards 6.1. 2 Weekly awards 6.1. 3 NCAA records and notes 6.1. 4 SEC records and notes 6.1. 5 Texas A&M records and notes 6.2 Cleveland Browns records 7 Personal life and controversies 7.1 June 2012 arrest 7.2 2013 offseason 7.3 2015 offseason 7.4 2015 season 7.5 2016 7.6 2017 offseason 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Early life Manziel was born in Tyler , Texas , on December 6 , 1992 , to Michelle ( née Liberato ) and Paul Manziel . He has a younger sister named Meri .",
"2": "Manziel 's great - great - grandfather Joseph immigrated to the United States in 1883 from the Mount Lebanon region of Syria in what is now Lebanon . He is of Italian descent on his maternal side . His family became wealthy through the Texas petroleum industry . Manziel grew up playing a variety of sports , including football , basketball , baseball , and golf . At Tivy High School in Kerrville , Texas , he focused on baseball and football . However , in football , sportswriters , coaches , and parents said he `` achieved folk hero status '' and was compared to quarterbacks like Brett Favre , Michael Vick , and Drew Brees . High school career At Tivy High School , Manziel played football for four years , beginning with the freshman team in his first year . By the end of his first season , he played with the varsity team as a receiver . He began his sophomore year primarily as a receiver , but started the fourth game at quarterback . He shared that position for the remainder of the season , finishing with 1,164 yards passing , 806 rushing and 408 receiving for a combined 28 touchdowns . His junior year was his first as starting quarterback , and he completed that season with 2,903 passing yards , 1,544 rushing yards , 152 receiving yards and 55 touchdowns . That year , he was voted All - San Antonio Area Offensive Player of the Year as well as District 27 - 4A MVP . During Manziel 's senior season , he compiled 228 - of - 347 ( 65.7 % ) passing for 3,609 yards with 45 touchdowns and five interceptions . He also had 170 carries for 1,674 yards and 30 touchdowns . He had one touchdown reception and returned a kickoff for a touchdown for a combined 77 touchdowns . That year , he was honored as District 28 - 4A MVP ( unanimous selection ) , Class 4A First Team All - State ( AP ) , San Antonio Express - News Offensive Player of the Year ( second year in a row ) , the Associated Press Sports Editors Texas Player of the Year , Sub-5A First Team All - Area ( SA Express - News ) , No.",
"3": "1 QB in Texas by Dave Campbell 's Texas Football , DCTF Top 300 , PrepStar All - Region and Super-Prep All - Region . For Manziel 's three years as a starter , he completed 520 - of - 819 passes ( 63.5 % ) for 7,626 yards and 76 touchdowns , rushed 531 times for 4,045 yards and 77 touchdowns and caught 30 passes for 582 yards and another five touchdowns . He was the only quarterback in America named as a Parade All - American his senior year , and he was also named The National High School Coaches Association ( NHSCA ) Senior Athlete of the Year in football . He won the Mr. Texas Football award in 2010 . Manziel was highly recruited out of high school ; in addition to Texas A&M , he received offers from Baylor , Colorado State , Iowa State , Louisiana Tech , Oregon , Rice , Stanford , Tulsa , and Wyoming . Although he grew up a Texas Longhorns fan , the University of Texas did not recruit him . Although it was rumored that Texas wanted Manziel at defensive back , Texas coach Mack Brown said the rumor was not true . Though Manziel originally committed to play for Oregon , he later changed his commitment to the Aggies , thanks to the influence of then - quarterbacks coach Tom Rossley .",
"4": "High school statistics Year Team Comp Att Pct Yds TD INT Rush att Yds Avg TD 2008 Tivy 74 120 61.7 % 1,109 11 5 123 835 6.8 15 2009 Tivy 211 349 60.5 % 2,782 19 5 232 1,529 6.6 33 Tivy 228 347 65.7 % 3,609 45 5 170 1,674 9.8 30 Total 513 816 62.9 % 7,500 75 15 525 4,038 7.3 78 Manziel was named to the NUC All World Game ( started by David Schuman and National Underclassmen Combine ) in 2010 where he rushed for over 100 yards and threw for over 200 . It was the first time Manziel dominated on a national stage . He played in the game as a teammate with Oregon QB Marcus Mariota . US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes Name Hometown High school / college Height Weight 40 Commit date Johnny Manziel QB Kerrville , Texas Tivy HS 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 4.7 Feb 2 , 2011 Recruiting star ratings : Scout : Rivals : 247Sports : N / A ESPN grade : 78 Overall recruiting rankings : Scout : 45 ( QB ) ; 31 ( school ) Rivals : 97 ( QB ) ; 27 ( school ) ESPN : 78 ( QB ) Note : In many cases , Scout , Rivals , 247Sports , and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight . In these cases , the average was taken . ESPN grades are on a 100 - point scale . Sources : `` Texas A&M Football Commitments '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 .",
"5": "`` 2011 Texas A & M College Football Recruiting Commits '' . Scout.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . `` ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . `` Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings '' . Scout.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . `` 2011 Team Ranking '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . College career Manziel in 2012 with Texas A&M Manziel received an athletic scholarship to attend Texas A&M University , where he attended under coach Mike Sherman in 2011 and played for new coach Kevin Sumlin from 2012 to 2013 . Manziel was redshirted during the 2011 season and did not play in any games . He made the travel squad after enrolling with the college in January . 2012 season Manziel playing against LSU -- October 20 , 2012 Texas A&M faced uncertainty at the quarterback position when Ryan Tannehill left for the National Football League after the 2011 season . Manziel performed well during spring ball and fall practices and won the starting job over Jameill Showers and Matt Joeckel before the season began . His first game was supposed to be against Louisiana Tech in Shreveport , Louisiana on Thursday , August 30 , 2012 , but the game was postponed until October 13 due to Hurricane Isaac hitting the Louisiana coast two days prior to game time . Consequently , Manziel 's college football debut was played as a redshirt freshman against the Florida Gators before a home crowd at Kyle Field . Although Manziel began the season in relative obscurity , his play against Arkansas in which he broke Archie Manning 's 43 - year - old total offense record gained him some attention . Manziel produced 557 yards of total offense , breaking Manning 's record of 540 . Two games later , Manziel surpassed his own total offense record against # 24 Louisiana Tech by achieving 576 yards of total offense , becoming the first player in SEC history to have two 500 + total offense games in one season .",
"6": "After Texas A&M 's blowout of Auburn in the eighth game of the season , in which Manziel accounted for 3 passing and 2 rushing touchdowns through only the first half plus one series in the second , Manziel began showing up in national Heisman Watch lists . Manziel was launched into the national scene after he led Texas A&M to a 29 -- 24 victory over # 1 Alabama in Tuscaloosa . In that game , Manziel accounted for 345 of A&M 's 418 yards of offense , including two passing touchdowns . In the following days , Manziel became the frontrunner for the Heisman Trophy in most national watch lists and polls due to his performance during the game combined with other Heisman frontrunners faltering . Manziel with Texas A&M teammates Luke Joeckel ( # 76 ) and Patrick Lewis ( # 61 ) in 2012 On November 24 , during the game against the Missouri Tigers before a home crowd , Manziel left the game with an apparent knee injury late in the first quarter . He returned to the field for the next series of downs wearing a knee brace and finished the game with 439 yards of total offense , including 3 passing and 2 rushing touchdowns . During the game , he broke the single season record for offensive production in the SEC with 4600 yards , surpassing Cam Newton and Tim Tebow , notable recent Heisman Trophy winners . He also became the first freshman and only the fifth player in NCAA history to pass for 3000 and rush for 1,000 yards in a season , reaching that mark two games earlier than any other player . He won the SEC Freshman of the Year Award and College Football Performance National Freshman of the Year Award . Manziel won the Davey O'Brien Award on December 6 and the Heisman Trophy on December 8 , making him the first freshman ever to win either award . 2013 season Texas A&M started the 2013 season with a No. 6 ranking in the Coaches Poll . Prior to the season , some journalists argued that Manziel could suffer a sophomore slump , while others felt that he will continue to have success . Manziel 's eligibility for the 2013 season was under question after reports surfaced that he had signed autographs for money in January 2013 .",
"7": "On August 28 , 2013 , the NCAA reached an agreement with Texas A&M to suspend Manziel for the first half of the team 's game against Rice ( the first game of the season ) , after acknowledging that Manziel did not receive any money for the autographs . In the game against # 1 Alabama , Manziel threw for a school record of 464 yards and 5 touchdowns in the 49 -- 42 loss . His primary target during the game was Mike Evans , who compiled 7 receptions for a school record of 279 yards . In the 51 -- 41 win over Mississippi State , Manziel tied his single - game career - high five touchdowns , while also throwing for 446 yards but with 3 interceptions . He was fifth in Heisman Trophy voting in 2013 . College statistics Year Team Cmp Att Pct Yds TD Int Rtg Rush att Yds Avg TD 2012 Texas A&M 295 434 68.0 % 3,706 26 9 155.3 201 1,410 7.0 21 2013 Texas A&M 300 429 69.9 % 4,114 37 13 172.9 144 759 5.3 9 Total 595 863 68.9 % 7,820 63 22 164.1 345 2,169 6.3 30 Baseball As a Texas Rangers fan growing up , Manziel was a middle infielder at Tivy High School before foregoing his baseball career in favor of football . He played baseball through his junior year , but he skipped out on his senior season so he could graduate early and focus on preparing for his freshman football season at Texas A&M . Manziel 's passion for the game of baseball , however , did not diminish after high school . He briefly discussed the possibility of playing collegiate ball with Texas A&M 's baseball coaches , but that never came to fruition once he won the starting quarterback job as a redshirt freshman .",
"8": "In the 2014 Major League Baseball draft , Manziel was drafted in the 28th round ( 837th overall pick ) by the San Diego Padres as a shortstop . Professional Football career Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt Arm length Hand size 40 ‐ yd dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 ‐ ss 3 ‐ cone Vert jump Broad Wonderlic 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ( 1.82 m ) 207 lb ( 94 kg ) 31 ⁄ in ( 0.80 m ) 10 in ( 0.25 m ) 4.65 s 1.63 s 2.72 s 4.03 s 6.75 s 32 in ( 0.81 m ) 9 ft 5 in ( 2.87 m ) 32 All values from the NFL Combine In January 2014 , Manziel announced that he would forgo his junior season and enter the 2014 NFL Draft . He was projected to be a first - round pick , and as of January 15 , 2014 , his draft stock was reported to be rising by a consensus of experts who had him pegged as a top - 5 pick . Manziel elected to throw during Texas A&M 's Pro Day on March 27 , 2014 , instead of during the NFL Combine . During his pro day , Manziel completed 64 of 66 passes to six different receivers . His pro day performance was well received by sports journalists . Prior to the 2014 NFL Draft , Manziel became one of the most polarizing athletes in pre-draft history , with scouting opinions varying from `` undraftable '' to `` rare competitor '' . Former NFL head coach Barry Switzer took it to a personal level , criticizing Manziel , saying : `` I do n't like his antics . I think he 's an arrogant little prick . I 've said that and I 'll say it again . '' Manziel passing at 2014 Browns training camp On draft day , 21 teams , including the Cleveland Browns , passed over Manziel .",
"9": "While Manziel was waiting to get drafted , he texted then - Browns quarterbacks coach Dowell Loggains that he wants to `` wreck the league '' in Cleveland . Loggains forwarded the text to head coach Mike Pettine , who made the decision to trade up to draft Manziel . The Browns drafted him at the 22nd overall pick . Manziel throwing against the Cincinnati Bengals in 2014 2014 season On August 22 , 2014 , Manziel was fined $12,000 by the NFL for a hand gesture ( flipping the bird ) that he made in a preseason loss to the Washington Redskins . Fellow quarterback Brian Hoyer was named the starter over Manziel for the opening regular - season game . Manziel ( # 2 ) with Connor Shaw ( # 9 ) and Brian Hoyer ( # 6 ) in 2014 On November 30 , 2014 , Manziel entered the game against the Buffalo Bills during the fourth quarter after an ineffective performance by starting quarterback Brian Hoyer . Manziel went 5 of 8 for 63 yards , and scored his first NFL touchdown on a 10 - yard rush in the fourth quarter . The Browns lost 26 -- 10 . Manziel made his first NFL start in the Browns ' Week 15 game against the Cincinnati Bengals . Manziel completed 10 of 18 passes for 80 yards and two interceptions for a 27.3 passer rating while being sacked three times . The Browns lost 30 -- 0 . Manziel completed three of eight passes in his second career start against the Carolina Panthers on December 21 , 2014 . He left the game with a hamstring injury with less than two minutes remaining in the first half and was replaced by Hoyer . The Browns went on to lose 17 -- 13 . Manziel was ruled out for the Browns ' regular season finale against the Baltimore Ravens . Overall , Manziel completed 18 of 35 passes for 176 yards and two interceptions , and rushed nine times for 29 yards and one touchdown . Manziel 's work ethic and commitment were questioned by over 20 sources within the Cleveland Browns . An anonymous player even called Manziel 's rookie season a `` 100 percent joke . '' Others within the organization were hopeful about Manziel 's future , including cornerback Joe Haden .",
"10": "2015 season Manziel scrambling vs the Redskins in the 2015 preseason On August 27 , Manziel was ruled out for the rest of the preseason with recurring pain in his right elbow . Manziel had been making noticeable improvement in his play . On September 13 , Manziel was brought into the game against the New York Jets after starting QB Josh McCown was injured in the first half . Manziel scored his first career passing touchdown with a 54 - yard pass to WR Travis Benjamin . However , Manziel committed three turnovers in the second half ( two of them being fumbles ) as the Jets won 31 -- 10 . Manziel started the Week 2 game against 2014 Heisman Trophy winner Marcus Mariota and the Tennessee Titans . He completed 8 of 15 passes for 172 yards and 2 touchdowns to Travis Benjamin in the 28 -- 14 win . Following McCown 's recovery , Manziel did not take the field again until McCown suffered a shoulder injury in the fourth quarter of a Week 7 game against the St. Louis Rams . Manziel completed 4 of 5 passes for 27 yards in a 24 -- 6 loss . In a Week 8 game against the Arizona Cardinals , Manziel again took the field in the fourth quarter after McCown suffered another injury . Manziel made his second start of the season in Week 9 , completing 15 of 33 passes for 168 yards and one touchdown in a 31 -- 10 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals . In Week 10 , Manziel had his statistically best game against the Pittsburgh Steelers , completing 33 of 45 passes for 372 yards and one touchdown . Despite his efforts , however , the Browns lost 30 -- 9 . Manziel was announced as the starting quarterback for the rest of the season on November 17 . However , Manziel was demoted to third - string quarterback behind McCown and Austin Davis a week later after videos surfaced of him partying in Texas over the bye week . As a result , Manziel remained benched in favor of Davis when McCown suffered a season - ending collarbone injury in the subsequent game against the Baltimore Ravens . Manziel was promoted to starter again after the Bengals defeated the Davis - led Browns 37 -- 3 .",
"11": "Despite throwing a maligned interception in his return performance , Manziel completed 21 of 31 passes for 270 yards and one touchdown in a 24 -- 10 victory over the San Francisco 49ers , ending the Browns ' seven - game losing streak . Manziel sat out the last game of the 2015 season with a concussion , with reports circulating that he was in Las Vegas instead of in Cleveland with the team that weekend . The team confirmed that Manziel did miss a scheduled check - in on the morning of the last game of the season . The Browns released him on March 11 , 2016 . Canadian Football league Manziel had a workout in Buffalo , New York with the Canadian Football League 's Hamilton Tiger - Cats , during which he was `` put through a series of physical and medical tests '' from August 23 to 24 , 2017 . He was not signed by the Tiger - Cats , who hold Manziel 's CFL rights . On September 2 , Manziel 's representatives requested a contract offer from the Tiger - Cats . According to CFL rules , the Tiger - Cats then had 10 days to offer Manziel a contract , trade his rights or relinquish his rights . However , the CFL later extended the 10 - day window so that the league could `` facilitate a process of evaluation for the player . '' Manziel also had a meeting with CFL commissioner Randy Ambrosie in September . On September 27 , the CFL announced that Manziel would not be allowed to sign with any CFL team for the 2017 season but would be able to sign with a team for the 2018 season if Manziel meets `` certain conditions '' . On December 28 , 2017 , the CFL approved Manziel to play in the league . The Tiger - Cats had until January 7 to offer Manziel a contract or trade his rights . If neither was done , the team would lose his rights . On January 7 , the team confirmed that they had made Manziel an offer . Not long after Manziel 's agent , Eric Burkhardt , responded to the Tiger - Cats offer stating that Hamilton has until January 31 , 2018 to offer his client a `` fair deal '' . Failure to do so will result in Manziel turning his attention to `` several other professional options '' .",
"12": "Burkhardt is insisting that Manziel be paid in the same realm as Tiger - Cats ' quarterback Zach Collaros was last season ; i.e. , something in the range of $500,000 to $550,000 . Statistics Year Team GP GS Passing Rushing Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD 2014 CLE 5 18 35 51.4 175 5.0 0 42.0 9 29 3.2 2015 CLE 10 6 129 223 57.8 1,500 6.7 7 5 79.4 37 230 6.2 0 Career 15 8 147 258 57.0 1,675 6.5 7 7 74.4 46 259 5.6 Source : Honors and accomplishments College Honors Full - season Awards 2012 Heisman Trophy winner ( first freshman to win ) 2012 Davey O'Brien National Quarterback Award winner ( first freshman to win ) 2012 Manning Award winner ( first freshman to win ) 2012 First - team All - American by : ◦ Associated Press ◦ Football Writers Association of America ◦ Walter Camp Football Foundation ◦ Sporting News ◦ ESPN ◦ CBS Sports ◦ Scout.com ◦ Sports Illustrated 2012 Sporting News College Football Player of the Year 2012 SEC Offensive Player of the Year 2012 SEC Freshman of the Year 2012 All - SEC First - Team Quarterback 2013 Cotton Bowl Classic -- Offensive MVP 2012 ESPN.",
"13": "com All - Bowl Team 2013 SEC Male Athlete of the Year 2013 Chick - fil - A Bowl -- Offensive MVP Weekly awards 2 - time Walter Camp National Offensive Player of the Week 3 - time AT&T All - America Player of the Week 4 - time SEC Offensive Player of the Week 9 - time SEC Freshman of the Week NCAA records and notes FBS freshman record : rushing yards by a quarterback , season ( 1,410 ) FBS freshman record : total offense , season ( 5,116 ) 10th-most ( at the time ) single - season total offensive yards in NCAA FBS history Most games with 300 or more passing yards and 100 + rushing yards , career ( 4 ) FBS record : First freshman ( and fifth player ever ) in FBS history with 3,000 passing yards and 1,000 rushing yards , season FBS record : Rushing yards by a quarterback in a bowl game ( 229 yards ) Only the fourth player to have 20 passing TDs and 20 rushing TDs , season Eclipsed the 7,000 - yard barrier in total offense in his 19th career game , which is the fastest in NCAA FBS history by a four - year player Second freshman in FBS history to rush for 1,000 yards and pass for 2,000 yards First freshman to win the Heisman Trophy First freshman to win the Davey O'Brien National Quarterback Award First freshman to win the Manning Award SEC records and notes Most yards total offense in a game ( 576 , breaking Archie Manning 's 1969 record of 540 yards ) The first three places on the SEC total offense in a game 576 yards 562 yards against No.",
"14": "1 Alabama 557 yards two weeks before the 576 yards Most yards total offense , season ( 5,116 , breaking Cam Newton 's 2010 record in two fewer games ) 2nd-most yards total offense , season ( 4,873 ) Most yards total offense , game average ( 383.3 , breaking Tim Couch 's 1998 record , of 377.4 yards ) Highest yards per play average ( 50 plays minimum ) , game ( 10.71 , against Arkansas on September 29 , 2012 , breaking Steve Tanneyhill 's record of 10.0 yards ) First SEC quarterback to pass for 3,000 yards and rush for 1,000 yards in one season Second-most passing yards in a SEC single season , 4,114 passing yards Tied for third-most passing touchdowns in an SEC single season , 37 touchdowns Tied for second most rushing touchdowns in a single season Tied for 8th most scoring in a single season 8th most passing yards in a single season Texas A&M records and notes Most total yards in a season with 5,116 Most yards passing yards in a game The first three spots on the Texas A&M passing yards in a game 464 yards against No. 1 Alabama on September 14 , 2013 454 yards against Auburn on October 19 , 2013 453 yards against Arkansas on September 29 , 2012 Most yards total offense in a game ( 576 , breaking Archie Manning 's 1969 record of 540 yards ) The first 3 spots on the Texas A&M total offense in a game 576 yards 562 yards against # 1 Alabama 557 yards two weeks before the 576 yards In 10 games , Manziel had 4 of the top 10 games in total offense in Texas A&M history . Logged 10 straight games with 300 or more total yards , 21 total games with 300 + yards . Third Texas A&M quarterback to surpass 3,000 passing yards in a season . First Texas A&M quarterback to have multiple 3,000 - yard seasons . Texas A&M career total touchdowns record with 94 touchdowns . Texas A&M career total yards record with 9,989 yards .",
"15": "Third Texas A&M quarterback to surpass 7,000 passing yards in a career . Most passing yards in a single season . Second Texas A&M quarterback to rush for 2,000 yards . The most rushing touchdowns in a single season . The most passing touchdowns in a single season . 2nd in career passing touchdowns . 2nd in career passing yards . Tied for 12th in career rushing touchdowns . 15th in career rushing yards . Cleveland Browns records Cleveland Browns franchise record for most rushing yards by a QB in a single game ( 108 ) . Personal life and controversies Manziel is a Christian . Manziel is a friend of rap artist Drake and in April 2014 , Drake released a track entitled `` Draft Day '' , which includes a shoutout to Manziel . He is currently engaged to Bre Tiesi as of March 10 , 2017 . June 2012 arrest On June 29 , 2012 -- before he was chosen as Texas A&M 's starting quarterback and before his first college game -- Manziel was arrested and charged with three misdemeanors -- disorderly conduct , failure to produce identification , and possession of a fictitious driver 's license . These charges stemmed from a late - night fight in College Station , Texas . In July 2013 , he pleaded guilty to failure to produce identification , and the other two charges were dismissed . Police reports stated that Manziel was with a friend who directed a racial slur at a man on the street . The man then approached the two of them and tried to get at the friend , but Manziel placed himself between the two men , saying his friend did n't mean it and he was going to take him home . The man continued pushing against Manziel to reach the other man , and Manziel eventually pushed back . At this point , the man swung at Manziel who then began fighting back . Shortly afterwards , the bicycle patrol officers arrived . Manziel was 19 at the time , and he presented to police officers a fake Louisiana driver 's license that showed him to be 21 years of age . Manziel was taken into custody and reportedly spent the night in jail . After the incident , Manziel eventually regained the favor of his team and head coach Kevin Sumlin , and was named the starting quarterback .",
"16": "Sumlin 's policy precluded freshmen from giving media interviews , and Manziel was unable to speak to reporters about his arrest until the end of the 2012 regular season . When reporters asked about the incident during his first press conference on November 27 , Manziel stated that he had learned from the mistake and `` had to make a lot of changes in ( his ) life . '' 2013 offseason During the 2013 offseason at Texas A&M , Manziel drew significant media attention over his behavior off the field . Notable incidents include his early departure from the Manning Passing Academy after allegedly oversleeping , tweeting that he `` ca n't wait to leave College Station '' after receiving a parking ticket , and getting kicked out of a University of Texas fraternity party . An ESPN The Magazine article revealed his parents ' concerns about his dealings with his newfound stardom . On August 4 , ESPN reported that the NCAA was investigating whether Manziel accepted payments for autographs that he had signed in January 2013 . The NCAA did not find any evidence that Manziel accepted money for the autographs , but reached an agreement with Texas A&M to suspend him for the first half of the season opener against Rice University , due to an `` inadvertent violation '' of NCAA rules . 2015 offseason On February 4 , Manziel entered a treatment program for unspecified reasons . On May 30 , Manziel was involved in an incident with a heckler at the AT&T Byron Nelson golf tournament . The heckler had been continually asking for an autograph , to the point that Manziel became fed up and threw a water bottle at the man . The water bottle missed the heckler . Security and police were called , but no criminal charges were filed . 2015 season During October of the 2015 season , Manziel was pulled over by a policeman after fighting in his car with his then girlfriend , Colleen Crowley . Although no charges were made , Manziel admitted to having had some alcoholic drinks earlier that afternoon . On November 24 , a week after Manziel was announced as the Browns ' starter for the remainder of the season , head coach Mike Pettine demoted Manziel to third string after a video of him partying surfaced on the Internet . It was later revealed Manziel reportedly lied about the video .",
"17": "On January 2 , 2016 , Manziel was seen at Las Vegas ' Planet Hollywood casino the night before the Browns played their final game of the 2015 season . Manziel was scratched from the final game because of a concussion . As word of his appearance at the casino spread across social media , he posted a photo on Instagram of himself and his dog at home . The next day , Manziel failed to report to the Browns on Sunday morning when he was supposed to report to the team medic , which all players with concussions are supposed to do . Sports Illustrated 's Peter King also added that the Browns are `` so done with Manziel '' and he `` wants to go to Dallas '' 2016 On January 6 , 2016 , Manziel 's marketing agency , LRMR , announced that it would no longer work with Manziel . Manziel 's agent , Erik Burkhardt , also announced that he would no longer represent Manziel . On February 5 , 2016 , the Dallas Police Department announced that they are opening a criminal investigation with a claim of domestic violence involving his ex-girlfriend , Colleen Crowley . Dallas police had originally closed the case , but re-opened it with allegations stemming from an altercation on January 30 , 2016 , at a downtown Dallas hotel . According to Crowley , Manziel forced her into a car , pulled her by the hair , and threatened to kill both her and himself . On April 24 , Manziel was indicted by a Dallas grand jury on misdemeanor assault charges for the incident . On April 19 , 2016 , after just two months of representing him , agent Drew Rosenhaus terminated Manziel as a client , marking the first time in Rosenhaus ' 27 - year career he fired an NFL player . On the same day , Nike ended its sponsorship with Manziel . On June 24 , 2016 , Manziel 's attorney , Bob Hinton , accidentally sent a lengthy text message to the Associated Press relating to Manziel 's defense in his domestic violence case . In the message , Hinton expressed concerns about Manziel 's ability to stay clean , saying that he was given a receipt that suggests Manziel spent around $1,000 at The Gas Pipe , a drug paraphernalia store .",
"18": "On the same day , Manziel 's father , Paul , told ESPN : `` He 's a druggie . It 's not a secret that he 's a druggie . Hopefully , he does n't die before he comes to his senses . I mean , I hate to say it , but I hope he goes to jail . I mean , that would be the best place for him . I 'm doing my job , and I 'm going to move on . If I have to bury him , I 'll bury him . '' On June 30 , 2016 , he was suspended for the first four games of the 2016 season for violating the NFL 's substance abuse policy . On September 5 , Manziel returned to his alma mater to take classes . On December 2 , 2016 , Manziel and prosecutors finalized a plea agreement in which Manziel agreed to undergo counseling and have his conduct monitored by prosecutors for up to a year or face prosecution . 2017 offseason Manziel has discussed making a potential comeback in professional football . See also List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders References Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel '' . Rivals.com . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sam Khan Jr . ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Redshirt freshman QB Johnny Manziel to start for A&M '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jim Henry ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Charlie Ward 's advice to Johnny Manziel : Prepare for ' barrage ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Ralph D. ( December 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Johnny Heisman ' : Manziel first freshman to win trophy '' . KHOU . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Casey Bienvenu ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Johnny Manziel Earns 2013 Manning Award '' . All State Sugar Bowl . All State Sugar Bowl .",
"19": "Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M 's Johnny Manziel , Luke Joeckel win national awards '' . theeagle.com . BH Media Group Holdings , Inc . Associated Press . December 7 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Stephen . `` Manziel , Texas A&M beat Oklahoma 41 - 13 in Cotton '' . Associated Press . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Brady , James . `` Johnny Manziel pulled over by police after arguing with girlfriend , drinking '' . SB Nation . ^ Jump up to : Perez , A.J. `` Browns bench Johnny Manziel for party video , name Josh McCown starter '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : McManamon , Pat . `` Johnny Manziel demoted after lying to team about timeline of video '' . ESPN . ^ Jump up to : Boeck , Scott . `` Johnny Manziel spotted at Las Vegas casino on eve of season finale '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Police investigate domestic violence claim against Johnny Manziel '' . ESPN . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny Manziel 's lawyer sends accidental text indicating plea deal '' . ESPN . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny Manziel suspended four games for violating drug policy '' . espn.go.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ KBTX Sports . `` Johnny Football : A nickname coined in Aggieland , a legend crafted in the Hill Country '' . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Taylor ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` ' Johnny Football ' one of two Camp honorees '' . College Football Talk . NBC Sports . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Serial Trademark Number # 85839336 -- `` Johnny Football '' `` .",
"20": "Trademark Status and Document Retrieval System , United States Patent and Trademark Office . tsdr.uspto.gov . Jump up ^ Duffy , Ty ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Johnny Manziel Trademarked `` Johnny Football '' , Can Profit From T - Shirt Lawsuit `` . The Big Lead . Gannett Company . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Larry ( December 8 , 2012 ) . `` Manziel backer has Pueblo roots '' . The Pueblo Chieftain . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Burke , Timothy ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Long Con : How The Manziels Conquered America '' . Deadspin . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brent Zwerneman ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` What makes Johnny Johnny ? '' . San Antonio Express - News . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Wilson , Christopher ( August 4 , 2013 ) . `` Report : The NCAA is investigating Johnny Manziel '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Krider , Dave ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Johnny Manziel is already a Texas legend '' . MaxPreps.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel Biography '' . Texas A&M . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NHSCA Announces National High School Senior Athletes Of The Year '' . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Football Recruiting -- Johnny Manziel -- Player Profiles '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mike Foss ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Mack Brown says he ' never ' offered Johnny Manziel a scholarship '' . For The Win . Gannett Company .",
"21": "Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former QB coach Tom Rossley recognized Manziel 's talent '' . Aggie Sports . BH Media Group Holdings , Inc . December 7 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kevin Kleps ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` College football : Harvey grad Tom Rossley had sights set on Heisman winner Johnny Manziel early '' . The News - Herald . The News - Herald . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel Rivals Recruiting Profile '' . July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel Biography '' . Texas A&M Athletics . Jump up ^ Fasulo , Nick . `` Texas A&M Names Johnny Manziel Starter , To Some Surprise '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Isaac postpones game '' . ESPN . August 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Freshman '' . College Football Performance Awards . College Football Performance Awards . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` No. 6 Texas A&M could be more potent than last season '' . Green Bay Press Gazette . Gannett Company . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ erict693 ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Johnny Manziel Redux : How Have Previous Heisman Winners Fared the Next Season ? '' . St. Augustine Web Services . St. Augustine Web Services , LLC . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Teddy Greenstein ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` How will Manziel perform this season ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mark Bradley ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Ranked team apt to flop ? Johnny Manziel 's team '' . ajc.com . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 .",
"22": "Jump up ^ Vinnie Vinzetta ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` COMMENTARY : Johnny Manziel to deliver a sophomore year sequel '' . Kens5.com . Gannett Company . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan Adverderada ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Johnny Manziel 's Sophomore Slump ? '' . Football and Futbol . Football and Futbol . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Duane Rankin ( August 3 , 2013 ) . `` Duane Rankin : Manziel the winner outshines the sinner '' . Montgomery Advertiser . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny Manziel of Texas A&M Aggies suspended for 1st half of season opener against Rice Owls -- ESPN '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fox Sports ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Southwest FOX Sports on MSN '' . Foxsportssouthwest.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watson , Graham ( November 9 , 2013 ) . `` Winners and Losers : Johnny Manziel might have played his final game at Kyle Field '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Casella , Paul . `` Johnny Baseball ? Manziel drafted by Padres '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Padres draft Johnny Manziel 837th '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Troy Machir ( June 7 , 2014 ) . `` MLB Draft : Padres draft Johnny Manziel in 28th round '' . www.sportingnews.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Combine profile for Johnny Manziel '' .",
"23": "NFL.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel to enter NFL draft '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel 's NFL Draft Stock Is Soaring '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ `` NFL draft : Johnny Manziel puts glitz in outstanding pro day effort '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel impresses at pro day '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel shines at circus - like pro day workout '' . NFL . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel shows ' a little bit of Hollywood ' at strong pro day '' . USA Today . March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Opinions vary wildly on Johnny Manziel , from ' arrogant ' to ' almost undraftable ' to ' rare competitor ' '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Jump up ^ `` Former Oklahoma coach Barry Switzer says he would ' never recruit a white quarterback ' '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Jump up ^ Josh Sanchez ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Johnny Manziel vowed to ' wreck this league ' in mid-draft text to Cleveland Browns '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel selected by Cleveland Browns No. 22 overall in NFL Draft 2014 '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel fined for gesture '' . ESPN . September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Louis Bien ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Brian Hoyer named Browns starter over Johnny Manziel '' . SBNation.com . Vox Media . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Browns QB Johnny Manziel scores first TD in relief of Brian Hoyer '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Glazer , Jay ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Glazer : Browns name Johnny Manziel starting quarterback '' . foxsports.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Neil ( December 14 , 2014 ) . `` Johnny Manziel Era starts poorly for Cleveland Browns '' . washingtonpost.com .",
"24": "Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greetham , Fred ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` For the Browns , it 's important to finish 8 - 8 '' . foxsports.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Jeremy ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` Johnny Manziel wo n't play in finale '' . espn.go.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Fowler and Pat McManamon , `` Inside Manziel 's rocky rookie season , '' ESPN , January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Manziel out for rest of preseason with elbow injury '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weitzman , Yaron . `` Johnny Manziel named Browns starter for remainder of the season '' . SB Nation . Vox Media . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services . `` Browns to start Josh McCown over Johnny Manziel at quarterback '' . espn.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services . `` Browns move QB Johnny Manziel back to starting role '' . espn.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SI.com news services . `` Manziel proves crucial as Browns soundly defeat 49ers in team effort '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel spotted at Las Vegas casino on eve of season finale '' . USA TODAY . January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Johnny Manziel is cut by the Browns '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prisbell , Eric ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Browns waive Johnny Manziel after two rocky years '' . USA TODAY .",
"25": "Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TICATS CONFIRM MANZIEL WORKOUT ; NO DEAL IMMINENT '' . cfl.ca . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ralph , Dan ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Source : Potential trade results in extension of Johnny Manziel CFL saga '' . edmontonjournal.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Kevin ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Johnny Manziel wo n't play in CFL this season , but eligible in 2018 if criteria met '' . espn.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Kevin ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` CFL extends window to mull Johnny Manziel possibility '' . espn.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MANZIEL TELLS ESPN 'S ADAM SCHEFTER HE HAD ' POSITIVE MEETING WITH AMBROSIE ' '' . cfl.ca . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CFL ISSUES STATEMENT REGARDING STATUS OF JOHNNY MANZIEL '' . cfl.ca . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/cfl/story/_/id/21902443/canadian-football-league-approves-johnny-manziel-potential-2018-contract Jump up ^ Seifert , Kevin ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Tiger - Cats negotiating contract with Johnny Manziel '' . espn.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Manziel gives Tiger - Cats deadline to make him their QB - Sportsnet.ca '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Manziel contract situation just got complicated - Article - TSN '' . TSN. 2018 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 .",
"26": "Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel of Texas A&M University Selected As The 2012 Heisman Winner '' ( pdf ) . The Heisman Trust . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ SportsDayDFW.com ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Texas A&M 's Johnny Manziel becomes first freshman to win Davey O'Brien Award ; Heisman next ? '' . Dallasnews.com . The Dallas Morning News Inc . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fornelli , Tom ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` AP releases 2012 All - America Teams '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Broadcasting Inc . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FWAA > News > 2012 FWAA All - America Team '' . Sportswriters.net . December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walter Camp Football Foundation Announces 2012 All - America Team '' ( pdf ) . Walter Camp Football Foundation . Jump up ^ `` College football All - Americans : Sporting News ' take on the best -- NCAA Football '' . Sporting News . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T ESPN All - America Team -- NCF Nation Blog '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CBSSports.com staff ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` 2012 College Football All - America Team - NCAA Football '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Broadcasting Inc . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scout.com : FoxSportsNext.com 2012 All - America Team '' . Collegefootball.scout.com . December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ College Football ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` SI. com 's 2012 All - America Team '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Inc .",
"27": "Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Steve . `` Johnny Manziel named Sporting News ' 2012 player of year '' . Sporting News . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manziel , Schmitt Named SEC Athletes Of The Year > SEC > NEWS '' . Secdigitalnetwork.com . February 7 , 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Press Releases -- AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic '' . Attcottonbowl.com . January 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN. com 's 2012 All - bowl team '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , John . `` Johnny Manziel named SEC Male Athlete of the Year '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M Presented Chick - fil - A Trophy As Manziel and Hurd Jr . Claim Offensive and Defensive MVP Honors '' . KBTX.com . January 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manziel Named Heisman Trophy Finalist -- Texas A&M Official Athletic Site '' . AggieAthletics.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Southeastern Conference '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Berglund . `` Season Yards Leaders List '' . FBS Statistics . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SEC Football Players Of The Week > SEC > NEWS '' . Secdigitalnetwork.com . October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archie Manning on Manziel breaking his record : ' Thanks a hell of a lot ' '' . Dallasnews.com . The Dallas Morning News Inc . Associated Press . May 4 , 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas A&M Aggies Football Statistics '' .",
"28": "Totalfootballstats.com . Totalfootballstats.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gribble , Andrew ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Four Downs : Just how rare was a rushing performance like Johnny Manziel 's ? '' . clevelandbrowns.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny `` Football '' Manziel ' Trusts the Lord With All his Heart ' `` . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's new ' Draft Day ' song features shoutout to Johnny Manziel '' . CBS . Jump up ^ Sean Lester ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Rap artist Drake says he keeps up with Johnny Manziel through Aggie radio app : ' I feel like our friendship will last a very long time ' '' . Dallasnews.com . The Dallas Morning News Inc . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel and Bre Tiesi are officially engaged '' . Houston Chronicle . March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M Aggies freshman QB Johnny Manziel arrested '' . ESPN . June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manziel pleads guilty to 2012 misdemeanor charge , other charges dismissed '' . The Eagle . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tim Rohan ( November 23 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Football : Raising a Heisman Contender '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scribd ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` College Station Police Department Probable Cause Statement '' . Scribd . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sam Khan Jr . ( August 17 , 2013 ) . `` Manziel 's improvement earns Aggies QB job '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 .",
"29": "Jump up ^ `` A&M QB Manziel says he 's sorry for summer dustup -- Aggie Sports : Football '' . Aggie Sports . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Football Videos '' . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grassie , Matt ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` DPS : King says Manziel comes with major red flags '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Lenn ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` Manziel 's ' Heis ' ... and lows of offseason '' . New York Post . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Sally ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Johnny Manziel may be immature , but his critics are childish '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chris Low ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` What we learned at SEC media days '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andy Staples ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Johnny Manziel coming to grips with life in the limelight '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Theismann 's Advice for Johnny Manziel : Do n't Be Yourself `` CBS DC '' . Washington.cbslocal.com . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel overslept at Manning Passing Academy '' . NFL.com . July 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Frank ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Johnny Manziel 's angry College Station tweet ? It was over a parking ticket '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel ushered out of party '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . July 29 , 2013 .",
"30": "Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wright Thompson ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` The trouble with Johnny '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manziel in treatment for undisclosed reason '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Police : Johnny Manziel threw water bottle at heckler at PGA tourney '' . Fox Sports . May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Browns ' so done ' with Manziel , so what 's next for him ? '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manziel goes AWOL on Sunday '' . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' marketing agency is dumping Johnny Manziel '' . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel 's Agent Dumps Him '' . Michael David Smith . NBC Sports . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarett ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Bell : Dear Johnny Manziel , get the help you clearly need '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Rosenhaus officially ends relationship with Johnny Manziel '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Darren Rovell on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel is pursuing Texas A&M degree from LA , taking online classes SportsDay '' . SportsDay. 2016 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel , prosecutors finalize agreement in assault case '' . Jump up ^ Machota , Jon ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Johnny Manziel still wants an NFL comeback , has talked to teams about returning to league '' . sportsday.dallasnews.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Johnny Manziel .",
"31": "Cleveland Browns profile Texas A&M profile Johnny Manziel at the Heisman Trophy official website Career statistics and player information from Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Texas A&M Aggies starting quarterbacks Victor Kelly ( 1907 ) R.A. Kern ( 1912 ) Joel Hunt ( 1927 ) Marion Pugh ( 1939 ) Charlie Milstead ( 1957 -- 1959 ) Edd Hargett ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Mike Jay ( 1973 , 1975 ) David Walker ( 1973 -- 74 , 1976 -- 77 ) Mike Mosley ( 1977 -- 80 ) David Beal ( 1980 ) Gary Kubiak ( 1981 -- 82 ) Kevin Murray ( 1983 -- 86 ) Craig Stump ( 1984 , 1987 ) Lance Pavlas ( 1987 -- 90 ) Bucky Richardson ( 1987 -- 88 , 1990 -- 91 ) Jeff Granger ( 1991 -- 92 ) Corey Pullig ( 1992 -- 95 ) Branndon Stewart ( 1996 -- 98 ) Randy McCown ( 1997 -- 99 ) Mark Farris ( 2000 -- 02 ) Dustin Long ( 2002 -- 03 ) Reggie McNeal ( 2002 -- 05 ) Stephen McGee ( 2005 -- 08 ) Jerrod Johnson ( 2008 -- 10 ) Ryan Tannehill ( 2010 -- 11 ) Johnny Manziel ( 2012 -- 13 ) Matt Joeckel ( 2013 ) Kenny Hill ( 2014 ) Kyle Allen ( 2014 -- 15 ) Kyler Murray ( 2015 ) Jake Hubenak ( 2015 -- 16 ) Trevor Knight ( 2016 ) Nick Starkel ( 2017 ) Kellen Mond ( 2017 ) Cleveland Browns starting quarterbacks Cliff Lewis ( 1946 -- 1947 ,",
"32": "1949 ) Otto Graham ( 1946 -- 1955 ) George Ratterman ( 1953 -- 1956 ) Babe Parilli ( 1956 ) Tommy O'Connell ( 1956 -- 1957 ) Milt Plum ( 1957 -- 1961 ) Len Dawson ( 1961 ) Jim Ninowski ( 1962 -- 1963 , 1965 ) Frank Ryan ( 1962 -- 1968 ) Gary Lane ( 1967 ) Bill Nelsen ( 1968 -- 1972 ) Mike Phipps ( 1970 -- 1976 ) Don Gault ( 1970 ) Brian Sipe ( 1974 -- 1983 ) Will Cureton ( 1975 ) Dave Mays ( 1977 ) Terry Luck ( 1977 ) Paul McDonald ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Gary Danielson ( 1985 -- 1988 ) Bernie Kosar ( 1985 -- 1993 ) Jeff Christensen ( 1987 ) Mike Pagel ( 1988 ,",
"33": "1990 ) Don Strock ( 1988 ) Mike Tomczak ( 1992 ) Todd Philcox ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Vinny Testaverde ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Mark Rypien ( 1994 ) Eric Zeier ( 1995 ) Ty Detmer ( 1999 ) Tim Couch ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Doug Pederson ( 2000 ) Spergon Wynn ( 2000 ) Kelly Holcomb ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Jeff Garcia ( 2004 ) Luke McCown ( 2004 ) Trent Dilfer ( 2005 ) Charlie Frye ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Derek Anderson ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Brady Quinn ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Ken Dorsey ( 2008 ) Bruce Gradkowski ( 2008 ) Jake Delhomme ( 2010 ) Seneca Wallace ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Colt McCoy ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Brandon Weeden ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Thad Lewis ( 2012 ) Brian Hoyer ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Jason Campbell ( 2013 ) Johnny Manziel ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Connor Shaw ( 2014 ) Josh McCown ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Austin Davis ( 2015 ) Robert Griffin III ( 2016 ) Cody Kessler ( 2016 ) DeShone Kizer ( 2017 -- present ) Kevin Hogan ( 2017 ) Johnny Manziel -- awards and honors Heisman Trophy winners 1935 : Berwanger 1936 : Kelley 1937 : Frank 1938 : O'Brien 1939 : Kinnick 1940 : Harmon 1941 : B. Smith 1942 : Sinkwich 1943 : Bertelli 1944 : Horvath 1945 : Blanchard 1946 : G. Davis 1947 : Lujack 1948 : D.",
"34": "Walker 1949 : Hart 1950 : Janowicz 1951 : Kazmaier 1952 : Vessels 1953 : Lattner 1954 : Ameche 1955 : Cassady 1956 : Hornung 1957 : Crow 1958 : Dawkins 1959 : Cannon 1960 : Bellino 1961 : E. Davis 1962 : Baker 1963 : Staubach 1964 : Huarte 1965 : Garrett 1966 : Spurrier 1967 : Beban 1968 : Simpson 1969 : Owens 1970 : Plunkett 1971 : Sullivan 1972 : Rodgers 1973 : Cappelletti 1974 : Griffin 1975 : Griffin 1976 : Dorsett 1977 : Campbell 1978 : Sims 1979 : C. White 1980 : Rogers 1981 : Allen 1982 : H. Walker 1983 : Rozier 1984 : Flutie 1985 : B. Jackson 1986 : Testaverde 1987 : Brown 1988 : Sanders 1989 : Ware 1990 : Detmer 1991 : Howard 1992 : Torretta 1993 : Ward 1994 : Salaam 1995 : George 1996 : Wuerffel 1997 : Woodson 1998 : Williams 1999 : Dayne 2000 : Weinke 2001 : Crouch 2002 : Palmer 2003 : J. White 2004 : Leinart 2005 : vacated * 2006 : T. Smith 2007 : Tebow 2008 : Bradford 2009 : Ingram Jr .",
"35": "2010 : Newton 2011 : Griffin III 2012 : Manziel 2013 : Winston 2014 : Mariota 2015 : Henry 2016 : L. Jackson 2017 : Mayfield * Note : The 2005 Heisman Trophy was originally awarded to Reggie Bush , but Bush forfeited the award in 2010 . The Heisman Trust subsequently decided to leave the 2005 award vacated .",
"36": "Davey O'Brien Award winners 1981 : McMahon 1982 : Blackledge 1983 : S. Young 1984 : Flutie 1985 : Long 1986 : Testaverde 1987 : McPherson 1988 : Aikman 1989 : Ware 1990 : Detmer 1991 : Detmer 1992 : Torretta 1993 : Ward 1994 : Collins 1995 : Wuerffel 1996 : Wuerffel 1997 : Manning 1998 : Bishop 1999 : Hamilton 2000 : Weinke 2001 : Crouch 2002 : Banks 2003 : White 2004 : White 2005 : V. Young 2006 : Smith 2007 : Tebow 2008 : Bradford 2009 : McCoy 2010 : Newton 2011 : Griffin III 2012 : Manziel 2013 : Winston 2014 : Mariota 2015 : Watson 2016 : Watson 2017 : Mayfield Manning Award winners 2004 : Leinart 2005 : Young 2006 : Russell 2007 : Ryan 2008 : Tebow 2009 : McCoy 2010 : Newton 2011 : Griffin III 2012 : Manziel 2013 : Winston 2014 : Mariota 2015 : Watson 2016 : Watson 2012 College Football All - America Team consensus selections Offense QB Johnny Manziel RB Montee Ball RB Kenjon Barner RB Ka'Deem Carey WR Marqise Lee WR Terrance Williams OT Luke Joeckel G Jonathan Cooper G Chance Warmack G David Yankey C Barrett Jones TE Zach Ertz Defense DE Jadeveon Clowney DE Damontre Moore DT Will Sutton DT Björn Werner LB Jarvis Jones LB C.J.",
"37": "Mosley LB Manti Te'o CB Dee Milliner CB Jordan Poyer S Eric Reid S Phillip Thomas Special teams P Ryan Allen PK Cairo Santos KR Dri Archer Sporting News College Football Player of the Year winners 1942 : Sinkwich 1943 : Bertelli 1944 : Horvath 1945 : Blanchard 1946 : G. Davis 1947 : Lujack 1948 : D. Walker 1949 : Hart 1950 : Janowicz 1951 : Kazmaier 1952 : Vessels 1953 : Lattner 1954 : Cassady 1955 : Cassady 1956 : McDonald 1957 : Crow 1958 : Cannon 1959 : Cannon 1960 : Bellino 1961 : Ferguson 1962 : Baker 1963 : Staubach 1964 : Butkus 1965 : Anderson & Grabowski 1966 : Spurrier 1967 : Beban 1968 : Simpson 1969 : Owens 1970 : Plunkett 1971 : Sullivan & Marinaro 1972 : B. Jones 1973 : Hicks 1974 : Griffin 1975 : Griffin 1976 : Dorsett 1977 : Campbell 1978 : Sims 1979 : C. White 1980 : Green 1981 : Allen 1982 : H. Walker 1983 : Rozier 1984 : Flutie 1985 : B. Jackson 1986 : Testaverde 1987 : Brown 1988 : Sanders 1989 : Hagen 1990 : Ismail 1991 : Howard 1992 : M. Jones 1993 : Ward 1994 : Salaam 1995 : Frazier 1996 : Wuerffel 1997 : Woodson 1998 : Williams 1999 : Dayne 2000 : Weinke 2001 : Crouch 2002 : Palmer 2003 : J. White 2004 : A.",
"38": "Smith 2005 : Bush 2006 : T. Smith 2007 : Tebow 2008 : Harrell , Bradford & McCoy 2009 : Ingram Jr . 2010 : Newton 2011 : Griffin III 2012 : Manziel 2013 : Winston 2014 : Mariota 2015 : Mayfield 2016 : L. Jackson 2017 : Mayfield Associated Press College Football Player of the Year winners 1998 : Williams 1999 : Dayne 2000 : Heupel 2001 : Grossman 2002 : Banks 2003 : White 2004 : Leinart 2005 : Bush 2006 : Smith 2007 : Tebow 2008 : Bradford 2009 : Suh 2010 : Newton 2011 : Griffin III 2012 : Manziel 2013 : Winston 2014 : Mariota 2015 : McCaffrey 2016 : Jackson 2017 : Mayfield Southeastern Conference Athlete of the Year Male 1976 : Glance 1977 : Seivers 1978 : Givens 1979 : King 1980 : Macy 1981 : Gaines 1982 : Belue 1983 : Walker 1984 : Hoage 1985 : Clark 1986 : B. Jackson 1987 : Bennett 1988 : Perdue 1989 : D. Thomas 1990 : Kessler 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Mashburn 1994 : Williamson 1995 : Helton 1996 : Wuerffel 1997 : Wuerffel 1998 : Manning 1999 : Couch 2000 : Bouknight 2001 : Boeker 2002 : W.",
"39": "Davis 2003 : Cragg 2004 : Cragg 2005 : Lochte 2006 : Carter 2007 : Price 2008 : Tebow 2009 : Tebow 2010 : Ingram 2011 : Smith 2012 : A. Davis 2013 : Manziel 2014 : Reed 2015 : Benintendi 2016 : Lawson 2017 : Rooker Female 1984 : Caulkins 1985 : Hauschild 1986 : Gillom 1987 : Leatherwood 1988 : Torres 1989 : Gordon 1990 : Foster 1991 : Charles 1992 : Goetze 1993 : Haislett 1994 : Haislett 1995 : Hansen 1996 : Roundtree 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Holdsclaw 1999 : Holdsclaw 2000 : Kowal 2001 : Yoder 2002 : Pickens 2003 : L. Thomas 2004 : Rice 2005 : Coventry 2006 : Augustus 2007 : Abbott 2008 : Parker 2009 : Kupets 2010 : S.",
"40": "Jackson 2011 : Hoffman 2012 : Pancake 2013 : Schmitt 2014 : Rogers 2015 : Haeger 2016 : Sloan 2017 : Williams Southeastern Conference Football Player of the Year Overall 1933 : Feathers 1934 : Howell 1935 : Geny 1936 : Gilbert 1937 : Hinkle 1938 : Cafego 1939 : Kavanaugh & Foxx 1940 : Elrod 1941 : Jenkins 1942 : Sinkwich 1943 1944 : McWilliams 1945 : Gilmer 1946 : Trippi 1947 : Connerly 1948 : Rauch 1949 : Tidwell 1950 : Parilli 1951 : Wade 1952 : Parker 1953 : Parker 1954 : A. Davis 1955 : Majors 1956 : Majors 1957 : Michaels 1958 : Cannon 1959 : Cannon 1960 : Gibbs 1961 : Trammell 1962 : Stovall 1963 : Sidle 1964 : Frederickson 1965 : Sloan 1966 : Spurrier 1967 : Goodridge 1968 : Scott 1969 : A. Manning 1970 : Sullivan 1971 : Musso 1972 : T. Davis 1973 : Collins 1974 : Felker 1975 : DuBose 1976 : Goff 1977 : C. Alexander 1978 : McClendon 1979 : Cribbs 1980 : Walker 1981 : Walker 1982 : Walker 1983 : White 1984 : Bell 1985 : Jackson 1986 : Bennett 1987 : W. Davis 1988 : Rocker 1989 : E.",
"41": "Smith 1990 : Matthews 1991 : Matthews 1992 : Hearst 1993 : Shuler 1994 : Barker 1995 : Wuerffel 1996 : Wuerffel 1997 : P. Manning 1998 : Couch 1999 : S. Alexander 2000 : R. Johnson 2001 : Grossman Offensive 2002 : Pinner 2003 : E. Manning 2004 : Campbell 2005 : Cutler 2006 : McFadden 2007 : McFadden 2008 : Tebow 2009 : Tebow & Ingram 2010 : Newton 2011 : Richardson 2012 : Manziel 2013 : Mason 2014 : Cooper 2015 : Henry 2016 : Hurts 2017 : K. Johnson Defensive 2002 : Pollack 2003 : Lavalais 2004 : Pollack 2005 : Ryans 2006 : Willis 2007 : Dorsey 2008 : Er . Berry 2009 : McClain 2010 : Fairley 2011 : Claiborne & Mathieu 2012 : Clowney & J. Jones 2013 : Mosley & Sam 2014 : Ray 2015 : Ragland 2016 : Allen 2017 : R. Smith Special Teams 2004 : Williams 2005 : Green 2006 : Vaughn 2007 : F. Jones 2008 : James 2009 : Arenas 2010 : Peterson 2011 : Adams 2012 : Sturgis & Sanders 2013 : C. Jones 2014 : Murphy 2015 : Ev . Berry 2016 : Carlson 2017 : Carlson 2014 NFL draft first - round selections Jadeveon Clowney Greg Robinson Blake Bortles Sammy Watkins Khalil Mack Jake Matthews Mike Evans Justin Gilbert Anthony Barr Eric Ebron Taylor Lewan Odell Beckham Jr .",
"42": "Aaron Donald Kyle Fuller Ryan Shazier Zack Martin C. J Mosley Calvin Pryor Ja'Wuan James Brandin Cooks Ha Ha Clinton - Dix Johnny Manziel Dee Ford Darqueze Dennard Jason Verrett Marcus Smith Deone Bucannon Kelvin Benjamin Dominique Easley Jimmie Ward Bradley Roby Teddy Bridgewater Cleveland Browns first - round draft picks Carpenter Konz Rechichar Agganis Atkins B. Garrett Bauer Burris Carpenter Brown Shofner Kreitling Houston Crespino Collins L. Jackson Hutchinson Warfield Morin Matheson Upshaw Johnson Phipps McKay Scott Darden Holden Adams Mitchell Pruitt R. Jackson Newsome Matthews Adams White Dixon Banks Rogers Junkin Charlton Metcalf Turner Vardell Everitt Langham Alexander Powell Couch Brown Warren Green Faine Winslow Edwards Wimbley Thomas Quinn Mack Haden Taylor Richardson Weeden Mingo Gilbert Manziel Shelton Erving Coleman M. Garrett Peppers Njoku Cleveland Browns 2014 NFL draft selections Justin Gilbert Johnny Manziel Joel Bitonio Christian Kirksey Terrance West Pierre Desir Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Manziel&oldid=819526958 '' Categories : 1992 births All - American college football players American football quarterbacks American people of Italian descent American sportspeople of Syrian descent Cleveland Browns players Heisman Trophy winners Living people People from Kerrville , Texas People from Tyler ,",
"43": "Texas Players of American football from Texas Texas A&M Aggies football players Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use mdy dates from February 2016 NFL Free agent currentteam parameter articles Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 21 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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natural resources can be divided into what two categories
|
[
"Biotic",
"Abiotic"
] |
{
"0": "Natural resource - wikipedia Natural resource Jump to : navigation , search `` Primary resource '' redirects here . For original sources used in research , see Primary source . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The rainforest in Fatu - Hiva , in the Marquesas Islands , is an example of an undisturbed natural resource . Forest provides timber for humans , food , water and shelter for the flora and fauna tribes and animals . The nutrient cycle between organisms form food chains and biodiversity of species . The Carson Fall in Mount Kinabalu , Malaysia is an example of undisturbed natural resource . Waterfalls provide spring water for humans , animals and plants for survival and also habitat for marine organisms . The water current can be used to turn turbines for hydroelectric generation . The ocean is an example of a natural resource . Ocean waves can be used to generate wave power which is a renewable energy . Ocean water is important for salt production , desalination , and providing habitat for deep water fishes . There are biodiversity of marine species in the sea where nutrient cycles are common . A picture of the Udachnaya pipe , an open - pit diamond mine in Siberia . An example of a non-renewable natural resource . Natural resources are resources that exist without actions of humankind . This includes all valued characteristics such as magnetic , gravitational , electrical properties and forces etc . On earth it includes : sunlight , atmosphere , water , land ( includes all minerals ) along with all vegetation , crops and animal life that naturally subsists upon or within the heretofore identified characteristics and substances . Particular areas such as the rainforest in Fatu - Hiva are often characterized by the biodiversity and geodiversity existent in their ecosystems . Natural resources may be further classified in different ways . Natural resources are materials and components ( something that can be used ) that can be found within the environment . Every man - made product is composed of natural resources ( at its fundamental level ) .",
"1": "A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh water , air , and as well as a living organism such as a fish , or it may exist in an alternate form that must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores , rare earth metals , petroleum , and most forms of energy . There is much debate worldwide over natural resource allocations , this is particularly true during periods of increasing scarcity and shortages ( depletion and overconsumption of resources ) but also because the exportation of natural resources is the basis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 Extraction 3 Depletion of resources 4 Protection 5 Management 6 Natural Resources by country 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Classification ( edit ) There are various methods of categorizing natural resources , these include source of origin , stage of development , and by their renewability . On the basis of origin , natural resources may be divided into two types : Biotic -- Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere ( living and organic material ) , such as forests and animals , and the materials that can be obtained from them . Fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they are formed from decayed organic matter . Abiotic -- Abiotic resources are those that come from non-living , non-organic material . Examples of abiotic resources include land , fresh water , air , rare earth metals and heavy metals including ores such as gold , iron , copper , silver , etc . Considering their stage of development , natural resources may be referred to in the following ways : Potential resources -- Potential resources are those that exist in a region and may be used in the future . For example , petroleum occurs with sedimentary rocks in various regions , but until the time it is actually drilled out and put into use , it remains a potential resource . Actual resources -- Actual resources are those that have been surveyed , their quantity and quality determined and are being used in present times . The development of an actual resource , such as wood processing depends upon the technology available and the cost involved . Reserve resources -- The part of an actual resource which can be developed profitably in the future is called a reserve resource . Stock resources -- Stock resources are those that have been surveyed but can not be used by organisms due to lack of technology . For example : hydrogen .",
"2": "Many natural resources can be categorized as either renewable or non-renewable : Renewable resources -- Renewable resources can be replenished naturally . Some of these resources , like sunlight , air , wind , water , etc. , are continuously available and their quantity is not noticeably affected by human consumption . Though many renewable resources do not have such a rapid recovery rate , these resources are susceptible to depletion by over-use . Resources from a human use perspective are classified as renewable so long as the rate of replenishment / recovery exceeds that of the rate of consumption . They replenish easily compared to Non-renewable resources . Non-renewable resources -- Non-renewable resources either form slowly or do not naturally form in the environment . Minerals are the most common resource included in this category . By the human perspective , resources are non-renewable when their rate of consumption exceeds the rate of replenishment / recovery ; a good example of this are fossil fuels , which are in this category because their rate of formation is extremely slow ( potentially millions of years ) , meaning they are considered non-renewable . Some resources actually naturally deplete in amount without human interference , the most notable of these being radio - active elements such as uranium , which naturally decay into heavy metals . Of these , the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them , but coal and petroleum can not be recycled . Once they are completely used they take millions of years to replenish . Extraction ( edit ) Resource extraction involves any activity that withdraws resources from nature . This can range in scale from the traditional use of preindustrial societies , to global industry . Extractive industries are , along with agriculture , the basis of the primary sector of the economy . Extraction produces raw material which is then processed to add value . Examples of extractive industries are hunting , trapping , mining , oil and gas drilling , and forestry . Natural resources can add substantial amounts to a country 's wealth , however a sudden inflow of money caused by a resource boom can create social problems including inflation harming other industries ( `` Dutch disease '' ) and corruption , leading to inequality and underdevelopment , this is known as the `` resource curse '' . Extractive industries represent a large growing activity in many less - developed countries but the wealth generated does not always lead to sustainable and inclusive growth .",
"3": "Extractive industry businesses often are assumed to be interested only in maximizing their short - term value , implying that less - developed countries are vulnerable to powerful corporations . Alternatively , host governments are often assumed to be only maximizing immediate revenue . Researchers argue there are areas of common interest where development goals and business cross . These present opportunities for international governmental agencies to engage with the private sector and host governments through revenue management and expenditure accountability , infrastructure development , employment creation , skills and enterprise development and impacts on children , especially girls and women . Depletion of resources ( edit ) Wind is a natural resource that can be used to generate electricity , as with these 5MW wind turbines in Thorntonbank Wind Farm 28 km ( 17 mi ) off the coast of Belgium See also : Exploitation of natural resources In recent years , the depletion of natural resources has become a major focus of governments and organizations such as the United Nations ( UN ) . This is evident in the UN 's Agenda 21 Section Two , which outlines the necessary steps to be taken by countries to sustain their natural resources . The depletion of natural resources is considered to be a sustainable development issue . The term sustainable development has many interpretations , most notably the Brundtland Commission 's ' to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs ' , however in broad terms it is balancing the needs of the planet 's people and species now and in the future . In regards to natural resources , depletion is of concern for sustainable development as it has the ability to degrade current environments and potential to impact the needs of future generations . `` The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem . Unless we solve that problem , it will avail us little to solve all others . '' Theodore Roosevelt Depletion of natural resources is associated with social inequity . Considering most biodiversity are located in developing countries , depletion of this resource could result in losses of ecosystem services for these countries . Some view this depletion as a major source of social unrest and conflicts in developing nations . At present , with it being the year of the forest , there is particular concern for rainforest regions which hold most of the Earth 's biodiversity . According to Nelson deforestation and degradation affect 8.5 % of the world 's forests with 30 % of the Earth 's surface already cropped .",
"4": "If we consider that 80 % of people rely on medicines obtained from plants and 3⁄4 of the world 's prescription medicines have ingredients taken from plants , loss of the world 's rainforests could result in a loss of finding more potential life saving medicines . The depletion of natural resources is caused by ' direct drivers of change ' such as Mining , petroleum extraction , fishing and forestry as well as ' indirect drivers of change ' such as demography , economy , society , politics and technology . The current practice of Agriculture is another factor causing depletion of natural resources . For example , the depletion of nutrients in the soil due to excessive use of nitrogen and desertification . The depletion of natural resources is a continuing concern for society . This is seen in the cited quote given by Theodore Roosevelt , a well - known conservationist and former United States president , who was opposed to unregulated natural resource extraction . Protection ( edit ) See also : Environmental protection In 1982 , the UN developed the World Charter for Nature , which recognized the need to protect nature from further depletion due to human activity . It states that measures need to be taken at all societal levels , from international to individual , to protect nature . It outlines the need for sustainable use of natural resources and suggests that the protection of resources should be incorporated into national and international systems of law . To look at the importance of protecting natural resources further , the World Ethic of Sustainability , developed by the IUCN , WWF and the UNEP in 1990 , set out eight values for sustainability , including the need to protect natural resources from depletion . Since the development of these documents , many measures have been taken to protect natural resources including establishment of the scientific field and practice of conservation biology and habitat conservation , respectively . Conservation biology is the scientific study of the nature and status of Earth 's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species , their habitats , and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction . It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on science , economics and the practice of natural resource management . The term conservation biology was introduced as the title of a conference held at the University of California , San Diego , in La Jolla , California , in 1978 , organized by biologists Bruce A. Wilcox and Michael E. Soulé .",
"5": "Habitat conservation is a land management practice that seeks to conserve , protect and restore , habitat areas for wild plants and animals , especially conservation reliant species , and prevent their extinction , fragmentation or reduction in range . Management ( edit ) Main article : Natural resource management Natural resource management is a discipline in the management of natural resources such as land , water , soil , plants and animals , with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations. Hence sustainable development can be followed where there is a judicial use of resources which compromises the needs of the present generations as well as the future generations . Management of natural resources involves identifying who has the right to use the resources and who does not for defining the boundaries of the resource . The resources are managed by the users according to the rules governing of when and how the resource is used depending on local condition . A `` ... successful management of natural resources depends on freedom of speech , a dynamic and wide - ranging public debate through multiple independent media channels and an active civil society engaged in natural resource issues ... '' , because of the nature of the shared resources the individuals who are affected by the rules can participate in setting or changing them . The users have rights to devise their own management institutions and plans under the recognition by the government . The right to resources includes land , water , fisheries and pastoral rights . The users or parties accountable to the users have to actively monitor and ensure the utilisation of the resource compliance with the rules and to impose penalty on those peoples who violates the rules . These conflicts are resolved in a quick and low cost manner by the local institution according to the seriousness and context of the offence . The global science - based platform to discuss natural resources management is the World Resources Forum , based in Switzerland .",
"6": "Natural Resources by country ( edit ) Value of Natural Resources by country ( in USD Trillions ) , 2016 Country Value Russia 75 United States 45 Saudi Arabia 34.4 Canada 33.2 Iran 27.3 China 23 Brazil 21.8 Australia 19.9 Iraq 15.9 Venezuela 14.3 See also ( edit ) Conservation ( ethic ) Environmental movement Sustainable development References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` natural resources - definition of natural resources in English '' . Oxford Dictionaries. 2014 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of natural resource - Student Dictionary '' . Wordcentral.com. 2012 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` What is Natural Resources ? definition and meaning '' . Investorwords.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Natural resource dictionary definition natural resource defined '' . Yourdictionary.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Earth 's natural wealth : an audit '' . Science.org.au . May 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Peak Everything ? '' . Reason.com. April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` EnviroStats : Canada 's natural resource wealth at a glance '' . Statcan.gc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Evelyn Dietsche ; Samantha Dodd ; Dan Haglund ; Mark Henstridge ; Maja Jakobsen ; Esméralda Sindou ; Caroline Slaven . `` Extractive industries , development and the role of donors - ECONOMIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR PROFESSIONAL EVIDENCE AND APPLIED KNOWLEDGE SERVICES '' . Partberplatform.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 .",
"7": "^ Jump up to : `` UN 2002 Earth Summit Agenda 21 The United Nations programme for action from Rio : Section Two -- Conservation and Management of Resources for Development , United Nations , Rio '' . Un.org. 12 September 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Schilling M and Chiang L 2011 The effect of natural resources on sustainable development policy : The approach of non-sustainable externalities . Energy Policy 39 : 990 -- 998 Jump up ^ `` UN 1987 ' Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development : Our Common Future ' UN Documents : Gathering a body of global agreements '' . Un.org. 12 September 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Salvati L and Marco Z 2008 Natural resource depletion and economic performance of local districts : suggestions from a whithin - country analysis Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology. 15 ( 6 ) : 518 -- 523 Jump up ^ Theodore Roosevelt , Address to the Deep Waterway Convention Memphis , TN , October 4 , 1907 Jump up ^ UNESCO and UNEP 2002 Cultural Diversity and Biodiversity for Sustainable Development , World Summit on Sustainable Development , Johannesburg . ^ Jump up to : Nellemann C and Corcoran E 2010 Dead Planet , Living Planet - Biodiversity and Ecosystem Restoration for Sustainable Development : A Rapid Response Assessment . United Nations Environment Program , GRID - Arendal Jump up ^ Von Braun J cited in Inforesources Trends 2005 Depletion of Natural Resources -- Implications for Development : An assessment by experts Berne , Switzerland ^ Jump up to : `` UNEP 2011 International Year of Forests '' . Un.org. 12 September 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nelson 2005 Chapter 3 : Drivers of Ecosystem Change : Summary Chapter in Current State and Trends Assessment Millenium Ecosystem Assessment '' ( PDF ) . 12 September 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ Clark H cited in UNESCO and UNEP 2002 Cultural Diversity and Biodiversity for Sustainable Development , World Summit on Sustainable Development , Johannesburg Jump up ^ `` UN 1982 General Assembly World Charter for Nature : 48th Plenary meeting '' . United Nations . 13 September 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Fein , J. ( 2003 ) . `` Learning to Care : Education and Compassion '' ( PDF ) . Australian Journal of Environmental Education . 19 : 1 -- 13 . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ M.E. Soulé and B.A. Wilcox. 1980 . Conservation Biology : An Evolutionary - Ecological Perspective . Sinauer Associatess . Sunderland , Massachusetts . Jump up ^ M.E. Soule. ( 1986 ) . What is conservation Biology ? BioScience , 35 ( 11 ) : 727 -- 734 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Soule , Michael E. ( 1986 ) . Conservation Biology : The Science of Scarcity and Diversity . Sinauer Associates . p. 584 . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 795 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hunter , M.L. ( 1996 ) . Fundamentals of Conservation Biology . Blackwell Science Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts. , ISBN 0 - 86542 - 371 - 7 . Jump up ^ Groom , M.J. , Meffe , G.K. and Carroll , C.R. ( 2006 ) Principles of Conservation Biology ( 3rd ed . ) . Sinauer Associates , Sunderland , MA . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 518 - 5 Jump up ^ van Dyke , Fred ( 2008 ) . Conservation Biology : Foundations , Concepts , Applications , 2nd ed . Springer Verlag . p. 478 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6890 - 4 . Jump up ^ Habitat Conservation Planning Branch . `` Habitat Conservation '' . California Department of Fish & Game .",
"9": "Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ostrom E cited in Kommers N and Mackie P 2005 Journalist guide to world resources 2005 World Resources Institute 1 - 30 '' ( PDF ) . Pdf.wri.org . ^ Jump up to : `` UNDP , UNEP , The World Bank and World Resources Institute -- The Wealth of the Poor : Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty Institute 2005 Chapter 3 The board 's role in governance , World Resources 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Sc.com.my . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Overland , Indra ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) . Public Brainpower : Civil Society and Natural Resource Management . pp. 1 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Craig ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` 10 Countries With The Most Natural Resources '' . Investopedia .",
"10": "External links ( edit ) Media related to Natural resources at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Tidal Wave Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological land Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Common - pool Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources GND : 4075236 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_resource&oldid=837140628 '' Categories : Natural resources Environmental",
"11": "social science concepts Supply chain management Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Буряад Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Монгол",
"12": "မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 61 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 00 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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1106103350744797710
|
what is the white stork a symbol for in western culture
|
[
"bringing babies to new parents"
] |
{
"0": "White stork - wikipedia White stork Jump to : navigation , search White stork Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Ciconiiformes Family : Ciconiidae Genus : Ciconia Species : C. ciconia Binomial name Ciconia ciconia ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Approximate ranges and routes Breeding range Winter range Migration routes Synonyms Ardea ciconia Linnaeus , 1758 The white stork ( Ciconia ciconia ) is a large bird in the stork family Ciconiidae . Its plumage is mainly white , with black on its wings . Adults have long red legs and long pointed red beaks , and measure on average 100 -- 115 cm ( 39 -- 45 in ) from beak tip to end of tail , with a 155 -- 215 cm ( 61 -- 85 in ) wingspan . The two subspecies , which differ slightly in size , breed in Europe ( north to Finland ) , northwestern Africa , southwestern Asia ( east to southern Kazakhstan ) and southern Africa . The white stork is a long - distance migrant , wintering in Africa from tropical Sub-Saharan Africa to as far south as South Africa , or on the Indian subcontinent . When migrating between Europe and Africa , it avoids crossing the Mediterranean Sea and detours via the Levant in the east or the Strait of Gibraltar in the west , because the air thermals on which it depends for soaring do not form over water . A carnivore , the white stork eats a wide range of animal prey , including insects , fish , amphibians , reptiles , small mammals and small birds . It takes most of its food from the ground , among low vegetation , and from shallow water . It is a monogamous breeder , but does not pair for life . Both members of the pair build a large stick nest , which may be used for several years . Each year the female can lay one clutch of usually four eggs , which hatch asynchronously 33 -- 34 days after being laid .",
"1": "Both parents take turns incubating the eggs and both feed the young . The young leave the nest 58 -- 64 days after hatching , and continue to be fed by the parents for a further 7 -- 20 days . The white stork has been rated as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) . It benefited from human activities during the Middle Ages as woodland was cleared , but changes in farming methods and industrialisation saw it decline and disappear from parts of Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries . Conservation and reintroduction programs across Europe have resulted in the white stork resuming breeding in the Netherlands , Belgium , Switzerland and Sweden . It has few natural predators , but may harbour several types of parasite ; the plumage is home to chewing lice and feather mites , while the large nests maintain a diverse range of mesostigmatic mites . This conspicuous species has given rise to many legends across its range , of which the best - known is the story of babies being brought by storks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy and evolution 2 Description 2.1 Similar species 3 Distribution and habitat 3.1 Migration 3.1. 1 Routes 3.1. 2 Energetics 4 Behaviour 4.1 Communication 4.2 Breeding and lifespan 4.3 Feeding 5 Parasites and diseases 6 Conservation 7 Cultural associations 7.1 Storks and childbirth 8 Notes 9 References 10 Works cited 11 External links Taxonomy and evolution ( edit ) English naturalist Francis Willughby wrote about the white stork in the 17th century , having seen a drawing sent to him by his friend and natural history enthusiast Sir Thomas Brown of Norwich . He named it Ciconia alba . They noted they were occasional vagrants to England , blown there by storms . It was one of the many bird species originally described by Linnaeus in the landmark 1758 10th edition of his Systema Naturae , where it was given the binomial name of Ardea ciconia .",
"2": "It was reclassified to ( and was designated the type species of ) the new genus Ciconia by French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 . Both the genus and specific epithet , cǐcōnia , are the Latin word for `` stork '' , originally recorded in the works of Horace and Ovid . The Latin word survives in most Romance languages ( cicogna , cigüeña , cegonha and the like ) . The word stork is derived from the Old English word storc , and appeared in the 10th - century works the Erfurt Glossary , where the word is equated with Ciconia , and Aelfric 's Homilies . The word is related to the Old High German storah , `` stork '' , and similar words in many other European languages , all of which are descended from the Germanic sturko - z . Skeleton There are two subspecies : C. c. ciconia , the nominate subspecies described by Linnaeus in 1758 , breeds from Europe to northwest Africa and westernmost Asia , and in southern Africa , and winters mainly in Africa south of the Sahara Desert , though some birds winter in India . C. c. asiatica , described by Russian naturalist Nikolai Severtzov in 1873 , breeds in Turkestan and winters from Iran to India . It is slightly larger than the nominate subspecies . The stork family contains six genera in three broad groups : the open - billed and wood storks ( Mycteria and Anastomus ) , the giant storks ( Ephippiorhynchus , Jabiru and Leptoptilos ) , and the `` typical '' storks , Ciconia . The typical storks include the white stork and six other extant species , which are characterised by straight pointed beaks and mainly black and white plumage . Its closest relatives are the larger , black - billed Oriental white stork ( Ciconia boyciana ) of East Asia , which was formerly classified as a subspecies of the white stork , and the maguari stork ( C. maguari ) of South America .",
"3": "Close evolutionary relationships within Ciconia are suggested by behavioural similarities and , biochemically , through analysis of both mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences and DNA - DNA hybridization . A Ciconia fossil representing the distal end of a right humerus has been recovered from Miocene beds of Rusinga Island , Lake Victoria , Kenya . The 24 -- 6 million year old fossil could have originated from either a white stork or a black stork ( C. nigra ) , which are species of about the same size with very similar bone structures . The Middle Miocene beds of Maboko Island have yielded further remains . Description ( edit ) A juvenile feeding on an insect The white stork is a large bird . It has a length of 100 -- 115 cm ( 39 -- 45 in ) , and a standing height of 100 -- 125 cm ( 39 -- 49 in ) . The wingspan is 155 -- 215 cm ( 61 -- 85 in ) and its weight is 2.3 -- 4.5 kg ( 5.1 -- 9.9 lb ) . Like all storks , it has long legs , a long neck and a long straight pointed beak . The sexes are identical in appearance , except that males are larger than females on average . The plumage is mainly white with black flight feathers and wing coverts ; the black is caused by the pigment melanin . The breast feathers are long and shaggy forming a ruff which is used in some courtship displays . The irises are dull brown or grey , and the peri-orbital skin is black . The adult has a bright red beak and red legs , the colouration of which is derived from carotenoids in the diet . In parts of Spain , studies have shown that the pigment is based on astaxanthin obtained from an introduced species of crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ) and the bright red beak colours show up even in nestlings , in contrast to the duller beaks of young white storks elsewhere . In flight . White storks fly with their necks outstretched . As with other storks , the wings are long and broad enabling the bird to soar . In flapping flight its wingbeats are slow and regular .",
"4": "It flies with its neck stretched forward and with its long legs extended well beyond the end of its short tail . It walks at a slow and steady pace with its neck upstretched . In contrast , it often hunches its head between its shoulders when resting . Moulting has not been extensively studied , but appears to take place throughout the year , with the primary flight feathers replaced over the breeding season . An older juvenile at Vogelpark Avifauna , Netherlands . Beaks turn red starting at the base . Upon hatching , the young white stork is partly covered with short , sparse , whitish down feathers . This early down is replaced about a week later with a denser coat of woolly white down . By three weeks , the young bird acquires black scapulars and flight feathers . On hatching the chick has pinkish legs , which turn to greyish - black as it ages . Its beak is black with a brownish tip . By the time it fledges , the juvenile bird 's plumage is similar to that of the adult , though its black feathers are often tinged with brown , and its beak and legs are a duller brownish - red or orange . The beak is typically orange or red with a darker tip . The bills gain the adults ' red colour the following summer , although the black tips persist in some individuals . Young storks adopt adult plumage by their second summer . Similar species ( edit ) Within its range the white stork is distinctive when seen on the ground . The winter range of C. c. asiatica overlaps that of the Asian openbill , which has similar plumage but a different bill shape . When seen at a distance in flight , the white stork can be confused with several other species with similar underwing patterns , such as the yellow - billed stork , great white pelican and Egyptian vulture . The yellow - billed stork is identified by its black tail and a longer , slightly curved , yellow beak . The white stork also tends to be larger than the yellow - billed stork . The great white pelican has short legs which do not extend beyond its tail , and it flies with its neck retracted , keeping its head near to its stocky body , giving it a different flight profile .",
"5": "Pelicans also behave differently , soaring in orderly , synchronised flocks rather than in disorganised groups of individuals as the white stork does . The Egyptian vulture is much smaller , with a long wedge - shaped tail , shorter legs and a small yellow - tinged head on a short neck . The common crane , which can also look black and white in strong light , shows longer legs and a longer neck in flight . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) A flock foraging in Turkey . White storks avoid areas overgrown with tall grass and shrub . The nominate race of the white stork has a wide although disjunct summer range across Europe , clustered in the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa in the west , and much of eastern and central Europe , with 25 % of the world 's population concentrated in Poland , as well as parts of western Asia . The asiatica population of about 1450 birds is restricted to a region in central Asia between the Aral Sea and Xinjiang in western China . The Xinjiang population is believed to have become extinct around 1980 . Migration routes extend the range of this species into many parts of Africa and India . Some populations adhere to the eastern migration route , which passes across Israel into eastern and central Africa . A few records of breeding from South Africa have been known since 1933 at Calitzdorp , and about 10 birds have been known to breed since the 1990s around Bredasdorp . A small population of white storks winters in India and is thought to derive principally from the C. c. asiatica population as flocks of up to 200 birds have been observed on spring migration in the early 1900s through the Kurram Valley . However , birds ringed in Germany have been recovered in western ( Bikaner ) and southern ( Tirunelveli ) India . An atypical specimen with red orbital skin , a feature of the Oriental white stork , has been recorded and further study of the Indian population is required . North of the breeding range , it is a passage migrant or vagrant in Finland , Great Britain , Iceland , Ireland , Norway and Sweden , and west to the Azores and Madeira . In recent years , the range has expanded into western Russia .",
"6": "The white stork 's preferred feeding grounds are grassy meadows , farmland and shallow wetlands . It avoids areas overgrown with tall grass and shrubs . In the Chernobyl area of northern Ukraine , white stork populations declined after the 1986 nuclear accident there as farmland was succeeded by tall grass shrubs . In parts of Poland , poor natural foraging grounds have forced birds to seek food at rubbish dumps since 1999 . White storks have also been reported foraging in rubbish dumps in the Middle East , North Africa and South Africa . The white stork breeds in greater numbers in areas with open grasslands , particularly grassy areas which are wet or periodically flooded , and less in areas with taller vegetation cover such as forest and shrubland . They make use of grasslands , wetlands , and farmland on the wintering grounds in Africa . White storks were probably aided by human activities during the Middle Ages as woodland was cleared and new pastures and farmland were created , and they were found across much of Europe , breeding as far north as Sweden . The population in Sweden is thought to have established in the 16th century after forests were cut down for agriculture . About 5000 pairs were estimated to breed in the 18th century which declined subsequently . The first accurate census in 1917 found 25 pairs and the last pair failed to breed around 1955 . The white stork is a rare visitor to the British Isles , as about 20 birds are seen in Britain every year , but there are no records of nesting . A pair nested atop St Giles High Kirk in Edinburgh , Scotland in 1416 . A decline in population began in the 19th century due to industrialisation and changes in agricultural methods . White storks no longer nest in many countries , and the current strongholds of the western population are in Portugal , Spain , Ukraine and Poland . In the Iberian Peninsula , populations are concentrated in the southwest , and have also declined due to agricultural practices . A study published in 2005 found that the Podhale region in the uplands of southern Poland had seen an influx of white storks , which first bred there in 1931 and have nested at progressively higher altitudes since , reaching 890 m ( 3000 ft ) in 1999 .",
"7": "The authors proposed that this was related to climate warming and the influx of other animals and plants to higher altitudes . White storks arriving in Poznań province ( Greater Poland Voivodeship ) in western Poland in spring to breed did so some 10 days earlier in the last twenty years of the 20th century than at the end of the 19th century . Migration ( edit ) In 1822 , the Rostocker Pfeilstorch provided early evidence of long - distance stork migration A flock in migration over Israel . Migrating white storks use the uplift of air thermals to reduce the effort of long - distance flying . Systematic research into migration of white stork began with German ornithologist Johannes Thienemann who commenced bird ringing studies in 1906 at the Rossitten Bird Observatory , on the Curonian Spit in what was then East Prussia . Although not many storks passed through Rossitten itself , the observatory coordinated the large - scale ringing of the species throughout Germany and elsewhere in Europe . Between 1906 and the Second World War about 100,000 , mainly juvenile , white storks were ringed , with over 2,000 long - distance recoveries of birds wearing Rossitten rings reported between 1908 and 1954 . Routes ( edit ) White storks fly south from their summer breeding grounds in Europe in August and September , heading for Africa . There , they spend the winter in savannah from Kenya and Uganda south to the Cape Province of South Africa . In these areas they congregate in large flocks which may exceed a thousand individuals . Some diverge westwards into western Sudan and Chad , and may reach Nigeria . In spring , the birds return north ; they are recorded from Sudan and Egypt from February to April . They arrive back in Europe around late March and April , after an average journey of 49 days . By comparison , the autumn journey is completed in about 26 days . Tailwinds and scarcity of food and water en route ( birds fly faster over regions lacking resources ) increase average speed . Eastern route : storks resting in Rahat ( spring 2017 ) .",
"8": "To avoid a long sea crossing over the Mediterranean , birds from central Europe either follow an eastern migration route by crossing the Bosphorus to Turkey , traversing the Levant , then bypassing the Sahara Desert by following the Nile valley southwards , or follow a western route over the Strait of Gibraltar . These migration corridors maximise help from the thermals and thus save energy . The eastern route is by far the more important with 530,000 white storks using it annually , making the species the second commonest migrant there ( after the European honey buzzard ) . The flocks of migrating raptors , white storks and great white pelicans can stretch for 200 km ( 125 mi ) . The eastern route is twice as long as the western , but storks take the same time to reach the wintering grounds by either . Juvenile white storks set off on their first southward migration in an inherited direction but , if displaced from that bearing by weather conditions , they are unable to compensate , and may end up in a new wintering location . Adults can compensate for strong winds and adjust their direction to finish at their normal winter sites , because they are familiar with the location . For the same reason , all spring migrants , even those from displaced wintering locations , can find their way back to the traditional breeding sites . An experiment with young birds raised in captivity in Kaliningrad and released in the absence of wild storks to show them the way revealed that they appeared to have an instinct to fly south , although the scatter in direction was large . Energetics ( edit ) Otto Lilienthal studied the flight of storks in 1889 while designing his glider . White storks rely on the uplift of air thermals to soar and glide the long distances of their annual migrations between Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa . For many , the shortest route would take them over the Mediterranean Sea ; however , since air thermals do not form over water , they generally detour over land to avoid the trans - Mediterranean flights that would require prolonged energetic wing flapping . It has been estimated that flapping flight metabolises 23 times more body fat than soaring flight per distance travelled .",
"9": "Thus , flocks spiral upwards on rising warm air until they emerge at the top , up to 1,200 -- 1,500 m ( 3,900 -- 4,900 ft ) above the ground ( though one record from Western Sudan observed an altitude of 3,300 m ( 10,800 ft ) ) . Long flights over water may occasionally be undertaken . A young white stork ringed at the nest in Denmark subsequently appeared in England , where it spent some days before moving on . It was later seen flying over St Mary 's , Isles of Scilly , and arrived in a poor condition in Madeira three days later . That island is 500 km ( 320 mi ) from Africa , and twice as far from the European mainland . Migration through the Middle East may be hampered by the khamsin , winds bringing gusty overcast days unsuitable for flying . In these situations , flocks of white storks sit out the adverse weather on the ground , standing and facing into the wind . Behaviour ( edit ) An adult in Tsavo East National Park , Kenya . The lower parts of its legs are a whitish colour due to being covered with its droppings -- an example of thermoregulation by urohidrosis . The white stork is a gregarious bird ; flocks of thousands of individuals have been recorded on migration routes and at wintering areas in Africa . Non-breeding birds gather in groups of 40 or 50 during the breeding season . The smaller dark - plumaged Abdim 's stork is often encountered with white stork flocks in southern Africa . Breeding pairs of white stork may gather in small groups to hunt , and colony nesting has been recorded in some areas . However , groups among white stork colonies vary widely in size and the social structure is loosely defined ; young breeding storks are often restricted to peripheral nests , while older storks attain higher breeding success while occupying the better quality nests toward the centres of breeding colonies . Social structure and group cohesion is maintained by altruistic behaviours such as allopreening . White storks exhibit this behaviour exclusively at the nest site . Standing birds preen the heads of sitting birds , sometimes these are parents grooming juveniles , and sometimes juveniles preen each other .",
"10": "Unlike most storks , it never adopts a spread - winged posture , though it is known to droop its wings ( holding them away from its body with the primary feathers pointing downwards ) when its plumage is wet . A white stork 's droppings , containing faeces and uric acid , are sometimes directed onto its own legs , making them appear white . The resulting evaporation provides cooling and is termed urohidrosis . Birds that have been ringed can sometimes be affected by the accumulation of droppings around the ring leading to constriction and leg trauma . The white stork has also been noted for tool use by squeezing moss in the beak to drip water into the mouths of its chicks . Communication ( edit ) The adult white stork 's main sound is noisy bill - clattering , which has been likened to distant machine gun fire . The bird makes these sounds by rapidly opening and closing its beak so that a knocking sound is made each time its beak closes . The clattering is amplified by its throat pouch , which acts as a resonator . Used in a variety of social interactions , bill - clattering generally grows louder the longer it lasts , and takes on distinctive rhythms depending on the situation -- for example , slower during copulation and briefer when given as an alarm call . The only vocal sound adult birds generate is a weak barely audible hiss ; however , young birds can generate a harsh hiss , various cheeping sounds , and a cat - like mew they use to beg for food . Like the adults , young also clatter their beaks . The up - down display is used for a number of interactions with other members of the species . Here a stork quickly throws its head backwards so that its crown rests on its back before slowly bringing its head and neck forwards again , and this is repeated several times . The display is used as a greeting between birds , post coitus , and also as a threat display . Breeding pairs are territorial over the summer , and use this display , as well as crouching forward with the tails cocked and wings extended . Breeding and lifespan ( edit ) Nests on a belfry in Spain . White storks often form small nesting colonies .",
"11": "The white stork breeds in open farmland areas with access to marshy wetlands , building a large stick nest in trees , on buildings , or on purpose - built man - made platforms . Each nest is 1 -- 2 m ( 3.3 -- 6.6 ft ) in depth , 0.8 -- 1.5 m ( 2.6 -- 4.9 ft ) in diameter , and 60 -- 250 kg ( 130 -- 550 lb ) in weight . Nests are built in loose colonies . Not persecuted as it is viewed as a good omen , it often nests close to human habitation ; in southern Europe , nests can be seen on churches and other buildings . The nest is typically used year after year especially by older males . The males arrive earlier in the season and choose the nests . Larger nests are associated with greater numbers of young successfully fledged , and appear to be sought after . Nest change is often related to a change in the pairing and failure to raise young the previous year , and younger birds are more likely to change nesting sites . Although a pair may be found to occupy a nest , partners may change several times during the early stages and breeding activities begin only after a stable pairing is achieved . Mating Several bird species often nest within the large nests of the white stork . Regular occupants are house sparrows , tree sparrows , and common starlings ; less common residents include Eurasian kestrels , little owls , European rollers , white wagtails , black redstarts , Eurasian jackdaws , and Spanish sparrows . Paired birds greet by engaging in up - down and head - shaking crouch displays , and clattering the beak while throwing back the head . Pairs copulate frequently throughout the month before eggs are laid . High - frequency pair copulation is usually associated with sperm competition and high frequency of extra-pair copulation ; however , extra-pair copulation is infrequent in white storks . A white stork pair raises a single brood a year . The female typically lays four eggs , though clutches of one to seven have been recorded . The eggs are white , but often look dirty or yellowish due to a glutinous covering .",
"12": "They typically measure 73 mm × 52 mm ( 2.9 in × 2.0 in ) , and weigh 96 -- 129 g ( 3.4 -- 4.6 oz ) , of which about 11 g ( 0.39 oz ) is shell . Incubation begins as soon as the first egg is laid , so the brood hatches asynchronously , beginning 33 to 34 days later . The first hatchling typically has a competitive edge over the others . While stronger chicks are not aggressive towards weaker siblings , as is the case in some species , weak or small chicks are sometimes killed by their parents . This behaviour occurs in times of food shortage to reduce brood size and hence increase the chance of survival of the remaining nestlings . White stork nestlings do not attack each other , and their parents ' method of feeding them ( disgorging large amounts of food at once ) means that stronger siblings can not outcompete weaker ones for food directly , hence parental infanticide is an efficient way of reducing brood size . Despite this , this behaviour has not commonly been observed . Egg The temperature and weather around the time of hatching in spring is important ; cool temperatures and wet weather increase chick mortality and reduce breeding success rates . Somewhat unexpectedly , studies have found that later - hatching chicks which successfully reach adulthood produce more chicks than do their earlier - hatching nestmates . The body weight of the chicks increases rapidly in the first few weeks and reaches a plateau of about 3.4 kg ( 7.5 lb ) in 45 days . The length of the beak increases linearly for about 50 days . Young birds are fed with earthworms and insects , which are regurgitated by the parents onto the floor of the nest . Older chicks reach into the mouths of parents to obtain food . Chicks fledge 58 to 64 days after hatching . White storks generally begin breeding when about four years old , although the age of first breeding has been recorded as early as two years and as late as seven years . The oldest known wild white stork lived for 39 years after being ringed in Switzerland , while captive birds have lived for more than 35 years . Feeding ( edit ) White storks consume a wide variety of animal prey .",
"13": "They prefer to forage in meadows that are within roughly 5 km ( 3 mi ) of their nest and sites where the vegetation is shorter so that their prey is more accessible . Their diet varies according to season , locality and prey availability . Common food items include insects ( primarily beetles , grasshoppers , locusts and crickets ) , earthworms , reptiles , amphibians , particularly frog species such as the edible frog ( Pelophylax kl . esculentus ) and common frog ( Rana temporaria ) and small mammals such as voles , moles and shrews . Less commonly , they also eat bird eggs and young birds , fish , molluscs , crustaceans and scorpions . They hunt mainly during the day , swallowing small prey whole , but killing and breaking apart larger prey before swallowing . Rubber bands are mistaken for earthworms and consumed , occasionally resulting in fatal blockage of the digestive tract . White stork picking a dead young rabbit Birds returning to Latvia during spring have been shown to locate their prey , moor frogs ( Rana arvalis ) , by homing in on the mating calls produced by aggregations of male frogs . The diet of non-breeding birds is similar to that of breeding birds , but food items are more often taken from dry areas . White storks wintering in western India have been observed to follow blackbuck to capture insects disturbed by them . Wintering white storks in India sometimes forage along with the woolly - necked stork ( Ciconia episcopus ) . Food piracy has been recorded in India with a rodent captured by a western marsh harrier appropriated by a white stork , while Montagu 's harrier is known to harass white storks foraging for voles in some parts of Poland . Parasites and Diseases ( edit ) White stork nests are habitats for an array of small arthropods , particularly over the warmer months after the birds arrive to breed . Nesting over successive years , the storks bring more material to line their nests and layers of organic material accumulate within them . Not only do their bodies tend to regulate temperatures within the nest , but excrement , food remains and feather and skin fragments provide nourishment for a large and diverse population of free - living mesostigmatic mites .",
"14": "A survey of twelve nests found 13,352 individuals of 34 species , the most common being Macrocheles merdarius , M. robustulus , Uroobovella pyriformis and Trichouropoda orbicularis , which together represented almost 85 % of all the specimens collected . These feed on the eggs and larvae of insects and on nematodes , which are abundant in the nest litter . These mites are dispersed by coprophilous beetles , often of the family Scarabaeidae , or on dung brought by the storks during nest construction . Parasitic mites do not occur , perhaps being controlled by the predatory species . The overall effect of the mite population is unclear , the mites may have a role in suppressing harmful organisms ( and hence be beneficial ) , or they may themselves have an adverse effect on nestlings . The birds themselves host species belonging to more than four genera of feather mites . These mites , including Freyanopterolichus pelargicus and Pelargolichus didactylus live on fungi growing on the feathers . The fungi found on the plumage may feed on the keratin of the outer feathers or on feather oil . Chewing lice such as Colpocephalum zebra tend to be found on the wings , and Neophilopterus incompletus elsewhere on the body . The white stork also carries several types of internal parasites , including Toxoplasma gondii and intestinal parasites of the genus Giardia . A study of 120 white stork carcasses from Saxony - Anhalt and Brandenburg in Germany yielded eight species of trematode ( fluke ) , four cestode ( tapeworm ) species , and at least three species of nematode . One species of fluke , Chaunocephalus ferox , caused lesions in the wall of the small intestine in a number of birds admitted to two rehabilitation centres in central Spain , and was associated with reduced weight . It is a recognised pathogen and cause of morbidity in the Asian openbill ( Anastomus oscitans ) . More recently , the thorough study performed by J. Sitko and P. Heneberg in the Czech Republic in 1962 -- 2013 suggested that the central European white storks host 11 helminth species .",
"15": "Chaunocephalus ferox , Tylodelphys excavata and Dictymetra discoidea were reported to be the dominant ones . The other species found included Cathaemasia hians , Echinochasmus spinulosus , Echinostoma revolutum , Echinostoma sudanense , Duboisia syriaca , Apharyngostrigea cornu , Capillaria sp. and Dictymetra discoidea . Juvenile white storks were shown to host less species , but the intensity of infection was higher in the juveniles than in the adult storks . West Nile virus ( WNV ) is mainly a bird infection that is transmitted between birds by mosquitos . Migrating birds appear to be important in spread of the virus , the ecology of which remains poorly known . On 26 August 1998 , a flock of about 1,200 migrating white storks that had been blown off course on their southward journey landed in Eilat , in southern Israel . The flock was stressed as it had resorted to flapping flight to return to its migratory route , and a number of birds died . A virulent strain of West Nile virus was isolated from the brains of eleven dead juveniles . Other white storks subsequently tested in Israel have shown anti-WNV antibodies . In 2008 three juvenile white storks from a Polish wildlife refuge yielded seropositive results indicating exposure to the virus , but the context or existence of the virus in Poland is unclear . Conservation ( edit ) Results of the 2004 / 05 white stork census in Europe ( numbers of breeding pairs ) The white stork 's decline due to industrialisation and agricultural changes ( principally the draining of wetlands and conversion of meadows to crops such as maize ) began in the 19th century : the last wild individual in Belgium was seen in 1895 , in Sweden in 1955 , in Switzerland in 1950 and in the Netherlands in 1991 . However , the species has since been reintroduced to many regions . It has been rated as least concern by the IUCN since 1994 , after being evaluated as near threatened in 1988 .",
"16": "The white stork is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African - Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds ( AEWA ) applies . Parties to the agreement are required to engage in a wide range of conservation strategies described in a detailed action plan . The plan is intended to address key issues such as species and habitat conservation , management of human activities , research , education , and implementation . Threats include the continued loss of wetlands , collisions with overhead power lines , use of persistent pesticides ( such as DDT ) to combat locusts in Africa , and largely illegal hunting on migration routes and wintering grounds . A man - made nest platform in Poland built as a conservation measure and to prevent storks disrupting electricity supplies through nesting on pylons . Three young white storks are on the top of the nest and two Eurasian tree sparrows are perching on the side of the nest . A large population of white storks breeds in central ( Poland , Ukraine and Germany ) and southern Europe ( Spain and Turkey ) . In a 2004 / 05 census , there were 52,500 pairs in Poland , 30,000 pairs in Ukraine , 20,000 pairs in Belarus , 13,000 pairs in Lithuania ( the highest known density of this species in the world ) , 10,700 pairs in Latvia , and 10,200 in Russia . There were around 5,500 pairs in Romania , 5,300 in Hungary and an estimated 4,956 breeding pairs in Bulgaria . In Germany , the majority of the total 4,482 pairs were in the eastern region , especially in the states of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg - Vorpommern ( 1296 and 863 pairs in 2008 respectively ) . Apart from Spain and Portugal ( 33,217 and 7,684 pairs in 2004 / 05 respectively ) , populations are generally much less stable . The Danish population declined to just three pairs in 2005 . In the eastern Mediterranean region Turkey has a sizeable population of 6195 pairs , and Greece 2139 pairs . In Western Europe the white stork remains a rare bird despite conservation efforts . In 2004 France had only 973 pairs , and the Netherlands 528 pairs .",
"17": "In Armenia the population of the White Stork is slightly increasing in the period between 2005 and 2015 , and by last data makes 652 pairs . In the early 1980s , the population had fallen to fewer than nine pairs in the entire upper Rhine River valley , an area closely identified with the white stork for centuries . Conservation efforts successfully increased the population of birds there to 270 pairs ( in 2008 ) , largely due to the actions of the Association for the Protection and Reintroduction of Storks in Alsace and Lorraine . The reintroduction of zoo - reared birds has halted further declines in Italy , the Netherlands , and Switzerland . There were 601 pairs breeding in Armenia and around 700 pairs in the Netherlands in 2008 , and few pairs also breed in South Africa , typically recent colonists from within the normal wintering population . In Poland , electric poles have been modified with a platform at the top to prevent the white stork 's large nest from disrupting the electricity supply , and sometimes nests are moved from an electric pole to a man - made platform . Introductions of zoo - reared birds in the Netherlands has been followed up by feeding and nest - building programs by volunteers . Similar reintroduction programs are taking place in Sweden , and Switzerland , where 175 pairs were recorded breeding in 2000 . Long term viability of the population in Switzerland is unclear as breeding success rates are low , and supplementary feeding does not appear to be of benefit . Cultural associations ( edit ) Bociany ( Storks ) , a painting by Józef Chełmoński ( 1849 -- 1914 ) Due to its large size , predation on vermin , and nesting behaviour close to human settlements and on rooftops , the white stork has an imposing presence that has influenced human culture and folklore . The Hebrew word for the white stork is chasidah ( חסידה ) , meaning `` merciful '' or `` kind '' . Greek and Roman mythology portray storks as models of parental devotion , and it was believed that they did not die of old age , but flew to islands and took the appearance of humans .",
"18": "The bird is featured in at least three of Aesop 's Fables : The Fox and the Stork , The Farmer and the Stork , and The Frogs Who Desired a King . Storks were also thought to care for their aged parents , feeding them and even transporting them , and children 's books depicted them as a model of filial values . A Greek law called Pelargonia , from the Ancient Greek word pelargos for stork , required citizens to take care of their aged parents . The Greeks also held that killing a stork could be punished with death . It was allegedly protected in Ancient Thessaly as it hunted snakes , and widely held to be Virgil 's `` white bird '' . Roman writers noted the white stork 's arrival in spring , which alerted farmers to plant their vines . Followers of Islam revered storks because they made an annual pilgrimage to Mecca on their migration . Some of the earliest understanding on bird migration were initiated by an interest in white storks ; Pfeilstörche ( `` arrow storks '' ) were found in Europe with African arrows embedded in their bodies . A well - known example of such a stork found in the summer of 1822 in the German town of Klütz in Mecklenburg was made into a mounted taxidermy specimen , complete with the ornate African arrow , that is now in the University of Rostock . Supposed filial virtues of the stork Storks have little fear of humans if not disturbed , and often nest on buildings in Europe . In Germany , the presence of a nest on a house was believed to protect against fires . They were also protected because of the belief that their souls were human . German and Dutch households would encourage storks to nest on houses , sometimes by constructing purpose - built high platforms , to bring good luck . Poles , Lithuanians and Ukrainians believe that storks bring harmony to a family on whose property they nest . The white stork is a popular motif on postage stamps , and it is featured on more than 120 stamps issued by more than 60 stamp - issuing entities . It is the national bird of Lithuania and Belarus , and it was a Polish mascot at the Expo 2000 Fair in Hanover .",
"19": "In the 19th century , storks were also thought to only live in countries having a republican form of government . Polish poet Cyprian Kamil Norwid mentioned storks in his poem Moja piosnka ( II ) ( `` My Song ( II ) '' ) : For the land where it 's a great travesty To harm a stork 's nest in a pear tree , For storks serve us all ... I am homesick , Lord ! ... -- translated by Walter Whipple Storks and childbirth ( edit ) Der Klapperstorch ( The Stork ) , a painting by Carl Spitzweg ( 1808 -- 1885 ) According to European folklore , the stork is responsible for bringing babies to new parents . The legend is very ancient , but was popularised by a 19th - century Hans Christian Andersen story called The Storks . German folklore held that storks found babies in caves or marshes and brought them to households in a basket on their backs or held in their beaks . These caves contained adebarsteine or `` stork stones '' . The babies would then be given to the mother or dropped down the chimney . Households would notify when they wanted children by placing sweets for the stork on the window sill . From there the folklore has spread around the world to the Philippines and countries in South America . Birthmarks on the back of the head of newborn baby , nevus flammeus nuchae , are sometimes referred to as stork - bite . Stork bringing baby - Colmar , Alsace In Slavic mythology and religion , storks were thought to carry unborn souls from Vyraj to Earth in spring and summer . This belief still persists in the modern folk culture of many Slavic countries , in the simplified child story that `` storks bring children into the world '' . Storks were seen by the Slavs as bringing luck , and killing one would bring misfortune . A long - term study that showed a spurious correlation between the numbers of stork nests and human births is widely used in the teaching of basic statistics as an example to highlight that correlation does not necessarily indicate causation . The child - bringing myth has appeared in different forms in history .",
"20": "Children of African American slaves were sometimes told that white babies were brought by storks , while black babies were born from buzzard eggs . Psychoanalyst Marvin Margolis suggests the enduring nature of the stork fable of the newborn is linked to its addressing a psychological need , in that it allays the discomfort of discussing sex and procreation with children . Birds have long been associated with the maternal symbols from pagan goddesses such as Juno to the Holy Ghost , and the stork may have been chosen for its white plumage ( depicting purity ) , size ( in that it is big enough to carry an infant ) , and flight at high altitude ( likened to flying between Earth and Heaven ) . The fable and its relation to the internal world of the child have been discussed by Sigmund Freud , and Carl Jung . In fact , Jung recalled being told the story himself upon the birth of his own sister . The traditional link with the newborn continues with their use in advertising for such products as nappies and birth announcements . There were negative aspects to stork folklore as well ; a Polish folk tale relates how God made the stork 's plumage white , while the Devil gave it black wings , imbuing it with both good and evil impulses . They were also associated with handicapped or stillborn babies in Germany , explained as the stork having dropped the baby en route to the household , or as revenge or punishment for past wrongdoing . A mother who was confined to bed around the time of childbirth was said to have been `` bitten '' by the stork . In Denmark , storks were said to toss a nestling off the nest and then an egg in successive years . In medieval England , storks were also associated with adultery , possibly inspired by their courtship rituals . Their preening and posture saw them linked with the attribute of self - conceit . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The universally accepted starting point of modern taxonomy for animals is set at 1758 , with the publishing of Linnaeus ' 10th edition of Systema Naturae , although scientists had been coining names in the previous century . Jump up ^ By convention , length is measured from the tip of the bill to the tip of the tail on a dead bird ( or skin ) laid on its back .",
"21": "References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BirdLife International ( 2012 ) . `` Ciconia ciconia '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2013.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Willughby , Francis ( 1681 ) . The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton in the County of Warwick , esq ... : . London , United Kingdom : A.C. for John Martyn . p. 286 . Jump up ^ Polaszek , Andrew ( 2010 ) . Systema Naturae 250 - The Linnaean Ark . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . p. 34 . ISBN 9781420095029 . Jump up ^ Linnaeus , Carl ( 1758 ) . Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae , Secundum Classes , Ordines , Genera , Species , cum Characteribus , Differentiis , Synonymis , Locis ( in Latin ) . Vol . I ( 10th revised ed . ) . Holmiae : ( Laurentii Salvii ) . p. 142 -- via The Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Brisson , Mathurin Jacques ( 1760 ) . Ornithologie ou , Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres , Sections , Genres , Espéces & Leurs Variétés ( in French ) . Vol. 1 . Paris : C.J.B. Bauche . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Boles , Walter E. ( 2005 ) . `` A review of the Australian fossil storks of the genus Ciconia ( Aves : Ciconiidae ) , with the description of a new species '' ( PDF ) . Records of the Australian Museum . 57 ( 2 ) : 165 -- 78 . doi : 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.57. 2005.1440 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ; Kingery , Hugh Macmaster ( 1918 ) . An Elementary Latin Dictionary . New York : American Book Company .",
"22": "p. 126 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 910205 - 8 . Jump up ^ Simpson , D.P. ( 1979 ) . Cassell 's Latin Dictionary ( 5th ed . ) . London : Cassell Ltd. p. 103 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 52257 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simpson , John ; Weiner , Edmund , eds. ( 1989 ) . `` Stork '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press . p. 1915 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861186 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Elliott 1992 , pp. 460 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Ali , Salim ; Ripley , S. Dillon ( 2001 ) . Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan ( paperback ) . Vol. 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . India : Oxford University Press . pp. 99 -- 101 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 565934 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Rasmussen , Pamela C. ; Anderton , John C. ( 2005 ) . Birds of South Asia : The Ripley Guide . Vol. 2 . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution and Barcelona : Lynx edicions . p. 63 . ISBN 84 - 87334 - 66 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Elliott 1992 , p. 437 . Jump up ^ Kahl , M. Philip ( 1987 ) . `` An overview of the storks of the world '' . Colonial Waterbirds. 10 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 34 . doi : 10.2307 / 1521251 . Jump up ^ Slikas , Beth ( 1997 ) . `` Phylogeny of the avian family Ciconiidae ( storks ) based on cytochrome b Sequences and DNA -- DNA hybridization distances '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 8 ( 3 ) : 275 -- 300 .",
"23": "doi : 10.1006 / mpev. 1997.0431 . PMID 9417889 . ^ Jump up to : Dykes , Gareth J. ; Alexander , Cyril Walker ( 2008 ) . `` New records of fossil ' waterbirds ' from the Miocene of Kenya '' . American Museum Novitates ( 3610 ) . hdl : 2246 / 5906 . Jump up ^ Cramp 1977 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Mead , C. ; Ogilvie , M. ( 2007 ) . The Atlas of Bird Migrations : Tracing the Great Journeys of the World 's Birds . Cape Town : Struik . pp. 88 -- 89 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 77007 - 499 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hancock , James ; Kushan , James A. ( 1992 ) . `` White stork '' . Storks , Ibises and Spoonbills of the World . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 322730 - 0 . Jump up ^ Grande , Juan Manuel ; Negro , Juan José ; María Torres , José ( 2004 ) . `` The evolution of bird plumage colouration ; A role for feather - degrading bacteria ? '' ( PDF ) . Ardeola. 51 ( 2 ) : 375 -- 83 . doi : 10.1007 / s00114 - 008 - 0462 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Cramp 1977 , p. 335 . Jump up ^ Negro , Juan José ; Garrido - Fernandez , Juan ( 2000 ) . `` Astaxanthin is the major carotenoid in tissues of White Storks ( Ciconia ciconia ) feeding on introduced Crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ) '' . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B. 126 ( 3 ) : 347 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / S0305 - 0491 ( 00 ) 00180 - 2 . PMID 11007176 . Jump up ^ Elliott 1992 , p. 438 .",
"24": "^ Jump up to : Cramp 1977 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Van den Bossche 2002 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sinclair , Ian ; Davidson , Ian ( 2006 ) . Southern African Birds : A Photographic Guide . Cape Town , RSA : Struik . p. 34 . ISBN 1 - 77007 - 244 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cramp 1977 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Svensson & Grant 1999 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Svensson & Grant 1999 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Svensson & Grant 1999 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Chernetsov , Nikita ; Chromik , Wiesław ; Dolata , Pawel T. ; Profus , Piotr ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Sex - related natal dispersal of White Storks ( Ciconia ciconia ) in Poland : How far and where to ? '' ( PDF ) . The Auk. 123 ( 4 ) : 1103 -- 9 . doi : 10.1642 / 0004 - 8038 ( 2006 ) 123 ( 1103 : SNDOWS ) 2.0.CO ; 2 -- via The Russian Academy of Sciences : Zoological Institute : Biological Station Rybachy . Jump up ^ Van den Bossche 2002 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Scully , John ( 1876 ) . `` A contribution to the ornithology of eastern Turkestan '' . Stray Feathers. 4 : 41 -- 205 -- via The Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Ma , Ming ; Dai , Cai ( 2002 ) . `` The Fate of the White Stork ( Ciconia ciconia asiatica ) in Xinjiang , China '' . Abstract Volume . 23rd International Ornithological Congress , Beijing , August 11 -- 17 , 2002 . p. 352 . ^ Jump up to : Berthold , Peter ; Van Den Bossche , Willem ; Fiedler , Wolfgang ; Kaatz , Christoph ; et al.",
"25": "( 2001 ) . `` Detection of a new important staging and wintering area of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia by satellite tracking '' ( PDF ) . Ibis. 143 ( 4 ) : 450 -- 5 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919X. 2001. tb04946. x -- via Tel Aviv University . ^ Jump up to : Shamoun - Baranes , Judy ; Baharad , Anat ; Alpert , Pinhas ; Berthold , Peter ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` The effect of wind , season and latitude on the migration speed of White Storks Ciconia ciconia , along the eastern migration route '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Avian Biology . 34 : 97 -- 104 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 048X. 2003.03079. x -- via Tel Aviv University . ^ Jump up to : Allan , David G. ( 1997 ) . `` White Stork '' ( PDF ) . In Harrison , J.A. ; Allan , D.G. ; Underhill , L.G. ; Herremans , M. ; Tree , A.J. Parker , V ; Brown , C.J. The Atlas of Southern African Birds . Vol. 1 : Non-passerines . BirdLife South Africa . pp. 82 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 620 - 20729 - 9 -- via South African Bird Atlas Project 2 . Jump up ^ Whitehead , Charles Hughes Tempest ( 1911 ) . `` On the birds of Kohat and the Kurram Valley . Northern India . Part 3 '' . Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society . 20 ( 4 ) : 954 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Prater , Stanley Henry ( 1931 ) . `` The migration of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia '' . Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society . 35 ( 2 ) : 459 . Jump up ^ Jadeja , Vijayraj ; Vyas , Raju ; Parasharya , B.M. ( 1998 ) .",
"26": "`` Record of Ciconia ciconia asiaticus from Indian Territory '' . Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society . 95 ( 1 ) : 113 . Jump up ^ Snow , David William ; Perrin , C.M. ; Gillmor , Robert ; et al. , eds. ( 1998 ) . The Birds of the Western Palearctic . Vol. 1 : Non-Passerines ( Concise ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 141 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 854099 - 1 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Kai - Michael ; Hötker , Hermann ( 2006 ) . `` The Sixth International White Stork Census : 2004 -- 2005 '' ( PDF ) . In Boere , G.C. ; Galbraith , C.A. ; Stroud , D.A. Waterbirds Around the World . Edinburgh : The Stationery Office . pp. 493 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 11 - 497333 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Johst , Karin ; Brandl , Rolan ; Pfeifer , Robert ( 2001 ) . `` Foraging in a patchy and dynamic landscape : Human land use and the White Stork '' . Ecological Applications. 11 : 60 -- 9 . doi : 10.1890 / 1051 - 0761 ( 2001 ) 011 ( 0060 : FIAPAD ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1051 - 0761 . Jump up ^ Samusenko , Irina ( 2004 ) . `` Some aspects of White Stork Ciconia ciconia population dynamics in the region of Chernobyl 's accident '' ( PDF ) . Bird Census News . 13 ( 2000 ) : 157 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Kruszyk , Robert ; Ciach , Michał ( 2010 ) . `` White Storks , Ciconia ciconia , forage on rubbish dumps in Poland -- A novel behaviour in population '' . European Journal of Wildlife Research .",
"27": "56 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 7 . doi : 10.1007 / s10344 - 009 - 0313 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ciach , Michał ; Kruszyk , Robert ( 2010 ) . `` Foraging of White Storks Ciconia ciconia on rubbish dumps on non-breeding grounds '' . Waterbirds. 33 ( 1 ) : 101 -- 4 . doi : 10.1675 / 063.033. 0112 . ^ Jump up to : Carrascal , Luis María ; Bautista , Luis Miguel ; Lázaro , Encarnación ( 1993 ) . `` Geographical variation in the density of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia in Spain : Influence of habitat structure and climate '' . Biological Conservation. 65 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / 0006 - 3207 ( 93 ) 90200 - K . Jump up ^ Cavallin , Berith ( 1997 ) . `` Storklandskapet '' . Skånes Natur ( in Swedish ) . 84 : 1 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Trewhella , Steve ( September 2010 ) . `` White stork in Dorset '' . wildlifeextra.com . Jump up ^ Gurney , John Henry ( 1921 ) . Early Annals of Ornithology . London : HF & G Witherby . p. 80 -- via The Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Tryjanowski , Piotr ; Sparks , Tim H. ; Profus , Piotr ( 2005 ) . `` Uphill shifts in the distribution of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia in southern Poland : The importance of nest quality '' . Diversity and Distributions. 11 ( 3 ) : 219 -- 23 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1366 - 9516.2005. 00140. x . Jump up ^ Ptaszyk , J. ; Kosicki , J. ; Sparks , T.H. ; Tryjanowski , P. ( 2003 ) .",
"28": "`` Changes in the timing and pattern of arrival of the White Stork ( Ciconia ciconia ) in western Poland '' . Journal für Ornithologie. 144 ( 3 ) : 323 -- 9 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1439 - 0361.2003. 03011. x . Jump up ^ Sproll , Alexandra ; Fiedler , Wolfgang ( 2001 ) . `` Digging in old data : Migration and causes of death in White Storks ( Ciconia ciconia ) according to ringing recovery data of the Vogelwarte Rossitten ( Eastern Prussia ) before the second World War '' . Euring Newsletter . European Union for Bird Ringing. 3 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Cramp 1977 , p. 331 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , C.A. ; Lovejoy , T.E. ( 1969 ) . `` The migration of the White Stork in Egypt and adjacent areas '' ( PDF ) . The Condor. 71 ( 2 ) : 146 -- 54 . doi : 10.2307 / 1366076 -- via University of New Mexico : Searchable Ornithological Research Archive . Jump up ^ Leshem , Yossi ; Yom - Tov , Yoram ( 1998 ) . `` Routes of migrating soaring birds '' ( PDF ) . Ibis. 140 : 41 -- 52 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919X. 1998. tb04539. x -- via Tel Aviv University . Jump up ^ Alexander , R. McNeill ( 1992 ) . Exploring Biomechanics , Animals in Motion . New York : Scientific American Library . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 5035 - X . Jump up ^ Liechti , Felix ; Ehrich , Dorothee ; Bruderer , Bruno ( 1996 ) . `` Flight behaviour of White Storks Ciconia ciconia on their migration over southern Israel '' ( PDF ) . Ardea. 84 : 3 -- 13 .",
"29": "Jump up ^ Newton 2010 , pp. 74 - 5 . Jump up ^ Newton 2010 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Newton 2010 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Chernetsov , Nikita ; Berthold , Peter ; Querner , Ulrich ( 2004 ) . `` Migratory orientation of first - year White Storks ( Ciconia ciconia ) : Inherited information and social interactions '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 207 ( 6 ) : 937 -- 43 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 00853 . Jump up ^ Meyburg , Bernd - U. ; Matthes , Joachim ; Meyburg , Christiane ( 2002 ) . `` Satellite - tracked Lesser Spotted Eagle avoids crossing water at the Gulf of Suez '' ( PDF ) . British Birds. 95 : 372 -- 6 -- via Raptor Research . Jump up ^ Spaar , Reto ; Bruderer , Bruno ( 1996 ) . `` Soaring migration of Steppe Eagles Aquila nipalensis in southern Israel : Flight behaviour under various wind and thermal conditions '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Avian Biology . 27 ( 4 ) : 289 -- 301 . doi : 10.2307 / 3677260 . JSTOR 3677260 . ^ Jump up to : Cocker , Mark ; Mabey , Richard ( 2005 ) . Birds Britannica . London : Chatto & Windus . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 7011 - 6907 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Ian ; Hockey , Phil ; Arlott , Norman ( 2005 ) . The Larger Illustrated Guide to Birds of Southern Africa . Cape Town , RSA : Struik . p. 34 . ISBN 1 - 77007 - 243 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Cramp 1977 , p. 332 . ^ Jump up to : Vergara , Pablo ; Aguirre , José I. ( 2006 ) . `` Age and breeding success related to nest position in a White Stork Ciconia ciconia colony '' ( PDF ) .",
"30": "Acta Oecologica. 30 ( 3 ) : 414 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. actao. 2006.05. 008 -- via ResearchGate . Jump up ^ Harrison , Colin James Oliver ( 1965 ) . `` Allopreening as agonistic behaviour '' . Behaviour. 24 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 161 -- 209 . doi : 10.1163 / 156853965X00011 . JSTOR 4533105 . Jump up ^ Kahl , M. Philip ( 1984 ) . `` Spread - wing postures and their possible functions in Ciconiidae '' ( PDF ) . The Auk. 88 ( 4 ) : 715 -- 22 . doi : 10.2307 / 4083833 . JSTOR 4086376 -- via University of New Mexico : Searchable Ornithological Research Archive . Jump up ^ Elphick , Chris ; Dunning , John B. Jr ; Sibley , David ( eds . ) . The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour . London : Christopher Helm . p. 575 . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 6250 - 6 . Jump up ^ Herholdt , J.J. ( 1987 ) . `` Recovery of a ring - maimed White Stork '' . Safring News . 16 : 82 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre , Louis ; Nicolakakis , Nektaria ; Boire , Dennis ( 2002 ) . `` Tools and brains in birds '' ( PDF ) . Behaviour. 139 ( 7 ) : 939 -- 73 . doi : 10.1163 / 156853902320387918 -- via McGill University . ^ Jump up to : Cramp 1977 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ Cramp 1977 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Tryjanowski , Piotr ; Sparks , Tim H. ; Jerzak , Leszek , eds. ( 2006 ) . The White Stork in Poland . Poznań , Poland : Bogucki Wydaw .",
"31": "ISBN 83 - 60247 - 35 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Tryjanowski , Piotr ; Kosicki , Jakub Z. ; Kuzniak , Stanisław ; Sparks , Tim H. ( 2009 ) . `` Long - term changes and breeding success in relation to nesting structures used by the White Stork , Ciconia ciconia '' ( PDF ) . Annales Zoologici Fennici. 46 : 34 -- 8 . doi : 10.5735 / 086.046. 0104 . Jump up ^ Vergara , Pablo ; Gordo , O. ; Aguirre , José I. ( 2010 ) . `` Nest size , nest building behaviour and breeding success in a species with nest reuse : The White Stork Ciconia ciconia '' ( PDF ) . Annales Zoologici Fennici. 47 ( 3 ) : 184 -- 94 . doi : 10.5735 / 086.047. 0303 . Jump up ^ Vergara , Pablo ; Aguirre , José I. ; Fargallo , Juan A. ; Dávila , José A. ( 2006 ) . `` Nest - site fidelity and breeding success in White Stork Ciconia ciconia '' . Ibis. 148 ( 4 ) : 672 -- 7 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919X. 2006.00565. x . Jump up ^ Wuczyński , Andrzej ( 2005 ) . `` The turnover of White Storks Ciconia ciconia on nests during spring migration '' . Acta Ornithologica. 40 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 5 . doi : 10.3161 / 068.040. 0104 . Jump up ^ Haverschmidt , François ( 1949 ) . The Life of the White Stork . Leiden : E.J. Brill . pp. 33 -- 4 . OCLC 1576336 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Tortosa , Francisco S. ; Redondo , Tomas ( 1992 ) .",
"32": "`` Frequent copulations despite low sperm competition in White Storks ( Ciconia ciconia ) '' . Behaviour. 121 ( 3&4 ) : 288 -- 315 . doi : 10.1163 / 156853992X00408 . JSTOR 4535031 . ^ Jump up to : van Pelt Lechner , A.A. ( 1911 ) . Oologia Neerlandica : Eggs of Birds Breeding in the Netherlands . Vol. II . The Hague , Netherlands : Nijhof . p. 118 -- via The Internet Archive . ^ Jump up to : Zielinski , Piotr ( 2002 ) . `` Brood reduction and parental infanticide -- are the White Stork Ciconia ciconia and the Black Stork C. nigra exceptional ? '' ( PDF ) . Acta Ornithologica. 37 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 9 . doi : 10.3161 / 068.037. 0207 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 15 -- via University of Łódź . Jump up ^ Tortosa , Francisco S. ; Redondo , Tomas ( 1992 ) . `` Motives for parental infanticide in White Storks Ciconia ciconia '' . Ornis Scandinavica. 23 ( 2 ) : 185 -- 9 . doi : 10.2307 / 3676447 . JSTOR 3676447 . Jump up ^ Aguirre , José I. ; Vergara , Pablo ( 2007 ) . `` Younger , weaker White Stork ( Ciconia ciconia ) nestlings become the best breeders '' ( PDF ) . Evolutionary Ecology Research . 9 : 355 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Tsachalidis , Efstathios P. ; Liordos , Vasilios ; Goutner , Vassilis ( 2005 ) . `` Growth of White Stork Ciconia ciconia nestlings '' ( PDF ) . Ardea. 93 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 7 -- via Aristotle University of Thessaloniki .",
"33": "Jump up ^ Mužinic , Jasmina ; Rašajski , Javor ( 1992 ) . `` On food and feeding habits in the White Stork , Ciconia c. ciconia , in the central Balkans '' . Ökologie der Vögel ( Ecology of Birds ) . 14 : 211 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Van den Bossche 2002 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` EURING list of longevity records for European birds '' . EURING. 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Henry , PY ; Wey , GR ; Balança , G ( 2011 ) . `` Rubber band ingestion by a rubbish dump dweller , the White Stork ( Ciconia ciconia ) '' . Waterbirds. 34 ( 4 ) : 504 -- 8 . doi : 10.1675 / 063.034. 0414 . Jump up ^ Igaune , Kristine ; Krams , Indrikis ; Krama , Tatjana ; Bobkova , Jadviga ( 2008 ) . `` White Storks Ciconia ciconia eavesdrop on mating calls of Moor Frogs Rana arvalis '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Avian Biology . 39 ( 2 ) : 229 -- 32 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 2008.0908 - 8857.04180. x -- via Institute of Systematic Biology : Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Evolution . Jump up ^ Antczak , Marcin ; Konwerski , Szymon ; Grobelny , Seweryn ; Tryjanowski , Piotr ( 2002 ) . `` The food composition of immature and non-breeding White Storks in Poland '' . Waterbirds. 25 ( 4 ) : 424 -- 8 . doi : 10.1675 / 1524 - 4695 ( 2002 ) 025 ( 0424 : TFCOIA ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Parasharya , Bhavbhuti M. ; Vyas , Raju ( 1998 ) .",
"34": "`` Foraging association of White Stork Ciconia ciconia with Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra '' . Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society . 95 ( 1 ) : 112 . Jump up ^ Pande , Satish ; Sant , Niranjan ; Bhate , Rohan ; Ponkshe , Aditya ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Recent records of wintering white Ciconia ciconia and black C. nigra storks and flocking behaviour of White - necked Storks C. episcopus in Maharashtra and Karnataka states , India '' . Indian Birds . Hyderabad : New Ornis Foundation . 3 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 32 . ISSN 0973 - 1407 -- via The Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Akhtar , S. Asad ; Tiwari , J.K. ( 1993 ) . `` Food piracy by a White Stork Ciconia ciconia ( Linn . ) '' . Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society . 90 ( 1 ) : 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Kitowski , Ignacy ( 2007 ) . `` Why do Montagu 's Harriers disturb foraging sessions of White Storks in South - East Poland '' ( PDF ) . Berkut. 16 ( 1 ) : 110 -- 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Błoszyk , Jerzy ; Gwiazdowicz , Dariusz J. ; Bajerlein , Daria ; Halliday , Robert Bruce ( 2005 ) . `` Nests of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia ( L . ) as a habitat for Mesostigmatic Mites ( Acari , Mesostigmata ) '' ( PDF ) . Acta Parasitologica. 50 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Bajerlein , Daria ; Błoszyk , Jerzy ; Gwiazdowicz , Dariusz J. ; Ptaszyk , Jerzy ; et al. ( 2006 ) .",
"35": "`` Community structure and dispersal of mites ( Acari , Mesostigmata ) in nests of the White Stork ( Ciconia ciconia ) '' . Biologia. 61 ( 5 ) : 525 -- 30 . doi : 10.2478 / s11756 - 006 - 0086 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rothschild , Miriam ; Clay , Theresa ( 1953 ) . Fleas , Flukes and Cuckoos . A Study of Bird Parasites . London , UK : Collins . p. 152 -- via The Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Trouessart , Édouard Louis ; Mégnin , Jean Pierre ( 1885 ) . `` Monographie du genre Freyana et description des espèces nouvelles du Musée d'Angers '' . Bulletin De La Société D'Études Scientifiques D'Angers ( in French ) . 14 : 29 -- 45 -- via The Internet Archive . ^ Jump up to : `` Acari Collection & Systematics '' . Royal Museum for Central Africa . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Geoffrey John Frederick ( 1972 ) . `` The contamination of birds ' feathers by Fungi '' . Ibis. 114 ( 2 ) : 172 -- 7 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919X. 1972. tb02602. x . Jump up ^ Fryderyk , Sławomira ; Izdebska , Joanna N. ( 2009 ) . `` Chewing lice ( Insecta , Phthiraptera ) of the White Stork ( Ciconia ciconia L . ) in Poland '' ( PDF ) . Annales UMCS , Biologia. 64 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 8 . doi : 10.2478 / v10067 - 010 - 0017 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ortega , Ynes R. ( 2006 ) . Foodborne Parasites . New York : Springer . p. 121 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 30068 - 6 .",
"36": "Jump up ^ Franssen , F.F. ; Hooimeijer , J. ; Blankenstein , B. ; Houwers , Dirk J. ( 2000 ) . `` Giardiasis in a White Stork in The Netherlands '' . Journal of Wildlife Diseases . 36 ( 4 ) : 764 -- 6 . doi : 10.7589 / 0090 - 3558 - 36.4. 764 . PMID 11085441 . Jump up ^ Schuster , Rolf ; Schaffer , Thoralf ; Shimalov , Vladimir ( 2002 ) . `` ( The helminth fauna of endigenous White Storks ( Ciconia ciconia ) ) '' . Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift ( in German ) . 115 ( 11 -- 12 ) : 435 -- 9 . PMID 12481650 . Jump up ^ Höfle , U. ; Krone , O. ; Blanco , J.M. ; Pizarro , M. ( 2003 ) . `` Chaunocephalus ferox in free - living White Storks in central Spain '' . Avian Diseases . 47 ( 2 ) : 506 -- 12 . doi : 10.1637 / 0005 - 2086 ( 2003 ) 047 ( 0506 : CFIFWS ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . PMID 12887215 . Jump up ^ Sitko , J. ; Heneberg , P. ( 2015 ) . `` Composition , structure and pattern of helminth assemblages associated with central European storks ( Ciconiidae ) '' . Parasitology International . 64 : 130 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / j. parint. 2014.11. 004 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Edward B. ; Komar , Nicholas ; Nasci , Roger S. ; Montgomery , Susan P. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile Virus Disease '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 11 ( 8 ) : 1167 -- 73 .",
"37": "doi : 10.3201 / eid1108. 050289a . PMC 3320478 . PMID 16102302 . Jump up ^ Malkinson , M. ; Banet , C. ( 2002 ) . `` The role of birds in the ecology of West Nile Virus in Europe and Africa '' . Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 267 : 309 -- 22 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 59403 - 8_15 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 63966 - 1 . PMID 12082995 . Jump up ^ Zeller , Hervé G. ; Schuffenecker , Isabelle ( 2004 ) . `` West Nile Virus : An overview of its spread in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin in contrast to its spread in the Americas '' . European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases . 23 ( 3 ) : 147 -- 56 . doi : 10.1007 / s10096 - 003 - 1085 - 1 . PMID 14986160 . Jump up ^ Malkinson , Mertyn ; Banet , Caroline ; Weisman , Yoram ; Pokamunski , Shimon ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Introduction of West Nile virus in the Middle East by migrating White Storks '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 8 ( 4 ) : 392 -- 7 . doi : 10.3201 / eid0804. 010217 . PMC 2730252 . PMID 11971773 . Jump up ^ Hubálek , Zdenek ; Wegner , Elżbieta ; Halouzka , Jiří ; Tryjanowski , Piotr ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Serologic survey of potential vertebrate hosts for West Nile Virus in Poland '' . Viral Immunology. 21 ( 2 ) : 247 -- 54 . doi : 10.1089 / vim. 2007.0111 . Jump up ^ Berthold , Peter ; Fiedler , Wolfgang ; Querner , Ulrich ( 2000 ) .",
"38": "`` White Stork ( Ciconia ciconia ) migration studies : Basic research devoted to conservation measures '' . Global Environment Research . 2 : 133 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` Annex 2 : Waterbird Species to Which the Agreement Applies '' ( PDF ) . Agreement on the Conservation of African - Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds ( AEWA ) . UNEP / AEWA Secretariat . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . African - Eurasian Waterbird Agreement . UNEP / AEWA Secretariat . Archived from the original on 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary Results of the VI International White Stork Census 2004 / 05 '' ( PDF ) . Naturschutzbund Deutschland ( NABU ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National data '' . Naturschutzbund Deutschland ( NABU ) . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Aghababyan K. 2011 . White Storks ( Ciconia ciconia L . ) : Population tendencies in Armenia . / / Proceedings of the International Conference `` Biological Diversity and Conservation Problems of the Fauna of the Caucasus '' . September 26 -- 29 , Yerevan , Asoghik : 9 - 13 . Jump up ^ Aghababyan K. , Kochinyan M. , and Stepanyan L. ( 2013 ) . White Storks ( Ciconia ciconia L . ) in Armenia : population , trend , and relationships to humans . / / in Hötker , H. & K. - M. Thomsen ( ed ) : White Stork on the top ? - Results of the VIth International White Stork Census 2004 / 05 . NABU ( Naturschutzbund Deutschland e.V. ) , Berlin . Jump up ^ White Stork in Armenia. 2016 . Armenian Bird Census Council .",
"39": "Retrieved from http://www.abcc-am.org/white-stork.html Jump up ^ Moore , Molly ( 22 June 2008 ) . `` French region saves iconic White Storks from brink : population hits 270 pairs after dwindling to nine '' . The Washington Post . p . A10 . ^ Jump up to : Altenburg , Jouke ( 2010 ) . `` Restoring the Dutch White Stork Population : A Charismatic Species Brought Back by Targeted Conservation Work '' ( PDF ) . Birdlife International . Vogelbescherming Netherlands ( BirdLife Netherlands ) . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Swedish White Stork Reintroduction Program '' . Valkommen till Storkprojektet ! . Scanian Ornithological Society ( SkOF ) . 17 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 December 2012 . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moritzi , Martin ; Maumary , Lionel ; Schmid , David ; Steiner , Isabelle ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Time budget , habitat use and breeding success of White Storks ( Ciconia ciconia ) under variable foraging conditions during the breeding season in Switzerland '' ( PDF ) . Ardea. 89 ( 3 ) : 457 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Schaub , Michael ; Pradela , Roger ; Lebretona , Jean - Dominique ( 2004 ) . `` Is the reintroduced White Stork ( Ciconia ciconia ) population in Switzerland self - sustainable ? '' ( PDF ) . Biological Conservation. 119 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 14 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2003.11. 002 . ^ Jump up to : Margolis , Marvin ; Parker , Philip ( 1972 ) . `` The stork fable − some psychodynamic considerations '' . Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association . 20 ( 3 ) : 494 -- 511 . doi : 10.1177 / 000306517202000304 . PMID 4116100 .",
"40": "Jump up ^ Aesop . Fables . ISBN 1 - 56156 - 088 - X . Jump up ^ Dolata , Pawel T. ( 2006 ) . `` The White Stork Ciconia ciconia Protection in Poland by Fradition , Customs , Law , and Active Efforts '' . In Tryjanowski , Piotr ; Sparks , Tim H. ; Jerzak , L. The White Stork in Poland : Studies in Biology , Ecology and Conservation . Poznań , Poland : Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe . ISBN 83 - 60247 - 35 - 8 . Jump up ^ Royds , Thomas Fletcher ( 1914 ) . The Beasts , Birds , and Bees of Virgil ; A Naturalist 's Handbook to the Georgics . Oxford University Press -- via The Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Thomas , Richard F. ( 1988 ) . `` Vergil 's `` White Bird '' and the Alexandrian reference ( G. 2 . 319 - 20 ) '' ( PDF ) . Classical Philology. 83 ( 3 ) : 214 -- 7 . doi : 10.1086 / 367107 . ^ Jump up to : Sax , Boria ( 2001 ) . The Mythical Zoo . Oxford , UK : ABC - CLIO . pp. 153 -- 4 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 612 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kinzelbach , Ragnar ( 2003 ) . `` Der Pfeilstorch in der Zoologischen Sammlung der Universität Rostock '' ( PDF ) . Der Sprössling : Fachschaftsrat Biologie der Universität Rostock ( in German ) ( 3 ) : 9 -- 10 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Unknown ( 1831 ) . Descriptive Scenes for Children . Boston : N.S. and S.G. Simpkins . p. 3 . OCLC 31373438 -- via The Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Hardwick , Charles ( 1872 ) .",
"41": "Traditions , Superstition and Folk - lore . Manchester , UK : A. Ireland and Co. pp. 238 , 247 -- 8 -- via The Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` Stork '' . Encyclopedia of Ukraine . Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Scharning , Kjell . `` White Stork '' . Theme Birds on Stamps . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lithuania '' . Understanding the European Union : Member States . Centre d'Information sur les Institutions Européennes ( CIIE ) . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom of Storks '' . PAIIZ Newsletter . Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency ( PAIIZ ) . 22 March 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Hulme , F. Edward ( 1895 ) . Natural History Lore and Legend . London : Bernard Quaritch . p. 260 -- via The Internet Archive . The extraordinary idea that storks were found only in countries having a republican form of government held its ground for a considerable time , though it would appear as though nothing could have been simpler than its prompt disproof . Jump up ^ Norwid , Cyprian Kamil . `` My Song ( II ) '' . Polish Literature . LDS Mission Network . Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Alvin H. ; Walton , Robert G. ( 1976 ) . `` The incidence of birthmarks in the neonate '' . Pediatrics. 58 ( 2 ) : 218 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Gieysztor , Aleksander ( 1982 ) . Mitologia Słowian ( in Polish ) . Warsaw : Wydawnictwa Artystyczne i Filmowe . ISBN 83 - 221 - 0152 - X . Jump up ^ Jakubiec , Z. ( 2009 ) . `` Dlaczego bocian przynosił dzieci ? '' . Bocianopedia ( in Polish ) .",
"42": "Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Szczepanowicz , Barbara ( 2005 ) . `` Ptaki Ziemi Świętej : Bocian , czapla , ibis '' ( Birds in the Holy Land : Stork , heron , ibis ) . Ziemia Święta ( in Polish ) ( rok XI 1 ( 41 ) ) . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Robert ( 2000 ) . `` Storks deliver babies '' ( PDF ) . Teaching Statistics . 22 ( 2 ) : 36 -- 8 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 9639.00013 . Jump up ^ Didelez , Vanessa ( 2007 ) . `` Statistical Causality '' . In Østreng , Willy . Consilience : Interdisciplinary Communications 2005 / 2996 ( PDF ) . Centre for Advanced Study , Oslo . pp. 114 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 82 - 996367 - 4 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bay , Mia ( 2000 ) . The White Image in the Black Mind : African - American Ideas about White People , 1830 -- 1925 . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513279 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jung , Carl ( 1910 ) . `` The Association Method -- Lecture III : Experiences concerning the psychic life of the child '' . American Journal of Psychology . 31 ( 3 ) : 219 -- 69 . doi : 10.2307 / 1413002 . JSTOR 1422691 -- via York University . Jump up ^ Pickles , Penny ( 2011 ) . `` Jung the Man '' . The Society of Analytical Psychology : Jungian Analysis and Psychotherapy . London : The Society of Analytical Psychology . Archived from the original on 3 November 2011 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ de Vries , Ad ( 1976 ) . Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery . Amsterdam : North - Holland Publishing Company . p.",
"43": "445 . ISBN 0 - 7204 - 8021 - 3 . Works cited ( edit ) Cramp , Stanley , ed. ( 1977 ) . Handbook of the Birds of Europe , the Middle East and North Africa , the Birds of the Western Palearctic . Vol. 1 : Ostrich to Ducks . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 857358 - 8 . Elliott , Andrew ( 1992 ) . `` Family Ciconiidae ( Storks ) '' . In del Hoyo , Josep ; Elliott , Andrew ; Sargatal , Jordi . Handbook of the Birds of the World . Vol. 1 : Ostrich to Ducks . Barcelona : Lynx Edicions . ISBN 84 - 87334 - 10 - 5 . Newton , Ian ( 2010 ) . Bird Migration . Collins New Naturalist Library . 113 . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 730732 - 2 . Svensson , Lars ; Grant , Peter J. ( 1999 ) . Collins Bird Guide . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 219728 - 6 . Van den Bossche , Willem ( 2002 ) . Eastern European White Stork Populations : Migration Studies and Elaboration of Conservation Measures ( PDF ) . ( In collaboration with : Berthold , Peter ; Kaatz , Michael ; Nowak , Eugeniusz ; Querner , Ulrich ) . Bonn : Bundesamt für Naturschutz ( BfN ) / German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ciconia ciconia . Wikispecies has information related to Ciconia ciconia Audio recordings of White stork on Xeno - canto . `` Ageing and sexing by Javier Blasco - Zumeta & Gerd - Michael Heinze '' ( PDF ) . ( 4.43 MB ) Feathers of White stork ( Ciconia ciconia ) ( hide ) Storks Order : Ciconiiformes Mycteria Milky stork ( M.",
"44": "cinerea ) Yellow - billed stork ( M. ibis ) Painted stork ( M. leucocephala ) Wood stork ( M. americana ) Anastomus Asian openbill ( A. oscitans ) African openbill ( A. lamelligerus ) Ciconia Abdim 's stork ( C. abdimii ) Woolly - necked stork ( C. episcopus ) Storm 's stork ( C. stormi ) Maguari stork ( C. maguari ) Oriental stork ( C. boyciana ) White stork ( C. ciconia ) Black stork ( C. nigra ) Ephippiorhynchus Black - necked stork ( E. asiaticus ) Saddle - billed stork ( E. senegalensis ) Jabiru Jabiru ( J. mycteria ) Leptoptilos Lesser adjutant ( L. javanicus ) Greater adjutant ( L. dubius ) Marabou stork ( L. crumenifer ) Nineteen extant species in six genera Taxon identifiers Wd : Q25352 ADW : Ciconia_ciconia ARKive : ciconia - ciconia BioLib : 8410 eBird : whisto1 EoL : 1049144 EPPO : CICOCI Fauna Europaea : 96674 GBIF : 2481912 iNaturalist : 4733 ITIS : 174907 IUCN : 22697691 NCBI : 8928 WoRMS : 1037305 GND : 4183423 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_stork&oldid=837999976 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Ciconia Birds of Europe Birds of Central Asia Birds of Western Asia Wintering birds of Africa Birds described in 1758 Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Swedish - language sources (",
"45": "sv ) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2014 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Armãneashti Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Interlingua Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi",
"46": "Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Лакку Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Picard Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 78 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 09 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017 -- 18 - Wikipedia Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017 -- 18 Jump to : navigation , search Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017 -- 18 South Africa India Dates 5 January 2018 -- 24 February 2018 Captains Faf du Plessis ( Tests and ODIs ) JP Duminy ( T20Is ) Virat Kohli Test series Result South Africa won the 3 - match series 2 -- 1 Most runs AB de Villiers ( 211 ) Virat Kohli ( 286 ) Most wickets Vernon Philander ( 15 ) Kagiso Rabada ( 15 ) Mohammed Shami ( 15 ) Player of the series Vernon Philander ( SA ) One Day International series Results India won the 6 - match series 5 -- 1 Most runs Hashim Amla ( 154 ) Virat Kohli ( 558 ) Most wickets Lungi Ngidi ( 8 ) Kuldeep Yadav ( 17 ) Player of the series Virat Kohli ( Ind ) Twenty20 International series Results India won the 3 - match series 2 -- 1 Most runs JP Duminy ( 122 ) Shikhar Dhawan ( 143 ) Most wickets Junior Dala ( 7 ) Bhuvneshwar Kumar ( 7 ) Player of the series Bhuvneshwar Kumar ( Ind ) The India cricket team toured South Africa in January and February 2018 to play three Tests , six One Day Internationals ( ODIs ) and three Twenty20 International ( T20I ) matches . In January 2017 , Cricket South Africa ( CSA ) revealed that this tour would replace the scheduled visit by Sri Lanka due to costs and scheduling congestion . The Test series was played for the Freedom Trophy , with South Africa winning the trophy following victories in the first two Tests . South Africa went on to win the Test series 2 -- 1 . It was the first Test series of three matches or more in which all 40 wickets fell in each match of the series .",
"1": "With India 's win the third Test , they retained the number one place in the ICC Test Championship , taking an unassailable lead before the April 2018 cut - off date for next season 's rankings . In August 2017 , it was announced that the traditional Boxing Day Test at Kingsmead will not take place , as India 's home series against Sri Lanka will not conclude until 24 December 2017 . The following month it was announced that tour would likely to start on 5 January 2018 . CSA confirmed the fixtures in September 2017 . Before the Test matches , India were scheduled to play in a two - day warm - up match at Boland Park , Paarl . However , this was cancelled , as India opted to do training sessions instead of the match . The Test series marked Dale Steyn 's return to international cricket . He last played in a Test match for South Africa in November 2016 against Australia in Perth , where he suffered a shoulder injury . However , on day two of the first Test , Steyn damaged his left heel . This ruled him out of the rest of the Test , with a recovery time of 4 to 6 weeks . Two days later , he was ruled out of the rest of the series . During the first ODI , South Africa 's captain , Faf du Plessis , suffered a finger injury and was ruled out of the remaining ODI matches . Aiden Markram was named as South Africa 's captain for the remaining ODI fixtures , becoming the second - youngest South African to lead South Africa in ODIs . India ensured an ODI series victory after beating South Africa by 73 runs in the fifth match , after they had already won the first three fixtures . This resulted in India 's first ODI series win in South Africa , with India maintaining their number one ranking in the ICC ODI Championship . India went on to win the ODI series 5 -- 1 . Virat Kohli scored the most runs in a bilateral ODI series by a player , with 558 . India were also victorious in the T20I matches , winning the series 2 -- 1 .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Squads 2 Test series 2.1 1st Test 2.2 2nd Test 2.3 3rd Test 3 ODI series 3.1 1st ODI 3.2 2nd ODI 3.3 3rd ODI 3.4 4th ODI 3.5 5th ODI 3.6 6th ODI 4 T20I series 4.1 1st T20I 4.2 2nd T20I 4.3 3rd T20I 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Squads ( edit ) Tests ODIs T20Is South Africa India South Africa India South Africa India Faf du Plessis ( c ) Hashim Amla Temba Bavuma Theunis de Bruyn Quinton de Kock ( wk ) AB de Villiers Dean Elgar Keshav Maharaj Aiden Markram Morné Morkel Chris Morris Duanne Olivier Lungi Ngidi Andile Phehlukwayo Vernon Philander Kagiso Rabada Dale Steyn Virat Kohli ( c ) Ajinkya Rahane ( vc ) Ravichandran Ashwin Jasprit Bumrah Shikhar Dhawan Ravindra Jadeja Dinesh Karthik Bhuvneshwar Kumar Hardik Pandya Parthiv Patel Cheteshwar Pujara K.L.",
"3": "Rahul Wriddhiman Saha ( wk ) Mohammed Shami Ishant Sharma Rohit Sharma Murali Vijay Umesh Yadav Faf du Plessis ( c ) Hashim Amla Farhaan Behardien Quinton de Kock ( wk ) AB de Villiers JP Duminy Imran Tahir Heinrich Klaasen Aiden Markram David Miller Morné Morkel Chris Morris Lungi Ngidi Andile Phehlukwayo Kagiso Rabada Tabraiz Shamsi Khaya Zondo Virat Kohli ( c ) Rohit Sharma ( vc ) Jasprit Bumrah Yuzvendra Chahal Shikhar Dhawan MS Dhoni ( wk ) Shreyas Iyer Kedar Jadhav Dinesh Karthik Bhuvneshwar Kumar Manish Pandey Hardik Pandya Axar Patel Ajinkya Rahane Mohammed Shami Shardul Thakur Kuldeep Yadav JP Duminy ( c ) Farhaan Behardien Junior Dala AB de Villiers Reeza Hendricks Christiaan Jonker Heinrich Klaasen ( wk ) David Miller Chris Morris Dane Paterson Aaron Phangiso Andile Phehlukwayo Tabraiz Shamsi JJ Smuts Virat Kohli ( c ) Rohit Sharma ( vc ) Jasprit Bumrah Yuzvendra Chahal Shikhar Dhawan MS Dhoni ( wk ) Bhuvneshwar Kumar Dinesh Karthik Manish Pandey Hardik Pandya Axar Patel K.L. Rahul Suresh Raina Shardul Thakur Jaydev Unadkat Kuldeep Yadav Duanne Olivier and Lungi Ngidi were added to South Africa 's squad for the second Test after Dale Steyn suffered an injury during the first Test . Dinesh Karthik was called up as replacement to India 's Test squad for Wriddhiman Saha after Saha was ruled out of the series due to an injury in training .",
"4": "Temba Bavuma suffered a finger injury in a domestic one - day game and was ruled out of South Africa 's squad ahead of the third and final Test . South Africa 's AB de Villiers was ruled out of first three ODIs due to a finger injury . He was added back into South Africa 's squad for the final three matches . Following the first ODI , Faf du Plessis was ruled out of South Africa 's squad for the remaining ODI matches and the T20I series , after suffering a finger injury . Du Plessis was replaced by Farhaan Behardien in the ODI squad and Heinrich Klaasen was added to South Africa 's squad as a reserve wicket - keeper . Aiden Markram was named as captain of South Africa for the remaining ODIs in du Plessis ' absence . South Africa 's Quinton de Kock suffered an injury during the second ODI and was ruled out of the rest of the ODI matches and the T20I series . AB de Villiers was ruled out of South Africa 's squad for the T20I series after suffering an injury before the fifth ODI match . Test series ( edit ) 1st Test ( edit ) 5 -- 9 January 2018 Scorecard South Africa India 286 ( 73.1 overs ) AB de Villiers 65 ( 84 ) Bhuvneshwar Kumar 4 / 87 ( 19 overs ) 209 ( 73.4 overs ) Hardik Pandya 93 ( 95 ) Vernon Philander 3 / 33 ( 14.3 overs ) 130 ( 41.2 overs ) AB de Villiers 35 ( 50 ) Mohammed Shami 3 / 28 ( 12 overs ) 135 ( 42.4 overs ) Ravichandran Ashwin 37 ( 53 ) Vernon Philander 6 / 42 ( 15.4 overs ) South Africa won by 72 runs Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Michael Gough ( Eng ) and Richard Kettleborough ( Eng ) Player of the match : Vernon Philander ( SA ) South Africa won the toss and elected to bat . No play was possible on day 3 due to rain .",
"5": "Jasprit Bumrah ( Ind ) made his Test debut . Wriddhiman Saha became the first wicket - keeper for India to take ten catches in a single Test . 2nd Test ( edit ) 13 -- 17 January 2018 Scorecard South Africa India 335 ( 113.5 overs ) Aiden Markram 94 ( 150 ) Ravichandran Ashwin 4 / 113 ( 38.5 overs ) 307 ( 92.1 overs ) Virat Kohli 153 ( 217 ) Morné Morkel 4 / 60 ( 22.1 overs ) 258 ( 91.3 overs ) AB de Villiers 80 ( 121 ) Mohammed Shami 4 / 49 ( 16 overs ) 151 ( 50.2 overs ) Rohit Sharma 47 ( 74 ) Lungi Ngidi 6 / 39 ( 12.2 overs ) South Africa won by 135 runs SuperSport Park , Centurion Umpires : Michael Gough ( Eng ) and Paul Reiffel ( Aus ) Player of the match : Lungi Ngidi ( SA ) South Africa won the toss and elected to bat . Rain and bad light ended play early on day 3 . Lungi Ngidi ( SA ) made his Test debut . Mohammed Shami ( Ind ) took his 100th wicket in Tests . Cheteshwar Pujara became the first batsman for India to be run out in both innings of a Test . Lungi Ngidi became the 23rd bowler for South Africa to take a five - wicket haul on Test debut .",
"6": "3rd Test ( edit ) 24 -- 28 January 2018 Scorecard India South Africa 187 ( 76.4 overs ) Virat Kohli 54 ( 106 ) Kagiso Rabada 3 / 39 ( 18.4 overs ) 194 ( 65.5 overs ) Hashim Amla 61 ( 121 ) Jasprit Bumrah 5 / 54 ( 18.5 overs ) 247 ( 80.1 overs ) Ajinkya Rahane 48 ( 68 ) Morné Morkel 3 / 47 ( 21 overs ) 177 ( 73.3 overs ) Dean Elgar 86 * ( 240 ) Mohammed Shami 5 / 28 ( 12.3 overs ) India won by 63 runs Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Umpires : Aleem Dar ( Pak ) and Ian Gould ( Eng ) Player of the match : Bhuvneshwar Kumar ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to bat . Vernon Philander ( SA ) played in his 50th Test . Jasprit Bumrah ( Ind ) took his first five - wicket haul in Tests . Virat Kohli became the leading run - scorer as captain of India in Tests ( 3,456 ) . Dean Elgar became the first South African to carry his bat twice in Tests since 1992 . ODI series ( edit ) 1st ODI ( edit ) 1 February 2018 13 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard South Africa 269 / 8 ( 50 overs ) India 270 / 4 ( 45.3 overs ) Faf du Plessis 120 ( 112 ) Kuldeep Yadav 3 / 34 ( 10 overs ) Virat Kohli 112 ( 119 ) Andile Phehlukwayo 2 / 42 ( 8 overs ) India won by 6 wickets Kingsmead Cricket Ground , Durban Umpires : Ian Gould ( Eng ) and Bongani Jele ( SA ) Player of the match : Virat Kohli ( Ind ) South Africa won the toss and elected to bat .",
"7": "2nd ODI ( edit ) 4 February 2018 10 : 00 Scorecard South Africa 118 ( 32.2 overs ) India 119 / 1 ( 20.3 overs ) JP Duminy 25 ( 39 ) Yuzvendra Chahal 5 / 22 ( 8.2 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 51 * ( 56 ) Kagiso Rabada 1 / 24 ( 5 overs ) India won by 9 wickets SuperSport Park , Centurion Umpires : Aleem Dar ( Pak ) and Adrian Holdstock ( SA ) Player of the match : Yuzvendra Chahal ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to field . Khaya Zondo ( SA ) made his ODI debut . Aiden Markram became the second - youngest player to captain South Africa in ODIs . This was South Africa 's lowest total at home in ODIs . Yuzvendra Chahal ( Ind ) took his first five - wicket haul in ODIs . His figures of 5 / 22 were the second - best by any spinner in South Africa after Nicky Boje 's 5 / 21 in 2002 . This was India 's biggest winning margin against South Africa in ODIs , in terms of wickets ( 9 ) . 3rd ODI ( edit ) 7 February 2018 13 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard India 303 / 6 ( 50 overs ) South Africa 179 ( 40 overs ) Virat Kohli 160 * ( 159 ) JP Duminy 2 / 60 ( 10 overs ) JP Duminy 51 ( 67 ) Kuldeep Yadav 4 / 23 ( 9 overs ) India won by 124 runs Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Ian Gould ( Eng ) and Adrian Holdstock ( SA ) Player of the match : Virat Kohli ( Ind ) South Africa won the toss and elected to field . Heinrich Klaasen and Lungi Ngidi ( SA ) both made their ODI debuts . Virat Kohli ( Ind ) scored his 34th ODI century and most as captain of India in ODIs ( 12 ) .",
"8": "MS Dhoni became the first wicket - keeper for India to effect 400 dismissals in ODIs . This was India 's biggest win , in terms of runs , against South Africa in South Africa . 4th ODI ( edit ) 10 February 2018 13 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard India 289 / 7 ( 50 overs ) South Africa 207 / 5 ( 25.3 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 109 ( 105 ) Lungi Ngidi 2 / 52 ( 10 overs ) Heinrich Klaasen 43 * ( 27 ) Kuldeep Yadav 2 / 51 ( 6 overs ) South Africa won by 5 wickets ( D / L method ) Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Umpires : Aleem Dar ( Pak ) and Bongani Jele ( SA ) Player of the match : Heinrich Klaasen ( SA ) India won the toss and elected to bat . Rain set South Africa a revised target of 202 runs from 28 overs . Shikhar Dhawan ( Ind ) played in his 100th ODI and became the first batsman for India to score a century in his 100th ODI . 5th ODI ( edit ) 13 February 2018 13 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard India 274 / 7 ( 50 overs ) South Africa 201 ( 42.2 overs ) Rohit Sharma 115 ( 126 ) Lungi Ngidi 4 / 51 ( 9 overs ) Hashim Amla 71 ( 92 ) Kuldeep Yadav 4 / 57 ( 10 overs ) India won by 73 runs St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth Umpires : Shaun George ( SA ) and Ian Gould ( Eng ) Player of the match : Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) South Africa won the toss and elected to field .",
"9": "6th ODI ( edit ) 16 February 2018 13 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard South Africa 204 ( 46.5 oves ) India 206 / 2 ( 32.1 overs ) Khaya Zondo 54 ( 74 ) Shardul Thakur 4 / 52 ( 8.5 overs ) Virat Kohli 129 * ( 96 ) Lungi Ngidi 2 / 54 ( 8 overs ) India won by 8 wickets SuperSport Park , Centurion Umpires : Aleem Dar ( Pak ) and Shaun George ( SA ) Player of the match : Virat Kohli ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to field . Virat Kohli ( Ind ) scored his 35th century in ODIs . Virat Kohli also became the fastest player , in terms of innings , to score 17,000 runs in international cricket ( 363 ) . Virat Kohli scored the most runs in a bilateral ODI series by a player ( 558 ) . T20I series ( edit ) 1st T20I ( edit ) 18 February 2018 14 : 30 Scorecard India 203 / 5 ( 20 overs ) South Africa 175 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 72 ( 39 ) Junior Dala 2 / 47 ( 4 overs ) Reeza Hendricks 70 ( 50 ) Bhuvneshwar Kumar 5 / 24 ( 4 overs ) India won by 28 runs Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Umpires : Shaun George ( SA ) and Adrian Holdstock ( SA ) Player of the match : Bhuvneshwar Kumar ( Ind ) South Africa won the toss and elected to field . Junior Dala and Heinrich Klaasen ( SA ) both made their T20I debuts . This was India 's highest total against South Africa in T20Is . Bhuvneshwar Kumar ( Ind ) took his first five - wicket haul in T20Is .",
"10": "2nd T20I ( edit ) 21 February 2018 18 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard India 188 / 4 ( 20 overs ) South Africa 189 / 4 ( 18.4 overs ) Manish Pandey 79 * ( 48 ) Junior Dala 2 / 28 ( 4 overs ) Heinrich Klaasen 69 ( 30 ) Jaydev Unadkat 2 / 42 ( 3.4 overs ) South Africa won by 6 wickets SuperSport Park , Centurion Umpires : Bongani Jele ( SA ) and Allahudien Paleker ( SA ) Player of the match : Heinrich Klaasen ( SA ) South Africa won the toss and elected to field . Shardul Thakur ( Ind ) made his T20I debut . Yuzvendra Chahal conceded the most runs by an Indian bowler in a T20I . 3rd T20I ( edit ) 24 February 2018 18 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard India 172 / 7 ( 20 overs ) South Africa 165 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 47 ( 40 ) Junior Dala 3 / 35 ( 4 overs ) JP Duminy 55 ( 41 ) Bhuvneshwar Kumar 2 / 24 ( 4 overs ) India won by 7 runs Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Shaun George ( SA ) and Bongani Jele ( SA ) Player of the match : Suresh Raina ( Ind ) South Africa won the toss and elected to field . Christiaan Jonker ( SA ) made his T20I debut . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aiden Markram was named as South Africa 's captain , after Faf du Plessis was injured in the first ODI . Jump up ^ Rohit Sharma captained India for the third T20I . ^ Jump up to : While five days of play were scheduled for each Test , the first and third Tests reached a result within four days . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka 's return visit could impact India 's tour to South Africa '' .",
"11": "ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unhappy BCCI Not to Play Boxing Day Test in South Africa '' . News18 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Future Tours Programme '' ( PDF ) . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` CSA and BCCI announce India Tour Itinerary '' . Cricket South Africa . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SA invite India for 2017 - 18 instead of SL '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Debutant Ngidi 's 6 for 39 seals series for South Africa '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ruthless India finish third win in South Africa '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A first in Test history : 120 wickets up for grabs , 120 wickets taken '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India retain ICC Test Championship mace '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa v India : Boxing Day out , New Year likely to begin late '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa - India New Year 's Test likely from January 5 '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kingsmead not to host India Test '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CSA announces Zimbabwe and India tour itineraries '' . Cricket South Africa . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India opt out of warm - up game ahead of SA Tests '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The late reappearance of Steyn magic '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 6 January 2018 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ `` Steyn wo n't bowl further in first Test , could miss rest of series '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dale Steyn ruled out of first Test '' . Cricket South Africa . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steyn ruled out of Newlands Test , probably series '' . Sport24 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steyn sidelined for remainder of India series '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finger injury rules Du Plessis out of India ODI and T20 Series '' . Cricket South Africa . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aiden Markram to fill in as South Africa captain '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Markram appointed captain for remainder of ODI series '' . Cricket South Africa . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aiden Markram to fill in as South Africa 's ODI captain '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rohit , wristspin fetch India first ODI series win in SA '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India seals number - one ODI ranking '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kohli 's 35th ODI ton helps India wallop South Africa 5 -- 1 '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stats : Most runs by a player in a bilateral ODI series '' . CricTracker . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India vs South Africa , 3rd T20 , Cape Town , full cricket score : IND beat SA by 7 runs , win series 2 - 1 '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 24 February 2018 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ `` Du Plessis , Steyn in full - strength SA Test squad '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bumrah earns call - up for SA Tests '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa pick Ngidi and Zondo for India ODIs '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shami , Thakur picked for India 's ODIs in South Africa '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa call up Jonker , Dala and Klaasen for India T20Is '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raina returns for SA T20s ; Shreyas Iyer dropped '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Olivier , Ngidi added to South Africa squad for second Test '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Karthik to join Test squad in South Africa ; Saha injured '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bavuma fractures finger , sidelined from final India Test '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Injured de Villiers ruled out of first three ODIs '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` De Villiers returns for last three ODIs '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Du Plessis out of India series with fractured finger '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` De Kock ruled out of ODIs , T20s against India '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AB de Villiers ruled out of T20I series against India '' . ESPN Cricinfo .",
"14": "Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wriddhiman Saha breaks MS Dhoni 's record of most dismissals by an Indian wicketkeeper in a Test '' . Times of India . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India v South Africa , 2nd Test : Mohammed Shami reaches 100 Test wickets '' . Times of India . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India vs South Africa : Cheteshwar Pujara Sets Unwanted Record in Centurion Test '' . News18 . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bowling records : Test matches ( South Africa ) '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CONGRATS ! 50 - up for Proteas ' Philander '' . Sports24 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jasprit Bumrah makes a statement in Test cricket with maiden 5 - wicket haul '' . India Today . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kohli becomes India 's highest scoring Test captain '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` India vs South Africa : Yuzvendra Chahal 's five - wicket haul leaves Sehwag in awe '' . India Today . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa 's lowest total at home '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` In Stats : Chahal , Kuldeep Run Riot as South Africa Hit Record Low '' . The Quint . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli slams ODI century number 34 ; most by India captain '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India vs South Africa : MS Dhoni Becomes First Indian Wicket - keeper to Effect 400 Dismissals in ODIs '' . News18 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ `` Kohli , wristspinners trample South Africa again '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shikhar Dhawan 's 100th ODI : His top five centuries '' . Times of India . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shikhar Dhawan scores century in his 100th ODI , first Indian to do so '' . TimesNow . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli hits 35th ODI century , 13th as captain of India '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India vs South Africa : Virat Kohli quickest to 17000 international runs '' . India Today . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa vs India , 2018 : 1st T20I -- Statistical Highlights '' . CricTracker . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bhuvneshwar Kumar five - wicket haul helps India beat SA by 28 runs '' . India Today . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd T20I Stats : Yuzvendra Chahal , Rohit Sharma create unwanted records '' . Sportskeeda . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Series home at ESPN Cricinfo International cricket tours of South Africa Test and LOI tours Australia 1902 -- 03 1921 -- 22 1935 -- 36 1949 -- 50 1957 -- 58 1966 -- 67 1969 -- 70 1993 -- 94 1996 -- 97 1999 -- 2000 2001 -- 02 2005 -- 06 2008 -- 09 2011 -- 12 2013 -- 14 2015 -- 16 2016 --",
"16": "17 2017 -- 18 Bangladesh 2002 -- 03 2008 -- 09 2017 -- 18 England 1888 -- 89 1891 -- 92 1895 -- 96 1898 -- 99 1905 -- 06 1909 -- 10 1913 -- 14 1922 -- 23 1927 -- 28 1930 -- 31 1938 -- 39 1948 -- 49 1956 -- 57 1964 -- 65 1995 -- 96 1999 -- 2000 2004 -- 05 2009 -- 10 2015 -- 16 2019 -- 20 India 1992 -- 93 1996 -- 97 2001 -- 02 2006 -- 07 2010 -- 11 2013 -- 14 2017 -- 18 2021 - 22 Kenya 2001 -- 02 2008 -- 09 New Zealand 1953 -- 54 1961 -- 62 1994 -- 95 2000 -- 01 2005 -- 06 2007 -- 08 2012 -- 13 2015 2016 Pakistan 1994 -- 95 1997 -- 98 2002 -- 03 2006 -- 07 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2018 -- 19 Sri Lanka 1994 -- 95 1997 -- 98 2000 -- 01 2002 -- 03 2011 --",
"17": "12 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 2020 - 21 West Indies 1998 -- 99 2003 -- 04 2007 -- 08 2014 -- 15 Zimbabwe 1999 -- 2000 2004 -- 05 2006 -- 07 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Tournaments hosted Multiple teams 2003 2007 2009 Other tours Note : during the isolation of South Africa from international cricket between 1970 and 1991 , there were seven unofficial tours ( italicised below ) by various teams , known as the South African rebel tours .",
"18": "Australian 1919 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 Bangladeshi 2000 -- 01 Dutch 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2003 -- 04 2005 -- 06 English 1924 -- 25 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1981 -- 82 1989 -- 90 1999 -- 2000 Irish 2000 -- 01 2011 -- 12 2016 -- 17 Kenyan 1995 -- 96 Multi-national 1959 -- 60 Namibian 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 Scottish 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 2012 -- 13 Sri Lankan 1982 -- 83 West Indian 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 International cricket in 2017 -- 18 Preceding season : International cricket in 2017 September 2017 Australia in India Netherlands in Zimbabwe Sri Lanka vs. Pakistan in United Arab Emirates Bangladesh in South Africa October 2017 Sri Lanka women in West Indies West Indies in Zimbabwe England women in Australia New Zealand in India Hong Kong Cricket Sixes New Zealand women vs. Pakistan in United Arab Emirates November 2017 Sri Lanka in India England in Australia The Ashes Scotland vs. PNG in United Arab Emirates Sri Lanka in South Africa December 2017 West Indies in New Zealand Ireland vs. Afghanistan in United Arab Emirates Zimbabwe in South Africa January 2018 India in South Africa Pakistan in New Zealand United Arab Emirates Tri-Nation Series Bangladesh Tri-Nation Series Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Sri Lanka in Bangladesh February 2018 India women in South Africa Trans - Tasman Tri-Series Zimbabwe vs.",
"19": "Afghanistan in United Arab Emirates World Cricket League Division Two England in New Zealand March 2018 Australia in South Africa ball - tampering scandal Cricket World Cup Qualifier West Indies women in New Zealand Nidahas Trophy Australia women in India Pakistan women in Sri Lanka India women 's Tri-Nation Series April 2018 West Indies in Pakistan England women in India Ongoing Intercontinental Cup World Cricket League Championship Women 's Championship Following season : International cricket in 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_cricket_team_in_South_Africa_in_2017 -- 18&oldid = 827804023 '' Categories : 2018 in Indian cricket 2018 in South African cricket International cricket competitions in 2017 -- 18 Indian cricket tours of South Africa Hidden categories : Use Indian English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी मराठी සිංහල தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 20 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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the oligodynamic effect is a phenomenon that describes
|
[
"a biocidal effect of metals, especially heavy metals, that occurs even in low concentrations",
"a biocidal effect of metals, especially heavy metals, that occurs even in low concentrations",
"a biocidal effect of metals",
"biocidal effect of metals, especially heavy metals",
"a biocidal effect of metals, especially heavy metals, that occurs even in low concentrations"
] |
{
"0": "Oligodynamic effect - wikipedia Oligodynamic effect Jump to : navigation , search Silver spoons self - sanitize due to the oligodynamic effect The oligodynamic effect ( from Greek oligos `` few '' , and dynamis `` force '' ) is a biocidal effect of metals , especially heavy metals , that occurs even in low concentrations . The effect was discovered by Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli , although he did not identify the cause . Brass doorknobs and silverware both exhibit this effect to an extent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mechanism 2 Use 2.1 Aluminium 2.2 Antimony 2.3 Arsenic 2.4 Barium 2.5 Bismuth 2.6 Boron 2.7 Copper 2.8 Gold 2.9 Lead 2.10 Mercury 2.11 Nickel 2.12 Silver 2.13 Thallium 2.14 Tin 2.15 Zinc 3 Safety 4 See also 5 References Mechanism ( edit ) The metals react with thiol ( - SH ) or amine ( - NH ) groups of proteins , a mode of action to which microorganisms may develop resistance . Such resistance may be transmitted by plasmids . Use ( edit ) Aluminium ( edit ) Aluminium acetate ( Burow 's solution ) is used as an astringent mild antiseptic . Aluminium - based antiperspirant ingredients ( `` aluminium salts '' ) such as aluminium chlorohydrate , activated aluminium chlorohydrates , and aluminium - zirconium - glycine ( AZG ) complexes work by forming superficial plugs in the sweat ducts , reducing the flow of perspiration . Antimony ( edit ) Orthoesters of diarylstibinic acids are fungicides and bactericides , used in paints , plastics , and fibers . Trivalent organic antimony was used in therapy for schistosomiasis . Arsenic ( edit ) For many decades , arsenic was used medicinally to treat syphilis . It is still used in sheep dips , rat poisons , wood preservatives , weed killers , and other pesticides .",
"1": "Arsenic is also still used for murder by poisoning , for which use it has a long and continuing history in both literature and fact . Barium ( edit ) Barium polysulfide is a fungicide and acaricide used in fruit and grape growing . Bismuth ( edit ) Bismuth compounds have been used because of their astringent , antiphlogistic , bacteriostatic , and disinfecting actions . In dermatology bismuth subgallate is still used in vulnerary salves and powders as well as in antimycotics . In the past , bismuth has also been used to treat syphilis and malaria . Boron ( edit ) Boric acid esters derived from glycols ( example , organo - borate formulation , Biobor JF ) are being used for the control of microorganisms in fuel systems containing water . Copper ( edit ) Brass vessels release a small amount of copper ions into stored water , thus killing fecal bacterial counts as high as 1 million bacteria per milliliter . Copper sulfate mixed with lime is used as a fungicide and antihelminthic . Copper sulfate is used chiefly to destroy green algae ( algicide ) that grow in reservoirs , stock ponds , swimming pools , and fish tanks . Copper 8 - hydroxyquinoline is sometimes included in paint to prevent mildew . Paint containing copper is used on boat bottoms to prevent barnacle growth Gold ( edit ) Gold is used in dental inlays and inhibits the growth of bacteria . Lead ( edit ) Physicians prescribed various forms of lead to heal ailments ranging from constipation to infectious diseases such as the plague . Lead was also used to preserve or sweeten wine . Lead arsenate is used in insecticides and herbicides . Some organic lead compounds are used as industrial biocides : thiomethyl triphenyllead is used as an antifungal agent , cotton preservative , and lubricant additive ; thiopropyl triphenyllead as a rodent repellant ; tributyllead acetate as a wood and cotton preservative ; tributyllead imidazole as a lubricant additive and cotton preservative .",
"2": "Mercury ( edit ) Phenylmercuric borate and acetate were used for disinfecting mucous membranes at an effective concentration of 0.07 % in aqueous solutions . Due to toxicological and ecotoxicological reasons phenylmercury salts are no longer in use . However , some surgeons use mercurochrome despite toxicological objections . Dental amalgam used in fillings inhibits bacterial reproduction . Organic mercury compounds have been used as topical disinfectants ( thimerosal , nitromersol and merbromin ) and preservatives in medical preparations ( thimerosal ) and grain products ( both methyl and ethyl mercurials ) . Mercury was used in the treatment of syphilis . Calomel was commonly used in infant teething powders in the 1930s and 1940s . Mercurials are also used agriculturally as insecticides and fungicides . Nickel ( edit ) The toxicity of nickel to bacteria , yeasts , and fungi differs considerably . Silver ( edit ) The metabolism of bacteria is adversely affected by silver ions at concentrations of 0.01 -- 0.1 mg / L. Therefore , even less soluble silver compounds , such as silver chloride , also act as bactericides or germicides , but not the much less soluble silver sulfide . In the presence of atmospheric oxygen , metallic silver also has a bactericidal effect due to the formation of silver oxide , which is soluble enough to cause it . Bactericidal concentrations are reduced rapidly by adding colloidal silver , which has a high surface area . Even objects with a solid silver surface ( e.g. , table silver , silver coins , or silver foil ) have a bactericidal effect . Silver drinking vessels were carried by military commanders on expeditions for protection against disease . It was once common to place silver foil or even silver coins on wounds for the same reason . Silver sulfadiazine is used as an antiseptic ointment for extensive burns . An equilibrium dispersion of colloidal silver with dissolved silver ions can be used to purify drinking water at sea . Silver is incorporated into medical implants and devices such as catheters . Surfacine ( silver iodide ) is a relatively new antimicrobial for application to surfaces .",
"3": "Silver - impregnated wound dressings have proven especially useful against antibiotic - resistant bacteria . Silver nitrate is used as a hemostatic , antiseptic and astringent . At one time , many states required that the eyes of newborns be treated with a few drops of silver nitrate to guard against an infection of the eyes called gonorrheal neonatal ophthalmia , which the infants might have contracted as they passed through the birth canal . Silver ions are increasingly incorporated into many hard surfaces , such as plastics and steel , as a way to control microbial growth on items such as toilet seats , stethoscopes , and even refrigerator doors . Among the newer products being sold are plastic food containers infused with silver nanoparticies , which are intended to keep food fresher , and silver - infused athletic shirts and socks , which claim to minimize odors . Thallium ( edit ) Thallium compounds such as thallium sulfate have been used for impregnating wood and leather to kill fungal spores and bacteria , and for the protection of textiles from attack by moths . Thallium sulfate has been used as a depilatory and in the treatment of venereal disease , skin fungal infections , and tuberculosis . Tin ( edit ) Tetrabutyltin is used as an antifouling paint for ships , for the prevention of slimes in industrial recirculating water systems , for combating freshwater snails that cause bilharzia , as a wood and textile preservative , and as a disinfectant . Tricyclohexyltin hydroxide is used as an acaricide . Triphenyltin hydroxide and triphenyltin acetate are used as fungicides . Zinc ( edit ) Zinc oxide is used as a weak antiseptic ( and sunscreen ) , and in paints as a white pigment and mold - growth inhibitor . Zinc chloride is a common ingredient in mouthwashes and deodorants , and zinc pyrithione is an ingredient in antidandruff shampoos . Galvanized ( zinc - coated ) fittings on roofs impede the growth of algae . Copper - and zinc - treated shingles are available . Zinc iodide and zinc sulfate are used as topical antiseptics .",
"4": "Safety ( edit ) Besides the individual toxic effects of each metal , a wide range of metals are nephrotoxic in humans and / or in animals . Some metals and their compounds are carcinogenic to humans . A few metals , such as lead and mercury , can cross the placental barrier and impact fetal development . Several ( cadmium , zinc , copper , and mercury ) can induce special protein complexes called metallothioneins . See also ( edit ) Medical uses of silver Antimicrobial properties of copper References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nägeli , Karl Wilhelm ( 1893 ) , `` Über oligodynamische Erscheinungen in lebenden Zellen '' , Neue Denkschriften der allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die gesamte Naturwissenschaft , XXXIII ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Harke , Hans - P. ( 2007 ) , `` Disinfectants '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 17 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a08_551 Jump up ^ Berth - Jones , John ( 2010 ) , `` Topical Therapy '' , in Burns , Tony ; Breathnach , Stephen ; Cox , Neil ; Griffiths , Christopher , Rook 's Textbook of Dermatology , 4 ( 8th ed . ) , Wiley - Blackwell , p . 73.16 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 6169 - 5 Jump up ^ Cai , Zhengwei ; Hakkinen , Pertti J. ( 2005 ) , `` Deodorants and Antiperspirants '' , in Wexler , Philip , Encyclopedia of Toxicology , 1 ( 2nd ed . ) , Elsevier , pp. 737 -- 738 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 745354 - 7 Jump up ^ Grund , Sabina C. ; Hanusch , Kunibert ; Breunig , Hans J. ; Wolf , Hans Uwe ( 2007 ) , `` Antimony and Antimony Compounds '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp.",
"5": "1 -- 34 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a03_055. pub2 Jump up ^ Leikin , Jerrold B. ; Paloucek , Frank P. , eds. ( 2008 ) , `` Antimony '' , Poisoning and Toxicology Handbook ( 4th ed . ) , Informa , p. 753 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 4479 - 9 Jump up ^ Kapp , Robert ( 2005 ) , `` Arsenic '' , Encyclopedia of Toxicology , 1 ( 2nd ed . ) , Elsevier , pp. 168 -- 171 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 745354 - 7 Jump up ^ Kresse , Robert ; Baudis , Ulrich ; Jäger , Paul ; Riechers , H. Hermann ; Wagner , Heinz ; Winkler , Jochen ; Wolf , Hans Uwe ( 2007 ) , `` Barium and Barium Compounds '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 21 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a03_325. pub2 Jump up ^ Krüger , Joachim ; Winkler , Peter ; Lüderitz , Eberhard ; Lück , Manfred ; Wolf , Hans Uwe ( 2007 ) , `` Bismuth , Bismuth Alloys , and Bismuth Compounds '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 22 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a04_171 Jump up ^ Gad , Shayne C. ; Mehendale , Harihara M. ( 2005 ) , `` Bismuth '' , Encyclopedia of Toxicology , 1 ( 2nd ed . ) , Elsevier , pp. 312 -- 314 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 745354 - 7 Jump up ^ Brotherton , Robert J. ; Weber , C. Joseph ; Guibert , Clarence R. ; Little , John L.",
"6": "( 2007 ) , `` Boron Compounds '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 23 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a04_309 ^ Jump up to : Bauman , Robert W. ( 2012 ) , Microbiology with diseases by body system ( 3rd ed . ) , Benjamin Cummings , pp. 278 -- 279 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 71271 - 4 Jump up ^ Gad , Shayne C. ( 2005 ) , `` Copper '' , Encyclopedia of Toxicology , 1 ( 2nd ed . ) , Elsevier , pp. 665 -- 667 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 745354 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Tortora , Gerard J. ; Funke , Berdell R. ; Case , Christine L. ( 2010 ) , Microbiology : An Introduction ( 10th ed . ) , Benjamin Cummings , pp. 300 -- 301 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 55007 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Cowan , Marjorie Kelly ( 2012 ) , Microbiology : A Systems Approach ( 3rd ed . ) , pp. 320 -- 321 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 352252 - 4 Jump up ^ Sutherland , Charles A. ; Milner , Edward F. ; Kerby , Robert C. ; Teindl , Herbert ; Melin , Albert ; Bolt , Hermann M. ( 2007 ) , `` Lead '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a15_193. pub2 Jump up ^ Gad , Shayne C. ( 2005 ) , `` Lead '' , in Wexler , Philip , Encyclopedia of Toxicology , 2 ( 2nd ed . ) , Elsevier , pp. 705 -- 709 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 745354 - 7 Jump up ^ Carr , Dodd S.",
"7": "( 2007 ) , `` Lead Compounds '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 10 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a15_249 Jump up ^ Gad , Shayne C. ( 2005 ) , `` Mercury '' , Encyclopedia of Toxicology , 3 ( 2nd ed . ) , Elsevier , pp. 36 -- 39 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 745354 - 7 Jump up ^ Lascelles , Keith ; Morgan , Lindsay G. ; Nicholls , David ; Beyersmann , Detmar ( 2007 ) , `` Nickel Compounds '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 16 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a17_235. pub2 Jump up ^ Renner , Hermann ; Schlamp , Günther ; Zimmermann , Klaus ; Weise , Wolfgang ; Tews , Peter ; Dermann , Klaus ; Knödler , Alfons ; Schröder , Karl - Heinz ; Kempf , Bernd ; Lüschow , Hans Martin ; Drieselmann , Ralf ; Peter , Catrin ; Schiele , Rainer ( 2007 ) , `` Silver , Silver Compounds , and Silver Alloys '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 17 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a24_107 Jump up ^ Micke , Heinrich ; Wolf , Hans Uwe ( 2007 ) , `` Thallium and Thallium Compounds '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 14 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a26_607 Jump up ^ Gad , Shayne C. ( 2005 ) , `` Thallium '' , Encyclopedia of Toxicology , 4 ( 2nd ed . ) , Elsevier , pp.",
"8": "165 -- 166 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 745354 - 7 Jump up ^ Graf , Günter G. ( 2007 ) , `` Tin , Tin Alloys , and Tin Compounds '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 35 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a27_049 Jump up ^ Leikin , Jerrold B. ; Paloucek , Frank P. , eds. ( 2008 ) , `` Zinc Oxide '' , Poisoning and Toxicology Handbook ( 4th ed . ) , Informa , p. 705 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 4479 - 9 Jump up ^ Rohe , Dieter M.M. ; Wolf , Hans Uwe ( 2007 ) , `` Zinc Compounds '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 6 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a28_537 Jump up ^ Rankin , Gary O. ( 2005 ) , `` Kidney '' , Encyclopedia of Toxicology , 2 ( 2nd ed . ) , Elsevier , pp. 666 -- 689 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 745354 - 7 Jump up ^ Gad , Shayne C. ( 2005 ) , `` Metals '' , in Wexler , Philip , Encyclopedia of Toxicology , 3 ( 2nd ed . ) , Elsevier , p.",
"9": "49 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 745354 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oligodynamic_effect&oldid=806142199 '' Categories : Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements Biocides Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Use dmy dates from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Français Magyar Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 00 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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6391370451004919214
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who was last person to be executed in us
|
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"Ruben Cardenas Ramirez"
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{
"0": "List of offenders executed in the United States in 2017 - wikipedia List of offenders executed in the United States in 2017 Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of offenders executed in the United States in 2017 . A total of twenty - three criminal offenders -- all male -- were executed in the United States in 2017 , all by lethal injection . The State of Arkansas executed four individuals in April , ending a hiatus on executions in the state which had lasted for over 11 years .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 List of offenders executed in the United States in 2017 2 Demographics 3 Executions in recent years 4 Double execution in Arkansas 5 See also 6 References List of offenders executed in the United States in 2017 ( edit ) Number Date of execution Name Date of birth Age of offender Gender Ethnicity State Method Source At execution At offense Age difference 000000002017 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 2017 Wilkins , Christopher Chubasco Christopher Chubasco Wilkins 000000001968 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 1968 48 37 11 Male White Texas Lethal injection 000000002017 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2017 Gray , Ricky Javon Ricky Javon Gray 000000001977 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 1977 39 28 Black Virginia 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Edwards , Terry Darnell Terry Darnell Edwards 000000001973 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1973 43 15 Texas 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Christeson , Mark Anthony Mark Anthony Christeson 000000001979 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 1979 37 18 19 White Missouri 5 000000002017 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2017 Ruiz , Jr. , Rolando Rolando Ruiz , Jr .",
"2": "000000001972 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1972 44 20 24 Hispanic Texas 6 000000002017 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 2017 Bigby , James Eugene James Eugene Bigby 000000001955 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 1955 61 32 29 White 7 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Lee , Ledell T. Ledell T. Lee 000000001965 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1965 51 27 24 Black Arkansas 8 000000002017 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2017 Jones , Jr. , Jack Harold Jack Harold Jones , Jr . 000000001964 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1964 52 30 22 White 9 Williams , Marcel Wayne Marcel Wayne Williams 000000001970 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 1970 46 24 Black 10 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Williams , Kenneth Dewayne Kenneth Dewayne Williams 000000001979 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1979 38 20 18 11 000000002017 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2017 Ledford III , John W. John W. Ledford III 000000001971 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1971 45 25 White Georgia 12 000000002017 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2017 Arthur , Thomas Douglas `` Tommy '' Thomas Douglas `` Tommy '' Arthur 000000001941 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 ,",
"3": "1941 75 40 35 Alabama 13 000000002017 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 2017 Melson , Robert Bryant Robert Bryant Melson 000000001971 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1971 46 22 24 Black 14 000000002017 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 2017 Morva , William Charles William Charles Morva 000000001982 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1982 35 24 11 White Virginia 15 000000002017 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2017 Phillips , Ronald Ray Ronald Ray Phillips 000000001973 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1973 43 19 24 Ohio 16 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2017 Preyor , Taichin Taichin Preyor 000000001970 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 1970 46 33 13 Black Texas 17 000000002017 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2017 Asay , Mark James Mark James Asay 000000001964 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1964 53 23 30 White Florida 18 000000002017 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 2017 Otte , Gary Wayne Gary Wayne Otte 000000001971 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 1971 45 20 25 Ohio 19 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Lambrix , Michael Ray Michael Ray Lambrix 000000001960 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 ,",
"4": "1960 57 22 35 Florida 20 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Pruett , Robert Lynn Robert Lynn Pruett 000000001979 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1979 38 20 18 Texas 21 000000002017 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2017 McNabb , Torrey Twane Torrey Twane McNabb 000000001977 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1977 40 20 Black Alabama 22 000000002017 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2017 Hannon , Patrick Charles Patrick Charles Hannon 000000001964 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 1964 53 26 27 White Florida 23 Cardenas Ramirez , Ruben Ruben Cardenas Ramirez 000000001970 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 ,",
"5": "1970 47 21 Hispanic Texas Average : 47 years 25 years 22 years Demographics ( edit ) Gender Male 23 100 % Female 0 0 % Ethnicity White 13 56 % Black 8 35 % Hispanic 9 % State Texas 7 30 % Arkansas 17 % Alabama 13 % Florida 13 % Ohio 9 % Virginia 9 % Georgia 4 % Missouri 4 % Month January 17 % February 0 0 % March 9 % April 17 % May 9 % June 4 % July 13 % August 4 % September 4 % October 13 % November 9 % December 0 0 % Age 30 - 39 5 22 % 40 - 49 11 48 % 50 - 59 5 22 % 60 - 69 4 % 70 - 79 4 % Day Monday 9 % Tuesday 13 % Wednesday 7 30 % Thursday 10 43 % Friday 4 % Saturday 0 0 % Sunday 0 0 % Total 23 100 % Executions in recent years ( edit ) Number of executions 2018 9 2017 23 2016 20 Total 52 Double execution in Arkansas ( edit ) See also : Capital punishment in Arkansas and List of individuals executed in Arkansas On April 24 , 2017 , Arkansas carried out back - to - back executions . Convicted rapist and murderer Jack Jones , age 52 , was pronounced dead at 7 : 20 pm Monday . Approximately three hours later , convicted rapist and murderer Marcel Williams , age 46 , was pronounced dead at 10 : 33 pm .",
"6": "Jones was sentenced to death for the 1995 rape and murder of Mary Phillips ( August 18 , 1959 - June 6 , 1995 ) and the near - fatal assault of her then - 10 - year - old daughter , Lacy Phillips ( born July 9 , 1984 ) , during a botched robbery in Bald Knob , Arkansas . Williams was sent to death row for the 1994 rape and murder of 22 - year - old Stacy Errickson , whom he kidnapped from a gas station in central Arkansas . The last double execution in Arkansas was on September 8 , 1999 . By conducting the double execution in 2017 , Arkansas became the first U.S. state to put more than one inmate to death on the same day in 17 years . The last state to do so was Texas , which executed two murderers in August 2000 . Oklahoma planned a double execution in 2014 but scrapped plans for the second one after the first ( the execution of Clayton Lockett ) went awry . Arkansas executed four men in an eight - day period in 1960 . The only quicker pace included quadruple executions in 1926 and 1930 . See also ( edit ) List of death row inmates in the United States List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States since 1976 List of most recent executions by jurisdiction List of offenders scheduled to be executed in the United States List of women executed in the United States since 1976 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Offender Information -- Christopher Wilkins '' , Texas Department of Criminal Justice Jump up ^ `` Offender Information -- Terry Edwards '' , Texas Department of Criminal Justice Jump up ^ `` Offender Information -- Rolando Ruiz Jr . '' , Texas Department of Criminal Justice Jump up ^ `` Remorseful hit man in Texas murder - for - hire slaying executed '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Offender Information -- James Bigby '' , Texas Department of Criminal Justice Jump up ^ `` Tarrant County man who killed father and baby in 1987 , pointed gun at judge is executed '' . Dallas News .",
"7": "Jump up ^ Arkansas Puts Ledell Lee to Death , in Its First Execution Since 2005 Jump up ^ Fourth and final Arkansas inmate Kenneth Williams executed Jump up ^ Tommy Arthur , Inmate Who Escaped Death 7 Times , Is Executed Jump up ^ Robert Bryant Melson executed for 1994 triple slaying Jump up ^ William Morva executed by lethal injection for 2006 killings Jump up ^ `` Ohio executed a prisoner for the first time in three years '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Offender Information - Taichin Preyor '' . Texas Department of Criminal Justice . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas executes man who killed woman at her apartment in 2004 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` For the first time since 1970s , White man executed for racial killings in Florida '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio executes double murderer Gary Otte as he sings Hymn '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Florida executes man convicted of killings 2 decades ago '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas executes inmate convicted of fatally stabbing a prison guard '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Torrey McNabb executed for murder of Montgomery police officer '' . Montgomery Advertiser . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Florida executes Patrick Hannon for killing two men in 1991 '' . Fox News . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Texas executes Mexican citizen for 1997 slaying '' . ABC News . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mexican man executed after appeals fail '' . San Antonio Express - News . Retrieved 8 November 2017 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ Arkansas executes 2 inmates in one night ^ Jump up to : Arkansas goes ahead with double execution Preceded by 2016 List of offenders executed in the United States in 2017 Succeeded by 2018 Capital punishment Retentionist countries Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Belarus Botswana China Cuba Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Jamaica Japan Jordan Lebanon Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Saint Kitts and Nevis Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates United States Vietnam Yemen Abolitionist in practice countries Kenya Laos Maldives Russia South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan Tonga Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only Brazil Guatemala Israel Abolitionist countries Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bhutan Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia South Africa Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Venezuela Current methods Hanging Shooting / firing squad Lethal injection Electrocution Gas inhalation Beheading Stoning Crucifixion Ancient methods Bestiarii Damnatio ad bestias Blood eagle Blowing from a gun Brazen bull Boiling Breaking wheel Burial Burning Crushing Disembowelment Dismemberment Drowning Republican marriage Elephant Falling Flaying Garrote Hanged ,",
"9": "drawn and quartered Immurement Impalement Ishikozume Mazzatello Sawing Scaphism Slow slicing Stoning Suffocation in ash Upright jerker Waist chop Related topics Use by country Most recent executions by country Crime Death row Final statement Last meal Penology Religion and capital punishment Wrongful execution Capital punishment for drug trafficking Capital punishment in the United States Articles Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. Puerto Rico American Samoa Lists of individuals executed Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wyoming By year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Scheduled executions Other List of U.S.",
"10": "Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment List of death row inmates in the United States List of women on death row List of women executed since 1976 Juveniles National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty Death Penalty Information Center Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_offenders_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2017&oldid=838276986 '' Categories : 2017 deaths 2017 in American law 2017 - related lists Lists of people executed in the United States Male murderers Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 01 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when do you declare honors in contract bridge
|
[
"at any time after the auction but for strategic reasons it is best to do so at the conclusion of play so as not to give the opponents information about the lay of the cards",
"at any time after the auction",
"any time after the auction",
"best to do so at the conclusion of play"
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{
"0": "Bridge scoring - wikipedia Bridge scoring Jump to : navigation , search See also : Glossary of contract bridge terms Bridge scoring is keeping score in contract bridge . There are two main categories of scoring : duplicate and rubber scoring . While based upon the same basic elements of scoring , they differ in how the elements are applied to individual deals and in how these are then totaled . Chicago , being a variant of rubber bridge , uses an adaptation of rubber bridge scoring . Duplicate bridge has many variations for scoring , comparing and ranking the relative performance of partnerships and teams playing the same deals as their competitors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Scoring elements 2.1 Contract points 2.2 Overtrick points 2.3 Slam bonus 2.4 Doubled or redoubled bonus 2.5 Penalty points 2.6 Rubber bonus 2.7 Honor bonus or honors 2.8 Game or part - game bonus 3 Rubber bridge 3.1 The score sheet 3.2 An example rubber 4 Duplicate bridge 4.1 Scoring deals 4.1. 1 Example results for a sixteen board match 4.2 Comparing deals 4.2. 1 Matchpoint scoring 4.2. 2 International Match Point scoring 5 History of Contract bridge scoring 5.1 Scoring of tricks in no trump contracts 5.2 Scoring of undertricks 5.3 8 - Level bids 5.4 International Match Points 6 References 7 External links Terminology ( edit ) The following terms and concepts , defined in the glossary of contract bridge terms , are essential to understanding bridge scoring : Contract Denomination Down Honors Make or Made Odd tricks Overtrick Slam and grand slam Undertricks Undoubled , doubled and redoubled vulnerable , not vulnerable and none vulnerable Scoring elements ( edit ) Bridge scoring consists of nine elements . Not all elements are included in all game variants and the method of accumulation of the elements over several deals varies .",
"1": "If the contract is made , the score for each such deal consists of : Contract points , assigned to each odd trick bid and made Overtrick points , assigned for each trick taken over the contracted number of odd tricks A slam bonus for a small slam or grand slam contract bid and made A bonus , colloquially known as ' for insult ' , is received at the end of any deal in which a doubled or redoubled contract is bid and made If the contract is defeated , the defenders receive Penalty points , assigned for every undertrick In rubber bridge only , A rubber bonus is received at the end of a completed rubber by the side that is first to win two games . A rubber bonus is also awarded for some game and part - game scores at the end of an unfinished rubber An honor bonus is received by any player at the end of any deal in which he held particular honor cards . In duplicate bridge only , A partial - game bonus is received at the end of each deal for any partial game contract bid and made A game bonus is received at the end of each deal for any game contract bid and made Contract points ( edit ) Contract points are awarded for each odd trick bid and made . Their values depend on the suit ( or notrump ) and whether the contract is doubled or redoubled ; they are not affected by vulnerability . Tricks won beyond that necessary to fulfill the contract are referred to as overtricks and their scoring points are accounted for separately because their values are dependent upon declarer 's vulnerability . Denomination Contract Points Per Trick Undoubled Doubled Redoubled Notrump First trick Subsequent tricks 40 30 80 60 160 120 Major suits 30 60 120 Minor suits 20 40 80 Overtrick points ( edit ) When declarer makes overtricks , their score value depends upon the contract denomination , declarer 's vulnerability and whether or not the contract is undoubled , doubled or redoubled . In an undoubled contract each overtrick earns the same as in contract points ( 30 for notrump and major suit contracts , 20 for minor suit contracts ) ; values increase significantly when the contract has been doubled or redoubled , especially when vulnerable .",
"2": "Contract Overtrick Points Per Trick Vulnerable Not Vulnerable Undoubled in : - Notrump - Major suit - Minor suit 30 30 20 30 30 20 Any doubled 200 100 Any redoubled 400 200 Slam bonus ( edit ) Bonuses are awarded for all slam contracts bid and made : a small slam , or successful contract to win 12 of 13 tricks , earns a bonus of 500 points if not vulnerable and 750 points if vulnerable ; a grand slam , or successful contract to win all 13 tricks , earns a bonus of 1000 points if not vulnerable and 1500 points if vulnerable . Doubled or redoubled bonus ( edit ) When a doubled or redoubled contract is made , a bonus is awarded to the declaring side . It is colloquially referred to as a bonus for `` insult '' , meaning that the opponents have insulted the pair by suggesting that the declarer will not make the contract . 50 points are awarded for a doubled contract made , and 100 points are awarded for a redoubled contract made . In scoring notation , a doubled contract is indicated by an ' X '' after the contract ( e.g. a contract of four hearts doubled is indicated by 4 ♥ X ) ; a redoubled contract is indicated by `` XX '' ( e.g. 4 ♥ XX ) . Penalty points ( edit ) When a contract is defeated , penalty points are awarded to the defending side . The value of the penalty depends on the number of undertricks , whether the declaring side is vulnerable or not vulnerable and whether the contract was undoubled , doubled or redoubled .",
"3": "Number of Undertricks Points Per Undertrick Vulnerable Not Vulnerable Undoubled Doubled Redoubled Undoubled Doubled Redoubled 1st undertrick 100 200 400 50 100 200 2nd and 3rd , each 300 600 200 400 4th and each subsequent 300 600 300 600 Without a double or redouble , every undertrick has a fixed cost of 100 or 50 points . The scores for ( re ) doubled undertricks are such that after the first vulnerable undertrick , n vulnerable undertricks cost the same as n + 1 undertricks when not vulnerable ; for example , four undertricks when doubled and not vulnerable cost 800 points ( 100 + 200 + 200 + 300 ) , the same as three undertricks when doubled and vulnerable ( 200 + 300 + 300 ) . Rubber bonus ( edit ) In rubber bridge only , a bonus is awarded at the conclusion of the rubber as follows : for a completed rubber , the side which wins the rubber , i.e. is first to win two games , receives a rubber bonus : if the opponents have won no games , i.e. they are not vulnerable , the rubber bonus is 700 points ; colloquially known as a ' fast rubber ' if the opponents have won one game , i.e. they are vulnerable , the rubber bonus is 500 points ; colloquially known as a ' slow rubber ' for unfinished rubbers : if but one side has won a game , it scores 300 points , and if but one side has a part - score , it scores 100 points . Honor bonus or honors ( edit ) In rubber bridge only , a bonus is awarded for any one hand holding four or five of the honors , i.e. an ace , king , queen , jack or ten . 100 points are awarded for any one hand holding any four of the five trump suit honors , and 150 points are awarded for any one hand holding all five trump suit honors , or all four aces in a notrump contract .",
"4": "Honors may be declared and scored at any time after the auction but for strategic reasons it is best to do so at the conclusion of play so as not to give the opponents information about the lay of the cards . Honors may be held by any of the four players , including dummy . Game or part - game bonus ( edit ) In duplicate bridge only , game and partial - game bonuses are awarded at the conclusion of each deal as follows : any partial contract , i.e. one scoring less than 100 contract points , scores a bonus of 50 points , and any game contract , i.e. one scoring 100 or more points , scores a game bonus of 300 if not vulnerable and 500 if vulnerable . Rubber bridge ( edit ) For additional scoring information for the rubber bridge variant Chicago , see Chicago scoring Rubber bridge score sheet The score sheet ( edit ) Rubber scoring is tallied on a score sheet divided into four parts where each partnership accumulates points either above the line or below the line . The objective is to win by scoring the most total points in the rubber ; the rubber is completed when one side has twice accumulated 100 or more contract points below the line . Only contract points are recorded below the line ; all other points are recorded above the line . Any of the four players may be the recorder , his side being represented in the `` We '' column and the opponents in the `` They '' column . In the ensuing examples , South is the recorder ( the ' We ' on the score sheet ) . An example rubber ( edit ) The following table summarizes the results of a rubber consisting of six deals .",
"5": "Deal Declarer Contract Made Down Contract Points Overtrick Points Slam Bonus ( Re ) doubled Bonus Penalty Points Honor Bonus Deal Total NS Deal Total EW 2NT ( 1 × 40 ) + ( 1 × 30 ) = 70 1 × 30 = 30 100 4 ♥ 4 × 30 = 120 120 5 ♣ 2 × 100 = 200 200 4 ♠ X 5 2 × ( 4 × 30 ) = 240 1 × 100 = 100 50 390 5 3 ♣ 3 × 20 = 60 1 × 20 = 20 80 6 6 6 6 × 20 = 120 750 150 1020 Rubber Bonus 500 Total 770 1640 The following panels illustrate the progression of the scoring on the score sheet . Deal 1 Deal 2 Deal 3 Deal 4 Deal 5 Deal 6 Rubber Bonus Total Deal 1 : South bids 2NT making 3 . Only the contract points ( 70 ) are scored below the line ; the overtrick points ( 30 ) are scored above the line . Deal 2 : West bids and makes 4 ♥ . This scores 120 contract points below the line ; since there are no overtricks , no points are scored above the line . The accumulation of 100 or more points below the line constitutes the end of the first game and is signified by the drawing of a horizontal line . Since no part - game or game bonus is awarded in rubber bridge , East - West do not receive an additional game bonus and North - South do not receive any part - game bonus . Furthermore , the part score of 70 by North - South is no longer available for accumulation towards a game by them ; the 70 points are said to be `` cut off '' as signified by the drawing of the horizontal line .",
"6": "Having won a game , East - West are vulnerable for all subsequent deals of the rubber meaning that they are now eligible for a larger rubber bonus if they win a second game before their opponents win one and they are susceptible to increased penalties if they are defeated in a contract . Deal 3 : West bids 5 ♣ and goes down 2 , vulnerable , undoubled . This scores 200 penalty points for North - South above the line . Deal 4 : South bids 4 ♠ doubled , not vulnerable and makes 5 . North - South score 240 contract tricks below the line , 100 overtrick points above the line and 50 points for ' insult ' above the line . Accumulating 100 or more points below the line constitutes the end of the second game , signified by the drawing of a horizontal line . Having won a game , North - South are now also vulnerable for all subsequent deals of the rubber . Deal 5 : North bids 3 ♣ and makes 4 scoring 60 contract points below the line and 20 overtrick points above the line . Deal 6 : East bids and makes 6 - a small slam holding all five top honors . This scores a game of 120 contract points and earns a slam bonus of 750 points above the line ( East - West being vulnerable ) . 150 honor points are scored above the line for holding all five honors . Having again accumulated 100 or more points below the line , East - West win a second game ; a horizontal line is drawn to end the rubber . Rubber Bonus : At the conclusion of the rubber , a rubber bonus is awarded . In this case , East - West have won a slow rubber and receive a 500 - point rubber bonus above the line . Total : The scores for each side are totalled and East - West ( the ' They ' on the score sheet ) win the rubber . Duplicate bridge ( edit ) Scoring in duplicate bridge is done in two stages : Each deal is scored as in rubber bridge but with some variations in methodology . The result of each deal by each partnership is compared to all other results for the same deal by all other partnerships .",
"7": "Scoring deals ( edit ) In duplicate scoring , the score for each deal is independent from all others and is a single number resulting from the addition of points awarded in accordance with either of two cases : when the contract is successful , the declaring side receives a positive score which is the sum of the following elements , if applicable : ( i ) contract points , ( ii ) overtrick points , ( iii ) a part - game or game bonus , ( iv ) a bonus for making any doubled or redoubled contract , i.e. for ' insult ' , and ( v ) a slam or grand slam bonus ; the defending side receives a negative score of the same absolute value . when the contract is defeated , the defending side receives a positive score based upon the number of tricks defeated , declarer 's vulnerability , and whether undoubled , doubled or redoubled ; the declaring side receives a negative score of the same absolute value . Example results for a sixteen board Match ( edit ) In duplicate bridge , the dealer and the status of vulnerability for each side is predetermined by the board , there being sixteen possible combinations . Board Dealer Vulnerability Declarer Contract Made Down Contract Points Overtrick Points Slam Bonus ( Re ) doubled Bonus Penalty Points Game Points Total N-S Total E-W None 1 ♥ 30 2 × 30 = 60 50 − 140 140 N-S 4 ♠ X ( 1 × 200 ) + ( 1 × 300 ) = 500 − 500 500 E-W 2 2 × 20 = 40 2 × 20 = 40 50 130 − 130 Both 1NT 40 2 × 30 =",
"8": "60 50 − 150 150 5 N-S 3NT 100 − 100 100 6 E-W 3 ♥ 3 × 30 = 90 30 50 170 − 170 7 Both 3 ♣ 3 × 20 = 60 50 − 110 110 8 None 7 ♥ 7 7 × 30 = 210 1000 300 − 1510 1510 9 E-W 4 ♠ X 2 × ( 4 × 30 ) = 240 50 300 590 − 590 10 Both 2NT 40 + 30 = 70 50 − 120 120 11 None 6 ♣ 6 6 × 20 = 120 500 300 920 − 920 12 N-S 2 2 × 20 = 40 20 50 − 110 110 13 Both 4 ♥ X X 2 × 2 × (",
"9": "4 × 30 ) = 480 100 500 − 1080 1080 14 None 5 ♠ 50 − 50 50 15 N-S 4 ♥ 5 4 × 30 = 120 30 300 − 450 450 16 E-W 3NT 40 + ( 2 × 30 ) = 100 300 400 − 400 Comparing deals ( edit ) Matchpoint scoring ( edit ) The most common form of pairs scoring is by matchpoints . On each board , a partnership scores two matchpoints for each other partnership that scored fewer points with the same cards , and one point for each other partnership that scored the same number of points . Thus , every board is weighted equally , with the best result earning 100 percent of the matchpoints available , and the worst earning no matchpoints ; the opponents receive the complement score , e.g. an 80 % score for a N-S pair implies a 20 % score for their E-W opponents . Colloquially , a maximum matchpoints score on a board is known as a `` top '' , and a zero score is a `` bottom '' . The terms `` high board '' and `` low board '' are also used . Note 1 : using American Contract Bridge League ( ACBL ) methods , scoring is one point for each pair beaten , and one - half point for each pair tied . Note 2 : The rule of two matchpoints for each pair beaten is easy to apply in practice : if the board is played n times , the top result achieves 2n − 2 matchpoints , the next 2n − 4 , down to zero . When there are several identical results , they receive the average .",
"10": "However , complications occur if not every board is played the same number of times , or when an `` adjusted '' ( director - awarded ) score occurs . These cases can result in non-integer matchpoint scores -- see Neuberg formula . These matchpoints are added across all the hands that a pair plays to determine the winner . Scores are usually given as percentages of a theoretical maximum : 100 % would mean that the partnership achieved the best score on every single hand . In practice , a result of 60 % or 65 % is likely to win the tournament or come close . In a Mitchell movement ( see above ) the overall scores are usually compared separately for North - South pairs and for East - West pairs , so that there is one winner in each group ( unless arrow - switching has been applied - see above ) . Historical Note : At some time in the past , both North - South and East - West might be awarded the same matchpoint score . Using this arrangement , the lowest East - West Score would be the winner . In Board - a-match team game , the matchpoints are calculated using a similar principle . Since there are only two teams involved , the only possible results are 2 ( won ) , 1 ( tied ) and 0 ( lost ) points per board . International Match point scoring ( edit ) In International Match Point ( IMP ) scoring , every individual score is subtracted from another score , and the difference ( or `` swing '' ) is converted to IMPs , using the standard IMP table below . The purpose of the IMP table , which has sublinear dependency on differences , is to reduce results occurring from large swings . The score that is being compared against can be obtained in the following ways : In team events , it is the score from the other table ; In pair events , it can be : The datum score , most often calculated as the average score on board , excluding a number of top and bottom results . Sometimes , the median score is used instead . In `` cross-imps '' or `` Calcutta '' scoring , every score on board is compared against every other score ( sometimes excluding top and bottom results ) and IMPs summed up ( and possibly averaged , to reduce `` inflation '' ) .",
"11": "Example of averaged cross-imp scoring : Assume that you are one of five pairs who play Board 2 as N / S ( you are vulnerable ) . On this board you bid and make 4 Spades , scoring + 620 , while the other four N / S pairs score − 100 , − 100 , − 300 , and + 650 . To figure out your averaged cross-imp score , you would create a table like the Cross-IMP example table below : after writing in the scores of you and your opponents in the bolded areas , you would then fill in the Score Delta row by subtracting each of the opponent 's scores from yours . Then , you would fill in the IMPS Gained row by converting each of the score deltas into IMPS via the standard IMP table ( e.g. 720 equates to 12 IMPs , because it falls in the range of 600 to 740 in the IMP table ) . You then add up those numbers and get 36 IMPS . To turn the 36 IMPS into a averaged cross-IMP score , you simply divide that number by the number of competitors ( 36 IMPs divided by 4 competitors ) to arrive at 9 as your averaged cross-IMP score .",
"12": "Example of cross-IMP table Our score on Board 2 is 620 Scores of the four other North / South pairs − 100 − 100 − 300 650 Score Deltas 720 720 920 − 30 IMPS Gained 12 12 14 − 1 IMP table Point difference IMPs Point difference IMPs Point difference IMPs from to from to from to 0 10 0 370 420 9 1750 1990 18 20 40 430 490 10 2000 2240 19 50 80 500 590 11 2250 2490 20 90 120 600 740 12 2500 2990 21 130 160 750 890 13 3000 3490 22 170 210 5 900 1090 14 3500 3990 23 220 260 6 1100 1290 15 4000 or more 24 270 310 7 1300 1490 16 320 360 8 1500 1740 17 History of contract bridge scoring ( edit ) Scoring of tricks in no trump contracts ( edit ) In the 1932 Laws of Contract Bridge , no trump tricks bid and made , and undoubled no trump tricks made but not bid , score 30 , 40 , 30 , 40 , 30 , 40 , 30 . In 1935 this became 40 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 .",
"13": "Scoring of undertricks ( edit ) before 1935 1935 - 1987 after 1987 , for duplicate bridge , and after 1993 for rubber bridge not vulnerable , not doubled 50 each 50 each 50 each not vulnerable , doubled 100 , 150 , 200 , 250 , 300 , 350 etc . 100 , 200 , 200 , 200 , 200 , 200 etc . 100 , 200 , 200 , 300 , 300 , 300 etc . vulnerable , not doubled 100 , 150 , 200 , 250 , 300 , 350 etc . 100 each 100 each vulnerable , doubled 200 , 300 , 400 , 500 , 600 , 700 etc . 200 , 300 , 300 , 300 , 300 , 300 etc . 200 , 300 , 300 , 300 , 300 , 300 etc . Redoubled undertricks have always scored twice as much as the same doubled undertricks . The 1987 change , to the scoring of the fourth and subsequent non-vulnerable undertricks , was made after a hand in the finals of the 1981 Bermuda Bowl . Munir and Fazli , playing for Pakistan , bid skilfully to reach a vulnerable 7 hearts , which would have scored them 2310 . But their non-vulnerable Meckstroth then sacrificed in 7 spades on a weak hand with fives spades to the jack . This went nine off doubled for a score of - 1700 , a profitable sacrifice . The change of scoring increased the penalty from - 1700 to - 2300 . Also , the `` insult bonus '' for making a redoubled contract used to be only 50 . This was changed to 100 , so that playing 5 of a minor , redoubled , making an overtrick , is always worth more than an undoubled small slam . 8 - level bids ( edit ) It has always been the intention of every official set of Laws of Contract Bridge to forbid contracts for more than seven tricks . Some versions have stated this more clearly than others , but this intention of the Laws has never changed .",
"14": "International Match points ( edit ) When International Match Points were first introduced in Europe , they were as in this table . IMP table , 1949 Point difference IMPs Point difference IMPs from to from to 0 10 0 1000 1240 8 20 40 1250 1490 9 70 130 1500 1990 10 140 210 2000 2490 11 220 340 2500 2990 12 350 490 5 3000 3490 13 500 740 6 3500 3990 14 750 990 7 4000 or more 15 On September 1st 1962 they were changed to the table above . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Official IMP Table ^ Jump up to : The Laws of Contract Bridge . de la Rue. 1932 . ^ Jump up to : The International Laws of Contract Bridge . de la Rue. 1935 . Jump up ^ The International Laws of Duplicate Contract Bridge . Bibliagora. 1981 . Jump up ^ The Laws of Duplicate Contract Bridge . The English Bridge Union Ltd. 1987 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Bill ( April 2010 ) . `` ( untitled section ) '' ( PDF ) . Victorian Bridge Association Bulletin : 6 . Jump up ^ ( untitled leaflet ) . European Bridge League . Jump up ^ Laws of Duplicate Contract Bridge . de la Rue. 1963 . External links ( edit ) How to Keep Score - from the official ACBL website . ACBL Club results Contract bridge Overview General Auction bridge Bridge ethics Bridge - O-Rama Bridge maxims Bridge Murder case Bridge scoring Bridge whist Bridgette Cheating in bridge Chicago Computer bridge Contract bridge Contract",
"15": "bridge diagram Duplicate bridge Duplicate bridge movements Five - suit bridge Goulash Glossary of contract bridge terms High card by suit History of contract bridge Laws of Duplicate Bridge Masterpoints Minibridge Neuberg formula Rubber bridge Screen Singaporean bridge Suit Traveling scoreslip Trump Vugraph Bidding General Balanced hand Balancing ( bridge ) Bidding box Bidding system Board ( bridge ) Bridge convention Brown sticker Convention card Cue bid Five - card majors Forcing bid Forcing pass Game try Hand evaluation Honor point count Inverted minors Law of total tricks Losing - Trick Count Major suit Minor suit Optimum contract and par contract Overcall Preempt Prepared opening bid Principle of fast arrival Psychic bid Quantitative no trump bids Reverse ( bridge ) Sacrifice ( bridge ) Shooting ( bridge ) Single suiter Strong pass Takeout double Three suiter Two suiter Useful space principle Void ( cards ) Weak two bid Zar Points Systems List of bidding systems 2 / 1 game forcing Acol Bidding system Blue Club Boring Club Bridge Base Basic Bridge World Standard Canapé ( bridge ) Carrot Club EHAA Fantunes Highly unusual method Kaplan -- Sheinwold Little Major Moscito OKbridge 2 / 1 Polish Club Precision Club Roman Club Romex system Säffle Spade Standard American Strong club system Conventions List of bidding conventions Card play General List of play techniques Avoidance",
"16": "play Beer card Caddy Card reading Duck Endplay Entry Grosvenor gambit Hold up Percentage play Pin ( bridge ) Principle of restricted choice Probabilities Revoke Ruff Shooting Smother play Tempo Trump promotion Uppercut Vacant Places Declarer play Basic : Finesse Safety play Coups : Alcatraz coup Bath coup Belladonna coup Coup Coup en passant Crocodile coup Deschapelles coup Devil 's coup Loser on loser Merrimac coup Morton 's fork coup Scissors coup Trump coup Vienna coup Squeezes : Backwash squeeze Cannibal squeeze Clash squeeze Compound squeeze Criss - cross squeeze Double squeeze Entry squeeze Entry - shifting squeeze Guard squeeze Knockout squeeze Non-simultaneous double squeeze Progressive squeeze Pseudo-squeeze Saturated squeeze Simple squeeze Simultaneous double squeeze Single - suit squeeze Squeeze play Stepping - stone squeeze Strip squeeze Triple squeeze Trump squeeze Vice squeeze Winkle squeeze Suit combinations : Suit combination Suit combination -- J missing Suit combination -- 10 missing Suit combinations -- K10 missing Defender play Forcing defense Journalist leads Opening lead Rule of 10 - 12 Rule of 11 Rusinow leads Signal Smith signal People and organizations General ACBL Youngest Life Master List of contract bridge people List of nationality transfers in sport Players by country Australia Austria Brazil Britain Bulgaria Canada China Denmark Netherlands Egypt Fiction",
"17": "France Germany Hungary India Ireland Israel Italy Jewish players Mexico Monaco New Zealand Norway Pakistan Poland Russia Sweden Switzerland Taiwan United States Other lists Alphabetical list of contract bridge people with Wikipedia ( english ) articles List of bridge administrators List of bridge writers Teams Blue Team Dallas Aces Four Aces Clubs Bridge Club Brașov Cavendish Club Crockford 's Galatasaray Bridge Team Melville Bridge Club Portland Club ( London ) Savoy Club Young Chelsea Bridge Club Governing bodies American Bridge Association American Contract Bridge League Austrian Bridge Federation Brazilian Bridge Federation British Bridge League Canadian Bridge Federation Dutch Bridge Federation English Bridge Union European Bridge League Hungarian Bridge Federation International Mind Sports Association List of bridge governing bodies Norwegian Bridge Federation South African Bridge Federation United States Bridge Federation World Bridge Federation Championships General List of bridge competitions and awards World Bermuda Bowl Bridge at the 2008 World Mind Sports Games Bridge at the 2012 World Mind Sports Games Cavendish Invitational Computer Olympiad McConnell Cup Rosenblum Cup Senior Bowl ( bridge ) Triple crown of bridge Venice Cup WBF Youth Award World Bridge Championships World IMP Pairs Championship World Junior Pairs Championship World Junior Teams Championship World Mind Sports Games World Mixed Pairs Championship World Mixed Teams Championship World Open Pairs Championship World Senior Pairs Championship World Senior Teams Championship World Team Olympiad World Transnational Open Teams Championship World Women Pairs Championship National and Zonal Buffett Cup Camrose Trophy Commonwealth Nations Bridge Championships",
"18": "European Universities Bridge Championships Gold Cup ( bridge ) North American bridge Championships : ACBL King or Queen of Bridge Blue Ribbon Pairs Bruce LM - 5000 Pairs Chicago Mixed Board - a-Match Fall National Open Pairs Fast Open Pairs Fishbein Trophy Goren Trophy Grand National Teams Hilliard Mixed Pairs Jacoby Open Swiss Teams Keohane North American Swiss Teams Lebhar IMP Pairs Leventritt Silver Ribbon Pairs Machlin Women 's Swiss Teams Manfield Non-Life Master Pairs Marcus Cup Master Individual Mini-Blue Ribbon Pairs Mini-Spingold Mitchell Board - a-Match Teams Mott - Smith Trophy Nail Life Master Open Pairs National 199er Pairs National 49er Pairs National 99er Pairs Non-Life Master Swiss Teams Norman Kay Platinum Pairs North American Bridge Championships North American Pairs Red Ribbon Pairs Reisinger Rockwell Mixed Pairs Roth Open Swiss Teams Senior Knockout Teams Silodor Open Pairs Smith Life Master Women 's Pairs Spingold Sternberg Women 's Board - a-Match Teams Truscott Senior Swiss Teams Vanderbilt Trophy Von Zedtwitz Life Master Pairs Wagar Women 's Knockout Teams Wernher Open Pairs Whitehead Women 's Pairs Young LM - 1500 Pairs Publications and resources Books List of contract bridge books 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know Bridge Squeezes Complete The Cardturner Design for Bidding Contract Bridge for Beginners Edwin Kantar bibliography Master Point Press Planning the Play of a Bridge Hand Terence Reese bibliography The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge Tickets to the Devil Magazines List of bridge magazines Bridge d'Italia Bridge Magazine The Bridge World",
"19": "External links Bridge Base Basic Bridge Base Inc . OK bridge 2 / 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridge_scoring&oldid=833319315 '' Categories : Contract bridge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Polski Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 20 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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which country is the last member of saarc
|
[
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{
"0": "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation - Wikipedia South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Secretariat be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since April 2018 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) ( show ) Bengali : দক্ষিণ এশীয় আঞ্চলিক সহযোগিতা সংস্থা Dari : اتحادیه همکاریهای منطقهای جنوب آسی Dzongkha : ༄ ལྷོ ཨེསིཨ ་ རེ ་ གིཨོནལ ་ ཅོཨོཔེརཏིཨོན ་ ཀོ ་ མི ་ ཏི ། Hindi : दक्षिण एशियाई क्षेत्रीय सहयोग संगठन Maldivian : ދެކުނު އޭޝިޔާގެ ސަރަޙައްދީ އެއްބާރުލުމުގެ ޖަމިއްޔާ Nepali :",
"1": "दक्षिण एशियाली क्षेत्रीय सहयोग सङ्गठन Pashto : د سویلي اسیا لپاره د سیمه ایزی همکارۍ ټولنه Sinhalese : දකුණු ආසියාතික කලාපීය සහයෝගිතා සංවිධානය Tamil : தெற்காசிய நாடுகளின் பிராந்தியக் கூட்டமைப்பு Urdu : جنوبی ایشیائی علاقائی تعاون کی تنظیم Logo Member states Observer states Headquarters Kathmandu Official languages English Demonym South Asian Member states 8 members ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka 9 observers ( show ) Australia China EU Iran Japan Mauritius Myanmar South Korea United States Leaders Secretary - General Amjad B. Hussain Establishment 8 December 1985 Area Total 5,099,611 km ( 1,968,971 sq mi ) ( 7th ) Water ( % ) 6.8 Population 2015 estimate 1,713,870,",
"2": "000 ( 1st ) Density 336.1 / km ( 870.5 / sq mi ) GDP ( PPP ) 2015 estimate Total US $9.9 trillion ( 3rd ) GDP ( nominal ) 2015 estimate Total US $ 2.9 trillion ( 5th ) Currency 8 currencies ( show ) Afghani ( AFN ) Taka ( ৳ ) ( BDT ) Ngultrum ( BTN ) Rupee ( ₹ ) ( INR ) Rufiyaa ( MVR ) Rupee ( रु . ) ( NPR ) Rupee ( PKR ) Rupee ( LKR ) Time zone ( UTC + 4 : 30 to + 6 ) Calling code 8 codes ( show ) + 880 + 91 + 92 + 93 + 94 + 960 + 975 + 977 Internet TLD . asia Website www.saarc-sec.org The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of nations in South Asia . Its member states include Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Nepal , the Maldives , Pakistan and Sri Lanka . SAARC comprises 3 % of the world 's area , 21 % of the world 's population and 3.8 % ( US $2.9 trillion ) of the global economy , as of 2015 . SAARC was founded in Dhaka on 8 December 1985 . Its secretariat is based in Kathmandu , Nepal . The organization promotes development of economic and regional integration . It launched the South Asian Free Trade Area in 2006 . SAARC maintains permanent diplomatic relations at the United Nations as an observer and has developed links with multilateral entities , including the European Union .",
"3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 2 Members and observers 2.1 Members 2.2 Observers 2.3 Potential future members 3 Secretariat 3.1 Regional Centres 4 Apex and Recognised Bodies 5 Political issues 6 South Asian Free Trade Area 7 SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme 8 Awards 8.1 SAARC Award 8.2 SAARC Literary Award 8.3 SAARC Youth Award 9 Anthem 10 Secretaries - General of SAARC 11 SAARC summits 12 Current leaders of SAARC 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Historical background ( edit ) A clickable Euler diagram showing the relationships between various Asian regional organisations v d e The idea of co-operation in South Asia was discussed in at least three conferences : the Asian Relations Conference held in New Delhi on April 1947 ; the Baguio Conference in the Philippines on May 1950 ; and the Colombo Powers Conference held in Sri Lanka in April 1954 . In the ending years of the 1970s , the seven inner South Asian nations that included Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Maldives , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka agreed upon the creation of a trade bloc and to provide a platform for the people of South Asia to work together in a spirit of friendship , trust , and understanding . President Ziaur Rahman later addressed official letters to the leaders of the countries of the South Asia , presenting his vision for the future of the region and the compelling arguments for region . During his visit to India in December 1977 , Rahman discussed the issue of regional cooperation with the Indian Prime Minister , Morarji Desai . In the inaugural speech to the Colombo Plan Consultative Committee which met in Kathmandu also in 1977 , King Birendra of Nepal gave a call for close regional cooperation among South Asian countries in sharing river waters . After the USSR 's intervention in Afghanistan , the efforts to establish the union was accelerated in 1979 and the resulting rapid deterioration of South Asian security situation . Responding to Rahman and Birendra 's convention , the officials of the foreign ministries of the seven countries met for the first time in Colombo in April 1981 .",
"4": "The Bangladeshi proposal was promptly endorsed by Nepal , Sri Lanka , Bhutan , and the Maldives but India and Pakistan were sceptical initially . The Indian concern was the proposal 's reference to the security matters in South Asia and feared that Rahman 's proposal for a regional organisation might provide an opportunity for new smaller neighbours to renationalise all bilateral issues and to join with each other to form an opposition against India . Pakistan assumed that it might be an Indian strategy to organise the other South Asian countries against Pakistan and ensure a regional market for Indian products , thereby consolidating and further strengthening India 's economic dominance in the region . However , after a series of diplomatic consultations headed by Bangladesh between South Asian U.N. representatives at the UN headquarters in New York , from September 1979 to 1980 , it was agreed that Bangladesh would prepare the draft of a working paper for discussion among the foreign secretaries of South Asian countries . The foreign secretaries of the inner seven countries again delegated a Committee of the Whole in Colombo on September 1981 , which identified five broad areas for regional cooperation . New areas of co-operation were added in the following years . In 1983 , the international conference held in Dhaka by its Ministry of Foreign Affairs , the foreign ministers of the inner seven countries adopted the Declaration on South Asian Association Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) and formally launched the Integrated Programme of Action ( IPA ) initially in five agreed areas of cooperation namely , Agriculture ; Rural Development ; Telecommunications ; Meteorology ; and Health and Population Activities . Officially , the union was established in Dhaka with Kathmandu being union 's secretariat - general . The first SAARC summit was held in Dhaka on 7 -- 8 December 1985 and hosted by the President of Bangladesh Hussain Ershad . The declaration signed by King of Bhutan Jigme Singye Wangchuk , President of Pakistan Zia - ul - Haq , Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi , King of Nepal Birendra Shah , President of Sri Lanka JR Jayewardene , and President of Maldives Maumoon Gayoom . Members and observers ( edit ) Economic data is sourced from the International Monetary Fund , current as of April 2015 , and is given in US dollars .",
"5": "Members ( edit ) Country Population ( 2016 ) GDP ( Nominal ) GDP ( PPP ) GDP per Capita ( PPP ) GDP Growth Rate ( 2014 ) Exports ( 2014 ) Foreign Direct Investment ( 2013 ) Foreign Exchange Reserves ( million ) Defense Budget ( % of GDP ) ( 2014 ) Literacy Rate ( Given Age & above ) Life Expectancy Population below Poverty Line Primary School Enrollment Secondary School enrollment Population undernourished ( % ) ( 2015 ) Human Development Index Democracy Index Global Terrorism Index G20 BRICS BIMSTEC IORA APTA BBIN SASEC AIIB ACU ACD ADB World Bank Nuclear Weapons Afghanistan 34,656,032 $21.3 bn $63.5 bn $1,976 3.2 % $0.3 bn N / A $6,442 N / A 28.1 % ( Age 15 ) 60 15.8 % N / A 54 % 26.8 % 0.465 ( 171 ) 2.77 ( 147 ) 9.233 ( 2 ) ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✖ Bangladesh 162,951,560 $285.815 bn $751.949 bn $4,560 7.65 % $37 bn $2.65 bn $32,000 $3.2 bn ( 1.2 % ) 57.7 % ( Age 15 ) 70 16 % 92 % 54 % 12.4 % 0.570 ( 142 ) 5.73 ( 86 ) 0 ( 124 ) ✖ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✖ Bhutan 797,765 $2.2 bn $6.",
"6": "3 bn $8,158 6.4 % $0.7 bn $63 mln N / A N / A 52.8 % ( age 15 ) 68 23.7 % 91 % 78 % N / A 0.605 ( 132 ) 4.93 ( 101 ) 0.305 ( 107 ) ✖ ✖ ✔ ✖ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✖ India 1,324,171,354 $2,439.0 bn $9,446.8 bn $7,174 7.3 % $464.0 bn $31.0 bn $422,532.5 $45 bn ( 1.9 % ) 74.4 % ( age 15 ) 67 21.9 % 94 % 69 % 15.2 % 0.609 ( 130 ) 7.74 ( 35 ) 4.222 ( 39 ) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Maldives 427,756 $3.0 bn $5.2 bn $14,980 4.5 % $0.28 bn N / A $356 N / A 99 % ( age 15 ) 77 16 % N / A N / A 5.2 % 0.706 ( 104 ) __ __ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✖ Nepal 28,982,771 $21.6 bn $70.7 bn $2,488 5.5 % $1.0 bn $10 mln $5,439 N / A 66 % ( age 15 ) 68 25.2 % 98 % 67 % 7.8 % 0.",
"7": "548 ( 145 ) 4.77 ( 105 ) 4.791 ( 32 ) ✖ ✖ ✔ ✖ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✖ Pakistan 193,203,476 $250 bn $928.0 bn $4,886 4.2 % $25.1 bn $0.709 bn ( 2014 ) $16,305 $7.4 bn ( 3.5 % ) 55 % ( age 15 ) 66 22.6 % 72 % 34 % 22 % 0.538 ( 147 ) 4.40 ( 112 ) 10 ( 1 ) ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Sri Lanka 20,798,492 $80.4 bn $233.7 bn $11,068 7 % $11.8 bn $0.9 bn $8,314 $1.4 bn ( 2.3 % ) 98.1 % ( age 15 ) 75 8.9 % 94 % 99 % 22 % 0.756 ( 73 ) 6.42 ( 69 ) 4.077 ( 42 ) ✖ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✖ The member states are Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Maldives , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka . SAARC was founded by seven states in 1985 . In 2005 , Afghanistan began negotiating their accession to SAARC and formally applied for membership on the same year . The issue of Afghanistan joining SAARC generated a great deal of debate in each member state , including concerns about the definition of South Asian identity because Afghanistan is a Central Asian country . The SAARC member states imposed a stipulation for Afghanistan to hold a general election ; the non-partisan elections were held in late 2005 .",
"8": "Despite initial reluctance and internal debates , Afghanistan joined SAARC as its eighth member state in April 2007 . Observers ( edit ) States with observer status include Australia , China , the European Union , Iran , Japan , Mauritius , Myanmar , South Korea and the United States . On 2 August 2006 , the foreign ministers of the SAARC countries agreed in principle to grant observer status to three applicants ; the US and South Korea ( both made requests in April 2006 ) , as well as the European Union ( requested in July 2006 ) . On 4 March 2007 , Iran requested observer status , followed shortly by Mauritius . Potential future members ( edit ) Myanmar has expressed interest in upgrading its status from an observer to a full member of SAARC . Russia has applied for observer status membership of SAARC . Turkey applied for observer status membership of SAARC in 2012 . South Africa has participated in meetings . Secretariat ( edit ) Secretariat of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation in Kathmandu , Nepal The SAARC Secretariat was established in Kathmandu on 16 January 1987 and was inaugurated by Late King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah of Nepal . Regional Centres ( edit ) The SAARC Secretariat is supported by following Regional Centres established in the Member States to promote regional co-operation . These Centres are managed by Governing Boards comprising representatives from all the Member States , SAARC Secretary - General and the Ministry of Foreign / External Affairs of the Host Government . The Director of the Centre acts as Member Secretary to the Governing Board which reports to the Programming Committee . After 31 December 2015 , there 6 regional centers were stopped by unanimous decision . These are SMRC , SFC , SDC , SCZMC , SIC , SHRDC .",
"9": "Regional Centre Location Country Website SAARC Agricultural Centre ( SAC ) Dhaka Bangladesh Official website SAARC Meteorological Research Centre ( SMRC ) Dhaka Bangladesh SAARC Forestry Centre ( SFC ) Thimphu Bhutan SAARC Development Fund ( SDF ) Thimphu Bhutan Official website SAARC Documentation Centre ( SDC ) New Delhi India SAARC Disaster Management Centre ( SDMC ) Gandhinagar India Official website SAARC Coastal Zone Management Centre ( SCZMC ) Malé Maldives SAARC Information Centre ( SIC ) Kathmandu Nepal SAARC Tuberculosis and HIV / AIDS Centre ( STAC ) Kathmandu Nepal Official website SAARC Human Resources Development Centre ( SHRDC ) Islamabad Pakistan SAARC Energy Centre ( SEC ) Islamabad Pakistan Official website SAARC Cultural Centre ( SCC ) Colombo Sri Lanka Official website Apex and Recognised Bodies ( edit ) SAARC has six Apex Bodies , they are - SAARC Chamber of Commerce & Industry ( SCCI ) , South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARCLAW ) , South Asian Federation of Accountants ( SAFA ) , South Asia Foundation ( SAF ) , South Asia Initiative to End Violence Against Children ( SAIEVAC ) , Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature ( FOSWAL ) Amjad Hussain B Sial is the current Secretary General of SAARC . SAARC also has about 17 recognised bodies . Political issues ( edit ) Lasting peace and prosperity in the Indian subcontinent has been elusive because of the various ongoing conflicts in the region . Political dialogue is often conducted on the margins of SAARC meetings which have refrained from interfering in the internal matters of its member states . During the 12th and 13th SAARC summits , extreme emphasis was laid upon greater cooperation between the SAARC members to fight terrorism . The 19th SAARC summit scheduled to be held in Pakistan was called off as India , Bangladesh , Bhutan and Afghanistan decided to boycott it . It was for the first time that four countries boycotted a SAARC summit , leading to its cancellation .",
"10": "South Asian Free trade Area ( edit ) Countries under the South Asian Free Trade Area SAFTA was envisaged primarily as the first step towards the transition to a South Asian Free Trade Area ( SAFTA ) leading subsequently towards a Customs Union , Common Market and the Economic Union . In 1995 , Sixteenth session of the Council of Ministers ( New Delhi , 18 -- 19 December 1995 ) agreed on the need to strive for the realisation of SAFTA and to this end an Inter-Governmental Expert Group ( IGEG ) was set up in 1996 to identify the necessary steps for progressing to a free trade area . The Tenth SAARC Summit ( Colombo , 29 -- 31 July 1998 ) decided to set up a Committee of Experts ( COE ) to draft a comprehensive treaty framework for creating a free trade area within the region , taking into consideration the asymmetries in development within the region and bearing in mind the need to fix realistic and achievable targets . The SAFTA Agreement was signed on 6 January 2004 during Twelfth SAARC Summit held in Islamabad , Pakistan . The Agreement entered into force on 1 January 2006 , and the Trade Liberalisation Programme commenced from 1 July 2006 . Under this agreement , SAARC members will bring their duties down to 20 percent by 2009 . Following the Agreement coming into force the SAFTA Ministerial Council ( SMC ) has been established comprising the Commerce Ministers of the Member States . In 2012 the SAARC exports increased substantially to US $354.6 billion from US $206.7 billion in 2009 . Imports too increased from US $330 billion to US $602 billion over the same period . But the intra-SAARC trade amounts to just a little over 1 % of SAARC 's GDP . In contrast , in ASEAN ( which is actually smaller than SAARC in terms of the size of the economy ) the intra-bloc trade stands at 10 % of its GDP . SAFTA was envisaged to gradually move towards South Asian Economic Union , but the current intra-regional trade and investment relation are not encouraging and it may be difficult to achieve this target . The SAARC intra-regional trade stands at just five per cent on the share of intra-regional trade in overall trade in South Asia . Similarly , foreign direct investment is also dismal .",
"11": "The intra-regional FDI flow stands at around four per cent of the total foreign investment . The Asian Development Bank has estimated that inter-regional trade in SAARC region possessed potential of shooting up agricultural exports by $14 billion per year from existing level of $8 billion to $22 billion. The study by Asian Development Bank states that against the potential average SAARC intra-regional trade of $22 billion per year , the actual trade in South Asia has been only around $8 billion . The uncaptured potential for intra-regional trade is therefore $14 billion per year , i.e. 68 % . SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme ( edit ) The SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme was launched in 1992 . The leaders at the Fourth Summit ( Islamabad , 29 -- 31 December 1988 ) , realizing the importance of people - to - people contact among SAARC countries , decided that certain categories of dignitaries should be entitled to a Special Travel document . The document would exempt them from visas within the region . As directed by the Summit , the Council of Ministers regularly kept under review the list of entitled categories . Currently , the list included 24 categories of entitled persons , which include dignitaries , judges of higher courts , parliamentarians , senior officials , entrepreneurs , journalists , and athletes . The Visa Stickers are issued by the respective Member States to the entitled categories of that particular country . The validity of the Visa Sticker is generally for one year . The implementation is reviewed regularly by the Immigration Authorities of SAARC Member States . Awards ( edit ) SAARC Award ( edit ) The Twelfth Summit approved the SAARC Award to support individuals and organisations within the region . The main aims of the SAARC Award are : To encourage individuals and organisations based in South Asia to undertake programmes and activities that complement the efforts of SAARC To encourage individuals and organisations in South Asia contributing to bettering the conditions of women and children To honour outstanding contributions and achievements of individuals and organisations within the region in the fields of peace , development , poverty alleviation , environment protection and regional cooperation To honour any other contributions and achievement not covered above of individuals and organisations in the region . The SAARC Award consists of a gold medal , a letter of citation , and cash prize of US $25,000 ( ₹ 15 lakhs ) .",
"12": "Since the institution of the SAARC Award in 2004 , it has been awarded only once and the Award was posthumously conferred upon the late President Ziaur Rahman of Bangladesh . SAARC Literary Award ( edit ) Recipients of SAARC Literary Award 2013 The SAARC Literary Award is an annual award conferred by the Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature ( FOSWAL ) since 2001 which is an apex SAARC body . Shamshur Rahman , Mahasweta Devi , Jayanta Mahapatra , Abhi Subedi , Mark Tully , Sitakant Mahapatra , Uday Prakash , Suman Pokhrel and Abhay K are some of the prominent recipients of this award . Nepali poet , lyricist and translator Suman Pokhrel is the only poet / writer to get this award twice . SAARC Youth Award ( edit ) The SAARC Youth Award is awarded to outstanding individuals from the SAARC region . The award is notable because of the recognition it gives to the Award winner in the SAARC region . The award is based on specific themes which apply to each year . The award recognises and promotes the commitment and talent of the youth who give back to the world at large through various initiatives such as Inventions , Protection of the Environment and Disaster relief . The recipients who receive this award are ones who have dedicated their lives to their individual causes to improve situations in their own countries as well as paving a path for the SAARC region to follow . The Committee for the SAARC Youth Award selects the best candidate based on his / her merits and their decision is final .",
"13": "Previous Winners : 1997 : Outstanding Social Service in Community Welfare -- Mohammed Sukur Salek ( Bangladesh ) 1998 : New Inventions and Shanu -- Najmul Hasnain Shah ( Pakistan ) 2001 : Creative Photography : South Asian Diversity -- Mushfiqul Alam ( Bangladesh ) 2002 : Outstanding contribution to protect the Environment -- Masil Khan ( Pakistan ) 2003 : Invention in the Field of Traditional Medicine -- Hassan Sher ( Pakistan ) 2004 : Outstanding contribution to raising awareness of TB and / or HIV / AIDS -- Ajij Prasad Poudyal ( Nepal ) 2006 : Promotion of Tourism in South Asia -- Syed Zafar Abbas Naqvi ( Pakistan ) 2008 : Protecting the Environment in South Asia -- Uswatta Liyanage Deepani Jayantha ( Sri Lanka ) 2009 : Outstanding contribution to humanitarian works in the aftermath of Natural Disasters -- Ravikant Singh ( India ) 2010 : Outstanding contribution for the Protection of Environment and mitigation of Climate Change -- Anoka Primrose Abeyrathne ( Sri Lanka ) Anthem ( edit ) SAARC does not have an official anthem like some other regional organisations ( e.g. ASEAN ) . A poem by poet - diplomat Abhay Kumar spurred a search for a better SAARC anthem . Nepal 's foreign minister has expressed the need for an SAARC anthem to connect SAARC nations . Nepal at the 18th summit in Kathmandu in November 2014 planned to introduce proposal for an SAARC Anthem in the agenda of summit when heads of all member states meet here .",
"14": "Secretaries - General of SAARC ( edit ) # Name Country Took office Left office Abul Ahsan Bangladesh 16 January 1985 15 October 1989 Kant Kishore Bhargava India 17 October 1989 31 December 1991 Ibrahim Hussein Zaki Maldives 1 January 1992 31 December 1993 Yadav Kant Silwal Nepal 1 January 1994 31 December 1995 5 Naeem U. Hasan Pakistan 1 January 1996 31 December 1998 6 Nihal Rodrigo Sri Lanka 1 January 1999 10 January 2002 7 Q.A.M.A. Rahim Bangladesh 11 January 2002 28 February 2005 8 Chenkyab Dorji Bhutan 1 March 2005 29 February 2008 9 Sheel Kant Sharma India 1 March 2008 28 February 2011 10 Fathimath Dhiyana Saeed Maldives 1 March 2011 11 March 2012 11 Ahmed Saleem Maldives 12 March 2012 28 February 2014 12 Arjun Bahadur Thapa Nepal 1 March 2014 28 February 2017 13 Amjad Hussain B Sial Pakistan 1 March 2017 Incumbent SAARC summits ( edit ) Main article : List of SAARC summits No Date Country Host Host leader 1st 7 -- 8 December 1985 Bangladesh Dhaka Ataur Rahman Khan 2nd 16 -- 17 November 1986 India Bengaluru Rajiv Gandhi 3rd",
"15": "2 -- 4 November 1987 Nepal Kathmandu Marich Man Singh Shrestha 4th 29 -- 31 December 1988 Pakistan Islamabad Benazir Bhutto 5th 21 -- 23 November 1990 Maldives Malé Maumoon Abdul Gayoom 6th 21 December 1991 Sri Lanka Colombo Ranasinghe Premadasa 7th 10 -- 11 April 1993 Bangladesh Dhaka Khaleda Zia 8th 2 -- 4 May 1995 India New Delhi PV Narasimha Rao 9th 12 -- 14 May 1997 Maldives Malé Maumoon Abdul Gayoom 10th 29 -- 31 July 1998 Sri Lanka Colombo Chandrika Kumaratunga 11th 4 -- 6 January 2002 Nepal Kathmandu Sher Bahadur Deuba 12th 2 -- 6 January 2004 Pakistan Islamabad Zafarullah Khan Jamali 13th 12 -- 13 November 2005 Bangladesh Dhaka Khaleda Zia 14th 3 -- 4 April 2007 India New Delhi Manmohan Singh 15th 1 -- 3 August 2008 Sri Lanka Colombo Mahinda Rajapaksa 16th 28 -- 29 April 2010 Bhutan Thimphu Jigme Thinley 17th 10 -- 11 November 2011 Maldives Addu Mohammed Nasheed 18th 26 -- 27",
"16": "November 2014 Nepal Kathmandu Sushil Koirala 19th 9 -- 10 November 2016 Pakistan Islamabad Cancelled 20th TBA Current leaders of SAARC ( edit ) Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Bhutan Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay India Prime Minister Narendra Modi Maldives President Abdulla Yameen Nepal Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Oli Sri Lanka President Maithripala Sirisena Pakistan Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi See also ( edit ) SAARC portal India portal Nepal portal ASEAN and India 's Look - East connectivity projects Asia Cooperation Dialogue SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Initiative BIMSTEC Indian - Ocean Rim Association List of SAARC summits Mekong -- Ganga Cooperation SAARC satellite South Asian University South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ . asia is representative of all of Asia ; member states also have their own TLDs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CURRICULUM VITAE OFH . E. MR . AMJAD HUSSAIN B. SIAL SECRETARY GENERAL OF SAARC '' . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Urbanization Prospects -- Population Division -- United Nations '' . un.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . imf.org . Jump up ^ `` Rest in peace SAARC : The tug of war between India and Pakistan '' . Jump up ^ `` Charter of SAARC '' . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Center , Asia Regional Integration . `` South Asian Free Trade Area Free Trade Agreement '' . aric.adb.org .",
"17": "Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://jang.com.pk/important_events/saarc_2004/history.html Jump up ^ `` History and mission of SAARC '' . Daily News . Colombo. 1 August 2008 . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Muhammad , Jamshed Iqbal . `` SAARC : Origin , Growth , Potential and Achievements '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research in Islamabad . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief on SAARC . '' South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation . No date . See for a complete historical account of SAARC e.g. Michael , Arndt ( 2013 ) . India 's Foreign Policy and Regional Multilateralism ( Palgrave Macmillan ) , pp. 57 -- 112 . Jump up ^ `` History and Evolution of SAARC '' . Jang Media Research Unit . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About SAARC '' . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1st Summit Declaration '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . imf.org . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Jump up ^ `` Net enrolment rate , primary , both sexes ( % ) - Data '' . worldbank.org . Jump up ^ `` Gross enrolment ratio , secondary , both sexes ( % ) - Data '' . worldbank.org . Jump up ^ UN Jump up ^ `` South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation '' . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan keen to join SAARC '' . rediff web services . 28 August 2005 . Retrieved 11 November 2013 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan inducted as 8th member : 14th Saarc summit begins '' . Dawn. 4 April 2004 . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sáez , Lawrence ( 2012 ) . The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) : An emerging collaboration architecture . Abingdon , Oxon : Routledge . pp. 58 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 67108 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` South Asia : Afghanistan Joins World 's Largest Regional Grouping . '' Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cooperation with Observers '' . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka , 7 - 30 - 2008 : Australia and Myanmar to admit as SAARC observers - Sri Lanka official '' . ColomboPage . ^ Jump up to : thehimalayantimes.com Archived 9 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Island - News '' . island.lk . Jump up ^ `` Cooperation with Observers '' . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` SAARC to grant observer status to US , S Korea , EU . '' Hindustan Times . 2 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Waliur Rahman . `` US and S Korea to observe SAARC . '' BBC News , 11 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Iran requests for observer status in SAARC '' . China Daily . 4 March 2007 . Jump up ^ SAARC and Myanmar : Observer Research Foundation ^ Jump up to : `` Russia , Turkey seek observer status in SAARC '' . The Economic Times . IANS. 16 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : SAARC The Changing Dimensions : UNU - CRIS Working Papers United Nations University Archived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Comparative Regional Integration Studies ^ Jump up to : Russia keen to join SAARC as observer , Oneindia News Jump up ^ `` SAARC nations call for transparency in social sector '' .",
"19": "thaindian.com . Jump up ^ `` Features Online edition of Daily News - Lakehouse Newspapers '' . archives.dailynews.lk . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://saarc-sec.org/saarc-regional-centres ^ Jump up to : `` South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation -- Apex and Recognised Bodies '' . saarc-sec.org . Jump up ^ `` SAARCLAW -- South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation in Law '' . saarclaw.org . Jump up ^ See for this aspect Michael , Arndt ( 2013 ) . Sovereignty vs. Security : SAARC and its Role in the Regional Security Architecture in South Asia . Harvard Asia Quarterly Summer 2013 , Vol . VX , No. 2 : 37 - 45 Jump up ^ Jhawar , Shiv ( 2004 ) . Building a Noble World . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9749197 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize for 2012 '' . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.geo.tv/latest/116144-SAARC-conference-in-Pakistan-postponed-confirm-official-sources Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/dhaka-kabul-thimphu-too-blame-islamabad-saarc-summit-to-be-called-off-3054953/ Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/saarc-summit-collapses-after-india-and-3-other-members-pull-out/story-kIMWfSqirGLzB6MEfuS3CN.html Jump up ^ http://www.dawn.com/news/1286684 Jump up ^ `` South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation -- Area of Cooperation '' . saarc-sec.org .",
"20": "Jump up ^ http://thehimalayantimes.com/business/safta-meet-likely-next-month/ Jump up ^ https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/142861-ADB-urges-Safta-to-exploit-rich-trade-potential-of-member-countries Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Coming-closer-together-for-trade/article14628676.ece Jump up ^ `` South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation -- SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme '' . saarc-sec.org . Jump up ^ `` South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation -- SAARC Award '' . saarc-sec.org . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) FOSWAL Website Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Five Writers honoured at SAARC Litearure Festival , Hindustan Times 11 March 2013 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Official website of SAARC : Apex and Recognized Bodies Jump up ^ Mahasweta Devi to get SAARC Literary Award Oneindia.in 30 March 2007 Jump up ^ Hindustan Times , New Delhi , Saturday , 14 February 2015 Jump up ^ http://saarc-sec.org/SAARC-Youth-Award/71/ ^ Jump up to : Will SAARC have an anthem like ASEAN ? Hindustan Times , 3 November 2014 Jump up ^ Indian diplomat 's poem spurs search for SAARC anthem IANS 9 January 2014 Jump up ^ Nepal foreign minister expresses need for an anthem to connect SAARC nations Business Standard , 6 June 2014 Jump up ^ `` Maldives holiday reviews -- Travel Guides -- Maldives Traveller '' . maldivestraveller.mv . Jump up ^ `` Press Releases , 18th SAARC Summit Declaration , November 27 , 2014 '' . SAARC . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation . Official website SAARC Youth South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) Agreements South Asian Free Trade Area Summits Dhaka 1985 Bangalore 1986",
"21": "Kathmandu 1987 Islamabad 1988 Malé 1990 Colombo 1991 Dhaka 1993 New Delhi 1995 Malé 1997 Colombo 1998 Kathmandu 2002 Islamabad 2004 Dhaka 2005 New Delhi 2007 Colombo 2008 Thimphu 2010 Addu 2011 Kathmandu 2014 Islamabad 2016 ( Cancelled ) Next Members Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Observers Australia China European Union Iran Japan Mauritius Myanmar South Korea United States Guests South Africa Russia Specialized agencies SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning SAARC Documentation Centre South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry South Asian Federation of Accountants Related Articles SAARC Secretary General SAARC Secretariat SAARC satellite South Asian University South Asian Games SAARC Literary Award SAARC Road SAARC Fountain Links to related articles SAARC heads of government Ghani Hasina Tobgay Modi Yameen Dahal Abbasi Sirisena South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) Agreements South Asian Free Trade Area Summits Dhaka 1985 Bangalore 1986 Kathmandu 1987 Islamabad 1988 Malé 1990 Colombo 1991 Dhaka 1993",
"22": "New Delhi 1995 Malé 1997 Colombo 1998 Kathmandu 2002 Islamabad 2004 Dhaka 2005 New Delhi 2007 Colombo 2008 Thimphu 2010 Addu 2011 Kathmandu 2014 Islamabad 2016 ( Cancelled ) Next Members Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Observers Australia China European Union Iran Japan Mauritius Myanmar South Korea United States Guests South Africa Russia Specialized agencies SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning SAARC Documentation Centre South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry South Asian Federation of Accountants Related Articles SAARC Secretary General SAARC Secretariat SAARC satellite South Asian University South Asian Games SAARC Literary Award SAARC Road SAARC Fountain South -- South cooperation and Third Worldism Global South Development Landlocked developing countries Least Developed Countries Heavily indebted poor countries Markets Emerging markets Newly industrialized country Transition economy Worlds Theory First World Second World Third World Fourth World Geopolitics Decolonization Cold War Neocolonialism Multipolarity World Conference against Racism Durban I Durban II Durban III Globalization BRICS Brazil -- Russia -- India -- China -- South Africa ( BRICS ) BASIC ( BRICS",
"23": "less Russia ) BRIC ( BRICS less South Africa ) India -- Brazil -- South Africa Dialogue Forum ( IBSA ) Finance Debt Asian Clearing Union Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Asian Development Bank Arab Monetary Fund BancoSur Caribbean Development Bank Common Fund for Commodities Trade and development Developmental state Flying geese paradigm Infrastructure - based development Sustainable development Global System of Trade Preferences Protocol on Trade Negotiations New International Economic Order New World Information and Communication Order United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Development Programme United Nations Industrial Development Organization Public health Generic drugs biosimilar Pharmaceutical patents criticism Test data exclusivity Doha Declaration World Health Organization Organizations and groups G - 77 G - 15 D - 8 G20 developing nations ( G - 20 ) G - 24 G33 developing countries ( G - 33 ) G - 11 G - 90 Non-Aligned Movement African , Caribbean and Pacific Group African Union Afro -- Asian Conference Association of Southeast Asian Nations Colombo Plan Community of Latin American and Caribbean States International Solar Alliance Like Minded Group Melanesian Spearhead Group Next Eleven North -- South Summit Polynesian Leaders Group South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Small Island Developing States South Centre Third World Network North -- South divide Brandt Report Global financial system International Monetary Fund World Bank World Trade Organization Fair trade Financial regulation Global digital divide Asia articles History Chronology Indian Ocean trade Silk Road Imperialism Decolonisation By",
"24": "topic Military conflicts Sovereignty Geography Cities metropolitan areas tallest buildings Countries and territories by population Extreme points Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Regions Asia - Pacific Central Asia East Asia Eurasia Inner Asia North Asia Northeast Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Tropical Asia Western Asia Politics Heads of government Heads of state Elections political parties Human rights Law Military Intergovernmental Asia Cooperation Dialogue ( ACD ) Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) Bay of Bengal Initiative ( BIMSTEC ) Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO ) Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf ( CCASG / GCC ) Mekong -- Ganga Cooperation ( MGC ) Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership ( RCEP ) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( SCO ) Economy Countries by GDP ( PPP ) Countries by HDI Currencies Stock exchanges Technology renewable energy Transport airports high - speed rail Markets Bond markets Property markets Society Demographics Education Etiquette Health Languages People ethnic groups Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Literature Music Philosophy Religion Sport Future Asian Century Chinese Century Indian Century Pacific Century Outline Index Book",
"25": "Category Portal Maps Power in international relations Types Economic Energy Food Hard National Power politics Realpolitik Smart Soft Sharp Status Small Middle Regional Emerging Great Potential Super Hyper Geopolitics American ( Pax ) Asian British Chinese Indian Pacific History List of ancient great powers List of medieval great powers List of modern great powers International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Theory Balance of power European Center of power Hegemonic stability theory Philosophy of power Polarity Power projection Power transition theory Second Superpower Sphere of influence Superpower collapse Superpower disengagement Studies Composite Index of National Capability Comprehensive National Power Organizations and groups by region or regions affected Africa African Union Union for the Mediterranean Africa -- Asia Arab League Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf ( GCC ) Organization of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) Americas Mercosur North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) Organization of American States ( OAS ) Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) Asia Asia Cooperation Dialogue ( ACD ) Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) China -- Japan -- South Korea trilateral summits Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO ) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( SCO ) Europe Council of Europe ( CE ) European",
"26": "Union ( EU ) Nordic Council Visegrád Group Eurasia Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) Collective Security Treaty Organization ( CSTO ) Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO ) Eurasian Economic Union ( EaEU ) Turkic Council North America -- Europe North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) Arctic Council Africa -- Asia -- Europe Union for the Mediterranean Africa -- South America South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone Oceania -- Pacific Australia -- New Zealand -- United States Security Treaty ( ANZUS ) Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Melanesian Spearhead Group ( MSG ) Pacific Islands Forum ( PIF ) Polynesian Leaders Group ( PLG ) Non -- regional Brazil -- Russia -- India -- China -- South Africa ( BRICS ) Commonwealth of Nations Francophonie Colombia -- Indonesia -- Vietnam -- Egypt -- Turkey -- South Africa ( CIVETS ) E7 E9 G4 G7 G8 G8 + 5 G20 G24 G77 India -- Brazil -- South Africa Dialogue Forum ( IBSA ) Mexico -- Indonesia -- Nigeria -- Turkey ( MINT ) Next Eleven ( N - 11 ) Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) Uniting for Consensus Global United Nations ( UN ) International trade Terminology Absolute advantage Balance of payments Balance of trade Capital account Comparative advantage Current account Export - oriented industrialization Fair trade Foreign exchange reserves Globalization Import substitution industrialization Net capital outflow Outsourcing Tariff Trade justice Trade war Trading nation Organizations",
"27": "and policies International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development World Bank Group World Trade Organization ( WTO ) International Trade Centre Bilateral investment treaty Economic integration Free - trade zone Special economic zone Trade agreement Trade barrier Trade bloc Political economy Free trade ( Adam Smith , The Wealth of Nations , Repeal of the Corn Laws ) Mercantilism Protectionism ( Economic nationalism , Autarky ) Regional organizations ACU ASEAN CACM CAN CARICOM CEMAC CUBKR EAC EAU EU GCC Mercosur RCEP SAARC SACU WAEMU Exports by product Aircraft & Spacecraft Aircraft parts Aluminium Cars Car parts Coal Coffee Computers Copper Corn Cotton Diamonds Electricity Engines Gas turbines Gold Integrated circuits Iron ore Natural gas Oil Petrol Pharmaceuticals Ships Steel Telecommunications equipment Telephones Trucks Wheat Wine Category Commons Regional organizations Bodies African Union Arab League Asia Cooperation Dialogue APEC OCS ASEAN BBIN BIMSTEC Caribbean Community Central American Integration System Commonwealth of Independent States Commonwealth of Nations Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Council of Europe East African Community ECOWAS Economic Cooperation Organization Eurasian Economic Union EU GUAM Gulf Cooperation Council IORA Latin American Parliament Melanesian Spearhead Group Mercosur NATO Nordic Council OAS PIF Polynesian Leaders Group RCEP",
"28": "SCO SAARC TAKM Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat Turkic Council Union of South American Nations V4 West Nordic Council Topics Regional integration Regional organizations by population Regionalism ( international relations ) Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian",
"29": "Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in",
"30": "Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007",
"31": "People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club",
"32": "Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Category Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation&oldid=837352420 '' Categories : International organizations of Asia International economic organizations Foreign relations of Bhutan Foreign relations of Bangladesh Foreign relations of Nepal Foreign relations of Pakistan Foreign relations of Sri Lanka Foreign relations of the Maldives Organizations established in 1985 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty Foreign relations of Afghanistan United Nations General Assembly observers International organisations based in Nepal Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be merged from April 2018 All articles to be merged Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from September 2013 Use Indian English from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing Bengali - language text Articles containing Dari - language text Articles containing Dzongkha - language text Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Dhivehi - language text Articles containing Nepali - language text Articles containing Pashto - language text Articles containing Sinhalese - language text Articles containing Tamil -",
"33": "language text Articles containing Urdu - language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Ligure मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Romani Русский සිංහල",
"34": "Slovenščina Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 08 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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describe the three phases of the normal blood clotting process
|
[
"vasoconstriction,",
"temporary blockage of a break by a platelet plug",
"blood coagulation"
] |
{
"0": "Hemostasis - wikipedia Hemostasis Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with homeostasis . Hemostasis or haemostasis is a process which causes bleeding to stop , meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel ( the opposite of hemostasis is hemorrhage ) . It is the first stage of wound healing . This involves coagulation , blood changing from a liquid to a gel . Intact blood vessels are central to moderating blood 's tendency to form clots . The endothelial cells of intact vessels prevent blood clotting with a heparin - like molecule and thrombomodulin and prevent platelet aggregation with nitric oxide and prostacyclin . When endothelial injury occurs , the endothelial cells stop secretion of coagulation and aggregation inhibitors and instead secrete von Willebrand factor which initiate the maintenance of hemostasis after injury . Hemostasis has three major steps : 1 ) vasoconstriction , 2 ) temporary blockage of a break by a platelet plug , and 3 ) blood coagulation , or formation of a fibrin clot . These processes seal the hole until tissues are repaired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and pronunciation 2 Steps of mechanism 3 Types 4 In emergency medicine 5 Disorders 6 History of artificial hemostasis 7 Research 8 References 9 External links Etymology and pronunciation ( edit ) The word hemostasis ( / ˌhiːmoʊˈsteɪsɪs / , sometimes / ˌhiːˈmɒstəsɪs / ) uses the combining forms hemo - and - stasis , New Latin from Ancient Greek αἱμο - haimo - ( akin to αἷμα haîma ) , `` blood '' , and στάσις stásis , `` stasis '' , yielding `` motionlessness or stopping of blood '' . Steps of mechanism ( edit ) Further information : Coagulation Aggregation of thrombocytes ( platelets ) . Platelet - rich human blood plasma ( left vial ) is a turbid liquid .",
"1": "Upon addition of ADP , platelets are activated and start to aggregate , forming white flakes ( right vial ) Hemostasis occurs when blood is present outside of the body or blood vessels . It is the instinctive response for the body to stop bleeding and loss of blood . During hemostasis three steps occur in a rapid sequence . Vascular spasm is the first response as the blood vessels constrict to allow less blood to be lost . In the second step , platelet plug formation , platelets stick together to form a temporary seal to cover the break in the vessel wall . The third and last step is called coagulation or blood clotting . Coagulation reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads that act as a `` molecular glue '' . Platelets are a large factor in the hemostatic process . They allow for the creation of the `` platelet plug '' that forms almost directly after a blood vessel has been ruptured . Within seconds of a blood vessel 's epithelial wall being disrupted platelets begin to adhere to the sub-endothelium surface . It takes approximately sixty seconds until the first fibrin strands begin to intersperse among the wound . After several minutes the platelet plug is completely formed by fibrin . Hemostasis is maintained in the body via three mechanisms : Vascular spasm ( Vasoconstriction ) - Vasoconstriction is produced by vascular smooth muscle cells , and is the blood vessel 's first response to injury . The smooth muscle cells are controlled by vascular endothelium , which releases intravascular signals to control the contracting properties . When a blood vessel is damaged , there is an immediate reflex , initiated by local sympathetic pain receptors , which helps promote vasoconstriction . The damaged vessels will constrict ( vasoconstrict ) which reduces the amount of blood flow through the area and limits the amount of blood loss . Collagen is exposed at the site of injury , the collagen promotes platelets to adhere to the injury site . Platelets release cytoplasmic granules which contain serotonin , ADP and thromboxane A2 , all of which increase the effect of vasoconstriction . The spasm response becomes more effective as the amount of damage is increased . Vascular spasm is much more effective in smaller blood vessels .",
"2": "Platelet plug formation - Platelets adhere to damaged endothelium to form a platelet plug ( primary hemostasis ) and then degranulate . This process is regulated through thromboregulation . Plug formation is activated by a glycoprotein called Von Willebrand factor ( vWF ) , which is found in plasma . Platelets play one of major roles in the hemostatic process . When platelets come across the injured endothelium cells , they change shape , release granules and ultimately become ' sticky ' . Platelets express certain receptors , some of which are used for the adhesion of platelets to collagen . When platelets are activated , they express glycoprotein receptors that interact with other platelets , producing aggregation and adhesion . Platelets release cytoplasmic granules such as adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) , serotonin and thromboxane A2 . Adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) attracts more platelets to the affected area , serotonin is a vasoconstrictor and thromboxane A2 assists in platelet aggregation , vasoconstriction and degranulation . As more chemicals are released more platelets stick and release their chemicals ; creating a platelet plug and continuing the process in a positive feedback loop . Platelets alone are responsible for stopping the bleeding of unnoticed wear and tear of our skin on a daily basis . This is referred to as primary hemostasis . Clot formation - Once the platelet plug has been formed by the platelets , the clotting factors ( a dozen proteins that travel along the blood plasma in an inactive state ) are activated in a sequence of events known as ' coagulation cascade ' which leads to the formation of Fibrin from inactive fibrinogen plasma protein . Thus , a Fibrin mesh is produced all around the platelet plug to hold it in place ; this step is called `` Secondary Hemostasis '' . During this process some red and white blood cells are trapped in the mesh which causes the primary hemostasis plug to become harder : the resultant plug is called as ' thrombus ' or ' Clot ' . Therefore ' blood clot ' contains secondary hemostasis plug with blood cells trapped in it .",
"3": "Though this is often a good step for wound healing , it has the ability to cause severe health problems if the thrombus becomes detached from the vessel wall and travels through the circulatory system ; If it reaches the brain , heart or lungs it could lead to stroke , heart attack , or pulmonary embolism respectively . However , without this process the healing of a wound would not be possible . Types ( edit ) Hemostasis can be achieved in various other ways if the body can not do it naturally ( or needs help ) during surgery or medical treatment . When the body is under shock and stress , hemostasis is harder to achieve . Though natural hemostasis is most desired , having other means of achieving this is vital for survival in many emergency settings . Without the ability to stimulate hemostasis the risk of hemorrhaging is great . During surgical procedures the types of hemostasis listed below can be used to control bleeding while avoiding and reducing the risk of tissue destruction . Hemostasis can be achieved by chemical agent as well as mechanical or physical agents . Which hemostasis type used is determined based on the situation . Developmental Haemostasis refers to the differences in the haemostatic system between children and adults . In emergency Medicine ( edit ) Debates by physicians and medical practitioners still continue to arise on the subject of hemostasis and how to handle situations with large injuries . If an individual acquires a large injury resulting in extreme blood loss , then a hemostatic agent alone would not be very effective . Medical professionals continue to debate on what the best ways are to assist a patient in a chronic state ; however , it is universally accepted that hemostatic agents are the primary tool for smaller bleeding injuries . Some main types of hemostasis used in emergency medicine include : Chemical / topical - This is a topical agent often used in surgery settings to stop bleeding . Microfibrillar collagen is the most popular choice among surgeons ( recent source ? ) because it attracts the patient 's natural platelets and starts the blood clotting process when it comes in contact with the platelets . This topical agent requires the normal hemostatic pathway to be properly functional . Direct pressure or pressure dressing - This type of hemostasis approach is most commonly used in situations where proper medical attention is not available .",
"4": "Putting pressure and / or dressing to a bleeding wound slows the process of blood loss , allowing for more time to get to an emergency medical setting . Soldiers use this skill during combat when someone has been injured because this process allows for blood loss to be decreased , giving the system time to start coagulation . Sutures and ties - Sutures are often used to close an open wound , allowing for the injured area to stay free of pathogens and other unwanted debris to enter the site ; however , it is also essential to the process of hemostasis . Sutures and ties allow for skin to be joined back together allowing for platelets to start the process of hemostasis at a quicker pace . Using sutures results in a quicker recovery period because the surface area of the wound has been decreased . Physical agents ( gelatin sponge ) - Gelatin sponges have been indicated as great hemostatic devices . Once applied to a bleeding area , a gelatin sponge quickly stops or reduces the amount of bleeding present . These physical agents are mostly used in surgical settings as well as after surgery treatments . These sponges absorb blood , allow for coagulation to occur faster , and give off chemical responses that decrease the time it takes for the hemostasis pathway to start . Disorders ( edit ) The body 's hemostasis system requires careful regulation in order to work properly . If the blood does not clot sufficiently , it may be due to bleeding disorders such as hemophilia or immune thrombocytopenia ; this requires careful investigation . Over-active clotting can also cause problems ; thrombosis , where blood clots form abnormally , can potentially cause embolisms , where blood clots break off and subsequently become lodged in a vein or artery . Hemostasis disorders can develop for many different reasons . They may be congenital , due to a deficiency or defect in an individual 's platelets or clotting factors . A number of disorders can be acquired as well , such as in HELLP syndrome , which is due to pregnancy , or Hemolytic - uremic syndrome ( HUS ) , which is due to E. coli toxins . History of artificial hemostasis ( edit ) The process of preventing blood loss from a vessel or organ of the body is referred to as hemostasis .",
"5": "The term comes from the Ancient Greek roots `` heme '' meaning blood , and `` stasis '' meaning halting ; Put together means the `` halting of the blood '' . The origin of hemostasis dates back as far as ancient Greece ; first referenced to being used in the Battle of Troy . It started with the realization that excessive bleeding inevitably equaled death . Vegetable and mineral styptics were used on large wounds by the Greeks and Romans until the takeover of Egypt around 332BC by Greece . At this time many more advances in the general medical field were developed based off the study of Egyptian mummification practice , which led to greater knowledge of the hemostatic process . It was during this time that many of the veins and arteries running throughout the human body were found and the directions in which they traveled . Doctors of this time realized if these were plugged , blood could not continue to flow out of the body . Nevertheless , it took until the invention of the printing press during the fifteenth century for medical notes and ideas to travel westward , allowing for the idea and practice of hemostasis to be expanded . Research ( edit ) There is currently a great deal of research being conducted on hemostasis . The most current research is based on genetic factors of hemostasis and how it can be altered to reduce the cause of genetic disorders that alter the natural process hemostasis . Von Willebrand disease is associated with a defect in the ability of the body to create the platelet plug and the fibrin mesh that ultimately stops the bleeding . New research is concluding that the von Willebrand disease is much more common in adolescence . This disease negatively hinders the natural process of Hemostasis causing excessive bleeding to be a concern in patients with this disease . There are complex treatments that can be done including a combination of therapies , estrogen - progesterone preparations , desmopressin , and Von Willebrand factor concentrates . Current research is trying to find better ways to deal with this disease ; however , much more research is needed in order to find out the effectiveness of the current treatments and if there are more operative ways to treat this disease . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` hemostasis '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` hemostasis '' .",
"6": "Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Marieb , Elaine Nicpon ; Hoehn , Katja ( 2010 ) . Human Anatomy & Physiology ( 8th ed . ) . San Francisco : Benjamin Cummings . pp. 649 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Boon , G.D. `` An Overview of Hemostasis . '' Toxicologic Pathology 21.2 ( 1993 ) : 170 - 79 . ^ Jump up to : Alturi , Pavan ( 2005 ) . The Surgical Review : An Integrated Basic and Clinical Science Study Guide . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 300 . Jump up ^ Zdanowicz , M ( 2003 ) . Essentials of pathophysiology for pharmacy . Florida : CRC Press . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Li , Zhenyu ( 11 Nov 2010 ) . `` Signaling during platelet adhesion and activation '' . Arteriosclerosis , Thrombosis , and Vascular Biology . 30 : 2341 -- 2349 . doi : 10.1161 / ATVBAHA. 110.207522 . ^ Jump up to : Kulkarni Roshni ( 2004 ) . `` Alternative and Topical Approaches to Treating the Massicely Bleeding Patient '' ( PDF ) . Advances in Hematology. 2 ( 7 ) : 428 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Aldo Moraci , et al . `` The Use Of Local Agents : Bone Wax , Gelatin , Collagen , Oxidized Cellulose . '' European Spine Journal 2004 ; 13. : S89 - S96 . Jump up ^ Smith Shondra L. ; Belmont John M. ; Casparian J. Michael ( 1999 ) . `` Analysis Of Pressure Achieved By Various Materials Used For Pressure Dressings '' . Dermatologic Surgery . 25 ( 12 ) : 931 -- 934 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1524 - 4725.1999. 99151. x .",
"7": "Jump up ^ Kozak Orhan ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` A New Method For Hepatic Resection And Hemostasis : Absorbable Plaque And Suture '' . Eurasian Journal of Medicine . 41 : 1 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Tahriri Mohammadreza ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Preparation And Characterization Of Absorbable Hemostat Crosslinked Gelatin Sponges For Surgical Applications '' . Current Applied Physics. 11 ( 3 ) : 457 -- 461 . Jump up ^ `` Wies , C.H. `` The History of Hemostasis . '' Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 2 `` . 1929 : 167 -- 68 . PMC 2606227 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Elliot D. ; Xuei , Xiaoling ; Suckow , Mark ; Edenberg , Howard ( 2006 ) . `` Searching for hemostatic modifier genes affecting the phenotype of mice with very low levels of FVII '' . Blood Cells , Molecules and Diseases . 36 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 134 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bcmd. 2005.12. 037 . Jump up ^ Mikhail , Sameh ; Kouides , Peter ( December 2010 ) . `` von Willebrand Disease in the Pediatric and Adolescent Population '' . Journal of Pediatric & Adolescent Gynecology. 23 ( 6 ) : S3 -- S10 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpag. 2010.08. 005 .",
"8": "External links ( edit ) Hemostasis at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) ( hide ) Myeloid physiology Hematopoiesis Myelopoiesis ( CFU - GEMM ) CFU - GM Granulopoiesis Myeloblast Promyelocyte Myelocyte Metamyelocyte Band cell Monocytopoiesis Monoblast Promonocyte MEP Thrombopoiesis Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Erythropoiesis Proerythroblast Normoblast Reticulocyte General Extramedullary hematopoiesis Hemostasis Coagulation Fibrinolysis Clot retraction Platelet adhesiveness Other Erythrocyte aggregation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemostasis&oldid=835524679 '' Categories : Hematology Coagulation system Healing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 06 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who played sonny in lemony snicket's a series of unfortunate events
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"0": "A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) - wikipedia A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 23 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search A Series of Unfortunate Events Genre Drama Black comedy Based on A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket Developed by Mark Hudis Barry Sonnenfeld Starring Neil Patrick Harris Patrick Warburton Malina Weissman Louis Hynes K. Todd Freeman Presley Smith Lucy Punch Avi Lake Dylan Kingwell Theme music composer Nick Urata Daniel Handler Opening theme `` Look Away '' by Neil Patrick Harris Composer ( s ) James Newton Howard Sven Faulconer Chris Bacon Jim Dooley Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Cindy Holland Brian Wright Ted Biaselli Daniel Handler Neil Patrick Harris Rose Lam Barry Sonnenfeld Producer ( s ) Neil Patrick Harris Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Bernard Couture Editor ( s ) Stuart Bass Skip MacDonald Running time 40 -- 64 minutes Production company ( s ) Paramount Television What is the Question ? Sonnenfeld Productions , Inc . Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) -- present ( present ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events , is an American black comedy - drama web television series from Netflix , developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld , based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Lemony Snicket . It stars Neil Patrick Harris , Patrick Warburton , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes , K. Todd Freeman , and Presley Smith with Lucy Punch , Avi Lake , and Dylan Kingwell joining the cast in the second season .",
"1": "The first season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 , consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series . The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30 , 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017 , which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season 1 2.3. 2 Introduced in season 2 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 3.3 Season 3 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.5 Visual effects 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 7 Awards and nominations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise When a mysterious fire kills their parents , the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf , an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself . Following Olaf 's failed attempt and his plot being exposed , the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents ' past . Cast and characters See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Main Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself . He has one eyebrow and a tattoo resembling an eye on his left ankle , which is frequently used to identify him when he is disguised . Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires . Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and an inventor talented in mechanics .",
"2": "Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child , interested in literature and books . K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian . Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth . Tara Strong voices Sunny 's babbling , the meaning of which is often translated in subtitles . Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor , a wealthy financial advisor , who becomes an ally and love interest for Count Olaf . Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire , Duncan and Quigley 's sister who loves writing poetry . Dylan Kingwell as Duncan Quagmire , Isadora 's brother . Duncan is a keen journalist . Recurring Will Arnett as Father , a man who is trying to return home to his three children . Cobie Smulders as Mother , a woman who is trying to return home to her three children . Usman Ally as the Hook - Handed Man , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands . Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender , another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Cleo King as Eleanora Poe , Arthur Poe 's wife and the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio , who loves pursuing sensationalist headlines . John DeSantis as the Bald Man , a large bald - headed man who is another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White - Faced Women , two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Sara Canning as Jacquelyn , Mr. Poe 's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She possesses a spyglass . Patrick Breen as Larry Your - Waiter , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit , including the Anxious Clown and Café Salmonella .",
"3": "Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban , a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who later enlists as a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society when she becomes invested in the Baudelaires ' plight . Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket , the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket who enlists Olivia Caliban to help the Baudelaires . Guest Introduced in season 1 Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss , a judge and Count Olaf 's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them . Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and Monty 's former assistant . Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty '' Montgomery , a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents . He is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and possesses a spyglass . Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle , a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar . She is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . Don Johnson as Sir , the cigar - smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell , an optometrist and Count Olaf 's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave , also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville . O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation . Rhys Darby as Charles , Sir 's partner . Timothy Webber as Jimmy , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Chris Gauthier as Phil , an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Trent Redekop as Cesar , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose .",
"4": "Barry Sonnenfeld does a picture cameo as the late Ike Anwhistle in `` The Wide Window '' and appears as him in a flashback scene in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 . Introduced in season 2 Barry Sonnenfeld as the voice of Mr. Tammerlane , a person that Arthur Poe talks to on the phone . Roger Bart as Nero Feint , the violin - playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School and struggling musician with an egotistic personality and a love for excessive punishments . Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats , an obnoxious , tutu - wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School . Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench , Prufrock Preparatory School 's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf while on her way back to Prufrock Preparatory School with the pep squad and the sports team . Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in teaching his personal anecdotes and is always seen eating a banana . BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects . She later becomes a bank robber . Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor , the timid husband of Esmé Squalor . Ithamar Enriquez as Hector , a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires . Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . Lossen Chambers as Mrs. Morrow , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears a pink robe . Kevin Chamberlin as Mr. Lesko , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears plaid pants . John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Kerri Kenney - Silver as Babs , the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital .",
"5": "David Alan Grier as Hal , a visually - disabled file clerk who is employed in the Library of Records at Heimlich Hospital . Robbie Amell as Kevin , an ambidextrous `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Kevin Cahoon as Hugo , a hunchbacked `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Bonnie Morgan as Colette , a contortionist `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Allison Williams as a yet - unidentified woman who arrives to see the Caligari Carnival engulfed in flames . Neil Patrick Harris ' husband David Burtka and their children Harper and Gideon cameo as the heckler Mr. Willums and his children , respectively , within the `` Carnivorous Carnival '' episodes . Episodes Season Episodes Originally released 8 January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 10 March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series : The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well - meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe . While exploring the ruins , Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front . Shortly afterwards , they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf , a cruel and vain amateur actor , who forces them into servitude . One night , the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf 's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home . The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef , angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements . Meanwhile , a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor .",
"6": "`` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf 's actions , only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims . When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production , which ends with the two main characters being married , the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real . Klaus confronts Olaf , who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet does n't follow through with his plans . At the very last minute , however , Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand , invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right - handed . Mr. Poe 's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery . Meanwhile , Jacquelyn 's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned , after being hit by a poisoned dart . `` The Reptile Room : Part One '' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery , who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper . While attempting to learn more about Montgomery , Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery 's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf 's ankle . Olaf poses as Montgomery 's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires , but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat . The four arrive at a movie theatre , where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film , using a spyglass identical to Klaus ' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru . He fires Stephano shortly afterwards , believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research .",
"7": "`` The Reptile Room : Part Two '' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano , '' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates , only to be attacked by an unseen figure . The next day , the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery 's corpse . Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru , but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave . Olaf 's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses , and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper , despite Monty 's claim of it being completely harmless . While searching for proof of the snake 's innocence , Klaus discovers a statue in Monty 's hedge maze , and a photograph of Monty , both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus ' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer ; however , he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus ' spyglass . While pursuing him , the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn , who is posing as a statue . She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways . 5 5 `` The Wide Window : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine , an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose . She refuses to answer questions about their parents , so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house , and discover their parents were members of a secret organization , with spyglasses being used as useful devices . They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable , and developed her phobias after the death of her husband . Olaf , who has followed the Baudelaires , disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine .",
"8": "Despite the siblings ' warnings , Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich . Later that night , the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library 's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham '' is their new guardian . 6 6 `` The Wide Window : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham , '' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors , something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar . Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer , but allows the siblings to leave after Larry , a waiter secretly a member of their parents ' organization , triggers their allergy to peppermint . After returning to the house , the siblings decipher Josephine 's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff . Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill , the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave , only to be confronted by Olaf , who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose . Upon returning to shore , Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph . 7 7 `` The Miserable Mill : Part One '' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill , the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir , who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town . While investigating the workers ' unnaturally happy behavior , Klaus ' glasses are broken by the Hook - Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono , and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell , who puts him into a hypnotic trance . Later that day , the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them .",
"9": "Believing that their parents are still alive , the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives , '' who is a poorly - disguised Olaf . Meanwhile , the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets , with whom they are reunited . 8 8 `` The Miserable Mill : Part Two '' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez - Pico January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance , ensuring they do not leave their jobs . Orwell and Olaf use a still - hypnotized Klaus to murder Sir 's aide Charles , but Violet figures out how to break everyone 's trance in the nick of time . The workers then storm the mill , causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die . Sir , Olaf , and the Hook - Handed Man all escape in the chaos . Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires ' role in the town , where they actually helped to fight the fire . The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe , and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him . Poe then sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school , which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to , due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman . The Quagmires ' parents are revealed to be members of the organization . In the final scene , Lemony Snicket , Count Olaf , the Baudelaires and Mr. Poe sing the song `` That 's Not How the Story Goes . '' Season 2 ( 2018 ) The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series : The Austere Academy , The Ersatz Elevator , The Vile Village , The Hostile Hospital , and The Carnivorous Carnival . No . overall No.",
"10": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` The Austere Academy : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires are introduced to life at Prufrock Preparatory School , an unpleasant institution run by an unpleasant vice-principal named Nero and terrorized by an equally unpleasant student named Carmelita Spats . The school 's only redeeming qualities are its friendly librarian , Olivia Caliban , and the surviving Quagmire triplets , Duncan and Isadora . During a lunch break , Klaus and Isadora discover that they are holding two halves of the same spyglass . The newfound friends quickly realize that they must track down a book on secret organizations to find the answers they seek -- a book Jacquelyn sent Larry to give them , but which he carelessly misplaced . Meanwhile , Count Olaf and his troupe lurk around the grounds of the school , unable to enter the front doors due to an advanced computer system programmed by Nero to detect Olaf 's presence . However , with Carmelita 's help , Olaf finally gains entry and locks Larry in the cafeteria 's walk - in refrigerator . He then dons his latest disguise : the school 's new turban - wearing gym teacher . 10 `` The Austere Academy : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf is able to convince Nero to put the Baudelaires under a grueling exercise program , making the siblings run endless laps at night to prevent them from scheming against him , while also causing them to perform poorly in class from lack of sleep . Due to their slumping grades , Nero threatens to expel the Baudelaires if they fail a comprehensive exam to be given in front of the entire school , but because they must still exercise under Olaf 's program , they know they will likely fail .",
"11": "The Quagmires offer to help , and that night take their place during exercises ; however , their identity is discovered , and while hiding in the library , they find the copy of the book on secret organizations and read up on the purpose of the spyglass before they are caught by the Hook - Handed Man . The next day , with Mr. Poe in attendance , the Baudelaires readily pass the exam , and through it reveal Olaf 's identity . Olaf and his gang then escape with the Quagmires , who try to shout the initials `` V.F.D. '' from the backseat of Olaf 's car . Meanwhile , Larry is rescued from the refrigerator with the help of Lemony 's brother , Jacques , while Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations that the Quagmires left behind . 11 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 1 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) While a citywide manhunt for Count Olaf is underway , Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to the penthouse of Jerome Squalor and his trendy financial advisor wife Esmé . While being introduced to the Squalors , they find Olaf has already arrived , posing as a foreign auctioneer named Gunther . The Baudelaires theorize that Olaf is trying to kill Jerome so that he can marry Esmé and become their legal guardian again . They search the penthouse for the Quagmires to no avail , but Klaus becomes suspicious of an extra elevator that only seems to serve the penthouse . Meanwhile , Olivia tries to convince Mr. Poe about Olaf 's scheme , which leads Jacquelyn to contact Jacques , who enlists her into their society . Esmé suggests they go out for lunch at a fashionable salmon - themed restaurant Cafe Salmonella , where Larry works to prolong their visit , giving Jacques and Olivia time to search the Squalor 's building for the Quagmires . When the Baudelaires manage to sneak away and examine the second elevator , they learn that it is merely an empty shaft . With a makeshift parachute , they descend it to find the Quagmires locked in a cage at its bottom .",
"12": "12 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 2 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires do not have the tools to free the Quagmires , so they ascend the shaft by turning the parachute into a hot - air balloon . They try to warn Esmé of Olaf 's scheme , but learn too late that she is in cahoots with him and that they are planning to smuggle the Quagmires out of the city . Esmé pushes them down the elevator shaft , where they are caught in a net midway down . Sunny helps them to escape safely , and afterwards they find a secret passage that leads to the ashen ruins of their home . At the auction in Veblen Hall , the Baudelaires start a bidding war on a box labeled `` V.F.D. '' , which they believe contains the Quagmires . Though they win the item , they find the box contains only doilies . In the aftermath , Olaf and his troupe escape with the Quagmires , who are hidden inside a red herring statue . The Baudelaires ask Jerome to help track down Olaf , but he is far too timid to do so , and gives up his guardianship of them . Mr. Poe tells the children that a village with the initials `` V.F.D. '' is willing to raise them . 13 5 `` The Vile Village : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Mr. Poe drops the Baudelaires off at the Village of Fowl Devotees , where the whole community will care for them collectively . The Baudelaires take up residence with Hector , a kindly handyman prone to fainting spells who is secretly building a self - sustaining hot - air mobile home , and soon begin finding clues written by the Quagmires themselves . Olaf , Esmé , and the troupe also arrive at the village , with Esmé disguising herself as the town 's new chief of police .",
"13": "Jacques and Olivia also arrive and detain Olaf at the local jailhouse ; the next day , the villagers learn of Olaf 's capture and hold a town hall meeting , where Olaf appears in the disguise of Detective Dupin , tricking everyone into believing Jacques is Olaf . Jacques is sentenced to death , but Olivia convinces Esmé to free her and Jacques in exchange for the location of the Sugar Bowl , an object with ties to Esmé 's past . Jacques stays behind to confront Olaf ; however , the villain is unfazed by Jacques ' offer of a truce , and he and Esmé incapacitate and kill him . The next morning , as the Baudelaires try to break into the jail to rescue Jacques , they are informed that `` Olaf '' has been murdered . 14 6 `` The Vile Village : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The disguised Olaf and Esmé quickly convince Mr. Poe and the town that the Baudelaires murdered Jacques / `` Olaf , '' and they are promptly condemned to be burned at the stake . While in jail , the children instruct Hector to prepare his hot - air mobile home to help them escape . While Violet creates a battering ram to weaken the jail wall , Klaus deduces from their clues that the Quagmires are hidden inside a crow fountain in the village square . Larry and Jacquelyn arrive on the scene to distract the villagers long enough for the children to escape via a fire truck and follow Hector . The Baudelaires cover for the Quagmires as they use the truck 's ladder to climb aboard the mobile home . As they do so , Olaf , Esmé , and the villagers arrive , and Esmé begins damaging Hector 's home with a harpoon gun . Realizing their danger , the Baudelaires tell Hector to escape with the Quagmires . In thanks , the Quagmires try to throw their friends their notes about the secrets of V.F.D. , but Esmé shoots them with a harpoon , scattering the pages and harming a crow .",
"14": "While the villagers accost the disguised villains over the injured bird , the Baudelaires collect as many of the ruined pages as they can and make their escape . 15 7 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 1 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires hitch a ride with volunteer singing candy stripers heading to Heimlich Hospital . They learn that there is a Library of Records that collects and stores esoterica . After sneaking past the hospital 's administrator Babs , they meet Hal , the man who runs the library . He welcomes their help , but forbids them to read material in storage . While Hal shows them the ropes , a film reel labeled `` Snicket '' arrives and catches the children 's attention . Meanwhile , believing the Sugar Bowl to be in the hospital , Olaf and his troupe infiltrate the building . Desperate for answers , the children are forced to steal Hal 's keys to access the library , where they find the film . It contains a debriefing of Jacques by a V.F.D. volunteer , with Jacques informing the interviewer that someone has survived a fire , which may or may not be the one that killed the Baudelaire 's parents . However , before they can watch any further , they are interrupted by Esmé ; as they try to escape , the library is ruined . Violet is captured by Olaf while Klaus and Sunny hide in a chute , in possession of the film . 16 8 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 2 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf and Esmé hide Violet under a false name ; to find her , Klaus disguises himself as `` Dr. Faustus , '' with Sunny hidden in a sling underneath his coat . They eventually deduce which room Violet is in , but this is a trap laid by Olaf , who forces Klaus to operate on Violet inside an operating theater . Esmé promises to call off the scheme if Klaus can give her what he stole from the Library of Records , and he does so -- only , it 's not the Sugar Bowl that she has been searching for .",
"15": "Olaf , however , is interested in the Snicket film , and dashes off to watch it to learn its secret . Furious at its revelations , he burns the film , which also starts a fire in the hospital . The Baudelaires successfully evacuate the hospital , and realize that their only chance to escape safely is in the trunk of Olaf 's car . Elsewhere , an unknown person recovers the Sugar Bowl from the hospital . 17 9 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) A flashback to a masked ball at the V.F.D. headquarters shows Lemony trying to warn Beatrice about Olaf . In the present , Olaf and his troupe arrive at the Caligari Carnival to speak with its fortune - teller , Madame Lulu , about the fire 's survivor . Lulu , who is really Olivia in disguise , tells them to wait for the answer in the morning . The Baudelaires overhear this , and hoping to speak to Lulu as well , assume the identities of circus freaks , with Violet and Klaus as a two - headed person and Sunny as a wolf child . After calling V.F.D. , Olivia is able to tell Olaf the next day that one of the Baudelaire parents did indeed survive the fire . Olaf then presents a freak show that proves disastrous , so he sets off to find a pack of roaming lions to help attract a larger crowd . This gives an opportunity for the children to sneak into Lulu 's tent , where they discover films , books , and disguises belonging to the Volunteer Fire Department -- the secret organization their parents and guardians belonged to . Olivia then appears and reveals her true identity to them . 18 10 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olivia explains to the Baudelaires that `` Madame Lulu '' is an alias used by V.F.D. agents to gather information .",
"16": "While Olivia admits she had to lie to Olaf about one of the children 's parents surviving the fire , Jacques had asserted that there was a survivor , and they should head to the V.F.D. headquarters in the Mortmain Mountains to find them . Meanwhile , Olaf plans to throw one of the freaks into a pit filled with the hungry lions he has corralled , while Esmé connives to have Lulu killed . The next day , Olaf selects Violet and Klaus for the pit . When Olivia is told to push the children to the lions , she instead pushes them to safety , and is sent tumbling into the pit by Olaf for her troubles . As the children try to collect the V.F.D. materials from Lulu 's tent , Olaf arrives and forces them to burn the tent down . Then , after placing Violet and Klaus in a towed caravan and taking Sunny in his car , Olaf has the other freaks cut the towing rope on a steep mountain path . At the same time , the last operative to pose as Madame Lulu arrives at the burning carnival . Season 3 The third season will adapt the final four books of the novel series in seven episodes : The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril will be adapted into two episodes each , and The End will conclude the series with a longer single episode . Barry Sonnenfeld will direct the episodes for The Penultimate Peril . Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will also direct episodes in the season . Production Development The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels , written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006 , achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels . As such , the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published . This led to the development of a 2004 feature film , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series . Barry Sonnenfeld , who has expressed his love for the series , was originally slated to direct the feature film , and had hired Handler to write the screenplay .",
"17": "About 10 months into production , shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf , there was a `` big crisis '' , according to Handler , which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms . With the film 's completion in flux , its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler . While the film was eventually completed and released , sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to `` corporate shakeups '' within DreamWorks , according to Handler , and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel . In November 2014 , Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series , with the author of the series , Daniel Handler , serving as executive producer . In September 2015 , it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers , with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series ' writing team . However , in January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project , with a replacement showrunner not named at the time . The first season consists of eight episodes , with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series . Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama , citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series . In January 2017 , Handler revealed that he was writing the series ' second season , to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series . A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series , which Handler hoped `` to get the go - ahead to do '' since `` given how quickly young actors age and change , we 're trying to film everything as quickly as possible . '' In March 2017 , Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website , where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision . A month later , the series was `` quietly '' renewed for a third season , which Harris confirmed would be the final one for the series .",
"18": "Casting Neil Patrick Harris portrays Count Olaf in the series and serves as a producer . On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus . Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number `` It 's Not Just for Gays Anymore '' , at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011 , noting `` I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once '' as was necessary for the character of Olaf , who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune . In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe , followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty . In September 2016 , it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings , Duncan and Isadora , respectively . In November 2016 , Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara , Don Johnson , and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell , Sir , and Aunt Josephine , respectively ; O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events . It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire , whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong , and Rhys Darby would play Charles , Sir 's partner . Filming Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver , British Columbia , and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished . Filming for the second season began in April 2017 . The third season began filming on January 5 , 2018 . One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings ; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces , but purposely left more specific details vague `` in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves . ''",
"19": "Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place , and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included . Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch , production designer for Edward Scissorhands , which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a `` familiar but completely imaginary '' suburban setting he had in mind for his books . While the production team used computer - generated imagery where needed , they attempted to avoid this use where possible , such as by using large painted backdrops , by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox , rather than employing green screen filming . Music In April 2016 , Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series . Once the first season was released , it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme , `` Look Away '' , as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series , with Handler contributing the lyrics . The first season 's original score was composed by James Newton Howard , with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes . In the second season , Jim Dooley joined the production as composer and subsequently wrote the music for all ten episodes . `` Look Away '' , the theme song for the opening titles of the series , is performed by Neil Patrick Harris . In keeping with the tone of the book series , the song warns the viewer against continuing to watch the unpleasant story any further . The lyrics of one verse of the song change for each pair of episodes , comprising a brief synopsis of those episodes ' premise . Visual effects Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series , including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire 's actions . Tippett Studio also did work on the series , including the effects for the destruction of Josephine 's house , landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots . Release All eight episodes of the first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season was released on March 30 , 2018 . Marketing On July 5 , 2015 a video titled `` An Unfortunate Teaser '' was uploaded to YouTube by a user named `` Eleanora Poe '' .",
"20": "Netflix quickly released a statement saying `` This was not released from Netflix . '' Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan - made . However , Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix 's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign , noting the user name `` Eleanora Poe '' being the same as a character from the series , and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies , a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo , similar to a spec script , by an independent commercial director , whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video 's popularity , though they did not go ahead with the concept . In October 2016 , Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events , where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket . A trailer , featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris 's character , Count Olaf , was released by Netflix in November 2016 , followed shortly by the first full trailer . The second trailer was released in December 2016 , followed by a `` holiday - themed '' trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy , which featured four holiday e-cards for download . Reception Audience viewership As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , 3.755 million viewers age 18 - 49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release . Critical response Season 1 The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 94 % based on 62 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Enjoyably dark , A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material 's narrative as well as its tone , leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird , dry , gothic comedy . ''",
"21": "On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating `` mature themes like grief , loss , and disappointment with sardonic honesty . '' Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series , calling it `` kids stuff with adult sophistication , driven by two - part stories , outrageous visuals , and the scenery - chewing of big - name guest stars '' . Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A - , saying that it `` proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking '' . Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for `` infusing the show with a lemony - fresh feel , conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies '' . Lowry wrote that `` the show proves a good deal of fun '' and that `` Harris dives into his over-the - top character with considerable gusto . '' He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film . Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film , which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf . Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop , the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall - breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books , and Harris 's portrayal of Olaf was `` much more dynamic , and creepier '' than Carrey 's version . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film , and `` nails down the tone that made the stories so special '' . Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them `` the right people for this job , set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time , except to say it is not now '' , in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film . Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com , on the other hand , gave the series a negative review , calling it `` an unfunny parody of sadness '' that is `` never as clever as it wants to be '' and would only appeal to fans of the books .",
"22": "Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals , but found the show 's tone , pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be `` literally , a series of unfortunate events '' . Season 2 As with the first season , the second season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 100 % based on 10 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent praised the show as one that `` essentially deals with thoughtful , intelligent young people battling to speak up against an illogical world . '' While observing that the `` show may revel in the miserable '' , she opined `` that the purpose of its own morbidity is to offer the assurance that hope lives in even the darkest of places . '' Loughrey also credited the show 's expanded storyline for the Baudelaires ' adult allies for `` plumping up '' the episodes ' narrative arcs and deepening the show 's emotional impact . Tristram Fane Saunders of The Telegraph awarded the second season four out of five stars . He described the show as a `` gothic treat ( that ) also offers a wicked line in absurdist humour , and the most gorgeously toybox - like set designs you 'll find anywhere outside a Wes Anderson film . '' Radio Times reviewer Huw Fullerton praised the series for its faithfulness to the original novels . While praising the improved CGI used to make Presley Smith 's character Sunny Baudelaire react better to situations , he criticized the addition of supporting `` good '' characters such as Nathan Fillion 's Jacques Snicket and Sara Canning 's Jacquelyn for `` undercutting the bleakness and loneliness that characterized the novels . '' Rohan Naahar of the Hindustan Times described A Series of Unfortunate Events as `` one of the most lavish originals in Netflix 's bottomless catalogue , created by fans , for fans . '' He also praised Neil Patrick Harris ' performance as Count Olaf . The Den of Geek reviewer Michael Ahr praised tortoise - shell ' amphibiophones ' and stone marimbas score for giving the television series its primal sound .",
"23": "IGN reviewer Jonathon Dornbush criticized the second season 's formulaic plot structure and lack of the insightful observations compared to the first season . He also praised several of the second season 's episodes particularly `` The Ersatz Elevator '' , `` The Hostile Hospital '' , and `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' for smartly twisting the story formula and deepening the novel series ' mythology . Dornbush also praised the performance of guest stars such as Lucy Punch and Patrick Warburton and awarded the second season 7.2 stars . Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Leo Awards Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Luis Alejandro Guevara , Bob Habros , Cale Jacox , Ron Simonson , Jeffrey De Guzman Nominated Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series Rita Ciccozzi , Krista Seller , Tanya Hudson , Gitte Axen Won Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Julie Mchaffie , Dianne Holme , Jenine Lehfeldt Won Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sara Canning Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series James Newton Howard Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Comedy Actor Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Main Title Theme -- TV Show / Limited Series Nick Urata and Daniel Handler Won 2018 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Notes ^ Jump up to : Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as `` The Bad Beginning '' , following the title of the book , while the episode itself displays the name of `` A Bad Beginning '' after the opening credits . Jump up ^ Netflix names the episodes of the second season as Part 1 and Part 2 , while the episodes themselves display the names as Part One and Part Two after the opening credits , following the format of the first season . ^ Jump up to : Netflix names the ninth and tenth episodes as `` Carnivorous Carnival '' , while the episodes themselves display the name of `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' after the opening credits , following the title of the book .",
"24": "References Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events review -- fabulous steampunk fun '' -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : Barry Sonnenfeld Was Booted Off the Movie , and Now He 's Saved the Franchise '' . IndieWire.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' on Netflix '' . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Goldberg , Lesley ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Warburton Is Lemony Snicket In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Meet Count Olaf in official trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 11 big actors you did n't realize were in ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' .",
"25": "Business Insider . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calvario , Liz ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion & More Join Season 2 of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- Find Out Who They 're Playing '' . ET Online . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Amanda ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Air Date , Cast News : Early 2017 Release Plotted ; Meet 4 Child Actors Of ASOUE '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : A Deep Dive Into the New Trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Brittany ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` 15 Things You Need To Know About Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Capes , Kristy ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Everything We Know So Far About Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Vorrhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events : News , Trailer , Characters , Release Date & All You Need To Know '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/a-series-of-unfortunate-events-season-2-review-release-watch-netflix-date-cast-count-olaf-a8274776.html#gallery ^ Jump up to : https://screenrant.com/series-unfortunate-events-season-2-cast-characters/ ^ Jump up to : `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' .",
"26": "ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Aasif Mandvi Cast In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' & USA 's ' Mr. Robot ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The @ unfortunate trailer is coming tomorrow . For today , our final cast reveal -- -- @ AlfreWoodard as Aunt Josephine : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Today 's @ Unfortunate reveal : @ DonJohnson and @ Aasif Mandvi 's characters . Can you guess who ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Series of Unfortunate Events : Lemony Snicket shares first look at two characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scens of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' `` . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The sad truth is the truth is sad . @ davidalangrier joins Season 2 , adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` A most unfortunate update : @ robbieamell joins Season 2 of # ASOUE . Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( March 20 , 2018 ) .",
"27": "`` Allison Williams Joins ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Megan ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Harper & Gideon Make A Cameo On ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' In The Most Surprising Way '' . Romper.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris on What It Was Like Working with His Kids on A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . People . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Andrew ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' is ' a much darker take , ' says Neil Patrick Harris '' . Hypable . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Event occurs at 1 : 10 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 10 . Event occurs at 1 : 03 . Netflix .",
"28": "access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` The final season of Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' will adapt the books differently than the rest of the show -- here 's why '' . Insider . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC PRODUCTION LIST '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.creativebc.com/crbc-services/motion-picture-services/in-production/films.php?type=series Jump up ^ http://www.vancouverfilm.net/2017/09/vancouver-film-production-update.html ^ Jump up to : Spense D. ( December 16 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Lemony Snicket '' . IGN . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tiffany , Kaitlyn ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix made A Series of Unfortunate Events , its first great TV for families '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood 's ' Mark Hudis , Barry Sonnenfeld ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lucero II , Louis ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's Fortunate Reinvention of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' .",
"29": "Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Confirms A Series of Unfortunate Events Will End After Season 3 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search '' . Lemony Snicket Casting . Cast It Talent . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why Lemony Snicket cast Neil Patrick Harris '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Closes Deal To Star In Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on shooting A Series of Unfortunate Events in Vancouver '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sophia ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Premiere Date and Casting : Confirmed and Rumored Casting ; Filming Concluded '' . CrossMap.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Behind The Scenes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hynes , Louis ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 of season 3 ! ! We got new slates ! ! ! @ janneswessels # asoue '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Urata to Score Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 19 , 2016 .",
"30": "Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Premieres ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Theme Song '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Urges You to `` Look Away '' in the Series of Unfortunate Events Theme Song `` . Slate . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If you 're watching Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events , ' do n't skip the opening credits '' . Business Insider . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` I Bet You Did n't Know There Were This Many Ways to Fear a CGI Baby '' . io9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's Series of Unfortunate Events -- Tippett Studio '' . www.tippett.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Netflix . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New trailer and release date revealed for A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Someone made a cool trailer for Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- but it was n't Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 6 , 2015 ) .",
"31": "`` Fake Trailer for Netflix 's ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Lights Up YouTube '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lemony Snicket fan - made Netflix trailer goes viral '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Browning , Laura M. ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` That Series Of Unfortunate Events trailer is fake , Netflix series still real '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrakovitz , Caitlin ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` That ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' trailer is real , and here 's why '' . CNET . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kellen Moore '' . kmoore.co . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' : Meet Count Olaf In First - Look Teaser '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elfman , Sheri ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Second trailer for ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' released '' . UPI . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Voorhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Watch All The Trailers For Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' And Decode The Messages Inside '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Tops Luke Cage Viewership '' . Screen Rant . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 .",
"32": "Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Orphaned at the cinema , A Series Of Unfortunate Events gets its due on Netflix '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket ' books find fresh new life as Netflix series '' . CNN.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' outshines the 2004 film '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenburg , Chaim ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events gets right what the movie got wrong '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fortunately , this ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' is a series worth watching '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' an unfunny parody of sadness `` . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's take on Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events embraces weirdness , and not much else '' . Vox . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( 29 April 2018 ) .",
"33": "`` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Tristan Fane ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` ' A gothic treat ' -- A Series of Unfortunate Events , season 2 , Netflix , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : more marvellous misery '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Naahar , Rohan ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Netflix 's strangest , most lavish show does n't care what you think '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Unfortunately uneven but still includes great episodes '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , 2017 Winners by Name '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' .",
"34": "The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV series ) A Series Of Unfortunate Events on Netflix A Series of Unfortunate Events on IMDb Works by Lemony Snicket A Series of Unfortunate Events Novels The Bad Beginning The Reptile Room The Wide Window The Miserable Mill The Austere Academy The Ersatz Elevator The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril The End Related works The Unauthorized Autobiography The Beatrice Letters Horseradish : Bitter Truths You Ca n't Avoid Media Feature film Soundtrack Video game The Tragic Treasury TV series Other Characters All the Wrong Questions Who Could That Be at This Hour ? When Did You See Her Last ? Should n't You Be in School ? Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights ? Other works The Latke Who Could n't Stop Screaming The Lump of Coal The Composer Is Dead Related Daniel Handler Brett Helquist Seth Portal Category Book Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Residue Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos Master of None Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a",
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"39": "( TBA ) Quicksand ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Forgiving Earth ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Order ( TBA ) The Politician ( TBA ) The Prince of Peoria ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) The Witcher ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Tuca & Bertie ( TBA ) Unbelievable ( TBA ) V - Wars ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events_(TV_series)&oldid=837778132 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2017 American television series debuts A Series of Unfortunate Events 2010s American black comedy television series American children 's comedy television series American mystery television series Netflix original programming Television programs based on American novels Television series about orphans Television series by Paramount Television Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 00 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"40": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when was united nations convention on the rights of the child created
|
[
"20 November 1989",
"20 November 1989",
"20 November 1989",
"20 November 1989"
] |
{
"0": "Convention on the Rights of the Child - Wikipedia Convention on the Rights of the Child Jump to : navigation , search Convention on the Rights of the Child Parties to the convention Only signed , but not ratified Non-signatory Signed 20 November 1989 Location New York City Effective 2 September 1990 Condition 20 ratifications Signatories 140 Parties 196 ( all eligible states except the United States ) Depositary UN Secretary - General Languages Arabic , Chinese , English , French , Russian , Spanish UN Convention on the Rights of the Child at Wikisource Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co .",
"1": "Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / Concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ( commonly abbreviated as the CRC or UNCRC ) is a human rights treaty which sets out the civil , political , economic , social , health and cultural rights of children .",
"2": "The Convention defines a child as any human being under the age of eighteen , unless the age of majority is attained earlier under national legislation . Nations that ratify this convention are bound to it by international law . Compliance is monitored by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child , which is composed of members from countries around the world . Once a year , the Committee submits a report to the Third Committee of the United Nations General Assembly , which also hears a statement from the CRC Chair , and the Assembly adopts a Resolution on the Rights of the Child . Governments of countries that have ratified the Convention are required to report to , and appear before , the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child periodically to be examined on their progress with regards to the advancement of the implementation of the Convention and the status of child rights in their country . Their reports and the committee 's written views and concerns are available on the committee 's website . The UN General Assembly adopted the Convention and opened it for signature on 20 November 1989 ( the 30th anniversary of its Declaration of the Rights of the Child ) . It came into force on 2 September 1990 , after it was ratified by the required number of nations . Currently , 196 countries are party to it , including every member of the United Nations except the United States . Two optional protocols were adopted on 25 May 2000 . The First Optional Protocol restricts the involvement of children in military conflicts , and the Second Optional Protocol prohibits the sale of children , child prostitution and child pornography . Both protocols have been ratified by more than 160 states . A third optional protocol relating to communication of complaints was adopted in December 2011 and opened for signature on 28 February 2012 . It came into effect on 14 April 2014 .",
"3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Contents 1.1 Global standards and cultural relativism 1.2 Child marriage and slavery 2 States party and signatories 2.1 Canada 2.2 India 2.3 Iran 2.4 Ireland 2.5 Israel 2.6 New Zealand 2.7 Saudi Arabia 2.8 United Kingdom 2.9 United States 2.10 Azerbaijan 3 Optional protocols 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Contents ( edit ) The Convention deals with the child - specific needs and rights . It requires that the `` nations that ratify this convention are bound to it by international law '' . Ratifying states must act in the best interests of the child . In all jurisdictions implementing the Convention requires compliance with child custody and guardianship laws as that every child has basic rights , including the right to life , to their own name and identity , to be raised by their parents within a family or cultural grouping , and to have a relationship with both parents , even if they are separated . The Convention obliges states to allow parents to exercise their parental responsibilities . The Convention also acknowledges that children have the right to express their opinions and to have those opinions heard and acted upon when appropriate , to be protected from abuse or exploitation , and to have their privacy protected , and it requires that their lives not be subject to excessive interference . The Convention also obliges signatory states to provide separate legal representation for a child in any judicial dispute concerning their care and asks that the child 's viewpoint be heard in such cases . The Convention forbids capital punishment for children . In its General Comment 8 ( 2006 ) the Committee on the Rights of the Child stated that there was an `` obligation of all state parties to move quickly to prohibit and eliminate all corporal punishment and all other cruel or degrading forms of punishment of children '' . Article 19 of the Convention states that state parties must `` take all appropriate legislative , administrative , social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence '' , but it makes no reference to corporal punishment . The Committee 's interpretation of this section to encompass a prohibition on corporal punishment has been rejected by several state parties to the Convention , including Australia , Canada and the United Kingdom .",
"4": "The European Court of Human Rights has referred to the Convention when interpreting the European Convention on Human Rights . Global standards and cultural relativism ( edit ) Global human rights standards were challenged at the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna ( 1993 ) when a number of governments ( prominently China , Indonesia , Malaysia and Iran ) raised serious objections to the idea of universal human rights . There are unresolved tensions between `` universalistic '' and `` relativistic '' approaches in the establishment of standards and strategies designed to prevent or overcome the abuse of children 's capacity to work . Child marriage and slavery ( edit ) Some scholars link slavery and slavery - like practices for many child marriages . Child marriage as slavery is not directly addressed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child . States party and Signatories ( edit ) Currently 196 countries are parties to the treaty ( some with stated reservations or interpretations ) . This includes every member of the United Nations ( except the United States ) , plus the Cook Islands , Niue , the State of Palestine , and the Holy See . The United States has not ratified it . South Sudan did not sign the convention , however ratification was complete in January 2015 . Somalia 's domestic ratification finished in January 2015 and the instrument was deposited with the United Nations in October 2015 . All successor states of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia ( Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Czech Republic , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , Slovenia , and Slovakia ) made declarations of succession to the treaty and currently apply it . The convention does not apply in the territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia , Gibraltar , Guernsey and Tokelau . Canada ( edit ) Canada became a signatory to the Convention on 28 May 1990 and ratified in 1991 . Youth criminal laws in Canada underwent major changes resulting in the Youth Criminal Justice Act ( YCJA ) which went into effect on 1 April 2003 . The Act specifically refers to Canada 's different commitments under the Convention . The convention was influential in the administrative Law decision of Baker v Canada ( Minister of Citizenship and Immigration ) . India ( edit ) India ratified UNCRC on 11 December 1992 , agreeing in principles all articles except with certain reservations on issues relating to child labor .",
"5": "In India there is law that children under the age of 18 should not work , but there is no outright ban on child labor , and the practice is generally permitted in most industries except those deemed `` hazardous '' . Although a law in October 2006 banned child labor in hotels , restaurants , and as domestic servants , there continues to be high demand for children as hired help in the home . Current estimates as to the number of child laborers in the country range from the government 's conservative estimate of 4 million children under 14 years of age to the much higher estimates of children 's rights activists , which hover around 60 million . Little is being done to address the problem since the economy is booming and the nuclear family is spreading , thereby increasing demand for child laborers . In India many people are still suffering from non-nutritious food , many parents are still leaving their children on riverside , in trains etc . Under the auspices of the Unicef financed Odisha initiative the Government of India is specifying the outline of a means of change and improvement in child care , and many trusts such as childLine , Plan India and savethechildren too are taking efforts to outdate child labor from India . A few of the organisations who work with children 's rights in India are Plan India , CRY ( Child Rights and You ) , Save the Children , Bal Vikas Dhara - New Delhi , Bachpan Bachao Andolan , CHORD - Hyderabad . Iran ( edit ) See also : The Rights of the Child in Iran Iran has adhered to the convention ( except for alleged child slavery ) since 1991 and ratified it in the Parliament in 1994 . Upon ratification , Iran made the following reservation : `` If the text of the Convention is or becomes incompatible with the domestic laws and Islamic standards at any time or in any case , the Government of the Islamic Republic shall not abide by it . '' Iran has also signed the both optional protocols which relate to the special protection of children against involvement in armed conflict and the sale of children and sexual exploitation . Although Iran is a state party to the Convention , international human rights organisations and foreign governments routinely denounced executions of Iranian child offenders as a violation of the treaty . But on 10 February 2012 , Iran 's parliament changed the controversial law of executing juveniles .",
"6": "In the new law , the age of 18 ( solar year ) would be for both genders considered the cut - off for adulthood and offenders under this age will be sentenced under a separate law . Based on the previous Islamic law , which was revised , girls at the age of 9 and boys at 15 ( lunar year , 11 days shorter than a solar year ) were fully responsible for their crimes . `` According to Islamic sources , the criterion for criminal responsibility is reaching the age of maturity which , according to the Shi'ite School of the IRI , is 9 lunar years ( 8 years and 9 months ) for girls and 15 lunar years ( 14 years and 7 months ) for boys . '' Ireland ( edit ) Ireland signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child on 30 September 1990 and ratified it , without reservation , on 28 September 1992 . In response to criticisms expressed in the 1998 review by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child in Geneva , the Irish government established the office of Ombudsman for Children and drew up a national children 's strategy . In 2006 , following concerns expressed by the committee that the wording of the Irish Constitution does not allow the State to intervene in cases of abuse other than in very exceptional cases , the Irish government undertook to amend the constitution to make a more explicit commitment to children 's rights . Israel ( edit ) Israel ratified the Convention in 1991 . In 2010 , UNICEF criticized Israel for its failure to create a government - appointed commission on children 's rights or to adopt a national children 's rights strategy or program in order to implement various Israeli laws addressing children 's rights . The report criticizes Israel for holding that the Convention does not apply in the West Bank and for defining as Palestinians under the age of 16 in the occupied territories as children , even though Israeli law defines a child as being under 18 , in line with the Convention . A contemporaneous report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development found that Israel 's investment in children is below the international average and the actual investment had fallen between 1995 and 2006 .",
"7": "In 2012 , the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child criticized Israel for its bombing attacks on Palestinians in the Gaza Strip , stating , `` Destruction of homes and damage to schools , streets and other public facilities gravely affect children '' and called them `` gross violations of the Convention on the Rights of the Child , its Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict and international humanitarian law '' . It also criticized Palestinian rocket attacks from Gaza on southern Israel which traumatized Israeli children , calling on all parties to protect children . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand ratified the Convention on 6 April 1993 with reservations concerning the right to distinguish between persons according to the nature of their authority to be in New Zealand , the need for legislative action on economic exploitation -- which it argued was adequately protected by existing law , and the provisions for the separation of juvenile offenders from adult offenders . In 1994 , the Court of Appeal of New Zealand dismissed the suggestion that the Minister for Immigration and his department were at liberty to ignore the convention , arguing that this would imply that the country 's adherence was `` at least partly window - dressing '' . The Children 's Commissioner Act 2003 enhanced the office of Children 's Commissioner , giving it significantly stronger investigative powers . In May 2007 , New Zealand passed the Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007 , which removed the defence of `` reasonable force '' for the purpose of correction . In its third and final vote , Parliament voted 113 to eight in favour of the legislation . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Saudi Arabia ratified the Convention in 1996 , with a reservation `` with respect to all such articles as are in conflict with the provisions of Islamic law '' which is the national law . The Committee on the Rights of the Child , which reviewed Saudi Arabia 's treatment of children under the Convention in January 2005 , strongly condemned the government for its practice of imposing the death penalty on juveniles , calling it `` a serious violation of the fundamental rights '' . The committee said it was `` deeply alarmed '' over the discretionary power judges hold to treat juveniles as adults : In its 2004 report the Saudi Arabian government had stated that it `` never imposes capital punishment on persons ... below the age of 18 '' .",
"8": "The government delegation later acknowledged that a judge could impose the death penalty whenever he decided that the convicted person had reached his or her majority , regardless of the person 's actual age at the time of the crime or at the time of the scheduled execution . United Kingdom ( edit ) The United Kingdom ratified the Convention on 16 December 1991 , with several declarations and reservations , and made its first report to the Committee on the Rights of the Child in January 1995 . Concerns raised by the Committee included the growth in child poverty and inequality , the extent of violence towards children , the use of custody for young offenders , the low age of criminal responsibility , and the lack of opportunities for children and young people to express views . The 2002 report of the Committee expressed similar concerns , including the welfare of children in custody , unequal treatment of asylum seekers , and the negative impact of poverty on children 's rights . In September 2008 , the UK government decided to withdraw its reservations and agree to the Convention in these respects . The 2002 report 's criticism of the legal defence of `` reasonable chastisement '' of children by parents , which the Committee described as `` a serious violation of the dignity of the child '' , was rejected by the UK Government . The Minister for Children , Young People and Families commented that while fewer parents are using smacking as a form of discipline , the majority said they would not support a ban . In evidence to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights , the Committee was criticised by the Family Education Trust for `` adopting radical interpretations of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in its pursuit of an agenda '' . The Joint Committee 's report recommended that `` the time has come for the Government to act upon the recommendations of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child concerning the corporal punishment of children and the incompatibility of the defence of reasonable chastisement with its obligations under the Convention . '' The UK Government responded that `` the use of physical punishment is a matter for individual parents to decide '' . Although child slavery is difficult to gauge within the UK , child slaves are imported into the UK and sold . United states ( edit ) Main article : U.S.",
"9": "ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child The United States government played an active role in the drafting of the Convention and signed it on 16 February 1995 , but has not ratified it . It has been claimed that American opposition to the Convention stems primarily from political and religious conservatives . For example , The Heritage Foundation sees `` a civil society in which moral authority is exercised by religious congregations , family , and other private associations is fundamental to the American order '' . and the Home School Legal Defense Association ( HSLDA ) argues that the CRC threatens homeschooling . The United States had permitted the execution and life imprisonment of juvenile offenders , in contravention of the Article 37 of the Convention . In 2005 , a Supreme Court decision declared juvenile executions to be unconstitutional as `` cruel and unusual punishment '' ; in 2012 , the Court held that mandatory sentences of life without the possibility of parole are unconstitutional for juvenile offenders . State laws regarding the practice of closed adoption may also require overhaul in light of the Convention 's position that children have a right to identity from birth . During his 2008 campaign for President , Senator Barack Obama described the failure to ratify the Convention as `` embarrassing '' and promised to review the issue but he never did . No President of the United States has submitted the treaty to the United States Senate requesting its advice and consent to ratification since the US signed it in 1995 . The United States has ratified two of the optional protocols to the Convention , the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict , and the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children , Child Prostitution and Child Pornography . Azerbaijan ( edit ) Azerbaijan ratified Convention on the Rights of the Child on 21 July 1992 . In terms of the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child , a significant number of laws , decrees and resolutions were approved in Azerbaijan by the President and the Cabinet of Ministers focusing on the development of the child welfare system . In this regard , the Convention No 182 on `` Elimination of the worst forms of child labour '' and Recommendation No 190 of the International Labour Organization and the Hague Convention on International adoption of children were ratified by Milli Majlis in 2004 .",
"10": "There is a concern over the administration of juvenile justice in Azerbaijan , mostly regarding compliance with articles 37 , 39 and 40 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child , as well as other relevant standards such as the Beijing Rules , the Riyadh Guidelines and the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty . Therefore , international organizations assisted Azerbaijan to improve the situation in the field of juvenile justice . Juvenile offenders have been added to the Presidential pardons on a regular basis . Azerbaijan has built cooperation with many international organizations , in particular with UNICEF in the field of child protection . In 1993 , UNICEF began its activity in Azerbaijan . In 2005 , Azerbaijan and UNICEF signed a 5 - year country program . The country program for 2005 - 2009 was implemented in the field of child protection , children 's health and nutrition , children 's education and youth health , their development and participation . In addition , UNICEF supports Azerbaijan in developing juvenile justice system , establishing alternative care system and raising awareness among youth about HIV / AIDS . Optional protocols ( edit ) Two optional protocols were adopted by the UN General Assembly . The first , the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict requires parties to ensure that children under the age of 18 are not recruited compulsorily into their armed forces , and calls on governments to do everything feasible to ensure that members of their armed forces who are under 18 years do not take part in hostilities . This protocol entered into force on 12 July 2002 . As of 24 January 2018 , 167 states are party to the protocol and another 14 states have signed but not ratified it . The second , the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children , Child Prostitution and Child Pornography , requires parties to prohibit the sale of children , child prostitution and child pornography . It entered into force on 18 January 2002 . As of 24 January 2018 , 173 states are party to the protocol and another 9 states have signed but not ratified it .",
"11": "A third , the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure , which would allow children or their representatives to file individual complaints for violation of the rights of children , was adopted in December 2011 and opened for signature on 28 February 2012 . The protocol currently has 51 signatures and 45 ratifications : it entered into force on 14 April 2014 following the tenth ratification three months beforehand . See also ( edit ) Adultcentrism Cartoons for Children 's Rights Child advocacy Child custody Child labor Child laundering Child survival revolution Children 's rights Children 's Rights Education Children 's rights movement CRY America Declaration of the Rights of the Child Evolving capacities Execution of Rizana Nafeek iRights Framework Intergenerational equity International child abduction International Play Association Save the Children Stop Child Executions Student voice Youth voice Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention , 1999 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : United Nations Treaty Collection . Convention on the Rights of the Child Archived 11 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 49 . ( Deadlink ) Jump up ^ Article 47 . Jump up ^ `` Convention on the Rights of the Child '' . Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . ^ Jump up to : Child Rights Information Network ( 2008 ) . Convention on the Rights of the Child . Retrieved 26 November 2008 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 44 Resolution 25 . Convention on the Rights of the Child A / RES / 44 / 25 20 November 1989 . Retrieved 22 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Amnesty International USA ( 2007 ) . Convention on the Rights of the Child : Frequently Asked Questions Archived 22 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 26 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UN convention on the rights of the child '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : United Nations Treaty Collection : Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict .",
"12": "Retrieved on 20 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : United Nations Treaty Collection : Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children , child prostitution and child pornography . Retrieved on 20 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNTC '' . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ General Comment 8 , Committee on the Rights of the Child . Jump up ^ Article 19 , Convention on the Rights of the Child . Jump up ^ Simalis , Linda ( 21 March 2010 ) . `` Aussie parents to defy UN smacking ban '' . The Sunday Telegraph . Sydney . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Elaine E. ( 2003 ) . `` Can International Conventions Drive Domestic Law Reform ? The Case of Physical Punishment of Children '' in Dewar J. , Parker S. ( eds . ) Family law : processes , practices , pressures : proceedings of the Tenth World Conference of the International Society of Family Law , July 2000 , Brisbane , Australia . Oxford : Hart , p. 488 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84113 - 308 - 9 ^ Jump up to : White , Ben ( 1999 ) . `` DEFINING THE INTOLERABLE : Child work , global standards and cultural relativism '' . Childhood. 6 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Turner , Catherine ( 2013 ) . `` Out of the Shadows : Child Marriage and Slavery '' . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNTC '' . Archived from the original on 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Treaty Collection '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Joint statement on Somalia 's ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Countries Compared by People > Rights of the Child Convention > Signatories . International Statistics at NationMaster.com '' .",
"13": "Jump up ^ http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ncd-jne/bck-info-un-eng.php Jump up ^ United Nations Treaty Collections. `` 11 . Convention on the Rights of the Child '' . treaties.un.org . UN . Archived from the original on 11 February 2014 . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNTC '' . treaties.un.org . Archived from the original on 11 February 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Census Data on Child Labour '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Labour & Employment , GoI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gentleman , Amelia ( 18 February 2007 ) . `` Children 's domestic labor resists India 's legal efforts '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Bokhary , F. ; Kelly , Emma ( 2010 ) . `` Child Rights , Culture and Exploitation : UK Experiences of Child Trafficking '' . Child Slavery Now . 2010 : 145 -- 159 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Rights : Iran '' . Library of Congress . 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Rights is Everyone 's Responsibility , says UNICEF Iran Representative on CRC Anniversary '' ( Press release ) . UNICEF. 20 November 2010 . Retrieved 28 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Report on the death penalty in Iran '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of Human Rights . April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Reaction to the execution of Delera Darabi '' ( Press release ) . Human Rights Watch . May 2009 . Jump up ^ French reaction to the execution of Delera Darabi , May 2009 ( in French ) ; European Union 's reaction to the execution of Delera Darabi , May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iran changes law for execution of juveniles '' . Iran Independent News Service .",
"14": "10 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Death penalty for people under 18 is prohibited '' . Ghanoon Online ( in Persian ) . 13 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Nayyeri , Mohammad Hossein ( 2012 ) . `` New Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran : An Overview '' . University of Essex : Research Paper Series . Jump up ^ Children 's Rights Alliance website . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Carl ( 28 September 2006 ) . `` UN to seek changes in Constitution in support of children '' . Irish Times ( Dublin ) . Jump up ^ Or Kashti ( 21 November 2010 ) . `` UNICEF : Israel negligent in guarding children 's rights '' . Haaretz ( Tel Aviv ) . Jump up ^ Children suffering devastating and lasting impact of Gaza crisis , says UN Committee on the Rights of the Child , United Nations Commission on Human Rights , 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ United Nations Treaty Collection Archived 11 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Tavita v Minister of Immigration , 17 December 1993 ( 1994 ) 2 NZLR 257 at 265 , cited in Ferdinandusse , Ward N. , Direct Application of International Criminal Law in National Courts , Cambridge University Press , 2006 , p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6704 - 207 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Children 's Commissioner Act 2003 No 121 ( as at 29 November 2007 ) , Public Act -- New Zealand Legislation '' . legislation.govt.nz. 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Children 's Commissioner Act 2003 Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Anti-smacking legislation '' . TVNZ . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Saudi Arabia : Follow U.N. Call to End Juvenile Death Penalty , Human Rights Watch , 28 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Frost , Nick , Child Welfare : Major Themes in Health and Social Welfare , Taylor and Francis , 2004 , p.",
"15": "175 ; Routledge , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 31257 - 8 Jump up ^ Davies , Martin , The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Social Work , Blackwell , 2000 , p. 354 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21451 - 9 Jump up ^ `` UK to sign UN children convention '' . BBC News . 19 September 2008 . Retrieved 19 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Easton , Mark ( 19 September 2008 ) . `` UK to give up child rights opt - outs '' . BBC reporters blog . Jump up ^ Harvey , Colin J. , Human Rights in the Community : Rights As Agents For Change , Oxford : Hart , 2005 , p. 234 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84113 - 446 - 8 Jump up ^ Hughes , Beverley , Minister for Children , Young People and Families , `` Article defending the Government 's position on smacking '' , press release , 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Evidence to the Joint Committee on Human Rights , UK Parliament , 12 May 2003 . Jump up ^ House of Lords and House of Commons Joint Committee on Human Rights , The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child , Tenth Report of Session 2002 -- 03 , page 55 . Jump up ^ `` Government Responses to Reports from the Committee '' , Session 2005 - 06 , paras. 82 , 85 , 86 : HL 104 , HC 850 . Jump up ^ Smolin , David M. `` Overcoming Religious Objections to the Convention on the Rights of the Child '' , Emory International Law Review , vol. 20 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights and Social Issues at the U.N. : A Guide for U.S. Policymakers '' , Heritage Foundation Jump up ^ `` HSLDA.org '' . Jump up ^ US Supreme Court : Roper v. Simmons , No. 03 - 633 : 1 March 2005 Jump up ^ `` Questions and Answers on the UN Special Session on Children ( Human Rights Watch , May 2 , 2002 ) '' . hrw.org .",
"16": "Jump up ^ `` U.S. : Supreme Court Ends Child Executions ( Human Rights Watch , March 1 , 2005 ) '' . Jump up ^ Miller v. Alabama certiori to the Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama , No. 10 - 9646 ( Argued 20 March 2012 - Decided 25 June 2012 ) Jump up ^ Walden University Presidential Youth Debate Archived 11 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Child Rights Information Network '' . Jump up ^ Podgers , `` The Last Holdout , '' ABA Journal at 84 ( March 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` UNICEF Azerbaijan - Media centre - UNICEF Azerbaijan launched special edition of State of the World 's Children to mark the 20th Anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in the Parliament '' . www.unicef.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Child Protection System in Azerbaijan : Situation Analysis '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : FS . `` Rights of children '' . www.mfa.gov.az . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Protection of children rights in Azerbaijan '' . Jump up ^ Yun , Seira ( 2014 ) . `` Breaking Imaginary Barriers : Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law -- The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child '' . Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies . 5 ( 1 - 2 ) : 213 -- 257 . SSRN 2556825 . Jump up ^ `` UN rights chief welcomes new measure to stop violence against children '' . UN News Service Section . 20 December 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : UN Convention on the Rights of the Child United Nations General Assembly ( 20 November 1989 ) . `` Text of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child '' . ohchr.org . UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . Retrieved 20 January 2015 .",
"17": "Signatures and ratifications , at depositary UNICEF web site Procedural history , related documents and photos on the Convention on the Rights of the Child ( with protocols ) in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law NGO Alternative Reports submitted to the Committee on the Rights of the Child . Biography of Eglantyne Jebb , author of the original Declaration Section related to the CRC on the Children 's Rights Portal `` everychild.ca '' Child Rights Public Awareness Campaign of British Columbia , Canada . Resources include links and publications related to the Convention on the Rights of the Child . International human rights instruments Declarations Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Cairo Declaration of Human Rights Declaration of the Rights of the Child Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Universal Declaration of Human Rights American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man Paris Principles International law United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 ( XV ) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples UN Convention Against Torture Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Convention on the Political Rights of Women Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Convention on the Rights of the Child United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention , 1989 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Covenant on Economic ,",
"18": "Social and Cultural Rights Regional law African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights European Convention on Human Rights Convention for the Prevention of Torture European Convention on Nationality Convention for the Protection of National Minorities Social Charter American Convention on Human Rights Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities International humanitarian law Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Convention relating to the Status of Refugees Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness Geneva Conventions Hague Conventions Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Youth empowerment Elements Evolving capacities Free - range parenting Intergenerational equity Leaving the nest Student voice Youth - adult partnership Youth mainstreaming Youth rights Youth voice Types Community youth development Anarchistic free school Democratic free school Positive youth development Student activism Student - centered learning Student rights Student voice Youth activism Youth council Youth court Youth engagement Youth leadership Youth - led media Youth movement Youth participation Youth philanthropy Youth service Youth suffrage Youth vote Barriers Adultcentrism Adultism Age restrictions Ageism Control freaks Fear of youth ( ephebiphobia ) Eleutherophobia Fear of children ( pediaphobia ) Gerontocracy Grounding Helicopter parent Infantilization Intrusiveness Narcissism Parental respect School - to - prison pipeline Vicariousness Related articles Beatnik Beat Generation Counterculture of the 1960s Defense of infancy Hippies Hungry generation International Youth Year UK underground Index of youth rights - related articles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child&oldid=820101164 '' Categories : Convention on the Rights of the Child United Nations treaties History of youth Treaties concluded in 1989 Treaties entered into force in 1990 Treaties of the Islamic State of Afghanistan Treaties of Albania Treaties of Algeria Treaties of Andorra Treaties of",
"19": "the People 's Republic of Angola Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda Treaties of Argentina Treaties of Armenia Treaties of Australia Treaties of Austria Treaties of Azerbaijan Treaties of the Bahamas Treaties of Bahrain Treaties of Bangladesh Treaties of Barbados Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Treaties of Belgium Treaties of Belize Treaties of Benin Treaties of Bhutan Treaties of Bolivia Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina Treaties of Botswana Treaties of Brazil Treaties of Brunei Treaties of Bulgaria Treaties of Burkina Faso Treaties of Myanmar Treaties of Burundi Treaties of the State of Cambodia Treaties of Cameroon Treaties of Canada Treaties of Cape Verde Treaties of the Central African Republic Treaties of Chad Treaties of Chile Treaties of the People 's Republic of China Treaties of Colombia Treaties of the Comoros Treaties of Zaire Treaties of the Republic of the Congo Treaties of the Cook Islands Treaties of Costa Rica Treaties of Ivory Coast Treaties of Croatia Treaties of Cuba Treaties of Cyprus Treaties of the Czech Republic Treaties of Denmark Treaties of Djibouti Treaties of Dominica Treaties of the Dominican Republic Treaties of East Timor Treaties of Ecuador Treaties of Egypt Treaties of El Salvador Treaties of Equatorial Guinea Treaties of Eritrea Treaties of Estonia Treaties of the People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Treaties of Fiji Treaties of Finland Treaties of France Treaties of Gabon Treaties of the Gambia Treaties of Georgia ( country ) Treaties of Germany Treaties of Ghana Treaties of Greece Treaties of Grenada Treaties of Guatemala Treaties of Guinea Treaties of Guinea - Bissau",
"20": "Treaties of Haiti Treaties of Honduras Treaties of Hungary Treaties of Iceland Treaties of India Treaties of Indonesia Treaties of Iran Treaties of Ba'athist Iraq Treaties of Ireland Treaties of Israel Treaties of Italy Treaties of Jamaica Treaties of Japan Treaties of Jordan Treaties of Kazakhstan Treaties of Kenya Treaties of Kiribati Treaties of North Korea Treaties of South Korea Treaties of Kuwait Treaties of Kyrgyzstan Treaties of Laos Treaties of Latvia Treaties of Lebanon Treaties of Lesotho Treaties of Liberia Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Treaties of Liechtenstein Treaties of Lithuania Treaties of Luxembourg Treaties of the Republic of Macedonia Treaties of Madagascar Treaties of Malawi Treaties of Malaysia Treaties of the Maldives Treaties of Mali Treaties of Malta Treaties of the Marshall Islands Treaties of Mauritania Treaties of Mauritius Treaties of Mexico Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia Treaties of Moldova Treaties of Monaco Treaties of the Mongolian People 's Republic Treaties of Montenegro Treaties of Morocco Treaties of Mozambique Treaties of Namibia Treaties of Nauru Treaties of Nepal Treaties of the Netherlands Treaties of New Zealand Treaties of Nicaragua Treaties of Niue Treaties of Niger Treaties of Nigeria Treaties of Norway Treaties of Oman Treaties of Pakistan Treaties of Palau Treaties of Palestine Treaties of Panama Treaties of Papua New Guinea Treaties of Paraguay Treaties of Peru Treaties of the Philippines Treaties of Poland Treaties of Portugal Treaties of Qatar Treaties of Romania Treaties of the Soviet Union Treaties of Rwanda Treaties of",
"21": "Saint Kitts and Nevis Treaties of Saint Lucia Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Treaties of Samoa Treaties of San Marino Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe Treaties of Saudi Arabia Treaties of Senegal Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro Treaties of Seychelles Treaties of Sierra Leone Treaties of Singapore Treaties of Slovakia Treaties of Slovenia Treaties of the Solomon Islands Treaties of Somalia Treaties of South Africa Treaties of South Sudan Treaties of Spain Treaties of Sri Lanka Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan ( 1985 -- 2011 ) Treaties of Suriname Treaties of Swaziland Treaties of Sweden Treaties of Switzerland Treaties of Syria Treaties of Tajikistan Treaties of Thailand Treaties of Togo Treaties of Tonga Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago Treaties of Tunisia Treaties of Turkey Treaties of Turkmenistan Treaties of Tuvalu Treaties of Uganda Treaties of Ukraine Treaties of the United Arab Emirates Treaties of the United Kingdom Treaties of the United States Treaties of Uruguay Treaties of Uzbekistan Treaties of Vanuatu Treaties of Venezuela Treaties of Vietnam Treaties of Yemen Treaties of Zambia Treaties of Zimbabwe Treaties of Czechoslovakia Treaties of East Germany Treaties of the Holy See Treaties of Yugoslavia 1980 in New York ( state ) Treaties adopted by United Nations General Assembly resolutions Treaties extended to Anguilla Treaties extended to Bermuda Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands Treaties extended to the Isle of Man Treaties extended to Montserrat Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands Treaties extended to Saint Helena ,",
"22": "Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles Treaties extended to Aruba Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands Treaties extended to Greenland Treaties extended to British Hong Kong Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau Treaties extended to Jersey November 1989 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from September 2016 Use American English from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Languages Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 ,",
"23": "at 02 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who were the code talkers and what did they do
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[
"Native Americans in the United States Marine Corps whose primary job was the transmission of secret tactical messages"
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{
"0": "Code talker - wikipedia Code talker This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 23 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Codetalkers '' redirects here . For the band , see The Codetalkers . For the Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain character , see List of characters in the Metal Gear series § Code Talker . Choctaw soldiers in training in World War I for coded radio and telephone transmissions Code talkers are people in the 20th century who used obscure languages as a means of secret communication during wartime . The term is now usually associated with the United States service members during the world wars who used their knowledge of Native American languages as a basis to transmit coded messages . In particular , there were approximately 400 -- 500 Native Americans in the United States Marine Corps whose primary job was the transmission of secret tactical messages . Code talkers transmitted these messages over military telephone or radio communications nets using formal or informally developed codes built upon their native languages . Their service improved the speed of encryption of communications at both ends in front line operations during World War II . The name code talkers is strongly associated with bilingual Navajo speakers specially recruited during World War II by the Marines to serve in their standard communications units in the Pacific Theater . Code talking , however , was pioneered by the Cherokee and Choctaw peoples during World War I . Other Native American code talkers were deployed by the United States Army during World War II , including Lakota , Meskwaki , and Comanche soldiers . Soldiers of Basque ancestry were also used for code talking by the U.S. Marines during World War II in areas where other Basque speakers were not expected to be operating .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Assiniboine code talkers 2 Basque code talkers 3 Cherokee code talkers 4 Choctaw code talkers 5 Comanche code talkers 6 Cree code talkers 7 Meskwaki code talkers 8 Navajo code talkers 9 Nubian code talkers 10 Seminole code talkers 11 Welsh code talkers 12 Wenzhou code talkers 13 Cryptographic properties 14 Post-war recognition 15 Gallery 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links Assiniboine code talkers ( edit ) Members of the Assiniboine served as code talkers during World War II , utilizing the Assiniboine language to encrypt communications . The code talkers included Gilbert Horn Sr. , who grew up in the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation of Montana and later became a tribal judge and politician . Basque code talkers ( edit ) In November 1952 , Euzko Deya magazine reported that in May 1942 , upon meeting about 60 U.S. Marines of Basque ancestry in a San Francisco camp , Captain Frank D. Carranza conceived the idea of using the Basque language for codes . His superiors were wary as there were known settlements of Basque in the Pacific region . There were 35 Basque Jesuits in Hiroshima , led by Pedro Arrupe . In China and the Philippines , there was a colony of Basque jai alai players , and there were Basque supporters of Falange in Asia . The American Basque code talkers were kept away from these theaters ; they were initially used in tests and in transmitting logistic information for Hawaii and Australia . According to Euzko Deya , on August 1 , 1942 , Lieutenants Nemesio Aguirre , Fernández Bakaicoa and Juanana received a Basque - coded message from San Diego for Admiral Chester Nimitz , warning him of the upcoming Operation Apple to remove the Japanese from the Solomon Islands . They also translated the start date , August 7 , for the attack on Guadalcanal .",
"2": "As the war extended over the Pacific , there was a shortage of Basque speakers and the US military came to prefer the parallel program based on the use of Navajo speakers . In 2017 , Pedro Oiarzabal and Guillermo Tabernilla published a study refuting Euzko Deya 's article . According to Oiarzabal and Tabernilla , they could not find Carranza , Aguirre , Fernández Bakaicoa or Juanana in the NARA or US Army archives . They find a small number of US Marines with Basque surnames , none of them in transmissions . They suggest that Carranza 's story was an OSS operation to raise sympathy for the US intelligence among Basque nationalists . Cherokee code talkers ( edit ) The first known use of Native Americans in the American military to transmit messages under fire was a group of Cherokee troops used by the American 30th Infantry Division serving alongside the British during the Second Battle of the Somme in World War I . According to the Division Signal Officer , this took place in September 1918 . Their unit was under British command at the time . Choctaw code talkers ( edit ) Main article : Choctaw code talkers During World War I , company commander Captain Lawrence of the U.S. Army overheard Solomon Louis and Mitchell Bobb conversing in the Choctaw language . He found eight Choctaw men in the battalion . Eventually , fourteen Choctaw men in the Army 's 36th Infantry Division trained to use their language in code . They helped the American Expeditionary Forces win several key battles in the Meuse - Argonne Offensive in France , during the final large German push of the war . Within 24 hours of the Choctaw language being pressed into service , the tide of the battle had turned . In less than 72 hours , the Germans were retreating and the Allies were in full attack . Comanche code talkers ( edit ) Comanche code - talkers of the 4th Signal Company ( U.S. Army Signal Center and Ft . Gordon ) Hugh F. Foster Jr.",
"3": "'s Comanche codebook German authorities knew about the use of code talkers during World War I , and sent a team of some thirty anthropologists to the United States to learn Native American languages before the outbreak of World War II , but the task proved too difficult because of the array of languages and dialects ; nonetheless the U.S. Army , learning of the Nazi effort , did not implement a large - scale code talker program in the European Theater . Fourteen Comanche code talkers did take part in the Invasion of Normandy , and continued to serve in the 4th Infantry Division in Europe . Comanche of the 4th Signal Company compiled a vocabulary of over 100 code terms using words or phrases in their own language . Using a substitution method similar to the Navajo , the Comanche code word for tank was `` turtle '' , bomber was `` pregnant airplane '' , machine gun was `` sewing machine '' and Adolf Hitler was referred to as `` crazy white man '' . Two Comanche code - talkers were assigned to each regiment , the rest to 4th Infantry Division headquarters . Shortly after landing on Utah Beach on June 6 , 1944 , the Comanche began transmitting messages . Some were wounded but none killed . In 1989 , the French government awarded the Comanche code - talkers the Chevalier of the National Order of Merit . On November 30 , 1999 , the United States Department of Defense presented Charles Chibitty with the Knowlton Award . Cree code talkers ( edit ) In the World War II , native Cree speakers were used as code talkers for the Canadian Armed Forces . Due to oaths of secrecy , and official classification through 1963 , the role of Cree speakers has gone unacknowledged by the Canadian government . A 2015 documentary , Cree Code Talkers , tells the story of one such Métis individual , Charles `` Checker '' Tomkins , who died in 2003 . Meskwaki code talkers ( edit ) Meskwaki men used their language against the Germans while fighting in the US Army in North Africa . 27 out of then 168 Meskwaki in Iowa enlisted in the U.S. Army together in January 1941 .",
"4": "Navajo code talkers ( edit ) Alphabets ( English ) Code Language ( English ) Code Language ( Navajo ) Modern spelling Ant Wol - la - chee Wóláchííʼ Bear Shush Shash Cat Moasi Mósí Deer Be Bįįh Elk Dzeh Dzeeh Fox Ma - e Mąʼii Goat Klizzie Tłʼízí Horse Lin Łį́į́ʼ Ice Tkin Tin Jackass Tkele - cho - gi Téliichoʼí Kid Klizzie - yazzi Tłʼízí yázhí Lamb Dibeh - yazzi Dibé yázhí Mouse Na - as - tso - si Naʼastsʼǫǫsí Nut Nesh - chee Neeshchʼííʼ Owl Ne - ash - jah Néʼéshjaaʼ Pig Bi-sodih Bisóodi Q Quiver Ca - yeilth kʼaaʼ yeiłtįįh Rabbit Gah Gah Sheep Dibeh Dibé Turkey Than - zie Tązhii U Ute No - da - ih Nóódaʼí V Victor a-keh - di - glini Akʼehdidlíní Weasel Gloe - ih Dlǫ́ʼii X Cross Al - an - as - dzoh Ałnáʼázdzoh Y Yucca Tsah - as - zih Tsáʼásziʼ Z Zinc Besh - do - gliz Béésh dootłʼizh Philip Johnston , a civil engineer for the city of Los Angeles , proposed the use of Navajo to the United States Marine Corps at the beginning of World War II .",
"5": "Johnston , a World War I veteran , was raised on the Navajo reservation as the son of a missionary to the Navajo . He was one of the few non-Navajo who spoke the language fluently . Because Navajo has a complex grammar , it is not nearly mutually intelligible enough with even its closest relatives within the Na - Dene family to provide meaningful information . It was still an unwritten language , and Johnston thought Navajo could satisfy the military requirement for an undecipherable code . Navajo was spoken only on the Navajo lands of the American Southwest . Its syntax and tonal qualities , not to mention dialects , made it unintelligible to anyone without extensive exposure and training . One estimate indicates that at the outbreak of World War II , fewer than 30 non-Navajo could understand the language . Page one of Navajo recommendation letter , 1942 Page two of Navajo recommendation letter , 1942 Code Talkers Monument Ocala , Florida Memorial Park Early in 1942 , Johnston met with Major General Clayton B. Vogel , the commanding general of Amphibious Corps , Pacific Fleet , and his staff . Johnston staged tests under simulated combat conditions which demonstrated that Navajo men could encode , transmit , and decode a three - line English message in 20 seconds , versus the 30 minutes required by machines at that time . The idea was accepted , with Vogel recommending that the Marines recruit 200 Navajo . The first 29 Navajo recruits attended boot camp in May 1942 . This first group created the Navajo code at Camp Pendleton , Oceanside , California . The Navajo code was formally developed and modeled on the Joint Army / Navy Phonetic Alphabet that uses agreed - upon English words to represent letters . The Navajo Code Talkers were mainly Marines . As it was determined that phonetically spelling out all military terms letter by letter into words -- while in combat -- would be too time - consuming , some terms , concepts , tactics and instruments of modern warfare were given uniquely formal descriptive nomenclatures in Navajo ( for example , the word for `` shark '' being used to refer to a destroyer , or `` silver oak leaf '' to the rank of lieutenant colonel ) . A codebook was developed to teach the many relevant words and concepts to new initiates .",
"6": "The text was for classroom purposes only , and was never to be taken into the field . The code talkers memorized all these variations and practiced their rapid use under stressful conditions during training . Uninitiated Navajo speakers would have no idea what the code talkers ' messages meant ; they would hear only truncated and disjointed strings of individual , unrelated nouns and verbs . The Navajo code talkers were commended for the skill , speed , and accuracy they demonstrated throughout the war . At the Battle of Iwo Jima , Major Howard Connor , 5th Marine Division signal officer , had six Navajo code talkers working around the clock during the first two days of the battle . These six sent and received over 800 messages , all without error . Connor later stated , `` Were it not for the Navajos , the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima . '' To ensure a consistent use of code terminologies throughout the Pacific Theater , representative code talkers of each of the U.S. Marine divisions met in Hawaii to discuss shortcomings in the code , incorporate new terms into the system , and update their codebooks . These representatives in turn trained other code talkers who could not attend the meeting . As the war progressed , additional code words were added and incorporated program - wide . In other instances , informal shortcut code words were devised for a particular campaign and not disseminated beyond the area of operation . Examples of code words include the Navajo word for buzzard , jeeshóóʼ , which was used for bomber , while the code word used for submarine , béésh łóóʼ , meant iron fish in Navajo . The last of the original 29 Navajo code talkers who developed the code , Chester Nez , died on June 4 , 2014 . The deployment of the Navajo code talkers continued through the Korean War and after , until it was ended early in the Vietnam War . The Navajo code is the only spoken military code never to have been deciphered . Nubian code talkers ( edit ) In the 1973 Arab -- Israeli War , Egypt employed Nubian - speaking Nubian people as codetalkers .",
"7": "Seminole code talkers ( edit ) The last surviving Seminole code talker , Edmond Harjo of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma , died on March 31 , 2014 , at the age of 96 . Harjo had served as far afield as Normandy and the Battle of Iwo Jima during the war . His biography was recounted by Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Boehner at the Congressional Gold Medal ceremony honoring Harjo and other code talkers at the U.S. Capitol on November 20 , 2013 . Welsh code talkers ( edit ) A system employing Welsh was used by British forces , but not to any great extent during World War II . The Royal Air Force had a plan in 1942 to use Welsh for secret communications during World War II , but the plan was not implemented . Welsh was used more recently in the Yugoslav Wars for non-vital messages . Wenzhou code talkers ( edit ) China used Wenzhounese speaking people as code talkers during the 1979 Sino - Vietnamese War . Cryptographic properties ( edit ) Navajo code talkers , Saipan , June 1944 Non-speakers would find it extremely difficult to accurately distinguish unfamiliar sounds used in these languages . Additionally , a speaker who has acquired a language during their childhood sounds distinctly different from a person who acquired the same language in later life , thus reducing the chance of successful impostors sending false messages . Navajo was an attractive choice for code use because few people outside the Navajo had learned to speak the language . Virtually no books in Navajo had been published . Outside of the language , the Navajo spoken code was not very complex by cryptographic standards . It would likely have been broken if a native speaker and trained cryptographers could have worked together effectively . The Japanese had an opportunity to attempt this when they captured Joe Kieyoomia in the Philippines in 1942 during the Bataan Death March . Kieyoomia , a Navajo sergeant in the U.S. Army , but not a code talker , was ordered to interpret the radio messages later in the war . However , since Kieyoomia had not participated in the code training , the messages made no sense to him .",
"8": "When he reported that he could not understand the messages , his captors tortured him . The Japanese Imperial Army and Navy never cracked the spoken code . Post-war Recognition ( edit ) The Navajo code talkers received no recognition until the declassification of the operation in 1968 . In 1982 , the code talkers were given a Certificate of Recognition by U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who also named August 14 , 1982 , as `` Navajo Code Talkers Day '' . On December 21 , 2000 , the U.S. Congress passed , and President Bill Clinton signed , Public Law 106 - 554 , 114 Statute 2763 , which awarded the Congressional Gold Medal to the original 29 World War II Navajo code talkers and Silver Medals to each person who qualified as a Navajo code talker ( approximately 300 ) . In July 2001 , U.S. President George W. Bush personally presented the Medal to four surviving original code talkers ( the fifth living original code talker was not able to attend ) at a ceremony held in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington , D.C. Gold Medals were presented to the families of the deceased 24 original code talkers . On September 17 , 2007 , eighteen Choctaw code talkers were posthumously awarded the Texas Medal of Valor from the Adjutant General of the State of Texas for their World War II service . On November 15 , 2008 , The Code Talkers Recognition Act of 2008 ( Public Law 110 - 420 ) , was signed into law by President George W. Bush , which recognizes every Native American code talker who served in the United States military during WWI or WWII ( with the exception of the already - awarded Navajo ) with a Congressional Gold Medal , designed as distinct for each tribe , with silver duplicates awarded to the individual code talkers or their next - of - kin . As of 2013 , 33 tribes have been identified and were honored at a ceremony at Emancipation Hall at the U.S. Capitol Visitor Center . One surviving code talker was present , Edmond Harjo .",
"9": "On November 27 , 2017 , three Navajo code talkers , along with the president of the Navajo Nation , Russell Begaye , appeared with President Trump in the Oval Office in an official White House ceremony to `` pay tribute to the contributions of the young Native Americans recruited by the United States military to create top - secret coded messages used to communicate during ( World War II ) battles . '' The executive director of the National Congress of American Indians , Jacqueline Pata , noted that Native Americans have `` a very high level of participation in the military and veterans ' service . '' A statement by a Navajo Nation Council Delegate and comments by Pata and Begaye , among others , objected to Trump 's remarks during the event , including his use `` once again '' of the `` word Pocahontas in a negative way towards a political adversary . '' The National Congress of American Indians objected to Trump 's use of the name of an historical Native American figure as a derogatory term , and relatives of Code Talkers who were present said it was `` too bad ( Trump ) put his foot in his mouth '' and `` he needs to grow up . '' Gallery ( edit ) Code talkers on Bougainville , 1943 Code talkers at work , Australia , July 1943 Code talker on Tarawa , November 1943 Code talker Leslie Hemstreet , Okinawa , 1945 See also ( edit ) United States Marine Corps portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Code talkers . Battle Cry Never So Few Windtalkers Chester Nez Native Americans and World War II Choctaw code talkers of World War I Code - talker paradox Navajo I Navajo language Navajo Nation Navajo people Southern Athabaskan languages United States Army Indian Scouts Security through obscurity Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Last Lakota code talker Clarence Wolf Guts dies at 86 '' , Rapid City Journal ( Rapid City , SD ) , 18 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , David ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Decorated war hero , code talker Gilbert Horn Sr. dies '' . Great Falls Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ En Euzkera se dio la orden del desembarco de Guadalcanal , Ramón de Arrieta , Euzko Deya . La Voz de los Vascos en México 149 ( November 1952 ) , page 22 , México D.F. Jump up ^ `` Egon arretaz egunari '' , Xabier G. Argüello , El País , August 1 , 2004 . Jump up ^ La orden de desembarco en Guadalcanal se dió en vascuence para que no lo descubrieran los nipones , Juan Hernani , El Diario Vasco , December 26 , 1952 , it quotes Revista general de marina . Bibliographic reference in Euskomedia.org . Based on Criptografía , Revista General de Marina , 143 ( November 1952 ) , pages 551 -- 552 . Ministerio de Marina , Madrid Jump up ^ Mikel Rodríguez . `` Gaiak - Los vascos y la II Guerra Mundial '' . euskonews.com . Jump up ^ Pedro J. Oiarzabal and Guillermo Tabernilla ( 2017 ) . `` El enigma del mito y la historia : Basque Code Talkers en la Segunda Guerra Mundial ' '' . Saibigain . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Un estudio desmiente que el euskera se usara en código en la Segunda Guerra Mundial , Jesús J. Hernández , 25 June 2017 , El Correo . Jump up ^ Stanley , Captain John W. Personal Experience of a Battalion Commander and Brigade Signal Officer , 105th Field Signal Battalion in the Somme Offensive , September 29 -- October 8 , 1997 . U.S. Army , 1932 . ^ Jump up to : `` Choctaw Code Talkers of World War II '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NSA Code Talker Exhibit Jump up ^ `` The Comanche Code Talkers '' . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2008 .",
"11": "Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew J. Seelinger , Army History Research : 124th Signal Battalion Archived February 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Comanche Code Talker Charles Chibitty Dies '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cree Code Talkers : Documentary Explores Role of Canada 's Unsung WWII Heroes - Indian Country Media Network '' . indiancountrymedianetwork.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Cree Code Talker . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Last Meskwaki code talker remembers '' . USA Today . July 4 , 2002 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Holm , Tom ( 2007 ) . Code Talkers and Warriors . Chelsea House Pub . ISBN 0791093409 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Clayton ; Johnston , Philip . `` Letter to Commandant , USMC '' . Demonstration in California , 1942 . Northern Arizona University , Cline Library . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Navajo Code Talkers : World War II Fact Sheet '' . Naval Historical Center . 1992 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , Margalit ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Chester Nez , 93 , Dies ; Navajo Words Washed From Mouth Helped Win War '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( July 24 , 2011 ) . `` Joe Morris Sr. dies at 85 ; Navajo code talker during World War II '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kolb , Joseph ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) .",
"12": "`` Last of Navajo ' code talkers ' dies in New Mexico '' . reuters.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Changing Egypt Offers Hope to Long - Marginalized Nubians '' . News.nationalgeographic.com. 2013 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Nubia : the Land of Gold - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online '' . English.ahram.org.eg. 2012 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ El Nuba ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) . `` El Nuba Cairo West Magazine '' . Cairowestmag.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Peaceful Societies '' . Peaceful Societies. 2014 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Code Talkers : Native American Languages in the Military '' . Alpha Omega Translations. 2015 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Attocknie , Dana ( 2014 - 04 - 07 ) . `` Last living Seminole Code Talker walks on , loved ones pay respects , honor hero '' . Native American Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seminole code talker Edmond Harjo dies at 96 '' . Tulsa World . 2014 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Dick ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Treasury and Mint Join Congress to Honor Native American Code Talkers '' . United States Department of the Treasury . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Chapman , H.S. ( 1987 ) . `` Welsh as a Secret Language '' . Transactions of the Caernarvonshire Historical Society . 48 : 113 -- 117 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Heath , Tony ( 1996 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Welsh speak up for their ancient tongue '' . The Independent . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Nanlai Cao ( 4 November 2010 ) . Constructing China 's Jerusalem : Christians , Power , and Place in Contemporary Wenzhou . Stanford University Press . pp. 195 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 7360 - 7 . Jump up ^ Zhang Zhixiong ( 23 June 2015 ) . Chinese Education in Singapore : An untold story of conflict and change . Zhixiong Zhang . pp. 38 -- . ISBN 978 - 981 - 09 - 3952 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Paths home page : How Effective Was Navajo Code ? One Former Captive Knows '' . Yvwiiusdinvnohii.net . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Fonseca , Felicia ( February 11 , 2008 ) . `` Navajo Code Talker dead at age 82 '' . The Denver Post . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2008 . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` National Navaho Code Talkers Day '' . Lapahie.com. 1982 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Navajo Code Talkers and the Unbreakable Code -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . Cia.gov. 2008 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Navajo code talkers honored after 56 years '' . CNN . 2001 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` P.L. 106 - 554 , see 114 STAT . 2763A -- 311 '' ( PDF ) . gpo.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ Texas military honors Choctaw code talkers . Retrieved on May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` P.L. 110 - 420 '' ( PDF ) . gpo.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Treasury and Mint Join Congress to Honor Native American Code Talkers '' . treasury.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Julie Hirschfeld ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Mocks Warren as ' Pocahontas ' at Navajo Veterans ' Event '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Statement in response to remarks by President Trump , Window Rock , Arkansas , The Navajo Nation , November 27 , 2017 , retrieved November 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Navajo Nation Statement ( November 27 , 2017 ) '' . Wikisource . November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felicia Fonseca ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Families of Navajo Code Talkers Slam President Trump for ' Pocahontas ' Slur '' . Time . References ( edit ) Bibliography Aaseng , Nathan . Navajo Code Talkers : America 's Secret Weapon in World War II . New York : Walker & Company , 1992 . ISBN 0802776272 OCLC 672012184 Durrett , Deanne . Unsung Heroes of World War II : The Story of the Navajo Code Talkers . Library of American Indian History , Facts on File , Inc. , 1998 . ISBN 0816036039 OCLC 38067688 McClain , Salley . Navajo Weapon : The Navajo Code Talkers . Tucson , Arizona : Rio Nuevo Publishers , 2001 . ISBN 1887896325 OCLC 48584920 Meadows , William C. The Comanche Code Talkers of World War II . Austin : University of Texas Press , 2002 .",
"15": "ISBN 0292798504 OCLC 55896749 Stanley , Captain John W. Personal Experience of a Battalion Commander and Brigade Signal Officer , 105th Field Signal Battalion in the Somme Offensive , September 29 -- October 12 , 1918 . U.S. Army , 1932 . Gawne , Jonathan . Spearheading D - Day . Paris : Histoire et Collections , 1999 . ISBN 2908182793 OCLC 45700217 Holm , Tom . Code Talkers and Warriors - Native Americans and World War II . New York : Infobase Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 9340 - 9 David Kahn , The Codebreakers : The Story of Secret Writing , 1967 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83130 - 9 Simon Singh , The Code Book : The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 49532 - 5 Web National Museum of the American Indian - Codetalkers Listen online -- The Story of The Code Talkers -- The American Storyteller Radio Journal Samuel Tom Holiday -- 4th Marine Division -- 25th Regiment -- H & S Company Origins of the Navajo Code Talkers Dept. of Navy Navajo Code Talkers ' Dictionary Dept. of Navy Navajo Code Talkers : World War II fact Sheet Northern Arizona University Special Collections , regarding Navajo Codetalkers Teaching with Documents : Memorandum Regarding the Enlistment of Navajo Indians . U.S. National Archives . `` Semper Fidelis , Code Talkers , '' U.S National Archives . Prologue Magazine : Winter 2001 , Vol. 33 , No. 4 Smithsonian Institution : American Indian Codetalkers Native Americans in the U.S. Army Portal at the United States Army Center of Military History American Indian Code Talker Medals Become Law U.S. Sen. Bingaman : Navajo code talkers page The Navajo Code Talkers : Code Talkers ( Part of the Story ) How Effective Was Navajo Code ?",
"16": "`` One Former Captive Knows '' Captured Navajo Hopi Code Talker Code Talkers Exhibit , Burger King , Kayenta , Navajo Nation Windtalker Navajo Code Talkers Association Code Talkers roll of honour and images External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Code talkers . Library resources about Code talker Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -- Code Talkers Official website of the Navajo Code talkers Denise Winterman ( 19 May 2014 ) . `` World War One : The original code talkers '' . BBC News . Retrieved 19 May 2014 .",
"17": "( hide ) Navajo Nation Politics and institutions Council Council Chamber President Vice President Flag Supreme Court Chapter houses Police Rangers Miss Navajo Culture and education People Language Music Weaving Navajo - Churro sheep Navajo Preparatory School Diné College Press Navajo Nation Zoological and Botanical Park Media Ádahooníłígíí Navajo Times KTNN Radio History The Emergence Dinétah Navajo pueblitos ( 1600s -- 1700s ) Navajo Wars ( 1800s ) Long Walk of the Navajo ( 1864 ) Navajo Scouts ( 1873 -- 1895 ) Livestock Reduction ( 1930s ) Code talkers ( 1940s ) Communities List of Communities Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&oldid=837898523 '' Categories : Code talkers Basque language Congressional Gold Medal recipients History of cryptography American Indian military history Native American United States military personnel Navajo language Pacific theatre of World War II United States Marine Corps in World War II World War II espionage Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles containing Navajo - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Slovenščina 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 18 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Brexit - wikipedia Brexit Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series of articles on the United Kingdom in the European Union Accession 1973 EC enlargement 1975 Referendum Act 1975 EC membership referendum 1972 EC Act UK rebate 2011 EU Act Membership Brand EU EU Four The Euro European Movement UK Nationality law UK Euroscepticism Maastricht Rebels Black Wednesday Officials and bodies EU Committee European Scrutiny Committee Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels EU Representative in London Young European Movement UK UK European Commissioners Permanent EU Representatives Legislation 1972 EC Act 1986 EC ( Amendment ) Act 1993 EC ( Amendment ) Act 1998 EC ( Amendment ) Act 2002 EC ( Amendment ) Act 2008 EU ( Amendment ) Act 2011 EU Act European Parliament Elections 1979 1984 1999 2009 2014 1973 delegation 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Withdrawal 2004 -- 05 EU Bill 2013 -- 14 EU ( Referendum ) Bill 2015 -- 16 EU membership renegotiation 2015 EU Referendum Act 2016 EU ( Referendum ) Act ( Gibraltar ) 2016 EU membership referendum Causes Endorsements Issues Opinion polling Campaigns Organisations advocating and campaigning for a referendum People 's Pledge Labour for a Referendum Leave Vote Leave ( official lead group ) Business for Britain Conservatives for Britain Students for Britain Labour Leave Leave.",
"1": "EU Bpoplive ( cancelled ) Grassroots Out Get Britain Out The Freedom Association Better Off Out Other anti-EU advocacy organisations Bruges Group Campaign for an Independent Britain Remain Britain Stronger in Europe ( official lead group ) Labour In for Britain European Movement UK Other pro-EU advocacy organisations Britain in Europe British Influence Business for New Europe New Europeans Nucleus People 's Vote Pejorative term for pro-EU advocacy Project Fear Media coverage Brexit : The Movie In or Out Aftermath Results International reactions Terms of Withdrawal from EU ( Referendum ) Bill 2016 - 17 2016 Conservative Party election 2016 Labour Party election 2017 Liberal Democrats Party election Proposed second Scottish independence referendum The New European European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill Gibraltar 2017 General Election UK 's relations with EU after 2019 Triggering of Article 50 & Negotiations R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union ' EU ( Notification of Withdrawal ) Act 2017 UK invocation of Article 50 Brexit negotiations Department for Exiting the EU ( Brexit Department ) Secretary of State ( Brexit Secretary ) Department for International Trade Secretary of State ( International Trade Secretary ) Post-referendum organisations Change Britain More United Open Britain Campaigning for second referendum People 's Vote Britain for Europe European Movement UK For our Future 's Sake Healthier IN InFacts Open Britain Our Future Our Choice Scientists for EU Wales for Europe See also United Ireland Part of a series on the History of the United Kingdom Timeline ( show ) Georgian period Napoleonic Wars Regency period Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Post-war period ( political history ) Brexit Post-war period ( social history ) Topics ( show ) History of women Military history United Kingdom portal Brexit ( / ˈbrɛksɪt , ˈbrɛɡzɪt / ) is the prospective withdrawal of the United Kingdom ( UK ) from the European Union ( EU ) .",
"2": "In a referendum on 23 June 2016 , 51.9 % of the participating UK electorate voted to leave the EU , out of a turnout of 72.2 % . On 29 March 2017 , the UK government invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on the European Union . The UK is thus due to leave the EU at midnight on 30 March 2019 Central European Time ( 11 pm on 29 March 2019 GMT ) . Prime Minister Theresa May announced that the UK would not seek permanent membership of the single market or the customs union after leaving the EU and promised to repeal the European Communities Act of 1972 and incorporate existing European Union law into UK domestic law . A new government department , the Department for Exiting the European Union ( DExEU ) , was created in July 2016 , with Eurosceptic David Davis appointed its first Secretary of State . Negotiations with the EU officially started in June 2017 . The UK joined the European Communities ( EC ) in 1973 , with membership confirmed by a referendum in 1975 . In the 1970s and 1980s , withdrawal from the EC was advocated mainly by Labour Party members and trade union figures . From the 1990s , the main advocates of withdrawal were the newly founded UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) and an increasing number of Eurosceptic Conservative Party members . There is strong agreement among economists and a broad consensus in existing economic research that Brexit is likely to reduce UK 's real per - capita income in the medium and long - term . Studies on effects that have already materialised since the referendum show annual losses of £ 404 for the average British household and a loss of 1.3 % of UK GDP . Brexit is likely to reduce immigration from European Economic Area ( EEA ) countries to the UK , and poses challenges for UK higher education and academic research . The size of the `` divorce bill '' , Britain 's international agreements , relations with the Republic of Ireland , and the borders with France and between Gibraltar and Spain are uncertain . The precise impact on the UK depends on whether it is a `` hard '' Brexit or a `` soft '' Brexit .",
"3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Background 2.1 Referendum Party and UKIP 2.2 Opinion polls 1977 -- 2015 3 Referendum of 2016 3.1 Negotiations for EU reform 3.2 Campaign groups 3.3 Referendum result 3.4 Political effects 3.5 Explanations for the referendum outcome 4 Procedure for leaving the EU 4.1 Reversibility 4.2 Date of Brexit 5 Negotiations 5.1 Timing 5.2 History 6 Post-Article 50 British legislation 6.1 European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill 6.2 Additional government bills 6.2. 1 Euratom 6.3 Voting on the final outcome 7 Impact on the United Kingdom 7.1 Immigration 7.1. 1 Long term 7.1. 2 Immediate effects 7.2 Economic effects 7.2. 1 Long - term economic analyses 7.2. 2 Short - term economic analyses 7.2.",
"4": "3 Loss of agencies 7.3 Higher education and academic research 7.4 Scotland 7.5 International agreements 7.6 Options for continuing relationship with the EU 7.7 Border with Republic of Ireland 7.8 Border with France 7.9 Gibraltar and Spain 7.10 Relations with CANZUK countries 8 Consequences of withdrawal for the EU 8.1 Structure and budget 8.2 Council of the European Union 8.3 European Parliament 8.4 Legal system 8.5 Fishing 8.6 World Trade Organisation 9 Public opinion and comment 9.1 Public comment up to February 2017 UK white paper 9.2 Public comment pre - and post-Article 50 notification 9.3 Post-referendum opinion polling 9.4 US position 10 Cultural responses to the referendum vote 10.1 Brexit in the visual arts 10.2 Brexit in novels 10.3 Brexit in theatre 11 Establishment of Pro-European political organisations 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links 15.1 Relating to court cases Terminology Brexit Brexit ( like its early variant , Brixit ) is a portmanteau of `` British '' and `` exit '' . It was derived by analogy from Grexit , referring to a hypothetical withdrawal of Greece from the eurozone ( and possibly also the EU ) . The term Brexit may have first been used in reference to a possible UK withdrawal from the EU by Peter Wilding , in a Euractiv blog post on 15 May 2012 ( given as the first attestation in the Oxford English Dictionary ) . Hard and soft Brexit The terms `` hard Brexit '' and `` soft Brexit '' are much used unofficially in terms of the process , but commonly by news media , and are understood to describe the prospective relationship between the UK and the EU after withdrawal , ranging from hard , that could involve the UK trading with the EU like any other non-EU - member country under World Trade Organization rules but with no obligation to accept free movement of people , to soft , that might involve retaining membership of the EU single market for goods and services and at least some free movement of people , according to European Economic Area rules .",
"5": "Divorce bill It is expected that the UK will make a contribution toward financial commitments that were approved while the UK was still a member of the EU but are still outstanding . In the first phase of negotiations the total amount was referred to as the single financial settlement , or just the settlement . Especially in the media , this has been called an exit bill or divorce bill , while the EU talk of settling the accounts . Brexiteer Those supporting Brexit are sometimes referred to as `` Brexiteers '' . Background Main articles : History of European Union -- United Kingdom relations and Foreign relations of the United Kingdom In 1951 the `` Inner Six '' European countries signed the Treaty of Paris establishing the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) , followed shortly by the 1957 Treaties of Rome establishing the European Economic Community ( EEC ) and the European Atomic Energy Community ( Euratom ) . In 1967 these became known as the European Communities ( EC ) . The UK applied to join in 1963 and 1967 , but was vetoed by the French President , Charles de Gaulle . After de Gaulle relinquished the French presidency the UK successfully applied for membership and the Conservative prime minister Edward Heath signed the Treaty of Accession in 1972 , Parliament passed the European Communities Act later in the year and the UK became a member of the EC on 1 January 1973 with Denmark and Ireland . The opposition Labour Party contested the October 1974 general election with a commitment to renegotiate Britain 's terms of membership of the EC and then hold a referendum on whether to remain in the EC on the new terms . After Labour won the election the United Kingdom held its first national referendum on whether the UK should remain in the European Communities in 1975 . Despite significant division within the ruling Labour Party all major political parties and the mainstream press supported continuing membership of the EC . On 5 June 1975 , 67.2 % of the electorate and all but two UK counties and regions voted to stay in and support for the UK to leave the EC in 1975 appears unrelated to the support for Leave in the 2016 referendum .",
"6": "Comparison of results of 1975 and 2016 referendums The Labour Party campaigned in the 1983 general election on a commitment to withdraw from the EC without a referendum although after a heavy defeat Labour changed its policy . In 1985 the Thatcher government ratified the Single European Act -- the first major revision to the Treaty of Rome -- without a referendum . In October 1990 , under pressure from senior ministers and despite Margaret Thatcher 's deep reservations , the United Kingdom joined the European Exchange Rate Mechanism ( ERM ) , with the pound sterling pegged to the deutschmark . Thatcher resigned as Prime Minister the following month , amid Conservative Party divisions arising partly from her increasingly Eurosceptic views . The United Kingdom and Italy were forced to withdraw from the ERM in September 1992 , after the pound sterling and the lira came under pressure ( `` Black Wednesday '' ) . Under the Maastricht Treaty , the European Communities became the European Union on 1 November 1993 , reflecting the evolution of the organisation from an economic union into a political union . Referendum Party and UKIP In 1994 Sir James Goldsmith formed the Referendum Party to contest the 1997 general election on a platform of providing a referendum on the nature of the United Kingdom 's relationship with the EU . It fielded candidates in 547 constituencies at that election , and won 810,860 votes or 2.6 % of the total votes cast , although it failed to win a single parliamentary seat due to its vote being spread across the country . The Referendum Party disbanded after Goldsmith 's death in 1997 . The UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) , a Eurosceptic political party , was also formed in 1993 . It achieved third place in the UK during the 2004 European elections , second place in the 2009 European elections and first place in the 2014 European elections , with 27.5 % of the total vote . This was the first time since the 1910 general election that any party other than the Labour or Conservative parties had taken the largest share of the vote in a nationwide election . UKIP 's electoral success in the 2014 European election has been documented as the strongest correlate of the support for the leave campaign in the 2016 referendum .",
"7": "In 2014 UKIP won two by - elections , triggered by defecting Conservative MPs , and in the 2015 general election took 12.6 % of the total vote and held one of the two seats won in 2014 . Opinion polls 1977 -- 2015 Since 1977 both pro - and anti-EU views have had majority support at different times . In the European Communities membership referendum of 1975 , two - thirds of British voters favoured continued EC membership . In a statistical analysis published in April 2016 , Professor John Curtice of Strathclyde University defined Euroscepticism as the wish to sever or reduce the powers of the EU , and conversely Europhilia as the desire to preserve or increase the powers of the EU . According to this definition , the British Social Attitudes ( BSA ) surveys show an increase in euroscepticism from 38 % ( 1993 ) to 65 % ( 2015 ) . Euroscepticism should however not be confused with the wish to leave the EU : the BSA survey for the period July -- November 2015 shows that 60 % backed the option `` continue as an EU member '' , and only 30 % backed the option to `` withdraw '' . Referendum of 2016 Main article : United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 Negotiations for EU reform Main article : United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership , 2015 -- 16 In 2012 Prime Minister David Cameron rejected calls for a referendum on the UK 's EU membership , but suggested the possibility of a future referendum to gauge public support . According to the BBC , `` The prime minister acknowledged the need to ensure the UK 's position within the European Union had ' the full - hearted support of the British people ' but they needed to show ' tactical and strategic patience ' . '' Under pressure from many of his MPs and from the rise of UKIP , in January 2013 , Cameron announced that a Conservative government would hold an in -- out referendum on EU membership before the end of 2017 , on a renegotiated package , if elected in 2015 . The Conservative Party unexpectedly won the 2015 general election with a majority . Soon afterwards the European Union Referendum Act 2015 was introduced into Parliament to enable the referendum .",
"8": "Cameron favoured remaining in a reformed European Union , and sought to renegotiate on four key points : protection of the single market for non-eurozone countries , reduction of `` red tape '' , exempting Britain from `` ever - closer union '' , and restricting EU immigration . In December 2015 opinion polls showed a clear majority in favour of remaining in the EU , although support would drop if David Cameron did not negotiate adequate safeguards for non-eurozone member states and restriction on benefits for EU citizens . The outcome of the renegotiations was announced in February 2016 . Some limits to in - work benefits for new EU immigrants were agreed , but before they could be applied , a country such as the UK would have to get permission from the European Commission and then from the European Council . In a speech to the House of Commons on 22 February 2016 , Cameron announced a referendum date of 23 June 2016 , and commented on the renegotiation settlement . He spoke of an intention to trigger the Article 50 process immediately following a leave vote , and of the `` two - year time period to negotiate the arrangements for exit . '' Campaign groups Main article : Campaigning in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 The official campaign group for leaving the EU was Vote Leave after a contest for the designation with Leave.EU . A `` Vote Leave '' poster in Omagh , Northern Ireland , saying `` We send the EU £ 50 million every day . Let 's spend it on our NHS instead . '' The official campaign to stay in the EU , chaired by Stuart Rose , was known as Britain Stronger in Europe , or informally as Remain . Other campaigns supporting remaining in the EU included Conservatives In , Labour in for Britain , # INtogether ( Liberal Democrats ) , Greens for a Better Europe , Scientists for EU , Environmentalists For Europe , Universities for Europe and Another Europe is Possible . Referendum result Main article : Results of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 The result was announced on the morning of 24 June : 51.9 % voted in favour of leaving the European Union , and 48.1 % voted in favour of remaining a member of the European Union . Comprehensive results are available from the UK Electoral Commission Referendum Results site .",
"9": "A petition calling for a second referendum attracted more than four million signatures , but was rejected by the government on 9 July . United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 National result Choice Votes % Leave the European Union 17,410,742 51.89 % Remain a member of the European Union 16,141,241 48.11 % Valid votes 33,551,983 99.92 % Invalid or blank votes 25,359 0.08 % Total votes 33,577,342 100.00 % Registered voters and turnout 46,500,001 72.21 % Voting age population and turnout 51,356,768 65.38 % Source : Electoral Commission National referendum results ( without spoiled ballots ) Leave : 17,410,742 ( 51.9 % ) Remain : 16,141,241 ( 48.1 % ) ▲ Results by region ( left ) and by council district ( GB ) & UK Parliament constituency ( NI ) ( right ) Leave Remain Political effects Main article : Aftermath of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 After the result was declared , Cameron announced that he would resign by October . He stood down on 13 July 2016 , with Theresa May becoming Prime Minister after a leadership contest . George Osborne was replaced as Chancellor of the Exchequer by Philip Hammond , former Mayor of London Boris Johnson was appointed Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs , and David Davis became Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union . Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn lost a vote of confidence among his parliamentary party , and an unsuccessful leadership challenge was launched . On 4 July Nigel Farage announced his resignation as leader of UKIP . Outside the UK many Eurosceptic leaders celebrated the result and expected others to follow the UK 's example . The right - wing Dutch populist Geert Wilders said that the Netherlands should follow Britain 's example and hold a referendum on whether the Netherlands should stay in the European Union . However , opinion polls in the fortnight following the British referendum show that the immediate reaction in the Netherlands and other European countries was a decline in support for Eurosceptic movements .",
"10": "Multiple allegations of cyberwarfare and Russian interference in the Brexit referendum , as well as unlawful donations by Saudi Arabia , have been made since the vote . Explanations for the referendum outcome According to London School of Economics economist Thomas Sampson , `` Older and less - educated voters were more likely to vote `` leave . '' ... A majority of white voters wanted to leave , but only 33 percent of Asian voters and 27 percent of black voters chose leave . There was no gender split in the vote , with 52 percent of both men and women voting to leave . Interestingly , although Brexit has never received much backing from liberal or left - wing political leaders , leaving the European Union received support from across the political spectrum ... Voting to leave the European Union was strongly associated with holding socially conservative political beliefs , opposing cosmopolitanism , and thinking life in Britain is getting worse rather than better . '' Econometric studies show `` first , education and , to a lesser extent , age were the strongest demographic predictors of voting behavior ... Second , poor economic outcomes at the individual or area level were associated with voting to leave ... Third , support for leaving the European Union is strongly associated with self - reported opposition to immigration , but not with exposure to immigration . '' There are allegations that Vote Leave broke electoral law and that the breach influenced the result . Kyle Taylor of Fair Vote Project ( which aims to rerun the referendum ) stated , `` let 's take back control of our democracy The issue is too big to have half the country or more than half the country , wonder ' was that actually the result ? Is this the future the country wants ? ' That 's first and foremost , let 's be certain , everybody play by the rules . '' Taylor maintains further , `` on the basis of fairness , it has to be the same vote posed in the same way '' . Procedure for leaving the EU Main article : United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union Withdrawal from the European Union is governed by Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union . Under the Article 50 invocation procedure , a member notifies the European Council and there is a negotiation period of up to two years , after which the treaties cease to apply . Although terms of leaving may be agreed , aspects such as trade may be difficult to negotiate until the UK has left the EU .",
"11": "Although the 2015 Referendum Act did not expressly require Article 50 to be invoked , the UK government stated that it would expect a leave vote to be followed by withdrawal despite government refusal to make contingency plans . Following the referendum result , Cameron resigned and said that it would be for the incoming Prime Minister to invoke Article 50 . Letter from Theresa May invoking Article 50 The Supreme Court ruled in the Miller case in January 2017 that the government needed parliamentary approval to trigger Article 50 . After the House of Commons overwhelmingly voted , on 1 February 2017 , for the government 's bill authorising the prime minister to invoke Article 50 , the bill passed into law as the European Union ( Notification of Withdrawal ) Act 2017 . Theresa May signed the letter invoking Article 50 on 28 March 2017 , which was delivered on 29 March by Tim Barrow , the UK 's ambassador to the EU , to European Council President Donald Tusk . Reversibility Main article : United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union § Reversibility It has been argued that the Article 50 withdrawal process may be halted unilaterally by the British government , with which opinion the author of Article 50 itself , Lord Kerr , has expressed agreement , but the EU Commission disputes this . The European Parliament 's Brexit committee has noted that unilateral revocation , regardless of its legality , poses a substantial moral hazard , with EU member states potentially able to abuse it to blackmail the Union . Date of Brexit Both parties to the withdrawal negotiation are bound by Article 50 ( 3 ) , which states explicitly that the EU treaties will cease to apply `` from the date of entry into force of the withdrawal agreement or , failing that , two years after '' the withdrawal notification unless the EU Council and UK agree to extend the two - year period . On the EU side , the EU 's Directives for the negotiation of an agreement notes that `` The Agreement should set a withdrawal date which is at the latest 30 March 2019 at 00 : 00 ( Brussels time ) , '' -- i.e. Central European Time -- `` unless the European Council , in agreement with the United Kingdom , unanimously decides to extend this period in accordance with Article 50 ( 3 ) of the Treaty on European Union . ''",
"12": "On the British side , originally the European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill said that `` ' exit day ' means such day as a Minister of the Crown may by regulations appoint '' . If no time is specified , it is `` the beginning of that day '' . However , after being amended in Committee Stage , the bill now says `` ' exit day ' means 29 March 2019 at 11.00 p.m '' , and `` A Minister of the Crown may by regulations amend the definition of ' exit day ' `` . Negotiations Main article : Brexit negotiations Timing The British and EU negotiators agreed that initial negotiations , relating especially to residency rights , would commence in June 2017 ( immediately after the French presidential and parliamentary elections ) , and full negotiations , relating especially to trading agreements , could commence in October 2017 ( immediately after the German federal election , 2017 ) . The first day of talks was 19 June . History On 28 June 2016 , Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel , and on the following day European Council President Tusk , stated that the UK could remain in the European Single Market ( ESM ) only if the UK accepted its four freedoms of movement : for goods , capital , services , and labour . In October , Prime Minister Theresa May emphasised that ending the jurisdiction of EU law and free movement from Europe were the UK 's priorities , along with British and EU companies having maximum freedom to trade in the UK and the ESM . In November 2016 May proposed that Britain and the other EU countries mutually guarantee the residency rights of the 3.3 million EU immigrants in Britain and those of the 1.2 million British citizens living on the Continent , in order to exclude their fates being bargained during Brexit negotiations . Despite initial approval from a majority of EU states , May 's proposal was blocked by Tusk and Merkel . In January 2017 the Prime Minister presented 12 negotiating objectives and confirmed that the UK government would not seek permanent single market membership . The European Parliament 's lead negotiator Guy Verhofstadt responded that there could be no `` cherry - picking '' by the UK in the talks . The statutory period for negotiation began on 29 March 2017 , when the UK formally submitted a letter notifying withdrawal .",
"13": "The letter called for a `` deep and special relationship '' between the UK and the EU , and warned that failure to reach an agreement would result in EU - UK trade under World Trade Organisation terms , and a weakening of the UK 's co-operation in the fight against crime and terrorism . The letter suggested prioritising an early deal on the rights of EU citizens in the UK and vice-versa , and stated that the UK would not seek to remain within the ESM . Instead , the UK would seek a free trade agreement with the EU . In response , Merkel insisted that the EU would not discuss future co-operation without first settling the terms of leaving the EU ; Verhofstadt referred to the letter as `` blackmail '' with regard to the point on security and terrorism , and EU Commission president Jean - Claude Juncker said the UK 's decision to quit the block was a `` choice they will regret one day '' . On 29 April 2017 , immediately after the first round of French presidential elections , the EU27 heads of state accepted negotiating guidelines prepared by Tusk . The guidelines take the view that Article 50 permits a two - phased negotiation , in which the UK first agrees to a financial commitment and to lifelong benefits for EU citizens in Britain , and then negotiations on a future relationship can begin . In the first phase , the EU27 would demand the UK pay a `` divorce bill '' , initially estimated as amounting to £ 52bn and then , after additional financial demands from Germany , France , and Poland , to £ 92bn . A report of the European Union Committee of the House of Lords published on 4 March 2017 stated that , if there is no post-Brexit deal at the end of the negotiating period , the UK could withdraw without payment . On 22 May 2017 , the European Council authorised its negotiators to start the Brexit talks and it adopted its negotiating directives . The first day of talks took place on 19 June , where Davis and Barnier agreed to prioritise the question of residency rights , while Davis conceded that a discussion of the Northern Irish border would have to await future trade agreements .",
"14": "On 22 June 2017 , Prime Minister May guaranteed that no EU citizen living legally in the UK would be forced to leave , and offered that any EU citizen living in the UK for more than 5 years until an unspecified deadline between March 2017 and March 2019 would enjoy the same rights as a UK citizen , conditional on the EU providing the same offer to British expatriates living in the EU . The Prime Minister detailed her residency proposals on 26 June , but drew no concessions from EU negotiators , who had declined to expedite agreement on expatriates by the end of June 2017 , and who are hoping for European courts to continue to have jurisdiction in the UK with regards to EU citizens , according to their negotiation aims published in May 2017 . The second round of negotiations began in mid-July 2017 . Progress was made on the Northern Irish border question ; UK negotiators requested a detailed breakdown of the `` divorce bill '' demand ; and the EU negotiators criticised the UK 's citizenship rights offer . David Davis did not commit to a net payment by the UK to the EU with regards to the requested divorce bill , while Michel Barnier would not compromise on his demand for the European Court of Justice to have continuing jurisdiction over the rights of EU citizens living in the UK after Brexit , rejecting the compromise proposal of a new international body made up of British and EU judges . On 16 August 2017 , the UK government disclosed the first of several papers detailing British ambitions following Brexit , discussing trade and customs arrangements . On 23 August , Theresa May announced that Britain will leave the EU Court of Justice 's direct jurisdiction when the Brexit transition period that is planned after March 2019 ends , but that both the British courts and the EU Court of Justice will also keep `` half an eye '' on each other 's rulings afterwards as well . One of the UK government 's position papers published in August called for no additional restrictions for goods already on the market in the UK and EU . The third round of negotiations began on 28 August 2017 .",
"15": "There was disagreement over the financial settlement ; The Irish Times explained that British negotiators referred to the seven - year Multiannual Financial Framework ( MFF or Maff ) for the period 2014 - 2020 agreed by member states and the EU parliament as a `` planning tool '' for the next period rather than a legally - binding financial obligation on member states . The British case is that the MFF sets ceilings on spending under various headings and is later radically revised during the annual budget process when real legal obligations on each state arises . This contrasts with the EU Commission 's methodology for calculating the UK Brexit bill which involves dividing the MFF into the shares historically agreed by each member state . On the Irish border question there was a `` breakthrough '' , with the British side guaranteeing free movement of EU citizens within the Common travel area constituting Ireland and the United Kingdom . On 5 September 2017 , Davis said that `` concrete progress '' had been made over the summer in areas such as protecting the rights of British expats in the EU to access healthcare and over the future of the Irish border , while significant differences over the `` divorce bill '' remained . On 9 September , the EU Commission published several negotiating papers , including one in which the EU concedes / declares that it is the responsibility of the UK to propose solutions for the post-Brexit Irish border . The paper envisages that a `` unique '' solution would be permissible here ; in other words , any such exceptional Irish solution would not necessarily be a template for post-Brexit relationships with the other EU members . On 22 September 2017 , May announced further details of her Brexit proposal . In addition to offering 20 billion euros over a two - year transition period and continued acceptance of European immigrants , she also offered a `` bold new security relationship '' with the EU which would be `` unprecedented in its depth '' and to continue to make `` an ongoing contribution '' to projects considered greatly to the EU and UK 's advantage , such as science and security projects . She also confirmed that the UK would not `` stand in the way '' of Juncker 's proposals for further EU integration . Barnier welcomed May 's proposal as `` constructive , '' but that it also `` must be translated into negotiating positions to make meaningful progress '' .",
"16": "Similarly , President of France Emmanuel Macron was adamant that the EU would not begin negotiations on future EU - UK relationships until `` the regulation of European citizens , the financial terms of the exit , and the questions of Ireland '' were `` clarified '' by the UK . The fourth round of talks began on 25 September , with Barnier declaring he had no mandate from the EU27 to discuss a transition deal suggested by Prime Minister May . Davis reiterated that the UK could honour commitments made during its EU membership only in the context of a future `` special partnership '' deal with the EU . At the European Council meeting of 19 / 20 October 2017 , the 27 leaders of the EU states were to decide whether or not to start trade negotiations with the UK . However , Davis has conceded that so soon after the German elections on 24 September , a German coalition government may not be in place in time for making this decision in October , delaying any European Council decision until their December meeting . EU negotiators have stated that an agreement must be reached between Britain and the EU by October 2018 in order to leave time for national parliaments to endorse Brexit . On 9 October 2017 , May announced to the British Parliament that Britain could operate as an `` independent trading nation '' after Brexit if no trade deal is reached with the EU . In December 2017 , EU leaders announced an agreement to begin the next phase of negotiations , with talks on a transition period after March 2019 to begin in early 2018 and discussions on the future UK - EU relationship , including trade and security , to begin in March . Post-article 50 British legislation European Union ( withdrawal ) bill Main article : European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill In October 2016 , Theresa May promised a `` Great Repeal Bill '' , which would repeal the European Communities Act 1972 and restate in UK law all enactments previously in force under EU law . Subsequently renamed the European Union ( Withdrawal ) bill , it was introduced to the House of Commons on 13 July 2017 . The bill will not come into force until the date of exit , and aims to smooth the transition by ensuring that all laws remain in force until specifically repealed . The bill has raised constitutional issues regarding the devolution settlements with the UK nations , particularly in Scotland .",
"17": "On 12 September , the bill passed its first vote and second reading by a margin of 326 votes to 290 votes in the House of Commons . Additional government bills A report published in March 2017 by the Institute for Government commented that , in addition to the European Union ( Withdrawal ) bill , primary and secondary legislation will be needed to cover the gaps in policy areas such as customs , immigration and agriculture . The report also commented that the role of the devolved legislatures was unclear , and could cause problems , and as many as fifteen new additional Brexit Bills may be required , which would involve strict prioritisation and limiting Parliamentary time for in - depth examination of new legislation . In 2016 and 2017 , the House of Lords published a series of reports on Brexit - related subjects , including : Brexit : the options for trade Brexit : UK - Irish relations Brexit : future UK - EU security and police cooperation Brexit : fisheries Brexit : environment and climate change Brexit : the Crown Dependencies Brexit : justice for families , individuals and businesses ? Brexit : trade in non - financial services Euratom The Nuclear Safeguards Bill 2017 -- 19 , relating to withdrawal from Euratom , was presented to Parliament in October 2017 and began its Report Stage in January 2018 . Voting on the final outcome Replying to questions at a parliamentary committee about Parliament 's involvement in voting on the outcome of the negotiations with the EU , the Prime Minister said that `` delivering on the vote of the British people to leave the European Union '' was her priority . The shadow Brexit secretary , Keir Starmer , commented that the government did not want a vote at the beginning of the process , to trigger Article 50 , nor a vote at the end . Impact on the United Kingdom The Department for Exiting the European Union ( DExEU ) produced reports on the economic impact on 58 industries of Britain leaving the EU . The Labour Party made a freedom of information request for details about the reports , but DExEU said that publishing the information would undermine policy formulation , and that it needed to carry out policymaking in a `` safe space '' . Labour then proposed a motion of a rarely - used type known as a `` humble address '' in the Commons on 1 November 2017 , calling for the papers to be released ; the motion was passed unanimously .",
"18": "The leader of the house , Andrea Leadsom , said that there could be some delay while ministers decided how to release the information without prejudicing Brexit negotiations . Immigration Long term Immigration was cited as the second-most important reason for those voting to Leave . KPMG , based on a survey of 2,000 EU workers in UK , estimates that about a million EU citizens working in the UK , see their future in Britain as over or hanging in the balance . A 2017 paper by King 's College London economists Giuseppe Forte and Jonathan Portes found that `` while future migration flows will be driven by a number of factors , macroeconomic and otherwise , Brexit and the end of free movement will result in a large fall in immigration from EEA countries to the UK . '' According to a 2016 study by Portes , `` The spectrum of options for UK immigration policy postBrexit remains wide ... However , almost any plausible outcome will result in an increase in regulatory burdens on business ; a reduction in the flows of both unskilled and skilled workers ; and an increase in illegal working . The key question for policymakers will be how to minimise these negative impacts while at the same time addressing domestic political demands for increased control without antagonising our EU partners to the point of prejudicing other key aspects of the negotiations . This will not be an easy task . '' Will Somerville of the Migration Policy Institute wrote that `` Future migration levels are impossible to predict in the absence of policy and economic certainty '' , but estimated immediately after the referendum that the UK `` would continue to receive 500,000 or more immigrants ( from EU and non-EU countries taken together ) per year , with annual net migration around 200,000 '' . The decline in EEA immigration is likely to have an adverse impact on the British health sector . According to the New York Times , Brexit `` seems certain '' to make it harder and costlier for the N.H.S. , which already suffers from chronic understaffing , to recruit nurses , midwives and doctors from the rest of Europe . Immediate effects Official figures in March 2017 indicated that EU immigration to the UK continued to exceed emigration , but the difference between immigration and emigration ( `` net migration '' ) had fallen to its lowest for three years .",
"19": "The number of EU nurses registering with the NHS fell from 1,304 in July 2016 to 46 in April 2017 . Economic effects Main article : Economic effects of Brexit Long - term economic analyses There is overwhelming or near - unanimous agreement among economists that leaving the European Union will adversely affect the British economy in the medium - and long - term . Surveys of economists in 2016 showed overwhelming agreement that Brexit would likely reduce the UK 's real per - capita income level . A 2017 survey of the existing academic literature found `` the research literature displays a broad consensus that in the long run Brexit will make the United Kingdom poorer because it will create new barriers to trade , foreign direct investment , and immigration . However , there is substantial uncertainty over how large the effect will be , with plausible estimates of the cost ranging between 1 and 10 percent of the UK 's income per capita . '' These estimates differ depending on whether the UK stays in the European Single Market ( for instance , by joining the EEA ) , makes a free trade agreement with the EU , or reverts to the trade rules that govern relations between all World Trade Organization members . In January 2018 , the UK government 's own Brexit analysis was leaked ; it showed that UK economic growth would be stunted by 2 % - 8 % for at least 15 years following secession from the EU , depending on the leave scenario . Most economists , including the UK Treasury , argue that being in the EU has a strong positive effect on trade and as a result the UK 's trade would be worse off if it left the EU . According to a group of University of Cambridge economists , under a `` hard Brexit '' whereby the UK reverts to WTO rules , one - third of UK exports to the EU would be tariff - free , one - quarter would face high trade barriers and other exports risk tariffs in the range of 1 - 10 % . A 2017 study based on data from 2010 found that `` almost all UK regions are systematically more vulnerable to Brexit than regions in any other country . Due to their longstanding trade integration with the UK , Irish regions have levels of Brexit exposure , which are similar to those of the UK regions with the lowest levels of exposure , namely London and northern parts of Scotland .",
"20": "Meanwhile , the other most risk - exposed EU regions are all in southern Germany , with levels of risk which are typically half that of any UK or Irish region , and one third of that displayed by many UK regions . There is also a very noticeable economic geography logic to the levels of exposure with north - western European regions typically being the most exposed to Brexit , while regions in southern and eastern Europe are barely affected at all by Brexit , at least in terms of the trade linkages ... Overall , the UK is far more exposed to Brexit risks than the rest of the EU . '' After the referendum , the Institute for Fiscal Studies published a report funded by the Economic and Social Research Council which warned that Britain would lose up to £ 70 billion in reduced economic growth if it did not retain Single Market membership , with new trade deals unable to make up the difference . One of these areas is financial services , which are helped by EU - wide `` passporting '' for financial products , which an Oliver Wyman report for a pro-EU lobby group estimated indirectly accounted for up to 71,000 jobs and £ 10 billion of tax annually , and some banks announced plans to relocate some of their operations outside the UK . According to a 2016 article by John Armour , Professor of Law and Finance at Oxford University , `` a ' soft ' Brexit , whereby the UK leaves the EU but remains in the single market , would be a lower - risk option for the City than other Brexit options , because it would enable financial services firms to continue to rely on regulatory passporting rights . '' A 2017 study found , on the basis of `` plausible , empirically based estimates of the likely impacts on growth and wages using relationships from the existing empirical literature '' , that `` Brexit - induced reductions in migration are likely to have a significant negative impact on UK GDP per capita ( and GDP ) , with marginal positive impacts on wages in the low - skill service sector . '' It is unclear how changes in trade and foreign investment will interact with immigration , but these changes are likely to be important . Former Governor of the Bank of England Mervyn King commented that warnings of economic doom regarding leaving the EU were overstated and that the UK should leave the single market and probably the customs union in order to gain more opportunities , which would lead to improved British economic performance .",
"21": "Short - term economic analyses Research on the effects that have already materialised in the United Kingdom since the referendum results show that the referendum result pushed up UK inflation by 1.7 percentage points , leading to an annual cost of £ 404 for the average British household . Another study on the effects that have already materialised found `` contrary to public perception , by the third quarter of 2017 the economic costs of the Brexit vote are already 1.3 % of GDP . The cumulative costs amount to almost 20 billion pounds and are expected to grow to more than 60 billion pounds by end - 2018 . '' According to a Financial Times analysis , the Brexit referendum results had by December 2017 reduced national British income by between 0.6 % and 1.3 % , which amounts to almost £ 350 million a week . University of California , Berkeley , economist Barry Eichengreen noted in August 2017 that some of the adverse effects of uncertainty brought about by the Brexit referendum were being made apparent , as British consumer confidence was down and spending had declined to its lowest level in four years . In November 2017 , it was reported that European banks had reduced their UK - related assets by € 350bn in the 12 months after Brexit vote , and that the trend was expected to increase ahead of the March 2019 Brexit deadline . Short - term macroeconomic forecasts by the Bank of England and other banks of what would happen immediately after the Brexit referendum proved to be too pessimistic . The assessments assumed that the referendum results would create greater uncertainty on financial markets and in business and reduce consumer confidence more than it did . According to Oxford University economist Simon Wren - Lewis , `` short term unconditional macroeconomic forecasts are extremely unreliable '' and they are something that academic economists do not do , unlike banks . Wren - Lewis notes that long - term projections of the impact of Brexit , on the other hand , have a strong empirical foundation . University of California , Berkeley , economist Barry Eichengreen wrote that economists `` have had little success at reliably predicting when and why uncertainty arises '' and that it is unclear how severe the impact of uncertainty actually is .",
"22": "King 's College London economist Jonathan Portes said that `` short - term economic forecasting is very unreliable '' , and compared short - term economic forecasts to weather forecasts and the long - term economic forecasts to climate forecasts : the methodologies used in long - term forecasts are `` well - established and robust '' . Other economists note that central bank forecasts are not intended for pinpoint accuracy . London School of Economics economist Thomas Sampson notes that it is harder to assess the short - term impact that the transition process to Brexit will have , but that long - term assessments of the post-Brexit period are more reliable . According to the Financial Times , economists are in agreement that the short - term effects are uncertain . On 5 January 2017 Andy Haldane , the Chief Economist and the Executive Director of Monetary Analysis and Statistics at the Bank of England , said that the BoE 's own forecast predicting an immediate economic downturn due to the referendum result was inaccurate and noted strong market performance immediately after the referendum , although some have pointed to prices rising faster than wages . Haldane said that the field of economics was `` to some degree in crisis '' because of its failure to predict the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 , and added that the Brexit economic forecast was only inaccurate in its near - term assessment , and that over time , the Bank still expected that Brexit would harm economic growth . Imperial College London economist David Miles responded to Haldane , saying that there was no crisis in economics , and that economists did not purport to be able to forecast with full certainty or predict the precise timing of events . Miles said that it was widely acknowledged among economists that short - term forecasts , such as the BoE 's , are unreliable . Loss of agencies Brexit requires relocating the offices and staff of the European Medicines Agency and European Banking Authority , currently based in London . The agencies together employ more than 1,000 people and will respectively relocate to Amsterdam and Paris . The EU is also considering restricting the clearing of euro - denominated trades to eurozone jurisdictions , which would end London 's dominance in this sector .",
"23": "Higher education and academic research Main article : Brexit and arrangements for science and technology According to a 2016 study by Ken Mayhew , Emeritus Professor of Education and Economic Performance at Oxford University , Brexit poses the following threats to higher education : `` loss of research funding from EU sources ; loss of students from other EU countries ; the impact on the ability of the sector to hire academic staff from EU countries ; and the impact on the ability of UK students to study abroad . '' The UK received more from the EU for research than it contributed with universities getting just over 10 % of their research income from the EU . All funding for net beneficiaries from the EU , including universities , was guaranteed by the government in August 2016 . Before the funding announcement , a newspaper investigation reported that some research projects were reluctant to include British researchers due to uncertainties over funding . Currently the UK is part of the European Research Area and the UK is likely to wish to remain an associated member . Scotland As suggested by the Scottish Government before the referendum , the First Minister of Scotland announced that officials were planning an independence referendum due to the result of Scotland voting to remain in the European Union when England and Wales voted to leave . In March 2017 , the SNP leader and First Minister Nicola Sturgeon requested a second Scottish independence referendum in 2018 or 2019 ( before Britain 's formal exit from the EU ) . The UK Prime Minister immediately rejected the requested timing , but not the referendum itself . The referendum was approved by the Scottish Parliament on 28 March 2017 . Sturgeon called for a `` phased return '' of an independent Scotland back to the EU . After the referendum , First Minister Sturgeon suggested that Scotland might refuse consent for legislation required to leave the EU , though some lawyers argue that Scotland can not block Brexit . On 21 March 2018 , the Scottish Parliament passed the Scottish Continuity Bill . This was passed due to stalling negotiations between the Scottish Government and the British Government on where powers within devolved policy areas should lie after exit day from the European Union . This Act allows for all devolved policy areas to remain within the remit of the Scottish Parliament and reduces the executive power upon exit day that the UK Withdrawal Bill provides for Ministers of the Crown . The Bill will gain Royal Assent on 28 April 2018 .",
"24": "International agreements The Financial Times said that there were approximately 759 international agreements , spanning 168 non-EU countries , that the UK would no longer be a party to upon leaving the EU . This figure does not include World Trade Organisation or United Nations opt - in accords , and excludes `` narrow agreements '' , which may also have to be renegotiated . Options for continuing relationship with the EU Main article : Continuing UK relationship with the EU The UK 's post-Brexit relationship with the remaining EU members could take several forms . A research paper presented to the UK Parliament in July 2013 proposed a number of alternatives to membership which would continue to allow access to the EU internal market . These include remaining in the European Economic Area , negotiating deep bilateral agreements on the Swiss model , or exit from the EU without EEA membership or a trade agreement under the WTO Option . There may be an interim deal between the time the UK leaves the EU and when the final relationship comes in force . Border with Republic of Ireland Further information : Republic of Ireland -- United Kingdom border The UK / Republic of Ireland border crosses this road at Killeen ( near Newry ) , marked only by a speed limit in kph . ( Northern Ireland uses mph ) . Photo © Oliver Dixon ( cc - by - sa / 2.0 ) There is still great uncertainty about Brexit 's impact on the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland , in particular the impact it may have on the economy and people of the island were a `` hard border '' to be put in place . At present ( November 2017 ) , both the UK and the Republic of Ireland are members of the EU , and therefore both are in the Customs Union and the Single Market . There is freedom of movement for all EU nationals within the Common Travel Area and there are no customs or fixed immigration controls at the border . Since the 1998 Good Friday Agreement ( an international treaty between the UK and Ireland as well as an agreement within Northern Ireland ) , the border has been essentially invisible . Following Brexit , the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland will become a land border between the EU and a non-EU state . It is therefore possible that the border will return to being a `` hard '' one , with fewer , controlled , crossing posts and a customs infrastructure .",
"25": "This would be a return to the position before both states joined the EU with the additional point that , unless the Free Travel Area is maintained , passport checks may also be required . This outcome , or one like it , is referred to as a `` Hard Border '' and both the EU and the UK have agreed this would be a poor outcome to be avoided if possible . Creating a border control system between Ireland and Northern Ireland could jeopardise the Good Friday Agreement . When in 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , the border between the Free State and Northern Ireland , which chose to remain in the UK , became an international frontier . This event became commonly known as the `` partition of Ireland '' . Trade in goods and services across this frontier became subject to differing tax and tariff arrangements . Consequently , an infrastructure of Customs posts was put in place at designated crossing areas . All traffic was subject to inspection by the jurisdiction it was passing in to . This could entail full vehicle searches with consequent delay and inconvenience . However passport checks were not applied . The Republic of Ireland , Northern Ireland and the rest of the United Kingdom were part of the Common Travel Area . This allowed travel between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland . and between the islands of Ireland and Great Britain , without passport controls . The Isle of Man and the Channel Isles are also part of the area . This arrangement came into existence in 1922 with the establishment of the Irish Free State and so predated the freedom of travel provisions consequent on membership of the EU , which to some degree superseded it . In 2011 , the British and Irish Governments agreed informally to continue their common controls on entry to the CTA ( for non-EEA nationals ) . According to statements by Theresa May and Enda Kenny , it is intended to maintain this arrangement after the United Kingdom leaves the EU . After Brexit , in order to control migration by EU citizens ( other than Irish nationals ) across the open Northern Irish land border into the United Kingdom , the UK and Irish governments suggested in October 2016 an outline plan entailing British immigration controls being applied to Irish ports and airports . This would avoid passport checks being required between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland .",
"26": "However , this agreement was never finalised and was met by opposition from political parties in the Republic of Ireland , On 23 March 2017 , it was confirmed that British immigration officials would not be allowed to use Irish ports and airports in order to combat British immigration concerns following Brexit . A referendum for the reunification of Ireland was suggested by Sinn Féin leader Martin McGuinness immediately after the UK EU referendum results were announced . In April 2017 the European Council agreed that , in the event of Irish reunification , Northern Ireland would rejoin the EU . Border with France The President of the Regional Council of Hauts - de-France , Xavier Bertrand , stated in February 2016 that `` If Britain leaves Europe , right away the border will leave Calais and go to Dover . We will not continue to guard the border for Britain if it 's no longer in the European Union , '' indicating that the juxtaposed controls would end with a leave vote . French Finance Minister Emmanuel Macron also suggested the agreement would be `` threatened '' by a leave vote . These claims have been disputed , as the Le Touquet 2003 treaty enabling juxtaposed controls was not an EU treaty , and would not be legally void upon leaving . After the Brexit vote , Xavier Bertrand asked François Hollande to renegotiate the Touquet agreement , which can be terminated by either party with two years ' notice . Hollande rejected the suggestion , and said : `` Calling into question the Touquet deal on the pretext that Britain has voted for Brexit and will have to start negotiations to leave the Union does n't make sense . '' Bernard Cazeneuve , the French Interior Minister , confirmed there would be `` no changes to the accord '' . He said : `` The border at Calais is closed and will remain so . '' Gibraltar and Spain Main article : Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar Gibraltar is outside the European Union 's common customs area and common commercial policy and so has a customs border with Spain . Nevertheless , the territory remains within the European Union until Brexit is complete . During the campaign leading up to the referendum the Chief Minister of Gibraltar warned that Brexit posed a threat to Gibraltar 's safety . Gibraltar overwhelmingly voted to remain in the EU . After the result Spain 's Foreign Minister renewed calls for joint Spanish -- British control of the peninsula .",
"27": "These calls were strongly rebuffed by Gibraltar 's Chief Minister and questions were raised over the future of free - flowing traffic at the Gibraltar -- Spain border . The UK government states it will only negotiate on the sovereignty of Gibraltar with the consent of its people , but Spain , like each of the EU members , effectively has veto power over the Brexit agreement . In February 2018 , Sir Joe Bossano , Gibraltar 's Minister for Enterprise , Training , Employment and Health and Safety ( and former Chief Minister ) expressed frustration at the EU 's attitude , suggesting that Spain was being offered a veto , adding `` It 's enough to convert me from a supporter of the European Union into a Brexiteer '' . Relations with CANZUK countries Brexit has also created a resurgence in academic and political advocacy for negotiating trade and migration agreements with the `` CANZUK '' countries - those of Canada , Australia , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . This has been echoed by multiple politicians in the four countries , including Liberal Senator , James Paterson in Australia , Shadow Foreign Affairs Minister , Erin O'Toole in Canada and Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs , Boris Johnson in the United Kingdom . Organisations such as CANZUK International have also championed the movement , stating that relationships between the four countries will flourish after Brexit . However , numerous academics have criticised this alternative for EU membership as `` post-imperial nostalgia '' . Consequences of withdrawal for the EU Structure and budget Shortly after the referendum , the German parliament published an analysis on the consequences of a Brexit on the EU and specifically on the economic and political situation of Germany . According to this , Britain is , after the United States and France , the third-most important export market for German products . In total Germany exports goods and services to Britain worth about € 120 billion annually , which is about 8 % of German exports , with Germany achieving a trade surplus with Britain worth € 36.3 billion ( 2014 ) . Should there be a `` hard Brexit '' , exports would be subject to WTO customs and tariffs . The trade weighted average tariff is 2.4 % , but the tariff on automobiles , for instance , is 9.7 % , so trade in automobiles would be particularly affected ; this would also affect German automobile manufacturers with production plants in the United Kingdom .",
"28": "In total , 750,000 jobs in Germany depend upon export to Britain , while on the British side about three million jobs depend on export to the EU . The study emphasises however that the predictions on the economic effects of a Brexit are subject to significant uncertainty . According to the Lisbon Treaty ( 2009 ) , Council of the EU decisions made by qualified majority voting can only be blocked if at least four members of the Council form a blocking minority . This rule was originally developed to prevent the three most populous members ( Germany , France , Britain ) from dominating the Council of the EU . However , after a Brexit of the economically liberal British , the Germans and like - minded northern European countries ( the Irish , Dutch , Scandinavians and Baltic states ) would lose an ally and therefore also their blocking minority . Without this blocking minority , other EU states could overrule Germany and its allies in questions of EU budget discipline or the recruitment of German banks to guarantee deposits in troubled southern European banks . With Brexit , the EU would lose its second - largest economy , the country with the third - largest population and `` the financial capital of the world '' , as the German newspaper Münchner Merkur put it . Furthermore , the EU would lose its second - largest net contributor to the EU budget ( 2015 : Germany € 14.3 billion , United Kingdom € 11.5 billion , France € 5.5 billion ) . Thus , the departure of Britain would result in an additional financial burden for the remaining net contributors , unless the budget is reduced accordingly : Germany , for example , would have to pay an additional € 4.5 billion for 2019 and again for 2020 ; in addition , the UK would no longer be a shareholder in the European Investment Bank , in which only EU members can participate . Britain 's share amounts to 16 % , € 39.2 billion ( 2013 ) , which Britain would withdraw unless there is an EU treaty change . Council of the European Union The departure of the UK is expected to have a major effect on the EU . In many policy votes Britain had allied with the relatively more economically liberal Germany who together with other northern EU allies had a blocking minority of 35 % in the Council of the European Union .",
"29": "The exit of the UK from the European Union means that this blocking minority can no longer be assembled leading to speculation that it could enable the other EU countries to enforce specific proposals such as relaxing EU budget discipline or providing EU - wide deposit guarantees within the banking union . European Parliament UK MEPs are expected to retain full rights to participate in the European Parliament up to the Article 50 deadline . However , there have been discussions about excluding UK MEPs from key committee positions . The EU will need to decide on the revised apportionment of seats in the European Parliament in time for the next European Parliament election , expected to be held in June 2019 , when the United Kingdom 's 73 MEPs will have vacated their seats . In April 2017 , a group of European lawmakers discussed what should be done about the vacated seats . One plan , supported by Gianni Pittella and Emmanuel Macron , is to replace the 73 seats with a pan-European constituency list ; other options which were considered include dropping the British seats without replacement , and reassigning some or all of the existing seats from other countries to reduce inequality of representation . Legal system The UK 's exit from the European Union will leave the Republic of Ireland and Cyprus as the only two remaining common law jurisdictions in the EU . Paul Gallagher , a former Attorney General of Ireland , has suggested this will isolate those countries and deprive them of a powerful partner that shared a common interest in ensuring that EU legislation was not drafted or interpreted in a way that would be contrary to the principles of the common law . Lucinda Creighton , a former Irish government minister for legal affairs , has said that Ireland relies on the `` bureaucratic capacity of the UK '' to understand , influence and implement EU legislation . Fishing The combined EU fishing fleets land about 6 million tonnes of fish per year , of which about 3 million tonnes are from UK waters . The UK 's share of the overall EU fishing catch is only 750,000 tonnes ( 830,000 tons ) . This proportion is determined by the London Fisheries Convention of 1964 and by the EU 's Common Fisheries Policy . The UK government announced in July 2017 that it would end the 1964 convention in 2019 . Loss of access to UK waters will particularly affect the Irish fishing industry which obtains a third of its catch there .",
"30": "The Common Fisheries Policy gives access for any member country to the waters of any other member country . The policy is generally considered a disadvantage to fish - rich countries and is a major reason why Norway and Iceland are not members . The European Economic Area treaty gives access to the inner market but does not include fishing . World trade Organisation Questions have arisen over how existing international arrangements with the EU under World Trade Organisation terms should evolve . Some countries -- such as Australia and the United States -- wish to challenge the basis for division ( i.e. , division between the UK and the continuing EU ) of the trade schedules previously agreed between them and the EU , because it reduces their flexibility . As of 2018 , the WTO does not have any protocols covering trade in services . Public opinion and comment Public comment up to February 2017 UK white paper Various EU leaders said that they would not start any negotiation before the UK formally invokes Article 50 . Jean - Claude Juncker ordered all members of the EU Commission not to engage in any kind of contact with UK parties regarding Brexit . In October 2016 , he stated that he was agitated that the British had not developed a sense of community with Europeans during 40 years of membership ; Juncker denied that Brexit was a warning for the EU , envisaged developing an EU defence policy without the British after Brexit , and rejected a suggestion that the EU should negotiate in such a way that Britain would be able to hold a second referendum . On 5 November 2016 , Juncker reacted to reports of some European businesses seeking to make agreements with the UK government , and warned : `` I am telling them ( companies ) that they should not interfere in the debate , as they will find that I will block their path . '' Juncker stated in February 2017 that the UK would be expected to pay outstanding commitments to EU projects and pensions as part of the withdrawal process , suggesting such bills would be `` very hefty . '' German foreign secretary Frank - Walter Steinmeier met Britain 's foreign secretary Boris Johnson on 4 November 2016 ; Johnson stressed the importance of British - German relationships , whereas Steinmeier responded that the German view was that the UK should have voted to stay in the EU and that the German priority now was to preserve the remaining union of 27 members . There could be no negotiations before the UK formally gives notice .",
"31": "A long delay before beginning negotiations would be detrimental . Britain could not keep the advantages of the single market but at the same time cancel the `` less pleasant rules '' . Newly appointed prime minister Theresa May made clear that negotiations with the EU required a `` UK - wide approach '' . On 15 July 2016 , she said : `` I have already said that I wo n't be triggering article 50 until I think that we have a UK approach and objectives for negotiations -- I think it is important that we establish that before we trigger article 50 . '' According to The Daily Telegraph , the Department for Exiting the European Union spent over £ 250,000 on legal advice from top Government lawyers in two months , and had plans to recruit more people . Nick Clegg said the figures showed the Civil Service was unprepared for the very complex negotiations ahead . In the wake of the United Kingdom 's vote to leave the European Union , the Department for International Trade ( DIT ) for striking and extending trade agreements between the UK and non-EU states was created by Prime Minister Theresa May , shortly after she took office on 13 July 2016 . It employs about 200 trade negotiators and is overseen by the Secretary of State for International Trade , currently Liam Fox . On 17 January 2017 , Prime Minister Theresa May , announced a series of 12 negotiating objectives in a speech at Lancaster House . These consist of an end to European Court of Justice jurisdiction , withdrawal from the single market with a `` comprehensive free - trade agreement '' replacing this , a new customs agreement excluding the common external tariff and common commercial policy , an end to free movement of people , co-operation in crime and terrorism , collaboration in areas of science and technology , engagement with devolved administrations , maintaining the Common Travel Area with Ireland , and preserving existing workers ' rights . The Government has stated its intention to `` secure the specific interests of Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland , as well as those of all parts of England '' . Through the Joint Ministerial Committee on EU Negotiations ( JMC ( EN ) ) , the Government intends to involve the views of the Scottish Parliament , the Welsh Assembly and the Northern Ireland Assembly in the process of negotiating the UK 's exit from the EU .",
"32": "For instance , at the January 2017 meeting of the JMC ( EN ) , the Scottish Government 's proposal to remain in the European Economic Area was considered . Public comment pre - and post-article 50 notification EU negotiator Guy Verhofstadt , the European parliament 's chief negotiator has said that : `` All British citizens today have also EU citizenship . That means a number of things : the possibility to participate in the European elections , the freedom of travel without problem inside the union . We need to have an arrangement in which this arrangement can continue for those citizens who on an individual basis are requesting it . '' The suggestion being an `` associate citizenship '' . An EU meeting to discuss Brexit has been called for 29 April , Donald Tusk stating that the `` priority would be giving `` clarity '' to EU residents , business and member states about the talks ahead `` . Michel Barnier , European Chief Negotiator for Brexit , has called for talks to be completed by October 2018 to give time for any agreement to be ratified before the UK leaves in March 2019 . Sinn Féin has called for a referendum to create a united Ireland , following the Northern Ireland majority decision ( 56 % to 44 % ) to vote no to Brexit and 2 March election to the Northern Ireland Assembly wherein Sinn Féin increased its number of seats . In early May , Jean - Claude Juncker said that the UK leaving the EU was a `` tragedy '' and that it is partly the responsibility of the EU . `` The EU , in many respects has done too much , especially the Commission '' , including `` too much regulation and too many interferences in the lives of our fellow citizens '' . The European Commission has , following the `` Better regulation '' initiative , in place since before Brexit , reduced the number of legislative proposals from 130 to 23 per year . Post-referendum opinion polling Following the EU referendum , there have been several opinion polls on the question of whether the UK was `` right '' or `` wrong '' to vote to leave the EU . The results of these polls are shown in the table below .",
"33": "Date ( s ) conducted Right Wrong Undecided Lead Sample Conducted by Polling type Notes 16 - 17 Apr 2018 42 % 45 % 13 % 3 % 1,631 YouGov Online 9 - 10 Apr 2018 42 % 46 % 12 % 4 % 1,639 YouGov Online 26 - 27 Mar 2018 42 % 45 % 13 % 3 % 1,659 YouGov Online 5 - 6 Mar 2018 43 % 45 % 12 % 2 % 1,641 YouGov Online 2 Mar 2018 Theresa May makes Mansion House speech , outlining the UK Government 's policy on the future UK - EU relationship .",
"34": "26 - 27 Feb 2018 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,622 YouGov Online 19 - 20 Feb 2018 42 % 45 % 12 % 3 % 1,650 YouGov Online 12 - 13 Feb 2018 42 % 46 % 12 % 4 % 1,639 YouGov Online 5 - 6 Feb 2018 43 % 44 % 13 % 1 % 2,000 YouGov Online 28 - 29 Jan 2018 40 % 46 % 14 % 6 % 1,669 YouGov Online 16 - 17 Jan 2018 45 % 44 % 12 % 1 % 1,672 YouGov Online 7 - 8 Jan 2018 42 % 46 % 12 % 4 % 1,663 YouGov Online 19 - 20 Dec 2017 42 % 45 % 12 % 3 % 1,610 YouGov Online 15 Dec 2017 The European Council decides to proceed to the second phase of the Brexit negotiations .",
"35": "10 - 11 Dec 2017 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,680 YouGov Online 4 - 5 Dec 2017 42 % 45 % 13 % 3 % 1,638 YouGov Online 7 - 8 Nov 2017 42 % 46 % 12 % 4 % 2,012 YouGov Online 23 - 24 Oct 2017 43 % 45 % 12 % 2 % 1,637 YouGov Online 18 - 19 Oct 2017 42 % 45 % 14 % 3 % 1,648 YouGov Online 10 - 11 Oct 2017 42 % 47 % 11 % 5 % 1,680 YouGov Online 22 - 24 Sep 2017 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,716 YouGov Online 22 Sep 2017 Theresa May makes Florence speech , in an attempt to ' unblock ' the Brexit negotiations .",
"36": "30 - 31 Aug 2017 44 % 44 % 12 % 0 % 1,658 YouGov Online 21 - 22 Aug 2017 43 % 45 % 11 % 2 % 1,664 YouGov Online 31 Jul - 1 Aug 2017 45 % 45 % 10 % 0 % 1,665 YouGov Online 18 - 19 Jul 2017 43 % 43 % 14 % 0 % 1,593 YouGov Online 10 - 11 Jul 2017 45 % 43 % 12 % 2 % 1,700 YouGov Online 21 - 22 Jun 2017 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,670 YouGov Online 19 Jun 2017 Brexit negotiations begin .",
"37": "12 - 13 Jun 2017 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,651 YouGov Online 8 Jun 2017 United Kingdom general election , 2017 5 - 7 Jun 2017 45 % 45 % 10 % 0 % 2,130 YouGov Online 30 - 31 May 2017 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,875 YouGov Online 24 - 25 May 2017 46 % 43 % 11 % 3 % 2,052 YouGov Online 16 - 17 May 2017 46 % 43 % 11 % 3 % 1,861 YouGov Online 3 - 14 May 2017 45 % 41 % 14 % 4 % 1,952 GfK Online 9 - 10 May 2017 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,651 YouGov Online 2 - 3 May 2017 46 % 43 % 11 % 3 % 2,066 YouGov Online 25 - 26 Apr 2017 43 % 45 % 12 % 2 % 1,590 YouGov Online 20 - 21 Apr 2017 44 % 44 % 12 % 0 % 1,590 YouGov Online 18 - 19 Apr 2017 46 % 43 % 11 % 3 % 1,727 YouGov Online 12 - 13 Apr 2017 45 % 43 % 12 % 2 % 2,069 YouGov Online 5 - 6 Apr 2017 46 % 42 % 11 % 4 % 1,651 YouGov Online 29 Mar 2017 The United Kingdom invokes Article 50 .",
"38": "26 - 27 Mar 2017 44 % 43 % 13 % 1 % 1,957 YouGov Online 20 - 21 Mar 2017 44 % 44 % 12 % 0 % 1,627 YouGov Online 1 - 15 Mar 2017 46 % 41 % 13 % 5 % 1,938 GfK Online 13 - 14 Mar 2017 44 % 42 % 15 % 2 % 1,631 YouGov Online 10 - 14 Mar 2017 49 % 41 % 10 % 8 % 2,003 Opinium Online 27 - 28 Feb 2017 45 % 44 % 11 % 1 % 1,666 YouGov Online 21 - 22 Feb 2017 45 % 45 % 10 % 0 % 2,060 YouGov Online 12 - 13 Feb 2017 46 % 42 % 12 % 4 % 2,052 YouGov Online 30 - 31 Jan 2017 45 % 42 % 12 % 3 % 1,705 YouGov Online 17 - 18 Jan 2017 46 % 42 % 12 % 4 % 1,654 YouGov Online 17 Jan 2017 Theresa May makes Lancaster House speech , setting out the UK Government 's negotiating priorities .",
"39": "9 - 12 Jan 2017 52 % 39 % 9 % 13 % 2,005 Opinium Online 9 - 10 Jan 2017 46 % 42 % 12 % 4 % 1,660 YouGov Online 3 - 4 Jan 2017 45 % 44 % 11 % 1 % 1,740 YouGov Online 18 - 19 Dec 2016 44 % 44 % 12 % 0 % 1,595 YouGov Online 4 - 5 Dec 2016 44 % 42 % 14 % 2 % 1,667 YouGov Online 28 - 29 Nov 2016 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,624 YouGov Online 14 - 15 Nov 2016 46 % 43 % 11 % 3 % 1,717 YouGov Online 19 - 20 Oct 2016 45 % 44 % 11 % 1 % 1,608 YouGov Online 11 - 12 Oct 2016 45 % 44 % 11 % 1 % 1,669 YouGov Online 2 Oct 2016 Theresa May makes Conservative Party Conference speech , announcing her intention to invoke Article 50 by 31 March 2017 .",
"40": "13 - 14 Sep 2016 46 % 44 % 10 % 2 % 1,732 YouGov Online 30 - 31 Aug 2016 47 % 44 % 9 % 3 % 1,687 YouGov Online 22 - 23 Aug 2016 45 % 43 % 12 % 2 % 1,660 YouGov Online 16 - 17 Aug 2016 46 % 43 % 11 % 3 % 1,677 YouGov Online 8 - 9 Aug 2016 45 % 44 % 12 % 1 % 1,692 YouGov Online 1 - 2 Aug 2016 46 % 42 % 12 % 4 % 1,722 YouGov Online 13 Jul 2016 Theresa May becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . There have also been opinion polls on the question of how people would vote in a second referendum on the same question . The results of these polls are shown in the table below . Date ( s ) conducted Remain Leave Neither Lead Sample Conducted by Polling type Notes 15 Dec 2017 The European Council decides to proceed to the second phase of the Brexit negotiations .",
"41": "8 - 10 Dec 2017 46 % 43 % 12 % 3 % 2,006 ICM Online 5 - 8 Dec 2017 51 % 41 % 8 % 10 % 1,509 BMG Research Online 30 Nov - 1 Dec 2017 49 % 46 % 6 % 3 % 1,003 Survation Online 14 - 17 Nov 2017 45 % 45 % 10 % 0 % 1,509 BMG Research Online 18 - 24 Oct 2017 44 % 40 % 16 % 4 % 1,648 YouGov Online 19 - 20 Oct 2017 46 % 45 % 9 % 1 % 1,005 Opinium Online 17 - 20 Oct 2017 47 % 44 % 8 % 3 % 1,506 BMG Research Online 4 - 5 Oct 2017 49 % 45 % 6 % 4 % 2,047 Survation Online 23 Sep 2017 46 % 47 % 6 % 1 % 1,174 Survation Online 22 Sep 2017 Theresa May makes Florence speech , in an attempt to ' unblock ' the Brexit negotiations .",
"42": "19 - 22 Sep 2017 45 % 44 % 12 % 1 % 2,004 Opinium Online 15 - 20 Sep 2017 47 % 47 % 5 % 0 % 1,614 Survation Online 12 - 15 Sep 2017 47 % 43 % 10 % 4 % 1,447 BMG Research Online 12 - 15 Sep 2017 45 % 45 % 10 % 0 % 2,009 Opinium Online 15 - 18 Aug 2017 47 % 44 % 9 % 3 % 2,006 Opinium Online 8 - 11 Aug 2017 46 % 45 % 9 % 1 % 1,512 BMG Research Online 23 - 24 Jul 2017 46 % 43 % 11 % 3 % 1,609 YouGov Online 14 - 15 Jul 2017 47 % 48 % 5 % 1 % 1,024 Survation Online 11 - 14 Jul 2017 46 % 45 % 9 % 1 % 1,518 BMG Research Online 28 - 30 Jun 2017 52 % 44 % 5 % 8 % 1,017 Survation Telephone 23 - 30 Jun 2017 46 % 42 % 13 % 4 % 1,661 YouGov Online 16 - 21 Jun 2017 46 % 50 % 4 % 4 % 5,481 Panelbase Online 19 Jun 2017 Brexit negotiations begin . 16 - 17 Jun 2017 50 % 48 % 3 % 2 % 1,",
"43": "005 Survation Online 10 Jun 2017 48 % 46 % 6 % 2 % 1,036 Survation Online 8 Jun 2017 United Kingdom general election , 2017 2 - 7 Jun 2017 46 % 51 % 3 % 5 % 3,018 Panelbase Online 2 - 5 Jun 2017 47 % 44 % 9 % 3 % 1,503 BMG Research Online 26 May - 1 Jun 2017 47 % 49 % 4 % 2 % 1,224 Panelbase Online 25 - 30 May 2017 35 % 38 % 27 % 3 % 1,199 Kantar TNS Online 19 - 22 May 2017 45 % 45 % 10 % 0 % 1,499 BMG Research Online 12 - 15 May 2017 47 % 50 % 3 % 3 % 1,026 Panelbase Online 5 - 9 May 2017 47 % 49 % 4 % 2 % 1,027 Panelbase Online 28 Apr - 2 May 2017 48 % 49 % 3 % 1 % 1,034 Panelbase Online 21 - 24 Apr 2017 45 % 45 % 10 % 0 % 1,552 BMG Research Online 20 - 24 Apr 2017 46 % 50 % 4 % 4 % 1,026 Panelbase Online 28 - 31 Mar 2017 46 % 46 % 8 % 0 % 1,576 BMG Research Online 23 - 30 Mar 2017 44 % 43 % 14 % 1 % 1,",
"44": "643 YouGov Online 29 Mar 2017 The United Kingdom invokes Article 50 . 21 - 24 Feb 2017 45 % 46 % 9 % 1 % 1,543 BMG Research Online 19 - 24 Jan 2017 43 % 44 % 13 % 1 % 1,643 YouGov Online 17 Jan 2017 Theresa May makes Lancaster House speech , setting out the UK Government 's negotiating priorities . 6 - 9 Jan 2017 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,520 BMG Research Online 14 - 21 Dec 2016 44 % 43 % 13 % 1 % 1,569 YouGov Online 6 - 9 Dec 2016 43 % 46 % 11 % 3 % 1,532 BMG Research Online 25 - 27 Nov 2016 46 % 47 % 6 % 1 % 2,035 ComRes Online 22 - 25 Nov 2016 43 % 43 % 14 % 0 % 1,523 BMG Research Online 20 - 25 Oct 2016 44 % 43 % 13 % 1 % 1,631 YouGov Online 19 - 24 Oct 2016 45 % 43 % 12 % 2 % 1,546 BMG Research Online 10 - 12 Oct 2016 44 % 44 % 12 % 0 % 1,002 Survation Online 2 Oct 2016 Theresa May makes Conservative Party Conference speech , announcing her intention to invoke Article 50 by 31 March 2017 .",
"45": "16 - 20 Sep 2016 42 % 46 % 11 % 4 % 1,601 YouGov Online 31 Aug - 9 Sep 2016 43 % 45 % 13 % 2 % 1,711 YouGov Online 20 - 27 Jul 2016 43 % 44 % 13 % 1 % 1,673 YouGov Online 13 Jul 2016 Theresa May becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . 3 - 4 Jul 2016 45 % 45 % 10 % 0 % 1,820 YouGov Online 29 - 30 Jun 2016 48 % 42 % 9 % 6 % 2,006 Opinium Online 29 - 30 Jun 2016 45 % 37 % 19 % 8 % 1,017 BMG Research Online 23 Jun 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 In July 2017 , LSE / Opinium research indicated that 60 % of Britons wanted to retain EU citizenship after Brexit . Us position Rex Tillerson , former United States Secretary of State , considers that the European Union and the United Kingdom should perform a fast Brexit to avoid useless disagreement . Cultural responses to the referendum vote For main article on Brexit in Art and Literature , see Brexit in Literature and the Arts . Brexit in the visual Arts Anti-Brexit protesters in Manchester Düsseldorf carnival parade in February 2018 The response of artists and writers to Brexit has in general been negative , reflecting a reported overwhelming percentage of people involved in Britain 's creative industries voting against leaving the European Union . Responses by visual artists to Brexit include a mural , painted in May 2017 , by the secretive graffiti artist Banksy near the ferry port at Dover in southern England . It shows a workman using a chisel to chip off one of the stars on the European Union Flag .",
"46": "In his 2017 art exhibition at the Serpentine Gallery in London , the artist Grayson Perry showed a series of ceramic , tapestry and other works of art dealing with the divisions in Britain during the Brexit campaign and in its aftermath . This included two large ceramic pots , Perry called his Brexit Vases , standing on plinths ten feet apart , on the first of which were scenes involving pro-European British citizens , and on the second scenes involving anti-European British citizens . These were derived from what Perry called his `` Brexit tour of Britain . '' Brexit in novels One of the first novels to engage with a post-Brexit Britain was Rabbitman by Michael Paraskos ( published 9 March 2017 ) . Rabbitman is a dark comic fantasy in which the events that lead to the election of a right - wing populist American president , who happens also to be a rabbit , and Britain 's vote to leave the European Union , were the result of a series of Faustian pacts with the Devil . As a result , Rabbitman is set partly in a post-Brexit Britain in which society has collapsed and people are dependent on European Union food aid . Mark Billingham 's Love Like Blood ( published 1 June 2017 ) is a crime thriller in which Brexit sees a rise in xenophobic hate crime . In the novel The Remains of the Way ( published 6 June 2017 ) , David Boyle imagines Brexit was a conspiracy led by a forgotten government quango , still working away in Whitehall , originally set up by Thomas Cromwell in the sixteenth century during the reign of King Henry VIII , and now dedicated to a Protestant Brexit . Post-Brexit Britain is also the setting for Amanda Craig 's The Lie of the Land ( published 13 June 2017 ) , a satirical novel set ten years after the vote to leave the European Union , in which an impoverished middle class couple from Islington in north London are forced to move from the heart of the pro-European Union capital , to the heart of the pro-Brexit countryside in Devon . Brexit is also the baseline for Douglas Board 's comic political thriller Time of Lies ( published 23 June 2017 ) . In this novel , the first post-Brexit general election in 2020 is won by a violent right - wing former football hooligan called Bob Grant .",
"47": "Board charts the response to this of the hitherto pro-European Union metropolitan political elite . Stanley Johnson 's Kompromat ( scheduled for July 2017 ) is a political thriller that suggests the vote to leave the European Union was a result of Russian influence on the referendum , although Johnson has insisted his book is not intended to point the finger at Russia 's secret services , but is `` just meant to be fun . '' Brexit in Theatre In June 2017 , the National Theatre in London presented a play by Carol Ann Duffy , entitled My Country ; a work in progress . An allegorical work , the play uses the device of a convention called by the goddess Britannia , who is concerned about the future of the British people . The play differs from some artistic responses in that Duffy and the National Theatre - based the attitudes of the characters in part on the responses of ordinary people in interviews that were conducted by the regional offices of the UK Arts Councils , but excluding responses from London and the south - east of England , where most people voted not to leave the EU . As a result , according to Dominic Cavendish , writing in The Daily Telegraph , `` the bias is towards the Leave camp '' . Establishment of pro-European political organisations Following the Brexit vote , there have been several attempts to set up a new pro-European political party . Examples include ' The Democrats ' ( a proposal by former Daily Mail political editor James Chapman ) , ' The Radicals ' ( proposed by Jeremy Cliffe , former Berlin bureau chief of The Economist ) and the Renew Britain party . In 2017 , newly elected Liberal Democrats leader Vince Cable criticised ' pop up ' anti-Brexit parties formed following the 2016 referendum , saying of those groups policies `` ... it is the kind of ideology - free , technocratic , authoritarian centrism that would be more at home in , say , Singapore . '' and `` Voters beware . ''",
"48": "See also Book : Brexit Book : Brexit , Article 50 , and other articles Book : Britain , Ireland and the European Union Media related to Brexit at Wikimedia Commons Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum Interpretation of EU Treaty law by European Court of Justice Multi-speed Europe Referendums related to the European Union Scientific mobility and the EU Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities Dutch withdrawal from the European Union Frexit Calexit References Jump up ^ `` Brexit preparedness '' . European Commission . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UK confirms it will leave customs union '' . 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Michael ( 17 January 2017 ) . `` Theresa May confirms Britain will leave Single Market as she sets out 12 - point Brexit plan '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : PM to trigger Article 50 by end of March '' . BBC News . 2 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Peter S. ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` ' Brexit , ' a Feel - Good Vote That Could Sink Britain 's Economy '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . finding economists who say they believe that a Brexit will spur the British economy is like looking for a doctor who thinks forswearing vegetables is the key to a long life ^ Jump up to : Sampson , Thomas ( 2017 ) . `` Brexit : The Economics of International Disintegration '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 31 ( 4 ) : 163 -- 184 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 31.4. 163 . ISSN 0895 - 3309 . The results I summarize in this section focus on long - run effects and have a forecast horizon of 10 or more years after Brexit occurs .",
"49": "Less is known about the likely dynamics of the transition process or the extent to which economic uncertainty and anticipation effects will impact the economies of the United Kingdom or the European Union in advance of Brexit . ^ Jump up to : Breinlich , Holger ; Leromain , Elsa ; Novy , Dennis ; Sampson , Thomas ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` The consequences of the Brexit vote for UK inflation and living standards : First evidence '' . VoxEU.org . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Born , Benjamin ; Müller , Gernot ; Schularick , Moritz ; Sedláček , Petr ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` £ 300 million a week : The output cost of the Brexit vote '' . VoxEU.org . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Portes , Jonathan ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` Immigration after Brexit '' . National Institute Economic Review . 238 ( 1 ) : R13 -- R21 . doi : 10.1177 / 002795011623800111 . ISSN 0027 - 9501 . ^ Jump up to : Mayhew , Ken ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` UK higher education and Brexit '' . Oxford Review of Economic Policy . 33 ( suppl_1 ) : S155 -- S161 . doi : 10.1093 / oxrep / grx012 . ISSN 0266 - 903X . Jump up ^ `` Britain and the EU : A Brixit looms '' . The Economist. 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Hjelmgaard , Kim ; Onyanga - Omara , Jane ( 22 February 2016 ) . `` Explainer : The what , when , and why of `` Brexit '' `` . USA Today . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brexit , n . '' OED Online . Oxford University Press , March 2017 . Web . 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilding , Peter ( 15 May 2012 ) . `` Stumbling towards the Brexit '' .",
"50": "BlogActiv.eu . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Friederichsen , Paul ( 27 June 2016 ) . `` Coining catchy `` Brexit '' term helped Brits determine EU vote `` . Daily News . New York . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hard '' Brexit most likely outcome for UK leaving EU , says S&P `` . Reuters. 11 November 2016 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : What are the options ? Alternative Brexit models '' . BBC News . 15 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Keep , Matthew ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` Brexit : the exit bill '' ( pdf ) . House of Commons Library . CBP - 8039 . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . When the UK leaves the EU it is expected to make a contribution towards the EU 's outstanding financial commitments -- spending that was agreed while the UK was a member . The media have labelled this as an ' exit bill ' or ' divorce bill ' , the EU see it as a matter of ' settling the accounts ' . The issue has been discussed in the first phase of Brexit negotiations under the title of the ' single financial settlement ' ( the settlement ) . Jump up ^ Kuenssberg , Laura ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` Brexiteers ' letter adds to pressure on May '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 : De Gaulle says `` non '' to Britain -- again `` . BBC News . 27 November 1976 . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Into Europe '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` English text of EU Accession Treaty 1972 , Cmnd. 7463 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 : Britain joins the EEC '' . BBC News . 1 January 1973 . Retrieved 9 March 2016 .",
"51": "Jump up ^ Alex May , Britain and Europe since 1945 ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ `` BBC ON THIS DAY -- 26 -- 1975 : Labour votes to leave the EEC '' . BBC . Jump up ^ the Shetland Islands and the Outer Hebrides Jump up ^ `` Research Briefings -- The 1974 -- 1975 UK Renegotiation of EEC Membership and Referendum '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who Voted for Brexit ? A comprehensive district level analysis '' . Becker , Fetzer , Novy , University of Warwick . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vaidyanathan , Rajini ( 4 March 2010 ) . `` Michael Foot : What did the `` longest suicide note '' say ? `` . BBC News Magazine . BBC . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Dury , Hélène . `` Black Wednesday '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU treaties '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EUROPA The EU in brief '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Heath , Anthony ; Jowell , Roger ; Taylor , Bridget ; Thomson , Katarina ( 1 January 1998 ) . `` Euroscepticism and the referendum party '' . British Elections & Parties Review . 8 ( 1 ) : 95 -- 110 . doi : 10.1080 / 13689889808413007 . ISSN 1368 - 9886 . Jump up ^ CARTER , N. ; EVANS , M. ; ALDERMAN , K. ; GORHAM , S. ( 1 July 1998 ) . `` Europe , Goldsmith and the Referendum Party '' . Parliamentary Affairs . 51 ( 3 ) : 470 -- 485 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. pa. a028811 .",
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"53": "Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Mr Cameron said ... he would `` continue to work for a different , more flexible and less onerous position for Britain within the EU '' . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron promises in / out referendum on EU '' . BBC News . 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron sets out EU reform goals '' . BBC News . 11 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ New Open Europe / ComRes poll : Failure to win key reforms could swing UK 's EU referendum vote openeurope.org , 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Spaventa , Eleanore . `` Explaining the EU deal : the `` emergency brake '' `` . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister sets out legal framework for EU withdrawal '' . UK Parliament . 22 February 2016 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The process for withdrawing from the European Union '' ( PDF ) . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Jon Stone ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Vote Leave designated as official EU referendum Out campaign '' . Jump up ^ `` Leave.eu '' . Leave.eu . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Other major campaign groups included Grassroots Out , Get Britain Out and Better Off Out . Jump up ^ `` Conservatives In '' . Conservatives In . Archived from the original on 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Alan Johnson MP . `` Labour in for Britain -- The Labour Party '' . Labour.org.uk . Archived from the original on 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Britain in Europe '' . Liberal Democrats . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greens for a Better Europe '' . Green Party . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Scientists for EU . Retrieved 2 June 2016 .",
"54": "Jump up ^ `` Environmentalists For Europe homepage '' . Environmentalists For Europe . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Universities for Europe '' . Universities for Europe . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Another Europe is Possible '' . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU referendum : BBC forecasts UK votes to leave '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU Referendum Results '' . Sky ( United Kingdom ) . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` Brexit : Petition for second EU referendum so popular the government site 's crashing '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Boult , Adam ( 26 June 2016 ) . `` Petition for second EU referendum attracts thousands of signatures '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : Petition for second EU referendum rejected '' . BBC News . 9 July 2016 . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : David Cameron to quit after UK votes to leave EU '' . BBC . 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UKIP leader Nigel Farage stands down '' . BBC News . 4 July 2016 . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Britain `` could liberate Europe again '' by voting for Brexit and sparking populist revolution `` . The Daily Telegraph . 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Oltermann , Philip ; Scammell , Rosie ; Darroch , Gordon ( 8 July 2016 ) . `` Brexit causes resurgence in pro-EU leanings across continent '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ S Rosenberg , `` EU referendum : What does Russia gain from Brexit ? '' ( 26 June 2016 ) BBC News .",
"55": "`` ' Highly probable ' that Russia interfered in Brexit referendum , Labour MP says '' ( 13 December 2016 ) Independent . J Kanter and A Bienkov , `` Labour MPs think the government is hiding info about Russia interfering with Brexit '' ( 23 February 2016 ) Business Insider . `` Brexit : foreign states may have interfered in vote , report says '' ( April 2017 ) Guardian . F O'Toole , `` What connects Brexit , the DUP , dark money and a Saudi prince ? '' ( 16 May 2017 ) Irish Times . `` Nigel Farage is `` person of interest '' in FBI investigation into Trump and Russia '' ( 2 June 2017 ) Guardian Jump up ^ `` We need to take back control '' : Brexit whistleblower Shahmir Sanni on why there must be a new EU referendum New Statesman Jump up ^ Article 50 ( 3 ) of the Treaty on European Union . Jump up ^ Patrick Wintour ( 22 July 2016 ) . `` UK officials seek draft agreements with EU before triggering article 50 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Renwick , Alan ( 19 January 2016 ) . `` What happens if we vote for Brexit ? '' . The Constitution Unit Blog . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Wright , Ben . `` Reality Check : How plausible is second EU referendum ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ In a leaflet sent out before the referendum , the UK government stated `` This is your decision . The Government will implement what you decide . '' `` Why the Government believes that voting to remain in the European Union is the best decision for the UK . The EU referendum , Thursday , 23rd June 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Patrick Wintour ( 20 July 2016 ) . `` Cameron accused of ' gross negligence ' over Brexit contingency plans '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : David Cameron to quit after UK votes to leave EU '' . BBC . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Charlie ( 27 June 2016 ) .",
"56": "`` David Cameron rules out second EU referendum after Brexit '' . The Independent . London , UK . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Ram , Vidya . `` U.K. govt . must get Parliament nod for Brexit : Supreme Court '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowcott , Owen ; Mason , Rowena ; Asthana , Anushka ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` Supreme court rules parliament must have vote to trigger article 50 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : MPs overwhelmingly back Article 50 bill '' . BBC . 1 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Article 50 : May signs letter that will trigger Brexit '' . BBC News . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Tusk , Donald ( @ eucopresident ) ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` The Article 50 letter . # Brexit '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Stamp , Gavin ; Hunt , Alex ( 28 March 2017 ) . `` Theresa May officially starts Brexit process '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Szyszczak , Erika ; Lydgate , Emily ( 10 October 2016 ) . Triggering Article 50 TEU : A Legal Analysis ( PDF ) ( Report ) . UK Trade Policy Observatory , University of Sussex . ISBN 978 - 1 - 912044 - 70 - 2 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . ( ... ) the weight of academic opinion is that Article 50 TEU does allow for a Member State to revoke the application to withdraw and simply revert to the status quo . Jump up ^ `` Brexit is reversible , says author of Brexit treaty '' . 21 February 2017 .",
"57": "Jump up ^ `` a revocation of notification ( by Article 50 ) needs to be subject to conditions set by all EU27 , so that it can not be used as a procedural device or abused in an attempt to improve on the current terms of the United Kingdom 's membership '' `` European Plenary sitting 10 April 2017 '' . European Parliament . 10 April 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Directives for the negotiation of an agreement with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland setting out the arrangements for its withdrawal from the European Union ( Section II. 8 ) '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill 2017 - 19 -- UK Parliament '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Nikos Chrysoloras ( 2 April 2017 ) . `` Your Guide to Key Dates in the Brexit Negotiations '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Dan ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Brexit : UK caves in to EU demand to agree divorce bill before trade talks '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Merkel lobt May - Angebot zum Brexit ( Merkel praises May 's offer on Brexit ) '' . Die Zeit . Hamburg. 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Heffer , Greg ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` '' It 's not single market à la carte '' Donald Tusk tells UK it 's FREE MOVEMENT or nothing `` . Daily Express . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit - Bundestagsdebatte : Mit Merkel wird es kein Rosinenpicken für die Briten geben '' ( Brexit parliamentary debate : With Merkel there will be no cherrypicking for the British ) . Die Welt. 28 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May -- her full Brexit speech to Conservative conference '' . Independent .",
"58": "2 October 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mason , Rowena ( 5 October 2016 ) . `` Theresa May 's Conservative party conference speech -- key points analysed '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hope , Christopher ( 23 November 2016 ) . `` British expats set to be granted right to carry on living in EU with Theresa May ' close to reciprocal rights deal ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Swinford , Steven ( 29 November 2016 ) . `` Angela Merkel says `` nein '' to Theresa May 's calls for early deal on rights of EU migrants and British ex-pats `` . The Telegraph . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brexit : Theresa May to trigger Article 50 by end of March '' . BBC News . 2 October 2016 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kuenssberg , Laura ( 17 January 2017 ) . `` Brexit : UK to leave single market , says Theresa May '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : The UK 's letter triggering Article 50 '' . BBC News . 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Asthana , Anushka ( 30 March 2017 ) . `` Do n't blackmail us over security , EU warns May '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European Council ( Art . 50 ) guidelines for Brexit negotiations '' . Council of the European Union Website . Council of the European Union . 29 April 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Foster , Peter ( 29 April 2017 ) . `` EU Brexit guidelines : What 's in the document , and what it really means '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Divorce settlement or leaving the club ?",
"59": "A breakdown of the Brexit bill '' March 2017 , A breakdown of the Brexit bill ( 2017 ) Jump up ^ Worstall , Tim ( 3 May 2017 ) . `` It Is To Laugh at Their Mistake -- EU 's Brexit Bill Claim Now At € 100 Billion '' . Forbes . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ BBC News , 4 March 2017 , `` Brexit : UK ' not obliged ' to pay divorce bill say peers ''. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Council ( Art 50 ) authorises the start of Brexit talks and adopts negotiating directives -- Consilium '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : UK caves in to EU demand to agree divorce bill before trade talks '' , The Guardian , 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 Jump up ^ Boffey , Daniel ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` Donald Tusk echoes John Lennon to suggest UK could stay in EU '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Abert , Eric ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` Brexit : les expatriés , premier bras de fer entre Londres et Bruxelles ( Brexit : Expatriates , the first armwrestling match between London and Brussels ) '' . Le Monde . Paris . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bush , Stephen ( 2 May 2017 ) . `` Theresa May and Jean - Claude Juncker 's dinner leaked because no - one thinks Brexit will work '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit - Verhandlungen : London will EU - Bürger in Grossbritannien halten '' ( Brexit negotiations : London wants to keep EU citizens in Britain ) . Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reality Check : Britain and EU at odds over citizens ' rights '' . BBC News . 27 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EU and UK ' singing from same hymn sheet ' on Northern Ireland '' .",
"60": "The Irish Times . 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nuspliger , Niklus ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` Zweite Verhandlungsrunde in Brüssel : London bleibt zu Brexit - Rechnung unverbindlich '' ( Second round of negotiations in Brussels : London remains non-committal to Brexit bill ) . Neue Zürcher Zeitung . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : UK and EU at odds over `` exit bill '' `` . BBC News . 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK forwarders : Brexit customs proposal short on details '' . joc.com . Jump up ^ `` PM : UK leaving EU court 's jurisdiction '' . BBC . 23 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brexit : Jean - Claude Juncker criticises UK 's position papers '' . BBC News . 30 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Huge gulf in negotiations on UK 's Brexit bill '' . The Irish Times . 31 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Major breakthrough in Irish strand of Brexit talks '' . The Irish Times . 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : `` Significant differences '' over exit bill says Davis `` . BBC News . 5 September 2017 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't use Irish border as test case for EU - UK border , says Barnier '' . The Irish Times . 7 September 2017 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Guardian Wires ( 22 September 2017 ) . `` Theresa May 's Brexit speech in Florence - watch live '' . Retrieved 1 November 2017 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` Keep EU trade as it is until 2021 - May '' . BBC . 22 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 .",
"61": "Jump up ^ CNN , Laura Smith - Spark , . `` UK PM seeks to break Brexit deadlock '' . CNN . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Latest : EU 's Brexit Chief Welcomes ' Constructive ' Speech '' . USNews.com . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : UK needs to clarify issues - Macron '' . BBC News . 23 September 2017 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hopes and frustrations as Brexit talks resume after May speech '' . Reuters. 24 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Foster , Peter ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` Brexit trade talks deadline to slip to December , says European Parliament chief '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Council Conclusions '' ( PDF ) . 20 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK explores ' no deal ' Brexit '' . BBC . 9 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : EU leaders agree to move talks to next stage '' . BBC News . 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill 2017 - 19 -- UK Parliament '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Mason , Rowena ( 2 October 2016 ) . `` Theresa May 's `` great repeal bill '' : what 's going to happen and when ? `` . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mason , Rowena ( 3 October 2016 ) . `` UK and Scotland on course for great `` constitutional bust - up '' `` . BBC . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU repeal bill wins first Commons vote '' . BBC . 12 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 .",
"62": "Jump up ^ Hannah White and Jill Rutter , `` Legislating Brexit : The Great Repeal Bill and the wider legislative challenge '' , Institute for Government , 20 March 2017 , p. 9 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Brexit could place ' huge burden ' on Parliament '' . BBC . 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Suzanna ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` Analysis of the Nuclear Safeguards Bill 2017 - 19 '' . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Anushka Asthana ( 20 December 2016 ) . `` Theresa May indicates MPs will not be given vote on final Brexit deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Jim Pickard ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` Key details of Brexit impact reports on 58 industries to stay secret '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Walker ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` Brexit impact papers to be released in victory for Labour '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Helm , Toby Helm Observer Political ( 26 August 2017 ) . `` A million skilled EU workers see their future outside Britain '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Forte , Giuseppe ; Portes , Jonathan ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Macroeconomic Determinants of International Migration to the UK '' . Rochester , NY . Jump up ^ Somerville , Will ( June 2016 ) . When the Dust Settles : Migration Policy after Brexit . Migration Policy Institute Commentary . ^ Jump up to : Bennhold , Katrin ( 21 November 2017 ) . `` Where Brexit Hurts : The Nurses and Doctors Leaving London '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Grierson , Jamie ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` Net migration to UK drops to lowest level for three years '' . Retrieved 1 November 2017 -- via The Guardian .",
"63": "Jump up ^ Siddique , Haroon ( 12 June 2017 ) . `` 96 % drop in EU nurses registering to work in Britain since Brexit vote '' . Retrieved 1 November 2017 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Richard ( 31 July 2016 ) . `` Brexit Beckons : Thinking ahead by leading economists '' . VoxEU.org . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . On 23 June 2016 , 52 % of British voters decided that being the first country ever to leave the EU was a price worth paying for ' taking back control ' , despite advice from economists clearly showing that Brexit would make the UK ' permanently poorer ' ( HM Treasury 2016 ) . The extent of agreement among economists on the costs of Brexit was extraordinary : forecast after forecast supported similar conclusions ( which have so far proved accurate in the aftermath of the Brexit vote ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Brexit survey '' . igmchicago.org . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brexit survey II '' . igmchicago.org . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sodha , Sonia ; Helm , Toby ; Inman , Phillip ( 28 May 2016 ) . `` Economists overwhelmingly reject Brexit in boost for Cameron '' . The Observer . ISSN 0029 - 7712 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most economists still pessimistic about effects of Brexit '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Subscribe to read '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Unlike the short - term effects of Brexit , which have been better than most had predicted , most economists say the ultimate impact of leaving the EU still appears likely to be more negative than positive . But the one thing almost all agree upon is that no one will know how big the effects are for some time . Jump up ^ Wren - Lewis , Simon . `` Why is the academic consensus on the cost of Brexit being ignored ? '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 22 November 2017 .",
"64": "Jump up ^ `` Brexit to Hit Jobs , Wealth and Output for Years to Come , Economists Say '' . Bloomberg L.P. 22 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . The U.K. economy may be paying for Brexit for a long time to come ... It wo n't mean Armageddon , but the broad consensus among economists -- whose predictions about the initial fallout were largely too pessimistic -- is for a prolonged effect that will ultimately diminish output , jobs and wealth to some degree . Jump up ^ Johnson , Paul ; Mitchell , Ian ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` The Brexit vote , economics , and economic policy '' . Oxford Review of Economic Policy . 33 ( suppl_1 ) : S12 -- S21 . doi : 10.1093 / oxrep / grx017 . ISSN 0266 - 903X . Jump up ^ `` Most economists say Brexit will hurt the economy -- but one disagrees '' . The Economist . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This is the real reason the UK 's economic forecasts look so bad '' . The Independent . 23 November 2017 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . One thing economists do generally agree on is that leaving the European Union and putting new trade barriers between Britain and our largest and closest trading partners is extremely unlikely to boost UK productivity growth -- and is far more likely to slow it Jump up ^ `` The Government 's Own Brexit Analysis Says The UK Will Be Worse Off in Every Scenario Outside The EU '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Secret data show Britain worse off under all Brexit scenarios '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HM Treasury analysis : the long - term economic impact of EU membership and the alternatives '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit and the UK 's Public Finances '' ( PDF ) ( IFS Report 116 ) . Institute for Fiscal Studies . May 2016 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The economic consequences '' . The Economist . Retrieved 1 November 2017 .",
"65": "Jump up ^ `` If it ai n't broke , do n't Brexit '' . The Economist . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Corsetti , Giancarlo ; Crowley , Meredith ; Exton , Oliver ; Han , Lu ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` A granular analysis of the exposure of UK exports to EU tariffs , quotas and antidumping under ' no deal ' '' . VoxEU.org . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Chen , Wen ; Los , Bart ; McCann , Philip ; Ortega - Argilés , Raquel ; Thissen , Mark ; van Oort , Frank ( 2017 ) . `` The continental divide ? Economic exposure to Brexit in regions and countries on both sides of The Channel '' . Papers in Regional Science . 97 : n / a -- n / a . doi : 10.1111 / pirs. 12334 . ISSN 1435 - 5957 . Jump up ^ Steven Swinford ( 10 August 2016 ) . `` Britain could be up to £ 70billion worse off if it leaves the Single Market after Brexit , IFS warns '' . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Claim ' hard Brexit ' could cost UK £ 10bn in tax '' . Financial Times . 4 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` At least 12 banks are moving some operations from London to Dublin after Brexit '' . BusinessInsider.com . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Armour , John ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` Brexit and financial services '' . Oxford Review of Economic Policy . 33 ( suppl_1 ) : S54 -- S69 . doi : 10.1093 / oxrep / grx014 . ISSN 0266 - 903X . Jump up ^ Portes , Jonathan ; Forte , Giuseppe ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` The economic impact of Brexit - induced reductions in migration '' . Oxford Review of Economic Policy .",
"66": "33 ( suppl_1 ) : S31 -- S44 . doi : 10.1093 / oxrep / grx008 . ISSN 0266 - 903X . Jump up ^ `` Mervyn King : Britain better off going for hard Brexit '' . The Guardian . 26 December 2016 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Centre for Economic Policy Research '' . cepr.org . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Giles , Chris ( 18 December 2017 ) . `` The real price of Brexit begins to emerge '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eichengreen , Barry ( 10 August 2017 ) . `` The experts strike back ! How economists are being proved right on Brexit Barry Eichengreen '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European banks slash UK - related assets by € 350bn after Brexit vote '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Central bank of the year : Bank of England - Central Banking '' . Central Banking . 16 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Macro , Mainly ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` mainly macro : How Brexit advocates intend to smear economics '' . mainly macro . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of England Economist : Brexit Predictions Were Wrong '' . Associated Press . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Inman , Phillip ( 5 January 2017 ) . `` Chief Economist of Bank of England Admits Errors in Brexit Forecasting '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Swinford , Steven ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Bank of England Admits ' Michael Fish Moment ' with Dire Brexit Predictions '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 January 2017 .",
"67": "Jump up ^ `` The Brexit vote is starting to have major negative consequences ' -- experts debate the data The Guardian ^ Jump up to : David Miles ( 11 January 2017 ) . `` Andy Haldane is wrong : there is no crisis in economics '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ Collis , Helen ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` Brussels releases criteria to host EU agencies after Brexit '' . POLITICO . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EU states set for squabble over who gets London 's agencies after Brexit '' . Reuters. 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Stafford , Philip ( 18 May 2017 ) . `` Europe nears decision on base for euro clearing '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Between 2007 -- 2013 the UK received € 8.8 billion from the EU for research while contributing € 5.4 billion to the EU 's research budget . UK research and the European Union : the role of the EU in funding UK research ( PDF ) . London : Royal Society . 2016 . pp. 12 , Figure 4 . Jump up ^ Around 11 % of the research income of British universities came from the EU in 2014 -- 2015 University Funding Explained ( PDF ) . London : UK Universities . July 2016 . Jump up ^ Elgot , Jessica ; Elliott , Larry ; Davis , Nicola ( 13 August 2016 ) . `` Treasury to guarantee post-Brexit funding for EU - backed projects '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sample , Ian ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` UK scientists dropped from EU projects because of post-Brexit funding fears '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It is likely that the UK would wish to remain an associated member of the European Research Area , like Norway and Iceland , in order to continue participating in the EU framework programmes . '' UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( PDF ) . Paris : UNESCO Publishing . 2015 . p. 269 .",
"68": "ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 100129 - 1 . Jump up ^ Simons , Ned ( 24 January 2016 ) . `` Nicola Sturgeon Denies She Has `` Machiavellian '' Wish For Brexit `` . The Huffington Post UK . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland Says New Vote on Independence Is ' Highly Likely ' '' . The New York Times . 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nicola Sturgeon says Scotland will pursue EU membership after independence '' . The Independent . 20 March 2017 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Heather ( 16 March 2017 ) . `` Theresa May rejects Nicola Sturgeon 's referendum demand '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sturgeon : independent Scotland may need `` phased '' return to EU `` . The Guardian . 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Could Scotland block Brexit ? '' . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Elliott ; Mark . `` Can Scotland block Brexit ? '' . PublicLawForEveryone.com . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whitehall lawyers drawing up plans to challenge Continuity Bill in courts '' . Herald Scotalnd. 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Forging a new UK - wide agricultural framework post-Brexit '' . LSE. 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Whitehall lawyers drawing up plans to challenge Continuity Bill in courts '' . Herald Scotalnd. 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McClean , Paul ( 30 May 2017 ) . `` After Brexit : the UK will need to renegotiate at least 759 treaties '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) .",
"69": "Through analysis of the EU treaty database , the FT found 759 separate EU bilateral agreements with potential relevance to Britain , covering trade in nuclear goods , customs , fisheries , trade , transport and regulatory co-operation in areas such as antitrust or financial services . This includes multilateral agreements based on consensus , where Britain must re-approach 132 separate parties . Around 110 separate opt - in accords at the UN and World Trade Organisation are excluded from the estimates , as are narrow agreements on the environment , health , research and science . Some additional UK bilateral deals , outside the EU framework , may also need to be revised because they make reference to EU law . Some of the 759 are so essential that it would be unthinkable to operate without them . Air services agreements allow British aeroplanes to land in America , Canada or Israel ; nuclear accords permit the trade in spare parts and fuel for Britain 's power stations . Both these sectors are excluded from trade negotiations and must be addressed separately . ^ Jump up to : `` Leaving the EU -- RESEARCH PAPER 13 / 42 '' ( PDF ) . House of Commons Library . 1 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Niamh ( 31 January 2017 ) . `` Brexit will not mean hard border , leaders vow '' . The Times , Ireland edition . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ George Mitchell : UK and Ireland need to realise what 's at stake in Brexit talks . Belfast Telegraph , 8 April 2018 Jump up ^ Brexit : the unexpected threat to peace in Northern Ireland Nic Robertson , CNN , 6 April 2018 Jump up ^ Brexit threatens Good Friday agreement , Irish PM warns . David Smith , The Guardian , 14 March 2018 Jump up ^ David Trimble : Ireland risks provoking ( loyalist ) paramilitaries over post-Brexit border . Henry McDonald , The Guardian , 6 April 2018 Jump up ^ `` Ireland - UK Accord to Further Secure the Common Travel Area '' . Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service . The Joint Statement and the accompanying Memorandum of Understanding on visa data exchange was signed by Minister for Justice , Equality and Defence , Alan Shatter , T.D.",
"70": "and UK Immigration Minister , Damien Green , M.P. , in Dublin today . Jump up ^ `` Britain does not want return to Northern Ireland border controls , says May '' . The Irish Times . 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Republic signals support for UK plan to avoid post-Brexit `` hard border '' `` . The Guardian . 10 October 2016 . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : Ireland has no agreement with UK on use of Irish ports '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UK officials at Irish ports ruled out '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Fenton , Siobhan ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` Northern Ireland 's Deputy First Minister calls for poll on united Ireland after Brexit '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Ellen ( 29 April 2017 ) . `` EU approval ' brings united Ireland closer ' '' . The Times , Ireland edition . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Wintour ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` French minister : Brexit would threaten Calais border arrangement '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Would Brexit really move `` the Jungle '' to Dover ? `` . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Xavier Bertrand a les accords du Touquet dans le viseur '' . Libération . Jump up ^ Treaty between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the French Republic concerning the Implementation of Frontier Controls at the Sea Ports of both Countries on the Channel and North Sea ( PDF ) , The Stationery Office , 4 February 2003 , cm6172 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 January 2008 , retrieved 5 July 2016 , This Treaty is concluded for an unlimited duration and each of the Contracting Parties may terminate it at any time by written notification ... The termination shall come into effect two years after the date of this notification .",
"71": "Jump up ^ Buchanan , Elsa ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` François Hollande rejects suspension of Le Touquet treaty at Calais despite UK Brexit '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jennifer ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` The Brexit vote result has reignited a 300 - year - old fight between Britain and Spain '' . Vox . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spain would demand control of Gibraltar the ' next day after Brexit ' '' . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : Spain calls for joint control of Gibraltar '' . BBC News . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Joe Duggan ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Chief Minister Fabian Picardo says ' British means British ' at National Day political rally '' . Jump up ^ `` Govt 's stark analysis highlights Brexit border challenge '' . Gibraltar Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` the UK would seek the best possible deal for Gibraltar as the UK exits the EU , and there would be no negotiation on the sovereignty of Gibraltar without the consent of its people . '' Theresa May , 6 April 2017 , `` UK wo n't negotiate away Gibraltar sovereignty , May tells Tusk '' . The Guardian . 6 April 2017 .",
"72": "Jump up ^ ' Sir Joe slams EU 's ' disgraceful ' stance on Brexit and Gibraltar ' : The Gibraltar Chronicle , 2 February 2018 Jump up ^ The Telegraph -- `` CANZUK : after Brexit , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and Britain can unite as a pillar of Western civilisation '' : https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/13/canzuk-after-brexit-canada-australia-new-zealand-and-britain-can/ Jump up ^ CapX -- `` Why CANZUK is Britain 's best hope after Brexit '' : https://capx.co/why-canzuk-is-britains-best-hope-after-brexit/ Jump up ^ The Express -- `` Britain right to ditch ' antiquated ' EU and seek new global trade , says Australian senator '' : https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/856874/Brexit-news-Australian-senator-James-Paterson-CANZUK-UK-EU-exit Jump up ^ Open Canada -- `` Bigger national security ideas enter the Conservative leadership debate '' : https://www.opencanada.org/features/better-late-never-bigger-national-security-ideas-enter-conservative-leadership-debate/ Jump up ^ USA Today -- `` Brexit boosts ' CANZUK ' replacement for European Union : Column '' : https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/columnist/2016/06/24/brexit-boosts-canzuk-replacement-european-union-column/86347818/ Jump up ^ The Express -- `` Visa - free movement across UK , Canada , Australia and NZ ?",
"73": "Campaign boost as 200,000 sign up '' : https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/806280/commonwealth-visa-free-UK-australia-canada-new-zealand Jump up ^ The Express -- `` Free movement in the COMMONWEALTH : Petition reaches 214,000 as Brexit plans revealed '' : https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/909657/UK-Australia-New-Zealand-Canada-Brexit-plans-free-movement-visa-petition-CANZUK Jump up ^ Global News -- `` Push for free movement of Canadians , Kiwis , Britons and Australians gains momentum '' : https://globalnews.ca/news/3975037/push-for-free-movement-of-canadians-kiwis-britons-and-australians-gains-momentum/ Jump up ^ Daily Times -- `` Post-imperial nostalgia : Brexit and the Empire '' : https://dailytimes.com.pk/24383/post-imperial-nostalgia-brexit-and-the-empire/ Jump up ^ Andreas Koenig ( 27 June 2016 ) . `` Ökonomische Aspekte eines EU - Austritts des Vereinigten Königreichs ( Brexit ) '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Deutscher Bundestag . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ M. Chardon ( 1 January 2016 ) . `` Sperrminorität '' ( in German ) . Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Holger Romann ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` Nach dem Brexit - Votum : EU - Wirtschaftspolitik -- was geht da ? '' ( in German ) . ARD . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dorothea Siems ( 18 June 2016 ) . `` Sperrminorität '' . Die Welt ( in German ) . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU - Austritt des UK : Diese Folgen hat der Brexit für Deutschland und die EU '' ( UK Exit from EU : Brexit has these consequences for Germany and the EU ) . Merkur.de ( in German ) .",
"74": "22 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Die Briten haben sich für einen Abschied entschieden , Europa wird nun anders aussehen . Der Kontinent verliert seine ( neben Frankreich ) stärkste Militärmacht samt Atomwaffenarsenal , seine zweitgrößte Volkswirtschaft , das Land mit der drittgrößten Bevölkerung , die Finanzhauptstadt der Welt und einen von zwei Plätzen im UN-Sicherheitsrat . ( The British have decided to leave . Europe will now look different . The continent will be losing its strongest military power ( alongside France ) , ... its second largest economy , the country with the third largest population , the financial capital of the world , and one of two seats on the UN Security Council . ) Jump up ^ Hendrik Kafsack ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` EU - Haushalt : Deutschland überweist das meiste Geld an Brüssel '' . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung ( in German ) . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Reuters / dpa ( 10 September 2016 ) . `` Brexit wird teuer für Deutschland '' . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung ( in German ) . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A two - speed post-Brexit Europe is best avoided '' https://www.ft.com/content/e0051162-1ee0-11e7-b7d3-163f5a7f229c Jump up ^ `` European Parliament moves to sideline British MEPs '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MEPs debate who inherits British seats '' . politico.eu . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Is Brexit an opportunity to reform the European Parliament ? '' ( pdf ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Burns , Kevin ( 11 September 2017 ) . `` Legal experts say common law Ireland to be `` isolated '' within EU after Brexit `` . Irish Legal News . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Government 's legal bill `` to go up after Brexit '' `` .",
"75": "Irish Legal News . 11 September 2017 . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Main world producers ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Daniel Boffey ( 15 February 2017 ) . `` UK fishermen may not win waters back after Brexit , EU memo reveals '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Source : House of Lords , NAFC Marine Centre , University of the Highlands and Islands . Jump up ^ Milne , Claire ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Is the EU ' pinching our fish ' ? '' . fullfact.org . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Lorna Siggins ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` Fishing announcement UK 's `` first serious shot on Brexit '' `` . The Irish Times . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/nov/25/australia-raises-doubts-over-post-brexit-plans-for-eu-food-import-quotas Jump up ^ `` No notification , no negotiation : EU officials banned from Brexit talks with Britain '' . 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Juncker on populist right - wingers : `` I want to stand against these forces '' `` . 31 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Juncker warnt Firmen vor eigenen Brexit - Deals '' ( Juncker warns companies against making their own Brexit deals ) ( in German ) . 5 November 2016 . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Ich sage ihnen , dass sie sich nicht in die Debatte einmischen sollen , denn sie werden feststellen , dass ich ihnen den Weg versperre . Jump up ^ `` Jean - Claude Juncker : UK faces hefty Brexit bill '' . 22 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Visit in Berlin : Johnson 's timetable ( for Brexit ) does not envisage changes '' . 4 November 2016 . Retrieved 6 November 2016 .",
"76": "Jump up ^ Brooks , Libby ( 15 July 2016 ) . `` May tells Sturgeon Holyrood will be ' fully engaged ' in article 50 decision '' . London , UK . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Laura Hughes ( 9 September 2016 ) . `` Brexit department spends more than £ 250,000 on legal advice in just two months '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May signals Whitehall rejig with two new Cabinet posts '' . civilserviceworld.com . CSW . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Trading places / Negotiating post-Brexit deals . Economist , 4 -- 10 February 2017 , page 25 Jump up ^ GOV.UK The government 's negotiating objectives for exiting the EU : PM speech https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/the-governments-negotiating-objectives-for-exiting-the-eu-pm-speech Jump up ^ HM Government ( February 2017 ) . The United Kingdom 's exit from and new partnership with the European Union ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Williams Lea Group . pp. 17 -- 20 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British citizens should have freedom of movement after Brexit , says chief EU negotiator '' . The Local . 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : EU summit on 29 April to discuss way ahead '' . BBC . 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit revives Sinn Féin campaign for united Ireland vote '' . Politico. 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit -- the Brexit , `` a tragedy '' , according to Jean - Claude Juncker `` . The Brussels Times . 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Better regulation '' . European Commission -- European Commission . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hard facts ' for both sides in Brexit talks - Theresa May '' . BBC News . 2 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : EU leaders agree to move talks to next stage '' .",
"77": "BBC News . 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May urges EU to retain trade terms for two years after Brexit '' . BBC News . 22 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit negotiations : Barnier rules out ' concessions ' '' . BBC News . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' No turning back ' on Brexit as Article 50 triggered '' . BBC News . 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : UK to leave single market , says Theresa May '' . BBC News . 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May vows to be ' one nation ' prime minister '' . BBC News . 13 July 2016 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : EU leaders agree to move talks to next stage '' . BBC News . 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May urges EU to retain trade terms for two years after Brexit '' . BBC News . 22 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit negotiations : Barnier rules out ' concessions ' '' . BBC News . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' No turning back ' on Brexit as Article 50 triggered '' . BBC News . 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : UK to leave single market , says Theresa May '' . BBC News . 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May vows to be ' one nation ' prime minister '' . BBC News . 13 July 2016 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 .",
"78": "Jump up ^ Poll finds that 60 % of Britons want to keep their EU citizenship The Guardian Jump up ^ http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2017/11/28/97001-20171128FILWWW00252-brexit-washington-appelle-a-des-negociations-rapides-entre-ue-et-londres.php Jump up ^ Mia Jankowicz , `` Britain 's thriving art scene strangled by Brexit chaos '' in Politics.co.uk , 20 March 2017 : Online Link Jump up ^ Hannah Ellis - Petersen , `` Banksy Brexit mural of man chipping away at EU flag appears in Dover '' in The Guardian ( UK newspaper ) , 8 May 2017 Jump up ^ Mick Brown , `` Grayson Perry : What I learnt from my Brexit tour around Britain '' , in The Daily Telegraph ( UK newspaper ) , 27 May 2017 Jump up ^ Michael Paraskos , Rabbitman ( London : Friction Fiction , 2017 ) Jump up ^ Mark Billingham , Love Like Blood , ( London : Little Brown Books , 2017 ) Jump up ^ David Boyle , Remains of the Day ( London : Real Press , 2017 ) Jump up ^ Amanda Craig , The Lie of the Land ( London : Little Brown Books , 2017 ) Jump up ^ Douglas Board , Time of Lies ( London : Lightning Books , 2017 ) Jump up ^ Katie Spencer , `` Literature goes Brexit : EU vote prompts writers to tackle issue '' , Sky News report , 19 March 2017 Click for Link Jump up ^ Kettle , Martin ( 10 March 2017 ) `` Brexit stage left : how theatre became the best way to understand today 's Britain '' The Guardian . Jump up ^ Cavendish , Dominic ( 11 March 2017 ) `` The National Theatre takes on Brexit in My Country , a work in progress '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` The easiest way to set up a new pro-European centrist political party '' . Markpack.org.uk. 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` People Keep Trying To Start Pro-EU British Centrist Movements on Twitter '' . Buzzfeed.com . Retrieved 1 November 2017 .",
"79": "Jump up ^ `` I was asked to lead a new pro remain party , here 's why I said no '' . leftfootforward.org. 2017 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Further reading William Outhwaite ( ed . ) , Brexit : Sociological Responses ( London : Anthem Press , 2017 ) . ISBN 9781783086443 Hobolt , Sara B. ( 7 September 2016 ) . `` The Brexit vote : a divided nation , a divided continent '' . Journal of European Public Policy . 23 ( 9 ) : 1259 -- 1277 . doi : 10.1080 / 13501763.2016. 1225785 . ISSN 1350 - 1763 . Peers , Steve ( 2016 ) . The Brexit : The Legal Framework for Withdrawal from the EU or Renegotiation of EU Membership . Oxford , UK : Hart Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84946 - 874 - 9 . OCLC 917161408 . Ansorg , N. & Haastrup , T. : `` Brexit Beyond the UK 's Borders : What It Means for Africa '' , GIGA Focus Afrika No. 03 / 2016 External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : The withdrawal clause Look up Brexit in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . UK government 's official negotiation documents EU 's official negotiation documents UK Parliament -- Brexit News Reading list of post-EU Referendum publications by Parliament and the Devolved Assemblies -- House of Commons Library Record of Brexit - related business in the devolved legislatures ( Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales ) -- House of Commons Library Gov UK -- Department for Exiting the European Union BBC : `` Brexit : What are the options ? ''",
"80": "( 10 October 2016 ) The Brexit Papers , Bar Council , December 2016 Plan for Britain : The government 's negotiating objectives for exiting the EU : PM 's speech delivered and published on 17 January 2017 -- transcript of speech as delivered at Lancaster House , London The United Kingdom 's exit from and new partnership with the European Union , February 2017 ( `` White paper '' ) Brexit at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Quotes about Brexit on Euronews European Council Brexit Guidelines The Principle of Loyalty in EU Law , 2014 , by Marcus Klamert , Legal Officer , European Commission Relating to Court cases Judgment of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union ( hide ) United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 Renegotiation Results Aftermath Brexit Referendum question `` Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union ? ''",
"81": "Referendum legislation European Union Referendum Act 2015 European Union ( Referendum ) Act 2016 ( Gibraltar ) Background Treaty of Rome UK Accession to the European Communities Treaty of Accession 1972 European Communities Act 1972 1973 EC enlargement 1975 European Communities membership referendum Single European Act European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1986 UK rebate Black Wednesday Maastricht Treaty Treaty on European Union European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1993 European Economic Area European Economic Area Act 1993 Treaty of Amsterdam European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1998 Treaty of Nice European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 2002 Treaty of Accession 2003 European Union ( Accessions ) Act 2003 European Constitution European Union Bill 2005 Treaty of Lisbon Withdrawal from the European Union Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union European Union ( Amendment ) Act 2008 European Union Act 2011 European Union ( Referendum ) Bill 2013 2014 UK European Parliament election 2015 UK general election Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom Campaign 2016 referendum campaign Issues Opinion polling Endorsements Project Fear Campaign organisations Remain Official campaign Britain Stronger in Europe Other campaigns Labour In for Britain Leave Official campaign Vote Leave Other campaigns Leave.",
"82": "EU Grassroots Out Labour Leave Campaign for an Independent Britain The Freedom Association Better Off Out Get Britain Out Bruges Group Televised debates The European Union : In or Out ( 2014 ) Aftermath International reactions Conservative Party leadership election Labour Party leadership election UK Independence Party leadership election ( September ) UK Independence Party leadership election ( November ) 2017 UK general election Brexit R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union Brexit negotiations Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar Effects of Brexit on science and technology WTO Option Brexit legislation European Union ( Notification of Withdrawal ) Act 2017 European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill Related Brexit : The Movie ( 2016 documentary ) Change Britain `` Enemies of the People '' London independence More United The New European ( newspaper ) Open Britain Proposed second Scottish independence referendum United Ireland Status of Akrotiri and Dhekelia and Gibraltar Impact of Brexit on the European Union United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac .",
"83": "Hydroelectricity Marine North Sea oil Solar Wind Food Agriculture Fishing English Scottish Hunting Materials Flora Forestry Mining Politics Constitution Courts Elections Foreign relations Human rights Judiciary Law Law enforcement Legislation Monarchy monarchs Nationality Parliament House of Commons House of Lords Political parties Government Cabinet list Civil service Departments Prime Minister list Military Royal Navy Army Royal Air Force Weapons of mass destruction Economy Banks Bank of England Budget Economic geography Manufacturing Pound ( currency ) Stock Exchanges ( London Exchange ) Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transport British Rail Society Affordability of housing Crime Demography Drug policy Education Ethnic groups Health Immigration Innovation Languages Poverty Prostitution Public holidays Social care Social structure Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Identity Literature Media Music Religion Sport Symbols Theatre Countries of the United Kingdom England History social timeline Geography Politics Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Northern Ireland History Geography Politics Assembly Executive First Minister and deputy Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Scotland History timeline Geography Politics Parliament Government First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Wales History Geography Welsh Government Politics Assembly First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Outline Index Book Portal LCCN : sh2017003454 GND : 1109778066 SUDOC : 200582151 BNF : cb17123335x ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit&oldid=838518029 '' Categories : Consequences of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom Brexit Words coined in the 2010s English words and phrases United Kingdom and the European Union Withdrawal from the European Union",
"84": "2010s in politics 2016 in British politics Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages with login required references or sources CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia semi-protected pages EngvarB from February 2018 Use dmy dates from February 2018 Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from November 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiversity Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano",
"85": "עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Thuɔŋjäŋ Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 14 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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tallest building in the world of all time
|
[
"Burj Khalifa",
"Burj Khalifa",
"Burj Khalifa",
"Burj Khalifa"
] |
{
"0": "History of the world 's tallest buildings - wikipedia History of the world 's tallest buildings Jump to : navigation , search This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The tallest building in the world as of 2018 is Burj Khalifa . Before Burj Khalifa , the title of `` world 's tallest building '' has been borne by various buildings , such as Rouen Cathedral and the Empire State Building . The skyscraper was invented in Chicago in 1884 . For the next hundred years , the world 's tallest building was always in the United States with New York City accumulating 86 years , and Chicago accumulating 30 years . After just over a century ( 1885 -- 1998 ) the distinction moved to the Eastern Hemisphere . Malaysia was the first country to break United States ' record of building tallest buildings in the world by building Petronas Twin Towers in 1998 , which held the record for 6 years before losing it to Taipei 101 in 2004 . Before the current era of commercial skyscrapers , there was an era where the tallest buildings were Christian churches / cathedrals ( c. 1250 -- 1901 ) , dominated by England and Germanic territories . Before this time , it is not possible to conclusively state what was the tallest building in the world . For instance , the Lighthouse of Alexandria ( completed about 280 BC ) was very tall , but its true height is not known . For thousands of years , the Great Pyramid in Egypt was the tallest structure in the world , but the Great Pyramid is not considered a building since it was not habitable .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition of terms 1.1 Meaning of `` building '' 1.2 Determination of height 2 Tallest buildings ( 13th century -- 1901 ) 2.1 Churches and cathedrals 2.2 Skyscrapers 3 Tallest buildings ( from 1908 ) 4 Charts 4.1 1870 -- present 4.2 1300 -- present 5 History of increment in height of skyscrapers 6 History of supertall skyscrapers by location 7 Increment in usage of skyscrapers 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Definition of terms ( edit ) Meaning of `` building '' ( edit ) The earliest structures now known to be the tallest in the world were the Egyptian pyramids , with the Great Pyramid of Giza , at an original height of 146.5 metres ( 481 ft ) , being the tallest man -- made structure in the world for over 3,800 years , until the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in 1300 . From then until the completion of the Washington Monument ( capped in 1884 ) the world 's tallest buildings were churches or cathedrals . Later , the Eiffel Tower and , still later , some radio masts and television towers were the world 's tallest structures . However , though all of these are structures , some are not buildings in the sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied . It is in this sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied that the term `` building '' is generally understood to mean when determining what is the world 's tallest building . The non-profit international organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) , which maintains a set of criteria for determining the height of tall buildings , defines a `` building '' as `` ( A ) structure that is designed for residential , business or manufacturing purposes '' and `` has floors '' . Tall churches and cathedrals occupy a middle ground : their lower areas are regularly occupied , but much of their height is in bell towers and spires which are not .",
"2": "Whether a church or cathedral is a `` building '' or merely a `` structure '' for the purposes of determining the title of `` world 's tallest building '' is a subjective matter of definition ( this article treats churches and cathedrals as buildings ) . Determination of height ( edit ) The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat based in Chicago uses three different criteria for determining the height of a tall building , each of which may give a different result . `` Height of the highest floor '' is one criterion , and `` height to the top of any part of the building '' is another , but the default criterion used by the CTBUH is `` height of the architectural top of the building '' , which includes spires but not antennae , masts or flag poles . Tallest buildings ( 13th century -- 1901 ) ( edit ) Churches and cathedrals ( edit ) Tallest buildings diagram from 1850 From the 13th century until 1901 , the world 's tallest building was always a church or cathedral . In the 13th century Old St Paul 's Cathedral with its spire was completed . Completed in the early 14th century , the central spire of Lincoln Cathedral surpassed it . In 1549 this spire collapsed , beginning a long sequence where the status of world 's tallest building was borne by shorter and shorter buildings . On the collapse of Lincoln Cathedral 's spire , then St. Mary 's Church in Stralsund became the world 's tallest building . In 1647 , the bell tower of St. Mary 's burned down , thus making the shorter Strasbourg Cathedral the world 's tallest building . It was not until the completion of the Ulm Minster in 1890 that the world 's tallest building was again also the tallest building ever , surpassing the original configuration of Lincoln Cathedral . Note : all percentages are calculated on the difference in metres , not feet . Years tallest Name Location Height Increase 13th century -- 1300 Old St Paul 's Cathedral * London 149 metres ( 489 ft ) 0 1300 -- 1549 Lincoln Cathedral * Lincoln 159.7 metres ( 524 ft ) 7.2 % 1549 -- 1569 St.",
"3": "Mary 's Church Stralsund 151 metres ( 495 ft ) - 5.4 % 1569 -- 1573 St. Pierre 's Cathedral Beauvais 153 metres ( 502 ft ) - 5.4 % 1573 -- 1647 St. Mary 's Church Stralsund 151 metres ( 495 ft ) - 5.4 % 1647 -- 1874 Strasbourg Cathedral Strasbourg 142 metres ( 466 ft ) - 6 % 1874 -- 1876 Church of St. Nicholas Hamburg 147 metres ( 482 ft ) 3.5 % 1876 -- 1880 Rouen Cathedral Rouen 151 metres ( 495 ft ) 2.7 % 1880 -- 1890 Cologne Cathedral Cologne 157.38 metres ( 516.3 ft ) 4.2 % 1890 -- 1901 Ulm Minster * Ulm 161.53 metres ( 530.0 ft ) 2.6 % * -- Also set record at time of completion as tallest building ever built . The 524 feet ( 160 m ) height of Lincoln Cathedral is disputed by some , but accepted by most sources . The completion date for the spire is given as 1311 rather than 1300 by some sources . Also the 489 feet ( 149 m ) height of the spire of Old St Paul 's Cathedral , destroyed by lightning in 1561 , is disputed , for example Christopher Wren ( 1632 -- 1723 ) judged that an overestimate and gave a height of 460 feet ( 140 m ) . The spire of Mole Antonelliana in Turin , completed in 1889 , is claimed to have been 167.5 metres ( 550 ft ) tall ; however , the upper part of the structure was destroyed by a 1953 tornado and rebuilt . If the original spire was 167.5 metres tall , then the Mole Antonelliana was the world 's tallest building from 1889 to 1908 , surpassing Philadelphia City Hall by just 0.5 metres ( 2 ft ) .",
"4": "Skyscrapers ( edit ) Main article : Early skyscrapers The buildings that were the tallest secular skyscrapers , which excludes religious buildings , were : Years tallest Name Location Height Increase 1797 -- 1885 Ditherington Flax Mill Shrewsbury 16 metres ( 52 ft ) 0 1885 -- 1890 Home Insurance Building Chicago 42 metres ( 138 ft ) 162.5 % 1890 -- 1894 New York World Building New York 94 metres ( 308 ft ) 123.8 % 1894 -- 1908 Philadelphia City Hall Philadelphia 167 metres ( 548 ft ) 77.7 % Note : all percentages are calculated on the difference in metres , not feet .",
"5": "Tallest buildings ( from 1908 ) ( edit ) Years tallest Name Location Height Increase 1908 -- 1909 Singer Building New York City 186.57 metres ( 612.1 ft ) 11.7 % 1909 -- 1913 Metropolitan Life Tower New York City 213.36 metres ( 700.0 ft ) 14.4 % 1913 -- 1930 Woolworth Building New York City 241.4 metres ( 792 ft ) 13.1 % 1930 Bank of Manhattan Trust Building New York City 283 metres ( 928 ft ) 17.2 % 1930 -- 1931 Chrysler Building New York City 318.8 metres ( 1,046 ft ) 12.65 % 1931 -- 1972 Empire State Building New York City 381 metres ( 1,250 ft ) 19.5 % 1972 -- 1974 World Trade Center New York City 417 metres ( 1,368 ft ) 9.45 % 1974 -- 1998 Sears Tower Chicago 442 metres ( 1,450 ft ) 6 % 1998 -- 2004 Petronas Towers Kuala Lumpur 451.9 metres ( 1,483 ft ) 2.24 % 2004 -- 2010 Taipei 101 Taipei 509.2 metres ( 1,671 ft ) 12.68 % 2010 -- present Burj Khalifa United Arab Emirates 828 metres ( 2,717 ft ) 62.61 % The list of tallest buildings is based on the default metric of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) , that of measuring to the highest architectural element . Other criteria would generate a different list . Shanghai World Financial Center is not on the above list , but it surpassed Taipei 101 in 2008 to become the building with the highest occupied floor .",
"6": "Using the criteria of highest tip ( including antennae ) , the World Trade Center in New York City was the world 's tallest building from 1972 to 2000 , until the Sears Tower in Chicago ( which already had a higher occupied floor than the World Trade Center ) had its antenna extended to give that building the world 's tallest tip ; a title it held until the 2010 completion of Burj Khalifa . Petronas Towers and Taipei 101 were never the world 's tallest buildings by the highest -- tip criteria . Since 2010 , Burj Khalifa has been the tallest building by any criteria . It has the highest architectural element , tip and occupied floor , and is indeed the tallest structure of any kind ever built , surpassing the ( now destroyed ) 646.38 metres ( 2,120.7 ft ) Warsaw Radio Mast . Since the completion of the Washington Monument in 1884 , the world 's tallest building has not usually also been the world 's tallest structure . The exceptions are 1930 -- 1954 , when the Chrysler Building and then the Empire State building surpassed the Eiffel Tower ( to be surpassed in turn by a succession of broadcast masts , starting with the Griffin Television Tower in Oklahoma ) , and from 2010 with the completion of Burj Khalifa . Charts ( edit ) 1870 -- present ( edit ) 1300 -- present ( edit ) In this chart , time progresses from right to left . Note the early buildings that lost the title as their spires collapsed . History of increment in height of skyscrapers ( edit ) After the construction of the Home Insurance Building in Chicago in the 19th century , the incrementation in the height of skyscrapers began with the construction of the Chrysler Building , followed by the Empire State Building , in New York City . The Chrysler Building was the first building in the world to break the 300 metres ( 984 ft ) barrier , and the Empire State Building was the first building to have more than 100 floors . It stands at 381 metres ( 1,250 ft ) and has 102 floors . The next tallest skyscraper was the World Trade Center , which was completed in 1971 .",
"7": "The north tower was 417 m ( 1,368 ft ) and the south 415 m ( 1,362 ft ) tall . It surpassed the height of the Empire State Building by 36 m ( 118 ft ) . Two years later the Sears Tower was built in Chicago , standing at 442 m ( 1,450 ft ) with 110 floors , surpassing the height of the World Trade Center by 25 metres ( 82 ft ) . The Petronas Towers rose 10 meters above the Sears Tower , standing at a height of 452 m ( 1,483 ft ) and each having 88 floors . In 2004 , the construction of Taipei 101 brought the height of skyscrapers to a new level , standing at 509 m ( 1,670 ft ) with 101 floors . It is 59 metres ( 194 ft ) taller than the previous record holders , the Petronas Towers . Burj Khalifa surpassed the height of Taipei 101 by 319 metres ( 1,047 ft ) in 2009 , making it 60 % taller . It has broken several skyscraper records , and it is almost twice as tall as the Empire State Building . Burj Khalifa has also broken the record of the world 's tallest structure . NOTE : The CTBUH defines a building as a supertall if it is 300 metres ( 984 ft ) or taller . History of supertall skyscrapers by location ( edit ) Since the early skyscraper boom that took place in North America , the significant number of skyscrapers in North America have dominated the 100 tallest buildings in the world . In 1930 , 99 of the 100 tallest buildings in the world were located in North America . In the future , this percentage is expected to decline to only 22 percent . The predominance of skyscrapers in North America is decreasing due to the building of skyscraper construction in other parts of the world , especially in Asia , that are finally catching up to progress that began in North America in the 19th century . In Asia , there has been an increase in the number of supertall skyscrapers beginning with the construction of Petronas Twin Towers . There are currently sixty buildings in the world 's 100 tallest that are located in Asia ( including the Middle East ) .",
"8": "However , skyscraper construction is still prevalent in the United States . Increment in usage of skyscrapers ( edit ) Since the skyscraper boom , the great majority of skyscrapers in the world were used predominantly as office space . From 1930 to 2000 the percentage of office towers never fell below 86 percent , but in the future it is expected to be as low as 46 percent . In 2010 less than half of the 100 tallest buildings in the world were office towers with the majority utilized as residential and mixed use . Today , only four out of the ten tallest buildings in the world , and twenty eight out of the fifty tallest in the world , are used primarily as offices . A mixed - use tall building contains two or more functions ( uses ) , where each of the functions occupies a significant proportion of the tower 's total space . Support areas such as car parks and mechanical plant space do not contribute towards mixed - use status . Skyscrapers used as hotels and as residential space are generally smaller . There are only a few super tall skyscrapers of that type among the 100 tallest skyscrapers in the world . The tallest residential building in the world is 432 Park Avenue . There are few supertall hotel skyscrapers in the world . The Emirates Park Towers Hotel & Spa , Rose Tower and Burj Al Arab are the only three supertall hotels standing , while the topped - out Emirates Park Towers Hotel & Spa is currently the tallest hotel in the world at 377 m ( 1,237 ft ) . See also ( edit ) History portal Architecture portal History of tallest skyscrapers List of tallest buildings and structures List of Egyptian pyramids List of tallest buildings List of tallest churches List of tallest structures built before the 20th century Notes ( edit ) A . This significant proportion can be judged as 15 % or greater of either the total floor area , or the total building height in terms of number of floors occupied for the function . However , care should be taken in the case of supertall buildings . For example , a 20 - story hotel function as part of a 150 - story tower does not comply with the 15 % rule , though this would clearly constitute mixed use . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marshall Gerometta .",
"9": "`` Height : The History of Measuring Tall Buildings '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ A.F.K. `` The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Cathedral Church of LINCOLN , by A.F. KENDRICK , B.A '' . Gwydir.demon.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Haughton , Brian ( 2007 ) , Hidden History : Lost Civilizations , Secret Knowledge , and Ancient Mysteries , p. 167 Jump up ^ Michael Woods , Mary B. Woods ( 2009 ) , Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , p. 41 Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Cathedral '' . Jump up ^ Darwin Porter , Danforth Prince ( 2010 ) , Frommer 's England 2010 , p. 588 Jump up ^ Mary Jane Taber ( 1905 ) , The cathedrals of England : an account of some of their distinguishing characteristics , p. 100 Jump up ^ A Brief History of the World 's Tallest Buildings Time magazine Jump up ^ `` Cathedrals and the birth of freedom - Institute of Public Affairs Australia '' . Jump up ^ Benham , William ( 1902 ) . Old St. Paul 's Cathedral . London : Seeley & Co at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ `` Mole Antonelliana '' . Museo Nazionale del Cinema ( Italian National Film Museum ) website . Maria Adriana Prolo Foundation . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Construction was completed in 1889 ... At the time of its completion , at 167.5 meters in height , it was the tallest masonry building in all of Europe . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Measuring Tall Buildings '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. 2008 . Retrieved 16 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat , CTBUH Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings. 2009 Jump up ^ Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat , Tallest Single - Function Office Buildings in the World External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Former world 's tallest buildings . CTBUH.",
"10": "org Tallest buildings past , present and future Illinois.edu Capital-chronicle.com Tallestbuildingintheworld.com Skyscraper.org Information of Skyscrapers fredmanonthemillhill.com Geography.about.com : Worlds Tallest Skyscrapers Shift of Skyscrapers from USA to Asia A Brief History of the World 's Tallest Skyscrapers Facts About Worlds tallest Buildings The History of Skyscrapers , A Race at the Top Timeline of Worlds Tallest Buildings ( hide ) Tallest buildings and structures Buildings Overview History Skyscraper Storey By region Africa Asia South Southeast Europe Balkans Baltic states Scandinavia Oceania South America Central America Latin America By country Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kosovo Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Macau Macedonia ,",
"11": "Republic of Malaysia Malta Mexico Mongolia Morocco Netherlands Nigeria North Korea Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Taiwan ( Republic of China ) Tanzania Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Vietnam Zimbabwe By other British Empire and Commonwealth European Union Lists 100 + floors Architects Buildings by height to roof Cities with most high - rise buildings Cities with most skyscrapers Churches Eastern Orthodox Early skyscrapers Educational Future Hospitals Hotels Most expensive Residential Supertall Twin buildings Voluntarily demolished Wood Structures ( of any type ) By region Africa Europe Middle East South America former Soviet Union former Yugoslavia By country Albania Algeria Australia Austria Bahrain Belgium Bulgaria Canada China Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Italy Japan Kosovo Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Romania Saudi Arabia Serbia Slovakia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan United Kingdom United States By other Commonwealth of Nations Lists 300 to 400 metres 400 to 500 metres Before the 20th century Bridges Chimneys Crosses Dams Freestanding Lighthouses Statues Towers Twin structures Related topics Additionally guyed tower Air traffic obstacle All buildings and structures Antenna height considerations Architectural engineering Construction Early skyscrapers Height restriction laws Oil platform Partially guyed tower Tower block Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"12": "php?title=History_of_the_world%27s_tallest_buildings&oldid=833619142 '' Categories : History of construction History of structural engineering Lists of tallest buildings Record progressions Hidden categories : Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia external links cleanup from December 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from December 2015 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Articles needing additional references from March 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 16 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-4020097033891103749
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who plays chummy's mother in call the midwife
|
[
"Cheryl Campbell",
"Cheryl Campbell",
"Cheryl Campbell"
] |
{
"0": "List of Call the midwife characters - wikipedia List of Call the midwife characters Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of characters from Call the Midwife , a British television period - drama series shown on BBC One since 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Characters 2.1 Sister Julienne 2.2 Sister Monica Joan 2.3 Sister Mary Cynthia 2.4 Sister Winifred 2.5 Beatrix `` Trixie '' Franklin 2.6 Shelagh Turner 2.7 Camilla `` Chummy '' Noakes ( née Fortescue - Cholmondeley - Browne ) 2.8 Patience `` Patsy '' Mount 2.9 Barbara Hereward ( neé Gilbert ) 2.10 Phyllis Crane 2.11 Delia Busby 2.12 Valerie Dyer 2.13 Frederick `` Fred '' Buckle 2.14 Dr. Patrick Turner 2.15 Peter Noakes 2.16 Tom Hereward 3 Supporting characters 3.1 Timothy Turner 3.2 Angela Turner 3.3 Edward Turner 3.4 Violet Buckle ( neé Gee ) 3.5 Christopher Dockerill 4 Previous characters 4.1 Nurse Jenny Lee 4.2 Sister Evangelina 4.3 Sister Ursula 5 Previous recurring characters 6 References Cast ( edit ) Actor Character Role Series 5 6 7 Jessica Raine Jenny Lee Nurse , midwife Main Does not appear Vanessa Redgrave Voice of Jennifer Worth Nurse , midwife Main Jenny Agutter Sister Julienne Sister - in - charge , midwife Main Judy Parfitt Sister Monica Joan Retired midwife Main Pam Ferris Sister Evangelina Nurse , midwife Main Does not appear Bryony Hannah Sister Mary Cynthia Nurse , midwife Main Does not appear Helen George Beatrix `` Trixie '' Franklin Senior nurse , midwife Main Laura Main Shelagh Turner Practice manager ,",
"1": "midwife Main Stephen McGann Patrick Turner General practitioner Main Cliff Parisi Frederick `` Fred '' Buckle Caretaker Main Max Macmillan Timothy `` Tim '' Turner Patrick Turner 's son Recurring Miranda Hart Camilla `` Chummy '' Noakes Nurse , midwife Main Does not appear Ben Caplan Peter Noakes Police Sergeant Main Does not appear George Rainsford James `` Jimmy '' Wilson Friend of Jenny Lee Recurring Does not appear Cheryl Campbell Lady Browne Chummy 's mother Recurring Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Emerald Fennell Patience `` Patsy '' Mount Nurse , midwife Does not appear Guest Main Does not appear Dorothy Atkinson Jane Sutton Medical orderly Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Leo Starr Alec Jesmond Boyfriend of Jenny Lee Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Victoria Yeates Sister Winifred Midwife Does not appear Main Jack Ashton Tom Hereward Curate Does not appear Main Alice Brown Angela Turner Adopted daughter of Shelagh and Patrick Turner Does not appear Recurring Charlotte Ritchie Barbara Hereward Nurse , midwife Does not appear Main Annabelle Apsion Violet Buckle Wife of Fred Buckle Does not appear Recurring Main Linda Bassett Phyllis Crane Nursing sister , midwife Does not appear Main Kate Lamb Delia Busby Nurse Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Maxine Evans Mrs Busby Delia Busby 's mother Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Harriet Walter Sister Ursula Sister - in - charge , midwife , nurse Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Jennifer Kirby Valerie Dyer Nurse ,",
"2": "midwife Does not appear Main Jack Hawkins Christopher Dockerill Dentist Does not appear Recurring Daniel Laurie Reggie Jackson In the care of Fred and Violet Buckle Does not appear Recurring Characters ( edit ) Sister Julienne ( edit ) Sister Julienne Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Jenny Agutter Duration 2012 -- First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Introduced by Jennifer Worth Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Sister - in - charge , Nun , Midwife and Nurse By necessity , Sister Julienne conceals an iron fist in a velvet glove , managing both her charges and fellow sisters with a combination of tact , compassion , and no - nonsense advice . Her steadfast , compassionate guidance makes her an anchor for her colleagues and in a very real way , it is she who holds the inhabitants of Nonnatus House together . She always offers comfort and help to the young midwives and also has a notably close , warm and maternal relationship with Sister Bernadette , serving as her chief mentor and confidante . Beginning with series 4 , it becomes clear that the weight of always having to be `` the wise one '' takes a heavier toll on her than many would guess , and she is increasingly shown leaning on Shelagh ( formerly Sister Bernadette ) for counsel and support ; nevertheless , her faith is not shaken and she remains a serene , guiding presence for all of Nonnatus House . Her pre-Order name was Louise . In the sixth series after her return from Africa , Sister Julienne becomes Deputy Sister - in - Charge to Sister Ursula . Although Sister Ursula leaves in the third episode and Sister Julienne become sister in charge again .",
"3": "Sister Monica Joan ( edit ) Sister Monica Joan Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Judy Parfitt Duration 2012 -- First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Introduced by Jennifer Worth Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Nun , Retired Midwife and Nurse One of the UK 's earliest registered nurses , and the last surviving founder of Nonnatus House , Sister Monica Joan ( whose birth name was Antonia Cavill ) retired from practice prior to the events of the series , who is suffering from the early stages of dementia and feeble body . Desperate to be of service and feel useful , she is given make - work tasks to keep her occupied , such as rolling bandages ( which the nurses secretly unrolled beforehand ) . Sister Julienne expresses that it is now their privilege to care for her . She has a very different nature from Sister Evangelina 's and misses no opportunity to bait her . It is never entirely clear how much of Sister Monica Joan 's eccentricity is due to the frailty of age , or ( as Jenny and Sister Bernadette suspect ) sheer wilful naughtiness . She has a habit of devouring all the cakes , leading everyone to try to hide them from her . She also knits woollen teddy bears and casts her horoscope in the stars and planets in order to tell her future . In the final episode of Series 1 , after recovering from pneumonia , she is arrested for stealing trinkets from the market : some ribbons , a handkerchief , a china robin and several other things . Later , she is suspected of stealing a ring , a bracelet and a pearl necklace , which were discovered by Jenny Lee ; Sister Monica Joan then went to hide them in her knitting bag and they were found by Sister Evangelina and who called the constable . Mother Jesu Emanuel ( Mother Superior of the order ) testifies that Sister Monica Joan inherited those items from her mother and no crime was committed . In light of Monica Joan 's age and moments of forgetfulness , she is acquitted of the trinket thefts .",
"4": "In Series 2 , she reconciles with her nephew and his family , fears that she is useless , spends a lot of money on taxis to see her nephew , much to the chagrin of Sister Julienne , recovers from angina , escapes a holiday with Sister Evangelina to Chichester , judges a baby show , and pays for a child 's funeral . Sister Monica Joan is very close to and gets on well with Jenny . In the 2015 Christmas special , she runs away from the convent after an argument with Sister Evangelina , returning to her childhood home with the belief that everyone should go back to their home , prompted by Barbara 's comment that she was n't allowed back to Liverpool for Christmas . She returns just in time for their appearance on the BBC . Sister Mary Cynthia ( edit ) Sister Mary Cynthia Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Bryony Hannah Duration 2012 -- First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Introduced by Jennifer Worth Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Nurse , Midwife ; later Nun ( series 4 - ) Nurse Cynthia Miller , like Trixie , is also a resident at Nonnatus House when Jenny arrives . She volunteers as a uniformed leader of the local Girls ' Brigade . Cynthia is the most sensitive of the young midwives , and gets very emotionally involved with some of her patients . In Series 2 , when a child she delivers dies , the people of Poplar suspect her of making a mistake that cost the baby its life . Cynthia begins to doubt her abilities , which takes a heavy toll on her work and health . She suffers a breakdown , but recovers with the help of Sister Julienne . An autopsy report confirms that the baby 's death was due to lungs that never fully inflated . In the 2014 Christmas Special , Cynthia decides to become a postulant and leaves Nonnatus House for six months of training , promising Trixie and Patsy that she will return . In Series 4 , Cynthia returns to Nonnatus House after her training is complete , having chosen the religious name of Sister Mary Cynthia . Though she now spends less time with her friends , she remains close to Trixie and ultimately convinces her to get help for her alcoholism .",
"5": "She is also close with Sister Winfred and Barbara . In series 5 episode 6 Sister Mary Cynthia is violently attacked at the docks by a man . She thinks it is a test of faith but with the help of Sister Monica Joan , she goes to the police , and is able to return to her own quiet , kind religious self . But when Sister Ursula asks about her life vows , it becomes clear that the attack is still affecting her . In series 6 , Sister Mary Cynthia is sent to the Mother House by Sister Ursula . When Trixie returns to Poplar from South Africa , it is realised that Sister Mary Cynthia has gone missing from the Mother House . She is found in an asylum where she has been admitted as a patient , but it is apparent that she is n't getting the help she needs . Dr Turner and Sister Julienne work to get her discharged into their care , and send her to a community for mental health care . She reverts to her birth name Cynthia . Sister Winifred ( edit ) Sister Winifred Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Victoria Yeates Duration 2014 -- First appearance Series 3 , Episode 1 Introduced by Heidi Thomas Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Nun , Midwife and Nurse , Former teacher ( Before 1959 ) Sister Winifred arrives at Nonnatus House at the beginning of Series 3 . Sister Winifred is the same age as Jenny , Trixie and Cynthia . She finds midwifery hard . She tries twice to make a harvest loaf for the Harvest Festival , stating ' my mother made it look so easy . ' She eventually succeeds on the second attempt . She seems to be close to Patsy Mount . She is now close to Sister Mary Cynthia since she joined the order and is very passionate about her work in Poplar . In series 5 episode 3 it is revealed that Sister Winifred is missing teaching and takes a temporary job teaching a class replacing one of her patients who was fired due to pregnancy . In episode 4 she had returned to midwifery . She is seen to be close to Cynthia since she joined the order . In series 6 she sets about learning to drive with Phyllis help .",
"6": "Beatrix `` Trixie '' franklin ( edit ) Beatrix `` Trixie '' Franklin Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Helen George Duration 2012 -- First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Introduced by Jennifer Worth Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Senior Midwife and Nurse Trixie has a much more outgoing disposition than Jenny , but the two share the sense of adventure in their work and become firm friends . Trixie loves nothing more than gossiping with her colleagues and is quite nosey when it comes to other people 's business . She occasionally comes across as a bit rude , but she means no harm by it . When it comes to her friends , she takes great pleasure in teasing them about what is going on in their lives . She is caring but no - nonsense to her patients and is encouraging at hopeless times . She is light and carefree , jokes a lot , tries to set her colleagues up with boys and is generally a little boy - mad . Nevertheless , it is clear that work is first in her life , until Curate Tom Hereward proposes to her and she accepts . But their engagement breaks down when Trixie discovers that Tom has a placement in a slum in Newcastle , an industrial city in North East England . This makes her turn even more to alcohol for comfort , but after struggling with alcoholism , with Cynthia 's help , she joins a support group . She shares a room with Nurse Patsy Mount . Trixie 's acceptance of male homosexuality is decades ahead of her time . Prior to the events of the series , she happily served as cover for a gay medical student , providing him the appearance of propriety . Her disgust of a young father arrested in a cottaging sting was entirely the result of his infidelity ; with whom he cheated was immaterial to her . Discovering that Barbara is going out with Tom give her quite a shock and she finds it very difficult to accept , but after a talk with Tom and Barbara she finally accepts that she can no longer hold on to Tom and must let him go . She is now very close to Patsy , Delia , Barbara and Sister Mary Cynthia .",
"7": "In January 1962 , while seconded to a clinic in Africa and dozens of miles from a physician , Trixie becomes the only one of the midwives - lay or nuns - to have performed a cesarean section . She returns to Poplar a few months later as she stays on at the clinic returning via the Mother House , when it 's realised that Sister Mary Cynthia has gone missing . Later in 1962 , she meets a dentist Christopher Dockerill when a turn of events leads to them delivering a baby the grow close . But , later she suspects that she is being cheated on by Dockerhill , but learns that he actually has a child from a prior marriage , which he had not previously disclosed . She forgives him because he was scared to tell her fearing he would be rejected . Shelagh Turner ( edit ) Shelagh Turner Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Laura Main Duration 2012 -- First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Introduced by Jennifer Worth Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Midwife and Nurse ( Series 1 -- 2 , 4 - ) , Medical Sister - in - charge ( surgery ) ( Series 4 - ) , Nun , acting sister in charge ( series 1 -- 2 ) , medical secretary ( series 3 -- 5 ) ( show ) Family Husband Patrick Turner Children Timothy Turner Angela Turner Edward Teddy Turner Sister Bernadette , as she is first known , is Scottish and in her early 30s -- the closest in age to Jenny and the other lay midwives . She is the most educated of the nuns and tutors the other nurses whilst providing administrative assistance to Sister Julienne , sometimes covering as her deputy . She joined the order in July , 1948 . A consummate professional , she has a fresh , uncomplicated approach to her work that means she connects well with Jenny and her other colleagues . In one episode , she is shown to remove her veil , take her hair down and take off her glasses , expressing her hidden desire to be free . In series 2 , it becomes clear that Sister Bernadette is lonely and unhappy , questioning whether the convent is her calling , and wishes to do what the other young midwives of her age are doing : going out to the cinema , dancing , etc .",
"8": "One scene shows Sister Bernadette looking in on the midwives ' room while they are drinking and gossiping , but then the door closes ; it is a life that can not be opened to her while she remains a nun . In another , Sister Monica Joan points out that she spends most of her time praying for forgiveness . Sister Bernadette eventually breaks down and turns to Sister Julienne for help , confessing that what she really wants is a family and children of her own . As of the 2012 Christmas Special and from Series 2 onward , it becomes clear that Sister Bernadette has fallen in love with the local physician , Dr Turner . After recovering from a short bout of tuberculosis , Sister Bernadette leaves the convent and reverts to her birth name of Shelagh ( née Mannion ) . She becomes engaged to Dr Turner , who has also fallen in love with her . They marry in the 2013 Christmas Special and she becomes stepmother to his 11 - year - old son Timothy . They later adopt a baby girl called Angela after a struggle with infertility . However , she still remains close to her faith , joining the Nuns at compline at times she is strugling . In series four it becomes clear Shelagh desperately misses her nursing and midwifery so she returns to full - time work at the surgery and maternity home , first as a medical secretary , and then also as the sister - in - charge at the surgery after Dr Turner is taken ill . She is now the medical sister - in - charge at the surgery and works alongside the other midwives and nuns at the surgery , but still does n't perform house calls . When at the clinic or being the acting Sister - in - charge at Nonnatus House in Sister Julienne 's absence , Shelagh dons smart civilian dress , rather than uniform of the order 's other lay nurses , although she eventually obtained a uniform for wear when serving in a nursing capacity at Dr. Turner 's surgery . Shelagh also feels guilty after thalidomide is prescribed for women suffering from morning sickness . When it 's linked to with birth deformities of the kind observed in recent months , she says she is as guilty as Patrick because she supported the drug being prescribed .",
"9": "In series 6 , Shelagh is overcome with joy when she falls pregnant with her first biological child . However , she suffers complications and is taken ill during an inspection of the maternity home and rushed to hospital fearing a miscarriage , forcing Barbara and Phylis to take over the running of the surgery . This puts her pregnancy in jeopardy and even after she is released from hospital she could have still lost the baby . But she gives birth to a son ( Edward ' Teddy ' Patrick Turner ) with the help of Sister Julienne in the series finale . Camilla `` Chummy '' Noakes ( née fortescue - cholmondeley - Browne ) ( edit ) Camilla `` Chummy '' Noakes Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Miranda Hart Duration 2012 -- 2015 First appearance Series 1 , Episode 2 Last appearance Series 4 , Episode 8 Introduced by Jennifer Worth Classification Returning ; regular Profile Occupation Midwife and Nurse , Matron Aston Lodge ( show ) Family Family Peter Noakes ( husband ) , Fred Noakes ( son ) , Lady Browne ( mother ) By the end of Series 1 , after a string of dates she marries Police Constable Peter Noakes . After clinic , she swaps her nursing uniform for a scouting one , as Akela of the local Wolf Cubs whom she leads with Fred - a role later taken on by Patsy . In Series 2 , Chummy applies for a place as a CMS missionary in Sierra Leone , Africa . She is accepted and she and Peter move to Africa for six months . Upon their return , Chummy reveals that she is pregnant , much to the delight of her fellow nurses . In the final episode of Series 2 Chummy goes into labour and , despite complications , she gives birth to a son , Fred . Chummy once stated that she had never been happier than when she was at Nonnatus House . In series 4 Chummy , Peter and Freddie move to Aston Lodge mother and baby home , where Chummy is employed as the temporary , replacement matron .",
"10": "Patience `` Patsy '' Mount ( edit ) Patience `` Patsy '' Mount Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Emerald Fennell Duration 2013 -- First appearance Series 2 , Episode 3 Introduced by Heidi Thomas Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Midwife and Nurse Patsy is first seen in Series 2 , episode 3 , as a nurse in the male surgical ward at the London Hospital . She then appears in Series 3 , Episode 5 as a new midwife . She is tall elegant and favours slightly tailored clothes and becoming the first midwife to wear trousers . She has a very brisk manner but later reveals that at the age of 9 that she and her mother and sister were sent to a Japanese war camp , and that she was the only one to survive of the three of them . Like Chummy before her , Patsy works with Fred as a leader of the local Wolf Cub Scouts ; she recruits Delia to help teach first aid . It is then seen in Series 4 that she has a very close friendship with veteran Nurse Trixie and new Nurse Barbara . She is also quite close to Sister Mary Cynthia and Sister Winifred . Patsy is seen to have a very close and romantic relationship with female surgical Nurse Delia Busby , with whom she had previously worked at the London . They plan to move into a flat together at the end of Series 4 , but their future is shattered when Delia is involved in a cycling accident and suffers a serious head injury which results in amnesia , leaving her with no memory of Patsy . The amnesia is only temporary however and Patsy and Delia are reunited in Series 5 when Delia accepts an offer from Sister Julienne to live at Nonnatus House . Later in Series 5 Patsy and Delia go to the Gateways Club , a private club for lesbians . It is revealed in the Series 5 finale that Patsy and Delia are going to Paris together in Spring 1962 . She shares a room with Nurse Trixie , replacing Jenny Lee . Series 6 , sees her temporarily leave Nonnatus House after learning her father is dying in Hong Kong .",
"11": "Delia is upset that she ca n't go with her as support , as she is training to be a midwife . Following her father 's death Patsy seemed to drop all correspondence with Delia , and it looked like she would n't return to Nonnatus House , but she came back to London on the day of Tom and Barbara 's wedding . Barbara Hereward ( née Gilbert ) ( edit ) Barbara Hereward Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Charlotte Ritchie Duration 2015 -- First appearance Series 4 , Episode 1 Introduced by Heidi Thomas Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Midwife and Nurse ( show ) Family Father Canon Arthur Gilbert Sisters Margaret Husband Tom Hereward ( 1962 - ) Barbara Gilbert arrives in Poplar in the early 1960s still finding her feet in district nursing and midwifery . While she is educated and middle class , she is surprisingly in tune with the needs of the community she serves , having grown up the daughter of a Canon serving in an impoverished area of Liverpool . She is hard working , optimistic , and somewhat naïve . In addition to her nursing duties , she helps teach Sunday school at the local church . In series 5 she begins a romantic relationship with Tom Hereward after they become close while working together in the parish . She is also quite close to her roommate , Nurse Phyllis Crane , who serves as something of a surrogate mother figure to her much younger colleague . Tom asks her to marry him while they are out in South Africa after consulting with his former fiancée Trixie . They are married in a hurried wedding at the end of series 6 , when Barbara learns that her father has accepted a three year missionary posting in New Guinea , so he can marry them . Phyllis Crane ( edit ) Phyllis Crane Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Linda Bassett Duration 2015 -- First appearance Series 4 , Episode 2 Introduced by Heidi Thomas Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Senior Nurse , Midwife , Deputy Sister - in - charge ( Medical ) Phyllis is a veteran nurse who also arrives at Nonnatus House in mid-1960 .",
"12": "When she pulls up in her sparkling car everybody knows that she 's going to be a tiny bit snobby and she is . She is vegetarian and is not scared to put her ideas forward to improve Nonnatus House . She confides in Vaughan Seller , the father of a terminated baby , that she was born an illegitimate child , and to former street walker Roseanne Dawley that Phyllis ' mother too was a prostitute . In series 5 it is seen that she has formed more of a relationship with Barbara and has taken quite a high role in Nonnatus House . Having discovered Patsy and Delia 's relationship , she is supportive of heartbroken Delia when Patsy sails to Hong Kong to care for her dying father . She is also quite close to her roommate , Barbara , and serves as something of a surrogate mother figure to her much younger colleague . In the sixth series after her return from Africa , Sister Julienne becomes Deputy Sister - in - Charge to Sister Ursula , meaning Phyllis is demoted to Nursing Sister . Although Sister Ursula leaves and Phyllis is reinstated as deputy sister in charge again . Driving back from a successful delivery , Phyllis knocks over one of the family 's other children with her car and is left devastated by the possible consequences . She faces suspension by the Central Midwives Board , over her actions and is told by Sister Julienne to focus on the administrative duties . But , the family ask Sergeant Noakes to drop the case . When Shelagh is unwell and goes on maternity leave , it expected she will take over as acting sister in charge of the surgery . Following Pasty 's departure she took over as a leader of the local Wolf Cub Scouts . Delia Busby ( edit ) Delia Busby Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Kate Lamb Duration 2015 -- First appearance Series 4 Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Staff Nurse at the London ( until 1961 ) , Trainee Midwife , Nurse , St John Ambulance volunteer Originally from Wales , Delia is a very close friend of Patsy 's , having worked together in the London Hospital 's male surgical ward . She resides in the hospital 's nurses home , and volunteers evenings for St John Ambulance .",
"13": "In her St John capacity , she works with Patsy 's and Fred 's scouts , principally teaching them first aid . She is revealed to be in a romantic relationship with Patsy , but together they conceal their feelings due to society 's view of homosexuality at the time . At the end of Series 4 , just as the two of them have found a flat to share , she is involved in a cycling accident which leaves her with amnesia , leaving Patsy heartbroken . By the following Christmas , she has regained her memories of Patsy and their relationship , and at the start of Series 5 , despite continued efforts from her mother to take her home to Wales , Delia accepts Sister Julienne 's invitation to board at Nonnatus House when she returns to work at the London in the coming months . By the end of series 5 , she appears to be quite close to Trixie and Barbara , and is delighted when Trixie confides in her that she attends Alcoholics Anonymous each week . In the final episode of series five Busby considers additional training as a midwife after successfully talking a young mother through her delivery over the telephone earlier in the series . Busby undertakes training in the following series . Valerie dyer ( edit ) Valerie Dyer Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Jennifer Kirby Duration 2017 -- First appearance Series 6 , Episode 2 Introduced by Heidi Thomas Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Nurse , Midwife ( show ) Family Family Jean ( aunt ) Valerie first appears following an explosion in Episode 2 of series 6 coming to the aid of Shelagh following a fire in the docks . She was an Army nurse , but resigned her commission when she grew weary of the routinness of such nursing . A native of Poplar , she took a barmaid job while sorting out her ambitions . In episode 4 , she becomes a midwife at the Nonnatus House . Sister Monica Joan somehow immediately recognises Valerie as having been a baby whom she delivered , reciting the details as if it had been yesterday . But it 's a baptism of fire as Valerie is caught up with a woman who had FGM which creates difficulties for the pregnancy and the woman is rushed to hospital .",
"14": "Later she finds out the woman had sent her younger sister to be cut in Somalia and with Barbara rushes to stop the girl from boarding the boat . But it 's too late . Frederick `` Fred '' Buckle ( edit ) Fred Buckle Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Cliff Parisi Duration 2012 - First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Introduced by Heidi Thomas Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Handyman , Scout Leader , Civil Defence Corps Deputy Party Leader ( show ) Family Wife Deceased Violet Gee ( 1960 - ) Daughters Marlene Dolly Grandsons Anthony Granddaughters Samantha First cousins Ivy Jackson Other relatives Reggie Jackson Fred is the handyman at Nonnatus House since the end of the war . In the evenings , he volunteers as a scout leader and as a deputy party leader in charge of the neighbourhood Civil Defence Corps squad . He is friends with all of the midwives and often gives them help and advice . He 's always got a new money - making scheme under his belt , but none of them is ever much good . Fred is the father of two daughters -- Dolly , who lives in Australia with her husband and their two children , Anthony and Samantha ; and Marlene , who is also married and has recently moved back to England after living in Canada for several years . Before becoming the handyman at Nonnatus he was in the British Army , during which time his wife was killed leaving his daughters to be shuffled around between several of his family members , causing him great pain and temptation to desert . In series four , after twenty years of being a widower , Fred takes an interest in local shop owner Violet Gee ; after several months of flirting during their community volunteering duties , Fred asks Violet to a charity dance . By the end of series four Fred proposes to Violet -- and , after dealing with his clingy daughter Marlene -- he and Violet marry .",
"15": "Dr Patrick Turner ( edit ) Patrick Turner Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Stephen McGann Duration 2012 -- First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Introduced by Jennifer Worth Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation General Practitioner ( show ) Family Wife Widowed Shelagh Mannion ( 1958 - ) Sons Timothy Turner Edward `` Teddy '' Turner Daughters Angela Turner ( adopted ) Dr Turner is Poplar 's local physician , as well as being the GP to all the midwives and nuns . He works closely with the midwives , helping at clinics , deliveries and at the birthing hospital and is incredibly dedicated to his patients and to his work , including fighting bureaucratic red tape to save lives with a tuberculosis x-ray screening van . He is a widower and father to Timothy and does his best to juggle the demands of being a single parent with his responsibilities as a doctor . In Series 2 , it becomes apparent that he has fallen in love with Sister Bernadette , but her vows stand in the way of that love . After her diagnosis with tuberculosis forces her to examine what she truly wants , he makes it quietly clear to her that while the decision is hers , he is in love with her and wishes to share his life with her . She leaves the convent and chooses a different path , accepting his proposal of marriage after she has overcome her tuberculosis . When trying to adopt , it is revealed that he suffered mental health issues after the war . Overwork and a misdiagnosis in Series 4 , drives him to illness forcing Shelagh and Patsy to take over the running of the practice . While in the next series the Turner 's go on holiday , with a locom who puts a mother in danger . Also he had regularly prescribed thalidomid for women suffering from morning sickness . When it 's linked to with birth deformities of the kind observed in recent months , he must deal with his guilt . In series 6 , Dr Turner is overcome with joy when Shelagh falls pregnant with her first biological child . However , she suffers complications and is taken ill during an inspection of the maternity home and rushed to hospital fearing a miscarriage . This puts her pregnancy in jeopardy and even after she is released from hospital she could have still lost the baby .",
"16": "But she gives birth to a son ( Edward ' Teddy ' Turner ) with the help of Sister Julienne in the series finale , with Dr Turner in the room . Peter Noakes ( edit ) Peter Noakes Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Ben Caplan Duration 2012 -- First appearance Series 1 , Episode 2 Introduced by Jennifer Worth Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Police Sergeant Peter is a Police Constable , and later Sergeant , in Poplar . He is first introduced in Series 1 , when he is run over by Chummy on her bicycle and takes an immediate shine to her . Throughout series 1 , they go on a string of dates , eventually marrying in the series ' final episode . In series 2 , he follows Chummy to Sierra Leone while she fulfills her desire to be a missionary . In the final episode of that series , he and Chummy have a baby , whom they name Fred . During his service in the Second World War , he earned the 1939 -- 1945 Star , Defence Medal , France and Germany Star , and War Medal 1939 -- 1945 , as shown on his uniform tunic . Tom Hereward ( edit ) Tom Hereward Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Jack Ashton Duration 2014 -- First appearance Series 3 Introduced by Jennifer Worth Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Curate ( show ) Family Wife Barbara Gilbert ( 1962 - ) Tom arrives in series 3 as the new Poplar curate . He lives just across the road from Nonnatus House and is shown to have a relationship with Trixie , whom he met when the two were working the same shift in a women 's prison . Their engagement is broken off in series 4 . Now he is seen doing a lot with the children 's group and is getting a bit closer to Nurse Barbara Gilbert . Tom asks Barbara to marry him while they are out in South Africa after consulting with his former fiancée Trixie . They are married in a hurried wedding at the end of series 6 , when Barbara learns that her father has accepted a three year missionary posting in New Guinea , so he can marry them .",
"17": "Supporting characters ( edit ) Timothy Turner ( edit ) Timothy Turner Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Max Macillan Duration 2012 -- First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Introduced by Jenny Worth Classification Present ; recurring Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Father Patrick Turner Mother Shelagh Turner ( step - mother ) Timothy is the son of Patrick Turner and stepson of Shelagh Turner . He is very smart and tall and goes to the local grammar school . In 2013 Christmas special he suffers from polio which affects his legs . He slowly recuperates and is now fully recovered . He is seen to have an interest in medicine , and in Series 5 he helps his mother and father out more in the surgery . Timothy sets off on a crusade to make his parents give up smoking after seeing the damage it 's doing to their health . He is pleased when , in the following series , his stepmother gives birth to his brother . Angela Turner ( edit ) Angela Turner Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Alice Brown Duration 2014 -- First appearance Series 3 , Episode 8 Introduced by Heidi Thomas Classification Present ; recurring ( show ) Family Father Patrick Turner Mother Shelagh Turner Brothers Timothy Turner ( half - brother ) , Edward `` Teddy '' Turner Angela is the adopted daughter of Shelagh and Patrick Turner . She is first seen in the series 3 finale and is briefly seen in series 4 and 5 usually with Shelagh , Patrick or Timothy . She was born to a 16 - year - old mother , and was put up for adoption after birth , when the Turners adopted her . It is mentioned in the series that she has a fear of squirrels . Edward Turner ( edit ) Edward Turner Call The Midwife character Portrayed by TBC Duration 2017 -- First appearance Series 6 , Episode 8 Introduced by Heidi Thomas Classification Present ; recurring ( show ) Family Father Patrick Turner Mother Shelagh Turner Edward is the son of Shelagh and Patrick Turner , born in the final episode of series 6 .",
"18": "Violet Buckle ( née Gee ) ( edit ) Violet Buckle Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Annabelle Apsion Duration 2015 - First appearance Series 4 , Episode 1 Introduced by Heidi Thomas Classification Present ; recurring Profile Occupation Haberdashery owner , Girls ' Brigade Leader ( show ) Family Husband Bert Gee ( deceased ) Fred Buckle ( 1960 - ) Violet Buckle is the second wife of Fred Buckle . She owns her own haberdashery called Violet Gee . She has a son who lives in Plymouth . She also had a previous husband called Bert who was killed in the war like Fred 's deceased wife . She volunteers as a uniformed leader of the local Girls ' Brigade , replacing Patsy when she returns to Hong Kong . Christopher Dockerill ( edit ) Christopher Dockerill Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Jack Hawkins Duration 2017 -- First appearance Series 6 , Episode 5 Classification Present ; recurring Profile Occupation Dentist ( show ) Family Daughters Alexandra Dockerill Introduced in Series 6 when Trixie escorts a patient to see him who has a fear of dentists . After carrying out work on the woman which brings on her labour while he is in theatre , Trixie is forced to deliver the baby with his assistance after the general anaesthetic brings on labour . Later Trixie believes he 's seeing another woman after he cancels a number of dates , but he tells her he has been looking after his daughter from a previous marriage . Previous characters ( edit ) Nurse Jenny Lee ( edit ) Jenny Lee Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Jessica Raine / Vanessa Redgrave ( mature ) Duration 2012 -- 2014 First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Last appearance Series 4 , Episode 0 Introduced by Herself Classification Past ; regular Profile Occupation Nurse , Midwife , Nursing Sister ( Series 3 ) Nurse Jenny Lee arrives at Nonnatus House in 1957 , at the age of 22 , completely unaware of the world she is about to enter .",
"19": "Believing she has accepted a job with a small private hospital , she is somewhat surprised to find she 's moving into a convent . Furthermore , the deprivation of the East End is a huge culture shock for the young woman who has enjoyed a privileged upbringing in the home counties and spent time in Paris before training as a nurse . However , although initially shocked by the conditions in which her patients live , Jenny comes to accept the material limitations of the world in which she works and to love the people who must live there . She went to London to escape her forbidden love to a married man , Gerald . Her best friend Jimmy arrives and although he makes her feel more at ease , he also makes things more complicated by revealing that he 's in love with her . She turns him down and they remain friends . She becomes good friends with all of her colleagues and patients and always tries to help those around her . Toward the end of Series 2 and halfway through Series 3 , she starts dating Alec , a friend of Jimmy 's . After Alec 's death and her return to Nonnatus House after taking time off to grieve , Jenny decides to begin working at the London Hospital in the Maternity Ward although she leaves soon after , not liking the hospital 's policy of requiring impersonal relationships between nurses and their patients . At the end of Series 3 , she meets Phillip Worth ( her future husband ) , the cousin of an expectant mother for whom she is caring and begins a relationship with him . She eventually decides to pursue a career change to care for those with terminal illnesses ; she leaves Nonnatus House to work at the Marie Curie Hospital in Hampstead . It is shown in the Series 3 Christmas Special that she eventually married Phillip and started a family , and still kept in contact with the friends she made at Nonnatus House . Sister Evangelina ( edit ) Sister Evangelina Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Pam Ferris Duration 2012 -- 2016 First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Last appearance Series 5 , Episode 8 Classification Past ; regular Profile Occupation Nun , Midwife and Nurse Sister Evangelina is the only one of the sisters who comes from the same tough , uncompromising background as the community they serve .",
"20": "Physically vigorous , she has a robust sense of humour . Her energy and drive make her extraordinarily effective at her job . However , she does not suffer fools gladly and her blunt speech and attitude often offend . She has a particularly contentious relationship with the aristocratic Sister Monica Joan , who often provokes her to breaking point . Growing up in poverty has toughened her up , making her a very comical character in the show . Sister Evangelina knows a lot about the poverty and hardships in Poplar and often shares her insights with the young midwives . She is very close to Sister Julienne , to whom she often serves as a sounding board . In Series 3 , it is revealed she has several siblings including an older brother who was killed on active service in a war and a younger brother , Vincent , who returns to her life after being absent for several years during her golden jubilee . It was seeing the birth of Vincent that inspired a young Sister Evangelina to become a nun during her formative years , a goal she achieved in 1909 . In 1960 Sister Evangelina has to have an operation due to illness . Her pre-order name was Enid Atwood . In 1961 , Sister Evangelina temporarily left Nonnatus House for an enclosed order . She returns in episode 7 . She announces that she had a stroke 2 months after she left the convent and has now lost movement in her left arm . In episode 8 , Sister Evangelina passes away following a second stroke . Despite her gruff exterior and apparent lack of patience with others , she is deeply cherished and respected by not only her colleagues , but her Poplar community , a great many of whom she delivered -- as evidenced by the masses who turned out to congratulate her on the occasion of her jubilee , and to pay their final respects two years later . Sister Ursula ( edit ) Sister Ursula Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Harriet Walter Duration 2017 First appearance Series 6 , Episode 1 Last appearance Series 6 , Episode 4 Classification Past ; recurring Profile Occupation Sister - in - charge , Nun , Midwife and Nurse Sister Ursula arrives to replace Sister Julienne when she went to South Africa , as the new sister in charge in 1962 .",
"21": "She appears to have a strict running form when the staff return following their return , clashing with Shelagh over the way clinic is run and the behaviour of Sister Monica Joan . Patsy and Delia appear to be keen for her to return to the mother house . She orders Sister Mary Cynthia to return to the mother house , before being informed of her sexual assault . She returns to the mother house after she is deemed unfit to run Nonnatus House . Previous recurring characters ( edit ) George Rainsford as James `` Jimmy '' Wilson ( Series 1 -- 2 ) Jimmy is an old friend of Jenny 's . In Series 1 , Jimmy is madly in love with Jenny , even though she still pines for the married man , the reason she escaped to London . Jenny convinces Jimmy they are `` just friends '' and he stops pursuing her . In Series 2 , the tables are turned when Jimmy returns , having graduated school and now working as a municipal surveyor / architect . Jenny sees Jimmy as a grown man for the first time which instantly turns her head , but unfortunately she discovers that Jimmy is engaged to pregnant Francine , whom Jenny met at the prenatal clinic . Jimmy and Francine marry and have a baby , Caroline . Dorothy Atkinson as Jane Sutton ( Series 2 ) Jane is the medical orderly at Nonnatus House . She arrives to fill in for Chummy while she 's in Africa . Jane is very shy and does not talk unless it is necessary . We later find out the reason for her being shy -- her parents sent her to an asylum when she was young , leaving her with no self - esteem . Throughout the series , she grows in confidence and makes friends with her fellow nurses . She also finds love with Reverend Applebee - Thornton ( Jason Watkins ) , a local Anglican priest . She does not return for Series 3 , with a deleted scene from the 2013 Christmas special explaining that she has gone to nursing school . Leo Staar as Alec Jesmond ( Series 2 -- 3 ) Alec is a friend of Jimmy 's who develops romantic feelings for Jenny . They eventually start dating after a long period in which Jenny continues to mourn her loss of Jimmy , but who encourages her to enjoy life and Alec .",
"22": "Alec and Jenny eventually date , but Jenny 's abundant caution about affairs of the heart lead to a misunderstanding and argument . Castigating his co-worker in anger , Alec falls through an old staircase in the building they are renovating . In the hospital , his foot is amputated and he seems to be recovering . He later dies , thought to be because of a blood clot in his wounded leg , and his funeral is attended by a distraught Jenny and the other midwives and the nuns . Cheryl Campbell as Lady Browne , Chummy 's mother ( Series 1 , Series 3 ) Lady Browne is Chummy 's upper - class , snobby mother . She formerly lived in Madeira before she separated from Chummy 's father . When she moved to Poplar she was diagnosed with TB and Cancer . In series 1 she was featured in the series finale before Chummy and Peter 's wedding . She moved to Poplar in 1959 and was diagnosed with TB and cancer by Dr. Turner . She died peacefully in Chummy and Peter 's bed in the series 3 finale . Maxine Evans as Mrs. Busby , Delia 's mother ( Series 4 -- 5 ) Mrs. Busby is the mother of Delia Busby . Her first appearance was when Delia was in hospital with was the series finale of series 4 , she was also seen in 1960 Christmas special , series 5 , episode 1 and the series finale of series 5 . She is still not happy that Delia has decided to stay in Poplar at the convent . She also seems not to accept her decision to become a midwife and does n't really like Patsy . It is clear that , by the end of series 5 , she is aware of Delia 's and Patsy 's sexual relationship and does not approve . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2017-04-08/we-finally-know-the-name-of-shelagh-and-dr-turners-newborn-son-in-call-the-midwife Jump up ^ `` BBC One - Call the Midwife , Series 6 , Episode 2 '' . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 .",
"23": "Jump up ^ Delia 's mother confirmed in episode 5.1 that the nurses ' home was operated by the London Hospital until its demolition in late 1960 or early 1961 . Jump up ^ He says in series 4 ( set in 1960 ) that he has been struggling with the building 's boiler for 15 years . This also impacts the continuity , as Nonnatus House had relocated to that building at the start of series 3 , their former building having been rendered structurally unsound by a bomb blast on Christmas , 1958 . Jump up ^ As indicated by his corporal stripes . Jump up ^ http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2017-04-08/we-finally-know-the-name-of-shelagh-and-dr-turners-newborn-son-in-call-the-midwife Jump up ^ http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2017-04-08/we-finally-know-the-name-of-shelagh-and-dr-turners-newborn-son-in-call-the-midwife Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Call_the_Midwife_characters&oldid=819511474 '' Categories : Lists of British television series characters by series Fictional midwives Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 19 : 40 . About Wikipedia",
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who created separation of powers and checks and balances
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"Montesquieu in the Enlightenment"
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{
"0": "Separation of powers - Wikipedia Separation of powers Jump to : navigation , search `` Balance of powers '' redirects here . For other uses , see Balance of power . For other uses , see Separation of powers ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Politics Primary topics ( show ) Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Political systems ( show ) Anarchy City - state Democracy Dictatorship Directory Federacy Feudalism Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines ( show ) Political science ( political scientists ) International relations ( theory ) Comparative politics Public administration ( show ) Bureaucracy ( street - level ) Adhocracy Policy ( show ) Public policy ( doctrine ) Domestic and foreign policy Civil society Public interest Organs of government ( show ) Separation of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Related topics ( show ) Sovereignty Theories of political behavior Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations Foreign electoral intervention Subseries ( show ) Electoral systems Elections ( voting ) Federalism Form of government Ideology Political campaigning Political parties The separation of powers , often imprecisely and metonymically used interchangeably with the trias politica principle , is a model for the governance of a state . Under this model , a state 's government is divided into branches , each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches . The typical division is into three branches : a legislature , an executive , and a judiciary , which is the trias politica model . It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in some parliamentary systems where the executive and legislature are unified . Separation of powers , therefore , refers to the division of responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another . The intent of separation of powers is to prevent the concentration of unchecked power and to provide for checks and balances to avoid autocracy or inefficiencies .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Antiquity 1.2 Early modern biparty systems 1.3 Montesquieu 's separation of powers system 1.4 Checks and balances 2 Comparison between tripartite and bipartite national systems 2.1 Typical branches 2.1. 1 Additional branches 2.2 Three branches 2.2. 1 Australia 2.2. 2 Austria 2.2. 3 Czech Republic 2.2. 4 Denmark 2.2. 5 France 2.2. 6 Hong Kong 2.2. 7 India 2.2. 8 Iran 2.2. 9 Italy 2.2. 10 Malaysia 2.2. 11 Nepal 2.2. 12 Norway 2.2. 13 Pakistan 2.2. 14 United Kingdom 2.2. 15 United States 2.3 Other systems 2.3. 1 Republic of China 2.3. 2 Belgium 2.3. 3 Costa Rica 2.3. 4 European Union 2.3. 5 Germany 2.3.",
"2": "6 Hungary 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Part of the Politics series on Republicanism Central concepts ( show ) Anti-monarchism Popular sovereignty Republic Res publica Social contract Schools ( show ) Classical republicanism Neo-republicanism Important thinkers ( show ) Hannah Arendt Cicero James Harrington Thomas Jefferson John Locke James Madison Montesquieu Philip Pettit Polybius Jean Jacques Rousseau Michael Sandel Algernon Sidney Quentin Skinner Cass Sunstein Mary Wollstonecraft History ( show ) Roman Republic Gaṇa sangha Classical Athens Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Republic of Florence Dutch Republic American Revolution French Revolution Spanish American wars of independence Trienio Liberal French Revolution of 1848 5 October 1910 revolution Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Turkish War of Independence Mongolian Revolution of 1921 11 September 1922 Revolution Spanish Civil War Birth of the Italian Republic Egyptian Revolution of 1952 14 July Revolution North Yemen Civil War Zanzibar Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Cambodian coup of 1970 Third Hellenic Republic Iranian Revolution 1987 Fijian coups d'état Nepalese Civil War By country ( show ) Australia Barbados Canada Ireland Jamaica Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States Related topics ( show ) Communitarianism Liberalism Monarchism Politics portal Antiquity ( edit ) Aristotle first mentioned the idea of a `` mixed government '' or hybrid government in his work Politics where he drew upon many of the constitutional forms in the city - states of Ancient Greece . In the Roman Republic , the Roman Senate , Consuls and the Assemblies showed an example of a mixed government according to Polybius ( Histories , Book 6 , 11 -- 13 ) .",
"3": "Early modern biparty systems ( edit ) John Calvin ( 1509 -- 1564 ) favoured a system of government that divided political power between democracy and aristocracy ( mixed government ) . Calvin appreciated the advantages of democracy , stating : `` It is an invaluable gift if God allows a people to elect its own government and magistrates . '' In order to reduce the danger of misuse of political power , Calvin suggested setting up several political institutions which should complement and control each other in a system of checks and balances . In this way , Calvin and his followers resisted political absolutism and furthered the growth of democracy . Calvin aimed to protect the rights and the well - being of ordinary people . In 1620 , a group of English separatist Congregationalists and Anglicans ( later known as the Pilgrim Fathers ) founded Plymouth Colony in North America . Enjoying self - rule , they established a bipartite democratic system of government . The `` freemen '' elected the General Court , which functioned as legislature and judiciary and which in turn elected a governor , who together with his seven `` assistants '' served in the functional role of providing executive power . Massachusetts Bay Colony ( founded 1628 ) , Rhode Island ( 1636 ) , Connecticut ( 1636 ) , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania had similar constitutions -- they all separated political powers . ( Except for Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony , these English outposts added religious freedom to their democratic systems , an important step towards the development of human rights . ) Books like William Bradford 's History of Plymoth Plantation ( written between 1630 and 1651 ) were widely read in England . So the form of government in the colonies was well known in the mother country , including to the philosopher John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) . He deduced from a study of the English constitutional system the advantages of dividing political power into the legislative ( which should be distributed among several bodies , for example , the House of Lords and the House of Commons ) , on the one hand , and the executive and federative power , responsible for the protection of the country and prerogative of the monarch , on the other hand . ( The Kingdom of England had no written constitution . )",
"4": "Montesquieu 's separation of powers system ( edit ) Montesquieu The term `` tripartite system '' is commonly ascribed to French Enlightenment political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu , although he did not use such a term . In reality he referred to `` distribution '' of powers . In The Spirit of the Laws ( 1748 ) , Montesquieu described the various forms of distribution of political power among a legislature , an executive , and a judiciary . Montesquieu 's approach was to present and defend a form of government which was not excessively centralized in all its powers to a single monarch or similar ruler , form of government known then as `` aristocracy '' . He based this model on the Constitution of the Roman Republic and the British constitutional system . Montesquieu took the view that the Roman Republic had powers separated so that no one could usurp complete power . In the British constitutional system , Montesquieu discerned a separation of powers among the monarch , Parliament , and the courts of law . In every government there are three sorts of power : the legislative ; the executive in respect to things dependent on the law of nations ; and the executive in regard to matters that depend on the civil law . By virtue of the first , the prince or magistrate enacts temporary or perpetual laws , and amends or abrogates those that have been already enacted . By the second , he makes peace or war , sends or receives embassies , establishes the public security , and provides against invasions . By the third , he punishes criminals , or determines the disputes that arise between individuals . The latter we shall call the judiciary power , and the other , simply , the executive power of the state . -- The Spirit of the Laws , Book XI Montesquieu argues that each Power should only exercise its own functions , it was quite explicit here : When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person , or in the same body of magistrates , there can be no liberty ; because apprehensions may arise , lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws , to execute them in a tyrannical manner . Again , there is no liberty if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive .",
"5": "Were it joined with the legislative , the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control ; for the judge would be then the legislator . Were it joined to the executive power , the judge might behave with violence and oppression . There would be an end of every thing , were the same man , or the same body , whether of the nobles or of the people , to exercise those three powers , that of enacting laws , that of executing the public resolutions , and of trying the causes of individuals . -- The Spirit of the Laws , Book XI Separation of powers requires a different source of legitimization , or a different act of legitimization from the same source , for each of the separate powers . If the legislative branch appoints the executive and judicial powers , as Montesquieu indicated , there will be no separation or division of its powers , since the power to appoint carries with it the power to revoke . The executive power ought to be in the hands of a monarch , because this branch of government , having need of dispatch , is better administered by one than by many : on the other hand , whatever depends on the legislative power , is oftentimes better regulated by many than by a single person . But , if there were no monarch , and the executive power should be committed to a certain number of persons , selected from the legislative body , there would be an end of liberty , by reason the two powers would be united ; as the same persons would sometimes possess , and would be always able to possess , a share in both . -- The Spirit of the Laws , Book XI Montesquieu did actually specify that the independence of the judiciary has to be real , and not merely apparent . The judiciary was generally seen as the most important of the three powers , independent and unchecked , while also likely to claim to be the least dangerous one . Checks and balances ( edit ) Checks and balances is the principle that each of the Branches has the power to limit or check the other two and this creates a balance between the three separate powers of the state , this principle induces that the ambitions of one branch prevent that one of the other branches become supreme , and thus be eternally confronting each other and in that process leaving the people free from government abuses . Checks and Balances are designed to maintain the system of separation of powers keeping each branch in its place .",
"6": "This is based on the idea that it is not enough to separate the powers and guarantee their independence but to give the various branches the constitutional means to defend their own legitimate powers from the encroachments of the other branches . They guarantee that the powers of the State have the same weight ( co-equal ) , that is , to be balanced , so that they can limit each other , avoiding the abuse of state power . the origin of checks and balances , like separation of powers itself , is specifically credited to Montesquieu in the Enlightenment ( in The Spirit of the Laws , 1748 ) , under this influence was implemented in 1787 in the Constitution of the United States . The following example of the separation of powers and their mutual checks and balances for the experience of the United States Constitution is presented as illustrative of the general principles applied in similar forms of government as well . `` But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department , consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others . The provision for defense must in this , as in all other cases , be made commensurate to the danger of attack . Ambition must be made to counteract ambition . The interest of the man must be connected with the constitutional rights of the place . It may be a reflection on human nature , that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government . But what is government itself , but the greatest of all reflections on human nature ? If men were angels , no government would be necessary . If angels were to govern men , neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary . In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men , the great difficulty lies in this : you must first enable the government to control the governed ; and in the next place oblige it to control itself . '' `` A dependence on the people is , no doubt , the primary control on the government ; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions . This policy of supplying , by opposite and rival interests , the defect of better motives , might be traced through the whole system of human affairs , private as well as public .",
"7": "We see it particularly displayed in all the subordinate distributions of power , where the constant aim is to divide and arrange the several offices in such a manner as that each may be a check on the other that the private interest of every individual may be a sentinel over the public rights . These inventions of prudence can not be less requisite in the distribution of the supreme powers of the State . '' -- James Madison , The Federalist Papers No. 51 , Legislative ( Congress ) Executive ( President ) Judicial ( Supreme Court ) Passes bills ; has broad taxing and spending power ; regulates inter-state commerce ; controls the federal budget ; has power to borrow money on the credit of the United States ( may be vetoed by President , but vetoes may be overridden with a two - thirds vote of both houses ) Has sole power to declare war , as well as to raise , support , and regulate the military . Oversees , investigates , and makes the rules for the government and its officers . Defines by law the jurisdiction of the federal judiciary in cases not specified by the Constitution . Ratification of treaties signed by the President and gives advice and consent to presidential appointments to the federal judiciary , federal executive departments , and other posts ( Senate only ) . Has sole power of impeachment ( House of Representatives ) and trial of impeachments ( Senate ) ; can remove federal executive and judicial officers from office for high crimes and misdemeanors Is the commander - in - chief of the armed forces Executes the instructions of Congress . May veto bills passed by Congress ( but the veto may be overridden by a two - thirds majority of both houses ) Executes the spending authorized by Congress . Declares states of emergency and publishes regulations and executive orders . Makes executive agreements ( does not require ratification ) and signs treaties ( ratification requiring approval by two - thirds of the Senate ) Makes appointments to the federal judiciary , federal executive departments , and other posts with the advice and consent of the Senate . Has power to make temporary appointment during the recess of the Senate Has the power to grant `` reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States , except in cases of impeachment . ''",
"8": "Determines which laws Congress intended to apply to any given case Exercises judicial review , reviewing the constitutionality of laws Determines how Congress meant the law to apply to disputes Determines how a law acts to determine the disposition of prisoners Determines how a law acts to compel testimony and the production of evidence Determines how laws should be interpreted to assure uniform policies in a top - down fashion via the appeals process , but gives discretion in individual cases to low - level judges . The amount of discretion depends upon the standard of review , determined by the type of case in question . Comparison between tripartite and bipartite National systems ( edit ) Constitutions with a high degree of separation of powers are found worldwide . The UK system is distinguished by a particular entwining of powers . A number of Latin American countries have electoral branches of government . Countries with little separation of power include New Zealand and Canada . Canada makes limited use of separation of powers in practice , although in theory it distinguishes between branches of government . New Zealand 's constitution is based on the principle of separation of powers through a series of constitutional safeguards , many of which are tacit . The Executive 's ability to carry out decisions often depends on the Legislature , which is elected under the mixed member proportional system . This means the government is rarely a single party but a coalition of parties . The Judiciary is also free of government interference . If a series of judicial decisions result in an interpretation of the law which the Executive considers does not reflect the intention of the policy , the Executive can initiate changes to the legislation in question through the Legislature . The Executive can not direct or request a judicial officer to revise or reconsider a decision ; decisions are final . Should there be a dispute between the Executive and Judiciary , the Executive has no authority to direct the Judiciary , or its individual members and vice versa . Complete separation of powers systems are almost always presidential , although theoretically this need not be the case . There are a few historical exceptions , such as the Directoire system of revolutionary France . Switzerland offers an example of non-Presidential separation of powers today : It is run by a seven - member executive branch , the Federal Council .",
"9": "However , some might argue that Switzerland does not have a strong separation of powers system , as the Federal Council is appointed by parliament ( but not dependent on parliament ) and although the judiciary has no power of review , the judiciary is still separate from the other branches . Typical branches ( edit ) executive legislative judicial Additional branches ( edit ) auditory electoral -- in which election commissions , tribunals or courts are maintained separately from other branches prosecutory civil service commission Three branches ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Main article : Separation of powers in Australia Australia does not maintain a strict separation between the legislative and executive branches of government -- indeed , government ministers are required to be members of parliament -- but the federal judiciary strictly guards its independence from the other two branches . However , under influence from the American constitution , the Australian constitution does define the three branches of government separately , and this has been interpreted by the judiciary to induce an implicit separation of powers . State governments have a similar level of separation of power , but this is generally on the basis of convention , rather than constitution . Austria ( edit ) Hans Kelsen was the principal author of the tripartite Constitution of Austria . The Constitution of Austria was originally written by Hans Kelsen , the prominent constitutional scholar in Europe at that time . Kelsen was to serve as a part of the judicial court of review for Austria as part of its tripartite government . Czech Republic ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of the Czech Republic The Constitution of the Czech Republic , adopted in 1992 immediately before the dissolution of Czechoslovakia , establishes the traditional tripartite division of powers and continues the tradition of its predecessor constitutions . The Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920 , which replaced the provisional constitution adopted by the newly independent state in 1918 , was modeled after the constitutions of established democracies such as those of the United Kingdom , United States and France , and maintained this division , as have subsequent changes to the constitution that followed in 1948 with the Ninth - of - May Constitution , the 1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia as well as the Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation of 1968 .",
"10": "Denmark ( edit ) Main articles : Constitution of Denmark and Government of Denmark Parliament -- legislature Prime Minister , Cabinet , Government Departments and Civil Service -- executive High Courts and lower courts -- judiciary France ( edit ) Main article : Political system of France According to the Constitution of the Fifth Republic , the government of France is divided up into three branches : Executive . This includes the popularly elected president as well as the prime minister and cabinet . The French Prime minister is nominated by the president , but the government is responsible to the lower house of the legislature , the National Assembly . Legislature . A bicameral legislature that includes the Senate ( upper house ) and the National Assembly ( lower house ) . The relationship between the two houses is asymmetric , meaning that in case of dispute , the National Assembly has the final word according to Article 45 of the Constitution . Judiciary . This includes the judicial and administrative orders . It also includes a constitutional court . Hong Kong ( edit ) Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region established in 1997 pursuant to the Sino - British Joint Declaration , an international treaty made between Britain and China in 1984 , registered with the United Nations . Currently , Hong Kong has three branches of government as codified in the Basic Law , its constitution , which largely preserved political structures of the British colonial era , under the doctrine of one country , two systems : Legislative Council -- legislature Government -- executive Judiciary ( Court of Final Appeal and other courts and tribunals ) -- judiciary The Chief Executive , elected by a 1200 - member Election Committee which historically was dominated by pro-Beijing establishment members , is both head of the region and head of government , and chairs the Executive Council which is composed of `` unofficial '' members and government secretaries . The legislature consists of 70 members , 35 of whom are elected by `` functional '' constituencies represented by members within various industries rather than the public at large . Separation of power between executive and legislature is , therefore , questionable . The courts frequently exercise a power of judicial review of administrative actions and also decide matters of constitutionality of legislation , though this power is circumscribed under the power of the People 's Republic of China 's National People 's Congress to make final determinations as to interpretation . Hence , the separation of powers is again structurally weak .",
"11": "It is worth noting that the branches ' separation of power may not be intended within the Hong Kong Basic Law as leaders of the PRC have publicly called for the three branches to cooperate and be led by the Chief Executive . Further , Deng Xiaoping was quoted to have categorically dismissed Hong Kong having a `` Trias Politica '' system . India ( edit ) Main articles : Lawmaking procedure in India , Constitution of India , and Supreme Court of India India follows constitutional democracy which offers a clear separation of powers . The judiciary branch is fairly independent of the other two branches with the power to interpret the constitution . Parliament has the legislative powers . Executive powers are vested with the President who is advised by the Union Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister . The constitution of India vested the duty of protecting , preserving and defending the constitution with the President as common head of the executive , parliament , armed forces , etc. not only for the union government but also the various state governments in a federal structure . All three branches have `` checks and balances '' over each other to maintain the balance of power and not to exceed the constitutional limits . President can set aside a law passed by the legislative or an advise given by the Union Council of Ministers when it is inconsistent with the constitution of India . Even president accepts a law passed duly by the legislative , it can be repealed by the Supreme Court after a fair trial if it is against the Basic structure of the constitution . Any citizen of India can approach the Supreme Court directly to repeal the unconstitutional laws made by the legislative or executive . President can be impeached after conducting a fair trial by the parliament for his unconstitutional orders / decisions . President can be asked to step down by the judiciary for his unconstitutional orders / decisions on the grounds of losing eligibility criteria of the president . Parliament can impeach judges of Supreme Court and High Courts of states for their incompetence and mala fides . Higher bench of judges can set aside the incorrect judgements of smaller bench of judges to uphold the constitution .",
"12": "Iran ( edit ) Main article : Government of Islamic Republic of Iran § Political Structure Government -- Executive The legislature of Islamic Republic of Iran -- Legislative Judicial system -- Judicial Italy ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of Italy In Italy the powers are separated , even though the Council of Ministers needs a vote of confidence from both chambers of Parliament , that represents a large number of members ( almost 1,000 ) . Like every parliamentary form of government , there is no real separation between Legislature and Executive , rather a continuum between them due to the confidence link . By the way , the balance is protected by Constitution also between these two branches . and , obviously , between them and the judiciary branch , which is really independent . Malaysia ( edit ) Main articles : Constitution of Malaysia and Government of Malaysia Parliament -- legislature Prime Minister , Cabinet , Government Departments and Civil Service -- executive Federal Courts and lower courts -- judiciary Nepal ( edit ) Main articles : Constitution of Nepal and Government of Nepal Legislative Parliament -- Legislature Prime Minister , Cabinet of Minister and Government Departments -- Executive Supreme Court -- Judiciary Norway ( edit ) Main articles : Constitution of Norway , Government of Norway , and Politics of Norway Parliament -- legislature Prime Minister , Cabinet of Norway , Government Departments and Civil Service -- executive High Courts and lower courts -- judiciary A note on the status of separation of power , checks and balances , and balance of power in Norway today . In the original constitution of 1814 the Montesquieu concept was enshrined , and the people at the time had the same skepticism about political parties as the American founding fathers and the revolutionaries in France . Nor did people really want to get rid of the king and the Council of State ( privy council ) . King and council was a known concept that people had lived with for a long time and was for the most part comfortable with . The 1814 constitution came about as a reaction to external events , most notable the Treaty of Kiel see 1814 in Norway . There was no revolution against the current powers that had been be the case in the US and France . As there was no election of the executive , the king reigned supremely independent in selecting the members of the Council of State , no formal political parties formed util the 1880s .",
"13": "A conflict between the executive and legislature started developing in the 1870s and climaxed with the legislature impeaching the entire Council of State in 1884 . ( See Statsrådssaken ( Norwegian wikipedia page ) ) With this came a switch to a parliamentary system of government and while the full process takes decades , it has led to a system of parliamentary sovereignty where the Montesquieu idea of separation of powers is technically dead even though the three branches remain important institutions . This does not mean that there are no checks and balances . With the introduction of a parliamentary system , political parties started to form quickly and this led to a call for electoral reform that saw the introduction of a Party - list proportional representation in 1918 . The peculiarities of the Norwegian election system generate 6 -- 8 parties and make it extremely difficult for a single party to gain an absolute majority . It has only occurred for a brief period in the aftermath of World War II where the Labour Party had an absolute majority . A multi-party system parliament that must either form a minority executive or a coalition executive function as a perfectly good system of checks and balances even if it was never a stated goal for the introduction of multiparty system . The multiparty system came about in response to a public outcry of having too few parties and a general feeling of a lack of representation . For this reason you 'll find very little on the topic of separation of powers or checks and balances in the works of Norwegian political sciences today .",
"14": "Pakistan ( edit ) Main articles : Constitution of Pakistan and Government of Pakistan Parliament -- Legislative Prime Minister and his Cabinet -- Executive Supreme Court and lower courts -- Judicial United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Separation of powers in the United Kingdom Parliament -- legislature Prime Minister , Cabinet , Government Departments and Civil Service -- executive Courts -- judiciary The development of the British constitution , which is not a codified document , is based on this fusion in the person of the Monarch , who has a formal role to play in the legislature ( Parliament , which is where legal and political sovereignty lies , is the Crown - in - Parliament , and is summoned and dissolved by the Sovereign who must give his or her Royal Assent to all Bills so that they become Acts ) , the executive ( the Sovereign appoints all ministers of His / Her Majesty 's Government , who govern in the name of the Crown ) and the judiciary ( the Sovereign , as the fount of justice , appoints all senior judges , and all public prosecutions are brought in his or her name ) . Although the doctrine of separation of power plays a role in the United Kingdom 's constitutional doctrine , the UK constitution is often described as having `` a weak separation of powers '' A.V. Dicey , despite its constitution being the one to which Montesquieu originally referred . For example , in the United Kingdom , the executive forms a subset of the legislature , as did -- to a lesser extent -- the judiciary until the establishment of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom . The Prime Minister , the Chief Executive , sits as a member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , either as a peer in the House of Lords or as an elected member of the House of Commons ( by convention , and as a result of the supremacy of the Lower House , the Prime Minister now sits in the House of Commons ) and can effectively be removed from office by a simple majority vote . Furthermore , while the courts in the United Kingdom are amongst the most independent in the world , the Law Lords , who were the final arbiters of judicial disputes in the UK sat simultaneously in the House of Lords , the upper house of the legislature , although this arrangement ceased in 2009 when the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom came into existence .",
"15": "Furthermore , because of the existence of Parliamentary sovereignty , while the theory of separation of powers may be studied there , a system such as that of the UK is more accurately described as a `` fusion of powers '' . Until 2005 , the Lord Chancellor fused the Legislature , Executive and Judiciary , as he was the ex officio Speaker of the House of Lords , a Government Minister who sat in Cabinet and was head of the Lord Chancellor 's Department which administered the courts , the justice system and appointed judges , and was the head of the Judiciary in England and Wales and sat as a judge on the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords , the highest domestic court in the entire United Kingdom , and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council , the senior tribunal court for parts of the Commonwealth . The Lord Chancellor also had certain other judicial positions , including being a judge in the Court of Appeal and President of the Chancery Division . The Lord Chancellor combines other aspects of the constitution , including having certain ecclesiastical functions of the established state church , making certain church appointments , nominations and sitting as one of the thirty - three Church Commissioners . These functions remain intact and unaffected by the Constitutional Reform Act . In 2005 , the Constitutional Reform Act separated the powers with Legislative functions going to an elected Lord Speaker and the Judicial functions going to the Lord Chief Justice . The Lord Chancellor 's Department was replaced with a Ministry of Justice and the Lord Chancellor currently serves in the position of Secretary of State for Justice . The judiciary has no power to strike down primary legislation , and can only rule on secondary legislation that it is invalid with regard to the primary legislation if necessary . Under the concept of parliamentary sovereignty , Parliament can enact any primary legislation it chooses . However , the concept immediately becomes problematic when the question is asked ; `` If parliament can do anything , can it bind its successors ? '' . It is generally held that parliament can do no such thing . Equally , while statute takes precedence over precedent - derived common law and the judiciary has no power to strike down primary legislation , there are certain cases where the supreme judicature has effected an injunction against the application of an act or reliance on its authority by the civil service . The seminal example of this is the Factortame case , where the House of Lords granted such an injunction preventing the operation of the Merchant Shipping Act 1988 until litigation in the European Court of Justice had been resolved .",
"16": "The House of Lords ruling in Factortame ( No. 1 ) , approving the European Court of Justice formulation that `` a national court which , in a case before it concerning Community law , considers that the sole obstacle which precludes it from granting interim relief is a rule of national law , must disapply that rule '' , has created an implicit tiering of legislative reviewability ; the only way for parliament to prevent the supreme judicature from injunctively striking out a law on the basis of incompatibility with Community law is to pass an act specifically removing that power from the court , or by repealing the European Communities Act 1972 . The British legal systems are based on common law traditions , which require : Police or regulators can not initiate complaints under criminal law but can only investigate ( prosecution is mostly reserved for the Crown Prosecution Service ) , which prevents selective enforcement -- e.g. , the `` fishing expedition '' which is often specifically forbidden . Prosecutors can not withhold evidence from counsel for the defendant ; to do so results in mistrial or dismissal . Accordingly , their relation to police is no advantage . Defendants convicted can appeal , but only fresh and compelling evidence not available at trial can be introduced , restricting the power of the court of appeal to the process of law applied . United States ( edit ) Main article : Separation of powers under the United States Constitution George Washington at Constitutional Convention of 1787 , signing of U.S. Constitution Play media U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee about separation of powers and checks and balances of the U.S. Government The greatest expression of the separation of powers was incorporated in the United States Constitution , the founding fathers included features of many new concepts , including hard - learned historical lessons about the checks and balances of power and the then - new concept of separation of powers . Similar concepts were also prominent in the state governments of the United States . As colonies of Great Britain , the founding fathers considered that the American states had suffered an abuse of the broad power of parliamentarism and monarchy . As a remedy , the US Constitution limits the powers of the federal government through various means , in particular , the three branches of the federal government are divided by exercising different functions , and are separated in origin by separate elections , each branch controls the actions of others and balances its powers in some way .",
"17": "In the United States Constitution , Article 1 Section I gives Congress only those `` legislative powers herein granted '' and proceeds to list those permissible actions in Article I Section 8 , while Section 9 lists actions that are prohibited for Congress . The vesting clause in Article II places no limits on the Executive branch , simply stating that , `` The Executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America . '' The Supreme Court holds `` The judicial Power '' according to Article III , and it established the implication of Judicial review in Marbury v. Madison under the Marshall court . The presidential system adopted by the Constitution of the United States obeys the balance of powers sought , and not found , by the constitutional monarchy . The people appoint their representatives to meet periodically in a legislative body , and , since they do not have a king , the people themselves elect a preeminent citizen to perform , also periodically , the executive functions of the State . The direct election of the head of state or of the executive power is an inevitable consequence of the political freedom of the people , understood as the capacity to appoint and depose their leaders . Only this separate election of the person who has to fulfill the functions that the Constitution attributes to the president of the government , so different by its nature , and by its function , from the election of representatives of the electors , allows the executive power to be controlled by the legislative and submitted to the demands of political responsibility . Judicial independence is maintained by appointments for life that makes disappear very soon any sense of dependence on the Executive , with voluntary retirement and a high threshold of dismissal by the Legislature , in addition to a salary that can not be diminished during their service . The federal government refers to the branches as `` branches of government '' , while some systems use `` government '' to describe the executive . The Executive branch has attempted to claim power arguing for separation of powers to include being the Commander in Chief of a standing army since the American Civil War , executive orders , emergency powers and security classifications since World War II , national security , signing statements , and the scope of the unitary executive .",
"18": "`` In order to lay a due foundation for that separate and distinct exercise of the different powers of government , which to a certain extent is admitted on all hands to be essential to the preservation of liberty , it is evident that each department should have a will of its own ; and consequently should be so constituted that the members of each should have as little agency as possible in the appointment of the members of the others . Were this principle rigorously adhered to , it would require that all the appointments for the supreme executive , legislative , and judiciary magistracies should be drawn from the same fountain of authority , the people , through channels having no communication whatever with one another . Perhaps such a plan of constructing the several departments would be less difficult in practice than it may in contemplation appear . Some difficulties , however , and some additional expense would attend the execution of it . Some deviations , therefore , from the principle must be admitted . In the constitution of the judiciary department in particular , it might be inexpedient to insist rigorously on the principle : first , because peculiar qualifications being essential in the members , the primary consideration ought to be to select that mode of choice which best secures these qualifications ; secondly , because the permanent tenure by which the appointments are held in that department , must soon destroy all sense of dependence on the authority conferring them . '' `` It is equally evident , that the members of each department should be as little dependent as possible on those of the others , for the emoluments annexed to their offices . Were the executive magistrate , or the judges , not independent of the legislature in this particular , their independence in every other would be merely nominal . '' -- James Madison , The Federalist Papers No. 51 , Other systems ( edit ) Republic of China ( edit ) Main article : Government of the Republic of China According to Sun Yat - sen 's idea of `` separation of the five powers '' , the government of the Republic of China has five branches : Executive Yuan -- led by the premier but in actuality it is the president who sets policy -- executive Legislative Yuan -- unicameral -- legislature Judicial Yuan -- its Constitutional Court ( highest ) and Supreme Court have different jurisdictions -- judiciary Control Yuan -- audit branch Examination Yuan -- civil service personnel management and human resources The president and vice president as well as the defunct National Assembly are constitutionally not part of the above five branches .",
"19": "Before being abolished in 2005 , the National Assembly was a standing constituent assembly and electoral college for the president and vice president . Its constitutional amending powers were passed to the legislative yuan and its electoral powers were passed to the electorate . The relationship between the executive and legislative branches are poorly defined . An example of the problems this causes is the near complete political paralysis that results when the president , who has neither the power to veto nor the ability to dissolve the legislature and call new elections , can not negotiate with the legislature when his party is in the minority . The examination and control yuans are marginal branches ; their leaders as well as the leaders of the executive and judicial yuans are appointed by the president and confirmed by the legislative yuan . The legislature is the only branch that chooses its own leadership . The vice president has practically no responsibilities . Belgium ( edit ) Belgium is currently a federated state that has imposed the trias politica on different governmental levels . The constitution of 1831 , considered one of the most liberal of its time for limiting the powers of its monarch and imposing a rigorous system of separation of powers , is based on three principles ( represented in the Schematic overview of Belgian institutions ) : Trias Politica ( horizontal separation of powers ) : The legislative power is attributed to an elected parliamentary body elected with a representative general election system ( one person one vote ) . The executive power is attributed to the Council of Ministers . Ministers are formally appointed by the King , though in practice the prime minister decides the composition of his cabinet . The ministers are usually from the elected members of parliament ( non-elected people can also be nominated ) . However , they must first resign from their elected seat . The judicial power is in the hands of the courts . Magistrates are nominated by the minister ( on proposal from a Council of the Magistrates ) . Magistrates can be nominated to become a judge ( sitting magistrates ) or instructing judge ( investigating judge ) of Procureur ( public prosecutor ) ( the standing magistrates ) . The executive branch of the government is responsible to provide the physical means to execute its role ( infrastructure , staff , financial means ) . Judges and some other people can not run for elected office while they are nominated to certain positions ( military , police - officers , clergy , notaries , bailiffs ) .",
"20": "Subsidiarity ( vertical separation of powers ) : Supranational directives ( EU legislation ) and international treaties are subjected to approval of the federal level ( the federal level being Belgium the nation state ) The federal level is composed of the following : A bicameral parliament ( House of Representative and Senate ) ( in 2014 this will be a directly elected house and an indirectly appointed Senate of the regions ) A federal government ( led by the Prime Minister and the ministers and secretaries of state ) Tasked with overseeing justice , defense , foreign affairs , and social security , public health High Court , Constitutional Court , Cassation Court and Council of State The regional level is composed of the following : A monocameral parliament A regional government led by the minister - president ( ministers and secretaries of state ) is tasked with regional matters . Provinces also have similar structures : A monocameral provincial council A nominated provincial governor assisted by deputees is tasked with provincial matters . Appellate Court , Assisses Court An intermediate level of Arrondissements subdivides the provinces it has only an executive level with an arrondissemental commissars City and communal entities : A city or communal council A mayor , assisted by aldermen , is tasked with local matters . Magistrates Court , Correctional Court ( three judges ) .",
"21": "Justice of the peace and Police Court judges ( single judge courts ) Secularism ( separation of state and religion ) : The king , the head of state , holds no political authority and requires executive approval by a minister for every action and statement ; he nominates the ministers but he does not choose them ( his executive powers ) ; he signs and decrees the laws voted in parliament ( his legislative powers ) ; The head of state is commander in chief of the military ( in title only ) , politically the military depends of the Minister of Defense and the chiefs of staff are responsible towards parliament and take their orders from the Minister of Defense and the government ; Certain functions are deemed incompatible and people must resign from their function if they want to assume responsibilities in another function ( military commanders have never been government ministers , even during a war ) Costa Rica ( edit ) In the aftermath of the 43 - day civil war in 1948 ( after former President and incumbent candidate Rafael Álgel Calderón Guardia tried to take power through fraud , by not recognising the results of the presidential election that he had lost ) , the question of which transformational model the Costa Rican State would follow was the main issue that confronted the victors . A Constituent Assembly was elected by popular vote to draw up a new constitution , enacted in 1949 , and remains in force . This document was an edit of the constitution of 1871 , as the constituent assembly rejected more radical corporatist ideas proposed by the ruling Junta Fundadora de la Segunda República ( which , although having come to power by military force , abolished the armed forces ) . Nonetheless , the new constitution increased centralization of power at the expense of municipalities and eliminated provincial government altogether , at the time it increased the powers of congress and the judiciary . It established the three supreme powers as the legislature , executive , and judicial branches , but also created two other autonomous state organs that have equivalent power , but not equivalent rank . The first is the Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones de Costa Rica ( electoral branch ) which controls elections and makes unique , unappealable decisions on their outcomes . The second is the office of the Comptroller General ( audit branch ) , an autonomous and independent organ nominally subordinate to the unicameral legislative assembly .",
"22": "All budgets of ministries and municipalities must pass through this agency , including the execution of budget items such as contracting for routine operations . The Comptroller also provides financial vigilance over government offices and office holders , and routinely brings actions to remove mayors for malfeasance , firmly establishing this organization as the fifth branch of the Republic . European Union ( edit ) The European Union is a supranational polity , and is neither a country nor a federation ; but as the EU wields political power it complies with the principle of separation of powers . There are seven institutions of the European Union . In intergovernmental matters , most power is concentrated in the Council of the European Union -- giving it the characteristics of a normal international organization . Here , all power at the EU level is in one branch . In the latter there are four main actors . The European Commission acts as an independent executive which is appointed by the Council in conjunction with the European Parliament ; but the Commission also has a legislative role as the sole initiator of EU legislation . An early maxim was : `` The Commission proposes and the Council disposes '' ; and although the EU 's lawmaking procedure is now much more complicated , this simple maxim still holds some truth . As well as both executive and legislative functions , the Commission arguably exercises a third , quasi-judicial , function under Articles 101 & 102 TFEU ( competition law ) ; although the ECJ remains the final arbiter . The European Parliament is one half of the legislative branch and is directly elected . The Council itself acts both as the second half of the legislative branch and also holds some executive functions ( some of which are exercised by the related European Council in practice ) . The European Court of Justice acts as the independent judicial branch , interpreting EU law and treaties . The remaining institution , the European Court of Auditors , is an independent audit authority ( due to the sensitive nature of fraud in the EU ) .",
"23": "Council of the European Union -- executive and legislative European Commission -- executive , legislative and quasi-judicial European Council -- executive European Court of Auditors -- audit Court of Justice of the European Union and the General Court -- judicial European Parliament -- legislative Germany ( edit ) The three branches in German government are further divided into six main bodies enshrined in the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany : Federal President ( Bundespräsident ) -- formally executive , but mainly representative in daily politics Federal Cabinet ( Bundesregierung ) -- executive Federal Diet ( Bundestag ) & Federal Council ( Bundesrat ) -- bicameral legislative Federal Assembly ( Bundesversammlung ) -- presidential electoral college ( consisting of the members of the Bundestag and electors from the constituent states ) Federal Constitutional Court ( Bundesverfassungsgericht ) -- judiciary Besides the constitutional court the judicial branch at the federal level is made up of five supreme courts -- one for civil and criminal cases ( Bundesgerichtshof ) , and one each for administrative , tax , labour , and social security issues . There are also state ( Länder / Bundesländer ) based courts beneath them , and a rarely used senate of the supreme courts . Hungary ( edit ) This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2014 ) The four independent branches of power in Hungary ( the parliament , the government , the court system , and the office of the public accuser ) are divided into six bodies : Parliament ( Magyar Országgyűlés ) : elected every 4 years by the people in a highly complex , one - round voting system Government ( Magyar Kormány ) : installed and removed by 50 % + 1 basic majority vote of the parliament , 4 - year terms Supreme Court ( Legfelsőbb Bíróság ) : Chief justice elected by qualified ( 2 / 3 ) majority of the parliament , no government oversight Constitutional court ( Alkotmánybíróság ) : members elected by qualified majority of the parliament for 8 years , this body nullifies laws and has no government oversight .",
"24": "Chief public accuser ( Legfőbb ügyész ) : elected by qualified majority of the parliament , 6 - year terms , office budget fixed , no government oversight . The President of the Republic ( Köztársasági Elnök ) is elected by qualified majority of the Hungarian parliament for 5 - year terms ( can not be reelected more than once ) . The President 's task is to oversee the functioning of the democracy . Most of his / her powers are ceremonial only : like signing laws into power and commanding the military in time of peace . But before signing , once he / she can also return accepted bills with advices to the Parliament for reconsideration , he / she can also request nullification in advance from the Constitutional Court . He can negotiate with civil / professional unions regarding the bills . Without the President 's permission , the country can neither declare war nor deploy the armed forces . The independent pillar status of the Hungarian public accuser 's office is a unique construction , loosely modeled on the system Portugal introduced after the 1974 victory of the Carnation Revolution . The public accuser ( attorney general ) body has become the fourth column of Hungarian democracy only in recent times : after communism fell in 1989 , the office was made independent by a new clausule XI. of the Constitution . The change was meant to prevent abuse of state power , especially with regards to the use of false accusations against opposition politicians , who may be excluded from elections if locked in protracted or excessively severe court cases . To prevent the Hungarian accuser 's office from neglecting its duties , natural human private persons can submit investigation requests , called `` pótmagánvád '' directly to the courts , if the accusers ' office refuses to do its job . Courts will decide if the allegations have merit and order police to act in lieu of the accuser 's office if warranted . In its decision No. 42 / 2005 the Hungarian constitutional court declared that the government does not enjoy such privilege and the state is powerless to further pursue cases if the public accuser refuses to do so .",
"25": "See also ( edit ) Arm 's length principle Constitutional economics Constitutionalism Corruption Perceptions Index Fourth Estate Fifth power Fusion of powers Judicial activism Judicial independence Legal reform Philosophy of law Pith and substance Power sharing Reserve power Rule of Law Rule According to higher Law Separation of church and state Separation of duties Signing statement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Quoted in Jan Weerda , Calvin , in Evangelisches Soziallexikon , Third Edition ( 1960 ) , Stuttgart ( Germany ) , col. 210 Jump up ^ Ward , Lee ( 2014 - 12 - 04 ) . Modern Democracy and the Theological - Political Problem in Spinoza , Rousseau , and Jefferson . Recovering Political Philosophy . Palgrave Macmillan ( published 2014 ) . pp. 25 -- 26 . ISBN 9781137475053 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Calvin 's republican sympathies derived from his view of human nature as deeply flawed . Compound or mixed governments reflect the reality that human frailty justifies and necessitates institutional checks and balances to the magistrate 's presumed propensity to abuse power . It was this commitment to checks and balances that became the basis of Calvin 's resistance theory , according to which inferior magistrates have a duty to resist or restrain a tyrannical sovereign . Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead ( 1960 ) , History of Religion in the United States , Prentice - Hall , Englewood Cliffs , N.J. , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Fennell , Christopher . `` Plymouth Colony Legal Structure '' . Histarch.uiuc.edu . Jump up ^ Hanover Historical Texts Project Archived 12 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead , History of Religion in the United States , pp. 69 -- 76 , 99 -- 105 , 114 -- 16 Jump up ^ Otto Heinrich von der Gablentz , Gewalt , Gewaltenteilung , In Evangelisches Soziallexikon , col.",
"26": "420 Jump up ^ Price , Sara ( 22 February 2011 ) , The Roman Republic in Montesquieu and Rousseau -- Abstract , SSRN 1766947 Jump up ^ Schindler , Ronald , Montesquieu 's Political Writings , retrieved 19 November 2012 Jump up ^ Lloyd , Marshall Davies ( 22 September 1998 ) , Polybius and the Founding Fathers : the separation of powers , retrieved 17 November 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Montesquieu , Complete Works , vol. 1 ( The Spirit of Laws ) '' . oll.libertyfund.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Esprit des lois ( 1777 ) / L11 / C6 - Wikisource '' . fr.wikisource.org ( in French ) . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Przeworski 2003 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Przeworski 2003 , p. 13 Jump up ^ `` The Avalon Project : Federalist No 48 '' . avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Avalon Project : Federalist No 51 '' . avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ All presidential appointments are subject to advice and consent of solely the Senate , with the exception of the appointment of a Vice President under the Twenty - fifth Amendment , which also requires a majority vote of the House of Representatives . Jump up ^ See Government accused of ' waging war ' on Parliament by forcing through key law changes without debate , Independent , 19 Jan. 2016 . Jump up ^ See Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth ( 1951 ) HCA 5 , AustLII Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Czech Republic '' . Parliament of the Czech Republic . Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 1920 Constitution -- 90th anniversary of the adoption of the first Czechoslovak Constitution '' . The Office of the Government of the Czech Republic .",
"27": "Jump up ^ Duguit , Leon ( 1911 ) . Traite de droit constitutionnel , vol. 1 , La regle du droit : le probleme de l'Etat , Paris : de Boccard , p. 645 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution du 4 octobre 1958 '' . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.legco.gov.hk/general/english/intro/about_lc.htm Jump up ^ Ng , Margaret ( 2011 ) . Law of the Hong Kong Constitution . Sweet & Maxwell Hong Kong . pp. Para 9 -- 085 . ISBN 9789626614440 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice 's Speech at Ceremonial Opening of the Legal Year 2010 '' . Hong Kong Judiciary . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mature Enough for Democracy , And Sensible Too '' ( PDF ) . Global Asia . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://zg.people.com.cn/BIG5/33839/34943/34944/34947/2617694.html Jump up ^ Jain , M.P. ( 2010 ) . Indian Constitutional Law . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . p. 921 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 621 - 3 . Jump up ^ For the most recent developments see ( in Italian ) ( D. Argondizzo - G. Buonomo , Spigolature intorno all'attuale bicameralismo e proposte per quello futuro ) error : ( ( lang ) ) : text has italic markup ( help ) , in Mondoperaio.net , aprile 2014 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ The parliamentary dialectic is a legally significant and a protected value , as evidenced by the decision no . 32 of 2014 and the favor with which you see in it the maintenance `` within the constitutional framework '' of `` institutional relations between the Government , Parliament and President of the Republic in the performance of the legislative function '' : Buonomo , Giampiero ( 2014 ) . `` Governo e revisione costituzionale '' .",
"28": "Mondoperaio edizione online . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` The Norwegian parlament description on Separation of powers '' . Stortinget . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the United States '' . Archives.gov. 2000 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Madison , James . ( 8 February 1788 ) `` The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments '' The Federalist Papers No. 51 Jump up ^ Garcia - Trevijano , Antonio ( 2009 - 09 - 30 ) . A Pure Theory of Democracy . Translated by Peñaranda , Miguel Rodríguez de . Lanham , Md : University Press of America . ISBN 9780761848561 . Jump up ^ See Bruce P. Frohnen , George W. Carey , Constitutional Morality and the Rise of Quasi-Law , Harvard University Press , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shelley Rigger ( 18 April 2002 ) . `` E-Notes : Why Taiwan 's Political Paralysis PersistsFPRI '' . Foreign Policy Research Institute . Archived from the original on 10 February 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bomberg , Elizabeth , Peterson , John , and Richard Corbett , eds . The European Union : How Does it Work ? ( 3rd ed ) ( 2012 , Oxford University Press ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 957080 - 5 and ISBN 0 - 19 - 957080 - 9 . Jump up ^ Corbett , Richard ; Jacobs , Francis ; Shackleton , Michael ( 2011 ) . The European Parliament ( 8th ed . ) . London : John Harper Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9564508 - 5 - 2 . Jump up ^ Craig , Paul ; de Búrca , Gráinne ( 2007 ) . EU Law , Text , Cases and Materials ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press .",
"29": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927389 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Peter Barenboim , Biblical Roots of Separation of Powers , Moscow , Letny Sad , 2005 . ISBN 5 - 94381 - 123 - 0 , Permalink : http://lccn.loc.gov/2006400578 Biancamaria Fontana ( ed . ) , The Invention of the Modern Republic ( 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 03376 - 3 W.B. Gwyn , The Meaning of the Separation of Powers ( 1965 ) ( no ISBN ) Bernard Manin , Principles of Representative Government ( 1995 ; English version 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 45258 - 9 ( hbk ) , ISBN 0 - 521 - 45891 - 9 ( pbk ) José María Maravall and Adam Przeworski ( eds ) , Democracy and the Rule of Law ( 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 82559 - 8 ( hbk ) , ISBN 0 - 521 - 53266 - 3 ( pbk ) Paul A. Rahe , Montesquieu and the Logic of Liberty ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 14125 - 2 ( hbk ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16808 - 2 ( pbk ) Iain Stewart , `` Men of Class : Aristotle , Montesquieu and Dicey on ' Separation of Powers ' and ' the Rule of Law ' '' 4 Macquarie Law Journal 187 ( 2004 ) Iain Stewart , `` Montesquieu in England : his ' Notes on England ' , with Commentary and Translation '' ( 2002 ) Alec Stone Sweet , Governing with Judges : Constitutional Politics in Europe ( 2000 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 829730 - 7 M.J.C. Vile , Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers ( 1967 , Indianapolis : Liberty Fund , 1998 ) Second edition .",
"30": "ISBN 0 - 86597 - 174 - 9 ( hbk ) , ISBN 0 - 86597 - 175 - 7 ( pbk ) Reinhold Zippelius , Allgemeine Staatslehre / Politikwissenschaft ( = Political Science ) , 16th edition , § 31 , C.H. Beck , Munich , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 406 - 60342 - 6 External links ( edit ) Polybius and the Founding Fathers : the separation of powers Arbitrary Government Described and the Government of the Massachusetts Vindicated from that Aspersion ( 1644 ) Separation of powers Typical branches Executive Legislature Judiciary Atypical branches Civil service commission Auditory Electoral Prosecutory By country Australia United Kingdom United States Singapore See also Fusion of powers Separation of duties Judicial independence Judicial review Dual mandate GND : 4071817 - 7 HDS : 10096 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&oldid=837829613 '' Categories : Constitutional law Philosophy of law Separation of powers Political science terminology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Italian - language external links Lang and lang - xx template errors Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles with obsolete information from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use dmy dates from January 2011 Wikipedia articles with",
"31": "GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Acèh Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kiswahili ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English",
"32": "Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 64 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 08 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who was the nfl first draft pick 2017
|
[
"Myles Garrett",
"Myles Garrett",
"Myles Garrett",
"Myles Garrett"
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{
"0": "2017 NFL draft - wikipedia 2017 NFL draft Jump to : navigation , search 2017 NFL Draft General Information Date ( s ) April 27 -- 29 , 2017 Time 8 : 00 PM ET Location Philadelphia Museum of Art on the Rocky Steps Philadelphia , Pennsylvania TV coverage ( US ) ESPN , ESPN2 , NFL Network Overview 253 total selections in 7 rounds First selection Myles Garrett , DE Cleveland Browns Mr. Irrelevant Chad Kelly , QB Denver Broncos Most selections ( 11 ) Cincinnati Bengals , Minnesota Vikings , Seattle Seahawks Fewest selections ( 4 ) New England Patriots ← 2016 NFL Drafts 2018 → The stage for the 2017 NFL Draft on Eakins Oval in front of the Philadelphia Museum of Art The 2017 NFL Draft was the 82nd annual meeting of National Football League ( NFL ) franchises to select newly eligible American football players . It was held in front of the Philadelphia Museum of Art from April 27 -- 29 , returning to Philadelphia for the first time since 1961 . The player selections were announced from an outdoor theater built on the Rocky Steps , marking the first time an entire NFL draft was held outdoors . The NFL announced that the draft was the most attended in history , with more than 250,000 people . Starting from this draft , compensatory picks could be traded . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early entrants 2 Player selections 3 Summary 3.1 Selections by college athletic conference 3.2 Schools with multiple draft selections 3.3 Selections by position 4 Trades 5 Forfeited / penalized picks 6 References Early entrants ( edit ) Main article : List of 2017 NFL Draft early entrants In order to be eligible to enter the draft , players must be at least three years removed from high school . The deadline for underclassmen to declare for the draft was January 16 , 2017 .",
"1": "The following is the breakdown of the 253 players selected by position : 34 Cornerbacks 32 Wide receivers 29 Linebackers 26 Running backs 25 Defensive ends 23 Safeties 20 Defensive tackles 16 Offensive tackles 14 Tight ends 11 Offensive guards 10 Quarterbacks 6 Centers 3 Placekickers 3 Fullbacks 1 Long snapper Player selections ( edit ) Jump to round : 2 3 4 5 6 7 * = compensatory selection † = Pro Bowler Positions key Center CB Cornerback DB Defensive back DE Defensive end DL Defensive lineman DT Defensive tackle FB Fullback FS Free safety Guard HB Halfback Placekicker KR Kick returner LB Linebacker LS Long snapper OT Offensive tackle OL Offensive lineman NT Nose tackle Punter PR Punt returner QB Quarterback RB Running back Safety SS Strong safety TB Tailback TE Tight end WR Wide receiver Rnd . Pick # NFL team Player Pos . College Conf .",
"2": "Notes Cleveland Browns Garrett , Myles Myles Garrett DE Texas A&M SEC Chicago Bears Trubisky , Mitchell Mitchell Trubisky QB North Carolina ACC from San Francisco San Francisco 49ers Thomas , Solomon Solomon Thomas DE Stanford Pac - 12 from Chicago Jacksonville Jaguars Fournette , Leonard Leonard Fournette RB LSU SEC 5 Tennessee Titans Davis , Corey Corey Davis WR Western Michigan MAC from LA Rams 6 New York Jets Adams , Jamal Jamal Adams LSU SEC 7 Los Angeles Chargers Williams , Mike Mike Williams WR Clemson ACC 8 Carolina Panthers McCaffrey , Christian Christian McCaffrey RB Stanford Pac - 12 9 Cincinnati Bengals Ross , John John Ross WR Washington Pac - 12 10 Kansas City Chiefs Mahomes II , Patrick Patrick Mahomes II QB Texas Tech Big 12 from Buffalo 11 New Orleans Saints Lattimore , Marshon Marshon Lattimore CB Ohio State Big Ten 12 Houston Texans Watson , Deshaun Deshaun Watson QB Clemson ACC from Philadelphia via Cleveland 13 Arizona Cardinals Reddick , Haason Haason Reddick LB Temple The American 14 Philadelphia Eagles Barnett , Derek Derek Barnett DE Tennessee SEC from Minnesota 15 Indianapolis Colts Hooker , Malik Malik Hooker Ohio State Big Ten 16 Baltimore Ravens Humphrey , Marlon Marlon Humphrey CB Alabama SEC 17 Washington Redskins Allen , Jonathan Jonathan Allen DT Alabama SEC 18 Tennessee Titans Jackson , Adoree'Adoree ' Jackson CB USC Pac - 12 19 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Howard , O.J. O.J.",
"3": "Howard TE Alabama SEC 20 Denver Broncos Bolles , Garett Garett Bolles OT Utah Pac - 12 21 Detroit Lions Davis , Jarrad Jarrad Davis LB Florida SEC 22 Miami Dolphins Harris , Charles Charles Harris DE Missouri SEC 23 New York Giants Engram , Evan Evan Engram TE Ole Miss SEC 24 Oakland Raiders Conley , Gareon Gareon Conley CB Ohio State Big Ten 25 Cleveland Browns Peppers , Jabrill Jabrill Peppers Michigan Big Ten from Houston 26 Atlanta Falcons McKinley , Takkarist Takkarist McKinley OLB UCLA Pac - 12 from Seattle 27 Buffalo Bills White , Tre'Davious Tre'Davious White CB LSU SEC from Kansas City 28 Dallas Cowboys Charlton , Taco Taco Charlton DE Michigan Big Ten 29 Cleveland Browns Njoku , David David Njoku TE Miami ( FL ) ACC from Green Bay 30 Pittsburgh Steelers Watt , T.J. T.J. Watt OLB Wisconsin Big Ten 31 San Francisco 49ers Foster , Reuben Reuben Foster LB Alabama SEC from Atlanta via Seattle 32 New Orleans Saints Ramczyk , Ryan Ryan Ramczyk OT Wisconsin Big Ten from New England 33 Green Bay Packers King , Kevin Kevin King CB Washington Pac - 12 from Cleveland 34 Jacksonville Jaguars Robinson , Cam Cam Robinson OT Alabama SEC from San Francisco via Seattle 35 Seattle Seahawks McDowell , Malik Malik McDowell DT Michigan State Big Ten from Jacksonville 36 Arizona Cardinals Baker , Budda Budda Baker Washington Pac - 12 from Chicago 37 Buffalo Bills Jones , Zay Zay Jones WR East Carolina The American from LA Rams 38 Los Angeles Chargers Lamp , Forrest Forrest Lamp Western Kentucky C - USA 39 New York Jets Maye ,",
"4": "Marcus Marcus Maye Florida SEC 40 Carolina Panthers Samuel , Curtis Curtis Samuel WR Ohio State Big Ten 41 Minnesota Vikings Cook , Dalvin Dalvin Cook RB Florida State ACC from Cincinnati 42 New Orleans Saints Williams , Marcus Marcus Williams Utah Pac - 12 43 Philadelphia Eagles Jones , Sidney Sidney Jones CB Washington Pac - 12 44 Los Angeles Rams Everett , Gerald Gerald Everett TE South Alabama Sun Belt from Buffalo 45 Chicago Bears Shaheen , Adam Adam Shaheen TE Ashland GLIAC from Arizona 46 Indianapolis Colts Wilson , Quincy Quincy Wilson CB Florida SEC 47 Baltimore Ravens Bowser , Tyus Tyus Bowser OLB Houston The American 48 Cincinnati Bengals Mixon , Joe Joe Mixon RB Oklahoma Big 12 from Minnesota 49 Washington Redskins Anderson , Ryan Ryan Anderson OLB Alabama SEC 50 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Evans , Justin Justin Evans Texas A&M SEC 51 Denver Broncos Walker , DeMarcus DeMarcus Walker DE Florida State ACC 52 Cleveland Browns Kizer , DeShone DeShone Kizer QB Notre Dame Ind . ( FBS ) from Tennessee 53 Detroit Lions Tabor , Teez Teez Tabor CB Florida SEC 54 Miami Dolphins McMillan , Raekwon Raekwon McMillan LB Ohio State Big Ten 55 New York Giants Tomlinson , Dalvin Dalvin Tomlinson DT Alabama SEC 56 Oakland Raiders Melifonwu , Obi Obi Melifonwu Connecticut The American 57 Houston Texans Cunningham , Zach Zach Cunningham LB Vanderbilt SEC 58 Seattle Seahawks Pocic , Ethan Ethan Pocic LSU SEC 59 Kansas City Chiefs Kpassagnon , Tanoh Tanoh Kpassagnon DE Villanova CAA 60 Dallas Cowboys Awuzie ,",
"5": "Chidobe Chidobe Awuzie CB Colorado Pac - 12 61 Green Bay Packers Jones , Josh Josh Jones NC State ACC 62 Pittsburgh Steelers Smith - Schuster , JuJu JuJu Smith - Schuster WR USC Pac - 12 63 Buffalo Bills Dawkins , Dion Dion Dawkins Temple The American from Atlanta 64 Carolina Panthers Moton , Taylor Taylor Moton Western Michigan MAC from New England 65 Cleveland Browns Ogunjobi , Larry Larry Ogunjobi DT Charlotte C - USA 66 San Francisco 49ers Witherspoon , Ahkello Ahkello Witherspoon CB Colorado Pac - 12 67 New Orleans Saints Kamara , Alvin Alvin Kamara RB Tennessee SEC from Chicago via San Francisco 68 Jacksonville Jaguars Smoot , Dawuane Dawuane Smoot DE Illinois Big Ten 69 Los Angeles Rams Kupp , Cooper Cooper Kupp WR Eastern Washington Big Sky 70 Minnesota Vikings Elflein , Pat Pat Elflein Ohio State Big Ten from NY Jets 71 Los Angeles Chargers Feeney , Dan Dan Feeney Indiana Big Ten 72 Tennessee Titans Taylor , Taywan Taywan Taylor WR Western Kentucky C - USA from Carolina via New England 73 Cincinnati Bengals Willis , Jordan Jordan Willis DE Kansas State Big 12 74 Baltimore Ravens Wormley , Chris Chris Wormley DE Michigan Big Ten from Philadelphia 75 Atlanta Falcons Riley , Duke Duke Riley LB LSU SEC from Buffalo 76 New Orleans Saints Anzalone , Alex Alex Anzalone LB Florida SEC 77 Carolina Panthers Hall , Daeshon Daeshon Hall DE Texas A&M SEC from Arizona 78 Baltimore Ravens Williams , Tim Tim Williams OLB Alabama SEC 79 New York Jets Stewart , ArDarius ArDarius Stewart WR Alabama SEC from Minnesota 80 Indianapolis Colts Basham ,",
"6": "Tarell Tarell Basham DE Ohio MAC 81 Washington Redskins Moreau , Fabian Fabian Moreau CB UCLA Pac - 12 82 Denver Broncos Henderson , Carlos Carlos Henderson WR Louisiana Tech C - USA 83 New England Patriots Rivers , Derek Derek Rivers DE Youngstown State MVFC from Tennessee 84 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Godwin , Chris Chris Godwin WR Penn State Big Ten 85 New England Patriots Garcia , Antonio Antonio Garcia OT Troy Sun Belt from Detroit 86 Kansas City Chiefs Hunt , Kareem Kareem Hunt RB Toledo MAC from Miami via Minnesota 87 New York Giants Webb , Davis Davis Webb QB California Pac - 12 88 Oakland Raiders Vanderdoes , Eddie Eddie Vanderdoes DT UCLA Pac - 12 89 Houston Texans Foreman , D'Onta D'Onta Foreman RB Texas Big 12 90 Seattle Seahawks Griffin , Shaquill Shaquill Griffin CB UCF The American 91 Los Angeles Rams Johnson , John John Johnson Boston College ACC from Kansas City via Buffalo 92 Dallas Cowboys Lewis , Jourdan Jourdan Lewis CB Michigan Big Ten 93 Green Bay Packers Adams , Montravius Montravius Adams DT Auburn SEC 94 Pittsburgh Steelers Sutton , Cameron Cameron Sutton CB Tennessee SEC 95 Seattle Seahawks Hill , Delano Delano Hill Michigan Big Ten from Atlanta 96 Detroit Lions Golladay , Kenny Kenny Golladay WR Northern Illinois MAC from New England 3 * 97 Miami Dolphins Tankersley , Cordrea Cordrea Tankersley CB Clemson ACC 3 * 98 Arizona Cardinals Williams , Chad Chad Williams WR Grambling State SWAC from Carolina 3 * 99 Philadelphia Eagles Douglas , Rasul Rasul Douglas CB West Virginia Big 12 from Baltimore 3 * 100 Tennessee Titans Smith ,",
"7": "Jonnu Jonnu Smith TE Florida International C - USA from LA Rams 3 * 101 Denver Broncos Langley , Brendan Brendan Langley CB Lamar Southland 3 * 102 Seattle Seahawks Jones , Nazair Nazair Jones DT North Carolina ACC 3 * 103 New Orleans Saints Hendrickson , Trey Trey Hendrickson OLB Florida Atlantic C - USA from Cleveland via New England 3 * 104 San Francisco 49ers Beathard , C.J. C.J. Beathard QB Iowa Big Ten from Kansas City via Minnesota 3 * 105 Pittsburgh Steelers Conner , James James Conner RB Pittsburgh ACC 3 * 106 Seattle Seahawks Darboh , Amara Amara Darboh WR Michigan Big Ten 3 * 107 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Beckwith , Kendell Kendell Beckwith LB LSU SEC from NY Jets 108 Green Bay Packers Biegel , Vince Vince Biegel LB Wisconsin Big Ten from Cleveland 109 Minnesota Vikings Johnson , Jaleel Jaleel Johnson DT Iowa Big Ten from San Francisco 110 Jacksonville Jaguars Westbrook , Dede Dede Westbrook WR Oklahoma Big 12 111 Seattle Seahawks Thompson , Tedric Tedric Thompson Colorado Pac - 12 from Chicago via San Francisco 112 Chicago Bears Jackson , Eddie Eddie Jackson Alabama SEC from LA Rams 113 Los Angeles Chargers Jenkins , Rayshawn Rayshawn Jenkins Miami ( FL ) ACC 114 Washington Redskins Perine , Samaje Samaje Perine RB Oklahoma Big 12 from NY Jets 115 Arizona Cardinals Johnson , Dorian Dorian Johnson Pittsburgh ACC from Carolina 116 Cincinnati Bengals Lawson , Carl Carl Lawson DE Auburn SEC 117 Los Angeles Rams Reynolds , Josh Josh Reynolds WR Texas A&M SEC from Buffalo via Chicago 117.5 -- New England Patriots Selection from New Orleans forfeited due to the Deflategate scandal .",
"8": "118 Philadelphia Eagles Hollins , Mack Mack Hollins WR North Carolina ACC 119 Chicago Bears Cohen , Tarik Tarik Cohen RB North Carolina A&T MEAC from Arizona 120 Minnesota Vikings Gedeon , Ben Ben Gedeon LB Michigan Big Ten 121 San Francisco 49ers Williams , Joe Joe Williams RB Utah Pac - 12 from Indianapolis 122 Baltimore Ravens Siragusa , Nico Nico Siragusa San Diego State MW 123 Washington Redskins Nicholson , Montae Montae Nicholson Michigan State Big Ten 124 Detroit Lions Reeves - Maybin , Jalen Jalen Reeves - Maybin LB Tennessee SEC from Tennessee via New England 125 Los Angeles Rams Ebukam , Samson Samson Ebukam LB Eastern Washington Big Sky from Tampa Bay via NY Jets 126 Cleveland Browns Wilson , Howard Howard Wilson CB Houston The American from Denver 127 Detroit Lions Roberts , Michael Michael Roberts TE Toledo MAC 128 Cincinnati Bengals Malone , Josh Josh Malone WR Tennessee SEC from Miami via Minnesota 128.5 -- New York Giants Selection moved down twelve spots 129 Oakland Raiders Sharpe , David David Sharpe OT Florida SEC 130 Houston Texans Davenport , Julién Julién Davenport OT Bucknell Patriot 131 New England Patriots Wise Jr. , Deatrich Deatrich Wise Jr . DE Arkansas SEC from Seattle 132 Philadelphia Eagles Pumphrey , Donnel Donnel Pumphrey RB San Diego State MW from Kansas City via Minnesota 133 Dallas Cowboys Switzer , Ryan Ryan Switzer WR North Carolina ACC 134 Green Bay Packers Williams , Jamaal Jamaal Williams RB BYU Ind . ( FBS ) 135 Pittsburgh Steelers Dobbs , Joshua Joshua Dobbs QB Tennessee SEC 136 Atlanta Falcons Harlow , Sean Sean Harlow Oregon State Pac - 12 137 Indianapolis Colts Banner ,",
"9": "Zach Zach Banner USC Pac - 12 from New England 4 * 138 Cincinnati Bengals Glasgow , Ryan Ryan Glasgow DT Michigan Big Ten 4 * 139 Kansas City Chiefs Chesson , Jehu Jehu Chesson WR Michigan Big Ten from Cleveland via Philadelphia and Minnesota 140 New York Giants Gallman , Wayne Wayne Gallman RB Clemson ACC Selection dropped 12 spots ( see above ) 4 * 141 New York Jets Hansen , Chad Chad Hansen WR California Pac - 12 from LA Rams 4 * 142 Houston Texans Watkins , Carlos Carlos Watkins DT Clemson ACC from Cleveland 4 * 143 Indianapolis Colts Mack , Marlon Marlon Mack RB South Florida The American from San Francisco 4 * 144 Indianapolis Colts Stewart , Grover Grover Stewart DT Albany State SIAC 5 145 Denver Broncos Butt , Jake Jake Butt TE Michigan Big Ten from Cleveland 5 146 San Francisco 49ers Kittle , George George Kittle TE Iowa Big Ten 5 147 Chicago Bears Morgan , Jordan Jordan Morgan Kutztown PSAC 5 148 Jacksonville Jaguars Brown , Blair Blair Brown LB Ohio MAC 5 149 Atlanta Falcons Kazee , Damontae Damontae Kazee CB San Diego State MW from LA Rams via Buffalo 5 150 New York Jets Leggett , Jordan Jordan Leggett TE Clemson ACC 5 151 Los Angeles Chargers King , Desmond Desmond King CB Iowa Big Ten 5 152 Carolina Panthers Elder , Corn Corn Elder CB Miami ( FL ) ACC 5 153 Cincinnati Bengals Elliott , Jake Jake Elliott Memphis The American 5 154 Washington Redskins Sprinkle , Jeremy Jeremy Sprinkle TE Arkansas SEC from New Orleans 5 155 Tennessee Titans Brown ,",
"10": "Jayon Jayon Brown LB UCLA Pac - 12 from Philadelphia 5 156 Atlanta Falcons Hill , Brian Brian Hill RB Wyoming MW from Buffalo 5 157 Arizona Cardinals Holden , Will Will Holden OT Vanderbilt SEC 5 158 Indianapolis Colts Hairston , Nate Nate Hairston CB Temple The American 5 159 Baltimore Ravens Eluemunor , Jermaine Jermaine Eluemunor OT Texas A&M SEC 5 160 Cleveland Browns Johnson , Roderick Roderick Johnson OT Florida State ACC from Minnesota via NY Jets 5 161 Indianapolis Colts Walker Jr. , Anthony Anthony Walker Jr .",
"11": "LB Northwestern Big Ten from Washington via San Francisco 5 162 Tampa Bay Buccaneers McNichols , Jeremy Jeremy McNichols RB Boise State MW 5 163 Buffalo Bills Milano , Matt Matt Milano LB Boston College ACC from Denver via New England 5 164 Miami Dolphins Asiata , Isaac Isaac Asiata Utah Pac - 12 from Tennessee via Philadelphia 5 165 Detroit Lions Agnew , Jamal Jamal Agnew CB San Diego Pioneer 5 166 Philadelphia Eagles Gibson , Shelton Shelton Gibson WR West Virginia Big 12 from Miami 5 167 New York Giants Moss , Avery Avery Moss DE Youngstown State MVFC 5 168 Oakland Raiders Lee , Marquel Marquel Lee LB Wake Forest ACC 5 169 Houston Texans Decoud , Treston Treston Decoud CB Oregon State Pac - 12 5 169.5 -- Seattle Seahawks Selection forfeited for violating off - season workout policies 5 170 Minnesota Vikings Adams , Rodney Rodney Adams WR South Florida The American from Kansas City 5 171 Buffalo Bills Peterman , Nathan Nathan Peterman QB Pittsburgh ACC from Dallas 5 172 Denver Broncos McKenzie , Isaiah Isaiah McKenzie WR Georgia SEC from Green Bay 5 173 Pittsburgh Steelers Allen , Brian Brian Allen CB Utah Pac - 12 5 174 Atlanta Falcons Saubert , Eric Eric Saubert TE Drake Pioneer 5 175 Green Bay Packers Yancey , DeAngelo DeAngelo Yancey WR Purdue Big Ten from New England via Cleveland and Denver 5 * 176 Cincinnati Bengals Dielman , J.J. J.J.",
"12": "Dielman Utah Pac - 12 5 * 177 San Francisco 49ers Taylor , Trent Trent Taylor WR Louisiana Tech C - USA from Denver 5 * 178 Miami Dolphins Godchaux , Davon Davon Godchaux DT LSU SEC 5 * 179 Arizona Cardinals Logan , T.J. T.J. Logan RB North Carolina ACC 5 * 180 Minnesota Vikings Isidora , Danny Danny Isidora Miami ( FL ) ACC from Kansas City 5 * 181 New York Jets Donahue , Dylan Dylan Donahue DE West Georgia GSC from Cleveland 5 * 182 Green Bay Packers Jones , Aaron Aaron Jones RB UTEP C - USA 5 * 183 Kansas City Chiefs Eligwe , Ukeme Ukeme Eligwe OLB Georgia Southern Sun Belt from New England 5 * 184 Philadelphia Eagles Gerry , Nathan Nathan Gerry Nebraska Big Ten from Miami 6 185 Cleveland Browns Brantley , Caleb Caleb Brantley DT Florida SEC 6 186 Baltimore Ravens Clark , Chuck Chuck Clark Virginia Tech ACC from San Francisco 6 187 Seattle Seahawks Tyson , Mike Mike Tyson Cincinnati The American from Jacksonville 6 188 New York Jets McGuire , Elijah Elijah McGuire RB Louisiana - Lafayette Sun Belt from Chicago via Houston and Cleveland 6 189 Los Angeles Rams Smart , Tanzel Tanzel Smart DT Tulane The American 6 190 Los Angeles Chargers Tevi , Sam Sam Tevi OT Utah Pac - 12 6 191 Dallas Cowboys Woods , Xavier Xavier Woods Louisiana Tech C - USA from NY Jets 6 192 Carolina Panthers Armah , Alexander Alexander Armah FB West Georgia GSC 6 193 Cincinnati Bengals Evans , Jordan Jordan Evans ILB Oklahoma Big 12 6 194 Miami Dolphins Taylor ,",
"13": "Vincent Vincent Taylor DT Oklahoma State Big 12 from Philadelphia 6 195 Buffalo Bills Vallejo , Tanner Tanner Vallejo OLB Boise State MW 6 196 New Orleans Saints Muhammad , Al - Quadin Al - Quadin Muhammad DE Miami ( FL ) ACC 6 197 New York Jets Clark , Jeremy Jeremy Clark CB Michigan Big Ten from Arizona via Chicago and LA Rams 6 198 San Francisco 49ers Jones , D.J. D.J. Jones DT Ole Miss SEC from Baltimore 6 199 Washington Redskins Roullier , Chase Chase Roullier Wyoming MW from Minnesota 6 200 New York Giants Bisnowaty , Adam Adam Bisnowaty OT Pittsburgh ACC from Indianapolis via New England and Tennessee 6 201 Minnesota Vikings Hodges , Bucky Bucky Hodges TE Virginia Tech ACC from Washington 6 202 San Francisco 49ers Taumoepenu , Pita Pita Taumoepenu DE Utah Pac - 12 from Denver 6 203 Denver Broncos Henderson , De'Angelo De'Angelo Henderson RB Coastal Carolina Ind . ( FCS ) from Tennessee 6 204 New York Jets Jones , Derrick Derrick Jones CB Ole Miss SEC from Tampa Bay 6 205 Detroit Lions Ledbetter , Jeremiah Jeremiah Ledbetter DE Arkansas SEC 6 206 Los Angeles Rams Rogers , Sam Sam Rogers FB Virginia Tech ACC from Miami 6 207 Cincinnati Bengals Wilson , Brandon Brandon Wilson CB Houston The American from NY Giants via Tennessee 6 208 Arizona Cardinals Ford , Rudy Rudy Ford Auburn SEC from Oakland 6 209 Washington Redskins Davis , Robert Robert Davis WR Georgia State Sun Belt from Houston 6 210 Seattle Seahawks Senior , Justin Justin Senior OT Mississippi State SEC 6 210.",
"14": "5 -- Kansas City Chiefs Selection forfeited for violating the NFL 's Anti-Tampering policy 6 211 New England Patriots McDermott , Conor Conor McDermott OT UCLA Pac - 12 from Dallas 6 212 Green Bay Packers Amichia , Kofi Kofi Amichia OT South Florida The American 6 213 Pittsburgh Steelers Holba , Colin Colin Holba LS Louisville ACC 6 214 Philadelphia Eagles Qualls , Elijah Elijah Qualls DT Washington Pac - 12 from Atlanta via Tennessee 6 215 Detroit Lions Kaaya , Brad Brad Kaaya QB Miami ( FL ) ACC from New England 6 * 216 Dallas Cowboys White , Marquez Marquez White CB Florida State ACC from Kansas City via New England 6 * 217 Tennessee Titans Levin , Corey Corey Levin Chattanooga SoCon from Cincinnati 6 * 218 Kansas City Chiefs McQuay III , Leon Leon McQuay III USC Pac - 12 7 219 Minnesota Vikings Coley , Stacy Stacy Coley WR Miami ( FL ) ACC from Cleveland via San Francisco 7 220 Minnesota Vikings Odenigbo , Ifeadi Ifeadi Odenigbo DE Northwestern Big Ten from San Francisco via Washington 7 221 Oakland Raiders Luani , Shalom Shalom Luani Washington State Pac - 12 from Chicago via Arizona 7 222 Jacksonville Jaguars Myrick , Jalen Jalen Myrick CB Minnesota Big Ten 7 223 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Tu'ikolovatu , Stevie Stevie Tu'ikolovatu DT USC Pac - 12 from LA Rams via Miami 7 224 Cleveland Browns Gonzalez , Zane Zane Gonzalez Arizona State Pac - 12 from NY Jets 7 225 Los Angeles Chargers Rochell , Isaac Isaac Rochell DE Notre Dame Ind . ( FBS ) 7 226 Seattle Seahawks Moore ,",
"15": "David David Moore WR East Central GAC from Carolina 7 227 Tennessee Titans Carraway , Josh Josh Carraway OLB TCU Big 12 from Cincinnati 7 228 Dallas Cowboys Ivie , Joey Joey Ivie DT Florida SEC from Buffalo 7 229 San Francisco 49ers Colbert , Adrian Adrian Colbert CB Miami ( FL ) ACC from New Orleans 7 230 Washington Redskins Harvey - Clemons , Josh Josh Harvey - Clemons Louisville ACC from Philadelphia via Minnesota 7 231 Oakland Raiders Ware , Jylan Jylan Ware OT Alabama State SWAC from Arizona 7 232 Minnesota Vikings Lee , Elijah Elijah Lee OLB Kansas State Big 12 7 233 Carolina Panthers Butker , Harrison Harrison Butker Georgia Tech ACC from Indianapolis via Cleveland 7 234 Los Angeles Rams Price , Ejuan Ejuan Price OLB Pittsburgh ACC from Baltimore 7 235 Washington Redskins Holsey , Joshua Joshua Holsey CB Auburn SEC 7 236 Tennessee Titans Seaton , Brad Brad Seaton OT Villanova CAA 7 237 Miami Dolphins Ford , Isaiah Isaiah Ford WR Virginia Tech ACC from Tampa Bay 7 238 Green Bay Packers Mays , Devante Devante Mays RB Utah State MW from Denver 7 239 Dallas Cowboys Brown , Noah Noah Brown WR Ohio State Big Ten from Detroit and New England 7 240 Jacksonville Jaguars Williams , Marquez Marquez Williams FB Miami ( FL ) ACC from Miami 7 241 Tennessee Titans Muhammad , Khalfani Khalfani Muhammad RB California Pac - 12 from NY Giants 7 242 Oakland Raiders Hood , Elijah Elijah Hood RB North Carolina ACC 7 243 Houston Texans Fuller , Kyle Kyle Fuller Baylor Big 12 7 244 Oakland Raiders Hester ,",
"16": "Treyvon Treyvon Hester DT Toledo MAC from Seattle 7 245 Minnesota Vikings Tocho , Jack Jack Tocho CB NC State ACC from Kansas City 7 246 Dallas Cowboys Carrell , Jordan Jordan Carrell DT Colorado Pac - 12 7 247 Green Bay Packers Dupre , Malachi Malachi Dupre WR LSU SEC 7 248 Pittsburgh Steelers Adams , Keion Keion Adams DE Western Michigan MAC 7 249 Seattle Seahawks Carson , Chris Chris Carson RB Oklahoma State Big 12 from Atlanta 7 250 Detroit Lions O'Connor , Pat Pat O'Connor DE Eastern Michigan MAC from New England 7 * 251 Cincinnati Bengals Schreck , Mason Mason Schreck TE Buffalo MAC 7 * 252 Cleveland Browns Dayes , Matthew Matthew Dayes RB NC State ACC from Denver 7 * 253 Denver Broncos Kelly , Chad Chad Kelly QB Ole Miss SEC Mr. Irrelevant Summary ( edit ) Selections by college athletic conference ( edit ) The SEC led all conferences for the 11th year in a row with 53 selections . Conference Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Total NCAA Division I FBS football conferences The American 0 15 ACC 6 8 8 10 43 Big 12 14 Big Ten 7 9 6 6 35 C - USA 0 5 0 0 9 Ind .",
"17": "( FBS ) 0 0 0 0 MAC 0 11 MW 0 0 0 8 Pac - 12 6 6 5 5 5 5 36 SEC 12 9 9 8 5 6 53 Sun Belt 0 0 0 5 NCAA Division I FCS football conferences Big Sky 0 0 0 0 0 CAA 0 0 0 0 0 Ind . ( FCS ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 MEAC 0 0 0 0 0 0 MVFC 0 0 0 0 0 Patriot 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pioneer 0 0 0 0 0 0 SoCon 0 0 0 0 0 0 Southland 0 0 0 0 0 0 SWAC 0 0 0 0 0 Non-Division I football conferences GAC ( DII ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 GLIAC ( DII ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gulf South ( DII ) 0 0 0 0 0 PSAC ( DII ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 SIAC ( DII ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Schools with multiple draft selections ( edit ) Michigan and Alabama set school records to lead the country with 11 and 10 picks respectively , marking the 2nd consecutive year a Big Ten school had the most .",
"18": "Selections Schools 11 Michigan 10 Alabama 9 Miami ( FL ) 8 Florida , LSU , Utah 7 Ohio State 6 Clemson , North Carolina , Tennessee 5 Pittsburgh , Texas A&M , UCLA , USC , Washington Auburn , Colorado , Florida State , Iowa , Oklahoma , Ole Miss , Virginia Tech Arkansas , California , Houston , Louisiana Tech , NC State , San Diego State , South Florida , Temple , Toledo , Western Michigan , Wisconsin Boise State , Boston College , Eastern Washington , Kansas State , Louisville , Michigan State , Northwestern , Notre Dame , Ohio , Oklahoma State , Oregon State , Stanford , Vanderbilt , Villanova , West Georgia , West Virginia , Western Kentucky , Wyoming ,",
"19": "Youngstown State Selections by position ( edit ) Position Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Total Center 0 6 Cornerback 5 5 8 7 34 Defensive end 6 6 25 Defensive tackle 0 5 20 Fullback 0 0 0 0 0 Guard 0 0 11 Kicker 0 0 0 0 0 Linebacker 5 5 6 29 Long snapper 0 0 0 0 0 0 Offensive tackle 5 16 Punter 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Quarterback 10 Running back 7 5 26 Safety 6 5 23 Tight end 5 14 Wide receiver 8 7 5 5 32 Position Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Total Offense 13 13 18 22 22 14 16 118 Defense 19 19 25 15 17 19 17 131 Special teams 0 0 0 0 Trades ( edit ) In the explanations below , ( PD ) indicates trades completed prior to the start of the draft ( i.e. Pre-Draft ) , while ( D ) denotes trades that took place during the 2017 draft . Please note that this is the first year where teams will be allowed to trade compensatory picks . Round one Jump up ^ No. 2 : San Francisco → Chicago ( D ) .",
"20": "San Francisco traded their first - round selection ( 2nd ) to Chicago in exchange for Chicago 's first - , third - , and fourth - round selections ( 3rd , 67th , and 111th ) as well as their third - round selection in 2018 . Jump up ^ No. 3 : Chicago → San Francisco ( D ) . see No. 2 : San Francisco → Chicago . Jump up ^ No. 5 : Los Angeles Rams → Tennessee ( PD ) . The Rams traded their first - and third - round selections , as well as their first - , two seconds - , and third - round selection in 2016 ( 15th , 43rd , 45th , and 76th ) to Tennessee in exchange for a conditional seventh - round selection , as well as Tennessee 's first - , fourth - , and sixth - round selection in 2016 ( 1st , 113th , and 177th ) . If the Rams receives a compensatory selection in the third round of the 2017 draft , the third - round pick sent to Tennessee will be the compensatory selection , not the standard third - round pick assigned to the Rams ; otherwise , Tennessee will receive the Rams ' regular third - round pick , and Tennessee 's seventh - round pick will go to the Rams . Jump up ^ No. 10 : Buffalo → Kansas City ( D ) . Buffalo traded their first - round selection ( 10th ) to Kansas City in exchange for Kansas City 's first - and third - round selections ( 27th and 91st ) , as well as their first - round selection in 2018 . Jump up ^ No. 12 : multiple trades : No. 12 : Philadelphia → Cleveland ( PD ) . Philadelphia traded their first - round selection , as well as a first - , third - , and fourth - round selections in 2016 ( 8th , 77th , and 100th ) and their second - round selection in 2018 to Cleveland in exchange for Cleveland 's first - round selection in 2016 ( 2nd ) and a conditional fifth - round selection in 2017 . Since Cleveland received a compensatory fourth - round selection , it will go to Philadelphia . If it had not , Cleveland would have sent their fifth - round selection to Philadelphia . No.",
"21": "12 : Cleveland → Houston ( D ). Cleveland traded a first - round selection ( 12th ) to Houston in exchange for Houston 's first - round selections ( 25th ) as well as their first - round selection in 2018 . Jump up ^ No. 14 : Minnesota → Philadelphia ( PD ) . Minnesota traded their first - round selection , as well as a conditional fourth - round selection in 2018 , to Philadelphia in exchange for quarterback Sam Bradford . Jump up ^ No. 25 : Houston → Cleveland ( D ) . see No. 12 : Cleveland → Houston . Jump up ^ No. 26 : Seattle → Atlanta ( D ) . Seattle traded their first - round selection ( 26th ) to Atlanta in exchange for Atlanta 's first - , third - , and seventh - round selections ( 31st , 95th , and 249th ) . Jump up ^ No. 27 : Kansas City → Buffalo ( D ) . see No. 10 : Buffalo → Kansas City . Jump up ^ No. 29 : Green Bay → Cleveland ( D ) . Green Bay traded their first - round selection ( 29th ) to Cleveland in exchange for Cleveland 's second - and fourth - round selections ( 33rd and 108th ) . Jump up ^ No. 31 : multiple trades : No. 31 : Atlanta → Seattle ( D ) . see No. 26 : Seattle → Atlanta . No. 31 : Seattle → San Francisco ( D ) . Seattle traded a first - round selection ( 31st ) to San Francisco in exchange for San Francisco 's second - and fourth - round selections ( 34th and 111th ) . Jump up ^ No. 32 : New England → New Orleans ( PD ) . New England traded their first - and third - round selections ( 32nd and 103rd ) to New Orleans in exchange for wide receiver Brandin Cooks and New Orleans ' fourth - round selection ( 118th ) . Round two Jump up ^ No. 33 : Cleveland → Green Bay ( D ) . see No. 29 : Green Bay → Cleveland . Jump up ^ No. 34 : multiple trades : No. 34 : San Francisco → Seattle ( D ) . see No. 31 : Seattle → San Francisco .",
"22": "No. 34 : Seattle → Jacksonville ( D ) . Seattle traded a second - round selection ( 34th ) to Jacksonville in exchange for Jacksonville 's second - and sixth - round selections ( 35th and 187th ) . Jump up ^ No. 35 : Jacksonville → Seattle ( D ) . see No. 34 : Seattle → Jacksonville . Jump up ^ No. 36 : Chicago → Arizona ( D ) . Chicago traded their second - and seventh - round selections ( 36th and 221st ) to Arizona in exchange for Arizona 's second - , fourth - , and sixth - round selections ( 45th , 119th , and 197th ) as well as a fourth - round selection in 2018 . Jump up ^ No. 37 : Los Angeles Rams → Buffalo ( D ) . The Rams traded their second - and fifth - round selections ( 37th and 149th ) to Buffalo in exchange for Buffalo 's second - and third - round selections ( 44th and 91st ) . Jump up ^ No. 41 : Cincinnati → Minnesota ( D ) . Cincinnati traded their second - round selections ( 41st ) to Minnesota in exchange for Minnesota 's second - and fourth - round selections ( 48th and 128th ) . Jump up ^ No. 44 : Buffalo → Los Angeles Rams ( D ) . see No. 37 : Los Angeles Rams → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 45 : Arizona → Chicago ( D ) . see No. 36 : Chicago → Arizona . Jump up ^ No. 48 : Minnesota → Cincinnati ( D ) . see No. 41 : Cincinnati → Minnesota . Jump up ^ No. 52 : Tennessee → Cleveland ( PD ) . Tennessee traded their second - round selection , along with their first - round selection ( 15th ) and third - round selection ( 76th ) in 2016 to Cleveland in exchange for Cleveland 's first - round selection ( 8th ) and sixth - round selection ( 176th ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ No. 63 : Atlanta → Buffalo ( D ) .",
"23": "Atlanta traded their second - round selection ( 63rd ) to Buffalo in exchange for Buffalo 's third - round selection ( 75th ) and two fifth - round selections ( 149th and 156th ) . Jump up ^ No. 64 : New England → Carolina ( PD ) . New England traded their second - round selection ( 64th ) to Carolina in exchange for Carolina 's third - round selection ( 72nd ) and defensive end Kony Ealy . Round three Jump up ^ No. 67 : multiple trades : No. 67 : Chicago → San Francisco ( D ) . see No. 2 : San Francisco → Chicago . No. 67 : San Francisco → New Orleans ( D ) . San Francisco traded their third - round selection ( 67th ) to New Orleans in exchange for New Orleans 's seventh - round selection ( 229th ) and their 2018 second - round selection . Jump up ^ No. 70 : New York Jets → Minnesota ( D ) . The Jets traded their third - round selection ( 70th ) to Minnesota in exchange for Minnesota ' s third - and fifth - round selections ( 79th and 160th ) . Jump up ^ No. 72 : multiple trades : No. 72 : Carolina → New England ( PD ) . see No. 64 : New England → Carolina . No. 72 : New England → Tennessee ( D ) . New England traded their third - round selection ( 72nd ) to Tennessee in exchange for Tennessee 's third - and fourth - selections ( 83rd and 124th ) . Jump up ^ No. 74 : Philadelphia → Baltimore ( PD ) . Philadelphia traded their third - round selection ( 74th ) to Baltimore in exchange for Baltimore 's third - round compensatory selection ( 99th ) and defensive tackle Timmy Jernigan . Jump up ^ No. 75 : Buffalo → Atlanta ( D ) . see No. 63 : Atlanta → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 77 : Arizona → Carolina ( D ) . Arizona traded their third - round selection ( 77th ) to Carolina in exchange for Carolina 's third - and fourth - round selections ( 98th and 115th ) . Jump up ^ No.",
"24": "79 : Minnesota → New York Jets ( D ) . see No. 70 : New York Jets → Minnesota . Jump up ^ No. 83 : Tennessee → New England ( D ) . see No. 72 : New England → Tennessee . Jump up ^ No. 85 : Detroit → New England ( D ) . Detroit traded their third - round selection ( 85th ) to New England in exchange for New England 's third - and fourth - round selections ( 96th and 124th ) . Jump up ^ No. 86 : multiple trades : No. 86 : Miami → Minnesota ( PD ) . Miami traded their third - and fourth - round selections as well as their sixth - round selection in 2016 ( 186th ) to Minnesota in exchange for Minnesota 's third - round selection in 2016 ( 86th ) . If Miami had received a fourth - round compensatory selection , that pick would have gone to Minnesota instead of Miami 's original fourth - round selection ( No. 129 ) . No. 86 : Minnesota → Kansas City ( D ). Minnesota traded a third - round selection ( 86th ) to Kansas City in exchange for Kansas City 's third - , fourth - , and seventh - round selections ( 104th , 132nd , and 245th ) . Jump up ^ No. 91 : multiple trades : No. 91 : Kansas City → Buffalo ( D ) . see No. 10 : Buffalo → Kansas City . No. 91 : Buffalo → Los Angeles Rams ( D ) . see No. 37 : Los Angeles Rams → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 95 : Atlanta → Seattle ( D ) . see No. 26 : Seattle → Atlanta . Jump up ^ No. 96 : New England → Detroit ( D ) . see No. 85 : Detroit → New England . Jump up ^ No. 98 : Carolina → Arizona ( D ) . see No. 77 : Arizona → Carolina . Jump up ^ No. 99 : Baltimore → Philadelphia ( PD ) . see No. 74 : Philadelphia → Baltimore . Jump up ^ No. 100 : Los Angeles Rams → Tennessee ( PD ) . see No. 5 : Los Angeles Rams → Tennessee Jump up ^ No.",
"25": "103 : multiple trades : No. 103 : Cleveland → New England ( PD ) . Cleveland traded their third - round compensatory selection to New England in exchange for linebacker Jamie Collins . No. 103 : New England → New Orleans ( PD ) . see No. 32 : New England → New Orleans . Jump up ^ No. 104 : multiple trades : No. 104 : Kansas City → Minnesota ( D ) . see No. 86 : Minnesota → Kansas City . No. 104 : Minnesota → San Francisco ( D ) . Minnesota traded their third - round selection ( 104th ) to San Francisco in exchange for San Francisco 's fourth - and seventh - round selections ( 109th and 219th ) . Jump up ^ No. 107 : New York Jets → Tampa Bay ( D ) . The Jets traded their third - round selection ( 107th ) to Tampa Bay in exchange for Tampa Bay 's fourth - and sixth - round selections ( 125th and 204th ) . Round four Jump up ^ No. 108 : Cleveland → Green Bay ( D ) . see No. 29 : Green Bay → Cleveland . Jump up ^ No. 109 : San Francisco → Minnesota ( D ) . see No. 104 : Minnesota → San Francisco . Jump up ^ No. 111 : multiple trades : No. 111 : Chicago → San Francisco ( D ) . see No. 2 : San Francisco → Chicago . No. 111 : San Francisco → Seattle ( D ) . see No. 31 : Seattle → San Francisco . Jump up ^ No. 112 : LA Rams → Chicago ( D ) . The Rams traded their fourth - round selection ( 112nd ) to Chicago in exchange for Chicago 's fourth - and sixth - round selections ( 117th and 197th ) . Jump up ^ No. 114 : New York Jets → Washington ( PD ) . The Jets traded their fourth - round selection to Washington in exchange for Washington 's 2016 fifth - round selection ( 158th ) . Jump up ^ No. 115 : Carolina → Arizona ( D ) . see No. 77 : Arizona → Carolina . Jump up ^ No. 117 : multiple trades : No. 117 : Buffalo → Chicago ( PD ) .",
"26": "Buffalo traded their fourth - round selection , along with their 2016 second - and fourth - round selections ( 49th and 117th ) to Chicago in exchange for Chicago 's 2016 second - round selection ( 41st ) . No. 117 : Chicago → LA Rams ( D ) . see No. 112 : LA Rams → Chicago . Jump up ^ New Orleans → New England ( PD ) . see No. 32 : New England → New Orleans . Jump up ^ No. 119 : Arizona → Chicago ( D ) . see No. 36 : Chicago → Arizona . Jump up ^ No. 121 : Indianapolis → San Francisco ( D ) . The Colts traded their fourth - round selection ( 121st ) to San Francisco in exchange for San Francisco 's fourth - and fifth - round selections ( 143rd and 161st ) . Jump up ^ No. 124 : multiple trades : No. 124 : Tennessee → New England ( D ) . see No. 72 : New England → Tennessee . No. 124 : New England → Detroit ( D ) . see No. 85 : Detroit → New England . Jump up ^ No. 125 : multiple trades : No. 125 : Tampa Bay → NY Jets ( D ) . see No. 107 : NY Jets → Tampa Bay . No. 125 : NY Jets → LA Rams ( D ) . The New York Jets traded their fourth - round selection ( 125th ) to the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for Los Angeles 's fourth - and sixth - round selections ( 141st and 197th ) . Jump up ^ No. 126 : Denver → Cleveland ( D ) . Denver traded their fourth - and seventh - round selections ( 126th and 252nd ) to Cleveland in exchange for Cleveland 's two fifth - round selections ( 145th and 175th ) . Jump up ^ No. 128 : multiple trades : No. 128 : Miami → Minnesota ( PD ) . see No. 86 : Miami → Minnesota . No. 128 : Minnesota → Cincinnati ( D ) . see No. 41 : Cincinnati → Minnesota . Jump up ^ No. 131 : Seattle → New England ( PD ) .",
"27": "Seattle traded their fourth - round selection , along with their 2016 seventh - round selection ( 225th ) to New England in exchange for New England 's 2016 fifth - and seventh - round selections ( 147th and 243rd ) . Jump up ^ No. 132 : multiple trades : No. 132 : Kansas City → Minnesota ( D ) . see No. 86 : Minnesota → Kansas City . No. 132 : Minnesota → Philadelphia ( D ) . Minnesota traded their fourth - round selection ( 132nd ) to Philadelphia in exchange for Philadelphia 's fourth - and seventh - round selections ( 139th and 230th ) . Jump up ^ No. 137 : New England → Indianapolis ( PD ) . New England traded a fourth - round selection ( 137th ) to Indianapolis in exchange for a sixth - round selection ( 200th ) and tight end Dwayne Allen . Jump up ^ No. 139 : multiple trades : No. 139 : Cleveland → Philadelphia ( PD ) . see No. 12 : Philadelphia → Cleveland ( round one ) . No. 139 : Philadelphia → Minnesota ( D ) . see No. 132 : Minnesota → Philadelphia . No 139 : Minnesota → Kansas City ( D ) . Minnesota traded a fourth - round selection ( 139th ) to Kansas City in exchange for two fifth - round selections ( 170th and 180th ) . Jump up ^ No. 141 : LA Rams → NY Jets ( D ) . see No. 125 : NY Jets → LA Rams . Jump up ^ No. 142 : Cleveland → Houston ( PD ) . Cleveland traded a fourth - round compensatory selection ( 142nd ) to Houston in exchange for Houston 's sixth - round selection ( 188th ) , 2018 second - round selection , and quarterback Brock Osweiler . Jump up ^ No. 143 : San Francisco → Indianapolis ( D ) . see No. 121 : Indianapolis → San Francisco . Round five Jump up ^ No. 145 : Cleveland → Denver ( D ) . see No. 126 : Denver → Cleveland . Jump up ^ No. 149 : multiple trades : No. 149 : LA Rams → Buffalo ( D ) . see No. 37 : Los Angeles Rams → Buffalo .",
"28": "No. 149 : Buffalo → Atlanta ( D ) . see No. 63 : Atlanta → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 154 : New Orleans → Washington ( PD ) . New Orleans traded their fifth - round selection , along with their fifth - round selection in 2016 ( 152nd ) to Washington in exchange for Washington 's fourth - round selection in 2016 ( 120th ) . Jump up ^ No. 155 : Philadelphia → Tennessee ( D ) . Philadelphia traded their fifth - round selection ( 155th ) to Tennessee in exchange for Tennessee 's fifth - and sixth - round selections ( 164th and 214th ) . Jump up ^ No. 156 : Buffalo → Atlanta ( D ) . see No. 63 : Atlanta → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 160 : multiple trades : No. 160 : Minnesota → New York Jets ( D ) . see No. 70 : New York Jets → Minnesota . No. 160 : NY Jets → Cleveland ( D ). The New York Jets traded their fifth - and seventh - round selections ( 160th and 224th ) ) to Cleveland in exchange for Cleveland 's fifth - and sixth - round selections ( 181st and 188th ) . Jump up ^ No. 161 : multiple trades : No. 161 : Washington → San Francisco ( PD ). Washington traded their fifth - round selection to San Francisco in exchange for San Francisco 's 2017 seventh - round selection and tight end Derek Carrier . No. 161 : San Francisco → Indianapolis ( D ) . see No. 121 : Indianapolis → San Francisco . Jump up ^ No. 163 : multiple trades : No. 163 : Denver → New England ( PD ) . Denver traded this selection to New England in exchange for tight end A.J. Derby . No. 163 : New England → Buffalo ( PD ) . New England gave this selection to Buffalo in exchange for signing RFA running back Mike Gillislee . Jump up ^ No. 164 : multiple trades : No. 164 : Tennessee → Philadelphia ( D ) . see No. 155 : Philadelphia → Tennessee . No. 164 : Philadelphia → Miami ( D ).",
"29": "Philadelphia traded a fifth - and sixth - round selection ( 164th and 194th ) to Miami in exchange for Miami 's to fifth - round selections ( 166th and 184th ) . Jump up ^ No. 166 : Miami → Philadelphia ( D ) . see No. 164 : Philadelphia → Miami . Jump up ^ No. 170 : Kansas City → Minnesota ( D ) . see No. 139 : Minnesota → Kansas City . Jump up ^ No. 171 : Dallas → Buffalo ( PD ) . Dallas traded their fifth - round selection to Buffalo in exchange for Buffalo 's seventh - round selection and quarterback Matt Cassel . Jump up ^ No. 172 : Green Bay → Denver ( D ) . Green Bay traded their fifth - round selection ( 172nd ) to Denver in exchange for Denver 's fifth - and seventh - round selections ( 175th and 238th ) . Jump up ^ No. 175 : multiple trades : No. 175 : New England → Cleveland ( PD ) . New England traded their fifth - round selection to Cleveland in exchange for linebacker Barkevious Mingo . No. 175 : Cleveland → Denver ( D ) . see No. 126 : Denver → Cleveland . No. 175 : Denver → Green Bay ( D ) . see No. 172 : Green Bay → Denver . Jump up ^ No. 177 : Denver → San Francisco ( D ) . San Francisco traded their fourth - round selection in 2018 to Denver in exchange for Denver 's fifth - round selections ( 177th ) and running back Kapri Bibbs . Jump up ^ No. 180 : Kansas City → Minnesota ( D ) . see No. 139 : Minnesota → Kansas City . Jump up ^ No. 181 : Cleveland → NY Jets ( D ) . see No. 160 : NY Jets → Cleveland . Jump up ^ No. 183 : New England → Kansas City ( D ) . New England traded their fifth - round selection ( 183rd ) to Kansas City in exchange for Kansas City 's sixth - round selection ( 216th ) and tight end James O'Shaughnessy . Jump up ^ No. 184 : Miami → Philadelphia ( D ) . see No. 164 : Philadelphia → Miami .",
"30": "Round six Jump up ^ No. 186 : San Francisco → Baltimore ( PD ) . San Francisco traded their sixth - round selection ( 186th ) to Baltimore Ravens in exchange for Baltimore 's sixth - round selection ( 198th ) and center Jeremy Zuttah . Jump up ^ No. 187 : Jacksonville → Seattle ( D ) . see No. 34 : Seattle → Jacksonville . Jump up ^ No. 188 : multiple trades : No. 188 : Chicago → Houston ( PD ) . Chicago traded their sixth - round selection to Houston in exchange for tight end Khari Lee . No. 188 : Houston → Cleveland ( PD ) . see No. 142 : Cleveland → Houston . No. 188 : Cleveland → NY Jets ( D ) . see No. 160 : NY Jets → Cleveland . Jump up ^ No. 191 : NY Jets → Dallas ( D ) . The New York Jets traded their sixth - round selection ( 191st ) to Dallas in exchange for Dallas 's fifth - round selection in 2018 . Jump up ^ No. 194 : Philadelphia → Miami ( D ) . see No. 164 : Philadelphia → Miami . Jump up ^ No. 197 : multiple trades : No. 197 : Arizona → Chicago ( D ) . see No. 36 : Chicago → Arizona . No. 197 : Chicago → LA Rams ( D ) . see No. 112 : LA Rams → Chicago . No. 197 : LA Rams → NY Jets ( D ) . see No. 125 : NY Jets → LA Rams . Jump up ^ No. 198 : Baltimore → San Francisco ( PD ) . see No. 186 : San Francisco → Baltimore . Jump up ^ No. 199 : Minnesota → Washington ( D ) . Minnesota traded their sixth - and seventh - round selections ( 199th and 230th ) to Washington in exchange for Washington 's sixth - and seventh - round selections ( 201st and 220th ) . Jump up ^ No. 200 : multiple trades : No. 200 : Indianapolis → New England ( PD ) . see No. 137 : New England → Indianapolis ( round four ) . No. 200 : New England → Tennessee ( D ) . see No.",
"31": "72 : New England → Tennessee . No. 200 : Tennessee → NY Giants ( D ) . Tennessee traded their sixth - round selection ( 200th ) to NY Giants in exchange for New York 's sixth - and seventh - round selections ( 207th and 241st ) . Jump up ^ No. 201 : Washington → Minnesota ( D ) . see No. 199 : Minnesota → Washington . Jump up ^ No. 202 : Denver → San Francisco ( PD ) . Denver traded their sixth - round selection , along with their sixth - round selection in 2016 ( 207th ) to San Francisco in exchange for San Francisco 's seventh - round selection in 2016 ( 228th ) and tight end Vernon Davis . Jump up ^ No. 203 : Tennessee → Denver ( PD ) . Tennessee traded their sixth - round selection , along with their sixth - round selection in 2016 ( 176th ) to Denver in exchange for Denver 's fifth - and seventh - round selections in 2016 ( 157th and 253th ) . Jump up ^ No. 204 : Tampa Bay → New York Jets ( D ) . see No. 107 : New York Jets → Tampa Bay . Jump up ^ No. 206 : Miami → Los Angeles Rams ( PD ) . Miami traded their sixth - round selection ( 206th ) to the Rams in exchange for the Ram 's seventh - round selection ( 223rd ) and defensive end William Hayes . Jump up ^ No. 207 : multiple trades : No. 207 : NY Giants → Tennessee ( D ) . see No. 200 : Tennessee → NY Giants . No. 207 : Tennessee → Cincinnati ( D ). Tennessee traded a sixth - round selection ( 207th ) to Cincinnati in exchange for Cincinnati 's sixth - and seventh - round selections ( 217th and 227th ) . Jump up ^ No. 208 : Oakland → Arizona ( D ) . Oakland traded their sixth - round selection ( 208th ) to Arizona in exchange for Arizona 's sixth - and seventh - round selections ( 221st and 231st ) . Jump up ^ No. 209 : Houston → Washington ( PD ) .",
"32": "Houston traded their sixth - round selection , along with their first - round selection in 2016 ( 22nd ) to Washington in exchange for Washington 's first - round selection in 2016 ( 21st ) . Jump up ^ No. 211 : Dallas → New England ( D ) . Dallas traded their sixth - round selection ( 211th ) to New England in exchange for New England 's sixth - and seventh - round selections ( 216st and 239st ) . Jump up ^ No. 214 : multiple trades : No. 214 : Atlanta → Tennessee ( PD ) . Atlanta traded a 2016 sixth - round selection and a conditional sixth - round selection in 2017 to Tennessee in exchange for guard Andy Levitre . No. 214 : Tennessee → Philadelphia ( D ) . see No. 155 : Philadelphia → Tennessee . Jump up ^ No. 215 : New England → Detroit ( PD ) . New England traded their sixth - round selection to Detroit in exchange for Detroit 's 2017 seventh - round selection and linebacker Kyle Van Noy . Jump up ^ No. 216 : multiple trades : No. 216 : Kansas City → New England ( D ) . see No. 183 : New England → Kansas City . No. 216 : New England → Dallas ( D ) . see No. 211 : Dallas → New England . Jump up ^ No. 217 : Cincinnati → Tennessee ( D ) . see No. 207 : Tennessee → Cincinnati . Round seven Jump up ^ No. 219 : multiple trades : No. 219 : Cleveland → San Francisco ( PD ) . Cleveland traded their seventh - round selection to San Francisco in exchange for punter Andy Lee . No. 219 : San Francisco → Minnesota ( D ) . see No. 104 : Minnesota → San Francisco . Jump up ^ No. 220 : multiple trades : No. 220 : San Francisco → Washington ( PD ) . see No. 161 : Washington → San Francisco . No. 220 : Washington → Minnesota ( D ) . see No. 199 : Minnesota → Washington . Jump up ^ No. 221 : multiple trades : No. 221 : Chicago → Arizona ( D ) . see No. 36 : Chicago → Arizona . No.",
"33": "221 : Arizona → Oakland ( D ) . see No. 208 : Oakland → Arizona . Jump up ^ No. 223 : multiple trades : No. 223 : Miami → Tampa Bay ( D ) . Miami traded their seventh - round selection ( 223rd ) to Miami in exchange for Miami 's seventh - round selections ( 237th ) as well as their seventh - round selection in 2018 . Jump up ^ No. 224 : NY Jets → Cleveland ( D ) . see No. 160 : NY Jets → Cleveland . Jump up ^ No. 226 : Carolina → Seattle ( PD ) . Carolina traded their seventh - round selection to Seattle in exchange for wide receiver Kevin Norwood on the condition that he made Carolina 's roster , which he did . Jump up ^ No. 227 : Cincinnati → Tennessee ( D ) . see No. 207 : Tennessee → Cincinnati . Jump up ^ No. 228 : Buffalo → Dallas ( PD ) . see Dallas → Buffalo ( round five ) . Jump up ^ No. 229 : New Orleans → San Francisco ( D ) . see No. 67 : San Francisco → New Orleans . Jump up ^ No. 230 : multiple trades : No. 230 : Philadelphia → Minnesota ( D ) . see No. 132 : Minnesota → Philadelphia . No. 230 : Minnesota → Washington ( D ) . see No. 199 : Minnesota → Washington . Jump up ^ No. 231 : Arizona → Oakland ( D ) . see No. 208 : Oakland → Arizona . Jump up ^ No. 233 : multiple trades : No. 233 : Indianapolis → Cleveland ( PD ) . Indianapolis traded their seventh - round selection to Cleveland in exchange for defensive end Billy Winn . No. 233 : Cleveland → Carolina ( PD ) . Cleveland traded their seventh - round selection and punter Andy Lee to Carolina in exchange for punter Kasey Redfern and Carolina 's fourth - round selection in 2018 . Jump up ^ No. 234 : Baltimore → Los Angeles Rams ( PD ) . Baltimore traded their 2017 seventh - round selection to the Rams in exchange for wide receiver Chris Givens . Jump up ^ No. 237 : Tampa Bay → Miami ( D ) . see No.",
"34": "223 : Miami → Tampa Bay . Jump up ^ No. 238 : Denver → Green Bay ( D ) . see No. 172 : Green Bay → Denver . Jump up ^ No. 239 : multiple trades : No. 239 : Detroit → New England ( PD ) . see No. 215 : New England → Detroit . No. 239 : New England → Dallas ( D ) . see No. 211 : Dallas → New England . Jump up ^ No. 240 : Miami → Jacksonville ( PD ) . Miami traded a seventh - round selection ( 240th ) to Jacksonville in exchange for tight end Julius Thomas . Jump up ^ No. 241 : NY Giants → Tennessee ( D ) . see No. 200 : Tennessee → NY Giants . Jump up ^ No. 244 : Seattle → Oakland ( PD ) . Seattle traded a conditional seventh - round selection to Oakland in exchange for defensive back Dewey McDonald . Jump up ^ No. 245 : Kansas City → Minnesota ( D ) . see No. 86 : Minnesota → Kansas City . Jump up ^ No. 249 : Atlanta → Seattle ( D ) . see No. 26 : Seattle → Atlanta . Jump up ^ No. 250 : New England → Detroit ( PD ) . New England traded their 2017 seventh - round selection to Detroit in exchange for tight end Michael Williams . Jump up ^ No. 252 : Denver → Cleveland ( D ) . see No. 126 : Denver → Cleveland . Forfeited / penalized picks ( edit ) Jump up ^ The New England Patriots forfeited their highest fourth - round selection due to the Deflategate scandal . The team also forfeited a 2016 first - round selection . Jump up ^ The New York Giants fourth - round selection was moved to the back of the fourth round , after all of the compensatory draft picks ( but no more than 12 picks ) for illegal use of a walkie - talkie on their sideline during week 14 of the 2016 season . This pick will be no worse than the 35th pick of the fourth round , after the other 30 regular picks ( New England 's fourth round pick was forfeited due to Deflategate ) and no more than 4 compensatory picks .",
"35": "Jump up ^ The Seattle Seahawks forfeited their fifth - round selection for violating the NFL 's collective bargaining agreement regarding off - season workout policies . Jump up ^ The Kansas City Chiefs forfeited their sixth - round selection for violating the NFL 's Anti-Tampering policy during the 2015 free agency period . The team also forfeited a 2016 third - round selection . References ( edit ) Trade references ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 NFL Draft trade tracker : Details of all the moves '' . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kuharsky , Paul ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Rams picking first overall after major trade with Titans '' . Miami.CBSLocal.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Eagles acquire No. 2 overall draft pick from Browns '' . NFL.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goessling , Ben ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Minnesota Vikings trade for Philadelphia Eagles QB Sam Bradford '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Daniels , Tim ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` BRANDIN COOKS TRADED TO PATRIOTS IN DEAL INVOLVING MULTIPLE DRAFT PICKS '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 NFL Draft trade tracker : Details of all the moves '' . NFL.com. April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stites , Adam ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Panthers trade Kony Ealy to Patriots to move up a round in 2017 NFL Draft '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stites , Adam ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Eagles bolster defensive line by trading with Ravens for Timmy Jernigan '' . SBNation.com .",
"36": "Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strickland , Bryan ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Panthers trade up to draft Daeshon Hall in third round '' . Panthers.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Howe , Jeff ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` OT Antonio Garcia ' ready to contribute ' after pick by Patriots '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Herald ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots poised to earn third - round pick now for Jamie Collins deal '' . BostonHerald.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mott , Bonnie ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Bucs trade up to select LSU LB Kendell Beckwith '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : Emma , Chris ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Bears Draft Safety Eddie Jackson , Running Back Tarik Cohen In 4th Round '' . CBS Chicago . Jump up ^ Perry , Phil . `` Caserio : Was n't the plan to acquire 2017 4th - rounder for Deflategate '' . CSNNE . Comcast SportsNet New England . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fann , Joe ( Apr 29 , 2017 ) . `` San Francisco 49ers Draft Utah RB Joe Williams '' . 49ers.com . ^ Jump up to : Kalbrosky , Bryan ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rams have traded up to draft athletic linebacker Samson Ebukam '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Florio , Mike . `` NFL fines Giants , degrades Giants ' fourth - round pick for walkie - talkie violation '' . profootballtalk.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen , Kevin ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Colts Receive Fourth - Round Draft Pick In Dwayne Allen Trade '' . Colts.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 .",
"37": "^ Jump up to : Kerkhoff , Blair ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Chiefs trade back into fourth round , draft Michigan wide receiver Jehu Chesson '' . The Kansas City Star . ^ Jump up to : Shefter , Adam ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Texans trade Brock Osweiler , 2018 second - round pick to Browns '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fucillo , David ( February 25 , 2017 ) . `` 49ers 2017 draft picks : Finalizing the 2015 week of two mediocre tight end trades '' . ninersnation.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos acquire tight end A.J. Derby in trade with Patriots '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Middlehurst - Schwartz , Michael ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Mike Gillislee lands with Patriots after Bills choose not to match offer '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Seahawks lose draft pick for violating offseason rules '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cowboys acquire Matt Cassel from Bills for backup QB role '' . ESPN.com . September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barkevious Mingo trade adds to Browns ' growing 2017 draft - day pile '' . ESPN.com . August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zrebiec , Jeff ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Ravens trading center Jeremy Zuttah to 49ers '' . BaltimoreSun.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Brad ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Bears trade for Texans tight end Khari Lee '' . ChicagoTribune.com .",
"38": "Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alper , Josh ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Broncos acquire Vernon Davis in trade '' . ProFootballTalk . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adam , Beasley ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` The details on why the Dolphins swung late - night trade for William Hayes '' . MiamiHerald.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs to forfeit two draft picks for violating tampering policy '' . SI.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carasik , Scott ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Falcons 7 - round mock draft : Pre-combine predictions '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pats get linebacker Kyle Van Noy from Lions , deal tight end AJ Derby to Broncos '' . ESPN . October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Jeremy ( June 6 , 2015 ) . `` Browns trade for punter Andy Lee , release Spencer Lanning '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Seahawks trade WR Kevin Norwood to Panthers '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Colts trade conditional draft pick for DE Billy Winn '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henson , Max ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Panthers trade for Browns punter Andy Lee '' . Panthers.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens enter 2017 draft with fewest picks in seven years '' . FoxSports . February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alper , Josh ( March 9 , 2017 ) .",
"39": "`` Branden Albert , Julius Thomas trades official '' . ProFootballTalk . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyle , John ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Seahawks Awarded Two Third - Round Compensatory Draft Picks ; Draft Order Now Set '' . seahawks.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Lions deal OT Mike Williams to Patriots '' . FoxSports . August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . General references ^ Jump up to : `` NFL To Create Largest Free Fan Experience Ever For 2017 Draft In Philly '' . philadelphia.cbslocal.com . February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia to host 2017 NFL Draft '' . NFL . September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Victor Mather ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` What You Need to Know About the N.F.L. Draft '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Parkway , and perhaps Rocky steps , to be stage for 2017 NFL draft '' . philly.com . September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia sets NFL Draft attendance record '' . NFL.com. April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philly breaks NFL record attendance with 250,000 '' . NBC10 Philadelphia . April 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Owners OK trading of compensatory picks , shorten legal tampering window '' . ESPN.com . December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SEC leads all conferences in NFL draft picks for 11th straight year '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 .",
"40": "Jump up ^ Goodbread , Chase ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Michigan nips Alabama as school with most draft picks '' . NFL.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Alec ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama , Michigan Set School Records for Most NFL Draft Picks in 1 Class '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Players are identified as Pro Bowlers if they were selected for the Pro Bowl at any time in their career . NFL Drafts Early era ( 1936 -- 1959 ) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 AFL and NFL era ( 1960 -- 1966 ) AFL 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 NFL 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 Common draft ( 1967 -- 1969 ) 1967 1968 1969 Modern era ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 Expansion drafts 1960 1961 1966 1967 1976 1995 1999 2002 Others 1950 AAFC dispersal draft 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft of USFL and CFL players See also List of first overall National Football League draft picks Mr.",
"41": "Irrelevant List of NFL supplemental draft picks ( hide ) 2017 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina LA Rams New England Cleveland Jacksonville LA Chargers Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee Oakland Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL playoffs NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LII Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_NFL_Draft&oldid=819365539 '' Categories : National Football League Draft 2017 in sports in Pennsylvania 2017 National Football League season 21st century in Philadelphia American football in Philadelphia April 2017 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 23 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when was nepal declared a secular state in bs
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"0": "Freedom of religion in Nepal - wikipedia Freedom of religion in Nepal Jump to : navigation , search This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is based on public domain United States government sources and may require cleanup . You can help by rewriting it from a neutral viewpoint to meet Wikipedia 's standards , preferably citing reliable sources . See the talk page . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nepal is a secular state under the Interim Constitution , which was promulgated on January 15 , 2007 . The Interim Constitution provides for freedom to practice one 's religion . The Interim Constitution also specifically denies the right to convert another person . The now - defunct constitution of 1990 , which was in effect until January 15 , 2007 , described the country as a `` Hindu Kingdom , '' although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion . The Government generally did not interfere with the practice of other religious groups , and religious tolerance was broadly observed ; however , there were some restrictions . The Government took positive preliminary steps with respect to religious freedom during the period covered by this report , and government policy contributed to the generally free practice of religion . The Interim Parliament , through the Interim Constitution , officially declared the country a secular state in January 2007 ; however , no laws specifically affecting freedom of religion were changed . Nonetheless , many believed that the declaration made it easier to practice their religion freely . Adherents of the country 's many religious groups generally coexisted peacefully and respected places of worship , although there were reports of societal abuses and discrimination based on religious belief or practice . Those who converted to another religious group at times faced violence and occasionally were ostracized socially but generally did not fear to admit their affiliations in public . But overall , Nepal is viewed as a religiously harmonious place for its state of development .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Religious demography 2 Status of religious freedom 2.1 Legal and policy framework 2.2 Restrictions on religious freedom 2.3 Forced religious conversion 2.4 In rebel - held areas during the Nepalese Civil War 3 Societal abuses and discrimination 4 Atheists in Nepal 5 See also 6 References Religious demography ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Nepal The country has an area of 147,181 square kilometres ( 56,827 sq mi ) and a population of 28 million . Hinduism is reported to be the religion of 81.34 % of the population followed by Buddhism ( 9.04 % ) , Islam ( 4.38 % ) , Kirant ( an indigenous animist religion ) , ( 3.04 % ) , and Christianity ( 1.41 % ) . There are adherents to many other religious groups , whose proportion is small . According to the chairman of the Madrassah Islamiyah Association , there are almost 2,500 madrassahs . Twenty thousand Tibetan Buddhist refugees reside in the country . Status of religious freedom ( edit ) Legal and policy framework ( edit ) The Interim Constitution provides for freedom of religion and permits the practice of all religious groups ; however , there are some restrictions . The Interim Parliament declared the country a secular state in the Interim Constitution in January 2007 . The previous constitution described the country as a `` Hindu Kingdom , '' although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion . Article 23 of the Interim Constitution protects the rights of all religious groups by guaranteeing the individual the right `` to profess and practice his / her own religion as handed down to him / her from ancient times having due regard to traditional practices . '' It also states `` no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another and shall not take actions or behave in a way that would create disturbance in another 's religion . '' The Interim Constitution maintains the stipulation from the 1990 constitution that no one can be discriminated against based on caste .",
"2": "In 2002 the previous government constituted a National Dalit Commission charged with protecting and promoting Dalit ( formerly called `` untouchable '' ) rights and ensuring active participation of the Dalit community in the development of the country . Before the People 's Movement in April 2006 , which led to removal of the King and his government , the Commission devised legal and policy arrangements for Dalit rights , made recommendations to implement international conventions to which the country is a party , monitored and coordinated non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) on efforts to uplift Dalits , and launched programs on social awareness to end social discrimination and untouchability . After the success of the People 's Movement , many members of the Commission were accused of being royalist and resigned , and the Commission was unable to function . The Interim Government nominated 16 members to the Commission on June 3 , 2007 . There are no specific laws favoring the Hindu majority , nor does the Government control the expression of Hinduism . Although there were no registration requirements for religious groups , there were legal registration requirements for NGOs . Organizations had been prohibited from registering if their names contained religious words . However , this began to change in April 2007 when the Government allowed the registration of an organization with the word `` Bible '' in its title . Christian , Muslim , and Jewish religious organizations claimed that , unless registered , such organizations were restricted from owning land , an important step for establishing churches , mosques , synagogues , or burial sites . An organization that provides religious services and kosher foods to Jewish adherents ( generally tourists ) complained that the organization was not able to legally register as a religious organization and its workers had to enter the country on business visas . Proselytizing remained illegal . There are officially no foreign missionaries ; however , for decades dozens of Christian missionary hospitals , welfare organizations , and schools have operated in the country . These organizations did not proselytize , and otherwise operated freely . Missionary schools were among the most respected institutions of secondary education ; many members of the governing and business elite graduated from Jesuit high schools . Foreign workers in the missionary hospitals and schools entered the country with visas designating them as technical workers for local or international NGOs sponsoring the hospitals and schools . The Government enforced these immigration laws ; if foreign workers were found to proselytize , they were expelled from the country .",
"3": "There were no expulsions during the reporting period . Many foreign Christian organizations had direct ties to local churches and sponsored pastors for religious training abroad . Some holy days , most of them Hindu , were recognized as national holidays . These were Mahashivaratri , Buddha Jayanti , Falgun Purnima , Krishna Asthami , Dasain , and Tihar . Although public schools did not teach religion , most had a statue of Saraswoti , the Hindu goddess of learning , on their grounds . Many began the day with a Hindu prayer to the goddess . The Government had no formal policy on interfaith understanding . A local NGO , the Interreligious Council of Nepal , consisting of representatives of the Hindu , Buddhist , Muslim , Christian , and Baha'i faiths , was active in promoting peace in the country . Restrictions on religious freedom ( edit ) Tibetan Buddhists faced various restrictions on their celebrations . Local authorities generally restricted celebration of Tibetan religious festivals to private property . Police in Kathmandu prohibited Tibetans celebrating the New Year from carrying pictures of the Dalai Lama around an important Buddhist temple as part of religious ceremonies . The Government also restricted all other non-religious local Tibetan celebrations ( Tibetan New Year , the Dalai Lama 's birthday , and Democracy Day ) to private property . On March 10 , 2007 , however , the Tibetan community was allowed to march freely in the street , demanding `` freedom and justice for Tibet . '' During the reporting period , the Government revoked the legally obtained registration of a welfare office to look after Tibetan refugees ( a lawsuit was pending at the end of the reporting period ) and did not allow the registration of an office to represent the Dalai Lama . The welfare office previously looked after more than 20,000 Tibetan refugees who left their homeland after the Dalai Lama fled Tibet in 1959 . The law prohibits converting others and proselytizing ; these activities are punishable by fines , imprisonment , or , for foreigners , expulsion . However , personal conversion is allowed . Some Christian and Muslim groups were concerned that the ban on proselytizing limited the expression of non-Hindu religious belief . NGOs or individuals were allowed to file reports that individuals or organizations were proselytizing , and the Government investigated these reports . There were no incidents of punishment for conversion or proselytism during the reporting period .",
"4": "Madrassahs , but not mosques , are required to register with local district administration offices ( part of the Home Ministry ) and supply information about their funding sources to operate ; they receive no government funding . Some Muslim leaders criticized the move as discriminatory ; however , the registration requirement has not been enforced . Muslims were not restricted from participating in the Hajj , although the Government did not subsidize the pilgrimage . The Constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of caste ; however , the caste system strongly influences society . While the Government has stressed that caste - based discrimination is illegal and temple access for `` lower castes '' has improved in some areas , caste discrimination was frequently practiced at Hindu temples , where Dalits were forbidden from entering by some Hindu priests . There were no restrictions on the selling or possession of religious literature . Civil servants may take off religious holidays and celebrate them on private property without government interference . There were no reports of religious prisoners or detainees . Forced religious conversion ( edit ) There were no reports of forced religious conversion , including of minor U.S. citizens who had been abducted or illegally removed from the United States , or of the refusal to allow such citizens to be returned to the United States . ( Edit : The meaning of this sentence is unclear . ) There have been frequent reports alleging that various missionaries and foreign Christian organizations have lured poor people to change their religion by offering them jobs and money . No proof for these allegations has ever been brought forward , however ; and such charges have long been leveled against Christians in south Asia . The charges have sometimes brought tensions in societies , where the newly converted are claimed to have been brainwashed . In rebel - held areas during the Nepalese Civil War ( edit ) During the Nepalese Civil War , Maoist insurgents restricted religious freedom in parts of the country . There were reports of Maoists enforcing a `` people 's calendar '' in schools that did not allow for religious holidays . Maoists sometimes demanded the use of religious facilities for their political organizations and courts . Christian organizations reported several cases where Maoists extorted cash from churches . In September 2004 Maoist threats prompted the temporary closing of 21 churches in Sankhuwasabha District .",
"5": "In October 2006 local leaders closed the Christian Kashi Gaun Church in Kashi village , Gorkha in response to pressure from local religious Lamas who were concerned that people would abandon their traditional religious beliefs . Members of the Nepal Interreligious Council visited Gorkha and met with religious and district leaders , and the government agreed to reopen the church in February 2007 . ' Just talking to the vice president of Nepal Interreligious Council , ( 9 : 00pm on 1 - 02 - 2018 ) it was confirmed that Dr. K.B. Rokaya together with others ( Ramchandra and Phanindra has visited Gorkha as mentioned . After having a dialogue held at Gorkha with the representative of the government and others has agreed to open all the churches . Interestingly , One of the church which was recently built in Ranxi village was padlocked by Maoist leader was also opened . Similarly , for the cases of Sankhuwasabha , Rokaya has met Maoist leader Krishna Bahdur Mohara in Delhi , and immediately after the meeting Mohara phoned to the in charge in Sankhusabha / Panchthar , then all the closed churches was open . ' Rokaya also confirmed that although there was a presence of Interreligious council but was not organized and active at that time . So he had led the group on behalf of the NCCN ( National Christian Church Nepal ) There were scattered reports of Maoist insurgents attacking Hindu temples and harassing Hindu priests . On August 21 , 2006 , a group of Maoists disrupted a religious function organized by a pro-Hindu organization in Bhairahawa , accusing the group of attempting to reestablish the monarchy . On September 21 , 2005 , a group of armed Maoists attacked and vandalized Ramchandra Temple in Muga village of Dhankuta District . Societal abuses and discrimination ( edit ) Adherents of the country 's many religious groups generally coexisted peacefully and respected places of worship . Most Hindus respected the many Buddhist shrines located throughout the country ; Buddhists accorded Hindu shrines the same respect . Buddha 's birthplace is an important pilgrimage site , and his birthday is a national holiday .",
"6": "However , some Christian groups reported that Hindu extremism increased in recent years , especially since the Parliamentary declaration of the country as a `` secular state '' instead of a `` Hindu Kingdom . '' Of particular concern were the local affiliates of the India - based Hindu political party Shiv Sena , locally known as Pashupati Sena , Shiv Sena Nepal , and Nepal Shivsena . This group was accused of playing a role in the violence in the Terai , the southern area of Nepal along the border with India , in late 2006 and early 2007 . Some citizens were wary of proselytizing and conversion by Christians and viewed the growth of Christianity with concern . There were unconfirmed reports that Maoists suppressed religious observance in areas under their control through intimidation and harassment . Those who chose to convert to other religions , in particular Hindu citizens who converted to Islam or Christianity , were sometimes ostracized . They occasionally faced isolated incidents of hostility or discrimination from Hindu extremist groups . Some reportedly were forced to leave their villages . While this prejudice was not systematic , it was occasionally violent . Nevertheless , converts generally were not afraid to publicly admit their new religious affiliations . Although such discrimination is prohibited by the Constitution , the caste system strongly influenced society . Societal discrimination against members of lower castes and Dalits remained widespread despite the Government 's efforts to protect the rights of disadvantaged castes . Lower castes also experienced discrimination in many other areas of life , including education , employment , and marriage . Other religious communities did not practice caste discrimination . Entrance into many Hindu temples was often restricted for persons not of South Asian ethnicity , who are unlikely to be Hindu . On April 11 , 2007 , the Ministry of Education and Sports reported that Dalit students in Parbat District had been refused admission to the high school completion examination based on their caste . The Ministry said it would take action against those involved ; however , at the end of the reporting period , the Ministry had not done so . On March 4 , 2007 , more than 100 Dalit families were forced to leave their village in Rautahat District after a clash between a Dalit and a higher caste individual during a religious festival . The families returned to their village on March 8 after police , human rights activists , and Dalit organizations intervened .",
"7": "In October 2006 a Dalit family in Doti District was banished from its community because family members refused to play music ( their traditional role ) during a Hindu religious celebration . The family took refuge in a neighboring village . Atheists in Nepal ( edit ) Atheist population in Nepal is emerging . Although at a technical level , the roots of atheism were established by the Communist parties ( United Mission league and Maoists ) , they themselves were more or less influenced by a cultural bias of favoritism to Hinduism . Though , Hinduism is a very wide religion that grants enough grounds for other faiths , including atheism , recognizing Nepal as a Hindu state was humiliating to adherents of other faiths . So became the driving force for the establishment of secular state following the people 's movement in 2006 . See also ( edit ) Religion in Nepal Human rights in Nepal References ( edit ) United States Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights and Labor . Nepal : International Religious Freedom Report 2007 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` National Population and Housing Census 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Government of Nepal , National Planning Commission Secretariat , Central Bureau of Statistics . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved April 2014 .",
"8": "Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ( hide ) Freedom of religion in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Nepal&oldid=837183840 '' Categories : Freedom of religion by country Human rights in Nepal Religion in Nepal Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia articles needing style editing from January 2018 All articles needing style editing Articles needing POV - check from March 2008 All NPOV disputes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 07 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who took control of jamestown and made new rules that made everyone work
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"0": "He who does not work , neither shall he eat - wikipedia He who does not work , neither shall he eat Jump to : navigation , search He who does not work , neither shall he eat is a New Testament aphorism originally by Paul the Apostle , later cited by John Smith in Jamestown , Virginia , and by Lenin during the Russian Revolution . Contents ( hide ) 1 New Testament 2 Jamestown 3 Soviet Union 4 See also 5 References 6 External links New Testament ( edit ) The aphorism is found in the Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle ( with Silvanus and Timothy ) to the Thessalonians , in which Paul writes : εἴ τις οὐ θέλει ἐργάζεσθαι μηδὲ ἐσθιέτω eí tis ou thélei ergázesthai mēdè esthiétō that is , If anyone is not willing to work , let him not eat . The Greek phrase οὐ θέλει ἐργᾰ́ζεσθαι ou thélei ergázesthai means `` is not willing to work '' . Other English translations render this as `` would '' or `` will not work '' , which may confuse readers unaccustomed to this use of the verb `` will '' in the archaic sense of `` want to , desire to '' . Jamestown ( edit ) In the spring of 1609 , John Smith cited the aphorism to the colonists of Jamestown : Countrymen , the long experience of our late miseries I hope is sufficient to persuade everyone to a present correction of himself , And think not that either my pains nor the adventurers ' purses will ever maintain you in idleness and sloth ... ... the greater part must be more industrious , or starve ... You must obey this now for a law , that he that will not work shall not eat ( except by sickness he be disabled ) . For the labors of thirty or forty honest and industrious men shall not be consumed to maintain a hundred and fifty idle loiterers .",
"1": "Soviet Union ( edit ) The motto in a 1920s Soviet poster According to Vladimir Lenin , `` He who does not work shall not eat '' is a necessary principle under socialism , the preliminary phase of the evolution towards communist society . The phrase appears in his 1917 work , The State and Revolution . Through this slogan Lenin explains that in socialist states only productive individuals could be allowed access to the articles of consumption . The socialist principle , `` He who does not work shall not eat '' , is already realized ; the other socialist principle , `` An equal amount of products for an equal amount of labor '' , is also already realized . But this is not yet communism , and it does not yet abolish `` bourgeois law '' , which gives unequal individuals , in return for unequal ( really unequal ) amounts of labor , equal amounts of products . This is a `` defect '' according to Marx , but it is unavoidable in the first phase of communism ; for if we are not to indulge in utopianism , we must not think that having overthrown capitalism people will at once learn to work for society without any rules of law . ( Chapter 5 , Section 3 , `` The First Phase of Communist Society '' ) In accordance with Lenin 's understanding of the socialist state , article twelve of the 1936 Soviet Constitution states : In the USSR work is a duty and a matter of honor for every able - bodied citizen , in accordance with the principle : `` He who does not work , neither shall he eat . '' In Lenin 's writing , this was not so much directed at lazy or unproductive workers , but rather the bourgeoisie . ( Marxist theory defines the bourgeoisie as the group of those who buy the labor - power of workers and engage it in the process of production , deriving profits from the surplus value thus expropriated . Once communism was realised , that is , after the abolition of property and the law of value , no - one would live off the labor of others . ) Neither did the principle apply to those rendered incapable of work by old age or disability . These groups would have a right to society 's products because they were not at fault for their condition . The elderly , in particular , had worked during their youth , and so could not be denied life 's basic necessities . The Soviet state would then , at least theoretically , provide a basic level of social security .",
"2": "The principle was enunciated in the Russian Constitution of 1918 . Leon Trotsky wrote that : `` The old principle : who does not work shall not eat , has been replaced with a new one : who does not obey shall not eat . '' See also ( edit ) Second Epistle to the Thessalonians From each according to his ability , to each according to his needs Socialism To each according to his contribution Welfare state Workfare References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2 Thessalonians 3 : 10 Jump up ^ King James Bible Jump up ^ American Standard Bible Jump up ^ John Thompson , The Journals of Captain John Smith : A Jamestown Biography , ISBN 1426200552 , 2007 , p. 139 Jump up ^ Vladimir Lenin . `` How to Organise Competition ? '' . Collected Works . 26 . Progress Publishers . pp. 404 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Lenin ( 22 May 1918 ) . `` Letter to the Petrograd Soviet '' . On The Famine . Jump up ^ Richard D. Wolff and Stephen Resnick ( 2002 ) . Class Theory and History . New York : Routledge . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Social Security in the Soviet Union '' . country-data.com . Jump up ^ Somin , Ilya ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` The Evil of Leon Trotsky Revisited '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leon Trotsky ( 1936 ) The Revolution Betrayed Chapter 11 : Whither the Soviet Union ?",
"3": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : He who does not work , neither shall he eat Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=He_who_does_not_work,_neither_shall_he_eat&oldid=828577213 '' Categories : Political catchphrases Socialism New Testament words and phrases Vladimir Lenin Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 12 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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the site of secretion of h+ and cl-
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{
"0": "Parietal cell - wikipedia Parietal cell Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Parietal cell Human parietal cells ( pink staining ) - stomach Control of stomach acid Details Location Stomach Function Gastric acid , intrinsic factor secretion Identifiers Latin exocrinocytus parietalis MeSH D010295 TH H3. 04.02. 1.00033 Anatomical terms of microanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Parietal cells ( also known as oxyntic or delomorphous cells ) , are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) and intrinsic factor . These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and in the body of the stomach . They contain an extensive secretory network ( called canaliculi ) from which the HCl is secreted by active transport into the stomach . The enzyme hydrogen potassium ATPase ( H / K ATPase ) is unique to the parietal cells and transports the H against a concentration gradient of about 3 million to 1 , which is the steepest ion gradient formed in the human body . Parietal cells are primarily regulated via histamine , acetylcholine and gastrin signaling from both central and local modulators ( see ' Regulation ' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Canaliculus 2 Function 2.1 Hydrochloric acid secretion 2.2 Regulation 2.3 Intrinsic factor secretion 3 Clinical significance 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) Canaliculus ( edit ) A canaliculus is an adaptation found on gastric parietal cells . It is a deep infolding , or little channel , which serves to increase the surface area , e.g. for secretion . The parietal cell membrane is dynamic ; the numbers of canaliculi rise and fall according to secretory need .",
"1": "This is accomplished by the fusion of canalicular precursors , or `` tubulovesicles '' , with the membrane to increase surface area , and the reciprocal endocytosis of the canaliculi ( reforming the tubulovesicles ) to decrease it . Function ( edit ) Hydrochloric acid secretion ( edit ) Hydrochloric acid is formed in the following manner : Hydrogen ions are formed from the dissociation of carbonic acid . Water is a very minor source of hydrogen ions in comparison to carbonic acid . Carbonic acid is formed from carbon dioxide and water by carbonic anhydrase . The bicarbonate ion ( HCO ) is exchanged for a chloride ion ( Cl ) on the basal side of the cell and the bicarbonate diffuses into the venous blood , leading to an alkaline tide phenomenon . Potassium ( K ) and chloride ( Cl ) ions diffuse into the canaliculi . Hydrogen ions are pumped out of the cell into the canaliculi in exchange for potassium ions , via the H / K ATPase . These receptors are increased in number on luminal side by fusion of tubulovesicles during activation of parietal cells and removed during deactivation . This receptor maintains a million fold difference in proton concentration . ATP is provided by the numerous mitochondria . As a result of the cellular export of hydrogen ions , the gastric lumen is maintained as a highly - acidic environment . The acidity aids in digestion of food by promoting the unfolding ( or denaturing ) of ingested proteins . As proteins unfold , the peptide bonds linking component amino acids are exposed . Gastric HCl simultaneously activates pepsinogen , an endopeptidase that advances the digestive process by breaking the now - exposed peptide bonds , a process known as proteolysis . Regulation ( edit ) Parietal cells secrete acid in response to three types of stimuli : Histamine , stimulates H histamine receptors ( most significant contribution ) . Acetylcholine , from parasympathetic activity via the vagus nerve and enteric nervous system , stimulating M receptors .",
"2": "Gastrin , stimulating CCK2 receptors ( least significant contribution , but also causes histamine secretion by local ECL cells ) Activation of histamine through H receptor causes increases intracellular cAMP level while Ach through M receptor and gastrin through CCK2 receptor increases intracellular calcium level . These receptors are present on basolateral side of membrane . Increased cAMP level results in increased protein kinase A. Protein kinase A phosphorylates proteins involved in the transport of H / K ATPase from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane . This causes resorption of K ions and secretion of H ions . The pH of the secreted fluid can fall by 0.8 . Gastrin primarily induces acid - secretion indirectly , increasing histamine synthesis in ECL cells , which in turn signal parietal cells via histamine release / H2 stimulation . Gastrin itself has no effect on the maximum histamine - stimulated gastric acid secretion . The effect of histamine , acetylcholine and gastrin is synergistic , that is , effect of two simultaneously is more than additive of effect of the two individually . It helps in non-linear increase of secretion with stimuli physiologically . Intrinsic factor secretion ( edit ) Parietal cells also produce intrinsic factor . Intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of vitamin B in the diet . A long - term deficiency in vitamin B can lead to megaloblastic anemia , characterized by large fragile erythrocytes . Pernicious anaemia results from autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells , precluding the synthesis of intrinsic factor and , by extension , absorption of Vitamin B. Pernicious anemia also leads to megaloblastic anemia . Atrophic gastritis , particularly in the elderly , will cause an inability to absorb B and can lead to deficiencies such as decreased DNA synthesis and nucleotide metabolism in the bone marrow . Clinical significance ( edit ) Immunofluorescence staining pattern of gastric parietal antibodies on a stomach section Peptic ulcers can result from over-acidity in the stomach . Antacids can be used to enhance the natural tolerance of the gastric lining . Antimuscarinic drugs such as pirenzepine or H antihistamines can reduce acid secretion .",
"3": "Proton pump inhibitors are more potent at reducing gastric acid production since that is the final common pathway of all stimulation of acid production . In pernicious anemia , autoantibodies directed against parietal cells or intrinsic factor cause a reduction in vitamin B absorption . It can be treated with injections of replacement vitamin B ( methylcobalamin , hydroxocobalamin or cyanocobalamin ) . Achlorhydria is another autoimmune disease of the parietal cells . The damaged parietal cells are unable to produce the required amount of gastric acid . This leads to an increase in gastric pH , impaired digestion of food and increased risk of gastroenteritis . See also ( edit ) Gastric chief cell Digestion Gastroesophageal reflux disease Discovery and Development of Proton Pump Inhibitors List of human cell types derived from the germ layers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boulpaep , Walter ( 2009 ) . Medical Physiology . Philadelphia : Saunders . pp. 898 -- 899 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 3115 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Gastric acid secretion - Homo sapiens '' . KEGG . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Waldum , Helge L. , Kleveland , Per M. , et al. ( 2009 ) ' Interactions between gastric acid secretagogues and the localization of the gastrin receptor ' , Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology , 44 : 4,390 -- 393 Jump up ^ Kleveland PM , Waldum HL , Larsson M. Gastric acid secretion in the totally isolated , vascularly perfused rat stomach . A selective muscarinic - 1 agent does , whereas gastrin does not , augment maximal histamine - stimulated acid secretion . Scand J Gastroenterol 1987 ; / 22 : / 705 � 13 . Jump up ^ Ganong 's Review of Medical Physiology 24th edition . LANGE . External links ( edit ) Illustration of Chief cells and Parietal cells at anatomyatlases.org The Parietal Cell : Mechanism of Acid Secretion at vivo.colostate.",
"4": "edu Histology image : 11303loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University - Digestive System : Alimentary Canal : fundic stomach , gastric glands , lumen '' Physiology : 6 / 6ch4 / s6ch4_8 - Essentials of Human Physiology Physiology : 6 / 6ch4 / s6ch4_14 - Essentials of Human Physiology Parietal cell antibody Antibody to GPC ( hide ) Physiology of the gastrointestinal system GI tract Upper Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO Mucus Goblet cells Mucus Processes Swallowing Vomiting Fluids Saliva Gastric acid Lower Enteric nervous system Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Endocrine / paracrine G cells gastrin D cells somatostatin ECL cells Histamine enterogastrone : I cells CCK K cells GIP S cells secretin Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Fluids Intestinal juice Processes Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Either / both Processes Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Enterocyte Accessory Fluids Bile Pancreatic juice Processes Enterohepatic circulation Abdominopelvic Peritoneal fluid Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"5": "php?title=Parietal_cell&oldid=830907558 '' Categories : Animal cells Human cells Acid secreting cells Stomach Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe 粵語 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 16 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when does body temperature tend to be lowest
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"11 p.m. to 3 a.m.",
"11 p.m. to 3 a.m.",
"11 p.m. to 3 a.m."
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{
"0": "Thermoregulation - wikipedia Thermoregulation Jump to : navigation , search `` Body heat '' redirects here . For other uses , see Body Heat ( disambiguation ) . `` Body temperature '' redirects here . For information regarding normal human body temperature , see Human body temperature . For the 2011 Japanese film , see Body Temperature ( film ) . Thermoregulation in animals Ectotherm Endotherm Mesotherm Poikilotherm Homeothermy Heterothermy Stenotherm Eurytherm Thermolabile Thermostability Gigantothermy Kleptothermy Bradymetabolism Tachymetabolism Thermogenesis Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries , even when the surrounding temperature is very different . A thermoconforming organism , by contrast , simply adopts the surrounding temperature as its own body temperature , thus avoiding the need for internal thermoregulation . The internal thermoregulation process is one aspect of homeostasis : a state of dynamic stability in an organism 's internal conditions , maintained far from thermal equilibrium with its environment ( the study of such processes in zoology has been called physiological ecology ) . If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it increases significantly above normal , a condition known as hyperthermia occurs . For humans , this occurs when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55 ° C ( 131 ° F ) , and with prolonged exposure ( longer than a few hours ) at this temperature and up to around 75 ° C ( 167 ° F ) death is almost inevitable . Humans may also experience lethal hyperthermia when the wet bulb temperature is sustained above 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) for six hours . The opposite condition , when body temperature decreases below normal levels , is known as hypothermia . It results when the homeostatic control mechanisms of heat within the body malfunction , causing the body to lose heat faster than producing it . Normal body temperature is around 37 ° C ( 99 ° F ) , and hypothermia sets in when the core body temperature gets lower than 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) .",
"1": "Usually caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures , hypothermia is usually treated by methods that attempt to raise the body temperature back to a normal range . It was not until the introduction of thermometers that any exact data on the temperature of animals could be obtained . It was then found that local differences were present , since heat production and heat loss vary considerably in different parts of the body , although the circulation of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the internal parts . Hence it is important to identify the parts of the body that most closely reflect the temperature of the internal organs . Also , for such results to be comparable , the measurements must be conducted under comparable conditions . The rectum has traditionally been considered to reflect most accurately the temperature of internal parts , or in some cases of sex or species , the vagina , uterus or bladder . Occasionally the temperature of the urine as it leaves the urethra may be of use in measuring body temperature . More often the temperature is taken in the mouth , axilla , ear or groin . Some animals undergo one of various forms of dormancy where the thermoregulation process temporarily allows the body temperature to drop , thereby conserving energy . Examples include hibernating bears and torpor in bats . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification of animals by thermal characteristics 1.1 Endothermy vs.",
"2": "ectothermy 1.2 Ectotherms 1.3 Ectothermic cooling 1.4 Ectothermic heating ( or minimizing heat loss ) 1.5 Endothermy 1.6 Homeothermy compared with poikilothermy 2 Vertebrates 2.1 Brain control 2.2 In birds and mammals 2.3 In humans 3 In plants 4 Behavioral temperature regulation 4.1 Hibernation , estivation and daily torpor 5 Variation in animals 5.1 Normal human temperature 5.2 Variations due to circadian rhythms 5.3 Variations due to women 's menstrual cycles 5.4 Variations due to fever 5.5 Variations due to biofeedback 6 Low body temperature increases lifespan 7 Limits compatible with life 7.1 Arthropoda 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Classification of animals by thermal characteristics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Endothermy vs. ectothermy ( edit ) Thermoregulation in organisms runs along a spectrum from endothermy to ectothermy . Endotherms create most of their heat via metabolic processes , and are colloquially referred to as warm - blooded . When the surrounding temperatures are cold , endotherms increase metabolic heat production to keep their body temperature constant , thus making the internal body temperature of an endotherm more or less independent of the temperature of the environment . One metabolic activity , in terms of generating heat , that endotherms are able to do is that they possess a larger number of mitochondria per cell than ectotherms , enabling them to generate more heat by increasing the rate at which they metabolize fats and sugars . Ectotherms use external sources of temperature to regulate their body temperatures . They are colloquially referred to as cold - blooded despite the fact that body temperatures often stay within the same temperature ranges as warm - blooded animals .",
"3": "Ectotherms are the opposite of endotherms when it comes to regulating internal temperatures . In ectotherms , the internal physiological sources of heat are of negligible importance ; the biggest factor that enables them to maintain adequate body temperatures is due to environmental influences . Living in areas that maintain a constant temperature throughout the year , like the tropics or the ocean , have enabled ectotherms to develop a wide range of behavioral mechanisms that enable them to respond to external temperatures , such as sun - bathing to increase body temperature , or seeking the cover of shade to lower body temperature . Ectotherms ( edit ) Main article : Ectotherm Seeking shade is one method of cooling . Here sooty tern chicks are using a black - footed albatross chick for shade . Ectothermic cooling ( edit ) Vaporization : Evaporation of sweat and other bodily fluids . Convection : Increasing blood flow to body surfaces to maximize heat transfer across the advective gradient . Conduction : Losing heat by being in contact with a colder surface . For instance : Lying on cool ground . Staying wet in a river , lake or sea . Covering in cool mud . Radiation : releasing heat by radiating it away from the body . Ectothermic heating ( or minimizing heat loss ) ( edit ) Convection : Climbing to higher ground up trees , ridges , rocks . Entering a warm water or air current . Building an insulated nest or burrow . The red line represents the air temperature . The purple line represents the body temperature of the lizard . The green line represents the base temperature of the burrow . Lizards are ectotherms and use behavioral adaptations to control their temperature . They regulate their behavior based on the temperature outside , if it is warm they will go outside up to a point and return to their burrow as necessary . Conduction : Lying on a hot surface . Radiation : Lying in the sun ( heating this way is affected by the body 's angle in relation to the sun ) . Folding skin to reduce exposure . Concealing wing surfaces . Exposing wing surfaces . Insulation : Changing shape to alter surface / volume ratio . Inflating the body .",
"4": "Thermographic image of a snake around an arm To cope with low temperatures , some fish have developed the ability to remain functional even when the water temperature is below freezing ; some use natural antifreeze or antifreeze proteins to resist ice crystal formation in their tissues . Amphibians and reptiles cope with heat loss by evaporative cooling and behavioral adaptations . An example of behavioral adaptation is that of a lizard lying in the sun on a hot rock in order to heat through conduction . Endothermy ( edit ) Main article : Endotherm An endotherm is an animal that regulates its own body temperature , typically by keeping it at a constant level . To regulate body temperature , an organism may need to prevent heat gains in arid environments . Evaporation of water , either across respiratory surfaces or across the skin in those animals possessing sweat glands , helps in cooling body temperature to within the organism 's tolerance range . Animals with a body covered by fur have limited ability to sweat , relying heavily on panting to increase evaporation of water across the moist surfaces of the lungs and the tongue and mouth . Mammals like cats , dogs and pigs , rely on panting or other means for thermal regulation and have sweat glands only in foot pads and snout . The sweat produced on pads of paws and on palms and soles mostly serves to increase friction and enhance grip . Birds also counteract overheating by gular fluttering , or rapid vibrations of the gular ( throat ) skin . Down feathers trap warm air acting as excellent insulators just as hair in mammals acts as a good insulator . Mammalian skin is much thicker than that of birds and often has a continuous layer of insulating fat beneath the dermis . In marine mammals , such as whales , or animals that live in very cold regions , such as the polar bears , this is called blubber . Dense coats found in desert endotherms also aid in preventing heat gain such as in the case of the camels . A cold weather strategy is to temporarily decrease metabolic rate , decreasing the temperature difference between the animal and the air and thereby minimizing heat loss . Furthermore , having a lower metabolic rate is less energetically expensive . Many animals survive cold frosty nights through torpor , a short - term temporary drop in body temperature .",
"5": "Organisms when presented with the problem of regulating body temperature have not only behavioural , physiological , and structural adaptations but also a feedback system to trigger these adaptations to regulate temperature accordingly . The main features of this system are stimulus , receptor , modulator , effector and then the feedback of the newly adjusted temperature to the stimulus . This cyclical process aids in homeostasis . Homeothermy compared with poikilothermy ( edit ) Homeothermy and poikilothermy refer to how stable an organism 's deep - body temperature is . Most endothermic organisms are homeothermic , like mammals . However , animals with facultative endothermy are often poikilothermic , meaning their temperature can vary considerably . Most fish are ectotherms , as most of their heat comes from the surrounding water . However , almost all fish are poikilothermic . Vertebrates ( edit ) By numerous observations upon humans and other animals , John Hunter showed that the essential difference between the so - called warm - blooded and cold - blooded animals lies in observed constancy of the temperature of the former , and the observed variability of the temperature of the latter . Almost all birds and mammals have a high temperature almost constant and independent of that of the surrounding air ( homeothermy ) . Almost all other animals display a variation of body temperature , dependent on their surroundings ( poikilothermy ) . Brain control ( edit ) Thermoregulation in both ectotherms and endotherms is controlled mainly by the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus . Such homeostatic control is separate from the sensation of temperature . In birds and mammals ( edit ) Kangaroo licking its arms to cool down on a very hot day In cold environments , birds and mammals employ the following adaptations and strategies to minimize heat loss : Using small smooth muscles ( arrector pili in mammals ) , which are attached to feather or hair shafts ; this distorts the surface of the skin making feather / hair shaft stand erect ( called goose bumps or pimples ) which slows the movement of air across the skin and minimizes heat loss .",
"6": "Increasing body size to more easily maintain core body temperature ( warm - blooded animals in cold climates tend to be larger than similar species in warmer climates ( see Bergmann 's Rule ) ) Having the ability to store energy as fat for metabolism Have shortened extremities Have countercurrent blood flow in extremities -- this is where the warm arterial blood travelling to the limb passes the cooler venous blood from the limb and heat is exchanged warming the venous blood and cooling the arterial ( e.g. , Arctic wolf or penguins ) In warm environments , birds and mammals employ the following adaptations and strategies to maximize heat loss : Behavioural adaptations like living in burrows during the day and being nocturnal Evaporative cooling by perspiration and panting Storing fat reserves in one place ( e.g. , camel 's hump ) to avoid its insulating effect Elongated , often vascularized extremities to conduct body heat to the air In humans ( edit ) Main article : Thermoregulation in humans Simplified control circuit of human thermoregulation . As in other mammals , thermoregulation is an important aspect of human homeostasis . Most body heat is generated in the deep organs , especially the liver , brain , and heart , and in contraction of skeletal muscles . Humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates , including hot humid and hot arid . High temperatures pose serious stresses for the human body , placing it in great danger of injury or even death . For example , one of the most common reactions to hot temperatures is heat exhaustion , which is an illness that could happen if one is exposed to high temperatures , resulting in some symptoms such as dizziness , fainting , or a rapid heartbeat . For humans , adaptation to varying climatic conditions includes both physiological mechanisms resulting from evolution and behavioural mechanisms resulting from conscious cultural adaptations . The physiological control of the body 's core temperature takes place primarily through the hypothalamus , which assumes the role as the body 's `` thermostat . '' This organ possesses control mechanisms as well as key temperature sensors , which are connected to nerve cells called thermoreceptors . Thermoreceptors come in two subcategories ; ones that respond to cold temperatures and ones that respond to warm temperatures .",
"7": "Scattered throughout the body in both peripheral and central nervous systems , these nerve cells are sensitive to changes in temperature and are able to provide useful information to the hypothalamus through the process of negative feedback , thus maintaining a constant core temperature . There are three avenues of heat loss : convection , conduction , and radiation . If skin temperature is greater than that of the surroundings , the body can lose heat by radiation and conduction . But , if the temperature of the surroundings is greater than that of the skin , the body actually gains heat by radiation and conduction . In such conditions , the only means by which the body can rid itself of heat is by evaporation . So , when the surrounding temperature is higher than the skin temperature , anything that prevents adequate evaporation will cause the internal body temperature to rise . During intense physical activity ( e.g. sports ) , evaporation becomes the main avenue of heat loss . Humidity affects thermoregulation by limiting sweat evaporation and thus heat loss . Play media A dog panting after exercise In plants ( edit ) Thermogenesis occurs in the flowers of many plants in the Araceae family as well as in cycad cones . In addition , the sacred lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera ) is able to thermoregulate itself , remaining on average 20 ° C ( 36 ° F ) above air temperature while flowering . Heat is produced by breaking down the starch that was stored in their roots , which requires the consumption of oxygen at a rate approaching that of a flying hummingbird . One possible explanation for plant thermoregulation is to provide protection against cold temperature . For example , the skunk cabbage is not frost - resistant , yet it begins to grow and flower when there is still snow on the ground . Another theory is that thermogenicity helps attract pollinators , which is borne out by observations that heat production is accompanied by the arrival of beetles or flies . Behavioral temperature Regulation ( edit ) Animals other than humans regulate and maintain their body temperature with physiological adjustments and behavior . Desert lizards are ectotherms and so unable to metabolically control their temperature but can do this by altering their location . They may do this , in the morning only by raising their head from its burrow and then exposing their entire body . By basking in the sun , the lizard absorbs solar heat .",
"8": "It may also absorb heat by conduction from heated rocks that have stored radiant solar energy . To lower their temperature , lizards exhibit varied behaviors . Sand seas , or ergs , produce up to 57.7 ° C ( 135.9 ° F ) , and the sand lizard will hold its feet up in the air to cool down , seek cooler objects with which to contact , find shade or return to their burrow . They also go to their burrows to avoid cooling when the sun goes down or the temperature falls . Aquatic animals can also regulate their temperature behaviorally by changing their position in the thermal gradient . During cold weather many animals increase their thermal inertia by huddling . Animals also engage in kleptothermy in which they share or even steal each other 's body warmth . In endotherms such as bats and birds ( such as the mousebird and emperor penguin ) it allows the sharing of body heat ( particularly amongst juveniles ) . This allows the individuals to increase their thermal inertia ( as with gigantothermy ) and so reduce heat loss . Some ectotherms share burrows of ectotherms . Other animals exploit termite mounds . Some animals living in cold environments maintain their body temperature by preventing heat loss . Their fur grows more densely to increase the amount of insulation . Some animals are regionally heterothermic and are able to allow their less insulated extremities to cool to temperatures much lower than their core temperature -- nearly to 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . This minimizes heat loss through less insulated body parts , like the legs , feet ( or hooves ) , and nose . An ostrich can keep its body temperature relatively constant , even though the environment can be very hot during the day and cold at night . Hibernation , estivation and daily torpor ( edit ) To cope with limited food resources and low temperatures , some mammals hibernate during cold periods . To remain in `` stasis '' for long periods , these animals build up brown fat reserves and slow all body functions . True hibernators ( e.g. , groundhogs ) keep their body temperatures low throughout hibernation whereas the core temperature of false hibernators ( e.g. , bears ) varies ; occasionally the animal may emerge from its den for brief periods .",
"9": "Some bats are true hibernators and rely upon a rapid , non-shivering thermogenesis of their brown fat deposit to bring them out of hibernation . Estivation is similar to hibernation , however , it usually occurs in hot periods to allow animals to avoid high temperatures and desiccation . Both terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate and vertebrates enter into estivation . Examples include lady beetles ( Coccinellidae ) , North American desert tortoises , crocodiles , salamanders , cane toads , and the water - holding frog . Daily torpor occurs in small endotherms like bats and hummingbirds , which temporarily reduces their high metabolic rates to conserve energy . Variation in animals ( edit ) Chart showing diurnal variation in body temperature . Normal Human temperature ( edit ) Main article : Normal human body temperature Previously , average oral temperature for healthy adults had been considered 37.0 ° C ( 98.6 ° F ) , while normal ranges are 36.1 ° C ( 97.0 ° F ) to 37.8 ° C ( 100.0 ° F ) . In Poland and Russia , the temperature had been measured axillary. 36.6 ° C was considered `` ideal '' temperature in these countries , while normal ranges are 36 ° C to 36.9 ° C . Recent studies suggest that the average temperature for healthy adults is 36.8 ° C ( 98.2 ° F ) ( same result in three different studies ) .",
"10": "Variations ( one standard deviation ) from three other studies are : 36.4 -- 37.1 ° C ( 97.5 -- 98.8 ° F ) 36.3 -- 37.1 ° C ( 97.3 -- 98.8 ° F ) for males , 36.5 -- 37.3 ° C ( 97.7 -- 99.1 ° F ) for females 36.6 -- 37.3 ° C ( 97.9 -- 99.1 ° F ) Measured temperature varies according to thermometer placement , with rectal temperature being 0.3 -- 0.6 ° C ( 0.5 -- 1 ° F ) higher than oral temperature , while axillary temperature is 0.3 -- 0.6 ° C ( 0.5 -- 1 ° F ) lower than oral temperature . The average difference between oral and axillary temperatures of Indian children aged 6 -- 12 was found to be only 0.1 ° C ( standard deviation 0.2 ° C ) , and the mean difference in Maltese children aged 4 -- 14 between oral and axillary temperature was 0.56 ° C , while the mean difference between rectal and axillary temperature for children under 4 years old was 0.38 ° C . Variations due to circadian rhythms ( edit ) In humans , a diurnal variation has been observed dependent on the periods of rest and activity , lowest at 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. and peaking at 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Monkeys also have a well - marked and regular diurnal variation of body temperature that follows periods of rest and activity , and is not dependent on the incidence of day and night ; nocturnal monkeys reach their highest body temperature at night and lowest during the day . Sutherland Simpson and J.J. Galbraith observed that all nocturnal animals and birds -- whose periods of rest and activity are naturally reversed through habit and not from outside interference -- experience their highest temperature during the natural period of activity ( night ) and lowest during the period of rest ( day ) . Those diurnal temperatures can be reversed by reversing their daily routine .",
"11": "In essence , the temperature curve of diurnal birds is similar to that of man and other homoeothermal animals , except that the maximum occurs earlier in the afternoon and the minimum earlier in the morning . Also , the curves obtained from rabbits , guinea pigs , and dogs were quite similar to those from man . These observations indicate that body temperature is partially regulated by circadian rhythms . Variations due to women 's menstrual cycles ( edit ) During the follicular phase ( which lasts from the first day of menstruation until the day of ovulation ) , the average basal body temperature in women ranges from 36.45 to 36.7 ° C ( 97.6 to 98.1 ° F ) . Within 24 hours of ovulation , women experience an elevation of 0.15 -- 0.45 ° C ( 0.2 -- 0.9 ° F ) due to the increased metabolic rate caused by sharply elevated levels of progesterone . The basal body temperature ranges between 36.7 -- 37.3 ° C ( 98.1 -- 99.2 ° F ) throughout the luteal phase , and drops down to pre-ovulatory levels within a few days of menstruation . Women can chart this phenomenon to determine whether and when they are ovulating , so as to aid conception or contraception . Variations due to fever ( edit ) Fever is a regulated elevation of the set point of core temperature in the hypothalamus , caused by circulating pyrogens produced by the immune system . To the subject , a rise in core temperature due to fever may result in feeling cold in an environment where people without fever do not . Variations due to biofeedback ( edit ) Some monks are known to practice Tummo , biofeedback meditation techniques , that allow them to raise their body temperatures substantially . Low body temperature increases lifespan ( edit ) It has been theorised that low body temperature may increase lifespan . In 2006 , it was reported that transgenic mice with a body temperature 0.3 -- 0.5 C lower than normal mice lived longer than normal mice . This mechanism is due to overexpressing the uncoupling protein 2 in hypocretin neurons ( Hcrt - UCP2 ) , which elevated hypothalamic temperature , thus forcing the hypothalamus to lower body temperature .",
"12": "Lifespan was increased by 12 % and 20 % for males and females , respectively . The mice were fed ad libitum . The effects of such a genetic change in body temperature on longevity is more difficult to study in humans ; in 2011 , the UCP2 genetic alleles in humans were associated with obesity . Limits compatible with life ( edit ) There are limits both of heat and cold that an endothermic animal can bear and other far wider limits that an ectothermic animal may endure and yet live . The effect of too extreme a cold is to decrease metabolism , and hence to lessen the production of heat . Both catabolic and anabolic pathways share in this metabolic depression , and , though less energy is used up , still less energy is generated . The effects of this diminished metabolism become telling on the central nervous system first , especially the brain and those parts concerning consciousness ; both heart rate and respiration rate decrease ; judgment becomes impaired as drowsiness supervenes , becoming steadily deeper until the individual loses consciousness ; without medical intervention , death by hypothermia quickly follows . Occasionally , however , convulsions may set in towards the end , and death is caused by asphyxia . In experiments on cats performed by Sutherland Simpson and Percy T. Herring , the animals were unable to survive when rectal temperature fell below 16 ° C. At this low temperature , respiration became increasingly feeble ; heart - impulse usually continued after respiration had ceased , the beats becoming very irregular , appearing to cease , then beginning again . Death appeared to be mainly due to asphyxia , and the only certain sign that it had taken place was the loss of knee - jerks . However , too high a temperature speeds up the metabolism of different tissues to such a rate that their metabolic capital is soon exhausted . Blood that is too warm produces dyspnea by exhausting the metabolic capital of the respiratory centre ; heart rate is increased ; the beats then become arrhythmic and eventually cease . The central nervous system is also profoundly affected by hyperthermia and delirium , and convulsions may set in . Consciousness may also be lost , propelling the person into a comatose condition . These changes can sometimes also be observed in patients suffering from an acute fever .",
"13": "Mammalian muscle becomes rigid with heat rigor at about 50 ° C , with the sudden rigidity of the whole body rendering life impossible . H.M. Vernon performed work on the death temperature and paralysis temperature ( temperature of heat rigor ) of various animals . He found that species of the same class showed very similar temperature values , those from the Amphibia examined being 38.5 ° C , fish 39 ° C , reptiles 45 ° C , and various molluscs 46 ° C. Also , in the case of pelagic animals , he showed a relation between death temperature and the quantity of solid constituents of the body . In higher animals , however , his experiments tend to show that there is greater variation in both the chemical and physical characteristics of the protoplasm and , hence , greater variation in the extreme temperature compatible with life . Arthropoda ( edit ) The maximum temperatures tolerated by certain thermophilic arthropods exceeds the lethal temperatures for most vertebrates . The most heat - resistant insects are three genera of desert ants recorded from three different parts of the world . The ants have developed a lifestyle of scavenging for short durations during the hottest hours of the day , in excess of 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) , for the carcasses of insects and other forms of life which have succumbed to heat stress . In April 2014 , the South Californian mite Paratarsotomus macropalpis has been recorded as the world 's fastest land animal relative to body length , at a speed of 322 body lengths per second . Besides the unusually great speed of the mites , the researchers were surprised to find the mites running at such speeds on concrete at temperatures up to 60 ° C ( 140 ° F ) , which is significant because this temperature is well above the lethal limit for the majority of animal species . In addition , the mites are able to stop and change direction very quickly . See also ( edit ) Innate heat Normal human body temperature Thermal neutral zone Insect thermoregulation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Global Warming : Future Temperatures Could Exceed Livable Limits , Researchers Find '' . Jump up ^ `` Hypothermia '' . Mayo Clinic . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ `` Hypothermia : Causes , Symptoms , and Treatment '' . WebMD . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Chisholm 1911 , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : `` Khan Academy '' . Khan Academy . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Boundless ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Homeostasis : Thermoregulation '' . Boundless . ^ Jump up to : Romanovsky , AA ( 2007 ) . `` Functional architecture of the thermoregulatory system '' . Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 292 ( 1 ) : R37 -- 46 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpregu. 00668.2006 . PMID 17008453 . Jump up ^ Swan , K.G. ; R.E. Henshaw ( March 1973 ) . Lumbar sympathectomy and cold acclimatization by the arctic wolf . Analysis of Surgery . 177 . pp. 286 -- 292 . doi : 10.1097 / 00000658 - 197303000 - 00008 . PMC 1355529 . PMID 4692116 . Jump up ^ Adaptations for an Aquatic Environment . SeaWorld / Busch Gardens Animal Information Database , 2002 . Last accessed 27 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Introduction to Penguins . Mike Bingham , International Penguin Conservation Work Group . Last accessed 27 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Kanosue , K. ; Crawshaw , L.I. ; Nagashima , K. ; Yoda , T. ( 2009 ) . `` Concepts to utilize in describing thermoregulation and neurophysiological evidence for how the system works '' . European Journal of Applied Physiology. 109 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 11 . doi : 10.1007 / s00421 - 009 - 1256 - 6 . Jump up ^ Guyton , A.C.",
"15": ", & Hall , J.E. ( 2006 ) . Textbook of Medical Physiology ( 11th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier Saunders . p. 890 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Heat Exhaustion : Symptoms and Treatment '' . WebMD . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 Jump up ^ Harmon , Katherine . `` How Does a Heat Wave Affect the Human Body ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 Jump up ^ Harrison , G.A. , Tanner , J.M. , Pilbeam , D.R. , & Baker , P.T. ( 1988 ) Human Biology : An introduction to human evolution , variation , growth , and adaptability . ( 3rd ed ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Weiss , M.L. , & Mann , A.E. ( 1985 ) Human Biology and Behaviour : An anthropological perspective . ( 4th ed ) . Boston : Little Brown Jump up ^ `` Thermoregulation '' . www.unm.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Boundless ( 2016 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Thermoreception '' . Boundless . Jump up ^ Tansey , Etain A. ; Johnson , Christopher D. ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Recent advances in thermoregulation '' . Advances in Physiology Education . 39 ( 3 ) : 139 -- 148 . doi : 10.1152 / advan. 00126.2014 . ISSN 1043 - 4046 . PMID 26330029 . Jump up ^ `` Temperature Regulation of the Human Body '' . hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Guyton & Hall ( 2006 ) , pp. 891 -- 892 Jump up ^ Wilmore , Jack H. , & Costill , David L. ( 1999 ) . Physiology of sport and exercise ( 2nd ed ) .",
"16": "Champaign , Illinois : Human Kinetics . Jump up ^ Guyton , Arthur C. ( 1976 ) Textbook of Medical Physiology . ( 5th ed ) . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders ^ Jump up to : Minorsky , Peter V. ( May 2003 ) . The Hot and the Classic . Plant Physiol. 132 . pp. 25 -- 26 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 900071 . PMC 1540311 . PMID 12765187 . Jump up ^ Plants Thermoregulation ( PDF ) . Google . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Holdrege , Craig ( 2000 ) . Skunk Cabbage ( Symplocarpus foetidus ) . The Nature Institute . pp. 12 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Nagy ; Daniel K. Odell & Roger S. Seymour ( December 1972 ) . Temperature Regulation by the Inflorescence of Philodendron . Science . 178 . pp. 1195 -- 1197 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 178.4066. 1195 . PMID 17748981 . Jump up ^ Gibernau , Marc ; Barabé , Denis ( 2000 ) . Thermogenesis in three Philodendron species ( Araceae ) of French Guiana ( PDF ) . Canadian Journal of Botany. 78 . p. 685 . doi : 10.1139 / cjb - 78 - 5 - 685 . Jump up ^ Westhoff , Jacob ( 9 Oct 2014 ) . `` Behavioural thermoregulation and bioenergetics of riverine smallmouth bass associated with ambient cold - period thermal refuge '' . Ecology of Freshwater Fish. 25 : 72 -- 85 . doi : 10.1111 / eff. 12192 . Jump up ^ Arends , A ; Bonaccorso , FJ ; Genoud , M ( 1995 ) .",
"17": "`` Basal rates of metabolism of nectarivorous bats ( Phyllostomidae ) from a semiarid thorn forest in Venezuela '' . J. Mammal. 76 : 947 -- 956 . doi : 10.2307 / 1382765 . Jump up ^ Brown , C.R. ; Foster , G.G. ( 1992 ) . `` The thermal and energetic significance of clustering in the speckled mousebird , Colius striatus '' . Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 162 ( 7 ) : 658 -- 664 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00296648 . Jump up ^ Ancel A , Visser H , Handrich Y , Masman D , Le Maho Y ( 1997 ) . Energy saving in huddling penguins . Nature . 385 . pp. 304 -- 305 . doi : 10.1038 / 385304a0 . Jump up ^ Canals , M ; Rosenmann , M ; Bozinovic , F ( 1989 ) . `` Energetics and geometry of huddling in small mammals '' . J. Theor. Biol. 141 : 181 -- 189 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 5193 ( 89 ) 80016 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ehmann , H ; Swan , G ; Swan , G ; Smith , B ( 1991 ) . `` Nesting , egg incubation and hatching by the heath monitor Varanus rosenbergi in a termite mound '' . Herpetofauna. 21 : 17 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Knapp , CR ; Owens , AK ( 2008 ) . `` Nesting Behavior and the Use of Termitaria by the Andros Iguana ( Cyclura Cychlura Cychlura ) '' . Journal of Herpetology. 42 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 53 . doi : 10.1670 / 07 - 098.1 . Jump up ^ Kenneth S. Hagen ( 1962 ) . `` Biology and ecology of predaceous Coccinellidae '' . Annual Review of Entomology.",
"18": "7 : 289 -- 326 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. en. 07.010162. 001445 . Jump up ^ Bob Moore ( 29 September 2009 ) . `` Estivation : The Survial Siesta '' . Audubon Guides . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ F.H. Pough , R.M. Andrews , J.E. Cadle , M.L. Crump , A.H. Savitzky and K.D. Wells ( 2001 ) . Herpetology , second edition . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Prentice Hall . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Starr , Cecie ( 2005 ) . Biology : Concepts and Applications . Thomson Brooks / Cole . p. 639 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 46226 - X . Jump up ^ Wong , Lena ; Forsberg , C ; Wahren , LK ( 2005 ) . `` Temperature of a Healthy Human ( Body Temperature ) '' . Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences , The Physics Factbook. 16 ( 2 ) : 122 -- 128 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1471 - 6712.2002. 00069. x . PMID 12000664 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Rectal , ear , oral , and axillary temperature comparison . Yahoo Health . Jump up ^ Deepti Chaturvedi ; K.Y. Vilhekar ; Pushpa Chaturvedi ; M.S. Bharambe ( 17 June 2004 ) . `` Comparison of Axillary Temperature with Rectal or Oral Temperature and Determination of Optimum Placement Time in Children '' ( PDF ) . Indian Pediatrics. 41 ( 6 ) : 600 -- 603 . PMID 15235167 . Jump up ^ Quintana , E.C. ( June 2004 ) . How reliable is axillary temperature measurement ? . Annuals of Emergency Medicine . 43 . pp. 797 -- 798 .",
"19": "doi : 10.1016 / j. annemergmed. 2004.03. 010 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Sutherland ; Galbraith , J.J. ( 1905 ) . An investigation into the diurnal variation of the body temperature of nocturnal and other birds , and a few mammals ( PDF ) . The Journal of Physiology Online . Jump up ^ Swedan , Nadya Gabriele ( 2001 ) . Women 's Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 8342 - 1731 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cromie , William J. ( 2002 ) . Meditation changes temperatures : Mind controls body in extreme experiments . Harvard Gazette . Jump up ^ Transgenic Mice with a Reduced Core Body Temperature Have an Increased Life Span , by Bruno Conti et al. Science , 3 , November 2006 Jump up ^ Reduced Body Temperature Extends Lifespan , Study Finds Jump up ^ Bee cool , live long Jump up ^ `` OMIM entry on human UnCoupling Protein 2 ( UCP2 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Simpson S , Herring PT ( 1905 - 05 - 09 ) . `` The effect of cold narcosis on reflex action in warm - blooded animals '' . J. Physiol. 32 ( 5 Suppl 8 ) : 305 -- 11 . PMC 1465681 . PMID 16992777 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology ( FASEB ) ( 27 April 2014 ) . `` Mite sets new record as world 's fastest land animal '' . Featured Research . ScienceDaily . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Sherwood , Van ( 1 May 1996 ) . `` Chapter 21 : Most heat tolerant '' . Book of Insect Records . University of Florida . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Blatteis , Clark M , ed.",
"20": "( 2001 ) ( First published 1998 ) . Physiology and Pathophysiology of Temperature Regulation . Singapore & River Edge , NJ : World Scientific Publishing Co . ISBN 981 - 02 - 3172 - 5 . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . Charkoudian , Nisha ( May 2003 ) . Skin Blood Flow in Adult Human Thermoregulation : How It Works , When It Does Not , and Why . Mayo Clinic Proceedings . 78 . pp. 603 -- 612 . doi : 10.4065 / 78.5. 603 . PMID 12744548 . full pdf This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Animal Heat '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 48 -- 50 . This cites work of Simpson & Galbraith Green , Charles Wilson ( 1917 ) . Kirke 's Handbook of Physiology . North American Revision . New York : William Wood & Co . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . Other Internet Archive listings Hall , John E. ( 2010 ) . Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology with Student Consult Online Access ( 12th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier Saunders . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 4574 - 8 . see Table of Contents link ( Previously Guyton 's Textbook of Medical Physiology . Earlier editions back to at least 5th edition 1976 , contain useful information on the subject of thermoregulation , the concepts of which have changed little in that time ) . Hardy , James D ; Gagge , A. Pharo ; Stolwijk , Jan A , eds. ( 1970 ) . Physiological and Behavioral Temperature Regulation . Springfield , Illinois : Charles C Thomas . Havenith , George ; Coenen , John M.L ; Kistemaker , Lyda ; Kenney , W. Larry ( 1998 ) .",
"21": "Relevance of individual characteristics for human heat stress response is dependent on exercise intensity and climate type . European Journal of Applied Physiology. 77 . pp. 231 -- 241 . doi : 10.1007 / s004210050327 . Kakuta , Naoto ; Yokoyama , Shintaro ; Nakamura , Mitsuyoshi ; Mabuchi , Kunihiko ( March 2001 ) . Estimation of Radiative Heat Transfer Using a Geometric Human Model . IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering . 48 . pp. 324 -- 331 . doi : 10.1109 / 10.914795 . PMID 11327500 . link to abstract Marino , Frank E ( 2008 ) . Thermoregulation and Human Performance : Physiological and Biological Aspects . Medicine and Sport Science . Vol. 53 . Basel , Switzerland : Karger . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8055 - 8648 - 1 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . Mitchell , John W ( 1 June 1976 ) . Heat transfer from spheres and other animal forms . Biophysical Journal . 16 . pp. 561 -- 569 . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3495 ( 76 ) 85711 - 6 . PMC 1334880 . PMID 1276385 . Milton , Anthony Stewart ( 1994 ) . Temperature Regulation : Recent Physiological and Pharmacological Advances . Switzerland : Birkhäuser Verlag . ISBN 0 - 8176 - 2992 - 0 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . Selkirk , Glen A & McLellan , Tom M ( November 2001 ) . Influence of aerobic fitness and body fatness on tolerance to uncompensable heat stress . Journal of Applied Physiology. 91 . pp. 2055 -- 2063 . PMID 11641344 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . Simpson , S. & Galbraith , J.J ( 1905 ) .",
"22": "Observations on the normal temperatures of the monkey and its diurnal variation , and on the effects of changes in the daily routine on this variation . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 45 . pp. 65 -- 104 . doi : 10.1017 / S0080456800011649 . Helmut Tributsch ( Author ) , Miriam Varon ( Translator ) ( May 1985 ) . How Life Learned to Live : Adaptation in Nature . Mit Pr . ISBN 978 - 0262700283 . Weldon Owen Pty Ltd. ( 1993 ) . Encyclopedia of animals - Mammals , Birds , Reptiles , Amphibians . Reader 's Digest Association , Inc . Pages 567 - 568 . ISBN 1 - 875137 - 49 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Thermal Comfort Observations . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 1998 Wong , Lena ( 1997 ) . `` Temperature of a Healthy Human ( Body Temperature ) '' . The Physics Factbook . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Thermoregulation at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Library resources about Thermoregulation Resources in your library ( hide ) Human homeostasis Blood composition Blood sugar Osmoregulation Pressure : Renin -- angiotensin system Acid -- base Fluid balance Hemostasis Other Predictive Thermoregulation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"23": "php?title=Thermoregulation&oldid=818686725 '' Categories : Human homeostasis Animal physiology Heat transfer Thermoregulation Mathematics in medicine Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 00 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what us state forms the western boundary of montana
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{
"0": "Montana - wikipedia Montana This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 25 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. state of Montana . For other uses , see Montana ( disambiguation ) . `` Montanan '' redirects here . For other uses , see Montanan ( disambiguation ) . `` Big Sky Country '' redirects here . For the song by Chris Whitley , see Big Sky Country ( song ) . State of Montana Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Big Sky Country , The Treasure State Motto ( s ) : Oro y Plata ( Gold and Silver ) Official language English Demonym Montanan Capital Helena Largest city Billings Largest metro Billings Metropolitan Area Area Ranked 4th Total 147,040 sq mi ( 380,800 km ) Width 630 miles ( 1,015 km ) Length 255 miles ( 410 km ) % water Latitude 44 ° 21 ′ N to 49 ° N Longitude 104 ° 2 ′ W to 116 ° 3 ′ W Population Ranked 44th Total 1,042,520 ( 2016 est . ) Density 7.09 / sq mi ( 2.73 / km ) Ranked 48th Median household income $51,395 ( 37th ) Elevation Highest point Granite Peak 12,807 ft ( 3903.5 m ) Mean 3,400 ft ( 1040 m ) Lowest point Kootenai River at Idaho border 1,804 ft ( 557 m ) Before statehood Montana Territory Admission to Union November 8 , 1889 ( 41st ) Governor Steve Bullock ( D ) Lieutenant Governor Mike Cooney ( D ) Legislature Montana Legislature Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Jon Tester ( D ) Steve Daines ( R ) U.S.",
"1": "House delegation Greg Gianforte ( R ) ( list ) Time zone Mountain : UTC - 7 / - 6 ISO 3166 US - MT Abbreviations MT , Mont . Website www.mt.gov ( show ) Montana state symbols The Flag of Montana The Seal of Montana Living insignia Bird Western meadowlark Butterfly Mourning cloak Fish Westslope cutthroat trout Flower Bitterroot Mammal Grizzly bear Tree Ponderosa pine Inanimate insignia Fossil Petrified wood Gemstone Sapphire , Agate Motto Spanish : Oro Y Plata ( Gold and Silver ) Slogan Big Sky Country Song `` Montana '' State route marker State quarter Released in 2007 Lists of United States state symbols Montana / mɒnˈtænə / ( listen ) is a state in the northwestern region of the United States . The state 's name is derived from the Spanish word montaña ( mountain ) . Montana has several nicknames , although none official , including `` Big Sky Country '' and `` The Treasure State '' , and slogans that include `` Land of the Shining Mountains '' and more recently `` The Last Best Place '' . Montana is the 4th largest in area , the 7th least populous , and the 3rd sparsely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges . Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . In total , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands . The economy is primarily based on agriculture , including ranching and cereal grain farming . Other significant economic activities include oil , gas , coal and hard rock mining , lumber , and the fastest - growing sector , tourism . The health care , service , and government sectors also are significant to the state 's economy . Millions of tourists annually visit Glacier National Park , the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument , and Yellowstone National Park . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and naming history 2 Geography 2.1 Topography 2.1.",
"2": "1 Rivers , lakes and reservoirs 2.1. 1.1 Pacific Ocean drainage basin 2.1. 1.2 Gulf of Mexico drainage basin 2.1. 1.3 Hudson Bay drainage basin 2.1. 1.4 Lakes and reservoirs 2.2 Flora and fauna 2.3 Protected lands 2.4 Climate 2.5 Antipodes 3 History 3.1 Montana territory 3.2 Conflicts 3.3 Cattle ranching 3.4 Railroads 3.5 Statehood 3.6 Homesteading 3.7 Montana and World War I 3.8 Depression era 3.9 Montana and World War II 3.10 Other military 3.11 Cold War Montana 4 Demographics 4.1 Intrastate demographics 4.2 Language 4.3 Religion 4.4 Native Americans 4.5 Birth data 5 Economy 6 Education 6.1 Colleges and universities 6.2 Schools 7 Culture 7.1 Major cultural events 7.2 Sports 7.2. 1 Professional sports 7.2. 2 College sports 7.2. 3 Other sports 7.2. 4 Olympic competitors 7.2. 5 Sporting achievements 7.3 Outdoor recreation 7.3. 1 Fishing and hunting 7.3. 2 Winter sports 8 Health 9 Media 10 Transportation 11 Law and government 11.1 Constitution 11.2 State government : Executive 11.3 State government : Legislative 11.4 State government : Judicial 11.5 Federal offices and courts 12 Politics 12.1 Current trends 13 Cities and towns 14 State symbols 15 See also 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 Further reading 19 External links Etymology and naming History ( edit ) The name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña and the Latin word Montana , meaning `` mountain '' , or more broadly , `` mountainous country '' .",
"3": "Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west . The name Montana was added to a bill by the United States House Committee on Territories , which was chaired at the time by Rep. James Ashley of Ohio , for the territory that would become Idaho Territory . The name was changed by Representatives Henry Wilson ( Massachusetts ) and Benjamin F. Harding ( Oregon ) , who complained Montana had `` no meaning '' . When Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho , he again chose Montana Territory . This time Rep. Samuel Cox , also of Ohio , objected to the name . Cox complained that the name was a misnomer given most of the territory was not mountainous and that a Native American name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one . Other names such as Shoshone were suggested , but it was decided that the Committee on Territories could name it whatever they wanted , so the original name of Montana was adopted . Geography ( edit ) See also : Regional designations of Montana , Ecological systems of Montana , List of mountain ranges in Montana , and List of forests in Montana Map of Montana Montana is one of the nine Mountain States , located in the north of the region known as the Western United States . It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east . Wyoming is to the south , Idaho is to the west and southwest , and three Canadian provinces , British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan , are to the north . With an area of 147,040 square miles ( 380,800 km ) , Montana is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska , Texas , and California ; it is the largest landlocked U.S. state . Topography ( edit ) The state 's topography is roughly defined by the Continental Divide , which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions . Most of Montana 's 100 or more named mountain ranges are in the state 's western half , most of which is geologically and geographically part of the Northern Rocky Mountains . The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the state 's south - central part are technically part of the Central Rocky Mountains .",
"4": "The Rocky Mountain Front is a significant feature in the state 's north - central portion , and isolated island ranges that interrupt the prairie landscape common in the central and eastern parts of the state . About 60 percent of the state is prairie , part of the northern Great Plains . The Bitterroot Mountains -- one of the longest continuous ranges in the Rocky Mountain chain from Alaska to Mexico -- along with smaller ranges , including the Coeur d'Alene Mountains and the Cabinet Mountains , divide the state from Idaho . The southern third of the Bitterroot range blends into the Continental Divide . Other major mountain ranges west of the Divide include the Cabinet Mountains , the Anaconda Range , the Missions , the Garnet Range , Sapphire Mountains , and Flint Creek Range . Montana terrain The Divide 's northern section , where the mountains rapidly give way to prairie , is part of the Rocky Mountain Front . The front is most pronounced in the Lewis Range , located primarily in Glacier National Park . Due to the configuration of mountain ranges in Glacier National Park , the Northern Divide ( which begins in Alaska 's Seward Peninsula ) crosses this region and turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak . It causes the Waterton River , Belly , and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta , Canada . There they join the Saskatchewan River , which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay . East of the divide , several roughly parallel ranges cover the state 's southern part , including the Gravelly Range , the Madison Range , Gallatin Range , Absaroka Mountains and the Beartooth Mountains . The Beartooth Plateau is the largest continuous land mass over 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) high in the continental United States . It contains the state 's highest point , Granite Peak , 12,799 feet ( 3,901 m ) high . North of these ranges are the Big Belt Mountains , Bridger Mountains , Tobacco Roots , and several island ranges , including the Crazy Mountains and Little Belt Mountains . St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park Between many mountain ranges are rich river valleys . The Big Hole Valley , Bitterroot Valley , Gallatin Valley , Flathead Valley , and Paradise Valley have extensive agricultural resources and multiple opportunities for tourism and recreation .",
"5": "East and north of this transition zone are the expansive and sparsely populated Northern Plains , with tableland prairies , smaller island mountain ranges , and badlands . The isolated island ranges east of the Divide include the Bear Paw Mountains , Bull Mountains , Castle Mountains , Crazy Mountains , Highwood Mountains , Judith Mountains , Little Belt Mountains , Little Rocky Mountains , the Pryor Mountains , Snowy Mountains , Sweet Grass Hills , and -- in the state 's southeastern corner near Ekalaka -- the Long Pines . Many of these isolated eastern ranges were created about 120 to 66 million years ago when magma welling up from the interior cracked and bowed the earth 's surface here . The area east of the divide in the state ' north - central portion is known for the Missouri Breaks and other significant rock formations . Three buttes south of Great Falls are major landmarks : Cascade , Crown , Square , Shaw and Buttes . Known as laccoliths , they formed when igneous rock protruded through cracks in the sedimentary rock . The underlying surface consists of sandstone and shale . Surface soils in the area are highly diverse , and greatly affected by the local geology , whether glaciated plain , intermountain basin , mountain foothills , or tableland . Foothill regions are often covered in weathered stone or broken slate , or consist of uncovered bare rock ( usually igneous , quartzite , sandstone , or shale ) . The soil of intermountain basins usually consists of clay , gravel , sand , silt , and volcanic ash , much of it laid down by lakes which covered the region during the Oligocene 33 to 23 million years ago . Tablelands are often topped with argillite gravel and weathered quartzite , occasionally underlain by shale . The glaciated plains are generally covered in clay , gravel , sand , and silt left by the proglacial Lake Great Falls or by moraines or gravel - covered former lake basins left by the Wisconsin glaciation 85,000 to 11,000 years ago . Farther east , areas such as Makoshika State Park near Glendive and Medicine Rocks State Park near Ekalaka contain some of the most scenic badlands regions in the state . The Belly River in Waterton Lakes National Park The Hell Creek Formation in Northeast Montana is a major source of dinosaur fossils .",
"6": "Paleontologist Jack Horner of the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman brought this formation to the world 's attention with several major finds . Rivers , lakes and reservoirs ( edit ) See also : List of rivers of Montana and List of lakes in Montana Montana has thousands of named rivers and creeks , 450 miles ( 720 km ) of which are known for `` blue - ribbon '' trout fishing . Montana 's water resources provide for recreation , hydropower , crop and forage irrigation , mining , and water for human consumption . Montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds ( i.e. where two continental divides intersect ) . Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean , the Gulf of Mexico , and Hudson Bay . The watersheds divide at Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park . Pacific Ocean drainage Basin ( edit ) Missouri Breaks region in central Montana West of the divide , the Clark Fork of the Columbia ( not to be confused with the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River ) rises near Butte and flows northwest to Missoula , where it is joined by the Blackfoot River and Bitterroot River . Farther downstream , it is joined by the Flathead River before entering Idaho near Lake Pend Oreille . The Pend Oreille River forms the outflow of Lake Pend Oreille . The Pend Oreille River joined the Columbia River , which flows to the Pacific Ocean -- making the 579 - mile ( 932 km ) long Clark Fork / Pend Oreille ( considered a single river system ) the longest river in the Rocky Mountains . The Clark Fork discharges the greatest volume of water of any river exiting the state . The Kootenai River in northwest Montana is another major tributary of the Columbia . Gulf of Mexico drainage Basin ( edit ) East of the divide the Missouri River , which is formed by the confluence of the Jefferson , Madison and Gallatin rivers near Three Forks , flows due north through the west - central part of the state to Great Falls . From this point , it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the Missouri Breaks to Fort Peck reservoir . The stretch of river between Fort Benton and the Fred Robinson Bridge at the western boundary of Fort Peck Reservoir was designated a National Wild and Scenic River in 1976 .",
"7": "The Missouri enters North Dakota near Fort Union , having drained more than half the land area of Montana ( 82,000 square miles ( 210,000 km ) ) . Nearly one - third of the Missouri River in Montana lies behind 10 dams : Toston , Canyon Ferry , Hauser , Holter , Black Eagle , Rainbow , Cochrane , Ryan , Morony , and Fort Peck . The Yellowstone River rises on the continental divide near Younts Peak in Wyoming 's Teton Wilderness . It flows north through Yellowstone National Park , enters Montana near Gardiner , and passes through the Paradise Valley to Livingston . It then flows northeasterly across the state through Billings , Miles City , Glendive , and Sidney . The Yellowstone joins the Missouri in North Dakota just east of Fort Union . It is the longest undammed , free - flowing river in the contiguous United States , and drains about a quarter of Montana ( 36,000 square miles ( 93,000 km ) ) . Other major Montana tributaries of the Missouri include the Smith , Milk , Marias , Judith , and Musselshell Rivers . Montana also claims the disputed title of possessing the world 's shortest river , the Roe River , just outside Great Falls . Through the Missouri , these rivers ultimately join the Mississippi River and flow into the Gulf of Mexico . Major tributaries of the Yellowstone include the Boulder , Stillwater , Clarks Fork , Bighorn , Tongue , and Powder Rivers . Hudson Bay drainage Basin ( edit ) The Northern Divide turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak , causing the Waterton River , Belly , and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta . There they join the Saskatchewan River , which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay . Lakes and reservoirs ( edit ) There are some 3,000 named lakes and reservoirs in Montana , including Flathead Lake , the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States . Other major lakes include Whitefish Lake in the Flathead Valley and Lake McDonald and St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park . The largest reservoir in the state is Fort Peck Reservoir on the Missouri river , which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world .",
"8": "Other major reservoirs include Hungry Horse on the Flathead River ; Lake Koocanusa on the Kootenai River ; Lake Elwell on the Marias River ; Clark Canyon on the Beaverhead River ; Yellowtail on the Bighorn River , Canyon Ferry , Hauser , Holter , Rainbow ; and Black Eagle on the Missouri River . Flora and fauna ( edit ) Pompey 's Pillar National Monument See also : List of monocotyledons of Montana , List of coniferous plants of Montana , List of lichens of Montana , List of amphibians and reptiles of Montana , List of birds of Montana , Fish of Montana , Mammals of Montana , and List of taxa described from Montana Vegetation of the state includes lodgepole pine , ponderosa pine ; Douglas fir , larch , spruce ; aspen , birch , red cedar , hemlock , ash , alder ; rocky mountain maple and cottonwood trees . Forests cover approximately 25 percent of the state . Flowers native to Montana include asters , bitterroots , daisies , lupins , poppies , primroses , columbine , lilies , orchids , and dryads . Several species of sagebrush and cactus and many species of grasses are common . Many species of mushrooms and lichens are also found in the state . Montana is home to a diverse array of fauna that includes 14 amphibian , 90 fish , 117 mammal , 20 reptile and 427 bird species . Additionally , there are over 10,000 invertebrate species , including 180 mollusks and 30 crustaceans . Montana has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states . Montana hosts five federally endangered species -- black - footed ferret , whooping crane , least tern , pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon and seven threatened species including the grizzly bear , Canadian lynx and bull trout .",
"9": "The Montana Department of Fish , Wildlife and Parks manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of game fish including seven species of trout , walleye and smallmouth bass and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring - neck pheasant , grey partridge , elk , pronghorn antelope , mule deer , whitetail deer , gray wolf and bighorn sheep . Protected Lands ( edit ) See also : List of Montana state parks Bison herd grazing at the National Bison Range Montana contains Glacier National Park , `` The Crown of the Continent '' ; and portions of Yellowstone National Park , including three of the park 's five entrances . Other federally recognized sites include the Little Bighorn National Monument , Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area , Big Hole National Battlefield , and the National Bison Range . Approximately 31,300,000 acres ( 127,000 km ) , or 35 percent of Montana 's land is administered by federal or state agencies . The U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service administers 16,800,000 acres ( 68,000 km ) of forest land in ten National Forests . There are approximately 3,300,000 acres ( 13,000 km ) of wilderness in 12 separate wilderness areas that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System established by the Wilderness Act of 1964 . The U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management controls 8,100,000 acres ( 33,000 km ) of federal land . The U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service administers 110,000 acres ( 450 km ) of 1.1 million acres of National Wildlife Refuges and waterfowl production areas in Montana . The U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation administers approximately 300,000 acres ( 1,200 km ) of land and water surface in the state . The Montana Department of Fish , Wildlife and Parks operates approximately 275,265 acres ( 1,113.96 km ) of state parks and access points on the state 's rivers and lakes .",
"10": "The Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation manages 5,200,000 acres ( 21,000 km ) of School Trust Land ceded by the federal government under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to the state in 1889 when Montana was granted statehood . These lands are managed by the state for the benefit of public schools and institutions in the state . Quake Lake was created by a landslide during the 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake Areas managed by the National Park Service include : Big Hole National Battlefield near Wisdom Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area near Fort Smith Glacier National Park Grant - Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site at Deer Lodge Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument near Crow Agency Nez Perce National Historical Park Yellowstone National Park Climate ( edit ) Temperature and precipitation for Montana 's capital city , Helena Köppen climate types of Montana Montana is a large state with considerable variation in geography , and the climate is , therefore , equally varied . The state spans from below the 45th parallel ( the line equidistant between the equator and North Pole ) to the 49th parallel , and elevations range from under 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) to nearly 13,000 feet ( 4,000 m ) above sea level . The western half is mountainous , interrupted by numerous large valleys . Eastern Montana comprises plains and badlands , broken by hills and isolated mountain ranges , and has a semi-arid , continental climate ( Köppen climate classification BSk ) . The Continental Divide has a considerable effect on the climate , as it restricts the flow of warmer air from the Pacific from moving east , and drier continental air from moving west . The area west of the divide has a modified northern Pacific coast climate , with milder winters , cooler summers , less wind and a longer growing season . Low clouds and fog often form in the valleys west of the divide in winter , but this is rarely seen in the east . Average daytime temperatures vary from 28 ° F or − 2.2 ° C in January to 84.5 ° F or 29.2 ° C in July . The variation in geography leads to great variation in temperature .",
"11": "The highest observed summer temperature was 117 ° F or 47.2 ° C at Glendive on July 20 , 1893 , and Medicine Lake on July 5 , 1937 . Throughout the state , summer nights are generally cool and pleasant . Extremely hot weather is less common above 4,000 feet or 1,200 metres . Snowfall has been recorded in all months of the year in the more mountainous areas of central and western Montana , though it is rare in July and August . The Big Drift covering the Going - to - the - Sun Road in Glacier National Park as photographed on March 23 , 2006 The coldest temperature on record for Montana is also the coldest temperature for the entire contiguous U.S. On January 20 , 1954 , − 70 ° F or − 56.7 ° C was recorded at a gold mining camp near Rogers Pass . Temperatures vary greatly on cold nights , and Helena , 40 miles ( 64 km ) to the southeast had a low of only − 36 ° F or − 37.8 ° C on the same date , and an all - time record low of − 42 ° F or − 41.1 ° C. Winter cold spells are usually the result of cold continental air coming south from Canada . The front is often well defined , causing a large temperature drop in a 24 - hour period . Conversely , air flow from the southwest results in `` chinooks . '' These steady 25 -- 50 mph ( 40 -- 80 km / h ) ( or more ) winds can suddenly warm parts of Montana , especially areas just to the east of the mountains , where temperatures sometimes rise up to 50 -- 60 ° F ( 10.0 -- 15.6 ° C ) for periods of ten days or longer . Loma is the site of the most extreme recorded temperature change in a 24 - hour period in the United States . On January 15 , 1972 , a chinook wind blew in and the temperature rose from − 54 to 49 ° F ( − 47.8 to 9.4 ° C ) .",
"12": "The Grinnell Glacier receives 105 inches ( 2,700 mm ) of precipitation per year Clark Fork River , Missoula , in autumn Average annual precipitation is 15 inches ( 380 mm ) , but great variations are seen . The mountain ranges block the moist Pacific air , holding moisture in the western valleys , and creating rain shadows to the east . Heron , in the west , receives the most precipitation , 34.70 inches ( 881 mm ) . On the eastern ( leeward ) side of a mountain range , the valleys are much drier ; Lonepine averages 11.45 inches ( 291 mm ) , and Deer Lodge 11.00 inches ( 279 mm ) of precipitation . The mountains can receive over 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) , for example the Grinnell Glacier in Glacier National Park gets 105 inches ( 2,700 mm ) . An area southwest of Belfry averaged only 6.59 inches ( 167 mm ) over a sixteen - year period . Most of the larger cities get 30 to 50 inches or 0.76 to 1.27 metres of snow each year . Mountain ranges can accumulate 300 inches or 7.62 metres of snow during a winter . Heavy snowstorms may occur from September through May , though most snow falls from November to March . The climate has become warmer in Montana and continues to do so . The glaciers in Glacier National Park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades . Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007 , the hottest month ever recorded in Montana . Winters are warmer , too , and have fewer cold spells . Previously these cold spells had killed off bark beetles , but these are now attacking the forests of western Montana . The warmer winters in the region have allowed various species to expand their ranges and proliferate . The combination of warmer weather , attack by beetles , and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana . According to a study done for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Science , portions of Montana will experience a 200 - percent increase in area burned by wildfires , and an 80 - percent increase in related air pollution .",
"13": "The table below lists average temperatures for the warmest and coldest month for Montana 's seven largest cities . The coldest month varies between December and January depending on location , although figures are similar throughout . Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Montana Location July ( ° F ) Coldest month ( ° F ) July ( ° C ) Coldest month ( ° C ) Billings 89 / 54 32 / 14 32 / 15 4 / -- 9 Missoula 86 / 51 30 / 11 31 / 16 − 0 / -- 8 Great Falls 83 / 51 28 / 11 34 / 15 1 / -- 9 Bozeman 81 / 51 27 / 10 31 / 12 − 0 / -- 11 Butte 80 / 45 27 / 7 30 / 5 − 1 / -- 15 Helena 86 / 54 30 / 12 31 / 12 − 0 / -- 11 Kalispell 81 / 48 27 / 9 29 / 14 − 1 / -- 10 Antipodes ( edit ) Montana is one of only two continental US states ( along with Colorado ) which is antipodal to land . The Kerguelen Islands are antipodal to the Montana -- Saskatchewan -- Alberta border . No towns are precisely antipodal to Kerguelen , though Chester and Rudyard are close . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Montana Early Indian treaty territories in Montana . Assiniboine family , Montana , 1890 -- 91 Various indigenous peoples lived in the territory of the present - day state of Montana for thousands of years . Historic tribes encountered by Europeans and settlers from the United States included the Crow in the south - central area ; the Cheyenne in the very southeast ; the Blackfeet , Assiniboine and Gros Ventres in the central and north - central area ; and the Kootenai and Salish in the west .",
"14": "The smaller Pend d'Oreille and Kalispel tribes lived near Flathead Lake and the western mountains , respectively . A part of southeastern Montana was used as a corridor between the Crows and the related Hidatsas in North Dakota . The land in Montana east of the continental divide was part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 . Subsequent to and particularly in the decades following the Lewis and Clark Expedition , American , British and French traders operated a fur trade , typically working with indigenous peoples , in both eastern and western portions of what would become Montana . These dealings were not always peaceful , and though the fur trade brought some material gain for indigenous tribal groups it also brought exposure to European diseases and altered their economic and cultural traditions . The trading post Fort Raymond ( 1807 - 1811 ) was constructed in Crow Indian country in 1807 . Until the Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) , land west of the continental divide was disputed between the British and U.S. and was known as the Oregon Country . The first permanent settlement by Euro - Americans in what today is Montana was St. Mary 's ( 1841 ) near present - day Stevensville . In 1847 , Fort Benton was established as the uppermost fur - trading post on the Missouri River . In the 1850s , settlers began moving into the Beaverhead and Big Hole valleys from the Oregon Trail and into the Clark 's Fork valley . The first gold discovered in Montana was at Gold Creek near present - day Garrison in 1852 . A series of major mining discoveries in the western third of the state starting in 1862 found gold , silver , copper , lead , coal ( and later oil ) that attracted tens of thousands of miners to the area . The richest of all gold placer diggings was discovered at Alder Gulch , where the town of Virginia City was established . Other rich placer deposits were found at Last Chance Gulch , where the city of Helena now stands , Confederate Gulch , Silver Bow , Emigrant Gulch , and Cooke City . Gold output from 1862 through 1876 reached $144 million ; silver then became even more important . The largest mining operations were in the city of Butte , which had important silver deposits and gigantic copper deposits .",
"15": "Montana Territory ( edit ) Before the creation of Montana Territory ( 1864 -- 1889 ) , various parts of what is now Montana were parts of Oregon Territory ( 1848 -- 1859 ) , Washington Territory ( 1853 -- 1863 ) , Idaho Territory ( 1863 -- 1864 ) , and Dakota Territory ( 1861 -- 1864 ) . Montana became a United States territory ( Montana Territory ) on May 26 , 1864 . The first territorial capital was at Bannack . The first territorial governor was Sidney Edgerton . The capital moved to Virginia City in 1865 and to Helena in 1875 . In 1870 , the non-Indian population of Montana Territory was 20,595 . The Montana Historical Society , founded on February 2 , 1865 , in Virginia City is the oldest such institution west of the Mississippi ( excluding Louisiana ) . In 1869 and 1870 respectively , the Cook -- Folsom -- Peterson and the Washburn -- Langford -- Doane Expeditions were launched from Helena into the Upper Yellowstone region and directly led to the creation of Yellowstone National Park in 1872 . Conflicts ( edit ) See also : List of military installations in Montana As white settlers began populating Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s , disputes with Native Americans ensued , primarily over land ownership and control . In 1855 , Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States Government and the Salish , Pend d'Oreille , and the Kootenai people of western Montana , which established boundaries for the tribal nations . The treaty was ratified in 1859 . While the treaty established what later became the Flathead Indian Reservation , trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the Bitterroot Valley was opened to settlement , but the tribal nations disputed those provisions . The Salish remained in the Bitterroot Valley until 1891 . The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke in 1866 , on the Missouri River , to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton , Montana . More than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state .",
"16": "Pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of Montana and surrounding states . Major battles occurred in Montana during Red Cloud 's War , the Great Sioux War of 1876 , the Nez Perce War and in conflicts with Piegan Blackfeet . The most notable of these were the Marias Massacre ( 1870 ) , Battle of the Little Bighorn ( 1876 ) , Battle of the Big Hole ( 1877 ) and Battle of Bear Paw ( 1877 ) . The last recorded conflict in Montana between the U.S. Army and Native Americans occurred in 1887 during the Battle of Crow Agency in the Big Horn country . Indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations . Chief Joseph and Col. John Gibbon met again on the Big Hole Battlefield site in 1889 Simultaneously with these conflicts , bison , a keystone species and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed . Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870 . In 1875 , General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food . By 1884 , commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction ; only about 325 bison remained in the entire United States . Cattle ranching ( edit ) Cattle ranching has been central to Montana 's history and economy since Johnny Grant began wintering cattle in the Deer Lodge Valley in the 1850s and traded cattle fattened in fertile Montana valleys with emigrants on the Oregon Trail . Nelson Story brought the first Texas Longhorn cattle into the territory in 1866 . Granville Stuart , Samuel Hauser and Andrew J. Davis started a major open range cattle operation in Fergus County in 1879 . The Grant - Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site in Deer Lodge is maintained today as a link to the ranching style of the late 19th century . Operated by the National Park Service , it is a 1,900 - acre ( 7.7 km ) working ranch .",
"17": "Railroads ( edit ) Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad ( NPR ) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882 . However , the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s . Jay Cooke , the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871 , 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull . These clashes , in part , contributed to the Panic of 1873 , a financial crisis that delayed construction of the railroad into Montana . Surveys in 1874 , 1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876 . The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8 , 1883 , at Gold Creek . Tracks of the Great Northern Railroad ( GNR ) reached eastern Montana in 1887 and when they reached the northern Rocky Mountains in 1890 , the GNR became a significant promoter of tourism to Glacier National Park region . The transcontinental GNR was completed on January 6 , 1893 , at Scenic , Washington . In 1881 , the Utah and Northern Railway a branch line of the Union Pacific completed a narrow gauge line from northern Utah to Butte . A number of smaller spur lines operated in Montana from 1881 into the 20th century including the Oregon Short Line , Montana Railroad and Milwaukee Road . Statehood ( edit ) Buffalo Soldiers , Ft . Keogh , Montana , 1890 . The nickname was given to the `` Black Cavalry '' by the Native American tribes they fought . Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher , Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood . A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3 : 1 by Montana citizens in November 1884 . For political reasons , Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889 . Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted . In July 1889 , Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution accepted by the people and the federal government .",
"18": "On November 8 , 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty - first state in the union . The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole . In the 1880s , Helena ( the current state capital ) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city . Homesteading ( edit ) The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and `` prove - up '' 160 acres ( 0.65 km ) of federal land in the midwest and western United States . Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory . The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868 . The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Gwenllian Evans , the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana pioneer , Morgan Evans . By 1880 , there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana , but few on the eastern plains . The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres ( 2.6 km ) to settlers for a fee of $. 25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land . After three years , a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler . This act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into Montana , many of whom grazed their herds on the Montana prairie for three years , did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees . Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s , though in relatively small numbers . Mennonite family in Montana , c. 1937 In the early 1900s , James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods . Other railroads followed suit . In 1902 , the Reclamation Act was passed , allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana 's eastern river valleys .",
"19": "In 1909 , Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres ( 0.6 to 1.3 km ) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to `` prove up '' on a claim to three years . In 1916 , the Stock - Raising Homestead Act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation . This combination of advertising and changes in the Homestead Act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders , lured by free land , with World War I bringing particularly high wheat prices . In addition , Montana was going through a temporary period of higher - than - average precipitation . Homesteaders arriving in this period were known as `` Honyockers '' , or `` scissorbills . '' Though the word `` honyocker '' , possibly derived from the ethnic slur `` hunyak , '' was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being `` greenhorns '' , `` new at his business '' or `` unprepared '' , the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience , though there were also many who did not . However , farmers faced a number of problems . Massive debt was one . Also , most settlers were from wetter regions , unprepared for the dry climate , lack of trees , and scarce water resources . In addition , small homesteads of fewer than 320 acres ( 130 ha ) were unsuited to the environment . Weather and agricultural conditions are much harsher and drier west of the 100th meridian . Then , the droughts of 1917 -- 1921 proved devastating . Many people left , and half the banks in the state went bankrupt as a result of providing mortgages that could not be repaid . As a result , farm sizes increased while the number of farms decreased By 1910 , homesteaders filed claims on over five million acres , and by 1923 , over 93 million acres were farmed . In 1910 , the Great Falls land office alone saw over 1,000 homestead filings per month , and the peak of 1917 -- 1918 saw 14,000 new homesteads each year . But significant drop occurred following drought in 1919 .",
"20": "Honyocker , scissorbill , nester ... He was the Joad of a ( half ) century ago , swarming into a hostile land : duped when he started , robbed when he arrived ; hopeful , courageous , ambitious : he sought independence or adventure , comfort and security ... The honyocker was farmer , spinster , deep - sea diver ; fiddler , physician , bartender , cook . He lived in Minnesota or Wisconsin , Massachusetts or Maine . There the news sought him out -- Jim Hill 's news of free land in the Treasure State ... -- Joseph Kinsey Howard , Montana , High , Wide , and Handsome Montana and World war I ( edit ) As World War I broke out , Jeannette Rankin , the first woman in the United States to be a member of Congress , was a pacifist and voted against the United States ' declaration of war . Her actions were widely criticized in Montana , where public support for the war was strong , and wartime sentiment reached levels of hyper - patriotism among many Montanans . In 1917 -- 18 , due to a miscalculation of Montana 's population , approximately 40,000 Montanans , ten percent of the state 's population , either volunteered or were drafted into the armed forces . This represented a manpower contribution to the war that was 25 percent higher than any other state on a per capita basis . Approximately 1500 Montanans died as a result of the war and 2437 were wounded , also higher than any other state on a per capita basis . Montana 's Remount station in Miles City provided 10,000 cavalry horses for the war , more than any other Army post in the US . The war created a boom for Montana mining , lumber and farming interests as demand for war materials and food increased . In June 1917 , the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918 , enacted in May 1918 . In February 1918 , the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act , which was a model for the federal version . In combination , these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government , military , or symbols through speech or other means .",
"21": "The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78 , mostly of German or Austrian descent . Over 40 spent time in prison . In May 2006 , then - Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act . The Montanans who opposed U.S. entry into the war included certain immigrant groups of German and Irish heritage as well as pacifist Anabaptist people such as the Hutterites and Mennonites , many of whom were also of Germanic heritage . In turn , pro-War groups formed , such as the Montana Council of Defense , created by Governor Samuel V. Stewart as well as local `` loyalty committees . '' War sentiment was complicated by labor issues . The Anaconda Copper Company , which was at its historic peak of copper production , was an extremely powerful force in Montana , but also faced criticism and opposition from socialist newspapers and unions struggling to make gains for their members . In Butte , a multi-ethnic community with significant European immigrant population , labor unions , particularly the newly formed Metal Mine Workers ' Union , opposed the war on grounds that it mostly profited large lumber and mining interests . In the wake of ramped - up mine production and the Speculator Mine disaster in June 1917 , Industrial Workers of the World organizer Frank Little arrived in Butte to organize miners . He gave some speeches with inflammatory anti-war rhetoric . On August 1 , 1917 , he was dragged from his boarding house by masked vigilantes , and hanged from a railroad trestle , considered a lynching . Little 's murder and the strikes that followed resulted in the National Guard being sent to Butte to restore order . Overall , anti-German and anti-labor sentiment increased and created a movement that led to the passage of the Montana Sedition Act the following February . In addition , the Council of Defense was made a state agency with the power to prosecute and punish individuals deemed in violation of the Act . The Council also passed rules limiting public gatherings and prohibiting the speaking of German in public . In the wake of the legislative action in 1918 , emotions rose . U.S. Attorney Burton K. Wheeler and several District Court Judges who hesitated to prosecute or convict people brought up on charges were strongly criticized .",
"22": "Wheeler was brought before the Council of Defense , though he avoided formal proceedings , and a District Court judge from Forsyth was impeached . There were burnings of German - language books and several near - hangings . The prohibition on speaking German remained in effect into the early 1920s . Complicating the wartime struggles , the 1918 Influenza epidemic claimed the lives of over 5,000 Montanans . The period has been dubbed `` Montana 's Agony '' by some historians due to the suppression of civil liberties that occurred . Depression era ( edit ) An economic depression began in Montana after World War I and lasted through the Great Depression until the beginning of World War II . This caused great hardship for farmers , ranchers , and miners . The wheat farms in eastern Montana make the state a major producer ; the wheat has a relatively high protein content and thus commands premium prices . Montana and World war II ( edit ) When the U.S. entered World War II on December 8 , 1941 , many Montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade . Another 40,000 - plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war , and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended . These numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state 's total population , and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state . Many Native Americans were among those who served , including soldiers from the Crow Nation who became Code Talkers . At least 1500 Montanans died in the war . Montana also was the training ground for the First Special Service Force or `` Devil 's Brigade , '' a joint U.S - Canadian commando - style force that trained at Fort William Henry Harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment . Air bases were built in Great Falls , Lewistown , Cut Bank and Glasgow , some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the Soviet Union . During the war , about 30 Japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in Montana , though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them . In 1940 , Jeannette Rankin was again elected to Congress .",
"23": "In 1941 , as she had in 1917 , she voted against the United States ' declaration of war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . Hers was the only vote against the war , and in the wake of public outcry over her vote , Rankin required police protection for a time . Other pacifists tended to be those from `` peace churches '' who generally opposed war . Many individuals claiming conscientious objector status from throughout the U.S. were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire - fighting duties . Other military ( edit ) During World War II , the planned battleship USS Montana was named in honor of the state . However , the battleship was never completed . Montana is the only one of the first 48 states lacking a completed battleship being named for it . Alaska and Hawaii have both had nuclear submarines named after them . Montana is the only state in the union without a modern naval ship named in its honor . However , in August 2007 Senator Jon Tester made a request to the Navy that a submarine be christened USS Montana . Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced on September 3 , 2015 that Virginia Class attack Submarine SSN - 794 will bear the state 's namesake . This will be the second commissioned warship to bear the name Montana . Cold war Montana ( edit ) In the post-World War II Cold War era , Montana became host to U.S. Air Force Military Air Transport Service ( 1947 ) for airlift training in C - 54 Skymasters and eventually , in 1953 Strategic Air Command air and missile forces were based at Malmstrom Air Force Base in Great Falls . The base also hosted the 29th Fighter Interceptor Squadron , Air Defense Command from 1953 to 1968 . In December 1959 , Malmstrom AFB was selected as the home of the new Minuteman I ballistic missile . The first operational missiles were in - place and ready in early 1962 . In late 1962 missiles assigned to the 341st Strategic Missile Wing would play a major role in the Cuban Missile Crisis .",
"24": "When the Soviets removed their missiles from Cuba , President John F. Kennedy said the Soviets backed down because they knew he had an `` Ace in the Hole , '' referring directly to the Minuteman missiles in Montana . Montana eventually became home to the largest ICBM field in the U.S. covering 23,500 square miles ( 61,000 km ) . Demographics ( edit ) Montana population density map Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1870 20,595 -- 1880 39,159 90.1 % 1890 142,924 265.0 % 1900 243,329 70.3 % 1910 376,053 54.5 % 1920 548,889 46.0 % 1930 537,606 − 2.1 % 1940 559,456 4.1 % 1950 591,024 5.6 % 1960 674,767 14.2 % 1970 694,409 2.9 % 1980 786,690 13.3 % 1990 799,065 1.6 % 2000 902,195 12.9 % 989,415 9.7 % Est. 2016 1,042,520 5.4 % Source : 1910 -- 2010 2016 estimate The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1 , 2015 , a 4.40 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . The 2010 census put Montana 's population at 989,415 which is an increase of 43,534 people , or 4.40 percent , since 2010 . During the first decade of the new century , growth was mainly concentrated in Montana 's seven largest counties , with the highest percentage growth in Gallatin County , which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000 -- 2010 .",
"25": "The city seeing the largest percentage growth was Kalispell with 40.1 percent , and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 from 2000 -- 2010 . On January 3 , 2012 , the Census and Economic Information Center ( CEIC ) at the Montana Department of Commerce estimated Montana had hit the one million population mark sometime between November and December 2011 . The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,005,141 on July 1 , 2012 , a 1.6 percent increase since the 2010 United States Census . According to the 2010 Census , 89.4 percent of the population was White ( 87.8 percent Non-Hispanic White ) , 6.3 percent American Indian and Alaska Native , 2.9 percent Hispanics and Latinos of any race , 0.6 percent Asian , 0.4 percent Black or African American , 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander , 0.6 percent from Some Other Race , and 2.5 percent from two or more races . The largest European ancestry groups in Montana as of 2010 are : German ( 27.0 percent ) , Irish ( 14.8 percent ) , English ( 12.6 percent ) , Norwegian ( 10.9 percent ) , French ( 4.7 percent ) and Italian ( 3.4 percent ) .",
"26": "Montana Racial Breakdown of Population ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 White 92.7 % 90.6 % 89.4 % Native 6.0 % 6.2 % 6.3 % Asian 0.5 % 0.5 % 0.6 % Black 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.4 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- 0.1 % 0.1 % Other race 0.5 % 0.6 % 0.6 % Two or more races -- 1.7 % 2.5 % Intrastate Demographics ( edit ) Montana has a larger Native American population numerically and percentage-wise than most U.S. states . Although the state ranked 45th in population ( according to the 2010 U.S. Census ) , it ranked 19th in total native people population . Native people constituted 6.5 percent of the state 's total population , the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states . Montana has three counties in which Native Americans are a majority : Big Horn , Glacier , and Roosevelt . Other counties with large Native American populations include Blaine , Cascade , Hill , Missoula , and Yellowstone counties . The state 's Native American population grew by 27.9 percent between 1980 and 1990 ( at a time when Montana 's entire population rose just 1.6 percent ) , and by 18.5 percent between 2000 and 2010 . As of 2009 , almost two - thirds of Native Americans in the state live in urban areas . Of Montana 's 20 largest cities , Polson ( 15.7 percent ) , Havre ( 13.0 percent ) , Great Falls ( 5.0 percent ) , Billings ( 4.4 percent ) , and Anaconda ( 3.1 percent ) had the greatest percentage of Native American residents in 2010 .",
"27": "Billings ( 4,619 ) , Great Falls ( 2,942 ) , Missoula ( 1,838 ) , Havre ( 1,210 ) , and Polson ( 706 ) have the most Native Americans living there . The state 's seven reservations include more than twelve distinct Native American ethnolinguistic groups . While the largest European - American population in Montana overall is German , pockets of significant Scandinavian ancestry are prevalent in some of the farming - dominated northern and eastern prairie regions , parallel to nearby regions of North Dakota and Minnesota . Farmers of Irish , Scots , and English roots also settled in Montana . The historically mining - oriented communities of western Montana such as Butte have a wider range of European - American ethnicity ; Finns , Eastern Europeans and especially Irish settlers left an indelible mark on the area , as well as people originally from British mining regions such as Cornwall , Devon and Wales . The nearby city of Helena , also founded as a mining camp , had a similar mix in addition to a small Chinatown . Many of Montana 's historic logging communities originally attracted people of Scottish , Scandinavian , Slavic , English and Scots - Irish descent . The Hutterites , an Anabaptist sect originally from Switzerland , settled here , and today Montana is second only to South Dakota in U.S. Hutterite population with several colonies spread across the state . Beginning in the mid-1990s , the state also saw an influx of Amish , who relocated to Montana from the increasingly urbanized areas of Ohio and Pennsylvania . Montana 's Hispanic population is concentrated around the Billings area in south - central Montana , where many of Montana 's Mexican - Americans have been in the state for generations . Great Falls has the highest percentage of African - Americans in its population , although Billings has more African American residents than Great Falls . The Chinese in Montana , while a low percentage today , have historically been an important presence . About 2000 -- 3000 Chinese miners were in the mining areas of Montana by 1870 , and 2500 in 1890 . However , public opinion grew increasingly negative toward them in the 1890s and nearly half of the state 's Asian population left the state by 1900 . Today , there is a significant Hmong population centered in the vicinity of Missoula .",
"28": "Montanans who claim Filipino ancestry amount to almost 3,000 , making them currently the largest Asian American group in the state . Language ( edit ) English is the official language in the state of Montana , as it is in many U.S. states . According to the 2000 U.S. Census , 94.8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak English at home . Spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than English . There were about 13,040 Spanish - language speakers in the state ( 1.4 percent of the population ) in 2011 . There were also 15,438 ( 1.7 percent of the state population ) speakers of Indo - European languages other than English or Spanish , 10,154 ( 1.1 percent ) speakers of a Native American language , and 4,052 ( 0.4 percent ) speakers of an Asian or Pacific Islander language . Other languages spoken in Montana ( as of 2013 ) include Assiniboine ( about 150 speakers in the Montana and Canada ) , Blackfoot ( about 100 speakers ) , Cheyenne ( about 1,700 speakers ) , Plains Cree ( about 100 speakers ) , Crow ( about 3,000 speakers ) , Dakota ( about 18,800 speakers in Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota ) , German Hutterite ( about 5,600 speakers ) , Gros Ventre ( about 10 speakers ) , Kalispel - Pend d'Oreille ( about 64 speakers ) , Kutenai ( about 6 speakers ) , and Lakota ( about 6,000 speakers in Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , North Dakota , South Dakota ) . The United States Department of Education estimated in 2009 that 5,274 students in Montana spoke a language at home other than English . These included a Native American language ( 64 percent ) , German ( 4 percent ) , Spanish ( 3 percent ) , Russian ( 1 percent ) , and Chinese ( less than 0.5 percent ) .",
"29": "Top 14 Non-English Languages Spoken in Montana Language Percentage of population ( as of 2000 ) Spanish 1.5 % German 1.1 % French and Crow ( tied ) 0.4 % Scandinavian languages ( including Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ) 0.2 % Italian , Japanese , Russian , Native American languages ( other than Crow ; significantly Cheyenne ) , Slavic languages ( including Czech , Slovak , and Ukrainian ) ( tied ) 0.1 % Religion ( edit ) Religion in Montana religion percent Protestant 47 % Catholic 23 % No religion 20 % Declined to answer 6 % Mormon 5 % Jehovah 's witnesses 2 % Buddhist 1 % Jewish 0.5 % Hindu 0.5 % Muslim 0.5 % According to the Pew Forum , the religious affiliations of the people of Montana are as follows : Protestant 47 % , Catholic 23 % , LDS ( Mormon ) 5 % , Jehovah 's Witness 2 % , Buddhist 1 % , Jewish 0.5 % , Muslim 0.5 % , Hindu 0.5 % and Non-Religious at 20 % . The largest denominations in Montana as of 2010 were the Catholic Church with 127,612 adherents , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints with 46,484 adherents , Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 38,665 adherents , and non-denominational Evangelical Protestant with 27,370 adherents . Native Americans ( edit ) Seven Indian reservations in Montana ( borders are not exact ) Approximately 66,000 people of Native American heritage live in Montana . Stemming from multiple treaties and federal legislation , including the Indian Appropriations Act ( 1851 ) , the Dawes Act ( 1887 ) , and the Indian Reorganization Act ( 1934 ) , seven Indian reservations , encompassing eleven federally recognized tribal nations , were created in Montana . A twelfth nation , the Little Shell Chippewa is a `` landless '' people headquartered in Great Falls ; it is recognized by the state of Montana but not by the U.S. government .",
"30": "The Blackfeet nation is headquartered on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation ( 1851 ) in Browning , Crow on the Crow Indian Reservation ( 1868 ) in Crow Agency , Confederated Salish and Kootenai and Pend d'Oreille on the Flathead Indian Reservation ( 1855 ) in Pablo , Northern Cheyenne on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation ( 1884 ) at Lame Deer , Assiniboine and Gros Ventre on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation ( 1888 ) in Fort Belknap Agency , Assiniboine and Sioux on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation ( 1888 ) at Poplar , and Chippewa - Cree on the Rocky Boy 's Indian Reservation ( 1916 ) near Box Elder . Approximately 63 % of all Native people live off the reservations , concentrated in the larger Montana cities , with the largest concentration of urban Indians in Great Falls . The state also has a small Métis population , and 1990 census data indicated that people from as many as 275 different tribes lived in Montana . Montana 's Constitution specifically reads that `` the state recognizes the distinct and unique cultural heritage of the American Indians and is committed in its educational goals to the preservation of their cultural integrity . '' It is the only state in the U.S. with such a constitutional mandate . The Indian Education for All Act ( IEFA ) was passed in 1999 to provide funding for this mandate and ensure implementation . It mandates that all schools teach American Indian history , culture , and heritage from preschool through college . For kindergarten through 12th - grade students , an `` Indian Education for All '' curriculum from the Montana Office of Public Instruction is available free to all schools . The state was sued in 2004 because of lack of funding , and the state has increased its support of the program . South Dakota passed similar legislation in 2007 , and Wisconsin was working to strengthen its own program based on this model -- and the current practices of Montana 's schools . Each Indian reservation in the state has a fully accredited tribal colleges .",
"31": "The University of Montana `` was the first to establish dual admission agreements with all of the tribal colleges and as such it was the first institution in the nation to actively facilitate student transfer from the tribal colleges '' Birth Data ( edit ) Note : Births in table do n't add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number . Live Births by Race / Ethnicity of Mother Race 2013 2014 2015 White 10,615 ( 85.7 % ) 10,572 ( 85.0 % ) 10,768 ( 85.6 % ) > Non-Hispanic White 10,170 ( 82.2 % ) 10,153 ( 81.7 % ) 10,270 ( 81.6 % ) Native 1,531 ( 12.4 % ) 1,585 ( 12.7 % ) 1,560 ( 12.4 % ) Asian 132 ( 1.1 % ) 169 ( 1.3 % ) 152 ( 1.2 % ) Black 99 ( 0.8 % ) 106 ( 0.8 % ) 103 ( 0.8 % ) Hispanic ( of any race ) 476 ( 3.8 % ) 494 ( 4.0 % ) 573 ( 4.5 % ) Total Montana 12,377 ( 100 % ) 12,432 ( 100 % ) 12,583 ( 100 % ) Economy ( edit ) See also : Montana locations by per capita income Montana ranks 2nd nationally in craft breweries per capita . First Interstate Center in downtown Billings , the tallest building in Montana The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Montana 's total state product in 2014 was $44.3 billion . per capita personal income in 2014 was $40,601 , 35th in the nation . Montana is a relative hub of beer microbrewing , ranking third in the nation in number of craft breweries per capita in 2011 .",
"32": "There are significant industries for lumber and mineral extraction ; the state 's resources include gold , coal , silver , talc , and vermiculite . Ecotaxes on resource extraction are numerous . A 1974 state severance tax on coal ( which varied from 20 to 30 percent ) was upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana , 453 U.S. 609 ( 1981 ) . Tourism is also important to the economy with over ten million visitors a year to Glacier National Park , Flathead Lake , the Missouri River headwaters , the site of the Battle of Little Bighorn and three of the five entrances to Yellowstone National Park . Montana 's personal income tax contains 7 brackets , with rates ranging from 1 percent to 6.9 percent . Montana has no sales tax . In Montana , household goods are exempt from property taxes . However , property taxes are assessed on livestock , farm machinery , heavy equipment , automobiles , trucks , and business equipment . The amount of property tax owed is not determined solely by the property 's value . The property 's value is multiplied by a tax rate , set by the Montana Legislature , to determine its taxable value . The taxable value is then multiplied by the mill levy established by various taxing jurisdictions -- city and county government , school districts and others . As of June 2015 , the state 's unemployment rate is 3.9 percent .",
"33": "Education ( edit ) Colleges and universities ( edit ) The Montana University System consists of : Dawson Community College Flathead Valley Community College Miles Community College Montana State University -- Bozeman Gallatin College Montana State University -- Bozeman Montana State University -- Billings City College at Montana State University Billings -- Billings Montana State University -- Northern -- Havre Great Falls College Montana State University -- Great Falls University of Montana -- Missoula Missoula College University of Montana -- Missoula Montana Tech of the University of Montana -- Butte Highlands College of Montana Tech -- Butte University of Montana Western -- Dillon Helena College University of Montana -- Helena Bitterroot College University of Montana -- Hamilton Tribal colleges in Montana include : Aaniiih Nakoda College -- Harlem Blackfeet Community College -- Browning Chief Dull Knife College -- Lame Deer Fort Peck Community College -- Poplar Little Big Horn College -- Crow Agency Salish Kootenai College -- Pablo Stone Child College -- Box Elder There are three private , non-profit colleges in Montana : Carroll College Rocky Mountain College University of Great Falls Schools ( edit ) The Montana Territory was formed on April 26 , 1864 , when the U.S. passed the Organic Act . Schools started forming in the area before it was officially a territory as families started settling into the area . The first schools were subscription schools that typically held in the teacher 's home . The first formal school on record was at Fort Owen in Bitterroot valley in 1862 . The students were Indian children and the children of Fort Owen employees . The first school term started in early winter and only lasted until February 28 . Classes were taught by Mr. Robinson . Another early subscription school was started by Thomas Dimsdale in Virginia City in 1863 . In this school students were charged $1.75 per week . The Montana Territorial Legislative Assembly had its inaugural meeting in 1864 . The first legislature authorized counties to levy taxes for schools , which set the foundations for public schooling . Madison County was the first to take advantage of the newly authorized taxes and it formed fhe first public school in Virginia City in 1886 .",
"34": "The first school year was scheduled to begin in January 1866 , but severe weather postponed its opening until March . The first school year ran through the summer and did n't end until August 17 . One of the first teachers at the school was Sarah Raymond . She was a 25 - year - old woman who had traveled to Virginia City via wagon train in 1865 . To become a certified teacher , Raymond took a test in her home and paid a $6 fee in gold dust to obtain a teaching certificate . With the help of an assistant teacher , Mrs. Farley , Raymond was responsible for teaching 50 to 60 students each day out of the 81 students enrolled at the school . Sarah Raymond was paid at a rate of $125 per month , and Mrs. Farley was paid $75 per month . There were no textbooks used in the school . In their place was an assortment of books brought in by various emigrants . Sarah quit teaching the following year , but would later become the Madison County superintendent of schools . Culture ( edit ) See also : Music of Montana , Artists from Montana , and Authors from Montana Many well - known artists , photographers and authors have documented the land , culture and people of Montana in the last 100 years . Painter and sculptor Charles Marion Russell , known as `` the cowboy artist '' created more than 2,000 paintings of cowboys , Native Americans , and landscapes set in the Western United States and in Alberta , Canada . The C.M. Russell Museum Complex located in Great Falls , Montana houses more than 2,000 Russell artworks , personal objects , and artifacts . Evelyn Cameron , a naturalist and photographer from Terry documented early 20th century life on the Montana prairie , taking startlingly clear pictures of everything around her : cowboys , sheepherders , weddings , river crossings , freight wagons , people working , badlands , eagles , coyotes and wolves . Many notable Montana authors have documented or been inspired by life in Montana in both fiction and non-fiction works . Pulitzer Prize winner Wallace Earle Stegner from Great Falls was often called `` The Dean of Western Writers '' .",
"35": "James Willard Schultz ( `` Apikuni '' ) from Browning is most noted for his prolific stories about Blackfeet life and his contributions to the naming of prominent features in Glacier National Park . Major cultural events ( edit ) Dancers at Crow Fair in 1941 Montana hosts numerous arts and cultural festivals and events every year . Major events include : Bozeman was once known as the `` Sweet Pea capital of the nation '' referencing the prolific edible pea crop . To promote the area and celebrate its prosperity , local business owners began a `` Sweet Pea Carnival '' that included a parade and queen contest . The annual event lasted from 1906 to 1916 . Promoters used the inedible but fragrant and colorful sweet pea flower as an emblem of the celebration . In 1977 the `` Sweet Pea '' concept was revived as an arts festival rather than a harvest celebration , growing into a three - day event that is one of the largest festivals in Montana . Montana Shakespeare in the Parks has been performing free , live theatrical productions of Shakespeare and other classics throughout Montana since 1973 . The Montana Shakespeare Company is based in Helena . Since 1909 , the Crow Fair and Rodeo , near Hardin , has been an annual event every August in Crow Agency and is currently the largest Northern Native American gathering , attracting nearly 45,000 spectators and participants . Since 1952 , North American Indian Days has been held every July in Browning . Lame Deer hosts the annual Northern Cheyenne Powwow . Sports ( edit ) Montana Grizzlies football at Washington -- Grizzly Stadium , Missoula Professional sports ( edit ) There are no major league sports franchises in Montana due to the state 's relatively small and dispersed population , but a number of minor league teams play in the state . Baseball is the minor - league sport with the longest heritage in the state , and Montana is currently home to four Minor League Baseball teams , all members of the Pioneer League : the Billings Mustangs , Great Falls Voyagers , Helena Brewers , and Missoula Osprey . College sports ( edit ) All of Montana 's four - year colleges and universities field intercollegiate sports teams .",
"36": "The two largest schools , the University of Montana and Montana State University , are members of the Big Sky Conference and have enjoyed a strong athletic rivalry since the early twentieth century . Six of Montana 's smaller four - year schools are members of the Frontier Conference . One is a member of the Great Northwest Athletic Conference . Other sports ( edit ) A variety of sports are offered at Montana high schools . Montana allows the smallest -- `` Class C '' -- high schools to utilize six - man football teams , dramatized in the independent 2002 film , The Slaughter Rule . There are junior ice hockey teams in Montana , four of which are affiliated with the North American 3 Hockey League : Bozeman Icedogs , Great Falls Americans , Helena Bighorns , and Missoula Jr . Bruins . Olympic competitors ( edit ) Ski jumping champion and United States Skiing Hall of Fame inductee Casper Oimoen was captain of the U.S. Olympic team at the 1936 Winter Olympics while he was a resident of Anaconda . He placed thirteenth that year , and had previously finished fifth at the 1932 Winter Olympics . Montana has produced two U.S. champions and Olympic competitors in men 's figure skating , both from Great Falls : John Misha Petkevich , lived and trained in Montana before entering college , competed in the 1968 and 1972 Winter Olympics . Scott Davis , also from Great Falls , competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics Missoulian Tommy Moe won Olympic gold and silver medals at the 1994 Winter Olympics in downhill skiing and super G , the first American skier to win two medals at any Winter Olympics . Eric Bergoust , also of Missoula , won an Olympic gold medal in freestyle aerial skiing at the 1998 Winter Olympics , also competing in 1994 , 2002 and 2006 Olympics plus winning 13 World Cup titles . Sporting achievements ( edit ) Montanans have been a part of several major sporting achievements : In 1889 , Spokane became the first and only Montana horse to win the Kentucky Derby . For this accomplishment , the horse was admitted to the Montana Cowboy Hall of Fame in 2008 .",
"37": "In 1904 a basketball team of young Native American women from Fort Shaw , after playing undefeated during their previous season , went to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition held in St. Louis in 1904 , defeated all challenging teams and were declared to be world champions . In 1923 , the controversial Jack Dempsey vs. Tommy Gibbons fight for the heavyweight boxing championship , won by Dempsey , took place in Shelby . Outdoor recreation ( edit ) Montana provides year - round outdoor recreation opportunities for residents and visitors . Hiking , fishing , hunting , watercraft recreation , camping , golf , cycling , horseback riding , and skiing are popular activities . Fishing and hunting ( edit ) Montana has been a destination for its world - class trout fisheries since the 1930s . Fly fishing for several species of native and introduced trout in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state . Montana is the home of the Federation of Fly Fishers and hosts many of the organizations annual conclaves . The state has robust recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in the west , walleye can be found in many parts of the state , while northern pike , smallmouth and largemouth bass fisheries as well as catfish and paddlefish can be found in the waters of eastern Montana . Robert Redford 's 1992 film of Norman Mclean 's novel , A River Runs Through It , was filmed in Montana and brought national attention to fly fishing and the state . Montana is home to the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and has a historic big game hunting tradition . There are fall bow and general hunting seasons for elk , pronghorn antelope , whitetail deer and mule deer . A random draw grants a limited number of permits for moose , mountain goats and bighorn sheep . There is a spring hunting season for black bear and in most years , limited hunting of bison that leave Yellowstone National Park is allowed . Current law allows both hunting and trapping of a specific number of wolves and mountain lions . Trapping of assorted fur bearing animals is allowed in certain seasons and many opportunities exist for migratory waterfowl and upland bird hunting .",
"38": "Winter sports ( edit ) The Big Sky Resort The Palisades area on the north end of the ski area at Red Lodge Mountain Resort Guided snowmobile tours in Yellowstone Park Both downhill skiing and cross-country skiing are popular in Montana , which has 15 developed downhill ski areas open to the public , including ; Bear Paw Ski Bowl near Havre , Montana Big Sky Resort , at Big Sky Blacktail Mountain near Lakeside Bridger Bowl Ski Area near Bozeman Discovery Basin between Philipsburg and Anaconda Great Divide near Helena , Montana Lookout Pass off Interstate 90 at the Montana - Idaho border Lost Trail near Darby , Montana Maverick Mountain near Dillon , Montana Moonlight Basin near Big Sky Red Lodge Mountain Resort near Red Lodge Showdown Ski Area near White Sulphur Springs , Montana Snowbowl Ski Area near Missoula Teton Pass Ski Area near Choteau Turner Mountain Ski Resort near Libby Whitefish Mountain Resort near Whitefish Big Sky , Moonlight Basin , Red Lodge , and Whitefish Mountain are destination resorts , while the remaining areas do not have overnight lodging at the ski area , though several host restaurants and other amenities . These day - use resorts partner with local lodging businesses to offer ski and lodging packages . Montana also has millions of acres open to cross-country skiing on nine of its national forests plus in Glacier National Park . In addition to cross-country trails at most of the downhill ski areas , there are also 13 private cross-country skiing resorts . Yellowstone National Park also allows cross-country skiing . Snowmobiling is popular in Montana which boasts over 4000 miles of trails and frozen lakes available in winter . There are 24 areas where snowmobile trails are maintained , most also offering ungroomed trails . West Yellowstone offers a large selection of trails and is the primary starting point for snowmobile trips into Yellowstone National Park , where `` oversnow '' vehicle use is strictly limited , usually to guided tours , and regulations are in considerable flux . Snow coach tours are offered at Big Sky , Whitefish , West Yellowstone and into Yellowstone National Park . Equestrian skijoring has a niche in Montana , which hosts the World Skijoring Championships in Whitefish as part of the annual Whitefish Winter Carnival .",
"39": "Health ( edit ) Montana does not have a Trauma I hospital , but does have Trauma II hospitals in Missoula , Billings , and Great Falls . In 2013 AARP The Magazine named the Billings Clinic one of the safest hospitals in the United States . Montana is ranked as the least obese state in the U.S. , at 19.6 % , according to the 2014 Gallup Poll . Media ( edit ) Main articles : List of radio stations in Montana and List of television stations in Montana As of 2010 , Missoula is the 166th largest media market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research , while Billings is 170th , Great Falls is 190th , the Butte - Bozeman area 191st , and Helena is 206th . There are 25 television stations in Montana , representing each major U.S. network . As of August 2013 , there are 527 FCC - licensed FM radio stations broadcast in Montana , with 114 such AM stations . During the age of the Copper Kings , each Montana copper company had its own newspaper . This changed in 1959 when Lee Enterprises bought several Montana newspapers . Montana 's largest circulating daily city newspapers are the Billings Gazette ( circulation 39,405 ) , Great Falls Tribune ( 26,733 ) , and Missoulian ( 25,439 ) . Transportation ( edit ) Yellowstone Airport , West Yellowstone , Montana Main article : Transportation in Montana See also : List of Montana railroads , List of Montana numbered highways , and List of airports in Montana Railroads have been an important method of transportation in Montana since the 1880s . Historically , the state was traversed by the main lines of three east - west transcontinental routes : the Milwaukee Road , the Great Northern , and the Northern Pacific . Today , the BNSF Railway is the state 's largest railroad , its main transcontinental route incorporating the former Great Northern main line across the state . Montana RailLink , a privately held Class II railroad , operates former Northern Pacific trackage in western Montana .",
"40": "In addition , Amtrak 's Empire Builder train runs through the north of the state , stopping in Libby , Whitefish , West Glacier , Essex , East Glacier Park , Browning , Cut Bank , Shelby , Havre , Malta , Glasgow , and Wolf Point . Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport is the busiest airport in the state of Montana , surpassing Billings Logan International Airport in the spring of 2013 . Montana 's other major Airports include Billings Logan International Airport , Missoula International Airport , Great Falls International Airport , Glacier Park International Airport , Helena Regional Airport , Bert Mooney Airport and Yellowstone Airport . Eight smaller communities have airports designated for commercial service under the Essential Air Service program . Historically , U.S. Route 10 was the primary east - west highway route across Montana , connecting the major cities in the southern half of the state . Still the state 's most important east - west travel corridor , the route is today served by Interstate 90 and Interstate 94 which roughly follow the same route as the Northern Pacific . U.S. Routes 2 and 12 and Montana Highway 200 also traverse the entire state from east to west . Montana 's only north - south Interstate Highway is Interstate 15 . Other major north - south highways include U.S. Routes 87 , 89 , 93 and 191 . Montana and South Dakota are the only states to share a land border which is not traversed by a paved road . Highway 212 , the primary paved route between the two , passes through the northeast corner of Wyoming between Montana and South Dakota . Law and government ( edit ) See also : List of Governors of Montana and United States congressional delegations from Montana This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Constitution ( edit ) Montana is governed by a constitution . The first constitution was drafted by a constitutional convention in 1889 , in preparation for statehood . Ninety percent of its language came from an 1884 constitution which was never acted upon by Congress for national political reasons .",
"41": "The 1889 constitution mimicked the structure of the United States Constitution , as well as outlining almost the same civil and political rights for citizens . However , the 1889 Montana constitution significantly restricted the power of state government , the legislature was much more powerful than the executive branch , and the jurisdiction of the District Courts very specifically described . Montana voters amended the 1889 constitution 37 times between 1889 and 1972 . In 1914 , Montana granted women the vote . In 1916 , Montana became the first state to elect a woman , Progressive Republican Jeannette Rankin , to Congress . In 1971 , Montana voters approved the call for a state constitutional convention . A new constitution was drafted , which made the legislative and executive branches much more equal in power and which was much less prescriptive in outlining powers , duties , and jurisdictions . The draft included an expanded , more progressive list of civil and political rights , extended these rights to children for the first time , transferred administration of property taxes to the counties from the state , implemented new water rights , eliminated sovereign immunity , and gave the legislature greater power to spend tax revenues . The constitution was narrowly approved , 116,415 to 113,883 , and declared ratified on June 20 , 1972 . Three issues which the constitutional convention were unable to resolve were submitted to voters simultaneously with the proposed constitution . Voters approved the legalization of gambling , a bicameral legislature , and retention of the death penalty . The 1972 constitution has been amended 31 times as of 2015 .",
"42": "Major amendments include establishment of a reclamation trust ( funded by taxes on natural resource extraction ) to restore mined land ( 1974 ) ; restoration of sovereign immunity , when such immunity has been approved by a two - thirds vote in each house ( 1974 ) ; establishment of a 90 - day biennial ( rather than annual ) legislative session ( 1974 ) ; establishment of a coal tax trust fund , funded by a tax on coal extraction ( 1976 ) ; conversion of the mandatory decennial review of county government into a voluntary one , to be approaved or disallowed by residents in each county ( 1978 ) ; conversion of the provision of public assistance from a mandatory civil right to a non-fundamental legislative prerogative ( 1988 ) ; a new constitutional right to hunt and fish ( 2004 ) ; a prohibition on gay marriage ( 2004 ) ; and a prohibition on new taxes on the sale or transfer of real property ( 2010 ) . In 1992 , voters approved a constitutional amendment implementing term limits for certain statewide elected executive branch offices ( governor , lieutenant governor , secretary of state , state auditor , attorney general , superintendent of public instruction ) and for members of the Montana Legislature . Extensive new constitutional rights for victims of crime were approved in 2016 . The 1972 constitution requires that voters determine every 20 years whether to hold a new constitutional convention . Voters turned down a new convention in 1990 ( 84 percent no ) and again in 2010 ( 58.6 percent no ) . State government : executive ( edit ) Montana has three branches of state government : Leigslative , executive , and judicial . The executive branch is headed by an elected governor . The current Governor is Steve Bullock , a Democrat elected in 2012 . There are nine other statewide elected offices in the executive branch as well : Lieutenant Governor , Attorney General , Secretary of State , State Auditor ( who also serves as Commissioner of Securities and Insurance ) , and Superintendent of Public Instruction . There are five Public Service Commissioners , who are elected on a regional basis . ( The Public Service Commission 's jurisdiction is statewide . )",
"43": "There are 18 departments and offices which make up the executive branch : Administration ; Agriculture ; Auditor ( securities and insurance ) ; Commerce ; Corrections ; Environmental Quality ; Fish , Wildlife & Parks ; Justice ; Labor and Industry ; Livestock ; Military Affairs ; Natural Resources and Conservation ; Public Health and Human Services ; Revenue ; State ; and Transportation . Elementary and secondary education are overseen by the Office of Public Instruction ( led by the elected Superintendent of Public Instruction ) , in cooperation with the governor - appointed Board of Public Education . Higher education is overseen by a governor - appointed Board of Regents , which in turn appoints a Commissioner of Higher Education . The Office of the Commissioner of Higher Education acts in an executive capacity on behalf of the regents , and oversees the state - run Montana University System . Independent state agencies , not located within a department or office , include the Montana Arts Council , Montana Board of Crime Control , Montana Historical Society , Montana Public Employees Retirement Administration , Commissioner of Political Practices , the Montana Lottery , Office of the State Public Defender , Public Service Commission , the Montana School for the Deaf and Blind , the Montana State Fund ( which operates the state 's unemployment insurance , worker compensation , and self - insurance operations ) , the Montana State Library , and the Montana Teachers Retirement System . Montana is an Alcoholic beverage control state . It is an equitable distribution and no - fault divorce state . It is one of five states to have no sales tax . State government : legislative ( edit ) The Montana Legislature is bicameral , and consists of the 50 - member Montana Senate and the 100 - member Montana House of Representatives . The legislature meets in the Montana State Capitol in Helena in odd - numbered years for 90 days , beginning the first weekday of the year . The deadline for a legislator to introduce a general bill is the 40th legislative day . The deadline for a legislator to introduce an appropriations , revenue , or referenda bill is the 62nd legislative day . Senators serve four - year terms , while Representatives serve two - year terms . All members are limited to serving no more than eight years in a single 16 - year period . State government : judicial ( edit ) The Courts of Montana are established by the Constitution of Montana .",
"44": "The constitution requires the establishment of a Montana Supreme Court and Montana District Courts , and permits the legislature to establish Justice Courts , City Courts , Municipal Courts , and other inferior courts such as the legislature sees fit to establish . The Montana Supreme Court is the court of last resort in the Montana court system . The constitution of 1889 provided for the election of no fewer than three Supreme Court justices , and one Chief Justice . Each court member served a six - year term . The legislature increased the number of justices to five in 1919 . The 1972 constitution lengthened the term of office to eight years , and established the minimum number of justices at five . It allowed the legislature to increase the number of justices by two , which the legislature did in 1979 . The Montana Supreme Court has the authority to declare acts of the legislature and executive unconstitutional under either the Montana or U.S. constitutions . Its decisions may be appealed directly to the U.S. Supreme Court . The Clerk of the Supreme Court is also an elected position , and serves a six - year term . Neither justices nor the clerk are term limited . Montana District Courts are the courts of general jurisdiction in Montana . There are no intermediate appellate courts . District Courts have jurisdiction primarily over most civil cases , cases involving a monetary claim against the state , felony criminal cases , probate , and cases at law and in equity . When so authorized by the legislature , actions of executive branch agencies may be appealed directly to a District Court . The District Courts also have de novo appellate jurisdiction from inferior courts ( city courts , justice courts , and municipal courts ) , and oversee naturalization proceedings . District Court judges are elected , and serve six - year terms . They are not term limited . There are 22 judicial districts in Montana , served by 56 District Courts and 46 District Court judges . The District Courts suffer from excessive workload , and the legislature has struggled to find a solution to the problem . Montana Youth Courts were established by the Montana Youth Court Act of 1974 . They are overseen by District Court judges . They consist of a chief probation officer , one or more juvenile probation officers , and support staff . Youth Courts have jurisdiction over misdemeanor and felony acts committed by those charged as a juvenile under the law .",
"45": "There is a Youth Court in every judicial district , and ecisions of the Youth Court are appealable directly to the Montana Supreme Court . The Montana Worker 's Compensation Court was established by the Montana Workers ' Compensation Act in 1975 . There is a single Workers ' Compensation Court . It has a single judge , appointed by the governor . The Worker 's Compensation Court has statewide jurisdiction , and holds trials in Billings , Great Falls , Helena , Kalispell , and Missoula . The court hears cases arising under the Montana Workers ' Compensation Act , and is the court of original jurisdiction for reviews of orders and regulations issued by the Montana Department of Labor and Industry . Decisions of the court are appealable directly to the Montana Supreme Court . The Montana Water Court was established by the Montana Water Court Act of 1979 . The Water Court consists of a Chief Water Judge and four District Water Judges ( Lower Missouri River Basin , Upper Missouri River Basin , Yellowstone River Basin , and Clark Fork River Basin ) . The court employs 12 permanent special masters . The Montana Judicial Nomination Commission develops short lists of nominees for all five Water Judges , who are then appointed by the Chief Justice of the Montana Supreme Court ( subject to confirmation by the Montana Senate ) . The Water Court adjudicates water rights claims under the Montana Water Use Act of 1973 , and has statewide jurisdiction . District Courts have the authority to enforce decisions of the Water Court , but only the Montana Supreme Court has the authority to review decisions of the Water Court . From 1889 to 1909 , elections for judicial office in Montana were partisan . Beginning in 1909 , these elections became nonpartisan . The Montana Supreme Court struck down the nonpartisan law in 1911 on technical grounds , but a new law was enacted in 1935 which barred political parties from endorsing , making contributions to , or making expenditures on behalf of or against judicial candidates . In 2012 , the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Montana 's judicial nonpartisan election law in American Tradition Partnership , Inc. v. Bullock , 567 U.S. ____ ( Sup. Ct. 2012 ) . Although candidates must remain nonpartisan , spending by partisan entities is now permitted .",
"46": "Spending on state supreme court races exponentially increased to $1.6 million in 2014 , and to more than $1.6 million in 2016 ( both new records ) . Federal offices and Courts ( edit ) The U.S. constitution provides each state with two Senators . Montana 's two U.S. senators are Jon Tester ( Democrat ) , last reelected in 2012 , and Steve Daines ( Republican ) , first elected in 2014 . The U.S. constitution provides each state with a single Representative , with additional representatives apportioned based on population . From statehood in 1889 until 1913 , Montana was represented in the United States House of Representatives by a single representative , elected at - large . Montana received a second representative in 1913 , following the 1910 census and reapportionment . Both members , however , were still elected at - large . Beginning in 1919 , Montana moved to district , rather than at - large , elections for its two House members . This created Montana 's 1st congressional district in the west and Montana 's 2nd congressional district in the east . In the reapportionment following the 1990 census , Montana lost one of its House seats . The remaining seat was again elected at - large . Greg Gianforte is the current officeholder . Montana 's Senate district is the fourth largest by size , behind Alaska , Texas , and California . The most notorious of Montana 's early Senators was William A. Clark , a `` Copper King '' and one of the 50 richest Americans ever . He is well known for having bribed his way into the U.S. Senate . Among Montana 's most historically prominent Senators are Thomas J. Walsh ( serving from 1913 to 1933 ) , who was President - elect Franklin D. Roosevelt 's choice for Attorney General when he died ; Burton K. Wheeler ( serving from 1923 to 1947 ) , an oft - mentioned presidential candidate and strong supporter of isolationism ; Mike Mansfield , the longest - serving Senate Majority Leader in U.S. history ; Max Baucus ( served 1978 to 2014 ) , longest - serving U.S.",
"47": "Senator in Montana history , and the senator who shepherded the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act through the Senate in 2010 ; and Lee Metcalf ( served 1961 to 1978 ) , a pioneer of the environmental movement . Montana 's House district is currently the largest congressional district in the United States by population , with just over 1,023,000 constituents . It is currently the second largest House district by size , after Alaska 's at - large congressional district . Of Montana 's House delegates , Jeannette Rankin , was the first woman to hold national office in the United States when she was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1916 . Also notable is Representative ( later Senator ) Thomas H. Carter , the first Catholic to serve as chairman of the Republican National Committee ( from 1892 to 1896 ) . Federal courts located in Montana include the United States District Court for the District of Montana and the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Montana . Three former Montana politicians have been named judges on the U.S. District Court : Charles Nelson Pray ( who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1907 to 1913 ) , James Franklin Battin ( who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1961 to 1969 ) , and Paul G. Hatfield ( who served as an appointed U.S. Senator in 1978 ) . Brian Morris , who served as an Associate Justice of the Montana Supreme Court from 2005 to 2013 , currently served as a judge on the court .",
"48": "Politics ( edit ) Further information : Political party strength in Montana and Elections in Montana Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 56.17 % 279,240 35.75 % 177,709 2012 55.35 % 267,928 41.70 % 201,839 2008 49.49 % 243,882 47.11 % 232,159 59.10 % 266,063 38.60 % 173,710 2000 58.40 % 240,178 33.40 % 137,126 44.11 % 179,652 41.23 % 167,922 35.12 % 144,207 37.63 % 154,507 52.07 % 190,412 46.20 % 168,936 Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . Elections in the state have been competitive , with the Democrats usually holding an edge , thanks to the support among unionized miners and railroad workers . Large - scale battles revolved around the giant Anaconda Copper company , based in Butte and controlled by Rockefeller interests , until it closed in the 1970s . Until 1959 , the company owned five of the state 's six largest newspapers . Historically , Montana is a swing state of cross-ticket voters who tend to fill elected offices with individuals from both parties . Through the mid-20th century , the state had a tradition of `` sending the liberals to Washington and the conservatives to Helena . '' Between 1988 and 2006 , the pattern flipped , with voters more likely to elect conservatives to federal offices . There have also been long - term shifts of party control . From 1968 through 1988 , the state was dominated by the Democratic Party , with Democratic governors for a 20 - year period , and a Democratic majority of both the national congressional delegation and during many sessions of the state legislature . This pattern shifted , beginning with the 1988 election , when Montana elected a Republican governor for the first time since 1964 and sent a Republican to the U.S. Senate for the first time since 1948 .",
"49": "This shift continued with the reapportionment of the state 's legislative districts that took effect in 1994 , when the Republican Party took control of both chambers of the state legislature , consolidating a Republican party dominance that lasted until the 2004 reapportionment produced more swing districts and a brief period of Democratic legislative majorities in the mid-2000s . In more recent presidential elections , Montana has voted for the Republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present . The state last supported a Democrat for president in 1992 , when Bill Clinton won a plurality victory . Overall , since 1889 the state has voted for Democratic governors 60 percent of the time and Republican presidents 40 percent of the time . In the 2008 presidential election , Montana was considered a swing state and was ultimately won by Republican John McCain , albeit by a narrow margin of two percent . At the state level , the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government holds . Democrats currently hold one of the state 's U.S. Senate seats , as well as four of the five statewide offices ( Governor , Superintendent of Public Instruction , Secretary of State and State Auditor ) . The lone congressional district has been Republican since 1996 and in 2014 Steve Daines won one of the state 's Senate seats for the GOP . The Legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010 , when the mid-term elections returned both branches to Republican control . The state Senate is , as of 2015 , controlled by the Republicans 29 to 21 , and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41 . Historically , Republicans are strongest in the east , while Democrats are strongest in the west . Montana currently has only one representative in the U.S. House , having lost its second district in the 1990 census reapportionment . Montana 's single congressional district holds the largest population of any district in the country , which means its one member in the House of Representatives represents more people than any other member of the U.S. House ( see List of U.S. states by population ) . Montana 's population grew at about the national average during the 2000s , but it failed to regain its second seat in 2010 . Like all other states , Montana has two senators .",
"50": "Current trends ( edit ) An October 2013 Montana State University Billings survey found that 46.6 percent of Montana voters supported the legalization of same - sex marriage , while 42.6 percent opposed it and 10.8 percent were not sure . Cities and towns ( edit ) See also : List of cities and towns in Montana and List of counties in Montana Missoula Montana has 56 counties with the United States Census Bureau stating Montana 's contains 364 `` places '' , broken down into 129 incorporated places and 235 census - designated places . Incorporated places consist of 52 cities , 75 towns , and two consolidated city - counties . Montana has one city , Billings , with a population over 100,000 ; and two cities with populations over 50,000 , Missoula and Great Falls . These three communities are considered the centers of Montana 's three Metropolitan Statistical Areas . The state also has five Micropolitan Statistical Areas centered on Bozeman , Butte , Helena , Kalispell and Havre . These communities , excluding Havre , are colloquially known as the `` big 7 '' Montana cities , as they are consistently the seven largest communities in Montana , with a significant population difference when these communities are compared to those that are 8th and lower on the list . According to the 2010 U.S. Census , the population of Montana 's seven most populous cities , in rank order , are Billings , Missoula , Great Falls , Bozeman , Butte , Helena and Kalispell . Based on 2013 census numbers , they collectively contain 35 percent of Montana 's population . and the counties containing these communities hold 62 percent of the state 's population . The geographic center of population of Montana is located in sparsely populated Meagher County , in the town of White Sulphur Springs . State symbols ( edit ) Main article : List of Montana state symbols Montana 's state quarter , released in 2007 Montana 's motto , Oro y Plata , Spanish for `` Gold and Silver '' , recognizing the significant role of mining , was first adopted in 1865 , when Montana was still a territory .",
"51": "A state seal with a miner 's pick and shovel above the motto , surrounded by the mountains and the Great Falls of the Missouri River , was adopted during the first meeting of the territorial legislature in 1864 -- 65 . The design was only slightly modified after Montana became a state and adopted it as the Great Seal of the State of Montana , enacted by the legislature in 1893 . The state flower , the bitterroot , was adopted in 1895 with the support of a group called the Floral Emblem Association , which formed after Montana 's Women 's Christian Temperance Union adopted the bitterroot as the organization 's state flower . All other symbols were adopted throughout the 20th century , save for Montana 's newest symbol , the state butterfly , the mourning cloak , adopted in 2001 , and the state lullaby , `` Montana Lullaby '' , adopted in 2007 . The state song was not composed until 21 years after statehood , when a musical troupe led by Joseph E. Howard stopped in Butte in September 1910 . A former member of the troupe who lived in Butte buttonholed Howard at an after - show party , asking him to compose a song about Montana and got another partygoer , the city editor for the Butte Miner newspaper , Charles C. Cohan , to help . The two men worked up a basic melody and lyrics in about a half - hour for the entertainment of party guests , then finished the song later that evening , with an arrangement worked up the following day . Upon arriving in Helena , Howard 's troupe performed 12 encores of the new song to an enthusiastic audience and the governor proclaimed it the state song on the spot , though formal legislative recognition did not occur until 1945 . Montana is one of only three states to have a `` state ballad '' , `` Montana Melody '' , chosen by the legislature in 1983 . Montana was the first state to also adopt a State Lullaby . Montana schoolchildren played a significant role in selecting several state symbols . The state tree , the ponderosa pine , was selected by Montana schoolchildren as the preferred state tree by an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1908 .",
"52": "However , the legislature did not designate a state tree until 1949 , when the Montana Federation of Garden Clubs , with the support of the state forester , lobbied for formal recognition . Schoolchildren also chose the western meadowlark as the state bird , in a 1930 vote , and the legislature acted to endorse this decision in 1931 . Similarly , the secretary of state sponsored a children 's vote in 1981 to choose a state animal , and after 74 animals were nominated , the grizzly bear won over the elk by a 2 -- 1 margin . The students of Livingston started a statewide school petition drive plus lobbied the governor and the state legislature to name the Maiasaura as the state fossil in 1985 . Various community civic groups also played a role in selecting the state grass and the state gemstones . When broadcaster Norma Ashby discovered there was no state fish , she initiated a drive via her television show , Today in Montana , and an informal citizen 's election to select a state fish resulted in a win for the blackspotted cutthroat trout after hot competition from the Arctic grayling . The legislature in turn adopted this recommendation by a wide margin . Symbols of Montana Designation Name Enacted Image State seal `` A depiction of mountains , plains , forests , and the Great Falls of the Missouri River . The plow , pick , and shovel represent the state 's industry . The state motto appears on a ribbon . ''",
"53": "1893 State flag `` The state seal on a field of blue ; the word Montana added in 1981 '' 1905 1981 State animal Grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos horribilis ) State bird Western meadowlark ( Sturnella neglecta ) 1931 State butterfly Mourning cloak ( Nymphalis antiopa ) State fish Blackspotted cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii ) 1977 State flower Bitterroot ( Lewisia rediviva ) 1895 State fossil Duck - billed dinosaur ( Maiasaura peeblesorum ) 1985 State gemstones Sapphire and agate 1969 State grass Bluebunch wheatgrass ( Pseudoroegneria spicata ) 1973 State motto `` Oro y Plata '' ( Spanish for `` Gold and Silver '' ) 1865 State music State song : `` Montana '' ' State ballad : `` Montana Melody '' State lullaby : `` Montana Lullaby '' 1945 2007 State tree Ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ) 1949 See also ( edit ) Montana portal Outline of Montana Index of Montana - related articles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` United States Summary : 2010 , Population and Housing Unit Counts , 2010 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . September 2012 . p. 41 ( Table 18 ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : National Geodetic Survey 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Geological Survey 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Part 5 . State Symbols -- Official Designations - Table of Contents , Title 1 , Chapter 1 , MCA '' .",
"54": "Montana Code Annotated , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robbins , J. 2008 . Jump up ^ Economic Sectors 2013 . Jump up ^ Department of Labor 2013 . Jump up ^ Billings Gazette 2009 . Jump up ^ Montana Historical Society ( 1910 ) . Contributions to the Historical Society of Montana . Rocky Mountain Publishing Company . pp. 47 -- . ^ Jump up to : Malone , Roeder & Lang 1991 , pp. 95 -- 96 . ^ Jump up to : Sanders 1910 , pp. 15 -- 60 . ^ Jump up to : Library of Congress 1864 . Jump up ^ Holding 2010 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2012 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ State Records 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Malone , Roeder & Lang 1991 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Madej & Jones 2007 . Jump up ^ Elias 2002 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Graetz & Clemenz 1984 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Aarstad et al. 2009 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Malone , Roeder & Lang 1991 , p. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Cooper 2009 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Cooper 2009 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Merrill - Maker 2006 , pp. 57 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Kudray & Cooper 2006 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Ross 1959 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Enright 2010 , p. xxiii . Jump up ^ Temple 2008 , p. 493 . ^ Jump up to : Ross 1959 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Canadian Council for Geographic Education 2013 . Jump up ^ Burger 2004 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Cunningham 1990 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Montana State Library 2013 .",
"55": "Jump up ^ Florence , Nystrom & Gierlich 2001 , pp. 506 -- 507 . Jump up ^ Florence , Nystrom & Gierlich 2001 , pp. 501 -- 502 . Jump up ^ Florence , Nystrom & Gierlich 2001 , pp. 575 -- 577 . Jump up ^ Malone , Roeder & Lang 1991 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Peterson 2012 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Florence , Nystrom & Gierlich 2001 , pp. 579 -- 580 . Jump up ^ Merrill - Maker 2006 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Fletcher et al. 2008 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Vasapolli 2003 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : United States Forest Service 2007 , p. 207 . ^ Jump up to : Merrill - Maker 2006 , p. 58 . ^ Jump up to : Mining and Scientific Press 1899 , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Jewell & McRae 2012 , p. 439 . Jump up ^ Ballard 2008 , pp. 92 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Merrill - Maker 2006 , pp. 49 . Jump up ^ Fisher 1908 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Soil Conservation Service 1953 , pp. 4 . Jump up ^ Soil Conservation Service 1953 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Soil Conservation Service 1953 , pp. 8 . Jump up ^ Soil Conservation Service 1953 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Soil Conservation Service 1953 , pp. 11 . Jump up ^ Montana Outdoors 2002 . Jump up ^ Archibald 1997 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Newsmakers - Jack Horner 2013 . Jump up ^ Geological Survey -- search 2013 . Jump up ^ Therriault 2010 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Fischer & Fischer 2008 , p. 2 .",
"56": "Jump up ^ Naiman , Décamps & McClain 2005 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Diamond 2006 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Geographical Dictionary Of The World 1900 , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Palmer 1998 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Palmer 1998 , p. 168 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Waterbody Report - Clark Fork River 2013 . Jump up ^ Waterbody Report - Kootenai River 2013 . Jump up ^ Huser 2004 , p. 85 . ^ Jump up to : Moody , Chase & Aronson 1986 , p. 310 . ^ Jump up to : Florence , Nystrom & Gierlich 2001 , p. 597 . Jump up ^ Matzko 2001 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Huser 2004 , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Malone , Roeder & Lang 1991 , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : Robbins , C. 2008 , p. 331 . Jump up ^ Hellmann 2013 , pp. 650 , 653 -- 654 , 659 . Jump up ^ Parry 2001 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Fish and Wildlife Service 2001 . Jump up ^ Paddling Montana 2000 . Jump up ^ Waterbody Report - Smith River 2013 . Jump up ^ Waterbody Report - Milk River 2013 . Jump up ^ Waterbody Report - Marias River 2013 . Jump up ^ Waterbody Report - Judith River 2013 . Jump up ^ Waterbody Report - Musselshell River 2013 . Jump up ^ Finnerty 2011 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ National Atlas 2013 . Jump up ^ Waterbody Report - Boulder River 2013 . Jump up ^ Waterbody Report - Stillwater River 2013 . Jump up ^ Waterbody Report - Clarks Fork Yellowstone River 2013 . Jump up ^ Waterbody Report - Bighorn River 2013 . Jump up ^ Waterbody Report - Tongue River 2013 .",
"57": "Jump up ^ Waterbody Report - Powder River 2013 . Jump up ^ Fort Peck Dam 2013 . Jump up ^ Montana Field Guide - Lichens 2013 . Jump up ^ Montana Field Guide - Amphibians 2013 . Jump up ^ Montana Field Guide - Fish 2013 . Jump up ^ Montana Field Guide - Mammals 2013 . Jump up ^ Montana Field Guide - Reptiles 2013 . Jump up ^ Montana Audubon 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaush & Thompson , Jr. 2012 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Fish and Wildlife Service 2013 . Jump up ^ Montana Fishing Regulations 2013 . Jump up ^ Montana Hunting Season 2013 . Jump up ^ Montana Interagency Access Council 2001 . Jump up ^ National Park Service 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Western Regional Climate Center 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Animal Range and Sciences 2013 . Jump up ^ Montana Office of Tourism -- FAQ 2013 . Jump up ^ Climate Information 2007 . Jump up ^ Horvitz et al. 2002 . ^ Jump up to : McKee 2007 . Jump up ^ United States Geological Survey 2012 . Jump up ^ National Climate Data Center 2007 . Jump up ^ Backus 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Backus 2007 . Jump up ^ Bentz , Barbara J. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Climate Change and Bark Beetles of the Western United States and Canada : Direct and Indirect Effects '' . BioScience. 60 ( 8 ) : 602 -- 613 . doi : 10.1525 / bio. 2010.60. 8.6 . Jump up ^ Billings Gazette -- Forecast 2009 . Jump up ^ Spracklen et al. 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Montana climate averages '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peakbagger 2012 . Jump up ^ Wood and Thiessen 1987 , pp. 156 - 220 ... Jump up ^ Holmes & 2009 - 5 .",
"58": "Jump up ^ Hoxie1995 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Montana Catholic 2010 . Jump up ^ National Historic Landmark Program 2013 . Jump up ^ Kittredge & Krauzer 1986 , pp. 14 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Malone , Roeder & Lang 1976 , pp. 92 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Montana 's Museum 2007 . Jump up ^ Hellgate Treaty 1855 . Jump up ^ Montana Office of Public Instruction 2010 . Jump up ^ Holmes & 2009 - 7 , pp. 123 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Malone , Roeder & Lang 1976 , pp. 114 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Malone , Roeder & Lang 1976 , pp. 145 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Bergman 2004 . Jump up ^ Fish and Wildlife Service -- Bison 2013 . Jump up ^ National Park Service - Grant - Kohrs 2013 . Jump up ^ Schontzler 2011 . Jump up ^ Ultimate Montana 2010 . Jump up ^ Montana Historical Society 2013 . Jump up ^ Milner II & O'Connor 2009 , pp. 161 -- 184 . Jump up ^ Grant - Kohrs Ranch 2013 . Jump up ^ Lubetkin 2006 , pp. xv -- xviii . Jump up ^ Great Northern Railway 2013 . Jump up ^ Union Pacific Railroad 2013 . Jump up ^ Malone , Roeder & Lang 1976 , pp. 172 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Fanselow 2007 , pp. 170 -- 171 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes & 2009 -- 13 , p. 253 . ^ Jump up to : Lux 1964 , pp. 333 -- 348 . ^ Jump up to : Toole1 1959 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Toole1 1959 , pp. 223 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Holmes & 2009 -- 13 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Holmes & 2009 -- 13 , p. 255 .",
"59": "Jump up ^ Holmes & 2009 -- 13 , p. 256 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Howard 1959 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Stuart 1913 , pp. 133 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Toole1 1959 , p. 229 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes & 2009 -- 13 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Toole1 1959 , pp. 229 -- 230 . ^ Jump up to : Libecap & Hansen 2002 , pp. 86 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Extension Service 2013 . Jump up ^ Toole1 1959 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Holmes & 2009 -- 13 , p. 259 . ^ Jump up to : Montana Historical Society -- WWI 2013 . Jump up ^ Howard 1959 , pp. 202 -- 203 . Jump up ^ History Channel 2013 . Jump up ^ University of Montana 2005 . Jump up ^ Montana Sedition Project 2013 . Jump up ^ Butte - Anaconda Historic District 2006 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy 1980 . Jump up ^ New York Times 1917 . Jump up ^ Foner 1987 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Brief History of Montana 2013 . Jump up ^ McDean 1986 , pp. 117 -- 126 . ^ Jump up to : Montana Historical Society - WWII 2013 . Jump up ^ Werner & Welply 2006 , pp. 5 , 10 , 66 . Jump up ^ Tester 2007 . Jump up ^ News , Aja Goare -- MTN . `` U.S. Navy submarine will be named U.S.S. Montana '' . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Malmstrom 2013 . Jump up ^ Census Bureau 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' ( CSV ) . U.S.",
"60": "Census Bureau . December 26 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : KRTV 2010 . Jump up ^ Census Viewer 2013 . Jump up ^ University of Montana , Bureau of Business and Economic Research 2011 . Jump up ^ Gravlee 2012 . Jump up ^ Census Estimate 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Census Bureau 2010a . Jump up ^ Brittingham & de la Cruz 2004 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . Jump up ^ `` Population of Montana : Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map , Demographics , Statistics , Quick Facts '' . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Data '' . ^ Jump up to : Census Bureau - Annual Estimates of Race 2012 . Jump up ^ Rural Policy Research Institute 2006 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Montana Office of Public Instruction 2009 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Norris , Vines & Hoeffel 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Redistricting Data Summary 2011 . Jump up ^ Tode 2004 . Jump up ^ Morris 1997 , pp. 113 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Montana Arts Council 2013 . Jump up ^ Modern Language Association 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Census Bureau 2011 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Simons & Fennig 2013 . Jump up ^ Ballantye & Rasmussen 2011 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Montana -- Languages '' . city-data.com . city-data.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cheyenne '' . Jump up ^ `` Religious Landscape Study '' . May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives - Maps & Reports '' . www.thearda.com . Jump up ^ Kappler1904 , p. 1008 - 1011 .",
"61": "Jump up ^ Montana Office of Public Instruction 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Montana Constitution , Article X , section 1 '' . Montana Code Annotated . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jawort , Adrian ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Montana Schools Try to Keep Indian Students Engaged by Teaching Indian Culture to All '' . Indian Country Today . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Native American Center Facts '' . The University of Montana . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Education for All Lesson Plans '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf Jump up ^ Bureau of Economic Analysis 2014 . Jump up ^ Brewers Association 2013 . Jump up ^ 453 U.S. 609 ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Tourism in Montana 2007 . Jump up ^ Department of Revenue 2012 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Labor Stats 2015 . Jump up ^ Judicial Branch , Montana . `` Montana Laws '' . Jump up ^ `` Education '' . ^ Jump up to : Sievert , Ken and Ellen ( August 26 , 1993 ) . Virginia City and Alder Gulch . Farcounty Press . Jump up ^ Malcomson , Jeff . `` Legislative History Guide '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Montana Legislature '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Briggeman , Kim . `` MONTANA HISTORY ALMANAC : First school opens doors in Virginia City '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Mary ( 2003 ) .",
"62": "Days on the Road : Crossing the Plains in 1865 , The Diary of Sarah Raymond Herndon. Morris Books Publishing , LLC . pp. 14 -- 16 . Jump up ^ University of Toronto 2000 . Jump up ^ Montana Travel 2010 . Jump up ^ Boswell 2006 . Jump up ^ Hanna 1988 , pp. 95 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Hurlbut & Davis 2009 , pp. 179 -- 181 . Jump up ^ Shakespeare in the Parks 2012 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 2012 . Jump up ^ Scandale 2011 . Jump up ^ North American Indian Days 2013 . Jump up ^ Frotier Conference 2013 . Jump up ^ Great Northwest Athletic Conference 2013 . Jump up ^ Montana High School Association 2013 . Jump up ^ Montana High School Association - Football 2013 , pp. 139 -- 141 . Jump up ^ New York Times Movies 2002 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Amelie Trufant ( March 27 , 2009 ) . `` Beef Trail Ski Area : A Montana Original '' . Montana Living . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eriksmoen , Curt ( February 23 , 2014 ) . `` Ski jumper competed in two Olympics '' . Bismarck Tribune . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sports Reference 2013 . Jump up ^ Ottum 1968 . Jump up ^ Ice Network 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Tommy Moe '' . Bio . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` 125 Montana Newsmakers : Eric Bergoust '' . Great Falls Tribune . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kentucky Derby 2013 . Jump up ^ Montana Cowboy Hall of Fame 2013 . Jump up ^ Peavey & Smith 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1966 . Jump up ^ Montana Outdoor Recreation 2013 . Jump up ^ Schullery 2006a , pp. 31 -- 50 .",
"63": "Jump up ^ Fisheries Management Plan 2013 . Jump up ^ Schullery 2006b , pp. 167 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Montana Hunting Regulations 2012 . Jump up ^ Montana Trapping 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Winter Montana -- Resorts 2010 . Jump up ^ Discovery Ski Area 2013 . Jump up ^ Bridger Bowl 2011 . Jump up ^ Winter Montana -- XC 2010 . Jump up ^ National Park Service - Yellowstone 2013 . Jump up ^ Montana Snowmobiling 2013 . Jump up ^ Winter Montana - Snowmobiling 2010 . Jump up ^ Winter Montana - West Yellowstone 2010 . Jump up ^ National Park Service - Yellowstone in Winter 2013 . Jump up ^ Winter Montana - Snowcoaches 2010 . Jump up ^ Whitefish Skijoring 2013 . Jump up ^ Trauma Centers 2013 . Jump up ^ HowardB 2013 , pp. 46 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Levy , Jenna . `` Gallup Obesity Poll '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nielsen 2010 . Jump up ^ Station Index 2013 . Jump up ^ FCC - FM 2013 . Jump up ^ FCC - AM 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee Enterprises - Newspapers 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee Enterprises - History 2013 . Jump up ^ Mondo Times 2013 . Jump up ^ Bacaj 2013 . Jump up ^ KTVQ 2013 . Jump up ^ Department of Transportation 2012 . Jump up ^ Sites 2012 . Jump up ^ Montana Transportation 2013 . Jump up ^ Elison & Snyder 2001 , pp. 3 -- 4 , 144 . Jump up ^ Montana Constitutional Convention ( 1972 ) . Proposed 1972 Constitution for the State of Montana : Official Text With Explanation ( Report ) . Helena , Mont . p. 3 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Women 's National History 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeannette Rankin 2011 . Jump up ^ Elison & Snyder 2001 , p.",
"64": "144 . Jump up ^ Elison & Snyder 2001 , pp. 16 -- 18 . ^ Jump up to : Montana Secretary of State ( June 8 , 2015 ) . 1972 -- Current Historical Constitutional Initiatives and Constitutional Amendments ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Helena , Mont . p. 7 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elison & Snyder 2001 , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Lin , Frances ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marsy 's Law ' ballot measure certified '' . KXLH.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elison & Snyder 2001 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2010 : Montana '' . The New York Times . November 2010 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Dept of Alcoholic Beverage Control '' . abc.utah.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` businesses_information '' . revenue.mt.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Work 2005 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Montana Legislature 2012 . Jump up ^ Montana 2012 Election 2013 . Jump up ^ 2008 Election 2008 . Jump up ^ Quora How Many 2015 . Jump up ^ Congressional Delegation 2013 . Jump up ^ 2013 State Poll msubillings.edu Jump up ^ Census Bureau 2012 . Jump up ^ Core Based Statistical Area 2010 . Jump up ^ Montana Setting 2013 . Jump up ^ Swanson 2004 . ^ Jump up to : State Symbols 2007 . Jump up ^ State Seal 2013 . Jump up ^ State Flower 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ruckman 2007 . Jump up ^ State Song 2007 . Jump up ^ Welcome to America 2013 . Jump up ^ State Tree 2007 . Jump up ^ State Bird 2007 . Jump up ^ State Animal 2007 .",
"65": "Jump up ^ State Fossil 2007 . Jump up ^ State Gemstones 2007 . Jump up ^ State Grass 2007 . ^ Jump up to : State Fish Code 2011 . Jump up ^ State Fish 2007 . Jump up ^ Montana Code 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Archibald , J. David ( 1997 ) , `` I. Extinction , Cretaceous '' , in Currie , Philip J. ; Padian , Kevin , Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs , San Diego , Calif. : Academic Press , pp. 221 -- 230 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 226810 - 5 Aarstad , Rich ; Arguimbau , Ellen ; Baumler , Ellen ; Porsild , Charlene ( 2009 ) . Montana Place Names From Alzada to Zortman . Helena , MT : Montana Historical Society Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9759196 - 1 - 3 . Anderson , Donald ( 2012 ) . Gathering Noise From My Life : A Camouflaged Memoir . Iowa City , IA : University of Iowa Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60938 - 111 - 0 . Avery , Jonathan E. ; Siebeneck , Todd P. ; Tate , robert P. ( July 2011 ) . `` Gross Domestic Product by State '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Bacaj , Jason ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Billings Logan International Remains Busiest in Montana '' . Bozeman Daily Chronicle . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Backus , Perry ( July 31 , 2005 ) . `` Beetles Shaping Montana 's Forest Lands '' . The Missoulian . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Backus , Perry ( February 14 , 2007 ) . `` Forest Service Finds Varied Beetle Activity '' . The Missoulan . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Ballantyne , Keira G. ; Rasmussen , Mari B. ( February 2011 ) .",
"66": "`` Resources for Working With the Indigenous Languages of North America and the Pacific Islands '' ( PDF ) . National Clearinghouse for English Language Acquisition , George Washington University . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Ballard , Jack ( 2008 ) . Elk Hunting Montana : Finding Success on the Best Public Lands . Guildford , Conn. : Lyons Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59921 - 154 - 1 . Beaver , Janice Cheryl ( 2006 ) . `` U.S. International Borders : Brief Facts '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Bergman , Brian ( February 16 , 2004 ) . `` Bison Back from Brink of Extinction '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Boswell , Evelyn ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` New Stegner Professor to Hit the Ground Running '' . Montana State University News Service . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Brittingham , Angela ; de la Cruz , G. Patricia ( June 2004 ) . `` Ancestry 2000 ( C2KBR - 35 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Bureau of the Census . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Burger , H. Robert ( 2004 ) . `` General Geology and Tectonic Settong of the Tobacco Root Mountains . Special Paper 377 . '' . In John Brady ; Charles J. Vitaliano ; William S. Cordua . Precambrian Geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains , Montana . Boulder , Colo. : Geological Society of America . pp. 1 -- 14 . ISBN 0 - 8137 - 2377 - 9 . Cooper , Ed ( 2009 ) . Soul of the Rockies - Portrait of America 's Largest Mountain Range . Guilford , CT : Globe Pequot Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 4941 - 6 . Cunningham , Bill ( 1990 ) .",
"67": "Montana Wildlands : From Northwest Peaks to Deadhorse Badlands . Helena , Mont. : Farcountry Press . ISBN 0 - 938314 - 93 - 9 . `` Cyaniding at Gilt Edge , Montana '' . Mining and Scientific Press . October 7 , 1899 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Diamond , Jared ( 2006 ) . Collapse : How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03337 - 5 . Elias , Scott ( 2002 ) . Rocky Mountains . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 1 - 58834 - 042 - 2 . Elison , Larry M. ; Snyder , Fritz ( 2001 ) . The Montana State Constitution : A Reference Guide . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . ISBN 9780313273469 . Enright , Kelly ( 2010 ) . America 's Natural Places : Rocky Mountains and Great Plains . Santa Barbara , Calif. : Greenwood Press / ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35314 - 7 . Fanselow , Julie ( 2007 ) . Traveling the Lewis and Clark Trail . Guilford , CT : Falcon Guides . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 4437 - 4 . Finnerty , Jim ( 2011 ) . A Pleasant Stroll to Everest . Bloomington , Ind. : Xlibris Corp . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4628 - 4928 - 4 . Fischer , Hank ; Fischer , Carol ( 2008 ) . Paddling Montana . Guildford , CT : FalconGuides . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 4352 - 0 . Fisher , Cassius A. ( 1908 ) . Geology and Water Resources of the Great Falls Region , Montana . Water - Supply Paper No. 221 . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Geological Survey .",
"68": "Fletcher , Robert H. ; Bradshaw , Glenda Clay ; Axline , Jon ; Shope , Irvin ( 2008 ) . Montana 's Historical Highway Markers . Helena , Mont. : Montana Historical Society . ISBN 0 - 917298 - 31 - 4 . Florence , Mason ; Nystrom , Andrew Dean ; Gierlich , Marisa ( 2001 ) . Rocky Mountain States . London : Lonely Planet . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86450 - 327 - 2 . Foner , Philip S. ( 1987 ) . Labor and World War I , 1914 -- 1918 . 7 . New York : International Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7178 - 0638 - 3 . French , Brett ( March -- April 2002 ) . `` A Good Time in Montana 's Badlands '' . Montana Outdoors . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . French , Brett ( July 29 , 2009 ) . `` Forecast : More Air Pollution , Study Predicts Global Warming Will Increase Fires in Northern Rockies '' . Billings Gazette . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Graetz , Rick ; Clemenz , Bob ( 1984 ) . Beautiful Montana . Wilsonville , OR : Beautiful America Publishing . ISBN 0 - 915796 - 25 - 2 . Gravlee , Sarah ( January 3 , 2012 ) . `` Montana Reaches One Million Mark '' . kulr8.com . KULR - 8 Television . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Hanna , Warren L. ( 1988 ) . `` James Willard Schultz - The Pikuni Storyteller '' . Stars Over Montana - Men Who Made Glacier National Park History . West Glacier , MT : Glacier Natural History Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 167906 - 4 . Heilprin , Angelo ; Heilprin , Louis , eds.",
"69": "( 1900 ) , `` Clark 's ( Clarke 's ) River , Flathead River '' , Geographical Dictionary Of The World In The Early 20th Century With Pronouncing Gazetteer , 1 , A to L , Philadelphia , Pa. : J.B. Lippincott , p. 423 Hellman , Paul T. ( 2013 ) . Historical Gazetteer of the United States . Florence , Ky. : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 94859 - 7 . Holden , Stephen ( March 29 , 2002 ) . `` The Slaughter Rule ( 2002 ) '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Holding , Rapha ( 2010 ) . What Do You Know About the United States ? . Bloomington , IN : Authorhouse . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4490 - 1505 - 3 . Holmes , Krys ( 2009 ) . `` 5 '' . Montana : Stories of the Land ( PDF ) . Helena , MT : Montana Historical Society Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9759196 - 3 - 7 . Holmes , Krys ( 2009 ) . `` 7 '' . Montana : Stories of the Land ( PDF ) . Helena , MT : Montana Historical Society Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9759196 - 3 - 7 . Holmes , Krys ( 2009 ) . `` 13 '' . Montana : Stories of the Land ( PDF ) . Helena , MT : Montana Historical Society Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9759196 - 3 - 7 . Howard , Beth . `` Top Hospitals for Safety '' . AARP The Magazine . AARP ( April -- May 2013 ) . Howard , Joseph Kinsey ( 1959 ) . Montana - High , Wide and Handsome . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7339 - 8 .",
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"86": "Montana Department of Tourism. 2007 . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . `` Statewide Fisheries Management Plan '' . Montana Fish , Wildlife and Parks . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . `` St. Mary 's Mission in Stevensville designated National Historic District '' . Montana Catholic . Roman Catholic Diocese of Helena. 26 ( 9 ) . September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . `` Terry '' . Montana Office of Tourism. 2010 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . `` Tester Asks Navy to Christen Submarine USS Montana '' . Tester Senate . August 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2007 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . `` Threatened , Endangered and Candidate Species in Montana - Endangered Species Act '' ( PDF ) . United States Fish and Wildlife Service . February 2013 . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . `` Time Line of the American Bison '' . United States Fish and Wildlife Service . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . `` Tourism in Montana '' . Montana Department of Tourism. 2007 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . `` Trapping and Furbearer Management in Montana '' . Montana Fish , Wildlife and Parks . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . `` Upper Yellowstone River Mapping Project '' ( PDF ) . United States Fish and Wildlife Service . July 2001 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . `` Union Pacific in Montana '' ( PDF ) . Union Pacific Railroad . March 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . `` U.S. Congress Passes Espionage Act '' . History Channel . June 15 , 1917 . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . `` USGS Geonames Search Result - Montana + Stream '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . `` Verified Trauma Centers '' . American College of Surgeons . March 20 , 2013 .",
"87": "Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . `` Vermont Remains Top State in Capita per Brewery '' . Brewers Association . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . `` Welcome to the Montana High School Association '' . Montana High School Association . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . `` Welcome to the World Ski Joring Championships '' . Whitefish Skijoring . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . `` What was the Great Northern Railway ? '' . Great Northern Railway Historical Society . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . `` Woman Suffrage Timeline ( 1840 -- 1920 ) '' . National Women 's History Museum . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Wood , Raymond W. and T.D. Thiessen ( 1987 ) . Early Fur Trade on the Northern Plains . Canadian traders Among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians , 1738 - 1818 . Norman and London : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1899 - 7 . `` World War II in Montana 1939 -- 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Montana Historical Society . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . `` Yellowstone in Winter : Current Management and Planning '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Montana history External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMontanaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Census of Montana General Information About Montana Geographic data related to Montana at OpenStreetMap List of Searchable Databases Produced by Montana State Agencies Montana Energy Data & Statistics -- From the U.S. Department of Energy Montana Historical Society Montana Official Travel Information Site Montana Official Website Montana at DMOZ Montana State Facts From the U.S.",
"88": "Department of Agriculture USGS Real - time , Geographic , and Other Scientific Resources of Montana Preceded by South Dakota List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on November 8 ,",
"89": "1889 ( 41st ) Succeeded by Washington ( hide ) Topics related to Montana ( hide ) State of Montana Helena ( capital ) Topics Index Congressional delegations Geography Government Governors History bibliography People Protected areas Sports State symbols Transportation Tourist attractions Seal of Montana Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics LGBT rights Regions Eastern Montana The Flathead Glacier National Park Regional designations of Montana Western Montana Yellowstone Largest cities Anaconda Belgrade Billings Bozeman Butte Columbia Falls Dillon Glendive Great Falls Hamilton Havre Helena Kalispell Laurel Lewistown Livingston Miles City Missoula Polson Sidney Whitefish Counties Beaverhead Big Horn Blaine Broadwater Carbon Carter Cascade Chouteau Custer Daniels Dawson Deer Lodge Fallon Fergus Flathead Gallatin Garfield Glacier Golden Valley Granite Hill Jefferson Judith Basin Lake Lewis and Clark Liberty Lincoln Madison McCone Meagher Mineral Missoula Musselshell Park Petroleum Phillips Pondera Powder River Powell Prairie Ravalli Richland Roosevelt Rosebud Sanders Sheridan Silver Bow Stillwater Sweet Grass Teton Toole Treasure Valley Wheatland Wibaux Yellowstone People from Montana Main list Athletes Congressional Delegations Entertainers Governors US Senators US Representatives State Senators State Representatives Protected areas of Montana Federal National Parks Glacier Yellowstone National Monuments Little Bighorn Battlefield Pompeys Pillar ( BLM ) Upper Missouri River Breaks ( BLM ) National Battlefield Big Hole National Historical Parks & Historic Sites Grant - Kohrs Ranch NHS Nez Perce NHP National Historic & Scenic Trails Lewis and Clark NHT Nez Perce NHT Continental Divide NST Pacific Northwest NST National Recreation Area Bighorn Canyon National Wildlife Refuges Benton Lake Black Coulee Bowdoin Charles M. Russell Creedman Coulee",
"90": "Hailstone Halfbreed Lake Hewitt Lake Lake Mason Lake Thibadeau Lamesteer Lee Metcalf Lost Trail Medicine Lake National Bison Range Ninepipe Pablo Red Rock Lakes Swan River UL Bend War Horse National Forests Beaverhead Bitterroot Custer Flathead Gallatin Helena Kootenai Lewis and Clark Lolo National Wilderness Absaroka - Beartooth Anaconda - Pintler Bear Trap Canyon Bob Marshall Cabinet Mountains Gates of the Mountains Great Bear Lee Metcalf Medicine Lake Mission Mountains Rattlesnake Red Rock Lakes Scapegoat Selway - Bitterroot UL Bend Welcome Creek National Wild & Scenic Rivers Flathead Missouri State State Parks Ackley Lake Anaconda Smoke Stack Bannack Beaverhead Rock Beavertail Hill Big Arm Black Sandy Brush Lake Chief Plenty Coups Clark 's Lookout Cooney Council Grove Elkhorn Finley First Peoples Buffalo Jump Fort Owen Frenchtown Pond Giant Springs Granite Ghost Town Greycliff Prairie Dog Town Hell Creek Lake Elmo Lake Mary Ronan Lewis and Clark Logan Lone Pine Lost Creek Madison Buffalo Jump Makoshika Medicine Rocks Missouri Headwaters Painted Rocks Parker Homestead Pictograph Cave Pirogue Island Placid Lake Rosebud Battlefield Salmon Lake Sluice Boxes Smith River Spring Meadow Lake Thompson Falls Tongue River Reservoir Tower Rock Travelers ' Rest Wayfarers West Shore Whitefish Lake",
"91": "Wild Horse Island Yellow Bay State Forests Clearwater Coal Creek Lincoln Lubrecht Experimental Forest Stillwater Sula Swan River Thompson River Wildlife Management Areas Amelia Island Aunt Molly Badlands Beartooth Beckman Big Lake Blackfoot - Clearwater Blackleaf Blue Eyed Nellie Bowdoin Buffalo Head Park Bull River Calf Creek Canyon Creek Canyon Ferry Dodson Creek Dodson Dam Dome Mountain Ear Mountain Elk Island F Island Flathead Lake Flathead River Fleecer Mountain Fox Lake Freezout Lake Fresno Reservoir Fresno Tailwater Gallatin Garrity Mountain Grant Marsh Gravelly - Blacktail Haymaker Hinsdale Horseshoe Lake Howard Valley Isaac Homestead Judith River Kootenai / Falls Kootenai / West Kootenai / Woods Ranch Lake Helena Lost Creek Lower Stillwater Lake Madison - Bear Creek Madison - Wall Creek Milk River Mount Haggin Mount Jumbo Mount Silcox Nevada Lake Ninepipe North Swan Valley CE Pablo Ray Kuhns Robb - Ledford Rookery Roundhom Sanders Seven Sisters Silver Gate Silver Run Smith River Sun River Swan Lake Thompson - Fisher CE Three Mile Threemile Vandalia War Dance Island Warm Springs Western United States Regions Rocky Mountains Great Basin West Coast Pacific Northwest Mountain States States Alaska Arizona California Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon",
"92": "Utah Washington Wyoming Major metropolitan areas Los Angeles Phoenix San Francisco Bay Area San Bernardino - Riverside Seattle San Diego Denver Portland Las Vegas Sacramento Major cities Anchorage Albuquerque Denver Honolulu Las Vegas Los Angeles Long Beach Oakland Phoenix Portland Reno Riverside Sacramento San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Jose Salt Lake City Seattle Spokane Tucson State capitals Boise Carson City Cheyenne Denver Helena Honolulu Juneau Olympia Phoenix Sacramento Salem Salt Lake City Santa Fe New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) Subdivisions Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Pays d'en Haut Domaine du roy Louisiana ( 1682 -- 1762 , 1802 -- 1803 ) Illinois Country Ohio Country Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) Towns Acadia ( Port Royal ) Canada Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Détroit Île Royale Louisbourg Louisiana Mobile New Orleans Newfoundland Plaisance List of towns Forts Fort Rouillé Fort Michilimackinac Fort de Buade Fort de Chartres Fort Detroit Fort Carillon Fort Condé Fort Duquesne Fortress of Louisbourg Castle Hill Fort St. Louis ( Illinois ) Fort St. Louis ( Texas ) List of Forts Government Canada Governor General Intendant Sovereign Council Bishop of Quebec Governor of Trois - Rivières Governor of Montreal Acadia Governor Lieutenant -",
"93": "General Newfoundland Governor Lieutenant - General Louisiana Governor Intendant Superior Council Île Royale Governor Intendant Superior Council Law Intendancy Superior Council Admiralty court Provostship Officiality Seigneurial court Bailiff Maréchaussée Code Noir Economy Seigneurial system Fur trade Company of 100 Associates Crozat 's Company Mississippi Company Compagnie de l'Occident Chemin du Roy Coureur des bois Voyageurs Society Population 1666 census Habitants King 's Daughters Casquette girls Métis Amerindians Slavery Plaçage Gens de couleur libres Religion Jesuit missions Récollets Grey Nuns Ursulines Sulpicians War and peace Military of New France Intercolonial Wars French and Iroquois Wars Great Upheaval Great Peace of Montreal Schenectady massacre Deerfield massacre Related French colonization of the Americas French colonial empire History of Quebec History of the Acadians History of the French - Americans French West Indies Carib Expulsion Atlantic slave trade Portal Commons New Spain ( 1521 -- 1821 ) Conflicts Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire → Spanish conquest of Guatemala → Spanish conquest of Yucatán → Anglo - Spanish War ( 1585 -- 1604 ) → Anglo - Spanish War ( 1625 -- 30 ) → Dutch Revolt → Anglo - Spanish War (",
"94": "1654 -- 60 ) → Piracy in the Caribbean → Queen Anne 's War → War of Jenkins ' Ear → Seven Years ' War → Spanish involvement in the American Revolutionary War Conflicts with indigenous peoples during colonial rule Mixtón War → Yaqui Wars → Chichimeca War → Philippine revolts against Spain → Acaxee Rebellion → Spanish -- Moro conflict → Acoma Massacre → Tepehuán Revolt → Tzeltal Rebellion → Pueblo Revolt → Pima Revolt → Spanish American wars of independence Government and administration Central government Habsburg Spain Charles I Joanna of Castile Philip II Philp III Philip IV Charles II Bourbon Spain Philip V ( also reigned after Louis I ) Louis I Ferdinand VI Charles III Charles IV Ferdinand VII of Spain ( also reigned after Joseph I ) Viceroys of New Spain List of viceroys of New Spain Audiencias Guadalajara Captaincy General of Guatemala Manila Mexico Santo Domingo Captancies General Cuba Guatemala Philippines Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Yucatán Provincias Internas Intendancy Havana New Orleans State of Mexico Chiapas Comayagua Nicaragua Camagüey Santiago de Cuba Guanajuato Valladolid Guadalajara Zacatecas San Luis Potosí Veracruz Puebla Oaxaca Durango Sonora Mérida ,",
"95": "Yucatán Politics Viceroy Gobernaciones Adelantado Captain general Corregidor ( position ) Cabildo Encomienda Treaties Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Zaragoza Peace of Westphalia Treaty of Ryswick Treaty of Utrecht Congress of Breda Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1762 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Treaty of Córdoba Adams -- Onís Treaty Notable cities , provinces , & territories Cities Mexico City Veracruz Xalapa Puebla Toluca Cuernavaca Oaxaca Morelia Acapulco Campeche Mérida Guadalajara Durango Monterrey León Guanajuato Zacatecas Pachuca Querétaro Saltillo San Luis Potosí Los Ángeles Yerba Buena ( San Francisco ) San José San Diego Santa Fe Albuquerque El Paso Los Adaes San Antonio Tucson Pensacola St. Augustine Havana Santo Domingo San Juan Antigua Guatemala Cebu Manila Provinces & territories La Florida Las Californias Santa Fe de Nuevo México Alta California Baja California Tejas Nueva Galicia Nueva Vizcaya Nueva Extremadura New Kingdom of León Cebu Bulacan Pampanga Other areas Spanish Formosa Explorers ,",
"96": "adventurers & conquistadors Pre-New Spain explorers Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastián Elcano Vasco Núñez de Balboa Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Explorers & conquistadors Hernán Cortés Juan Ponce de León Nuño de Guzmán Bernal Díaz del Castillo Pedro de Alvarado Pánfilo de Narváez Hernando de Soto Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo Miguel López de Legazpi Ángel de Villafañe Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Luis de Carabajal y Cueva Juan de Oñate Juan José Pérez Hernández Gaspar de Portolà Manuel Quimper Cristóbal de Oñate Andrés de Urdaneta Ruy López de Villalobos Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Francisco Hernández de Córdoba ( Yucatán conquistador ) Francisco Hernández de Córdoba ( founder of Nicaragua ) Gil González Dávila Francisco de Ulloa Juan José Pérez Hernández Dionisio Alcalá Galiano Bruno de Heceta Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra Alonso de León Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán José de Bustamante y Guerra José María Narváez Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa Antonio Gil Y'Barbo Alexander von Humboldt Thomas Gage Catholic Church in New Spain Spanish missions in the Americas Spanish missions in Arizona Spanish missions in Baja California Spanish missions in California Spanish missions in the Carolinas Spanish missions in Florida Spanish missions in Georgia Spanish missions in Louisiana Spanish missions in Mexico Spanish missions in New Mexico Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert Spanish missions in Texas Spanish missions in Virginia Spanish missions in Trinidad Friars , fathers , priests , & bishops Pedro de Gante Gerónimo de Aguilar Toribio de Benavente Motolinia Bernardino de Sahagún Juan de Zumárraga Alonso",
"97": "de Montúfar Vasco de Quiroga Bartolomé de las Casas Alonso de Molina Diego Durán Diego de Landa Gerónimo de Mendieta Juan de Torquemada Juan de Palafox y Mendoza Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora Eusebio Kino Francisco Javier Clavijero Junípero Serra Francisco Palóu Fermín Lasuén Esteban Tápis José Francisco de Paula Señan Mariano Payeras Sebastián Montero Marcos de Niza Francisco de Ayeta Antonio Margil Francisco Marroquín Manuel Abad y Queipo Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla José María Morelos Other events Suppression of the Jesuits California mission clash of cultures Cargo system Indian Reductions Society and culture Indigenous peoples Mesoamerican Aztec Maya Huastec Mixtec P'urhépecha Totonac Pipil Kowoj K'iche ' Kaqchikel Zapotec Poqomam Mam Caribbean Arawak Ciboney Guanajatabey California Mission Indians Cahuilla Chumash Cupeño Juaneño Kumeyaay Luiseño Miwok Mohave Ohlone Serrano Tongva Southwestern Apache Coahuiltecan Cocopa Comanche Hopi Hualapai La Junta Navajo Pima Puebloan Quechan Solano Yaqui Zuni North - Northwest Mexico",
"98": "Acaxee Chichimeca Cochimi Kiliwa Ópata Tepehuán Florida & other Southeastern tribes Indigenous people during De Soto 's travels Apalachee Calusa Creek Jororo Pensacola Seminole Timucua Yustaga Filipino people Negrito Igorot Mangyan Peoples of Palawan Ati Panay Lumad Bajau Tagalog Cebuano Others Taiwanese aborigines Chamorro people Architecture Spanish Colonial style by country Colonial Baroque style Forts Missions Trade & economy Real Columbian Exchange Manila galleon Triangular trade People & classes Casta Peninsulars Criollo Indios Mestizo Castizo Coyotes Pardos Zambo Negros People Juan Bautista de Anza Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo Francis Drake Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Eusebio Kino La Malinche Fermín Lasuén Limahong Moctezuma II Junípero Serra Hasekura Tsunenaga New Spain Portal Political divisions of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota",
"99": "Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa The Marianas Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Associated states Marshall Islands FS Micronesia Palau Associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Coordinates : 47 ° N 110 ° W / 47 ° N 110 ° W / 47 ; - 110 VIAF : 133316844 LCCN : n80010207 ISNI : 0000 0004 0412 3913 GND : 4040138 - 8 SUDOC : 176552545 BNF : cb120658483 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montana&oldid=806930548 '' Categories : Montana 1889 establishments in the United States States and territories established in 1889 States of the United States Western United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing Spanish - language text All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles",
"100": "with DMOZ links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt",
"101": "Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Iñupiak Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands",
"102": "नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Papiamentu Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 00 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"103": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-444951262186580688
|
what is the pirates of the caribbean in order
|
[
"The Curse of the Black Pearl",
"Dead Man's Chest",
"At World's End",
"On Stranger Tides",
"Dead Men Tell No Tales",
"The Curse of the Black Pearl",
"Dead Man's Chest",
"At World's End",
"On Stranger Tides",
"Dead Men Tell No Tales",
"The Curse of the Black Pearl",
"Dead Man's Chest",
"At World's End",
"On Stranger Tides",
"Dead Men Tell No Tales"
] |
{
"0": "Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) - wikipedia Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 21 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Pirates of the Caribbean Directed by Gore Verbinski ( 1 -- 3 ) Rob Marshall ( 4 ) Joachim Rønning ( 5 ) Espen Sandberg ( 5 ) Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Screenplay by Ted Elliott ( 1 -- 4 ) Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 4 ) Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) Story by Ted Elliott ( 1 , 4 ) Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 5 ) Stuart Beattie ( 1 ) Jay Wolpert ( 1 ) Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) Based on Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney ( 1 -- 5 ) On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers ( 4 ) Starring Johnny Depp Geoffrey Rush Kevin McNally Orlando Bloom ( 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Keira Knightley ( 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Jack Davenport ( 1 -- 3 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1 -- 3 ) Bill Nighy ( 2 -- 3 ) Stellan Skarsgård ( 2 -- 3 ) Tom Hollander ( 2 -- 3 ) Chow Yun - fat ( 3 ) Penélope Cruz ( 4 ) Ian McShane ( 4 ) Javier Bardem ( 5 ) Brenton Thwaites ( 5 ) Kaya Scodelario ( 5 ) ( see below ) Music by Klaus Badelt ( 1 ) Hans Zimmer ( 1 -- 4 ) Rodrigo y Gabriela ( 4 ) Eric Whitacre ( 4 ) Geoff Zanelli ( 5 ) Production company Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date The Curse of the Black Pearl : 000000002003 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2003 Dead Man 's Chest : 000000002006 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2006 At World 's End : 000000002007 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 ,",
"1": "2007 On Stranger Tides : 000000002011 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2011 Dead Men Tell No Tales : 000000002017 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2017 Running time 726 minutes ( 1 -- 5 ) Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 5 films ) : $1.274 billion Box office Total ( 5 films ) : $4,524,358,182 Pirates of the Caribbean is a series of American fantasy swashbuckler films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and based on Walt Disney 's theme park ride of the same name . Directors of the series include Gore Verbinski ( 1 -- 3 ) , Rob Marshall ( 4 ) and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg ( 5 ) . The series is primarily written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 4 ) ; other writers include Stuart Beattie ( 1 ) , Jay Wolpert ( 1 ) and Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) . The stories follow the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) , Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ) and Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ) . Characters such as Hector Barbossa ( Geoffrey Rush ) and Joshamee Gibbs ( Kevin McNally ) follow Jack , Will and Elizabeth in the course of the films . The fourth film features Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ) and Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ) , while the fifth film features Armando Salazar ( Javier Bardem ) , Henry Turner ( Brenton Thwaites ) and Carina Smyth ( Kaya Scodelario ) . The films take place in a fictional historical setting ; a world ruled by the British Empire , the East India Trading Company ( based on the real East India Company ) and the Spanish Empire , with pirates representing freedom from the ruling powers . The film series started in 2003 with Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , which received positive reviews from critics and grossed US $ 654 million worldwide . After the first film 's success , Walt Disney Pictures revealed that a trilogy was in the works .",
"2": "The franchise 's second film , subtitled Dead Man 's Chest , was released three years later in 2006 ; the sequel proved successful , breaking financial records worldwide the day of its premiere . Dead Man 's Chest ended up being the number one film of the year upon earning almost $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office . The third film in the series , subtitled At World 's End , followed in 2007 earning $960 million , and Disney released a fourth film , subtitled On Stranger Tides , in 2011 in conventional 2D , Digital 3 - D and IMAX 3D . On Stranger Tides succeeded in also grossing more than $1 billion , becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in history to achieve this . The franchise has grossed over $4.5 billion worldwide ; it is the tenth highest - grossing film series of all time and it was the first franchise where more than one film grossed $1 billion worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) 1.2 Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) 1.3 At World 's End ( 2007 ) 1.4 On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) 1.5 Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) 1.6 Pirates of the Caribbean 6 ( TBA ) 2 Short film 2.1 Tales of the Code : Wedlocked ( 2011 ) 3 Production 3.1 First film 3.2 Second and third films 3.3 Fourth film 3.4 Fifth film 4 Principal cast 5 Crew 6 Music 6.1 Film soundtracks 7 Reception 7.1 Box office performance 7.2 Critical and public response 7.3 Accolades 7.3. 1 Academy Awards 7.3. 2 Golden Globe Awards 7.3. 3 MTV Movie Awards 7.3. 4 Teen Choice Awards 8 References 9 External links Films Top to bottom : Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush , Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley , who portrayed the principal characters .",
"3": "Only Depp and Rush reprised their roles in every film . Bloom and Knightley did not return for the fourth film and had cameo appearances for the fifth film . The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save Turner 's love , Elizabeth Swann , from cursed pirates led by Jack 's mutinous former first mate , Captain Barbossa . Jack wants revenge against Barbossa , who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship , the Black Pearl , along with 882 pieces of cursed Aztec Gold . Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Lord Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company arrests Will and Elizabeth for aiding Captain Jack Sparrow in the previous film . Beckett offers clemency if Will agrees to search for Jack 's compass in a bid to find the Dead Man 's Chest -- and inside , the heart of villainous Davy Jones -- which would give Beckett control of the seas . However , Jack wants the Chest to escape from an unpaid debt with Jones , who made Jack captain of the Black Pearl for 13 years in exchange for 100 years of service aboard Jones ' ship , the Flying Dutchman . At World 's End ( 2007 ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Lord Beckett gains power over Davy Jones and , with the help of the Flying Dutchman , he is now executing his plans to extinguish piracy forever . To stand against the East India Trading Co. , Will , Elizabeth , Barbossa , and the crew of the Black Pearl set out to rescue Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones ' Locker . As one of the Nine Pirate Lords , Jack is needed in order to release an ancient goddess with the power to defeat Beckett 's forces . On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover , Angelica .",
"4": "She forces Jack aboard the Queen Anne 's Revenge , a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard , Angelica 's father . Both are also in search of the Fountain ; Angelica to save her father 's soul , Blackbeard to escape a prophecy of his demise at the hands of a one - legged man . Joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa , now a privateer in King George II 's Navy , who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth . Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Ghost Spanish Royal Navy soldiers led by Jack Sparrow 's old nemesis , Captain Armando Salazar , escape from the Devil 's Triangle , with the goal of killing every pirate at sea , including him . To survive , Jack seeks out the legendary Trident of Poseidon , a powerful artifact whose owner can control the seas and break curses . Pirates of the Caribbean 6 ( tba ) Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides , it was reported that Disney was planning to shoot the fifth and the sixth films back - to - back , although it was later revealed that only the fifth film was in development . On March 4 , 2017 , director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure , implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise and that a sixth film could be realized . The post-credit scene of Dead Men shows Will Turner , Elizabeth Swann , and Davy Jones , implying that Will and Elizabeth will be main characters again and Davy Jones would be the main antagonist in the sixth film . In September 2017 , producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release . In October 2017 , Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return for a sixth film . Shortly after , it was announced that Joachim Rønning is being eyed to direct the film . Short film Tales of the code : wedlocked ( 2011 ) Wenches Scarlett ( Lauren Maher ) and Giselle ( Vanessa Branch ) fix each other up for their wedding , in which they would each marry their groom .",
"5": "Upon realizing that both their grooms were the same man -- Jack Sparrow -- the two wenches find themselves in an auction led by the Auctioneer . The short film serves as a prequel to The Curse of the Black Pearl , explaining just why Jack Sparrow 's boat , the Jolly Mon , was seen sinking at the beginning of the whole story , and explaining why wenches Scarlett and Giselle were so upset with him , and it also implies how Cotton lost his tongue . The plot took inspiration from the `` Auction scene '' from the original ride . The short was directed by James Ward Byrkit , and was only included as a special feature in the US 15 disc 3D Blu - ray / 2D Blu - ray / DVD + Digital Copy box set that includes films 1 -- 4 ; and in the similar UK 5 - disc set . Production First film In the early 1990s screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio conceived a supernatural spin on the pirate genre after completing work on Aladdin , but there was no interest from any studio . Undeterred , the writing team refused to give up the dream , waiting for a studio to pick up their take on a pirate tale . Disney had Jay Wolpert write a script based on the Pirates of the Caribbean , which producer Jerry Bruckheimer rejected , feeling it was `` a straight pirate movie '' . Bruckheimer brought Stuart Beattie in to rewrite the script in March 2002 , due to his knowledge of piracy , and later that month Elliott and Rossio were brought in . Elliott and Rossio , inspired by the opening narration of the Pirates of the Caribbean ride , decided to give the film a supernatural edge . As the budget rose , Michael Eisner and Robert Iger threatened to cancel the film , though Bruckheimer changed their minds when he showed them concept art and animatics . In June 2002 Gore Verbinski signed on to direct The Curse of the Black Pearl , and Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush signed on the following month to star . Verbinski was attracted to the idea of using modern technology to resurrect a genre , one that had disappeared after the Golden Age of Hollywood , and recalled his childhood memories of the ride , feeling the film was an opportunity to pay tribute to the `` scary and funny '' tone of it .",
"6": "Depp was attracted to the story as he found it quirky : rather than trying to find treasure , the crew of the Black Pearl were trying to return it in order to lift their curse ; also , the traditional mutiny had already taken place . Verbinski approached Rush for the role of Barbossa , as he knew he would not play it with attempts at complexity , but with a simple villainy that would suit the story 's tone . Orlando Bloom read the script after Rush , with whom he was working on Ned Kelly , suggested it to him . Keira Knightley came as a surprise to Verbinski : he had not seen her performance in Bend It Like Beckham and was impressed by her audition . Tom Wilkinson was negotiated with to play Governor Swann , but the role went to Jonathan Pryce , whom Depp idolized . Shooting for The Curse of the Black Pearl began on October 9 , 2002 and wrapped by March 7 , 2003 . Before its release , many executives and journalists had expected the film to flop , as the pirate genre had not been successful for years , the film was based on a theme - park ride , and Depp rarely made a big film . However , The Curse of the Black Pearl became both a critical and commercial success . Second and third films After seeing how well the first film was made , the cast and crew signed for two sequels to be shot back - to - back , a practical decision on Disney 's part to allow more time with the same cast and crew . Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio knew that with an ensemble cast , they were n't free to invent totally different situations and characters , as with the Indiana Jones and James Bond series , and so had to retroactively turn The Curse of the Black Pearl into the first of a trilogy . They wanted to explore the reality of what would happen after Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann 's embrace at the end of the first film , and initially considered the Fountain of Youth as the plot device . They settled on introducing Davy Jones , the Flying Dutchman and the Kraken , a mythology mentioned twice in the first film . They introduced the historical East India Trading Company ( also mentioned in the first film ) , which for them represented a counterpoint to the themes of personal freedom represented by pirates .",
"7": "Filming for the sequels began on February 28 , 2005 , with Dead Man 's Chest finishing on March 1 , 2006 , and At World 's End on January 10 , 2007 . The second film was also the first Disney theatrical feature film with the computer - generated Walt Disney Pictures logo . Fourth film Rossio and Elliot discovered the novel On Stranger Tides during production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End and decided to use it as the basis for a fourth film . As Gore Verbinski was unavailable , Bruckheimer invited Rob Marshall to direct the film . Elliott and Rossio decided to do a stand - alone film , with a story that would support new characters , and incorporate elements from the novel , such as Blackbeard , the Fountain of Youth and mermaids -- the latter two having been already alluded to in the previous films . Depp , Rush , Greg Ellis and Kevin McNally returned to their roles , and the cast saw the additions of Ian McShane as Blackbeard and Penélope Cruz as Angelica , Blackbeard 's daughter and Jack Sparrow 's love interest . A further addition was Richard Griffiths as King George II of Great Britain . After the costly production of two simultaneous films , Disney tried to scale down the fourth installment , giving a lower budget , which led to cheaper locations and fewer scenes with special effects . It was also filmed in 3D , with cameras similar to the ones used in Avatar . Filming for On Stranger Tides began June 14 , 2010 and ended on November 19 , 2010 . It was released in the United States on May 20 , 2011 . With a budget of $378.5 million , On Stranger Tides holds the record for most expensive film ever made . Fifth film On January 14 , 2011 , it was confirmed that Terry Rossio would write the screenplay for the fifth installment , without his co-writer Ted Elliott . On January 11 , 2013 , Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film . On May 29 , 2013 , it was announced that Norwegian directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg were selected to direct .",
"8": "On August 22 , 2013 , the two revealed that the title of the fifth film would be Dead Men Tell No Tales , alluding to the line well - known from the Pirates of the Caribbean theme park attractions . Although , the film was given an alternative title , Salazar 's Revenge , in selected European , South American and Asian countries for marketing purposes . They also confirmed that they were working on the film , speaking highly of Jeff Nathanson 's `` funny and touching '' script and that they are inspired by the first film , The Curse of the Black Pearl . On September 10 , 2013 , Disney pushed back the film 's initial 2015 release , with sources indicating that a Summer 2016 release is likely . Producer Jerry Bruckheimer revealed that script issues were behind the delay , and that Jeff Nathanson was at work on a second attempt based on a well - received outline . While Disney originally announced a release on July 7 , 2017 , Dead Men Tell No Tales was released on May 26 , 2017 . A spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea . According to Australian film industry sources , pre-production started in late September 2014 with filming expected to commence in February 2015 . This was officially confirmed by Disney and Ian Walker the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2 , 2014 , stating that filming will take place exclusively in Australia , being the largest production to ever shoot in the country . Village Roadshow Studios and Port Douglas were officially confirmed as filming locations . Production began in Australia on February 17 , 2015 and wrapped on July 9 , 2015 . Principal cast Main article : List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters List indicator ( s ) This table shows the recurring characters and the actors who have portrayed them throughout the franchise . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film , or that the character 's presence in the film has not yet been announced . A indicates a cameo appearance . A indicates an appearance wherein an actor 's facial features were digitally imprinted upon another actor 's face . A indicates an appearance as a younger version of a pre-existing character .",
"9": "Character Films The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) At World 's End ( 2007 ) On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Captain Jack Sparrow Johnny Depp Johnny Depp Anthony De La Torre Captain Hector Barbossa Geoffrey Rush Joshamee Gibbs Kevin McNally William `` Will '' Turner , Jr . Orlando Bloom Dylan Smith Orlando Bloom Orlando Bloom Elizabeth Swann Pirate King Keira Knightley Lucinda Dryzek Keira Knightley Keira Knightley Marty Martin Klebba Martin Klebba James Norrington Jack Davenport Weatherby Swann Jonathan Pryce Pintel Lee Arenberg Ragetti Mackenzie Crook Cotton David Bailie Mullroy Angus Barnett Angus Barnett Angus Barnett Murtogg Giles New Giles New Giles New Theodore Groves Greg Ellis Greg Ellis Gillette Damian O'Hare Damian O'Hare Anamaria Zoe Saldana Davy Jones Bill Nighy Silhouette only William Turner , Sr . Bootstrap Bill Stellan Skarsgård Cutler Beckett Tom Hollander Tia Dalma Calypso Naomie Harris Sao Feng Chow Yun - fat Captain Edward Teague Keith Richards Alexander Scheer Keith Richards Henry Turner Dominic Scott Kay Brenton Thwaites Lewis McGowan Scrum Stephen Graham Captain Edward Teach Blackbeard Ian McShane Angelica Teach Penélope Cruz Philip Swift Sam Claflin Syrena Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey Captain Armando Salazar Javier Bardem Carina Barbossa Carina Smyth Kaya Scodelario `` Uncle '' Jack Teague Paul McCartney Crew Film U.S.",
"10": "release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Cinematographer Producer The Curse of the Black Pearl July 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 09 ) Gore Verbinski Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio and Stuart Beattie and Jay Wolpert Dariusz Wolski Jerry Bruckheimer Dead Man 's Chest July 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 07 ) Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio At World 's End May 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 25 ) On Stranger Tides May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) Rob Marshall Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio ( Based on : On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers ) Dead Men Tell No Tales May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) Joachim Rønning & Espen Sandberg Jeff Nathanson Jeff Nathanson and Terry Rossio Paul Cameron Music Main article : List of songs featured in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series Film soundtracks Title U.S.",
"11": "release date Length Composer ( s ) Label Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( Original Soundtrack ) July 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 22 ) 43 : 50 Klaus Badelt and Hans Zimmer Walt Disney Records Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) July 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 04 ) 58 : 32 Hans Zimmer Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) 55 : 50 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) May 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) 77 : 11 Hans Zimmer and Rodrigo y Gabriela Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) May 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) 75 : 20 Geoff Zanelli Reception Box Office performance Film U.S.",
"12": "release date Box office gross All - time Ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide North America Worldwide The Curse of the Black Pearl 000000002003 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2003 $305,413,918 $348,850,097 $654,264,015 64 108 $140 million Dead Man 's Chest 000000002006 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2006 $423,315,812 $642,863,913 $1,066,179,725 17 21 $225 million At World 's End 000000002007 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2007 $309,420,425 $654,000,000 $963,420,425 61 35 $300 million On Stranger Tides 000000002011 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2011 $241,071,802 $804,642,000 $1,045,713,802 119 23 $378.5 million Dead Men Tell No Tales 000000002017 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2017 $172,558,876 $622,221,339 $794,780,215 254 69 $230 million Total $ 7009145178083300000 ♠ 1,451,780,833 $ 7009307257734900000 ♠ 3,072,577,349 $ 7009452435818200000 ♠ 4,524,358,182 12 9 $1.274 billion The Pirates of the Caribbean film series was successful at the box office , with each film grossing over $650 million , and all but Dead Men Tell No Tales at some point ranking among the fifty highest - grossing films of all time .",
"13": "It also became the first ever series to have multiple films passing the billion dollar mark in box office revenues with Dead Man 's Chest and On Stranger Tides , since followed by other film franchises . The Curse of the Black Pearl was the third highest - grossing 2003 film in North America ( behind The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King and Finding Nemo ) and fourth worldwide ( behind The Return of the King , Finding Nemo and The Matrix Reloaded ) . Dead Man 's Chest was the most successful film of 2006 worldwide , and At World 's End led the worldwide grosses in 2007 , though being only fourth in North America ( behind Spider - Man 3 , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Shrek the Third ) . On Stranger Tides was the third highest - grossing film of 2011 worldwide ( behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 and Transformers : Dark of the Moon ) and the fifth in North America . The first three sequels broke box office records upon release , of which the most notable are the opening - weekend record in North America ( Dead Man 's Chest ) , the Memorial - Day weekend record in North America ( At World 's End ) and the opening - weekend record outside North America ( On Stranger Tides ) . Critical and public response Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Curse of the Black Pearl 79 % ( 210 reviews ) 63 ( 40 reviews ) Dead Man 's Chest 54 % ( 220 reviews ) 53 ( 37 reviews ) A − At World 's End 45 % ( 220 reviews ) 50 ( 36 reviews ) A − On Stranger Tides 32 % ( 262 reviews ) 45 ( 39 reviews ) B+ Dead Men Tell No Tales 29 % ( 230 reviews ) 39 ( 45 reviews ) A − The series is noted for its high quality of acting talent , and is one of the aspects of the films that is always praised . The visual and practical effects are considered some of the best ever done on film , so much so that audiences believed certain CGI elements of the films were real and done practically .",
"14": "However , the plots of the four sequels have received mixed reviews , with the general consensus that they are too bloated and convoluted to follow . Pirates of the Caribbean is noted for reinvigorating the pirate genre of film after decades of either no pirate films or failed pirate films . The success of the series saw Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer try to replicate the franchise 's success by launching films such as Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time and The Lone Ranger , the latter of which directed by Gore Verbinski . Both movies failed critically and commercially . Accolades Main article : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise Academy Awards Together , all the first three films were nominated for a total of 11 Academy Awards , of which a single award was won . Award Film The Curse of the Black Pearl Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End On Stranger Tides Dead Men Tell No Tales Actor in a Leading Role Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Art Direction Nominated Makeup Nominated Nominated Sound Editing Nominated Nominated Sound Mixing Nominated Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Won Nominated Golden Globe Awards Together , all the four films were nominated for a total of 2 Golden Globe Awards , of which neither were won . Award Film The Curse of the Black Pearl Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End On Stranger Tides Dead Men Tell No Tales Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) MTV Movie Awards Together , all the first three films were nominated for a total of 13 MTV Movie Awards , of which 4 were won .",
"15": "Award Film The Curse of the Black Pearl Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End On Stranger Tides Dead Men Tell No Tales Best Movie Nominated Won Nominated Best Male Performance Won ( Johnny Depp ) Won ( Johnny Depp ) Best Female Performance Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Best Breakthrough Female Performance Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Best On - Screen Team Nominated ( Johnny Depp & Orlando Bloom ) Best Villain Nominated ( Geoffrey Rush ) Nominated ( Bill Nighy ) Best Comedic Performance Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Won ( Johnny Depp ) Teen Choice Awards Together , the first four films were nominated for a total of 25 Teen Choice Awards , of which 16 were won .",
"16": "Award Film The Curse of the Black Pearl Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End On Stranger Tides Dead Men Tell No Tales Choice Movie : Chemistry Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie : Fight / Action Sequence Won ( Johnny Depp vs Geoffrey Rush ) Choice Movie : Liar Won ( Johnny Depp ) Choice Movie : Liplock Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Nominated ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie : Female Breakout Star Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie Actor Won ( Johnny Depp ) Won ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) Nominated ( Brenton Thwaites ) Choice Summer Movie Won Nominated Choice Movie : Scream Won ( Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie Won Won Nominated Choice Movie : Rumble Won ( Orlando Bloom & Jack Davenport ) Won ( Orlando Bloom ) Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Won ( Keira Knightley ) Choice Male Hottie Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) Choice Movie Actress Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Won ( Keira Knightley ) Nominated ( Penélope Cruz ) Nominated ( Kaya Scodelario ) Choice Movie : Villain Won ( Bill Nighy ) Won ( Bill Nighy ) Nominated ( Ian McShane ) Nominated ( Javier Bardem ) References ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny Depp Movies List by Box Office Sales '' . JohnnyDeppMoviesList.org . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Plot , Casting Announced as Production Begins '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 18 .",
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"18": "^ Jump up to : Ted Elliott , Terry Rossio , Stuart Beattie , Jay Wolpert ( 2003 ) . Audio Commentary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Buena Vista . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview : Jerry Bruckheimer '' . Moviehole. 2007 - 05 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Gore Verbinski , Johnny Depp ( 2003 ) . Audio Commentary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Buena Vista . Jump up ^ Caroline Westbrook ( 2003 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Pirates films tests its stars '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty . `` How Pirates fits into Johnny Depp 's quirky career '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Brian ( October 21 , 2003 ) . `` Back - to - Back Pirates '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ According to Plan : The Harrowing and True Story of Dead Man 's Chest ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Buena Vista . 2006 . Jump up ^ Ted Elliott , Terry Rossio ( 2006 ) . Audio Commentary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Buena Vista . Jump up ^ Charting the Return ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Buena Vista . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Everything Relates Back to What Started Everything Off in the First '' . Production Notes . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles : The Voyage Begins '' . Production Notes .",
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"21": "Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : FLEMING JR , MIKE ( 2013 - 05 - 29 ) . `` ' Kon - Tiki ' Helmers Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg Land ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 Title Revealed ! '' . ComingSoon.net. 2013 - 08 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 's Official Title Released Vh1 India '' . Vh1.in. 2013 - 08 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' title revealed -- Movies News '' . Digital Spy. 2013 - 08 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( 2017 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 : Ten Revelations From Directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Release Info '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Billy Donnelly ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Interview : KON - TIKI Directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg '' . This Is Infamous . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 .",
"22": "Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ′ Directors Tease ' Dead Men ' Sequel '' . MTV News . 2013 - 08 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Disney Delays Voyage Of ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' ; Eyeing 2016 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Delayed ; 2016 Release Likely '' . ComingSoon.net. 2013 - 09 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Delayed Beyond Summer 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Raise a Black Flag ! A New Pirates of the Caribbean Film Is Coming Disney Insider '' . Blogs.disney.com. 2014 - 07 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 2014 - 07 - 23 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Set for Summer 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' Sets Off Release Date Dominoes ; Rubs Against ' Ready Player One ' -- Will Spielberg Pic Move ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . 2016 - 01 - 20 .",
"23": "Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 gets green light to shoot in Australia '' . The Guardian . 2014 - 09 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Open for business ! Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 starts production Down Under with cast and crew arriving ... and Johnny Depp set to join them next year '' . Daily Mail . 2014 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bochenski , Natalie ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean movie confirmed to film in Queensland '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ Begins Production in Australia '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Disney , Depp return to ' Caribbean ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Matthew ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean 5 '' . The Age . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vejvoda , Jim ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Begins Production '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Quintana , Anna ( May 24 , 2017 ) .",
"24": "`` We 're Only Watching ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' for Young Jack Sparrow Actor Anthony De La Torre ! '' . Life & Style . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Geoffrey Rush Says He 's Planning To Shoot ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' In The Spring '' . MTV.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Movie Interview -- Bruckheimer on Pirates of the Caribbean 4 '' . IGN . May 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline ( August 8 , 2003 ) . `` Pirates films tests its stars '' . BBC . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2008 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Will Return for the Fifth Pirates of the Caribbean Movie '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lindsey , Duncan ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Young Elizabeth Swann from Pirates Of The Caribbean is looking a lot different these days '' . Metro . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ugen , Rume . `` Remember Elizabeth Swan From Pirates Of The Caribbean ? She 's All Grown Up ! '' . Heart . Archived from the original on 13 February 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Keira Knightley returns in new Pirates of the Caribbean trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly .",
"25": "Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full cast and crew for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ' ( 2003 ) '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full cast and crew for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ' ( 2007 ) '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : bigfootkam ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` More new footage # JohnnyDepp on # BlackPearl # KevinMcNally , # MartinKlebba , # GilesNew # AngusBarnett V1 '' . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Damian O'Hare '' . Hamilton Hodell Talent Management . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saldana : ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' filming not to my taste '' . BreakingNews.ie . August 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( June 12 , 2006 ) . `` Exclusive : Pirates ' Bill `` Davy Jones '' Nighy `` . Comingsoon.net . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved May 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` There 's one extra scene after ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' -- here 's what it means '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 end credits scene : What does it mean for Pirates 6 villain ? '' .",
"26": "Business Insider . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matloff , Jason . `` Scene Stealer : Stellan Skarsgård '' . Premiere . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2007 . Retrieved June 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest - Tom Hollander interview '' . IndieLondon . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( May 26 , 2007 ) . `` The actress behind Tia Dalma 's black teeth '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( July 7 , 2005 ) . `` Chow Down for Pirates 3 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ WENN ( June 29 , 2006 ) . `` Keith Richards - Richards To Shoot Pirates Role In September '' . contactmusic.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp Wants Another Rolling Stone to Join Pirates of the Caribbean '' . The Daily Express . April 10 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ SpyKyle ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ( Spoilers ) : Did anyone notice this easter egg during the flashback scene ? r / piratesofthecaribbean '' . reddit . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( 28 Mar 2017 ) . `` Pirates 5 : Will Turner 's Son Confirmed '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 28 Mar 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Lewis Christmas ad Scot to star in Pirates of the Caribbean '' . The Scotsman .",
"27": "November 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Graham sails with ' Pirates 4 ' crew '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ditzian , Eric ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Penelope Cruz To Play Johnny Depp 's Love Interest In New ' Pirates ' '' . MTV Movie News . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Claflin Added to Cast of Walt Disney Pictures ' / Jerry Bruckheimer Films ' Epic Adventure Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Slash Film . April 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Legends of On Stranger Tides . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2011 . Jump up ^ Singer , Leigh ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Astrid Berges - Frisbey Interview '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Paul McCartney Joins Johnny Depp & Crew For ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greg Dean Schmitz . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Greg 's Preview '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on July 13 , 2005 . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stax ( June 25 , 2003 ) .",
"28": "`` Depp & Bruckheimer Talk Pirates '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2008 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full cast and crew for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ' ( 2006 ) '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Full cast and crew for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' ( 2011 ) '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( May 25 , 2007 ) . `` Depp Perception : Why For did Johnny really want to work for Walt Disney Studios ? '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Galloway , Stephen ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Making of ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Will Hit Theaters July 2015 ; ' Maleficent ' Moves to Summer 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 14 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Sets Terry Rossio To Script Fifth ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Installment '' . Deadline , com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides : Hans Zimmer Interview '' . MovieWeb . May 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 .",
"29": "Jump up ^ Schweiger , Daniel ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` Audio : On The Score With Hans Zimmer '' . Film Music Magazine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Taps Composer Geoff Zanelli '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Fourth Pirates Of The Caribbean Is Most Expensive Movie Ever With Costs Of $410 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Production costs : $410.6 million ; rebate : $32.1 million Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 .",
"30": "Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showdowns : ' Pirates ' Vs. ' Pirates ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates ' raid record books '' . Box Office Mojo. 2006 - 07 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Third ' Pirates ' Sacks Memorial Record '' . Box Office Mojo. 2007 - 05 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 2011 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Pirates ' Sails to New Overseas Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 12 .",
"31": "Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic .",
"32": "Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Alan ( August 8 , 2003 ) . `` Empire 's Pirates Of The Caribbean : The Curse Of The Black Pearl Movie Review '' . Empire . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 9 , 2003 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl '' . rogerebert.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( July 6 , 2006 ) . `` Empire 's Pirates Of The Caribbean Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Movie Review '' . Empire . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Total Film -- Pirates Of The Caribbean : At World 's End '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Roeper , Richard . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 3 : At World 's End ( 2007 ; Rated PG - 13 ) '' . richardroeper.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Andrew ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 .",
"33": "Jump up ^ Bennett , Ray ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides : Review '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gilchrist , Todd ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End DVD Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Breimeier , Russ ( July 7 , 2006 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest '' . ChristianityToday.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End - Review '' . New York Times . July 7 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 76th Academy Awards ( 2004 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl - Awards '' . IMDb. 9 July 2003 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( May 23 , 2007 ) . `` Review : ' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End '' . ReelViews . May 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Dead Men Tell No Tales ' sinks Depp , ' Pirates ' '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` BBC News -- Mark Kermode savages new Pirates Of The Caribbean film '' . BBC News .",
"34": "Archived from the original on August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodykoontz , Bill ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides , ' 2 stars '' . azcentral.com . Jump up ^ Hamilton , John ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Pirates in the Media '' . ABDO Publishing Company . Jump up ^ `` ' Prince of Persia ' weaker than hoped for in foreign debut '' . Los Angeles Times . May 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prince of Persia : The Sands of Times reviews at Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Lone Ranger ' to Cost Disney $160 - $190 M in Q4 '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 76th Academy Award Winners '' . Blackflix.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nominees & Winners for the 79th Academy Awards '' . Academy Awards . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 80th Academy Awards ( 2008 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy Awards . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 .",
"35": "External links Disney portal Official website ( hide ) Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Adventures in the Magic Kingdom Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"36": "php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(film_series)&oldid=816514579 '' Categories : English - language films American films 1740s in fiction 18th century in fiction Film series Films based on theme - park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) Pirate films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia semi-protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 20 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "Music theory - Wikipedia Music theory Jump to : navigation , search Iubal , Pythagoras and Philolaus engaged in theoretical investigations , in a woodcut from Franchinus Gaffurius , Theorica musicæ ( 1492 ) . Music theory is the study of the practices and possibilities of music . The Oxford Companion to Music describes three interrelated uses of the term `` music theory '' : The first is what is otherwise called ' rudiments ' , currently taught as the elements of notation , of key signatures , of time signatures , of rhythmic notation , and so on . ( ... ) The second is the study of writings about music from ancient times onwards . ( ... ) The third is an area of current musicological study that seeks to define processes and general principles in music -- a sphere of research that can be distinguished from analysis in that it takes as its starting - point not the individual work or performance but the fundamental materials from which it is built . Music theory is frequently concerned with describing how musicians and composers make music , including tuning systems and composition methods among other topics . Because of the ever - expanding conception of what constitutes music ( see Definition of music ) , a more inclusive definition could be that music theory is the consideration of any sonic phenomena , including silence , as they relate to music . This is not an absolute guideline ; for example , the study of `` music '' in the Quadrivium liberal arts university curriculum that was common in medieval Europe was an abstract system of proportions that was carefully studied at a distance from actual musical practice . However , this medieval discipline became the basis for tuning systems in later centuries , and it is generally included in modern scholarship on the history of music theory . Music theory as a practical discipline encompasses the methods and concepts composers and other musicians use in creating music . The development , preservation , and transmission of music theory in this sense may be found in oral and written music - making traditions , musical instruments , and other artifacts . For example , ancient instruments from Mesopotamia , China , and prehistoric sites around the world reveal details about the music they produced and potentially something of the musical theory that might have been used by their makers ( see History of music and Musical instrument ) . In ancient and living cultures around the world , the deep and long roots of music theory are clearly visible in instruments , oral traditions , and current music making .",
"1": "Many cultures , at least as far back as ancient Mesopotamia and ancient China , have also considered music theory in more formal ways such as written treatises and music notation . Practical and scholarly traditions overlap , as many practical treatises about music place themselves within a tradition of other treatises , which are cited regularly just as scholarly writing cites earlier research . In modern academia , music theory is a subfield of musicology , the wider study of musical cultures and history . Etymologically , music theory is an act of contemplation of music , from the Greek θεωρία , a looking at , viewing , contemplation , speculation , theory , also a sight , a spectacle . As such , it is often concerned with abstract musical aspects such as tuning and tonal systems , scales , consonance and dissonance , and rhythmic relationships , but there is also a body of theory concerning practical aspects , such as the creation or the performance of music , orchestration , ornamentation , improvisation , and electronic sound production . A person who researches , teaches , or writes articles about music theory is a music theorist . University study , typically to the M.A. or Ph. D level , is required to teach as a tenure - track music theorist in a US or Canadian university . Methods of analysis include mathematics , graphic analysis , and especially analysis enabled by Western music notation . Comparative , descriptive , statistical , and other methods are also used . Music theory textbooks , especially in the United States of America , often include elements of musical acoustics , considerations of musical notation , and techniques of tonal composition ( Harmony and Counterpoint ) , among other topics . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Prehistory 1.2 Antiquity 1.2. 1 Mesopotamia 1.2. 2 China 1.2. 3 India 1.2. 4 Greece 1.3 Middle Ages 1.3. 1 China 1.3. 2 Arabic countries 1.3. 3 Europe 1.4 Modern 1.4. 1 China 1.4. 2 Arabic countries 1.4. 3 Europe 1.4.",
"2": "3.1 Renaissance 1.4. 3.2 Baroque 1.4. 3.3 1750 -- 1900 1.5 Contemporary 2 Fundamentals of music 2.1 Pitch 2.2 Scales and modes 2.3 Consonance and dissonance 2.4 Rhythm 2.5 Melody 2.6 Chord 2.7 Harmony 2.8 Timbre 2.8. 1 Dynamics 2.8. 2 Articulation 2.9 Texture 2.10 Form or structure 2.11 Expression 2.12 Notation 2.13 Basics of common - practice part writing 3 Music theory as academic discipline 3.1 Analysis 3.2 Music perception and cognition 3.3 Genre and technique 3.4 Mathematics 3.5 Serial composition and set theory 3.6 Musical semiotics 3.7 Education and careers 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2015 ) Prehistory ( edit ) Main article : Prehistoric music Preserved prehistoric instruments , artifacts , and later depictions of performance in artworks can give clues to the structure of pitch systems in prehistoric cultures . See for instance Paleolithic flutes , Gǔdí , and Anasazi flute . Antiquity ( edit ) Mesopotamia ( edit ) See also : Music of Mesopotamia Several surviving Sumerian and Akkadian clay tablets include musical information of a theoretical nature , mainly lists of intervals and tunings . The scholar Sam Mirelman reports that the earliest of these texts dates from before 1500 BCE , a millennium earlier than surviving evidence from any other culture of comparable musical thought . Further , `` All the Mesopotamian texts ( about music ) are united by the use of a terminology for music that , according to the approximate dating of the texts , was in use for over 1,000 years . ''",
"3": "China ( edit ) See also : Music of China and Chinese musicology Much of Chinese music history and theory remains unclear . The earliest texts about Chinese music theory are inscribed on the stone and bronze bells excavated in 1978 from the tomb of Marquis Yi ( died 433 BCE ) of the Zeng state . They include more than 2800 words describing theories and practices of music pitches of the time . The bells produce two intertwined pentatonic scales three tones apart with additional pitches completing the chromatic scale . Chinese theory starts from numbers , the main musical numbers being twelve , five and eight . Twelve refers to the number of pitches on which the scales can be constructed . The Lüshi chunqiu from about 239 BCE recalls the legend of Ling Lun . On order of the Yellow Emperor , Ling Lun collected twelve bamboo lengths with thick and even nodes . Blowing on one of these like a pipe , he found its sound agreeable and named it huangzhong , the `` Yellow Bell . '' He then heard phoenixes singing . The male and female phoenix each sang six tones . Ling Lun cut his bamboo pipes to match the pitches of the phoenixes , producing twelve pitch pipes in two sets : six from the male phoenix and six from the female : these were called the lülü or later the shierlü . The lülü formed the ritual scale to which many instruments were tuned . The name of the lowest sound , huangzhong also implied ' musical correctness . ' Its pitch formed a pitch standard , setting the base pitch of zithers , flutes and singers of imperial court orchestras . Straight - walled pitch pipes without finger holes were made of cast metal , their lengths specified by court regulations . The resulting chromatic scale provided twelve fundamental notes for the construction of the musical scales themselves . The lülü also has a cosmological value : its notes describe the energetic frequency of the twelve months of the year , the daily rhythm of the twelve bi-hours of the Chinese clock , the twelve main acupuncture meridians , etc .",
"4": "The two sets of tones ( male and female ) dividing the twelve - tone scale were generated by the `` Method of Subtracting and Adding Thirds , '' or sanfen sunyi , which involved alternately rising a fifth and descending a fourth through the subtraction or addition of a third of the length of the preceding pitch pipe . The resulting pitches produced by adding a third ( and descending a fourth ) were referred to by Sima Qian in the Records of the Grand Historian ( 91 BCE ) as pitches of `` superior generation , '' that is , the pitches of Ling Lun 's male phoenix ; the pitches produced by subtracting a third ( and ascending a fifth ) were referred to as pitches of `` inferior generation , '' that is , the pitches of Ling Lun 's female phoenix . `` Apart from technical and structural aspects , ancient Chinese music theory also discusses topics such as the nature and functions of music . The Yueji ( '' Record of music `` , c1st and 2nd centuries BCE ) , for example , manifests Confucian moral theories of understanding music in its social context . Studied and implemented by Confucian scholar - officials ( ... ) , these theories helped form a musical Confucianism that overshadowed but did not erase rival approaches . These include the assertion of Mozi ( c468 -- c376 BCE ) that music wasted human and material resources , and Laozi 's claim that the greatest music had no sounds . ( ... ) Even the music of the qin zither , a genre closely affiliated with Confucian scholar - officials , includes many works with Daoist references , such as Tianfeng huanpei ( '' Heavenly Breeze and Sounds of Jade Pendants `` ) . '' India ( edit ) The Samaveda and Yajurveda ( c. 1200 -- 1000 BCE ) are among the earliest testimonies of Indian music , but they contain no theory properly speaking . The Natya Shastra , written between 200 BCE to 200 CE , discusses intervals ( Śrutis ) , scales ( Grāmas ) , consonances and dissonances , classes of melodic structure ( Mūrchanās , modes ? ) , melodic types ( Jātis ) , instruments , etc .",
"5": "Greece ( edit ) See also : Musical system of ancient Greece and List of music theorists § Antiquity Early preserved Greek writings on music theory include two types of works : technical manuals describing the Greek musical system including notation , scales , consonance and dissonance , rhythm , and types of musical compositions treatises on the way in which music reveals universal patterns of order leading to the highest levels of knowledge and understanding . Several names of theorists are known before these works , including Pythagoras ( c. 570 -- c. 495 BCE ) , Philolaus ( c. 470 -- c. 385 BCE ) , Archytas ( 428 -- 347 BCE ) , and others . Works of the first type ( technical manuals ) include Anonymous ( erroneously attributed to Euclid ) Division of the Canon , Κατατομή κανόνος , 4th -- 3rd century BCE . Theon of Smyrna , On Mathematics Useful for the Understanding of Plato , Τωv κατά τό μαθηματικόν χρησίμων είς τήν Πλάτωνος άνάγνωσις , 115 -- 140 CE . Nicomachus of Gerasa , Manual of Harmonics , Άρμονικόν έγχειρίδιον , 100 -- 150 CE Cleonides , Introduction to Harmonics , Είσαγωγή άρμονική , 2nd century CE . Gaudentius , Harmonic Introduction , Άρμονική είσαγωγή , 3d or 4th century CE . Bacchius Geron , Introduction to the Art of Music , Είσαγωγή τέχνης μουσικής , 4th century CE or later . Alypius , Introduction to Music , Είσαγωγή μουσική , 4th -- 5th century CE .",
"6": "More philosophical treatises of the second type include Aristoxenus , Harmonic Elements , Άρμονικά στοιχεία , 375 / 360 -- after 320 BCE . Aristoxenus , Rhythmic Elements , Ρυθμικά στοιχεία . Claudius Ptolemy , Harmonics , Άρμονικά , 127 -- 148 CE . Porphyrius , On Ptolemy 's Harmonics , Είς τά άρμονικά Πτολεμαίον ύπόμνημα , 232 / 3 - c. 305 CE . Middle Ages ( edit ) See also : List of music theorists § Middle Ages China ( edit ) Some imported early Chinese instruments became important components of the entertainment music of the Sui ( 581 -- 618 ) and Tang ( 618 -- 907 ) courts : the bent - neck pipa ( quxiang pipa ) , the bili , the konghou and the jiegu . They generated not only new repertories and performing practices but also new music theories . The pipa , for example , carried with it a theory of musical modes that subsequently led to the Sui and Tang theory of 84 musical modes . Arabic countries ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2015 ) Medieval Arabic music theorists include : Abū Yūsuf Ya'qūb al - Kindi ( † Bagdad , 873 CE ) , who uses the first twelve letters of the alphabet to describe the twelve frets on five strings of the oud , producing a chromatic scale of 25 degrees . ( Yaḥyā ibn ) al - Munajjin ( Baghdad , 856 -- 912 ) , author of Risāla fī al - mūsīqī ( `` Treatise on music '' , MS GB - Lbl Oriental 2361 ) which describes a Pythagorean tuning of the oud and a system of eight modes perhaps inspired by Ishaq al - Mawsili ( 767 -- 850 ) .",
"7": "Abū n - Nașr Muḥammad al - Fārābi ( Persia , 872 ? -- Damas , 950 or 951 CE ) , author of Kitab al - Musiqa al - Kabir ( `` The Great Book of Music '' ) . ` Ali ibn al - Husayn ul - Isfahānī ( 897 -- 967 ) , known as Abu al - Faraj al - Isfahani , author of Kitāb al - Aghānī ( `` The Book of Songs '' ) . Abū ' Alī al - Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd - Allāh ibn Sīnā , known as Avicenna ( c. 980 -- 1037 ) , whose contribution to music theory consists mainly in Chapter 12 of the section on mathematics of his Kitab Al - Shifa ( `` The Book of Healing '' ) . al - Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad ibn ' Ali al - Kātib , author of Kamāl adab al Ghinā ' ( `` The Perfection of Musical Knowledge '' ) , copied in 1225 ( Istanbul , Topkapi Museum , Ms 1727 ) . Safi al - Din al - Urmawi ( 1216 -- 1294 CE ) , author of the Kitabu al - Adwār ( `` Treatise of musical cycles '' ) and ar - Risālah aš - Šarafiyyah ( `` Epistle to Šaraf '' ) . Mubārak Šāh , commentator of Safi al - Din 's Kitāb al - Adwār ( British Museum , Ms 823 ) . Anon . LXI , Anonymous commentary on Safi al - Din 's Kitāb al - Adwār . Shams al - dῑn al - Saydᾱwῑ Al - Dhahabῑ ( 14th Century CE ( ? ) ) , music theorist . Author of Urjῡza fi'l - mῡsῑqᾱ ( `` A Didatic Poem on Music '' ) .",
"8": "Europe ( edit ) The Latin treatise De institutione musica by the Roman philosopher Boethius ( written c. 500 ) was a touchstone for other writings on music in medieval Europe . Boethius represented Classical authority on music during the Middle Ages , as the Greek writings on which he based his work were not read or translated by later Europeans until the 15th century . This treatise carefully maintains distance from the actual practice of music , focusing mostly on the mathematical proportions involved in tuning systems and on the moral character of particular modes . Several centuries later , treatises began to appear which dealt with the actual composition of pieces of music in the plainchant tradition . At the end of the ninth century , Hucbald worked towards more precise pitch notation for the neumes used to record plainchant . Guido d'Arezzo ' wrote in 1028 a letter to Michael of Pomposa , entitled Epistola de ignoto cantu , in which he introduced the practice of using syllables to describe notes and intervals . This was the source of the hexachordal solmization that was to be used until the end of the Middle Ages . Guido also wrote about emotional qualities of the modes , the phrase structure of plainchant , the temporal meaning of the neumes , etc. ; his chapters on polyphony `` come closer to describing and illustrating real music than any previous account '' in the Western tradition . During the thirteenth century , a new rhythm system called mensural notation grew out of an earlier , more limited method of notating rhythms in terms of fixed repetitive patterns , the so - called rhythmic modes , which were developed in France around 1200 . An early form of mensural notation was first described and codified in the treatise Ars cantus mensurabilis ( `` The art of measured chant '' ) by Franco of Cologne ( c. 1280 ) . Mensural notation used different note shapes to specify different durations , allowing scribes to capture rhythms which varied instead of repeating the same fixed pattern ; it is a proportional notation , in the sense that each note value is equal to two or three times the shorter value , or half or a third of the longer value . This same notation , transformed through various extensions and improvements during the Renaissance , forms the basis for rhythmic notation in European classical music today .",
"9": "Modern ( edit ) China ( edit ) Arabic countries ( edit ) Bᾱqiyᾱ Nᾱyinῑ ( Uzbekistan , 17th Century CE ) , Uzbek author and music theorist . Author of Zamzama e wahdat - i - mῡsῑqῑ ( `` The Chanting of Unity in Music '' ) . Baron Francois Rodolphe d'Erlanger ( Tunis , Tunisia , 1910 -- 1932 CE ) , Arabic musicologist . Author of La musique arabe and Ta'rῑkh al - mῡsῑqᾱ al - arabiyya wa - usῡluha wa - tatawwurᾱtuha ( `` A History of Arabian Music , its principles and its Development '' ) D'Erlanger divulges that the Arabic music scale is derived from the Greek music scale , and that Arabic music is connected to certain features of Arabic culture , such as astrology . Europe ( edit ) Renaissance ( edit ) See also : List of music theorists § Renaissance Baroque ( edit ) See also : List of music theorists § 17th century , and List of music theorists § 18th century 1750 -- 1900 ( edit ) As Western musical influence spread throughout the world in the 1800s , musicians adopted Western theory as an international standard -- but other theoretical traditions in both textual and oral traditions remain in use . For example , the long and rich musical traditions unique to ancient and current cultures of Africa are primarily oral , but describe specific forms , genres , performance practices , tunings , and other aspects of music theory . Sacred Harp music uses a different kind of scale and theory in practice . The music focuses around the solfege `` fa , sol , la '' on the music scale . Sacred Harp also employs a different notation involving `` shape notes '' , or notes that are shaped to correspond to a certain solfege syllable on the music scale . Sacred Harp music and its music theory originated with Reverend Thomas Symmes in 1720 , where he developed a system for `` singing by note '' in order to help his church members with note accuracy .",
"10": "See also : List of music theorists § 19th century Contemporary ( edit ) See also : List of music theorists § 20th century , and List of music theorists § 21st century Fundamentals of music ( edit ) Main article : Aspect of music Music is composed of aural phenomena ; `` music theory '' considers how those phenomena apply in music . Music theory considers melody , rhythm , counterpoint , harmony , form , tonal systems , scales , tuning , intervals , consonance , dissonance , durational proportions , the acoustics of pitch systems , composition , performance , orchestration , ornamentation , improvisation , electronic sound production , etc . Pitch ( edit ) Main article : Pitch ( music ) Middle C ( 261.626 Hz ) Play ( help info ) . Pitch is the lowness or highness of a tone , for example the difference between middle C and a higher C. The frequency of the sound waves producing a pitch can be measured precisely , but the perception of pitch is more complex because single notes from natural sources are usually a complex mix of many frequencies . Accordingly , theorists often describe pitch as a subjective sensation . Specific frequencies are often assigned letter names . Today most orchestras assign Concert A ( the A above middle C on the piano ) to the frequency of 440 Hz . This assignment is somewhat arbitrary ; for example , in 1859 France , the same A was tuned to 435 Hz . Such differences can have a noticeable effect on the timbre of instruments and other phenomena . Thus , in historically informed performance of older music , tuning is often set to match the tuning used in the period when it was written . Additionally , many cultures do not attempt to standardize pitch , often considering that it should be allowed to vary depending on genre , style , mood , etc . The difference in pitch between two notes is called an interval . The most basic interval is the unison , which is simply two notes of the same pitch . The octave interval is two pitches that are either double or half the frequency of one another . The unique characteristics of octaves gave rise to the concept of pitch class : pitches of the same letter name that occur in different octaves may be grouped into a single `` class '' by ignoring the difference in octave .",
"11": "For example , a high C and a low C are members of the same pitch class -- the class that contains all C 's . Musical tuning systems , or temperaments , determine the precise size of intervals . Tuning systems vary widely within and between world cultures . In Western culture , there have long been several competing tuning systems , all with different qualities . Internationally , the system known as equal temperament is most commonly used today because it is considered the most satisfactory compromise that allows instruments of fixed tuning ( e.g. the piano ) to sound acceptably in tune in all keys . Scales and modes ( edit ) Main articles : Musical scale and Musical mode A pattern of whole and half steps in the Ionian mode or major scale on C Play ( help info ) . Notes can be arranged in a variety of scales and modes . Western music theory generally divides the octave into a series of twelve tones , called a chromatic scale , within which the interval between adjacent tones is called a half step or semitone . Selecting tones from this set of 12 and arranging them in patterns of semitones and whole tones creates other scales . The most commonly encountered scales are the seven - toned major , the harmonic minor , the melodic minor , and the natural minor . Other examples of scales are the octatonic scale and the pentatonic or five - tone scale , which is common in folk music and blues . Non-Western cultures often use scales that do not correspond with an equally divided twelve - tone division of the octave . For example , classical Ottoman , Persian , Indian and Arabic musical systems often make use of multiples of quarter tones ( half the size of a semitone , as the name indicates ) , for instance in ' neutral ' seconds ( three quarter tones ) or ' neutral ' thirds ( seven quarter tones ) -- they do not normally use the quarter tone itself as a direct interval . In traditional Western notation , the scale used for a composition is usually indicated by a key signature at the beginning to designate the pitches that make up that scale . As the music progresses , the pitches used may change and introduce a different scale . Music can be transposed from one scale to another for various purposes , often to accommodate the range of a vocalist . Such transposition raises or lowers the overall pitch range , but preserves the intervallic relationships of the original scale .",
"12": "For example , transposition from the key of C major to D major raises all pitches of the scale of C major equally by a whole tone . Since the interval relationships remain unchanged , transposition may be unnoticed by a listener , however other qualities may change noticeably because transposition changes the relationship of the overall pitch range compared to the range of the instruments or voices that perform the music . This often affects the music 's overall sound , as well as having technical implications for the performers . The interrelationship of the keys most commonly used in Western tonal music is conveniently shown by the circle of fifths . Unique key signatures are also sometimes devised for a particular composition . During the Baroque period , emotional associations with specific keys , known as the doctrine of the affections , were an important topic in music theory , but the unique tonal colorings of keys that gave rise to that doctrine were largely erased with the adoption of equal temperament . However , many musicians continue to feel that certain keys are more appropriate to certain emotions than others . Indian classical music theory continues to strongly associate keys with emotional states , times of day , and other extra-musical concepts and notably , does not employ equal temperament . Consonance and dissonance ( edit ) Main article : Consonance and dissonance The perfect octave , a consonant interval Play ( help info ) The minor second , a dissonance Play ( help info ) Consonance and dissonance are subjective qualities of the sonority of intervals that vary widely in different cultures and over the ages . Consonance ( or concord ) is the quality of an interval or chord that seems stable and complete in itself . Dissonance ( or discord ) is the opposite in that it feels incomplete and `` wants to '' resolve to a consonant interval . Dissonant intervals seem to clash . Consonant intervals seem to sound comfortable together . Commonly , perfect fourths , fifths , and octaves and all major and minor thirds and sixths are considered consonant . All others are dissonant to greater or lesser degree . Context and many other aspects can affect apparent dissonance and consonance . For example , in a Debussy prelude , a major second may sound stable and consonant , while the same interval may sound dissonant in a Bach fugue .",
"13": "In the Common Practice era , the perfect fourth is considered dissonant when not supported by a lower third or fifth . Since the early 20th century , Arnold Schoenberg 's concept of `` emancipated '' dissonance , in which traditionally dissonant intervals can be treated as `` higher , '' more remote consonances , has become more widely accepted . Rhythm ( edit ) Main article : Rhythm Metric levels : beat level shown in middle with division levels above and multiple levels below . Rhythm is produced by the sequential arrangement of sounds and silences in time . Meter measures music in regular pulse groupings , called measures or bars . The time signature or meter signature specifies how many beats are in a measure , and which value of written note is counted or felt as a single beat . Through increased stress , or variations in duration or articulation , particular tones may be accented . There are conventions in most musical traditions for regular and hierarchical accentuation of beats to reinforce a given meter . Syncopated rhythms contradict those conventions by accenting unexpected parts of the beat . Playing simultaneous rhythms in more than one time signature is called polyrhythm . In recent years , rhythm and meter have become an important area of research among music scholars . The most highly cited of these recent scholars are Maury Yeston , Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff , Jonathan Kramer , and Justin London . Melody ( edit ) Main article : Melody `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' melody Play ( help info ) A melody is a series of tones sounding in succession that typically move toward a climax of tension then resolve to a state of rest . Because melody is such a prominent aspect in so much music , its construction and other qualities are a primary interest of music theory . The basic elements of melody are pitch , duration , rhythm , and tempo . The tones of a melody are usually drawn from pitch systems such as scales or modes . Melody may consist , to increasing degree , of the figure , motive , semi-phrase , antecedent and consequent phrase , and period or sentence . The period may be considered the complete melody , however some examples combine two periods , or use other combinations of constituents to create larger form melodies . Chord ( edit ) Main article : Chord ( music ) C Major triad represented in staff notation .",
"14": "Play ( help info ) in just intonation Play ( help info ) in Equal temperament Play ( help info ) in 1 / 4 - comma meantone Play ( help info ) in Young temperament Play ( help info ) in Pythagorean tuning A chord , in music , is any harmonic set of three or more notes that is heard as if sounding simultaneously . These need not actually be played together : arpeggios and broken chords may , for many practical and theoretical purposes , constitute chords . Chords and sequences of chords are frequently used in modern Western , West African , and Oceanian music , whereas they are absent from the music of many other parts of the world . The most frequently encountered chords are triads , so called because they consist of three distinct notes : further notes may be added to give seventh chords , extended chords , or added tone chords . The most common chords are the major and minor triads and then the augmented and diminished triads . The descriptions major , minor , augmented , and diminished are sometimes referred to collectively as chordal quality . Chords are also commonly classed by their root note -- so , for instance , the chord C major may be described as a triad of major quality built on the note C. Chords may also be classified by inversion , the order in which the notes are stacked . A series of chords is called a chord progression . Although any chord may in principle be followed by any other chord , certain patterns of chords have been accepted as establishing key in common - practice harmony . To describe this , chords are numbered , using Roman numerals ( upward from the key - note ) , per its diatonic function . Common ways of notating or representing chords in western music other than conventional staff notation include Roman numerals , figured bass ( much used in the Baroque era ) , macro symbols ( sometimes used in modern musicology ) , and various systems of chord charts typically found in the lead sheets used in popular music to lay out the sequence of chords so that the musician may play accompaniment chords or improvise a solo . Harmony ( edit ) Main article : Harmony Barbershop quartets , such as this US Navy group , sing 4 - part pieces , made up of a melody line ( normally the second - highest voice , called the `` lead '' ) and 3 harmony parts .",
"15": "In music , harmony is the use of simultaneous pitches ( tones , notes ) , or chords . The study of harmony involves chords and their construction and chord progressions and the principles of connection that govern them . Harmony is often said to refer to the `` vertical '' aspect of music , as distinguished from melodic line , or the `` horizontal '' aspect . Counterpoint , which refers to the interweaving of melodic lines , and polyphony , which refers to the relationship of separate independent voices , are thus sometimes distinguished from harmony . In popular and jazz harmony , chords are named by their root plus various terms and characters indicating their qualities . For example , a lead sheet may indicate chords such as C major , D minor , and G dominant seventh . In many types of music , notably Baroque , Romantic , modern , and jazz , chords are often augmented with `` tensions '' . A tension is an additional chord member that creates a relatively dissonant interval in relation to the bass . Typically , in the classical common practice period a dissonant chord ( chord with tension ) `` resolves '' to a consonant chord . Harmonization usually sounds pleasant to the ear when there is a balance between the consonant and dissonant sounds . In simple words , that occurs when there is a balance between `` tense '' and `` relaxed '' moments . Timbre ( edit ) Main article : Timbre Spectrogram of the first second of an E9 chord played on a Fender Stratocaster guitar with noiseless pickups . Below is the E9 chord audio : Timbre , sometimes called `` color '' , or `` tone color , '' is the principal phenomenon that allows us to distinguish one instrument from another when both play at the same pitch and volume , a quality of a voice or instrument often described in terms like bright , dull , shrill , etc . It is of considerable interest in music theory , especially because it is one component of music that has as yet , no standardized nomenclature . It has been called `` ... the psychoacoustician 's multidimensional waste - basket category for everything that can not be labeled pitch or loudness , '' but can be accurately described and analyzed by Fourier analysis and other methods because it results from the combination of all sound frequencies , attack and release envelopes , and other qualities that a tone comprises .",
"16": "Timbre is principally determined by two things : ( 1 ) the relative balance of overtones produced by a given instrument due its construction ( e.g. shape , material ) , and ( 2 ) the envelope of the sound ( including changes in the overtone structure over time ) . Timbre varies widely between different instruments , voices , and to lesser degree , between instruments of the same type due to variations in their construction , and significantly , the performer 's technique . The timbre of most instruments can be changed by employing different techniques while playing . For example , the timbre of a trumpet changes when a mute is inserted into the bell , the player changes their embouchure , or volume . A voice can change its timbre by the way the performer manipulates their vocal apparatus , ( e.g. the shape of the vocal cavity or mouth ) . Musical notation frequently specifies alteration in timbre by changes in sounding technique , volume , accent , and other means . These are indicated variously by symbolic and verbal instruction . For example , the word dolce ( sweetly ) indicates a non-specific , but commonly understood soft and `` sweet '' timbre . Sul tasto instructs a string player to bow near or over the fingerboard to produce a less brilliant sound . Cuivre instructs a brass player to produce a forced and stridently brassy sound . Accent symbols like marcato ( ^ ) and dynamic indications ( pp ) can also indicate changes in timbre . Dynamics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Dynamics ( music ) An illustration of hairpins in musical notation . In music , `` dynamics '' normally refers to variations of intensity or volume , as may be measured by physicists and audio engineers in decibels or phons . In music notation , however , dynamics are not treated as absolute values , but as relative ones . Because they are usually measured subjectively , there are factors besides amplitude that affect the performance or perception of intensity , such as timbre , vibrato , and articulation .",
"17": "The conventional indications of dynamics are abbreviations for Italian words like forte ( f ) for loud and piano ( p ) for soft . These two basic notations are modified by indications including mezzo piano ( mp ) for moderately soft ( literally `` half soft '' ) and mezzo forte ( mf ) for moderately loud , sforzando or sforzato ( sfz ) for a surging or `` pushed '' attack , or fortepiano ( fp ) for a loud attack with a sudden decrease to a soft level . The full span of these markings usually range from a nearly inaudible pianissississimo ( pppp ) to a loud - as - possible fortissississimo ( ffff ) . Greater extremes of pppppp and fffff and nuances such as p+ or più piano are sometimes found . Other systems of indicating volume are also used in both notation and analysis : dB ( decibels ) , numerical scales , colored or different sized notes , words in languages other than Italian , and symbols such as those for progressively increasing volume ( crescendo ) or decreasing volume ( decrescendo ) , often called `` hairpins '' when indicated with diverging or converging lines as shown in the graphic above . Articulation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Articulation ( music ) Examples of articulation marks . From left to right : staccato , staccatissimo , martellato , marcato , tenuto . Articulation is the way the performer sounds notes . For example , staccato is the shortening of duration compared to the written note value , legato performs the notes in a smoothly joined sequence with no separation . Articulation is often described rather than quantified , therefore there is room to interpret how to execute precisely each articulation . For example , staccato is often referred to as `` separated '' or `` detached '' rather than having a defined or numbered amount by which to reduce the notated duration . Violin players use a variety of techniques to perform different qualities of staccato .",
"18": "The manner in which a performer decides to execute a given articulation is usually based on the context of the piece or phrase , but many articulation symbols and verbal instructions depend on the instrument and musical period ( e.g. viol , wind ; classical , baroque ; etc . ) . There are a set of articulations that most instruments and voices perform in common . They are -- from long to short : legato ( smooth , connected ) ; tenuto ( pressed or played to full notated duration ) ; marcato ( accented and detached ) ; staccato ( `` separated '' , `` detached '' ) ; martelé ( heavily accented or `` hammered '' ) . Many of these can be combined to create certain `` in - between '' articulations . For example , portato is the combination of tenuto and staccato . Some instruments have unique methods by which to produce sounds , such as spicatto for bowed strings , where the bow bounces off the string . Texture ( edit ) Main article : Musical texture Introduction to Sousa 's `` Washington Post March , '' mm . 1 -- 7 Play ( help info ) features octave doubling and a homorhythmic texture . In music , texture is how the melodic , rhythmic , and harmonic materials are combined in a composition , thus determining the overall quality of the sound in a piece . Texture is often described in regard to the density , or thickness , and range , or width , between lowest and highest pitches , in relative terms as well as more specifically distinguished according to the number of voices , or parts , and the relationship between these voices . For example , a thick texture contains many `` layers '' of instruments . One of these layers could be a string section , or another brass . The thickness also is affected by the amount and the richness of the instruments playing the piece . The thickness varies from light to thick . A lightly textured piece will have light , sparse scoring . A thickly or heavily textured piece will be scored for many instruments . A piece 's texture may be affected by the number and character of parts playing at once , the timbre of the instruments or voices playing these parts and the harmony , tempo , and rhythms used .",
"19": "The types categorized by number and relationship of parts are analyzed and determined through the labeling of primary textural elements : primary melody , secondary melody , parallel supporting melody , static support , harmonic support , rhythmic support , and harmonic and rhythmic support . Common types included monophonic texture ( a single melodic voice , such as a piece for solo soprano or solo flute ) , biphonic texture ( two melodic voices , such as a duo for bassoon and flute in which the bassoon plays a drone note and the flute plays the melody ) , polyphonic texture and homophonic texture ( chords accompanying a melody ) . Form or structure ( edit ) Main article : Musical form A musical canon . Encyclopaedia Britannica calls a `` canon '' both a compositional technique and a musical form . The term musical form ( or musical architecture ) refers to the overall structure or plan of a piece of music , and it describes the layout of a composition as divided into sections . In the tenth edition of The Oxford Companion to Music , Percy Scholes defines musical form as `` a series of strategies designed to find a successful mean between the opposite extremes of unrelieved repetition and unrelieved alteration . '' According to Richard Middleton , musical form is `` the shape or structure of the work . '' He describes it through difference : the distance moved from a repeat ; the latter being the smallest difference . Difference is quantitative and qualitative : how far , and of what type , different . In many cases , form depends on statement and restatement , unity and variety , and contrast and connection . Expression ( edit ) Main article : Musical expression A violinist performing . Musical expression is the art of playing or singing music with emotional communication . The elements of music that comprise expression include dynamic indications , such as forte or piano , phrasing , differing qualities of timbre and articulation , color , intensity , energy and excitement . All of these devices can be incorporated by the performer . A performer aims to elicit responses of sympathetic feeling in the audience , and to excite , calm or otherwise sway the audience 's physical and emotional responses . Musical expression is sometimes thought to be produced by a combination of other parameters , and sometimes described as a transcendent quality that is more than the sum of measurable quantities such as pitch or duration .",
"20": "Expression on instruments can be closely related to the role of the breath in singing , and the voice 's natural ability to express feelings , sentiment and deep emotions . Whether these can somehow be categorized is perhaps the realm of academics , who view expression as an element of musical performance that embodies a consistently recognizable emotion , ideally causing a sympathetic emotional response in its listeners . The emotional content of musical expression is distinct from the emotional content of specific sounds ( e.g. , a startlingly - loud ' bang ' ) and of learned associations ( e.g. , a national anthem ) , but can rarely be completely separated from its context . The components of musical expression continue to be the subject of extensive and unresolved dispute . Notation ( edit ) Main articles : Musical notation and Sheet music Tibetan musical score from the 19th century . Musical notation is the written or symbolized representation of music . This is most often achieved by the use of commonly understood graphic symbols and written verbal instructions and their abbreviations . There are many systems of music notation from different cultures and different ages . Traditional Western notation evolved during the Middle Ages and remains an area of experimentation and innovation.In the 2000s , computer file formats have become important as well . Spoken language and hand signs are also used to symbolically represent music , primarily in teaching . In standard Western music notation , tones are represented graphically by symbols ( notes ) placed on a staff or staves , the vertical axis corresponding to pitch and the horizontal axis corresponding to time . Note head shapes , stems , flags , ties and dots are used to indicate duration . Additional symbols indicate keys , dynamics , accents , rests , etc . Verbal instructions from the conductor are often used to indicate tempo , technique , and other aspects . In Western music , a range of different music notation systems are used . In Western Classical music , conductors use printed scores that show all of the instruments ' parts and orchestra members read parts with their musical lines written out . In popular styles of music , much less of the music may be notated . A rock band may go into a recording session with just a handwritten chord chart indicating the song 's chord progression using chord names ( e.g. , C major , D minor , G7 , etc . ) . All of the chord voicings , rhythms and accompaniment figures are improvised by the band members .",
"21": "Basics of common - practice part writing ( edit ) An important skill in music theory is common - practice part writing . While common practice is not incorporated into modern law , its rules are still helpful in understanding and analyzing music . Common law is based on the rules of counterpoint , which is the set of rules that were popularized in the 18th and 19th centuries . Counterpoint aims to create harmonies and progressions that were considered acceptable and enjoyable during that time period . Users of counterpoint included Bach , Handel , Mozart , Beethoven , and Brahms . This style of writing is often practiced using two parts and divided into different species : 1st , 2nd , 3rd , and 4th , each one encompassing different ways that parts interact with certain rhythms . This practice is best represented in four - part writing , usually chorale style with two voice parts per clef . This writing centers around bass , tenor , soprano , and alto voice parts , the bass and tenor notes being written in the bass clef , and the alto and soprano in the treble . These four voices are used to create chordal progressions . Common practice does not just apply to four part writing ; this can apply to a two part piece as well . There are , however , many rules to how these progressions must move . At the beginning of writing , a composer must concentrate on voice or instrument range and spacing . Whether it is an instrument or a voice , it is important to try to not stretch the range of a part higher or lower than an instrument is usually used to . Spacing is also an important aspect of part writing . Voice crossing , which is when a part goes higher or lower than the part that is above and below them , is forbidden in common practice part writing . An example of this would be the soprano part going lower that the alto part . A subset of this rule is voice overlapping , in which instead of crossing in tandem a voice will go higher and lower than their neighbor just was . For example , the soprano going lower than the alto was the beat immediately before it .",
"22": "In part writing , the usage of Conjunct Melodic Motion is important , in which the parts generally move in stepwise motion , and in counterpoint , if there is a leap ( a jump of a fourth or above ) , the part will progress the opposite direction it just leapt in stepwise motion . Parts also must progress together in contrary motion , meaning the parts are going in different directions . This is preferable to parallel motion , where the parts move together , or oblique motion , where one part does n't move and another does . Parallel motion can be used , but it is important to pay attention to intervals in order to avoid breaking counterpoint rules . Dissonant intervals , both melodic and harmonic intervals are not preferable in most cases . This includes augmented or diminished intervals , tritones , and seventh chords , simply because they sound very jarring in a piece that is meant to sound pleasant to the ear . Parallel intervals , which occur when two parts move the same distance creating the same interval twice in a row , are also important to be aware of . However , this is only a problem when the intervals are either a perfect fifth or a perfect octave . These also can sound uncomfortable to the ear as they tend to have an open or hollow sound . While consonant intervals ( intervals of a third or sixth ) and perfect intervals ( intervals of a fourth , fifth , eighth ) are greatly important , dissonant intervals can occur within music , which is why resolutions are vital . The most basic rule of resolution is to always resolve the leading tone upwards ( the leading tones being the 7th scales degree of the key that the piece is in ) . When resolving the seventh scale degree to the tonic , it creates a sense of satisfaction and completion , relieving the tension that it created . Tritones also must be resolved correctly . These can occur in triads or seventh chords that are based on scale degree seven , and they must be resolved correctly . A tritone can either be an augmented fourth intervals or a diminished fifth based on the voicing that the composer uses . In common practice , an augmented fourth must resolve out , meaning the top voice resolves up and the bottom voice resolves down , creating a sixth Opposite of that a diminished fifth must resolve in , where the top voice resolves down and the bottom voice resolves up , creating an interval of a third .",
"23": "Music theory as academic discipline ( edit ) The scholarly study of music theory in the twentieth century has a number of different subfields , each of which takes a different perspective on what are the primary phenomenon of interest and the most useful methods for investigation . Analysis ( edit ) Main articles : Musical analysis , Schenkerian analysis , and Transformational theory Typically a given work is analyzed by more than one person and different or divergent analyses are created . For instance , the first two bars of the prelude to Claude Debussy 's Pelléas et Melisande are analyzed differently by Leibowitz , Laloy , van Appledorn , and Christ . Leibowitz analyses this succession harmonically as D minor : I - VII - V , ignoring melodic motion , Laloy analyses the succession as D : I-V , seeing the G in the second measure as an ornament , and both van Appledorn and Christ analyses the succession as D : I - VII . Play ( help info ) Musical analysis is the attempt to answer the question how does this music work ? The method employed to answer this question , and indeed exactly what is meant by the question , differs from analyst to analyst , and according to the purpose of the analysis . According to Ian Bent , `` analysis , as a pursuit in its own right , came to be established only in the late 19th century ; its emergence as an approach and method can be traced back to the 1750s . However , it existed as a scholarly tool , albeit an auxiliary one , from the Middle Ages onwards . '' Adolf Bernhard Marx was influential in formalising concepts about composition and music understanding towards the second half of the 19th century . The principle of analysis has been variously criticized , especially by composers , such as Edgard Varèse 's claim that , `` to explain by means of ( analysis ) is to decompose , to mutilate the spirit of a work '' . Schenkerian analysis is a method of musical analysis of tonal music based on the theories of Heinrich Schenker ( 1868 -- 1935 ) . The goal of a Schenkerian analysis is to interpret the underlying structure of a tonal work and to help reading the score according to that structure . The theory 's basic tenets can be viewed as a way of defining tonality in music .",
"24": "A Schenkerian analysis of a passage of music shows hierarchical relationships among its pitches , and draws conclusions about the structure of the passage from this hierarchy . The analysis makes use of a specialized symbolic form of musical notation that Schenker devised to demonstrate various techniques of elaboration . The most fundamental concept of Schenker 's theory of tonality may be that of tonal space . The intervals between the notes of the tonic triad form a tonal space that is filled with passing and neighbour notes , producing new triads and new tonal spaces , open for further elaborations until the surface of the work ( the score ) is reached . Although Schenker himself usually presents his analyses in the generative direction , starting from the fundamental structure ( Ursatz ) to reach the score , the practice of Schenkerian analysis more often is reductive , starting from the score and showing how it can be reduced to its fundamental structure . The graph of the Ursatz is arrhythmic , as is a strict - counterpoint cantus firmus exercise . Even at intermediate levels of the reduction , rhythmic notation ( open and closed noteheads , beams and flags ) shows not rhythm but the hierarchical relationships between the pitch - events . Schenkerian analysis is subjective . There is no mechanical procedure involved and the analysis reflects the musical intuitions of the analyst . The analysis represents a way of hearing ( and reading ) a piece of music . Transformational theory is a branch of music theory developed by David Lewin in the 1980s , and formally introduced in his 1987 work , Generalized Musical Intervals and Transformations . The theory , which models musical transformations as elements of a mathematical group , can be used to analyze both tonal and atonal music . The goal of transformational theory is to change the focus from musical objects -- such as the `` C major chord '' or `` G major chord '' -- to relations between objects . Thus , instead of saying that a C major chord is followed by G major , a transformational theorist might say that the first chord has been `` transformed '' into the second by the `` Dominant operation . '' ( Symbolically , one might write `` Dominant ( C major ) = G major . ''",
"25": ") While traditional musical set theory focuses on the makeup of musical objects , transformational theory focuses on the intervals or types of musical motion that can occur . According to Lewin 's description of this change in emphasis , `` ( The transformational ) attitude does not ask for some observed measure of extension between reified ' points ' ; rather it asks : ' If I am at s and wish to get to t , what characteristic gesture should I perform in order to arrive there ? ' '' Music perception and cognition ( edit ) Further information : Music psychology , Fred Lerdahl , and Ray Jackendoff Deutsch 's scale illusion : an auditory illusion in which two scales are presented with successive tones alternating between each ear but are perceived as simultaneous , unbroken scales . Music psychology or the psychology of music may be regarded as a branch of both psychology and musicology . It aims to explain and understand musical behavior and experience , including the processes through which music is perceived , created , responded to , and incorporated into everyday life . Modern music psychology is primarily empirical ; its knowledge tends to advance on the basis of interpretations of data collected by systematic observation of and interaction with human participants . Music psychology is a field of research with practical relevance for many areas , including music performance , composition , education , criticism , and therapy , as well as investigations of human aptitude , skill , intelligence , creativity , and social behavior . Music psychology can shed light on non-psychological aspects of musicology and musical practice . For example , it contributes to music theory through investigations of the perception and computational modelling of musical structures such as melody , harmony , tonality , rhythm , meter , and form . Research in music history can benefit from systematic study of the history of musical syntax , or from psychological analyses of composers and compositions in relation to perceptual , affective , and social responses to their music . Ethnomusicology can benefit from psychological approaches to the study of music cognition in different cultures . Genre and technique ( edit ) Main articles : Music genre and Musical technique A Classical piano trio is a group that plays chamber music , including sonatas . The term `` piano trio '' also refers to works composed for such a group . A music genre is a conventional category that identifies some pieces of music as belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions .",
"26": "It is to be distinguished from musical form and musical style , although in practice these terms are sometimes used interchangeably . Music can be divided into different genres in many different ways . The artistic nature of music means that these classifications are often subjective and controversial , and some genres may overlap . There are even varying academic definitions of the term genre itself . In his book Form in Tonal Music , Douglass M. Green distinguishes between genre and form . He lists madrigal , motet , canzona , ricercar , and dance as examples of genres from the Renaissance period . To further clarify the meaning of genre , Green writes , `` Beethoven 's Op. 61 and Mendelssohn 's Op. 64 are identical in genre -- both are violin concertos -- but different in form . However , Mozart 's Rondo for Piano , K. 511 , and the Agnus Dei from his Mass , K. 317 are quite different in genre but happen to be similar in form . '' Some , like Peter van der Merwe , treat the terms genre and style as the same , saying that genre should be defined as pieces of music that came from the same style or `` basic musical language . '' Others , such as Allan F. Moore , state that genre and style are two separate terms , and that secondary characteristics such as subject matter can also differentiate between genres . A music genre or subgenre may also be defined by the musical techniques , the style , the cultural context , and the content and spirit of the themes . Geographical origin is sometimes used to identify a music genre , though a single geographical category will often include a wide variety of subgenres . Timothy Laurie argues that `` since the early 1980s , genre has graduated from being a subset of popular music studies to being an almost ubiquitous framework for constituting and evaluating musical research objects '' . Musical technique is the ability of instrumental and vocal musicians to exert optimal control of their instruments or vocal cords to produce precise musical effects . Improving technique generally entails practicing exercises that improve muscular sensitivity and agility . To improve technique , musicians often practice fundamental patterns of notes such as the natural , minor , major , and chromatic scales , minor and major triads , dominant and diminished sevenths , formula patterns and arpeggios .",
"27": "For example , triads and sevenths teach how to play chords with accuracy and speed . Scales teach how to move quickly and gracefully from one note to another ( usually by step ) . Arpeggios teach how to play broken chords over larger intervals . Many of these components of music are found in compositions , for example , a scale is a very common element of classical and romantic era compositions . Heinrich Schenker argued that musical technique 's `` most striking and distinctive characteristic '' is repetition . Works known as études ( meaning `` study '' ) are also frequently used for the improvement of technique . Mathematics ( edit ) Main article : Music and mathematics Music theorists sometimes use mathematics to understand music , and although music has no axiomatic foundation in modern mathematics , mathematics is `` the basis of sound '' and sound itself `` in its musical aspects ... exhibits a remarkable array of number properties '' , simply because nature itself `` is amazingly mathematical '' . The attempt to structure and communicate new ways of composing and hearing music has led to musical applications of set theory , abstract algebra and number theory . Some composers have incorporated the golden ratio and Fibonacci numbers into their work . There is a long history of examining the relationships between music and mathematics . Though ancient Chinese , Egyptians and Mesopotamians are known to have studied the mathematical principles of sound , the Pythagoreans ( in particular Philolaus and Archytas ) of ancient Greece were the first researchers known to have investigated the expression of musical scales in terms of numerical ratios . The first 16 harmonics , their names and frequencies , showing the exponential nature of the octave and the simple fractional nature of non-octave harmonics . In the modern era , musical set theory uses the language of mathematical set theory in an elementary way to organize musical objects and describe their relationships . To analyze the structure of a piece of ( typically atonal ) music using musical set theory , one usually starts with a set of tones , which could form motives or chords . By applying simple operations such as transposition and inversion , one can discover deep structures in the music . Operations such as transposition and inversion are called isometries because they preserve the intervals between tones in a set . Expanding on the methods of musical set theory , some theorists have used abstract algebra to analyze music .",
"28": "For example , the pitch classes in an equally tempered octave form an abelian group with 12 elements . It is possible to describe just intonation in terms of a free abelian group . Serial composition and set theory ( edit ) Tone row from Alban Berg 's Lyric Suite , mov . I. Play ( help info ) Further information : serialism , set theory ( music ) , Arnold Schoenberg , Milton Babbitt , David Lewin , and Allen Forte In music theory , serialism is a method or technique of composition that uses a series of values to manipulate different musical elements . Serialism began primarily with Arnold Schoenberg 's twelve - tone technique , though his contemporaries were also working to establish serialism as one example of post-tonal thinking . Twelve - tone technique orders the twelve notes of the chromatic scale , forming a row or series and providing a unifying basis for a composition 's melody , harmony , structural progressions , and variations . Other types of serialism also work with sets , collections of objects , but not necessarily with fixed - order series , and extend the technique to other musical dimensions ( often called `` parameters '' ) , such as duration , dynamics , and timbre . The idea of serialism is also applied in various ways in the visual arts , design , and architecture `` Integral serialism '' or `` total serialism '' is the use of series for aspects such as duration , dynamics , and register as well as pitch . Other terms , used especially in Europe to distinguish post -- World War II serial music from twelve - tone music and its American extensions , are `` general serialism '' and `` multiple serialism '' . Musical set theory provides concepts for categorizing musical objects and describing their relationships . Many of the notions were first elaborated by Howard Hanson ( 1960 ) in connection with tonal music , and then mostly developed in connection with atonal music by theorists such as Allen Forte ( 1973 ) , drawing on the work in twelve - tone theory of Milton Babbitt . The concepts of set theory are very general and can be applied to tonal and atonal styles in any equally tempered tuning system , and to some extent more generally than that .",
"29": "One branch of musical set theory deals with collections ( sets and permutations ) of pitches and pitch classes ( pitch - class set theory ) , which may be ordered or unordered , and can be related by musical operations such as transposition , inversion , and complementation . The methods of musical set theory are sometimes applied to the analysis of rhythm as well . Musical semiotics ( edit ) Further information : music semiology and Jean - Jacques Nattiez Semiotician Roman Jakobson . Music semiology ( semiotics ) is the study of signs as they pertain to music on a variety of levels . Following Roman Jakobson , Kofi Agawu adopts the idea of musical semiosis being introversive or extroversive -- that is , musical signs within a text and without . `` Topics , '' or various musical conventions ( such as horn calls , dance forms , and styles ) , have been treated suggestively by Agawu , among others . The notion of gesture is beginning to play a large role in musico - semiotic enquiry . `` There are strong arguments that music inhabits a semiological realm which , on both ontogenetic and phylogenetic levels , has developmental priority over verbal language . '' Writers on music semiology include Kofi Agawu ( on topical theory , Schenkerian analysis ) , Robert Hatten ( on topic , gesture ) , Raymond Monelle ( on topic , musical meaning ) , Jean - Jacques Nattiez ( on introversive taxonomic analysis and ethnomusicological applications ) , Anthony Newcomb ( on narrativity ) , and Eero Tarasti ( generally considered the founder of musical semiotics ) . Roland Barthes , himself a semiotician and skilled amateur pianist , wrote about music in Image - Music - Text , The Responsibilities of Form , and Eiffel Tower , though he did not consider music to be a semiotic system . Signs , meanings in music , happen essentially through the connotations of sounds , and through the social construction , appropriation and amplification of certain meanings associated with these connotations . The work of Philip Tagg ( Ten Little Tunes , Fernando the Flute , Music 's Meanings ) provides one of the most complete and systematic analysis of the relation between musical structures and connotations in western and especially popular , television and film music .",
"30": "The work of Leonard Meyer in Style and Music theorizes the relationship between ideologies and musical structures and the phenomena of style change , and focuses on romanticism as a case study . Education and careers ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Columbia University music theorist Pat Carpenter in a 2013 photo . Music theory in the practical sense has been a part of education at conservatories and music schools for centuries , but the status music theory currently has within academic institutions is relatively recent . In the 1970s , few universities had dedicated music theory programs , many music theorists had been trained as composers or historians , and there was a belief among theorists that the teaching of music theory was inadequate and that the subject was not properly recognised as a scholarly discipline in its own right . A growing number of scholars began promoting the idea that music theory should be taught by theorists , rather than composers , performers or music historians . This led to the founding of the Society for Music Theory in the United States in 1977 . In Europe , the French Société d'Analyse musicale was founded in 1985 . It called the First European Conference of Music Analysis for 1989 , which resulted in the foundation of the Société belge d'Analyse musicale in Belgium and the Gruppo analisi e teoria musicale in Italy the same year , the Society for Music Analysis in the UK in 1991 , the Vereniging voor Muziektheorie in the Netherlands in 1999 and the Gesellschaft für Musiktheorie in Germany in 2000 . They were later followed by the Russian Society for Music Theory in 2013 and the Polish Society for Music Analysis in 2015 , and others are in construction . These societies coordinate the publication of music theory scholarship and support the professional development of music theory researchers . As part of their initial training , music theorists will typically complete a B. Mus or a B.A. in music ( or a related field ) and in many cases an M.A. in music theory .",
"31": "Some individuals apply directly from a bachelor 's degree to a Ph. D , and in these cases , they may not receive an M.A. In the 2010s , given the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of university graduate programs , some applicants for music theory Ph. D programs may have academic training both in music and outside of music ( e.g. , a student may apply with a B. Mus and a Masters in Music Composition or Philosophy of Music ) . Most music theorists work as instructors , lecturers or professors in colleges , universities or conservatories . The job market for tenure - track professor positions is very competitive . Applicants must hold a completed Ph. D or the equivalent degree ( or expect to receive one within a year of being hired -- called an `` ABD '' , for `` All But Dissertation '' stage ) and ( for more senior positions ) have a strong record of publishing in peer - reviewed journals . Some Ph. D - holding music theorists are only able to find insecure positions as sessional lecturers . The job tasks of a music theorist are the same as those of a professor in any other humanities discipline : teaching undergraduate and / or graduate classes in this area of specialization and , in many cases some general courses ( such as Music Appreciation or Introduction to Music Theory ) , conducting research in this area of expertise , publishing research articles in peer - reviewed journals , authoring book chapters , books or textbooks , traveling to conferences to present papers and learn about research in the field , and , if the program includes a graduate school , supervising M.A. and Ph. D students and giving them guidance on the preparation of their theses and dissertations . Some music theory professors may take on senior administrative positions in their institution , such as Dean or Chair of the School of Music . See also ( edit ) Pitch ( psychophysics ) AP Music Theory Theory of painting Musicology List of music theorists Music psychology Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fallows , David . `` Theory '' . The Oxford Companion to Music . Oxford Music Online . Retrieved 11 September 2016 .",
"32": "Jump up ^ See Boethius 's De institutione musica , in which he disdains `` musica instrumentalis '' as beneath the `` true '' musician who studies music in the abstract : Multo enim est maius atque auctius scire , quod quisque faciat , quam ipsum illud efficere , quod sciat ( `` It is much better to know what one does than to do what one knows '' ) . Jump up ^ See , for example , chapters 4 -- 7 of Christensen , Thomas ( 2002 ) . The Cambridge History of Western Music Theory . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Latham 2002 , 15 -- 17 . Jump up ^ OED 2005 . Jump up ^ Palisca and Bent n.d. , Theory , theorists. 1 . Definitions . Jump up ^ Mirelman 2010 ; Mirelman 2013 ; Wulstan 1968 ; Kümmel 1970 ; Kilmer 1971 ; Kilmer and Mirelman n.d. Jump up ^ Mirelman 2013 , 43 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph S.C. Lam , `` China . '' , § II , `` History and Theory '' , Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press , accessed November 15 , 2015 , http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/43141pg2 . Jump up ^ Robert Bagley , `` The Prehistory of Chinese Music Theory '' , Proceedings of the British Academy 131 , 2004 ( Lectures ) , pp. 41 -- 90 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2013 . Jump up ^ Crease 2011 , 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Wu and Wu 2014 , 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ The Nāțyaśāstra , A Treatise on Hindu Dramaturgy and Histrionics , attributed to Bharata - Muni , translated from the Sanskrit with introduction and notes by Manomohan Ghosh , vol. II , Calcutta , The Asiatic Society , 1961 . See particularly pp.",
"33": "5 -- 19 of the Introduction , The Ancient Indian Theory and Practice of Music . Jump up ^ Thomas J. Mathiesen , `` Greek Music Theory '' , The Cambridge History of Western Music Theory , Th . Christensen ed. , Cambridge , Cambridge University Press , 2002 , pp. 112 -- 113 . Jump up ^ English translation in Andrew Barker , Greek Musical Writings , vol. 2 : Harmonic and Acoustic Theory , Cambridge , Cambridge University Press , 1989 , pp. 191 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Joseph S.C. Lam , `` China . '' , § II , `` History and Theory '' , Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press , http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/43141pg2 . Jump up ^ See the List of medieval music theorists , which includes several Arabic theorists ; see also d'Erlanger & 1930 -- 56 , 1 : xv - xxiv . Jump up ^ Manik 1969 , 24 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Wright 2001a ; Wright 2001b ; Manik 1969 , 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Rodolphe d'Erlanger , La Musique arabe , vol . I , pp. 1 -- 306 ; vol. II , pp. 1 -- 101 . Jump up ^ d'Erlanger & 1930 -- 56 , 2 : 103 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Shiloah 1964 . Jump up ^ d'Erlanger & 1930 -- 56 , 3 : 1 -- 182 . Jump up ^ Anon . LXII in Amnon Shiloah , The Theory of Music in Arabic Writings ( c. 900 -- 1900 ) : Descriptive Catalogue of Manuscripts in Libraries of Europe and the U.S.A. , RISM , München , G. Henle Verlag , 1979 . See d'Erlanger & 1930 -- 56 , 3 : 183 -- 566 Jump up ^ Ghrab 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Shiloah , Amnon ( 2003 ) .",
"34": "The Theory of Music in Arabic Writings ( c. 900 -- 1900 ) . Germany : G. Henle Verlag Munchen . pp. 48 , 58 , 60 -- 61 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 0426 - 3 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` : 0 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Palisca and Bent n.d. , § 5 Early Middle Ages . Jump up ^ Palisca and Bent n.d. , Theory , theorists § 5 Early Middle Ages : `` Boethius could provide a model only for that part of theory which underlies but does not give rules for composition or performance . The first surviving strictly musical treatise of Carolingian times is directed towards musical practice , the Musica disciplina of Aurelian of Réôme ( 9th century ) . '' Jump up ^ For a modern edition of the letter , see ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Kubik 2010 , passim . Jump up ^ Ekwueme 1974 , passim . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jr. , Buell E. ( 1978 ) . The Sacred Harp : A Tradition and Its Music . United States of America : The University of Georgia Press Athens . pp. 4 -- 5 , 60 -- 61 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 0426 - 3 . Jump up ^ Palisca and Bent n.d. Jump up ^ Hartmann 2005 , . Jump up ^ Bartlette and Laitz 2010 , . ^ Jump up to : Touma 1996 , . Jump up ^ Forsyth 1935 , 73 -- 74 . ^ Jump up to : Latham 2002 , . Jump up ^ `` Syncopation '' . Oxford Dictionary of Music . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Syncopation is achieved by accenting a weak instead of a strong beat , by putting rests on strong beats , by holding on over strong beats , and by introducing a sudden change of time ‐ signature . Jump up ^ `` Polyrhythm '' . Grove Music Online .",
"35": "Oxford University Press . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . The superposition of different rhythms or metres . Jump up ^ Yeston 1976 . Jump up ^ Lerdahl and Jackendoff 1985 . Jump up ^ Kramer 1988 . Jump up ^ London 2004 . Jump up ^ Kliewer 1975 , . Jump up ^ Stein 1979 , 3 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Benward and Saker 2003 , 67 , 359 . Jump up ^ Károlyi 1965 , 63 . Jump up ^ Mitchell 2008 . Jump up ^ Linkels n.d. , . ^ Jump up to : Malm 1996 , 15 . Jump up ^ Schoenberg 1983 , 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Benward and Saker 2003 , 77 . Jump up ^ Dahlhaus 2009 . Jump up ^ Jamini 2005 , 147 . Jump up ^ McAdams and Bregman 1979 , 34 . Jump up ^ Mannell n.d. Jump up ^ Benward and Saker 2003 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Benward and Saker 2003 , . Jump up ^ Isaac and Russell 2003 , 136 . Jump up ^ `` Canon music '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Brandt 2007 . Jump up ^ Scholes 1977 . Jump up ^ Middleton 1999 , . Jump up ^ London n.d. Jump up ^ Avison 1752 , . Jump up ^ Christiani 1885 , . Jump up ^ Lussy 1892 , . Jump up ^ Darwin 1913 , . Jump up ^ Sorantin 1932 , . Jump up ^ Davies 1994 , . Jump up ^ Read 1969 , ; Stone 1980 , . Jump up ^ Castan 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Tymoczko 2011 , 193 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Bent 1987 , 6 .",
"36": "Jump up ^ Quoted in Bernard 1981 , 1 Jump up ^ Schenker described the concept in a paper titled Erläuterungen ( `` Elucidations '' ) , which he published four times between 1924 and 1926 : Der Tonwille vol. 8 -- 9 , pp. 49 -- 51 , vol. 10 , pp. 40 -- 2 ; Das Meisterwerk in der Musik , vol. 1 , pp. 201 -- 05 ; 2 , p. 193 - 97 . English translation , Der Tonwille , vol. 2 , p. 117 - 18 ( the translation , although made from vols. 8 -- 9 of the German original , gives as original pagination that of Das Meisterwerk 1 ; the text is the same ) . The concept of tonal space is still present in Schenker ( n.d. , especially § 13 ) , but less clearly than in the earlier presentation . Jump up ^ Schenker n.d. , § 21 . Jump up ^ Snarrenberg 1997 , . Jump up ^ Lewin 1987 , 159 . Jump up ^ Bregman 1994 , 76 . Jump up ^ Tan , Peter , and Rom 2010 , 2 . Jump up ^ Thompson n.d. , 320 . Jump up ^ Martin , Clayton ; Clayton , Martin ( 2008 ) . Time in Indian Music : Rhythm , Metre , and Form in North Indian Rag Performance . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195339680 . Jump up ^ Samson n.d. Jump up ^ Wong 2011 . Jump up ^ Green 1979 , 1 . Jump up ^ van der Merwe 1989 , 3 . Jump up ^ Moore 2001 , 432 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Laurie 2014 , 284 . Jump up ^ Kivy 1993 , 327 . Jump up ^ Smith Brindle 1987 , 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Smith Brindle 1987 , chapter 6 , passim . Jump up ^ Garland and Kahn 1995 , . Jump up ^ Smith Brindle 1987 , 42 .",
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"49": "The Harvard Dictionary of Music , fourth edition , 260 -- 62 . Cambridge : The Belknap Press for Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0674011632 / Read , Gardner ( 1969 ) . Music Notation : A Manual of Modern Practice , second edition . Boston , Allyn and Bacon . Reprinted , London : Gollancz , 1974 . ISBN 9780575017580 . Reprinted , London : Gollancz , 1978 . ISBN 9780575025547 . Reprinted , New York : Taplinger Publishing , 1979 . ISBN 9780800854591 ; ISBN 9780800854539 ... Ross , John ( August 2002 ) . `` First City in the New World ? '' . Smithsonian. 33 ( 5 ) : 56 -- 63 . Routledge ( 2008 ) . The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music , iorst edition : Garland Encyclopedia of World Music . ISBN 978 - 0415994040 . Samson , Jim . '' Genre `` . In Grove Music Online , edited by Deane Root . Oxford Music Online . Accessed 4 March 2012 Schaeffer , Claude ; Nougayrol , Jean , eds . ( n.d. ) . `` Documents en langue houritte provenent de Ras Shamra '' . Ugaritica 5 : Nouveaux textes accadiens , hourrites et ugaritiques des archives et bibliothèques privées d'Ugarit . Paris : Bibliothèque archéologique et historique / Institut français d'archéologie de Beyrouth 80 : 462 -- 96 . Schenker , Heinrich ( n.d. ) . Free Composition . Translated and edited by Ernst Oster . New York and London , Longman . Schoenberg , Arnold ( 1983 ) . Structural Functions of Harmony , revised edition with corrections , edited by Leonard Stein . London and Boston : Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 13000 - 9 . Scholes , Percy A. ( 1977 ) . `` Form '' .",
"50": "The Oxford Companion to Music , tenth edition . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . Semiotica ( 1987 ). . Service , Jonathan ( 2013 ) . `` Chinese Music Theory '' . Transmission / Transformation : Sounding China in Enlightenment Europe . Cambridge : Harvard University Department of Music ( web , accessed 17 December 2015 ) . Shiloah , Amnon ( 1964 ) . La perfection des connaissances musicales : Traduction annotée du traité de musique arabe d'al - Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad ibn ' Ali al - Kātib École pratique des hautes études . 4e section , Sciences historiques et philologiques , Annuaire 1964 -- 1965 97 , no . 1 : 451 -- 56 . Shiloah , Amnon ( 2003 ) . Music in the World of Islam : A Socio - Cultural Study . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . ISBN 0814329705 . Smith Brindle , Reginald ( 1987 ) . The New Music : The Avant - Garde Since 1945 , second edition . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 315471 - 1 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 315468 - 1 ( pbk ) . Snarrenberg , Robert ( 1997 ) . Schenker 's Interpretive Practice . Cambridge Studies in Music Theory and Analysis 11 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521497264 . Sorantin , Erich ( 1932 ) . The Problem of Musical Expression : A Philosophical and Psychological Study . Nashville : Marshall and Bruce Co . Stefani , Gino ( 1973 ) . `` Sémiotique en musicologie '' . Versus 5 : 20 -- 42 . Stefani , Gino ( 1976 ) . Introduzione alla semiotica della musica . Palermo : Sellerio editore . Stein , Leon ( 1979 ) . Structure and Style : The Study and Analysis of Musical Forms .",
"51": "Princeton , NJ : Summy - Birchard Music . ISBN 0 - 87487 - 164 - 6 . Stevens , S.S. , J. Volkmann , and E.B. Newman ( 1937 ) . `` A Scale for the Measurement of the Psychological Magnitude Pitch '' . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 8 , no . 3 : 185 -- 90 . Stone , Kurt ( 1980 ) . Music Notation in the Twentieth Century . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 95053 - 3 . Tan , Siu - Lan , Pfordresher Peter , and Harré Rom ( 2010 ) . Psychology of Music : From Sound to Significance . New York : Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84169 - 868 - 7 . Thompson , William Forde ( n.d. ) . Music , Thought , and Feeling : Understanding the Psychology of Music , second edition . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 537707 - 9 . Thrasher , Alan ( 2000 ) . Chinese Musical Instruments . London and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 590777 - 9 . Touma , Habib Hassan ( 1996 ) . The Music of the Arabs , new expanded edition , translated by Laurie Schwartz . Portland , OR : Amadeus Press . ISBN 0 - 931340 - 88 - 8 . Tracey , Hugh ( 1969 ) . `` The Mbira Class of African Instruments in Rhodesia '' . African Music Society Journal 4 , no . 3 : 78 -- 95 . van der Merwe , Peter ( 1989 ) . Origins of the Popular Style : The Antecedents of Twentieth - Century Popular Music . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 316121 - 4 . Tymoczko , Dmitri ( 2011 ) . A Geometry of Music : Harmony and Counterpoint in the Extended Common Practice . Oxford Studies in Music Theory .",
"52": "Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195336672 . West , Martin Litchfield ( 1994 ) . `` The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts '' . Music and Letters 75 , no . 2 ( May ) : 161 -- 79 Whittall , Arnold ( 2008 ) . The Cambridge Introduction to Serialism . Cambridge Introductions to Music . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86341 - 4 ( hardback ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 68200 - 8 ( pbk ) . Wohl , Gennady. ( 2005 ) . `` Algebra of Tonal Functions '' , translated by Mykhaylo Khramov . Sonantometry Blogspot ( 16 June ; accessed 31 July 2015 ) . Wong , Janice ( 2011 ) . `` Visualising Music : The Problems with Genre Classification '' . Masters of Media blog site ( accessed 11 August 2015 ) . Wright , Owen ( 2001a ) . `` Munajjim , al - ( Yaḥyā ibn ) '' . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , second edition , edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell . London : Macmillan Publishers . Reprinted in The New Grove Online , Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press ( accessed 17 December 2015 ) ( subscription required ) . Wright , Owen ( 2001b ) . `` Arab Music , § 1 : Art Music , 2 . The Early Period ( to 900 CE ) , ( iv ) Early Theory '' . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , second edition , edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell . London : Macmillan Publishers . Reprinted in The New Grove Online , Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press ( accessed 17 December 2015 ) ( subscription required ) . Wu , Zhao ( 吴 钊 ) ( 1991 ) .",
"53": "`` Jiahu guiling gudi yu Zhongguo yinyue wenming zhi yuan ( 贾 湖 龟 铃 骨 笛 与 中国 音乐 文明 之 源 ) '' ( The relation of Jiahu bone flutes and turtle shell shakers to the origin of Chinese music ) . Wenwu ( 文物 ) ( Cultural Relics ) , no . 3 : 50 -- 55 . Wu , Zhongzian , and Karin Taylor Wu ( 2014 ) . Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches : Tian Gan Dizhi , The Heart of Chinese Wisdom Traditions . London and Philadelphia : Singing Dragon ( Jessica Kingsley Publishers ) . Wulstan , David ( 1968 ) . `` The Tuning of the Babylonian Harp '' . Iraq 30 : 215 -- 28 . Yamaguchi , Masaya ( 2000 ) . The Complete Thesaurus of Musical Scales . New York : Charles Colin . ISBN 0 - 9676353 - 0 - 6 . Yeston , Maury ( 1976 ) . The Stratification of Musical Rhythm . New Haven : Yale University Press . Zhang , Juzhong , Garman Harboolt , Cahngsui Wang , and Zhaochen Kong ( 1999 ) . `` Oldest Playable Musical Instrument Found at Jiahu Early Neolithic Site in China '' . Nature ( September 23 ) : 366 -- 68 . Zhang , Juzhong ; Yun Kuen ( 2004 ) . `` The early development of music . Analysis of the Jiahu Bone Flutes '' . Music Archaeology . Zhang , Juzhong , and L.K. Kuem ( 2005 ) . `` The Magic Flutes '' . Natural History Magazine 114 : 43 -- 49 Zhang , Juzhong , X . Xiao , and Y.K. Lee ( 2004 ) . `` The Early Development of Music : Analysis of the Jiahu Bone Flutes '' . Antiquity 78 , no .",
"54": "302 : 769 -- 79 Further reading ( edit ) Apel , Willi , and Ralph T. Daniel ( 1960 ) . The Harvard Brief Dictionary of Music . New York : Simon & Schuster Inc . ISBN 0 - 671 - 73747 - 3 Baur , John ( 2014 ) . Practical Music Theory . Dubuque : Kendall - Hunt Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4652 - 1790 - 5 Benward , Bruce , Barbara Garvey Jackson , and Bruce R. Jackson . ( 2000 ) . Practical Beginning Theory : A Fundamentals Worktext , 8th edition , Boston : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 697 - 34397 - 9 . ( First edition 1963 ) Brown , James Murray ( 1967 ) . A Handbook of Musical Knowledge , 2 vols . London : Trinity College of Music . Chase , Wayne ( 2006 ) . How Music REALLY Works ! , second edition . Vancouver , Canada : Roedy Black Publishing . ISBN 1 - 897311 - 55 - 9 ( book ) . Dunbar , Brian ( 2010 ) . Practical Music Theory : A Guide to Music as Art , Language , and Life . Rochester , Minn. , USA : Factum Musicae . ISBN 978 - 0578062471 . Hewitt , Michael ( 2008 ) . Music Theory for Computer Musicians . USA : Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59863 - 503 - 4 . Lawn , Richard J. , and Jeffrey L. Hellmer ( 1996 ) . Jazz Theory and Practice . ( N.p. ) : Alfred Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 88284 - 722 - 8 . Mazzola , Guerino ( 1985 ) . Gruppen und Kategorien in der Musik : Entwurf einer mathematischen Musiktheorie . Heldermann . ISBN 978 - 3 - 88538 - 210 - 2 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 .",
"55": "Mazzola , Guerino ; Daniel Muzzulini ( 1990 ) . Geometrie der Töne : Elemente der mathematischen Musiktheorie . Birkhäuser . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7643 - 2353 - 0 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Mazzola , Guerino , Stefan Göller , and Stefan Müller ( 2002 ) . The Topos of Music : Geometric Logic of Concepts , Theory , and Performance , Vol. 1 . Basel , Boston , and Berlin : Birkhäuser . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7643 - 5731 - 3 . ( Basel ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8176 - 5731 - 4 ( Boston ) . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Olson , Harry F. ( 1967 ) . Music , Physics and Engineering . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 21769 - 8 . Miguel , Roig - Francoli ( 2011 ) . Harmony in Context , Second edition , McGraw - Hill Higher Education . ISBN 0073137944 . Mirelman , Sam , and Theo Krispijn ( 2009 ) . `` The Old Babylonian Tuning Text UET VI / 3 899 '' . Iraq 71 : 43 -- 52 . Owen , Harold ( 2000 ) . Music Theory Resource Book . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511539 - 2 . Seashore , Carl ( 1933 ) . Approaches to the Science of Music and Speech . Iowa City : The University . Seashore , Carl ( 1938 ) . Psychology of Music . New York , London : McGraw - Hill Book Company , Inc . Sorce , Richard ( 1995 ) . Music Theory for the Music Professional . ( N.p. ) : Ardsley House . ISBN 1 - 880157 - 20 - 9 . Taruskin , Richard ( 2009 ) .",
"56": "`` Music from the Earliest Notations to the Sixteenth Century : The Oxford History of Western Music . '' Oxford University Press ISBN 0195384814 . Taylor , Eric ( 1989 ) . AB Guide to Music Theory , Part 1 . London : Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music . ISBN 1 - 85472 - 446 - 0 . Taylor , Eric ( 1991 ) . AB Guide to Music Theory , Part 2 . London : Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music . ISBN 1 - 85472 - 447 - 9 . Yamaguchi , Masaya ( 2006 ) . The Complete Thesaurus of Musical Scales , revised edition . New York : Masaya Music Services . ISBN 0 - 9676353 - 0 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Music theory Library resources about Music theory Online books Resources in your library Dillen , Oscar van , Outline of basic music theory ( 2011 ) `` Music Theory Online : Guides , Lessons & Exercises '' . musictheoryhelp.co.uk . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . `` Music basics Arts and humanities '' . Khan Academy . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . `` Music Theory is '' . musictheoryis.com . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Classical music Definition and history Art music Classical music History of music Periods and eras Roots Ancient music Early music Medieval music Renaissance music Common practice Baroque music Classical period Romantic music Modern and contemporary 20th century classical music Modern ( Impressionist , Expressionist ) Contemporary classical music ( Postmodern music , New - age music ) 21st - century classical music Classical music by country Australia Canada France Germany Italy Kosovo Russia Music theory Music theory Musical notation Performance Concert Conducting Musical ensemble Orchestra Publications Classica Classical music",
"57": "Pizzicato Lists : Composers by era Festivals Movements Music students by teacher Traditions Music theory Aesthetics Analysis Aspects Composition Definition Mathematics Musicology Philosophy Psychology Set theory Tuning List of music theorists Music History of music and Classical history Prehistoric Ancient Religious Biblical Secular Classical / art music Medieval Renaissance Baroque Classical period Romantic Impressionist 20th century Contemporary 21st century Vernacular music Blues Circus music Country music Jazz Folk music Popular music Hip hop music Pop music Progressive music Psychedelic music Rock music Heavy metal Punk rock Alternative Soul music Performance Ensembles Band ( rock and pop ) Backup band All - female band Rhythm section Big band Choir Concert band Conducting Disc jockey Musician Orchestra Singing Lead vocalist Backing vocalist Theory Composition Form Genre Notation Composer Improvisation Songwriter Lyrics Song Education and study Bachelor of Music Master of Music Doctor of Musical Arts PhD Music education Music history Music psychology Cultural aspects Musicology Ethnomusicology Music archaeology Ecomusicology Production Single A-side and B - side Extended play Album Compilation",
"58": "Live Remix Audio engineer Record label Record producer Sampling Music technology ( electric ) Music technology ( electronic and digital ) Sound recording and reproduction Cover Remix Cultural and regional genres African Central East North Southern West Asian Central East Middle - Eastern South Southeast European Central Eastern Northern Southeastern Southern Western Latin American Central American South American North American Caribbean Oceanian Melanesian Micronesian Polynesian By sovereign state Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica",
"59": "Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic of Macedonia Republic of the Congo Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria São Tomé and Príncipe Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Lists Index Outline Terminology Instruments Musical forms by era Cultural and regional genres Popular music genres Albums Songs Jazz and popular music glossary Audio Related articles Music and politics Music festival Music therapy",
"60": "Musical instrument Women in music Portal WikiProject GND : 4040876 - 0 NDL : 00568870 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_theory&oldid=837071354 '' Categories : Music theory Music history Musicology Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Pages with duplicate reference names Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2012 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2015 Articles needing more detailed references Pages using web citations with no URL Articles to be expanded from November 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from December 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2014 Articles with limited geographic scope from August 2015 USA - centric All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2014 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages with missing ISBNs CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from September 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk",
"61": "Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Asturianu Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 15 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is a ring in the solar system
|
[
"a disc or ring orbiting an astronomical object that is composed of solid material such as dust and moonlets, and is a common component of satellite systems around giant planets",
"a disc or ring orbiting an astronomical object that is composed of solid material such as dust and moonlets, and is a common component of satellite systems around giant planets",
"a disc or ring orbiting an astronomical object that is composed of solid material such as dust and moonlets"
] |
{
"0": "Ring system - wikipedia Ring system Jump to : navigation , search `` Planet ring '' redirects here . For other uses , see Planet Ring . Play media The moons Prometheus ( right ) and Pandora orbit just inside and outside the F ring of Saturn , but only Prometheus is thought to function as a ring shepherd A ring system is a disc or ring orbiting an astronomical object that is composed of solid material such as dust and moonlets , and is a common component of satellite systems around giant planets . A ring system around a planet is also known as a planetary ring system . The most prominent and most famous planetary rings in the Solar System are those around Saturn , but the other three giant planets ( Jupiter , Uranus , and Neptune ) also have ring systems . Recent evidence suggests that ring systems may also be found around other types of astronomical objects , including minor planets , moons , and brown dwarfs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ring systems of planets 1.1 Jupiter 1.2 Saturn 1.3 Uranus 1.4 Neptune 2 Rings systems of minor planets and moons 3 Rings around exoplanets 4 Visual comparison 5 References 6 External links Ring systems of planets ( edit ) The ring swirling around Saturn consists of chunks of ice and dust . The little dark spot on Saturn is the shadow from Saturn 's moon Enceladus . There are three ways that thicker planetary rings ( the rings around planets ) have been proposed to have formed : from material of the protoplanetary disk that was within the Roche limit of the planet and thus could not coalesce to form moons , from the debris of a moon that was disrupted by a large impact , or from the debris of a moon that was disrupted by tidal stresses when it passed within the planet 's Roche limit . Most rings were thought to be unstable and to dissipate over the course of tens or hundreds of millions of years , but it now appears that Saturn 's rings might be quite old , dating to the early days of the Solar System . Fainter planetary rings can form as a result of meteoroid impacts with moons orbiting around the planet or , in case of Saturn 's E-ring , the ejecta of cryovolcanic material . The composition of ring particles varies ; they may be silicate or icy dust .",
"1": "Larger rocks and boulders may also be present , and in 2007 tidal effects from eight ' moonlets ' only a few hundred meters across were detected within Saturn 's rings . The maximum size of a ring particle is determined by the specific strength of the material it is made of , its density , and the tidal force at its altitude . The tidal force is proportional to the average density inside the radius of the ring , or to the mass of the planet divided by the radius of the ring cubed . It is also inversely proportional to the square of the orbital period of the ring . Sometimes rings will have `` shepherd '' moons , small moons that orbit near the inner or outer edges of rings or within gaps in the rings . The gravity of shepherd moons serves to maintain a sharply defined edge to the ring ; material that drifts closer to the shepherd moon 's orbit is either deflected back into the body of the ring , ejected from the system , or accreted onto the moon itself . It is also predicted that Phobos , a moon of Mars , will break up and form into a planetary ring in about 50 million years , because its low orbit with an orbital period that is shorter than a Martian day is decaying due to tidal deceleration . Jupiter ( edit ) Main article : Rings of Jupiter Jupiter 's ring system was the third to be discovered , when it was first observed by the Voyager 1 probe in 1979 , and was observed more thoroughly by the Galileo orbiter in the 1990s . Its four main parts are a faint thick torus known as the `` halo '' ; a thin , relatively bright main ring ; and two wide , faint `` gossamer rings '' . The system consists mostly of dust . Saturn ( edit ) Main article : Rings of Saturn Saturn 's rings are the most extensive ring system of any planet in the Solar System , and thus have been known to exist for quite some time . Galileo Galilei first observed them in 1610 , but they were not accurately described as a disk around Saturn until Christiaan Huygens did so in 1655 . With help from the NASA / ESA / ASI Cassini mission , a further understanding of the ring formation and active movement was understood .",
"2": "The rings are not a series of tiny ringlets as many think , but are more of a disk with varying density . They consist mostly of water ice and trace amounts of rock , and the particles range in size from micrometers to meters . Uranus ( edit ) Main article : Rings of Uranus Uranus ' ring system lies between the level of complexity of Saturn 's vast system and the simpler systems around Jupiter and Neptune . They were discovered in 1977 by James L. Elliot , Edward W. Dunham , and Jessica Mink . In the time between then and 2005 , observations by Voyager 2 and the Hubble Space Telescope led to a total of 13 distinct rings being identified , most of which are opaque and only a few kilometers wide . They are dark and likely consist of water ice and some radiation - processed organics . The relative lack of dust is due to aerodynamic drag from the extended exosphere - corona of Uranus . Neptune ( edit ) Main article : Rings of Neptune The system around Neptune consists of five principal rings that , at their densest , are comparable to the low - density regions of Saturn 's rings . However , they are faint and dusty , much more similar in structure to those of Jupiter . The very dark material that makes up the rings are likely organics processed by radiation , like in the rings of Uranus . 20 to 70 percent of the rings are dust , a relatively high proportion . Hints of the rings were seen for decades prior to their conclusive discovery by Voyager 2 in 1989 . Rings systems of minor planets and moons ( edit ) Reports in March 2008 suggested that Saturn 's moon Rhea may have its own tenuous ring system , which would make it the only moon known to have a ring system . A later study published in 2010 revealed that imaging of Rhea by the Cassini spacecraft was inconsistent with the predicted properties of the rings , suggesting that some other mechanism is responsible for the magnetic effects that had led to the ring hypothesis . 10199 Chariklo , a centaur , was the first minor planet discovered to have rings . It has two rings , perhaps due to a collision that caused a chain of debris to orbit it .",
"3": "The rings were discovered when astronomers observed Chariklo passing in front of the star UCAC4 248 - 108672 on June 3 , 2013 from seven locations in South America . While watching , they saw two dips in the star 's apparent brightness just before and after the occultation . Because this event was observed at multiple locations , the conclusion that the dip in brightness was in fact due to rings is unanimously the leading hypothesis . The observations revealed what is likely a 19 - kilometer ( 12 - mile ) - wide ring system that is about 1,000 times closer than the Moon is to Earth . In addition , astronomers suspect there could be a moon orbiting amidst the ring debris . If these rings are the leftovers of a collision as astronomers suspect , this would give fodder to the idea that moons ( such as the Moon ) form through collisions of smaller bits of material . Chariklo 's rings have not been officially named , but the discoverers have nicknamed them Oiapoque and Chuí , after two rivers near the northern and southern ends of Brazil . A second centaur , 2060 Chiron , is also suspected to have a pair of rings . Based on stellar - occultation data that were initially interpreted as resulting from jets associated with Chiron 's comet - like activity , the rings are proposed to be 324 ( ± 10 ) km in radius . Their changing appearance at different viewing angles can explain the long - term variation in Chiron 's brightness over time . Ring systems may form around centaurs when they are tidally disrupted in a close encounter ( within 0.4 to 0.8 times the Roche limit ) with a giant planet . ( By definition , a centaur is a minor planet whose orbit crosses the orbit ( s ) of one or more giant planets . ) For a differentiated body approaching a giant planet at an initial relative velocity of 3 − 6 km / s with an initial rotational period of 8 hours , a ring mass of 0.1 − 10 % of the centaur 's mass is predicted . Ring formation from an undifferentiated body is less likely . The rings would be composed mostly or entirely of material from the parent body 's icy mantle .",
"4": "After forming , the ring would spread laterally , leading to satellite formation from whatever portion of it spreads beyond the centaur 's Roche Limit . Satellites could also form directly from the disrupted icy mantle . This formation mechanism predicts that roughly 10 % of centaurs will have experienced potentially ring - forming encounters with giant planets . A ring around Haumea , a dwarf planet and resonant Kuiper belt member , was revealed by a stellar occultation observed on 21 January 2017 . This makes it the first trans - Neptunian object found to have a ring system . The ring has a radius of about 2,287 km , a width of ≈ 70 km and an opacity of 0.5 . The ring plane coincides with Haumea 's equator and the orbit of its larger , outer moon Hi'iaka ( which has a semimajor axis of ≈ 25,657 km ) . The ring is close to the 3 : 1 resonance with Haumea 's rotation , which is located at a radius of 2,285 ± 8 km . It is well within Haumea 's Roche limit , which would lie at a radius of about 4,400 km if Haumea were spherical ( being nonspherical pushes the limit out farther ) . It had previously been theorized by some astronomers that Pluto might have a ring system . However , this possibility has been ruled out by New Horizons , which would have detected any such ring system . Rings around exoplanets ( edit ) Because all giant planets of the Solar System have rings , the existence of exoplanets with rings is plausible . Although particles of ice , the material that is predominant in the rings of Saturn , can only exist around planets beyond the frost line , within this line rings consisting of rocky material can be stable in the long term . Such ring systems can be detected for planets observed by the transit method by additional reduction of the light of the central star if their opacity is sufficient . As of January 2015 , no such observations are known . A sequence of occultations of the star 1SWASP J140747.",
"5": "93 - 394542.6 observed in 2007 over 56 days was interpreted as a transit of a ring system of a ( not directly observed ) substellar companion dubbed `` J1407b '' . This ring system is attributed a radius of about 90 million km ( about 200 times that of Saturn 's rings ) . In press releases , the term super-Saturn was dubbed . However , the age of this stellar system is only about 16 million years , which suggests that this structure , if real , is more like a protoplanetary disk rather than a stable ring system in an evolved planetary system . Fomalhaut b was found to be large and unclearly defined when detected in 2008 . This may either be due to a cloud of dust attracted from the dust disc of the star , or a possible ring system . Visual comparison ( edit ) A Galileo image of Jupiter 's main ring . A Cassini mosaic of Saturn 's rings . A Voyager 2 image of Uranus 's rings . A pair of Voyager 2 images of Neptune 's rings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Saturn 's Rings May Be Old Timers '' . NASA ( News Release 2007 - 149 ) . December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Spahn , F. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Cassini Dust Measurements at Enceladus and Implications for the Origin of the E Ring '' ( PDF ) . Science . 311 ( 5766 ) : 1416 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2006Sci ... 311.1416 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1121375 . PMID 16527969 . Jump up ^ Porco , C.C. ; Helfenstein , P. ; Thomas , P.C. ; Ingersoll , A.P. ; Wisdom , J. ; West , R. ; Neukum , G. ; Denk , T. ; Wagner , R. ( 10 March 2006 ) . `` Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus '' . Science .",
"6": "311 ( 5766 ) : 1393 -- 1401 . Bibcode : 2006Sci ... 311.1393 P . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1123013 . PMID 16527964 . Jump up ^ Holsapple , K.A. ( December 2001 ) . `` Equilibrium Configurations of Solid Cohesionless Bodies '' . Icarus . 154 ( 2 ) : 432 -- 448 . Bibcode : 2001Icar ... 154 ... 432H . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 2001.6683 . Jump up ^ Gürtler , J. & Dorschner , J : `` Das Sonnensystem '' , Barth ( 1993 ) , ISBN 3 - 335 - 00281 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Bradford A. ; Soderblom , Laurence A. ; Johnson , Torrence V. ; Ingersoll , Andrew P. ; Collins , Stewart A. ; Shoemaker , Eugene M. ; Hunt , G.E. ; Masursky , Harold ; Carr , Michael H. ( 1979 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The Jupiter System Through the Eyes of Voyager 1 '' . Science . 204 ( 4396 ) : 951 -- 972 . Bibcode : 1979Sci ... 204 ... 951S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 204.4396. 951 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 17800430 . Jump up ^ Ockert - Bell , Maureen E. ; Burns , Joseph A. ; Daubar , Ingrid J. ; Thomas , Peter C. ; Veverka , Joseph ; Belton , M.J.S. ; Klaasen , Kenneth P. ( 1999 - 04 - 01 ) . `` The Structure of Jupiter 's Ring System as Revealed by the Galileo Imaging Experiment '' . Icarus . 138 ( 2 ) : 188 -- 213 . Bibcode : 1999Icar ... 138 ... 188O . doi : 10.1006 / icar.",
"7": "1998.6072 . Jump up ^ Esposito , Larry W. ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Planetary rings '' . Reports on Progress in Physics. 65 ( 12 ) : 1741 . Bibcode : 2002RPPh ... 65.1741 E . doi : 10.1088 / 0034 - 4885 / 65 / 12 / 201 . ISSN 0034 - 4885 . Jump up ^ Showalter , Mark R. ; Burns , Joseph A. ; Cuzzi , Jeffrey N. ; Pollack , James B. ( 1987 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Jupiter 's ring system : New results on structure and particle properties '' . Icarus . 69 ( 3 ) : 458 -- 498 . Bibcode : 1987Icar ... 69 ... 458S . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 87 ) 90018 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Background of Saturn 's Rings '' . www.solarviews.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Cassini - In Depth Missions - NASA Solar System Exploration '' . NASA Solar System Exploration . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Tiscareno , Matthew S. ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . Oswalt , Terry D. ; French , Linda M. ; Kalas , Paul , eds . Planetary Rings . Springer Netherlands . pp. 309 -- 375 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 5606 - 9_7 . ISBN 9789400756052 . Jump up ^ Porco , Carolyn . `` Questions about Saturn 's rings '' . CICLOPS web site . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Elliot , J.L. ; Dunham , E. ; Mink , D. ( 1977 - 05 - 26 ) . `` The rings of Uranus '' . Nature .",
"8": "267 ( 5609 ) : 328 -- 330 . Bibcode : 1977Natur. 267 ... 328E . doi : 10.1038 / 267328a0 . Jump up ^ Smith , B.A. ; Soderblom , L.A. ; Beebe , R. ; Bliss , D. ; Boyce , J.M. ; Brahic , A. ; Briggs , G.A. ; Brown , R.H. ; Collins , S.A. ( 1986 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Voyager 2 in the Uranian System : Imaging Science Results '' . Science . 233 ( 4759 ) : 43 -- 64 . Bibcode : 1986Sci ... 233 ... 43S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 233.4759. 43 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 17812889 . Jump up ^ Showalter , Mark R. ; Lissauer , Jack J. ( 2006 - 02 - 17 ) . `` The Second Ring - Moon System of Uranus : Discovery and Dynamics '' . Science . 311 ( 5763 ) : 973 -- 977 . Bibcode : 2006Sci ... 311 ... 973S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1122882 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 16373533 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , B.A. ; Soderblom , L.A. ; Banfield , D. ; Barnet , C ; Basilevsky , A.T. ; Beebe , R.F. ; Bollinger , K. ; Boyce , J.M. ; Brahic , A. ( 1989 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Voyager 2 at Neptune : Imaging Science Results '' . Science . 246 ( 4936 ) : 1422 -- 1449 . Bibcode : 1989Sci ... 246.1422 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 246.4936. 1422 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 .",
"9": "PMID 17755997 . Jump up ^ http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/media/rhea20080306.html NASA -- Saturn 's Moon Rhea Also May Have Rings Jump up ^ Jones , G.H. ; et al. ( 2008 - 03 - 07 ) . `` The Dust Halo of Saturn 's Largest Icy Moon , Rhea '' . Science . 319 ( 5868 ) : 1380 -- 1384 . Bibcode : 2008Sci ... 319.1380 J . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1151524 . PMID 18323452 . Jump up ^ Lakdawalla , E. ( 2008 - 03 - 06 ) . `` A Ringed Moon of Saturn ? Cassini Discovers Possible Rings at Rhea '' . The Planetary Society web site . Planetary Society . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Tiscareno , Matthew S. ; Burns , Joseph A. ; Cuzzi , Jeffrey N. ; Hedman , Matthew M. ( 2010 ) . `` Cassini imaging search rules out rings around Rhea '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 37 ( 14 ) : L14205 . arXiv : 1008.1764 . Bibcode : 2010GeoRL ... 3714205T . doi : 10.1029 / 2010GL043663 . Jump up ^ `` Surprise ! Asteroid Hosts A Two - Ring Circus Above Its Surface '' . Universe Today . March 2014 . Jump up ^ Lakdawalla , E. ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) . `` A second ringed centaur ? Centaurs with rings could be common '' . Planetary Society . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Ortiz , J.L.",
"10": "; Duffard , R. ; Pinilla - Alonso , N. ; Alvarez - Candal , A. ; Santos - Sanz , P. ; Morales , N. ; Fernández - Valenzuela , E. ; Licandro , J. ; Campo Bagatin , A. ; Thirouin , A. ( 2015 ) . `` Possible ring material around centaur ( 2060 ) Chiron '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 576 : A18 . arXiv : 1501.05911 . Bibcode : 2015yCat ... 35760018O . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201424461 . Jump up ^ Hyodo , R. ; Charnoz , S. ; Genda , H. ; Ohtsuki , K. ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) . `` Formation of Centaurs ' Rings Through Their Partial Tidal Disruption During Planetary Encounters '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 828 ( 1 ) : L8 . arXiv : 1608.03509 . Bibcode : 2016ApJ ... 828L ... 8H . doi : 10.3847 / 2041 - 8205 / 828 / 1 / L8 . Jump up ^ Sickafoose , A.A. ( 2017 ) . `` Astronomy : Ring detected around a dwarf planet '' . Nature . 550 ( 7675 ) : 197 -- 198 . Bibcode : 2017Natur. 550 ... 197S . doi : 10.1038 / 550197a . ^ Jump up to : Ortiz , J.L. ; Santos - Sanz , P. ; Sicardy , B. ; et al. ( 2017 ) . `` The size , shape , density and ring of the dwarf planet Haumea from a stellar occultation '' . Nature . 550 ( 7675 ) : 219 -- 223 . Bibcode : 2017Natur. 550 ... 219O . doi : 10.1038 / nature24051 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ Steffl , Andrew J. ; Stern , S. Alan ( 2007 ) . `` First Constraints on Rings in the Pluto System '' . The Astronomical Journal . 133 ( 4 ) : 1485 -- 1489 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0608036 . Bibcode : 2007AJ ... 133.1485 S . doi : 10.1086 / 511770 . Jump up ^ Hilke E. Schlichting , Philip Chang ( 2011 ) . `` Warm Saturns : On the Nature of Rings around Extrasolar Planets that Reside Inside the Ice Line '' . Astrophysical Journal . 734 ( 2 ) : 117 . arXiv : 1104.3863 . Bibcode : 2011ApJ ... 734 ... 117S . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 734 / 2 / 117 . Jump up ^ Matthew A. Kenworthy , Eric E. Mamajek ( 2015 ) . `` Modeling giant extrasolar ring systems in eclipse and the case of J1407b : sculpting by exomoons ? '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 800 ( 2 ) : 126 . arXiv : 1501.05652 . Bibcode : 2015ApJ ... 800 ... 126K . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 800 / 2 / 126 . Jump up ^ Rachel Feltman ( 2015 - 01 - 26 ) . `` This planet 's rings make Saturn look puny '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ arXiv : 0811.1994 ( astro - ph ) , available at https://arxiv.org/abs/0811.1994 , by Kalas , P. et al. Accessed 4th Feb. 2018 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Planetary rings . USGS / IAU Ring and Ring Gap Nomenclature Everything a Curious Mind Should Know About Planetary Ring Systems with Dr Mark Showalter , Bridging the",
"12": "Gaps : A Portal for Curious Minds ( hide ) Planetary rings Planets Rings of Jupiter Rings of Saturn Rings of Uranus Rings of Neptune Rings of exoplanets Other bodies Rings of Chariklo Rings of Chiron Rings of Rhea Rings of Haumea Solar Asteroid belt Kuiper belt Related topics Gas torus The Solar System The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean ) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Moons Terrestrial Moon other near - Earth objects Martian Phobos Deimos Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 69 Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 62 Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 27 Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all",
"13": "14 Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka Makemakean S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 Eridian Dysnomia Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planets moons Comets Damocloids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Venus trojans Near - Earth objects Earth - crossers Earth trojans Mars - crossers Mars trojans Asteroid belt Asteroids first discovered : Ceres Pallas Juno Vesta Families Notable asteroids Kirkwood gap Main - belt comets Jupiter trojans Jupiter - crossers Centaurs Saturn - crossers Uranus trojans Uranus - crossers Neptune trojans Cis - Neptunian objects Trans - Neptunian objects Neptune - crossers Plutoids Kuiper belt Plutinos Cubewanos Scattered disc Detached objects Sednoids Hills cloud Oort cloud Hypothetical objects Vulcan Vulcanoids Phaeton Planet V Theia Fifth giant Planets beyond Neptune Tyche Nemesis Planet Nine Exploration ( outline ) Discovery Astronomy Timeline Spaceflight Robotic spacecraft Human spaceflight List of crewed spacecraft Colonization List of probes Timeline Mercury Venus Moon",
"14": "Mars Ceres Asteroids Mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space Outline of the Solar System Portals Solar System Astronomy Earth sciences Mars Jupiter Uranus Cosmology Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' .",
"15": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_system&oldid=830808580 '' Categories : Planetary rings Celestial mechanics Hidden categories : Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Avañe'ẽ বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 02 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who was allowed to vote in the roman republic
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{
"0": "Elections in the Roman Republic - wikipedia Elections in the Roman Republic Jump to : navigation , search A 63 BCE coin depicting a Roman casting a ballot Elections in the Roman Republic were an essential part to its governance , although all citizens did not always play a consistently equal part in them . Upper class interests , centered in the urban political environment of cities , often trumped the concerns of the diverse and disunified lower class ; while at times , those already in power would pre-select candidates for office , further reducing the value of voters ' input . The candidates themselves at first remained distant from voters and refrained from public presentations ( in fact , formal speech - making was at one point forbidden in an effort to focus on the policies rather than the charisma of the candidate ) , but they later more than made up for time lost with habitual bribery , coercion , and empty promises . As the practice of electoral campaigning grew in use and extent , the pool of candidates was no longer limited to a select group with riches and high birth . Instead , many more ordinary citizens had a chance to run for office , allowing for more equal representation in key government decisions . During the Roman Republic the citizens would elect almost all officeholders annually . Popular elections for high office were largely undermined and then brought to an end by Augustus ( r . 27 BC - 14 AD ) , the first Roman emperor ( earlier known as Octavian ) . However , Roman elections continued at the local , municipal level . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sources 2 Structure and Process 3 Campaigning 3.1 Development of Candidacy 3.2 Campaigning Strategies 4 Corruption 5 Representation and Electorate 6 Electorate and turnout 7 End of Elections 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Sources ( edit ) Elections were a central element to the history and politics of Rome for some 500 years , and the major historians such as Livy and Plutarch make frequent references to them . What does not exist is a comprehensive account on how elections worked . Historians have reconstructed details from scattered accounts from different eras , but much is still uncertain and there is scholarly debate over several elements . Sallust gives a valuable account of Marius ' first consul campaign of 107 BCE in the Jugurthine War .",
"1": "The most important sources are writings by Cicero . While his major works touch on elections , his daily life was immersed in late Republican politics , and his surviving letters and orations are the most valuable . Two important ones are Pro Murena and Pro Plancio , both legal speeches to defend candidates accused of bribery . The most comprehensive surviving source is the Commentariolum Petitionis ( Little Handbook on Electioneering ) by Quintus Tullius Cicero . It is a how - to guide on running for consul , written by Quintus for his brother 's campaign in 64 BCE . Unfortunately there are many doubts as to its authenticity , accepted by some as authentic to the period , others date it a century later to an author who would not have direct knowledge of election realities . Structure and process ( edit ) Main article : Legislative assemblies of the Roman Republic At the origin of the Republic the only elected positions were the two consuls ; over the course of the Republic new public offices were added , and by the end of the Republic 44 public offices were elected . All were elected annually to one - year terms , accepting the censor whose term covered a lustrum of five years . The only public offices which were not elected positions were the dictator and his deputy the Master of the Horse , who were appointed , but only in emergency circumstances . The office holders were elected by different assemblies . The Centuriate Assembly elected the highest offices of consul , praetor , and censor . This assembly divided all adult male citizens in 193 centuries . Its organization was descended from that of early Roman Army , and the centuries were organized into tiers rank and property with cavalry equites at the top and unarmed and unpropertied at the bottom . Quaestors , and curule aediles were elected by the Tribal Assembly , while tribunes and plebeian aedilea were elected by the Plebeian Council . These were divided into 35 tribes , geographical units of voters . The membership of the two is almost identical , with the only difference that patricians were excluded from the Plebeian Council . The Centuriate Assembly voted at the Campus Martius . Originally the other two assemblies voted at the Forum , but later also moved to the Campus Martius . Voting was by group .",
"2": "A majority of 97 of the 193 centuries or 18 of the 35 tribes was needed to be elected . The groups varied greatly by population , with the wealthy centuries having far fewer voters per century than the poorer ones . The tribes were also unbalanced with the four urban tribes having far more possible voters . For the Centuriate voting was in descending order by class . The first property class would divide itself first into their 35 tribes , and then split each tribe by age forming the iuniores ( juniors ) and the seniores ( seniors ) . This would form 70 centuries , each with a vote . The iuniores would vote first , and one of them would be chosen by lot . This group , known as the centuria praerogativa , would be the first to vote , and it would have its results announced before every other century voted . Cicero put great weight on the ability of this first announced result to sway other voters . After the centuria praerogativa the other 34 iuniores would have their results announced simultaneously . Next the 35 seniors and the 18 equites would cast their ballots . The first property class and the equites combined for 98 votes , and if they were unanimous a candidate would be declared elected and no other centuries would vote . If no majority was reached , balloting would continue through the lower property classes until a majority was reached . The Tribal Assembly did not have a similar order of precedence . Each of the 35 tribes voted simultaneously . The results were then counted and announced in an order determined by lot . Once a candidate had reached a majority of 18 tribes , counting would stop . Voting itself was originally oral and initiated via a magistrate 's call for public meeting . Candidates would stand before the electorate , without having prepared any sort of formal speech , and voters would separate to different sections of the saepta ( a large unroofed wooden structure with 35 divisions ) according to tribe . Each division was connected to the magistrate 's tribunal by a pons ( plank ) over which the voters would pass to cast their ballots . Each compartment had their votes taken individually and then given to tabulators on the tribunal .",
"3": "Till 139 BC , citizens cast their votes verbally by stating a desired candidate 's name while rogatores ( tabulators ) marked off the votes on wax tablets . The lex Gabinia tabellaria of 139 BC introduced the secret ballot , where each voter wrote the initials of the desired candidate on a small wax tablet to be placed in a box known as the cista at the exit of each of the pontes . To prevent dishonesty , poll watchers guarded the ballot boxes and the official tabulators , now called custodes , counted the votes . The process of voting itself occurred either in the capital 's forum before the temple of Castor and Pollux or before the Rostra , although limited space prevented all the tribes from voting at once . Campaigning ( edit ) A campaign would begin when the election day was announced by the magistrate in charge of elections . In 98 BCE the Lex Caecilia Didia set the campaign length between 17 and 25 days . A core campaign activity was canvassing in the Forum . The candidate would walk to the forum surrounded by a group of supporters , to meet another cluster of allies in the Forum . At the forum the candidate would shake hands with the eligible voters . Whispering into the ear of some candidates would be a nomenclator , a slave who had been trained to memorize the names of all the voters , so that the candidate could greet them all by name . The person running for office would wear an especially whitened toga , known as the toga candida . It is from this term that we get the modern word candidate . Some candidates may have extended their canvassing to the rural markets around Rome , once those outside the city were allowed to vote . Political rallies were not permitted in Roman elections . To attract voters candidates instead held banquets and gave away free tickets to the games . To pay for these either a candidate had to be wealthy , or rely on the sponsorship of wealthy friends . There are cases of people going ruinously into debt to fund their campaigns . There were no attempts to restrict who could donate or how much , but there were several laws passed attempting to limit candidate spending on banquets and games . Development of candidacy ( edit ) Public voting in Rome was originally a process that did not allow for a true choice from the people .",
"4": "After the Senate prepared a list of candidates , it was the magistrate that narrowed the list to the two candidates that could contend for the nomination . Later on in the Roman Republic a practice called professio was established , in which potential candidates started to `` profess to the magistrate '' their wish to be nominated for candidacy . This led to the nominated candidates publicly advertising their aspirations to office and even `` ( conducting ) their own canvass , '' clearly campaigning with the idea of voters ' choice in mind . Still , the people 's power could be limited , as there were a few instances in 201 BC and 169 BC when candidates suspiciously became elected just a day after they declared themselves a candidate , which would of course allow no real time for the people to be aware of , much less vote for , such last - minute choices . In the later century , however , more concrete rules were established regarding the behavior and canvassing of candidates . These laws kept people from declaring candidacy the day before an election , requiring the professio to be made before a certain set date . Campaigning strategies ( edit ) Politicians running for a position of power in the Roman Republic followed campaigning strategies similar to those used by modern politicians . In a contemporary letter written to consul candidate Marcus Cicero by his brother , Quintus , during Marcus ' campaign , Quintus wrote on the various campaigning strategies that would help Marcus be elected . One of the most important tips Quintus emphasized was that Marcus should create friendships with men of a higher status because these were the men that had the most influence . In addition to creating relationships with the wealthy , Quintus also advised Marcus to `` remind everyone in your debt that they should repay you with their support . '' In order to have a chance to be elected , politicians needed to recall any favors owed to them because they needed all the support they could receive . Furthermore , in a similar fashion to modern politics , politicians in the Roman Republic needed to please everyone , whether that meant making promises they knew they could not keep or simply being very polite . In Marcus 's response to his brother , he noted that `` people would prefer you give them a gracious lie than an outright refusal . '' Thus , all that mattered was that the politician kept everyone happy , even if that meant lying to their supporters .",
"5": "In addition to flattery and favor - trading , politicians would even resort to ad hominem tactics ; in particular , one can find inscribed on the walls of public buildings in Pompeii numerous attacks on the character or constituency of opponents running for office . Some clever candidates ( or their supporters ) apparently scrawled derisive messages implying that only unsavory characters such as `` the sneak thieves ... the whole company of late drinkers ( and ) late risers '' supported the opposing candidate . Evidently , strategies for campaigning in republican Rome were very similar to the strategies modern day politicians use . Corruption ( edit ) Main article : Ambitus Since most voters saw elections as irrelevant to their own lives , many candidates resorted to bribery to convince the people to cast their votes . Bribery became such a commonplace practice in the later Republic that it was seen as a normal part of the political process , and ranged anywhere from the blatant promising of money to simply hosting games and entertaining the people . Sometime during the mid-second century , Polybius noted the prohibition of bribery , but this proved to be useless as it continued to be prominent in elections and was very difficult to differentiate between bribery and the patronage system . Some evidence suggests that as the dominance of the practice grew , the number of men who gained the consulship without any consulates in his family grew as well . Political office , then , was no longer restricted to those of noble birth , and the Republic began to transition from an aristocratic government to become more oligarchic in nature . Interestingly , some sources assert that the money gained from bribes actually helped common voters afford the cost of voting . In fact , the biggest target of this corruption was these poorer citizens , revealing that these voters still had considerable influence in the outcome of elections . However , the consequences of such corruption caused a lack of faith in the constitution and the political process , which led , in part , to civil war . Corruption posed the greatest problem in the later Republic when the lucrative benefits of high office led to more competitive elections . Candidates were frequently accused of breaking the laws restricting spending , and also of directly bribing voters . Electoral crimes were known as ambitus , and there was a long series of laws passed trying to eliminate it , seemingly to little effect .",
"6": "In the consular election of 59 BCE , both Julius Caesar and his rival Bibulus committed to large bribes . In the election of 54 BCE two candidates promised the vast sum of the 10 million sesterces to the centuria praerogativa for its vote . Representation and electorate ( edit ) Elections in the Roman Republic were often characterized by tension between the patricians and the plebeians and , as modern scholarship has shown , were dominated by the oligarchic elite . The Tribal Council on its surface was equitable , for example , but actually worked in favor of elites who had the resources to travel to the city to participate in the election . The Roman system clients and patronage also ensured that votes of the lower classes were tied to an elite . While voting was more open , running for office was much more restricted . Being a candidate had more stringent property tests , and required ten years of military service . Through the entire history of the Republic running and winning office was dominated by the elite families . The plebeian group , consisting mostly of rural farmers , gained greater political representation only slowly over time . By the middle of the 5th century BCE , the plebeians had gained enough political power that an assembly of them called the Concilium ( a consolidation of a number of other disjointed plebeian assemblies ) was able to elect ten tribunes , or representatives , annually . The Concilium was notable in that it was the first to represent all plebeians , not just those in the city . It was also one of few assemblies of its time to employ group voting , in which each tribe of plebeians agreed on a single vote to cast , similar to the United States ' electoral college and some processes of English Parliament . When it came to electing officials and magistrates higher up , though , that responsibility still lay with the Centuriate Assembly , which was for the most part controlled by patrician interests . Eventually , that too changed to include the votes of more than 35 countryside plebeian tribes . Once the lower class had greater political representation , there came greater opportunity for them to finally ascend the political and social ladder , making the `` rule by the people '' a more attainable goal .",
"7": "Electorate and turnout ( edit ) Voting for most offices was open to all full Roman citizens , a group that excluded women , slaves and originally those living outside of Rome . In the early Republic the electorate would have been small , but as Rome grew it expanded . The Lex Julia of 90 BCE extending voting rights to citizens across Italy greatly expanded the franchise . By the final Republican census of 70 BCE there were 910,000 possible electors . One unknown is how the Romans kept track of who was eligible to vote . Debates over the franchise were frequent , and differentiating voters from non-voters must have been done . One possibility is that as voters gathered as a tribe the members would be well known enough to each other that an outsider could be spotted , but as populations grew this would have been difficult . Historians have proposed that a central voters list was kept or that citizens were given some form of voter identification , but no sources or archaeological evidence survives for either . Another debated issue is turnout . No contemporary source indicates how many cast ballots in an election . One clue to an approximate number is the size of the voting area . As consul Julius Caesar began the construction of a structure on the Campus Martius to hold the population while voting . The size of the structure , if completely filled with voters could have held between 30,000 and 70,000 people . This is almost certainly a high estimate , as open spaces for conducting to polling itself would at the least have been required . Cicero mentions in one work that the voting for a single consul in 45 BCE took 5 hours , with the equites and the first and second classes voting . From what we know of how the voting was structured historians have estimated that at most between 6,000 and 16,800 could have voted in that election . With an electorate of 910,000 , even the most generous guesses put voter turnout below 10 % . End of elections ( edit ) The reign of Caesar Augustus saw the final decline of democratic elections in Rome . Augustus undermined and lessened the significance of the election results , eventually eliminating elections entirely . He also diminished the importance of the offices themselves - the senate was full of his supporters , so candidacy was based on flattery and not on merit , since he could nominate senators freely and essentially controlled all membership .",
"8": "Augustus had extensive influence over the magistrates as well ; he was given the power to grant commendation to candidates for office , which became a guarantee of winning the election . He later nullified the power of the elected tribunes by assuming the powers of a tribune without actually holding the office itself , allowing him to act as one without other tribunes challenging him . This included casting down any legislation proposed by the others , significantly decreasing the power of the tribunes . Because of this , even though elections still occurred , the results mattered far less than they had under the Republic . Eventually , late in his principate , Augustus eliminated direct election entirely , establishing designatio by a group of senators and equites . Citizens were still allowed to elect municipal officers , but filling higher level posts was left entirely to those already in power . There is evidence that elections continued at the municipal level for some time after outside of Rome . The remains of Pompeii found several graffiti inscriptions lauding one candidate or another , indicating that contested elections were still underway there in 79 CE . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Adcock 1964 , pp. 19 - 35 . ^ Jump up to : Staveley 1972 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Vishnia 2012 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Yakobson 1999 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Vishnia 2012 , p. 108 ^ Jump up to : Vishnia 2012 , p. 105 Jump up ^ Taylor 1966 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Vishnia 2012 , p. 123 ^ Jump up to : Staveley 1972 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Best 1974 , 428 - 38 . ^ Jump up to : Vishnia 2012 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Vishnia 2012 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Staveley 1972 , 146 . Jump up ^ Cicero & Carville 2012 , pp. 18 -- 28 Jump up ^ Inscriptions from houses in Pompeii , 79 AD . See Davis 1912 -- 13 ) , pp. 260 - 265 .",
"9": "^ Jump up to : Yakobson 2012 ^ Jump up to : Lintott 1990 , pp. 1 - 16 . Jump up ^ Roper 2013 , pp. 37 - 61 . Jump up ^ Vishnia 2012 , p. 139 Jump up ^ Yakobson 1999 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Adcock 1964 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Staveley 1972 , pp. 122 , 133 . Jump up ^ Adcock 1964 , pp. 32 , 34 . Jump up ^ Adcock 1964 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Vishnia 2012 , p. 125 ^ Jump up to : Adcock 1964 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Staveley 1972 , p. 224 . References ( edit ) Adcock , F.E. ( 1964 ) . Roman political ideas and practice . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 06088 - 7 . Cicero , Quintus Tullius ; Carville , James ( 2012 ) . `` Campaign Tips From Cicero : The Art of Politics , From the Tiber to the Potomac '' . Foreign Affairs . Council on Foreign Relations . 91 ( 3 ) : 18 -- 28 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Best , Edward E. ( 1974 ) . `` Literacy and Roman Voting '' . Historia : Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte. 23 ( 4 ) : 428 -- 38 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Lintott , Andrew ( 1990 ) . `` Electoral Bribery in The Roman Republic '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 80 : 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.2307 / 300277 . Roper , Brian S. ( 2013 ) . `` Democracy Suppressed : The Roman Republic and Empire '' . The history of democracy : a Marxist interpretation . London : Pluto Press . pp. 37 -- 61 .",
"10": "ISBN 978 - 0745331898 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Staveley , E.S. ( 1972 ) . Greek and Roman voting and elections . Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0801406935 . Taylor , Lily Ross ( 1990 ) . Roman voting assemblies from the Hannibalic War to the dictatorship of Caesar ( 1st ed . ) . Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08125 - X . Vishnia , Rachel Feig ( 2012 ) . Roman elections in the age of Cicero : society , government , and voting . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0415879699 . Yakobson , Alexander ( 1999 ) . Elections and electioneering in Rome : a study in the political system of the late republic . Stuttgart : Steiner . ISBN 978 - 3515074810 . Yakobson , Alexander ( 2012 ) . `` Elections , Roman '' . In Bagnall , Roger S . The Encyclopedia of Ancient History . Malden , MA : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1405179355 . External links ( edit ) Campaign Tips From Cicero Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Roman_Republic&oldid=838170617 '' Categories : Elections by country Elections in Europe Government of the Roman Republic Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 10 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when does the next warrior book come out
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[
"April 10, 2018",
"April 10, 2018"
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{
"0": "Warriors ( novel series ) - Wikipedia Warriors ( novel series ) Jump to : navigation , search Warriors Boxed sets of the Warriors and Warriors : The New Prophecy series Warriors : The Prophecies Begin ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Warriors : The New Prophecy ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Warriors : Power of Three ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Warriors : Omen of the Stars ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Warriors : Dawn of the Clans ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Warriors : A Vision of Shadows ( 2016 -- present ) Warriors : Super Edition Author Erin Hunter Illustrator Wayne McLoughlin Owen Richardson Country United Kingdom United States Language English Genre Children 's fiction , fantasy , young adult fiction Publisher HarperCollins Published January 21 , 2003 -- present Website www.warriorcats.com Warriors is a series of novels published by HarperCollins ; it is written by authors Kate Cary , Cherith Baldry , Tui Sutherland , with the plot developed by editor Victoria Holmes , who collectively use the pseudonym Erin Hunter . The series follows the adventures of four Clans of wild cats -- ThunderClan , ShadowClan , WindClan , and RiverClan -- in their forest and lake homes , who look up to StarClan , their warriors ancestors , and spirits in the stars , who guide the four clans . SkyClan , the long - forgotten fifth Clan of the forest , is later introduced in the stand - alone novel Firestar 's Quest . It receives additional focus in the novel SkyClan 's Destiny , the manga trilogy SkyClan and the Stranger , and the 2013 novella Cloudstar 's Journey . There are currently six sub-series , each containing six books . The first , Warriors ( later re-titled as Warriors : The Prophecies Begin ) , was published from 2003 to 2004 . Warriors : The New Prophecy , published from 2005 to 2006 , follows the first sub-series , chronicling the Clans as they move to a new home . The third story arc , Warriors : Power of Three , was published from 2007 to 2009 .",
"1": "The fourth sub-series , Warriors : Omen of the Stars , was published from 2009 to 2012 and continued where the third story arc left off . The fifth sub-series Warriors : Dawn of the Clans , was published from 2013 to 2015 . The sub-series acts as a prequel series , detailing the formation of the Clans . The sixth and most recent sub-series , Warriors : A Vision of Shadows , is still on its fourth book and halfway finished . The first book of the sixth series , The Apprentice 's Quest , was released on March 15 , 2016 , and the second book , Thunder and Shadow , was released on September 6 , 2016 . Warriors : A Vision of Shadows follows Warriors : Omen of the Stars , and Bramblestar 's Storm . Other books have been released in addition to the main series , including nine lengthier stand - alone `` Super Edition '' novels entitled Firestar 's Quest , Bluestar 's Prophecy , SkyClan 's Destiny , Crookedstar 's Promise , Yellowfang 's Secret , Tallstar 's Revenge , Bramblestar 's Storm , Moth Flight 's Vision , Hawkwing 's Journey , and the latest one , Tigerheart 's Shadow . There are also a few other books that were published as e-book novellas : Hollyleaf 's Story , Mistystar 's Omen , Cloudstar 's Journey , Tigerclaw 's Fury , Leafpool 's Wish , Dovewing 's Silence , Mapleshade 's Vengeance , Goosefeather 's Curse and Ravenpaw 's Farewell . Three more e-book novellas have been confirmed , Pinestar 's Choice , Thunderstar 's Echo and Spottedleaf 's Heart will be published in April 2017 . These e-book novels have also been published in three print compilations , with three stories each : Warriors : Tales from the Clans , Warriors : The Untold Stories , and Warriors : Shadows of the Clans . Six guides and several volumes of original English - language manga , produced as a collaboration between HarperCollins and TOKYOPOP , have been published as well . Manga published after TOKYOPOP 's shutdown is published by HarperCollins on its own .",
"2": "In addition to the books , the authors have also written several short stories and two plays . The Warriors series , with the exception of the manga , has been released in e-book format for popular e-readers such as the Barnes & Noble Nook and Amazon Kindle . The series has also been translated into several languages . In addition , the series has a website featuring games , promotional videos , quizzes , and news . The official message boards closed on August 12 , 2016 . Major themes in the series deal with adventure , forbidden love , the concept of nature vs. nurture , the reactions of different faiths meeting each other , and characters being a mix of good and bad . The authors draw inspiration from several natural locations and other authors such as J.R.R. Tolkien , J.K. Rowling , and William Shakespeare . Warriors has received mostly positive reviews , but it has also been criticised for being confusing due to its large number of characters . Critics have compared it to the Redwall series , though one reviewer commented that the series is less elegantly written . Although nominated for several awards , Warriors has yet to receive any major literary prizes . The series has reached the New York Times Bestseller List and has found popularity in many countries , including Trinidad , Germany and China . On October 20 , 2016 , Vicky Holmes and Kate Cary , two of the Erin Hunters , announced that Alibaba Pictures had acquired the film rights to the series . The release date is undetermined as recent financial troubles with Alibaba may cause the film to be delayed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Setting 2 The Clans 2.1 Hierarchy 2.2 Terminology 2.3 The Warrior Code 3 Warriors : The Prophecies Begin 4 Warriors : The New Prophecy 5 Warriors : Power of Three 6 Warriors : Omen of the Stars 7 Warriors : Dawn of the Clans 8 Warriors : A Vision of Shadows 9 Other books 9.1 Super Editions 9.1. 1 Firestar 's Quest 9.1. 2 Bluestar 's Prophecy 9.1. 3 SkyClan 's Destiny 9.1. 4 Crookedstar 's Promise 9.1.",
"3": "5 Yellowfang 's Secret 9.1. 6 Tallstar 's Revenge 9.1. 7 Bramblestar 's Storm 9.1. 8 Moth Flight 's Vision 9.1. 9 Hawkwing 's Journey 9.1. 10 Tigerheart 's Shadow 9.2 Field guides 9.2. 1 Warriors : The Ultimate Guide 9.2. 2 Warriors : Cats of the Clans 9.2. 3 Warriors : Battles of the Clans 9.2. 4 Warriors : Code of the Clans 9.3 Original English - language manga 9.3. 1 Graystripe 's trilogy 9.3. 2 The Rise of Scourge 9.3. 3 Tigerstar and Sasha 9.3. 3.1 Into the Woods 9.3. 3.2 Escape from the Forest 9.3. 3.3 Return to the Clans 9.3. 4 Ravenpaw 's Path 9.3. 5 SkyClan and the Stranger 9.4 Novellas 9.4. 1 Hollyleaf 's Story 9.4. 2 Mistystar 's Omen 9.4. 3 Cloudstar 's Journey 9.4. 4 Tigerclaw 's Fury 9.4. 5 Leafpool 's Wish 9.4. 6 Dovewing 's Silence 9.4. 7 Mapleshade 's Vengeance 9.4. 8 Goosefeather 's Curse 9.4. 9 Ravenpaw 's Farewell 9.4. 10 Spottedleaf 's Heart 9.4. 11 Pinestar 's Choice 9.4.",
"4": "12 Thunderstar 's Echo 10 Chronological Timeline 11 Inspiration and origins 12 Critical reception 12.1 Awards and recognitions 13 Themes 14 Editions 14.1 Foreign editions 15 Other media 15.1 Website 15.2 Film 15.3 Short stories 15.4 Plays 15.5 Mobile application 16 References Setting ( edit ) See also : List of Warriors characters In the Warriors universe , a large group of feral cats has settled into a forest , and claimed it for their own . The cats are split into four smaller Clans : ThunderClan lives in woodland areas , WindClan reside on the moors , RiverClan by the lake and ShadowClan within and around the swamps . A fifth Clan , SkyClan , also used to be a part of this system , but was forced to flee when their territory was destroyed to make human houses . Each Clan has adapted to their own terrain ; RiverClan , for example , will swim in the river to catch fish , whilst the majority of cats from the other Clans fear and avoid bodies of water . Although they all share the forest , relationships between different Clans are tense . They often come into conflict with one another , becoming aggressive if a cat from a neighboring Clan accidentally crosses a border . This rivalry can increase in times of deprivation , such as if one Clan is suffering from a shortage of prey but another is thriving . An attempt for one Clan to steal all of or part of another Clan 's territory is not unusual . To prepare for this , cats in all Clans are taught battle moves in order to protect their territory . Each Clan has signature battle moves that are taught to them from an early age ( 6 months / moons old ) . Border fights are the most common source of battle ( a cat intentionally or unwittingly steps into another Clan 's territory ) , and are often short - lived and cause no real damage to either side . However , bigger and more brutal battles can occur ; at this point , casualties are to be expected . Despite this rivalry , the Clans can also show concern for another 's well being ; the idea of one Clan being destroyed causes deep distress , and will prompt urgent action on behalf of all four Clans .",
"5": "On the night of every full moon , the Clans will meet at a designated spot in order to share stories and news in peace . This is known as a ' Gathering ' , and is the only time in which fighting is prohibited . Cats who live outside of the Clans are split into three groups . Housecats , known as ' kittypets ' , are often sneered at by the Clan cats for their cozy and lazy life . Occasionally a curious kittypet will wander into the forest to explore ; at this point , they are chased away , but will rarely come to harm . As a result , kittypets often warn each other not to enter the forest . ' Loners ' are cats who walk outside of the Clans , usually by themselves . Although regarded by the Clans with suspicion , they do not cause the forest cats any trouble , and so are free to wander outside of the borders in peace . Similar to loners are ' rogues ' , who differ only because they intentionally try to cause the Clans harm . It is not unusual for a rogue to be a former Clan cat looking for revenge . For a kittypet , loner or rogue to join a Clan is rare , but not unheard of . Often , these newcomers have to prove themselves in order to be regarded with trust by the rest of the community . Beyond the Clans ' territories lies a mountain range , inhabited by the Tribe of Rushing Water . The Tribe is shown to be similar to the Clans , yet follows a different set of ancestors : the Tribe of Endless Hunting . The Tribe has a Healer , cave - guards , and prey - hunters , who each serve a different function in the Tribe . The Healer leads the Tribe , heals the ill and wounded , and communicates with the Tribe of Endless Hunting ; the cave - guards defend the Tribe , and the prey - hunters hunt. The Tribe was formed by the Ancients when they left the lake to live in the mountains . In turn , cats from the Tribe moved to the forest of the original series and formed the Clans . StarClan is a group of the Clans ' deceased ancestors who give guidance to the Clans . After death , most Clan cats join StarClan .",
"6": "StarClan is said to be represented by Silverpelt , and each individual star represents the spirit of a single dead warrior . Upon joining StarClan , the cats ' spirits take the form in which they were most happy while living ( i.e. blindness and deafness can be cured ) . StarClan Warriors , elders , deputies , queens , and kits keep watch over the Clans , usually watching the Clan they lived in while alive . They provide guidance to the Clans , often through dreams and other signs like omens . Often , this occurs when medicine cats go to the Moonstone , a large piece of quartz in an abandoned mine , which is used in the forest territory to communicate with the medicine and leader cats ' ancestors every half - moon . This is later replaced by the Moonpool , a small body of water from which cats can drink from in order to communicate with StarClan . In an author chat , Hunter said that StarClan can `` just get glimpses of '' the future , which they occasionally pass on , although these visions tend to be convoluted and difficult to understand . StarClan cats are often described as being transparent and silver in color , with stars sparkling around their paws . In the manga , their eyes are portrayed as blank and empty . On very rare occasions , a StarClan cat will interact with the world of the living , mainly to take a recently deceased cat to their place of resting . When a StarClan cat is forgotten by all living memory , or is killed in battle , they will fade away - it is unknown what happens to them after this . In addition to StarClan , there exists the Dark Forest , also known as The Place of No Stars . The spirits of cats who cause great pain and suffering to others during their lives reside there in order to pay for their sins . As the name suggests , it takes the form of a never - ending forest , forcing its residents to forever walk alone . Although cats of the Dark Forest are meant to be isolated as punishment , they later learn how to walk in the dreams of living cats . Like StarClan cats , Dark Forest residents will fade away if they are forgotten , or killed in battle . A unique aspect is that if a living cat dies whilst visiting the Dark Forest in their dreams , they will automatically become a spirit of the Dark Forest themselves .",
"7": "In addition , it is possible for StarClan cats to become lost within the forest if they stay there for too long , hence why the majority avoid it . The Clans ( edit ) Hierarchy ( edit ) Each Clan has an identical hierarchical system . From birth , newborn kittens are known as ' kits ' , as evidenced by the ' - kit ' suffix at the end of their name . Parents of the kits choose the names ; often , a name is related to their appearance ( ' Graykit ' ) , an element of nature ( ' Sandkit ' ) , or in regards to how the parent felt when the kit was born ( ' Brokenkit ' ) . Mothers , known as ' queens ' , then look after their kits for their first six months of life . Kits are expected to stay in camp at all times , and sleep in a designated and comfortable area known as the ' nursery ' . Once a kit has reached six moons old , they become ' apprentices ' . As a mark of this , each kit is now given the suffix ' paw ' . For example , ' Graykit ' would become ' Graypaw ' . An apprentice is then assigned to a ' mentor ' . Mentors are often carefully chosen in order to fulfill an apprentice 's full potential ; for example , a rather highly - strung apprentice would be given to a calmer mentor , whilst a more timid apprentice would be given to a mentor known for their bravery . It is the job of a mentor to train their apprentice for any given situation , teaching them to hunt , fight , and patrol borders . Apprentices move out of the nursery and sleep in their own separate den . In addition to training , apprentices are also tasked with keeping the camp clean . After a varying amount of training ( at least a few months ) , apprentices are eventually made warriors . Another naming ceremony is held , this time to mark the cat as being a full member of the Clan . Warriors are given their own unique suffix that often marks their personality or appearance ; for example , ' Graystripe ' would be named after the gray stripe running down his back , ' Brokentail ' after the kink in his tail , and ' Sandstorm ' after her fiery personality .",
"8": "It is extremely rare for warriors to meet another cat with the exact same name , but often a warrior will meet another cat with the same first part of their name , and very often will a warrior meet another cat with the same last part of their name ( such as fur , tail , or heart ) . Once named , warriors hold a vigil at night to protect the clan , while the rest of the clan is sleeping . After the vigil , warriors are free to move into the warrior 's den , where the majority of the Clan sleeps . The duty of a warrior is to protect and uphold their Clan at all costs . They are able to hunt by themselves , and are generally skilled at defending themselves in battle . Warriors can take a mate , and females can give birth to new kits ; if this occurs , the expecting mother , known as a ' queen ' , will avoid warrior duties for six months before returning to them once her kits are made apprentices . The vast majority of warriors are also chosen to later be mentors to new apprentices . Warriors will remain in this position for the remainder of their life , or until they are old enough to retire . If a cat so chooses , they can take a different calling in life as that of a medicine cat . Medicine cats , unlike warriors , serve for their clan not through bloodshed , but through peace . They are trained to heal their Clanmates by using the natural resources as medicines ; for example , cobwebs can be used to stitch deep wounds , whilst poppy seeds are used to lull a distressed cat into sleep . They sleep separately , surrounded by the herbs and resources they need to keep their Clan safe and healthy . Medicine cat apprentices go through a longer period of training than warriors , due to the vast amount of knowledge they must remember . Medicine cats are also not allowed to take any mates or have any kits . This is because they must care for each member of their Clan equally ; if they were to form a loving relationship with any one individual , they may unfairly place that cat 's life over that of the Clan . A Clan tends to have only one or two , and occasionally three , medicine cats at any given time . When a warrior is so old , or sustains an injury that means they can no longer serve their Clan , they retire to become elders .",
"9": "Elders live out the remainder of their life in general peace , using it as a time of rest and relaxation . They sleep in their own separate den , which is looked after by the apprentices . Elders are not expected to hunt or fight for their Clan , but are able to do so if the mood takes them . Their only expected duty is to carry the body of a deceased Clanmate to their grave . Every cat of the Clan respects and appreciates the elders , thanking them for the time they have spent upholding their roles as a warrior . Sadly , it is rare for a Clan to have more than three or four elders , as many warriors die before they can retire . The most important role in the Clan is that of the leader . The Clan leader overlooks all duties of Clan life , and will make all the important decisions , such as whether or not to engage in battle . Each Clan leader is given nine lives by StarClan , in order to sacrifice their lives nine times over to protect their Clan , and to serve their clans for many more moons to come . This means that Clan leaders can often live longer than that of a normal cat . To mark their new status , Clan leaders are given the suffix -- star ( e.g. Bluestar , Tallstar , and Brokenstar ) . Generally , Clan leaders sleep alone , although male leaders are allowed to take a mate . Female leaders are inhibited from taking a mate or having kits , which has led to discussions of sexism among many fans of the series . Another crucial role in the Clan is that of the deputy . When a new Clan leader is appointed , or the old deputy dies or retires , a new cat will be chosen to fulfill this role . The deputy of a Clan is generally in charge of less urgent , but still important duties , such as deciding which cats will go on a hunting patrol and which will check the borders . Although the Clan deputy still sleeps in the warriors den , they are respected by other members of the Clan . Often , a cat will come to the deputy first when asking for advice . When a Clan leader dies , the current deputy will take on the new role of leader , and receive their nine lives from StarClan .",
"10": "Terminology ( edit ) Unlike other animal stories that uses words humans use , the feline characters of the Warriors series use different words for certain concepts and objects in the natural world . The most common terms found within the books are ' Twolegs ' ( humans ) , ' kittypets ' ( house cats ) , ' monsters ' ( cars ) , ' the Thunderpath ' ( a road ) or ' the horseplace ' ( a stable ) . The cats also have their own terms for time and measurement , such as sundown or moonhigh representing different times of day according to the positions of the moon , sun , and stars overhead . The seasons are given names according to the trees and foliage in the forest , with ' newleaf ' meaning spring , ' greenleaf ' meaning summer , ' leaf - fall ' meaning autumn , and ' leaf - bare ' meaning winter . The warrior code ( edit ) The Warrior Cat world consists of a series of laws that the warriors call `` The Warrior Code . '' All Warriors must follow this code , and will be punished if a warrior strays too far from the code . An example of this is when Firestar ( then Firepaw ) helped to feed a cat outside of his clan . As punishment , he had to care for the captured ex-ShadowClan rogue , Yellowfang . The guide book Code of the Clans explains how each law of the code originated . ThunderClan , RiverClan , WindClan , ShadowClan , and SkyClan all took part of building and revising the code . Kits are taught the Warrior code as early as possible . The official code is as follows : Defend your clan , even with your life . You may have friendships with cats from other clans , but your loyalties must remain to your Clan , as one day you may meet them in battle . Do not hunt or trespass on another Clan 's territory Elders , queens , and kits must be fed before apprentices and warriors . Unless they have permission , apprentices may not eat until they have hunted to feed the elders . If any warrior or apprentice is sick or injured , they may eat while the elders , queens , and kits are eating . Prey is only to be eaten . Give thanks to StarClan for its life . A kit must be at least 6 moons old to become an apprentice .",
"11": "Newly appointed warriors will keep a silent vigil for one night after receiving their warrior name . A cat can not be made deputy without having mentored at least one apprentice . The deputy will become Clan leader when the leader dies , retires or is exiled . After the death or retirement of the deputy , the new deputy must be chosen before moonhigh . A Gathering of all four Clans is held at the full moon during a truce that lasts for the night . There shall be no fighting among Clans at this time . Boundaries must be checked and marked daily . Challenge all trespassing cats . No warrior can neglect a kit in pain or danger , even if the kit is from a different Clan . The word of the Clan leader is the warrior code . An honorable warrior does not need to kill other cats to win their battles , unless they are outside the warrior code or if it is necessary for self - defense . A warrior rejects the soft life of a kittypet . Each Clan has the right to be proud and independent , but in times of trouble they must forget their boundaries and fight side by side to protect the four . Each Clan must help the others so that no Clan will fall . Apart from the official code , another rule states that Medicine Cats can not have mates or kits . Leafpool , a ThunderClan medicine cat breaks this rule when she goes off with Crowfeather , a WindClan warrior . Warriors : the Prophecies Begin ( edit ) Main article : Warriors ( arc ) The original Warriors series , later re-titled Warriors : The Prophecies Begin , was released from 2003 to 2004 and consists of six books : Into the Wild ( January 21 , 2003 ) , Fire and Ice ( May 27 , 2003 ) , Forest of Secrets ( October 14 , 2003 ) , Rising Storm ( January 6 , 2004 ) , A Dangerous Path ( June 1 , 2004 ) , and The Darkest Hour ( 5 October 2004 ) . The series was subtitled The Prophecies Begin for its planned re-release in paperback with new covers in 2015 . The series details the experiences of a housecat named Rusty who ventures into the forest and is invited to join ThunderClan , one of four groups of wild cats in the forest .",
"12": "He accepts the invitation and receives the apprentice name Firepaw whilst he trains to become a warrior . Firepaw begins to settle into his new life , making a close friendship with two other cats named Graypaw and Ravenpaw , whilst managing to earn the respect of the ThunderClan leader Bluestar . However , early into his apprenticeship , he becomes wary of an esteemed warrior named Tigerclaw , whom Firepaw suspects of murdering the previous deputy , Redtail . As Firepaw receives his warrior name of Fireheart , he slowly begins to realize that Tigerclaw 's ambition to become Clan leader may place many cats in grave danger . One night Tigerclaw attempts to murder Bluestar , fails , and is subsequently banished from the Clan . Fireheart is appointed ThunderClan deputy , but is left shouldering the responsibility of the Clan largely on his own as Bluestar becomes incredibly ill . Traumatized by the attempt on her life , she isolates herself and turns her back on StarClan , which leads to unforeseen consequences for her Clan . Whilst attending a Gathering one night , Fireheart is horrified to find that Tigerclaw ( now named Tigerstar ) has now become the leader of ShadowClan . Seeking revenge upon his former Clan , Tigerstar lures a pack of dogs into the ThunderClan camp , hoping to eliminate them all . Bluestar dies sacrificing her last life to protect the Clan from the dogs , and Fireheart succeeds her as leader , receiving nine lives from StarClan . The newly - named Firestar continues to protect and uphold his Clan , but worries about the looming threat of Tigerstar . His fears are confirmed when Tigerstar attempts to take over all four Clans , by allying himself with a group of rogues known as ' BloodClan ' . Tigerstar initially uses his new allies to threaten the Clans into submitting to him , but BloodClan 's leader , Scourge , betrays and murders him . Scourge then decides to take over the forest for himself , leaving all four Clans to join together and fight for their survival . Firestar loses the first of his nine lives in battle against Scourge , but kills Scourge when he returns to life , defeating BloodClan and saving the forest .",
"13": "Warriors : the new Prophecy ( edit ) Main article : Warriors : The New Prophecy The second series , Warriors : The New Prophecy , was released from 2005 to 2006 , and consists of six books : Midnight ( May 10 , 2005 ) , Moonrise ( August 1 , 2005 ) , Dawn ( December 27 , 2005 ) , Starlight ( April 4 , 2006 ) , Twilight ( August 22 , 2006 ) , and Sunset ( December 26 , 2006 ) . In this series , the Clan 's survival is put at risk as humans begin to destroy the forest with machinery . To combat this , one cat from all four Clan 's is chosen to journey and find a new home for the cats to live . These cats are Tawnypelt of ShadowClan , Crowpaw of WindClan , Feathertail of RiverClan , and Brambleclaw of ThunderClan , the latter of whom also struggles with his heritage as the late Tigerstar 's son . Feathertail 's brother Stormfur and the ThunderClan apprentice Squirrelpaw also accompany them . After a long journey , the group discover a lake that they can use as their new territory , which they name ' sun - drown - place . ' Whilst journeying back to report their finding to the Clans , the travelling cats meet a new community called The Tribe of Rushing Water , who are being terrorized by a mountain lion . Feathertail sacrifices her life to kill the mountain lion and save the Tribe . The remaining cats return to their Clans and relay the message . Together , the four Clans travel to their new territory , although many cats perish along the way . During this journey , the boundaries between the Clans begin to blur . Crowfeather ( formerly Crowpaw ) falls in love with the ThunderClan medicine cat Leafpool ; however , as they are from different Clans , they are forbidden from being together . Additionally , Leafpool 's status as a medicine cat dictates she can never have a mate or give birth to kits . They decide to secretly run away together , but return when the ThunderClan camp is attacked by badgers .",
"14": "Leafpool 's mentor , Cinderpelt , dies in the battle , and Leafpool decides that she must remain with her Clan . Meanwhile , Brambleclaw is torn between his loyalty to his Clan and his loyalty to his dead father . He dreams of one day becoming Clan deputy , an ambition that is heightened when he discovers that his father , Tigerstar , can visit him in his dreams . Furthermore , Brambleclaw learns that he has a RiverClan half - brother named Hawkfrost . The two grow close , much to the disdain of Squirrelflight ( formerly Squirrelpaw ) . However , Hawkfrost 's bloodthirsty nature is revealed when he traps the ThunderClan leader Firestar , and orders Brambleclaw to murder him . Brambleclaw instead kills Hawkfrost . In return , Firestar accepts the young warrior for who he is , and Brambleclaw is appointed the new deputy of ThunderClan . He later begins a relationship with Squirrelflight . Warriors : Power of three ( edit ) Main article : Warriors : Power of Three The third series , Warriors : Power of Three , was released from 2007 to 2009 and consists of six books : The Sight ( April 24 , 2007 ) , Dark River ( December 26 , 2007 ) , Outcast ( April 22 , 2008 ) , Eclipse ( September 2 , 2008 ) , Long Shadows ( November 25 , 2008 ) , and Sunrise ( April 21 , 2009 ) . The plot is centered on the prophecy , `` There will be three , kin of your kin , who hold the power of the stars in their paws '' , which was given to Firestar in Firestar 's Quest by Skywatcher . The series revolves around the lives of Jaypaw , Lionpaw and Hollypaw , kits of Brambleclaw and Squirrelflight and grandchildren of the ThunderClan leader Firestar . The three slowly come to terms with their unique paths in life ; Lionpaw worries about his thirst for blood on the battlefield , Hollypaw considers what it means to be truly loyal to her Clan , and Jaypaw is bitter that he was born blind .",
"15": "One day , Jaypaw unintentionally discovers a prophecy that he believes refers to him and his siblings . The three attempt to understand their new destinies , and realize that Lionpaw has the power to never be harmed in battle , whilst Jaypaw can walk in the dreams and read the minds of other cats . Hollypaw , on the other hand , struggles to determine what her unique power is . Hollypaw and Lionpaw are made warriors , becoming Hollyleaf and Lionblaze respectively , whilst Jaypaw becomes a medicine cat and is later given the name Jayfeather . They seek the advice of a mysterious loner named Sol , who promises to give them the answers to their destinies ; however , they eventually realize him to be a deceptive liar , and he is banished from the forest . Although uncertain of their powers , the three cats are always secure in the knowledge that they are deeply loved by their parents . This safe haven is shattered when they are forced into a fire by Ashfur , another ThunderClan warrior . Ashfur wishes to murder the three cats in order to punish their mother , Squirrelflight , for rejecting his love years earlier . However , Squirrelflight admits that the three cats are not her offspring , and Ashfur lets them go . The siblings are deeply distressed by this confession , and attempt to discover who their true parents are . They eventually learn that their mother is Leafpool , the ThunderClan medicine cat , and their father is Crowfeather , a WindClan warrior . Hollyleaf is devastated by this , and murders Ashfur in revenge . Unsatisfied , she then publicly announces to the rest of the Clans the true story of her heritage . When the Clans do not praise her for her honesty , but rather react with shock and confusion , Hollyleaf runs away into a series of collapsing tunnels . Presuming her to be dead , and numb with grief for their sister , Lionblaze and Jayfeather realize that Hollyleaf never had a power in the first place . They instead turn their eyes to two kits newly born in the Clan , one of whom could fulfill the third role in the prophecy .",
"16": "Warriors : Omen of the Stars ( edit ) Main article : Warriors : Omen of the Stars The fourth series , Warriors : Omen of the Stars , was released from 2009 to 2012 and consists of six books : The Fourth Apprentice ( November 24 , 2009 ) , Fading Echoes ( March 23 , 2010 ) , Night Whispers ( November 23 , 2010 ) , Sign of the Moon ( April 5 , 2011 ) , The Forgotten Warrior ( November 22 , 2011 ) , and The Last Hope ( April 3 , 2012 ) . It is a direct continuation of Warriors : Power of Three . Warriors : Dawn of the Clans ( edit ) The fifth series , Warriors : Dawn of the Clans , was released from March 5 , 2013 to September 1 , 2015 and consists of six books : The Sun Trail ( March 5 , 2013 ) , Thunder Rising ( November 5 , 2013 ) , The First Battle ( April 8 , 2014 ) , The Blazing Star ( November 4 , 2014 ) , A Forest Divided ( April 7 , 2015 ) , and Path of Stars ( September 1 , 2015 ) . Warriors : Dawn of the Clans May also be known as the `` Prequel Series '' , due to it being about how the five clans ( ThunderClan , RiverClan , WindClan , ShadowClan , and SkyClan ) were created . In The Sun Trail , prey is scarce in the mountain home of the Tribe of Pointed Stones , so a cat named Gray Wing and his companions must leave to find more food and a better home . Once they reach their new forest home Gray Wing falls in love with a rogue cat there named Storm . The Tribe cats start to live in the forest and take in rogue cats . When Gray Wing sees Storm again , he invites her to visit Clear Sky , another former Tribe cat and Gray Wing 's brother . Once she meets Clear Sky , however , she falls in love with him . Gray Wing discovers that Storm is pregnant by Clear Sky and that she is going to live with him , breaking Gray Wing 's heart .",
"17": "When Turtle Tail , another one of the Tribe cats , who becomes a kittypet later in The Sun Trail tells Gray Wing that Storm is in trouble , Gray Wing does not believe her . When he finds Storm , she is dead along with two of her three kits . Storm had left Clear Sky after he banished his own brother Jagged Peak who was barely an adult because he had fallen out of a tree and broken his leg . Clear Sky banished all cats who could n't look after themselves . Gray Wing , Tall Shadow , and the Tribe cats who live on the moor name the surviving kit Thunder . When Gray Wing shows Thunder his father , Clear Sky rejects Thunder . Sad and angry with his brother , Gray Wing adopts Thunder as his own kin . The second book , Thunder Rising , takes place a couple of months after The Sun Trail . Turtle Tail returns to Gray Wing 's group pregnant by an aggressive kittypet tomcat named Tom , and becomes Gray Wing 's mate . A fire breaks out in the forest , forcing Clear Sky 's group to take shelter with Gray Wing . While taking shelter with Gray Wing , Clear Sky realizes that he was wrong about Thunder and invites him to join his group . Thunder quickly accepts the offer , but soon realizes that his father is too power - hungry and concentrated on the needs of the group over the individual and leaves . In the third book , The First Battle , Clear Sky declares war upon Gray Wing 's group . Gray Wing tries to make peace , but Clear Sky is ambitious and wants more territory . Tom arrives to look for Bumble ( another housecat ) and Turtle Tail . He steals Turtle Tail 's kits and brings them to live with him . Cats from Gray Wing 's group go to look for and bring them back , but they find Turtle Tail dead by a road . The cats manage to rescue the kittens from Tom , who swears revenge . At the end , Gray Wing 's cats fight Clear Sky 's . Many cats die , such as the following : Rainswept Flower , Jackdaws Cry and Hawk Swoop . The battle ends in a stalemate . The ghosts of the fallen cats known as ' spirit cats ' return to tell the fighting cats to `` unite or die '' . Clear Sky is struck with guilt and grief .",
"18": "In the fourth book , The Blazing Star , rogues ( non-Clan cats ) join the groups and One Eye , a rogue tries to take control of the forest . The groups meet again at the full moon , where they are greeted again by the fallen cats . This time , they bring a new message : `` To tame the Claw that blights the forest , grow and spread like the Blazing Star '' . No cat can understand what it means ; however , during the meeting , Thunder meets a she - cat named Star Flower . Then to realise she is One Eye 's daughter . After the meeting , the cats notice that a strange sickness is starting to infect the prey , giving them sores and bloated bellies . One of Wind Runner 's kits Morning Whisker , fell ill with the disease and eventually died . Struck by sadness , Wind Runner , Gorse Fur , and their remaining kits , Dust Muzzle and Moth Flight , leave the hollow to live on their own up in the moor . Warriors : a Vision of Shadows ( edit ) Warriors : A Vision of Shadows is the sixth sub-series . The series was originally titled , Warriors : StarClan 's Promise . The first book , The Apprentice 's Quest , which takes place approximately eight months after Bramblestar 's Storm , was released on March 15 , 2016 . The books ' main characters are Sparkpaw and Alderpaw who are Bramblestar 's and Squirrelflight 's children . The first book , The Apprentice 's Quest , starts with each Clan 's medicine cats receiving a prophecy from StarClan together , telling them to `` Embrace what you find in the shadows , for only they can clear the sky '' . This is the titular prophecy of the series ( A Vision of Shadows ) . When receiving this prophecy , Jayfeather sees Alderkit ( Alderpaw 's former name ) in his dream , as well as the other medicine cats . Later , he , Leafpool , and Bramblestar decide that Alderpaw should become a medicine cat apprentice . Further into the book , Alderpaw has a vision of the far - off SkyClan .",
"19": "After deciding that Alderpaw 's vision relates to the prophecy , Bramblestar sends Alderpaw on a quest to help SkyClan along with his ex-mentor , Molewhisker , Sandstorm , his sister Sparkpaw , and her mentor Cherryfall . While on the quest , they 're joined by ShadowClan apprentice Needlepaw . Sandstorm dies along the way . When they reach the gorge where SkyClan lives , they find that they have been run out of their territory by a group of rogues . They decide that they arrived too late to help SkyClan and return back to the lake . On the way back Alderpaw and Needlepaw find two female kits ( Twigkit and Violetkit ) who lost their mother . Needlepaw suggests that the kits could be `` what you find in the shadows '' . They then take the kits back to the lake and at a full moon Gathering , the clan leaders decide that ShadowClan should take one kit and ThunderClan should take the other . ThunderClan takes Twigkit and ShadowClan takes Violetkit . The second book , Thunder and Shadow , was released on September 6 , 2016 . It follows Twigkit and Violetkit 's lives in ThunderClan and ShadowClan . The two kits struggle to find their place in their respective clans , and feel lonely . However , Alderpaw and Needlepaw befriend the kits , and even arrange for them to meet in secret between the two clans ' borders . The Clan cats discover that the rogues from A Vision of Shadows followed the quest cats to the lake , and have made camp near ShadowClan . Meanwhile , the ShadowClan apprentices start to lose faith in the warrior code , and many of them eventually join the rogues , including Needlepaw , who brings Violetkit with her . The third book , Shattered Sky , was released on April 11 , 2017 . It Details the war that ensues between the Clans and Darktail 's so called Kin after his annexation of Shadowclan . It heavily focuses on the sisters Twigpaw and Violetpaw as they find themselves on two different sides of a very brutal conflict that will determine the fate of the clans .",
"20": "Battles will be fought , loyalties will be tested , prophecies will be interpreted and as always , cats will die before the clans know peace again ... The fourth book , Darkest Night , was released on November 7 , 2017 . The fifth book , River of Fire , is scheduled to be released on April 10 , 2018 . Other books ( edit ) Super Editions ( edit ) Super Editions are stand alone books in the Warriors series that are approximately double the length of a normal Warriors book . There are nine Super Editions as of November 2016 : Firestar 's Quest , Bluestar 's Prophecy , SkyClan 's Destiny , Crookedstar 's Promise , Yellowfang 's Secret , Tallstar 's Revenge , Bramblestar 's Storm , Moth Flight 's Vision , Hawkwing 's Journey and Tigerheart _́ s shadow . Each Super Edition Novel also includes an exclusive manga except for Firestar 's Quest . Firestar 's Quest ( edit ) Firestar 's Quest , the first Warriors Super Edition , was released on 25 August 2007 . It is set between The Darkest Hour and Midnight and details Firestar and his mate Sandstorm 's journey to restore SkyClan , the fifth Clan of the forest that is driven out when a town or twolegplace is built , and scattered when it is attacked by rats in its new home . Firestar and Sandstorm find rogues and house cats , some of whom are descendants of the former SkyClan and teach them how to hunt , fight , and follow the warrior code . When a house cat named Echo dreams of starry cats , Firestar realizes that the dream was sent by StarClan , indicating that Echo should be SkyClan 's medicine cat . Echo is taught all that Sandstorm was taught before leaving ThunderClan with Firestar on their quest . She is named Echosong . While SkyClan is rebuilding its ranks , rats attack as they did when SkyClan first came to the gorge . SkyClan defeats them by joining together under the direction of Firestar , Leafdapple ( later Leafstar ) , and Sharpclaw , her deputy later on . Firestar manages to kill the leader of the rats , after which the rats leave .",
"21": "During the rat attack , Firestar loses a life , leaving him with only seven , and a warrior called Rainfur is killed . Towards the end , Echosong dreams of dappled leaves , indicating that Leafdapple should be the new leader . She is named Leafstar and receives her nine lives , meeting Starclan . The former leaders that drove the ancient Skyclan out apologize in Starclan . Cherrypaw and Sparrowpaw are then made warriors ( Cherrytail and Sparrowpelt ) and Bouncekit , Tinykit , and Rockkit become apprentices ( Bouncepaw , Tinypaw , and Rockpaw ) . The epilogue describes the birth of Squirrelkit and Leafkit , Firestar and Sandstorm 's only kits . Bluestar 's Prophecy ( edit ) Bluestar 's Prophecy was released on the 28th of July 2009 . It covers Bluestar 's life from her early kit hood , or childhood , to the beginning of Into the Wild . The novel begins on the day of Bluestar 's death as she saves Fireheart and ThunderClan from the dog pack , a scene from A Dangerous Path . The novel then returns to when Bluestar was still a kit , Bluekit . Bluekit is apprenticed to Stonepelt as Bluepaw , and proves to be an excellent hunter , catching a squirrel almost as big as herself on her first day of hunting . The next day , Goosefeather sees a sign in the vole Snowpaw ( Bluepaw 's sister ) brings back to camp and proclaims that ThunderClan must attack WindClan . Later , he tells them that they must destroy WindClan 's medicine supply in order to keep them at bay during winter . Pinestar is reluctant but agrees to attack at dawn . Bluepaw and Snowpaw are ordered to stay out of the fight , but they help Featherwhisker , the medicine cat apprentice , tend to the wounded . During the battle , Bluepaw 's mother , Moonflower , gets close to destroying WindClan 's medicine supplies , but is killed by Hawkheart , the WindClan medicine cat who had originally been a warrior .",
"22": "Bluepaw enters a state of grief which lasts until Sunfall , the deputy and her new mentor since Stonepelt was injured during the WindClan battle and never healed , talks her out of it , telling her that she must honor Moonflower by doing well . She attends the Gathering that night , where she meets and becomes friendly with Crookedpaw and Oakheart of RiverClan . A while later , Bluepaw receives her warrior name , Bluefur . She finds out that a Clanmate , Thrushpelt , is in love with her , but she dismisses it , deciding that she is too young to have a mate . However , Snowfur wants a Clanmate named Thistlepaw , who is still an apprentice , as a mate . A few moons later , Pinestar announces that he wants no more of the warrior life and goes off to live his last life as a housecat , or kittypet . Sunfall becomes Sunstar and Tawnyspots becomes the new deputy . On a patrol to RiverClan , Bluefur is pulled aside by Oakheart , who tells her to meet him that night at Fourtrees . She does , and the two warriors spend the night together , having fallen in love . About a month later , Tawnyspots falls ill with an incurable illness , so he is unable to be deputy for much longer . Thistlepaw , now Thistleclaw , wishes to become deputy in his place . Bluefur discovers that she is pregnant with Oakheart 's kits . ThunderClan believes her kits are with Thrushpelt and are overjoyed . After Goosefeather convinces her that she must become deputy , and not Thistleclaw due to his violence and ambition , Bluefur reluctantly brings her three kits ( Mosskit , Mistykit , and Stonekit ) , to meet their father , Oakheart , to live as RiverClan cats . Mosskit dies along the way . Bluefur then convinces ThunderClan that a fox took her kits . Once Featherwhisker deems Tawnyspots incurable and unfit for the rank of deputy , Sunstar appoints Bluefur as the new deputy . After Sunstar dies , Bluefur becomes Bluestar and receives nine lives .",
"23": "Thistleclaw is outraged by this and continues to be bitter towards Bluestar until he was killed later on . Many months later , she is seen sitting with Spottedleaf , the medicine cat , and hears the `` Fire alone will save our Clan '' prophecy . The manga at the end of the novel depicts Bluestar 's decision to accept Rusty ( later Firestar ) to the Clan . SkyClan 's Destiny ( edit ) SkyClan 's Destiny was released on 3 August 2010 . The book follows Leafstar and her struggle to rebuild the once - lost Clan . The book takes place several months after Firestar 's Quest . The Clan 's members are split over whether or not `` daylight - warriors '' , housecats who join the Clan in the day and return to their owners at night , should be allowed to be part of the Clan . Leafstar struggles with the decision , as she wants to take Billystorm , one of the daylight - warriors , as a mate , but wants what is best for the Clan . SkyClan then faces a series of challenges caused by visiting rogues . Crookedstar 's promise ( edit ) Crookedstar 's Promise was released on 5 July 2011 . It takes place at the same time as Bluestar 's Prophecy and details the life of Crookedstar , initially Stormkit . As a kit , Stormkit falls into the river after he sneaks out of camp and attempts to chase ThunderClan medicine cat Goosefeather away from Sunningrocks , a part of RiverClan territory ( at the time ) . This leads him to break his jaw on a rock . Rainflower , Stormkit 's mother , rejects Stormkit due to his disfigured appearance and demands that RiverClan leader Hailstar perform a renaming ceremony to change Stormkit 's name to Crookedkit . Hurt by this , Crookedkit is visited in a dream by Mapleshade , a Dark Forest she - cat who allows Crookedkit to believe that she is from StarClan . She tells him that she can give him anything he wants as long as he is faithful to his Clan and puts all other things aside .",
"24": "Crookedkit quickly accepts this promise , believing it not to be a difficult promise , as he was already loyal to his Clan , and believes that Mapleshade can help him become leader . Mapleshade then uses Crookedkit 's promise to seemingly bring about the deaths of Crookedkit 's loved ones . When Crookedjaw is chasing away a dog , the dog knocks his mother , Rainflower , into a river , and she hits her head on rocks . Mapleshade urges Crookedjaw to focus on the dog instead of bringing his mother to the medicine cat , and she dies . Crookedjaw then becomes deputy upon his father Shellheart 's retirement ; shortly after , Shellheart dies of a lump in his stomach . Not long after , Hailstar loses his last life while fighting rats in a barn : although Mapleshade urges him to not protect Hailstar so he can become leader , Crookedjaw ignores her , having discovered that she is actually from the Dark Forest . Nonetheless , Hailstar is killed . Despite his insistence that she stay away from him , Mapleshade continues to haunt Crookedstar : his mate , Willowbreeze , dies of a respiratory infection days after giving birth to his three kits , and two of the kits die as well . When Crookedstar confronts Mapleshade , she reveals that she had once been the mate of Crookedstar 's great - grandfather . Mapleshade had been a ThunderClan cat , while her mate had been from RiverClan : Mapleshade was cast out by her Clan for taking a forbidden mate , then lost her kits in the river when she attempted to bring them to RiverClan . Her mate blamed her for the kits ' deaths , and RiverClan , too , rejected Mapleshade . As a result , Mapleshade vowed revenge on her former mate 's descendants , one of whom is Crookedstar . When Crookedstar finally reveals his promise and his belief that it caused the deaths of his loved ones , to his medicine cat Brambleberry , she argues that the deaths were not in fact Mapleshade 's fault . Following the conclusion of the novel , Oakheart is killed , then in the manga feature , Silverstream , Crookedstar 's only remaining kit , dies after giving birth to Graystripe of ThunderClan 's kits .",
"25": "Mapleshade asserts that these deaths were her doing as well , but Crookedstar tells Mapleshade that she has failed to punish him , as his loved ones live on in StarClan , while she has no one . Finally , Crookedstar dies as well . A sad ending , but it has to fit in with the rest of the series . Yellowfang 's secret ( edit ) Yellowfang 's Secret was released on 9 October 2012 . It is a Super Edition about the former medicine cat of ThunderClan , Yellowfang and her life in ShadowClan . It follows Yellowfang as she first trains to be a warrior , then a medicine cat , as Sagewhisker tells her that her paws are not meant for shedding blood . She decides to switch to the role of medicine cat instead because she can feel the injuries of all the other cats in ShadowClan . A few moons later she breaks the code of medicine cats when she gives birth to kits ; as a result , she and her whole Clan are punished for her disloyalty to the code , as her only surviving kit , Brokenkit proves to be vicious , bloodthirsty , and driven only by ambition , qualities that his own father , Raggedstar , ignores . In the end , Yellowfang herself is cast out of ShadowClan to live as a rogue by her own kit , now having gone on to follow in his father 's footsteps and become Brokenstar for a crime she did not commit . Tallstar 's revenge ( edit ) Tallstar 's Revenge was released on 2 July 2013 . It tells the story of Tallstar , whose father dies when he is an apprentice during a tunnel collapse . As a result , he attempts to avenge his father Sandgorse 's death by killing the cat ( a rogue named Sparrow ) whom he believes did not help his father escape the tunnel and is therefore responsible . Tallstar leaves his Clan to track down Sparrow and briefly travels with a house cat named Jake , who is later revealed to be the father of Firestar ( the main protagonist of the original six books ) .",
"26": "When he meets up with Sparrow , Tallstar discovers that his father actually sacrificed himself to allow the other cat to escape and does not carry through with his intended vengeance , instead saving Sparrow 's life when Sparrow slides down a cliff and near a road . Bramblestar 's Storm ( edit ) Bramblestar 's Storm , the seventh volume in the Super Edition arc , features Bramblestar , the leader of ThunderClan . The book takes place after the Clans ' victory over the Dark Forest cats . This book was released on 26 August 2014 . All Clans are struggling due to the lake flooding ; however , ThunderClan and ShadowClan appear to be suffering most . Deaths of Clanmates leads to tension and grief between those in ThunderClan as they simultaneously also try to survive outside of their usual territory , having been displaced by the flooding . On a border patrol , Bramblestar encounters some housecats that are taken into the Clan until they can return home . Bramblestar becomes close to one of the housecats , Jessy , which upsets Bramblestar 's deputy ( and former mate ) Squirrelflight causing many quarrels between them . Ultimately , two of the housecats , Minty and Jessy , decide to leave , leaving only Frankie ( later named Stormpaw ) with ThunderClan . Jessy leaves because she feels that it would be better if Bramblestar and herself do not become mates because Bramblestar 's heart belongs with Squirrelflight . In the short manga chapter included at the book 's end , it is revealed that Squirrelflight is pregnant with Bramblestar 's kits . Moth Flight 's Vision ( edit ) Moth Flight 's Vision is the 8th Super Edition novel that was released on November 3 , 2015 . It features a cat named Moth Flight , who becomes WindClan 's first medicine cat . Moth Flight was also the one who discovered the Moonstone , and that all leaders shall be granted nine lives . It takes place a few moons after the last book in the Dawn of the Clans series .",
"27": "In this book , Moth Flight , an easily distractable she - cat , kit of Wind Runner ( later Windstar ) , leaves her Clan , following a unexpected guide , and meets an unexpected friend , who is vital to her journey . She finds an object , and is told something important . She goes home , and reveals the secret information . Her friend stays with her , and she gives birth to four kits after his death . She lives happily for moons after , until she dies a peaceful death . Hawkwing 's Journey ( edit ) Hawkwing 's Journey is the 9th Super Edition novel that was released on 1 November 2016 . It follows Hawkwing a apprentice , warrior and eventual deputy of Skyclan . It details the introduction of Darktail , the main antagonist of both Hawkwing 's Journey and of the sixth arc A Vision of Shadow . The plot revolves around Darktail 's treachery and eventually Skyclan 's forced exile from the Gorge territory . Leafstar , the leader of Skyclan decides that the gorge is lost and that the clan 's only hope is to find the rest of the Warrior Clans . So Skyclan sets out searching for the Lake territories . The book ends with Skyclan still wandering with many of its cats scattered or dead . Despite all this , the cats that remain still held their faith and continued on , trusting Starclan to lead them to the Lake . Tigerheart 's Shadow ( edit ) Tigerheart 's Shadow is the 10th Super Edition novel in the Warriors series . It was released on September 5 , 2017 . Tigerheart 's Shadow is set just after the end of Shattered Sky during the `` A Vision of Shadows '' arc . It details the adventure that Dovewing , a warrior of Thunderclan , and Tigerheart , deputy of Shadowclan , depart on as they leave the clans at the behest of strange dreams that warn of dark times to come . They are guided by these dreams far from the clans , to a group of cats living in the basement of a church in the middle of a huge human city . They live and help these cats for several moons , using their warrior skills to assist them at all points .",
"28": "Eventually Dovewing has their kits leading the couple to do their best to raise their kits as warriors despite being far from clan and code . Eventually more dreams of woe draw them back to the lake where danger and destiny await . Field guides ( edit ) Six field guides have also been published ; The Ultimate Guide , Cats of the Clans , Battles of the Clans , and Code of the Clans . Secrets of the Clans and Enter the Clans are a mix of different guides in one , but they include their own exclusive features . The guides offer extra information , usually in the form of short stories , and are usually about 150 pages long . Secrets of the Clans is the first field guide in the series . It gives more details about the Clans previously unrevealed in the main series . Cats of the Clans , featuring illustrations and descriptions of the cats , was released on 24 June 2008 . Code of the Clans , which describes the origins of the cats ' code of honor , the warrior code , was released on 9 June 2009 . Battles of the Clans , released on 1 June 2010 , is about past battles and each Clan 's special battle tactics . Enter the Clans is an omnibus field guide released on 26 June 2012 . It is a collective work of the field guides Secrets of the Clans and Code of the Clans , although four pages of color artwork and the double foldout map inserts in the middle of Secrets of the Clans , as well as five pieces of color artwork in Code of the Clans , are not included in Enter the Clans . The Ulitimate Guide features a large page or more about a cat that was important in the series , and a detailed painted illustration to go with it . It also includes narritives exclusive towards this book . Warriors : the Ultimate guide ( edit ) On 5 November 2013 , a field guide titled Warriors : The Ultimate Guide was released . HarperCollins held a contest in which ten fans would have their names appear on the dedication page . The guide contains descriptions of forty characters , including Goosefeather , Dovewing , Brairlight , Lionblaze , and Ivypool .",
"29": "It also has various short stories , including the leadership ceremonies of both Tigerstar and Bramblestar , as well as maps of Clan territories . The first printing of the book featured a timeline of the Warriors universe on the reverse of the cover jacket . The ultimate guide is a continuation of Warriors : Cats of the Clans . Warriors : cats of the Clans ( edit ) In Warriors : Cats of the Clans , Leafpool , the ThunderClan medicine cat is your guide . She tells stories about the biggest and most important cats . They include detailed illustrations of the cats . Warriors : battles of the Clans ( edit ) Onestar , the current WindClan leader , guides the reader and brings the reader to all the clans ( And speaks to the reader about SkyClan ) to learn about their battle tactics , famous battle stories , and exclusive short stories . It also includes tips on how to fight like a warrior . Warriors : code of the Clans ( edit ) This field guide contains many short stories . The short stories include how the warrior code came to be , and tells stories of cats following and breaking the code . Original English - language manga ( edit ) Several series of original English - language manga have been produced by HarperCollins with TOKYOPOP . With the shutdown of TOKYOPOP , subsequent manga volumes have been published under the HarperCollins name alone . Four of the manga series consist of three volumes , though The Rise of Scourge is a standalone book . Graystripe 's trilogy ( edit ) Graystripe 's trilogy is a three - volume series following Graystripe from the time that he was taken by humans in Dawn until he returns to ThunderClan in The Sight . It was published as the first part of a partnership between TOKYOPOP and HarperCollins . These books tell how Graystripe and Millie , a housecat Graystripe meets during his captivity , find their way to ThunderClan from a faraway town . It consists of 3 books : The Lost Warrior ( April 24 , 2007 ) , Warrior 's Refuge ( December 26 , 2007 ) and Warrior 's Return ( April 22 , 2008 ) .",
"30": "The Rise of Scourge ( edit ) The Rise of Scourge was released on 24 June 2008 and , unlike the other manga which form trilogies , is a standalone volume . The story details the early life of BloodClan leader Scourge , one of the antagonists in The Darkest Hour , who is bullied in his youth for being small . The book chronicles his story up to the point when he kills Tigerstar , who once attacked Scourge when he ventured into the forest as a kitten . Tigerstar and Sasha ( edit ) Tigerstar and Sasha is a manga trilogy detailing how Tigerstar and the rogue cat Sasha meet and the events that occur after Sasha leaves Tigerstar and ShadowClan . The books are Into the Woods , Escape from the Forest , and Return to the Clans . Into the Woods ( edit ) Into the Woods Author Erin Hunter and Dan Jolley Illustrator Don Hudson Publisher HarperCollins and TOKYOPOP Publication date 2 September 2008 Media type Print ( paperback ) Pages 112 ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 154792 - 8 OCLC 245534695 LC Class PZ7. 7. H86 War 2008 Followed by Escape From the Forest The book begins with Sasha chasing after her owner 's car , which then speeds off , leaving her grief - stricken in the street . She then is filled with memories of her human owners , Ken and Jean , who took care of her . Everything was right until Jean got sick , and despite all they could do , she died . Ken , lamenting over Jean , then went with several other humans and left the house . Sasha , having escaped from an open bathroom window , began chasing after him . Unsuccessful , she wanders into the forest after seeing her friend Shnuky for the last time . Soon after , she finds an old den made of logs and bedded with leaves , and settles down there . The next day , while hunting prey she encounters a tom named Pine , who engages in conversation with Sasha . He warns her of the Clan cats living in the forest , in the process taking off her collar for her .",
"31": "The next morning , a ShadowClan patrol consisting of Tigerstar , Rowanpaw , and Jaggedtooth comes along , and Sasha takes a particular interest in Tigerstar . After Rowanpaw scents traces of foxes , a frog appears , although he is unsuccessful at catching it . Before it can get away , though , Sasha drops on it and says that it slipped through their paws . The next night , Sasha realizes that she has feelings for Tigerstar , and misses a rabbit while being caught up in her thoughts . Turning around she sees that Tigerstar had caught it for her , criticizes her hunting technique , and tells her she needs someone to show her how to hunt properly . When Sasha asks who would teach her , he says that he might . After a time of not seeing Tigerstar , Sasha returns to her den one evening , only to find Tigerstar already waiting for her . Asking him where he was , he comments on how nice her den was , and then stops and asks when she will be seeing her humans again , after seeing her collar hanging around a protruding branch on the logs . Sasha asks him why he was snooping around in her den , and he tells her that he can not see her any more if she has the collar . She refuses to destroy it , and quarrels with Tigerstar about housecats and how they are not independent . Sad , she reminisces about her perfect life with Jean and Ken . The next day , Sasha leaves a pigeon at the ShadowClan border to prove to Tigerstar that kittypets can hunt . After catching a rabbit , Sasha is attacked by two foxes . Before she can escape , though , Tigerstar comes and attacks the duo of animals , telling her to run . Scrambling up a tree , Sasha sees that the foxes have an advantage over him , and she jumps down to assist him . After defeating both foxes , Tigerstar stays in her den for the night and lets his wounds heal , and tells Sasha that he came to thank her for the pigeon , and that she is unlike any housecat he has ever known . One night Sasha brings Tigerstar to her old fence near the town . Upon sitting on it , he loses interest and Sasha takes offence , although he comments that if she wishes to be a rogue she would have to say goodbye to her old life .",
"32": "Tigerstar shows her around ShadowClan camp the next day , and introduces her to Blackstar , then known as Blackfoot . Sasha is offered to join a patrol , which she accepts . Along the way , she also sees Pine , who has gotten sick because winter is now coming on . Because Sasha does so well on the patrol , Tigerstar invites her to spend the night in the warriors den . Enjoying herself immensely , Sasha accepts . Racing back to the camp , she looks down on the camp from a tree , suddenly stopped by the voices of Tigerstar and his Clanmates . Soon she becomes frightened after Tigerstar discusses his plans to rule the forest with his Clanmates , including hiring BloodClan and setting a pack of dogs on ThunderClan . Extremely scared and changing her mind , Sasha flees , but before she can get far she is approached by Tigerstar who asks if she will join ShadowClan . Escape from the forest ( edit ) Escape from the Forest Author Erin Hunter and Dan Jolley Illustrator Don Hudson Publication date 23 December 2008 Media type Print ( paperback ) Pages 112 ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 154793 - 5 OCLC 288520388 LC Class PZ7. 7. H86 Was 2009 Preceded by Into the Woods Followed by Return to the Clans The book opens to Sasha refusing Tigerstar 's offer to join ShadowClan . Their conversation turns into an argument , and Sasha insists that Tigerstar 's plans go against the warrior code . Back at her den , Sasha thinks about her heartbreak , and dreams of Ken coming , finding her , and taking her home . She makes her way out of the forest , realizing that she has no place there anymore . She bumps into Pine , and tells him that she is leaving . Sasha returns to where she used to live with Ken and Jean , and is chased away by the human that is now living there . In a secondhand clothing store , Sasha catches Ken 's scent and finds one of his coats . As she roams the town , Sasha encounters two BloodClan warriors and narrowly escapes . Sasha wanders onto a tour boat , where she curls up and goes to sleep .",
"33": "When Sasha wakes up , the floor is shaking . She runs outside to jump off , only to find that the boat is surrounded by water . She is spotted by the tourists , who believe her to be a ship cat , and the captain shuts her in a cupboard . Let off the boat , she notices that the captain looks lonely and sad . When she sneaks back onto the boat , she begins to attract many customers to the boat service as `` Brownie the Famous Ship 's Cat , '' gaining the affection of the captain . One night , she even prevents two saboteurs from burning the boat . One day when the boat is out , Sasha finds a bag with a very young cat inside it in the water . The captain takes him home and names him Patch . The spring thaw arrives , and the captain ties up the boat and prepares to go elsewhere . Sasha decides not to go with the captain and Patch because she now knows that she is going to have kits , and wants them born in the forest . Patch and the captain are sad , but they understand . Return to the Clans ( edit ) Return to the Clans Author Erin Hunter and Dan Jolley Illustrator Don Hudson Publication date 9 June 2009 Media type Print ( paperback ) Pages 112 ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 154794 - 2 OCLC 781852042 LC Class PZ7. 7. H86 Was 2009 Preceded by Escape from the Forest Sasha has gone back to the forest to raise her three kits , Hawk , Moth , and Tadpole . While hunting for her kits , she is caught by a ShadowClan patrol . Afraid that they will take her kits , she lies and says they died from the cold . Afterwards , she lets her kits play outside , but when they go back in , she tells them about Ken . Later , she lets them outside again , but this time , Russetfur walks in on them . Instead of forcing her to give them up to ShadowClan , she instead helps Sasha by giving her some prey , and warns her to leave as soon as possible . Later on , Sasha goes out hunting and the kits go out to find Ken because they want to make their mother happy .",
"34": "Meanwhile , Sasha has come back to find her kits gone . The kits go into an abandoned house . Sasha , still trying to find the three , gets confronted by BloodClan warriors , but is able to trick them into fear by telling them she is a Clan warrior out looking for revenge of Tigerstar 's death , and the BloodClan cats end up pointing out the direction they saw the kits go . In the basement , a pipe blows and water leaks rapidly from it . Sasha rescues Hawk and Moth , but Tadpole does n't make it out of the flooding basement . That night , a devastated Sasha dreams of Tigerstar and asks if Tadpole is with him . Tigerstar says no , but confides that he is safe . Sasha later meets with Pine , a loner she had previously met , and he takes her and the kits to a barn where another she - cat lives . After Pine leaves , Sasha is attacked by the queen while Hawk and Moth are attacked by the she - cat 's kits , but Sasha beats her . She leaves with the kits and decides to take them to RiverClan . In the outskirts of RiverClan territory , Sasha tells the kits who their father is and says that it is their secret . Sasha tells RiverClan that she and her kits wish to become warriors . When they get back to camp , the kits get their apprentice names , but Sasha refuses to take a warrior name . Not long into their apprenticeships , Hawkpaw and Mothpaw see other kits from the nursery pretending to be Tigerstar and kill everybody . They ask Sasha why they acted like that about him . Sasha tells them the truth about him and makes them promise again that that was their little secret . Later , Hawkpaw and Mothpaw discover the remnants of the Bonehill , a hill of bones that Tigerstar created in the events of The Darkest Hour . In the end , Sasha decides Clan life is not for her , and she also realizes that her kits are far safer and happier here than with her , so she leaves , but her kits stay .",
"35": "Ravenpaw 's Path ( edit ) Ravenpaw 's Path is another trilogy which is centred around former ThunderClan apprentice Ravenpaw and his life on the farm with the farm cat Barley after the events of The Darkest Hour . Holmes has said that the series takes place in the second half of the year between the original series and The New Prophecy series , soon after Firestar and Sandstorm return to the Clan in Firestar 's Quest . The three books are Shattered Peace , A Clan in Need , and The Heart of a Warrior , which were released on 3 August 2010 . SkyClan and the Stranger ( edit ) SkyClan and the Stranger is a trilogy detailing events experienced by SkyClan after its revival in Firestar 's Quest and the events of SkyClan 's Destiny . It also details how Sol came to know about the Clans . The trilogy begins with The Rescue , which was released on 5 July 2011 . The second book is Beyond the Code and was released 22 November 2011 , and the third book is After the Flood and was released 3 April 2012 . Novellas ( edit ) Originally published only in e-book format , the novellas Hollyleaf 's Story , Mistystar 's Omen , and Cloudstar 's Journey were later published in print by HarperCollins in the anthology volume Warriors : The Untold Stories , which was released on 2 July 2013 . Tigerclaw 's Fury , Leafpool 's Wish , and Dovewing 's Silence were published in print in the anthology volume Warriors : Tales from the Clans on 4 November 2014 . Mapleshade 's Vengeance , Goosefeather 's Curse , and Ravenpaw 's Farewell were published in print in the anthology volume Warriors : Shadows of the Clans on January 26 , 2016 . Hollyleaf 's story ( edit ) Hollyleaf 's Story was released on 3 March 2012 . It details Hollyleaf 's experiences beginning from when she is buried in a set of tunnels at the conclusion of Sunrise until she goes to the tunnels beneath ThunderClan territory to find Ivypool and Dovewing spying on Sol and a group of WindClan cats ( in The Forgotten Warrior ) .",
"36": "When she first goes into the cave , she is saved by Fallen Leaves , the spirit of an ancient cat who died in the tunnels , and lives with him for the remainder of her time in the caves . The novella describes various ways in which she continues to help ThunderClan during her absence . Mistystar 's Omen ( edit ) Mistystar 's Omen is a novella released on 11 September 2012 . When Leopardstar loses her ninth life , her longtime deputy , Mistyfoot , becomes leader , receiving the new name Mistystar . Mistystar discovers a secret about RiverClan and her leadership is plunged into crisis as soon as it begins . Cloudstar 's Journey ( edit ) Cloudstar 's Journey is a novella that was released as an e-book on 29 January 2013 . It describes the original SkyClan 's experiences as humans destroy their forest home to build a town . When their camp is ruined , Cloudstar , leader of SkyClan , brings his whole Clan to a Gathering and asks the other Clan leaders to help them . Tigerclaw 's Fury ( edit ) Tigerclaw 's Fury is the fourth novella . It was released on 28 January 2014 . It describes Tigerclaw 's experiences while he is banished from ThunderClan and his acceptance into ShadowClan ( including how he helps ShadowClan fight off sickness and how he is appointed as its new leader ) . Leafpool 's Wish ( edit ) Leafpool 's Wish is the fifth novella , which was published on 22 April 2014 . It details Leafpool 's experiences before and after the birth of her kits . Dovewing 's Silence ( edit ) Dovewing 's Silence is the sixth novella which was released on 4 November 2014 . It takes place just after the battle in The Last Hope and is about Dovewing 's trouble after losing her powers . Mapleshade 's Vengeance ( edit ) Mapleshade 's Vengeance is the seventh novella . It was published on April 7 , 2015 , and details Mapleshade 's past . It features the story on Mapleshade , a strong ThunderClan warrior and a forbidden love and vengeance .",
"37": "It also detales on how she felt about the situation , and how cats she murdered ruined her life , which in precro spect , they did . Goosefeather 's Curse ( edit ) Goosefeather 's Curse is the eighth novella . It was released on 1 September 2015 and details Goosefeather 's troubling gift . It takes place before Bluestar 's Prophecy and before Bluestar is born . Ravenpaw 's Farewell ( edit ) Ravenpaw 's Farewell is the ninth novella . It was released on January 26 , 2016 . The story is after the clans left the forest . One of the main plots in this story is for Ravenpaw ( and later Barley ) to take Barley 's sister , Violet 's kits to SkyClan as they want to live the Clan life . Spottedleaf 's Heart ( edit ) Spottedleaf 's Heart is the tenth novella . It was released on April 11 , 2017 . The story takes place when SpottedLeaf is an apprentice . The main plot is about Spottedleaf becoming a medicine cat after being a warrior apprentice and being manipulated by ThistleClaw , the main villain of SpottedLeaf 's Heart and BlueStar 's Prophecy . Pinestar 's Choice ( edit ) Pinestar 's Choice is the eleventh novella . It was released on April 11 , 2017 . The story takes place shortly after Mapleshade 's Vengeance . The main plot is about Pinestar becoming leader and later leaving ThunderClan behind to become a kittypet . Thunderstar 's Echo ( edit ) Thunderstar 's Echo is the twelfth novella . It was released on April 11 , 2017 . The story takes place shortly after Dawn of the Clans . The main plot is about Thunderstar struggling to be the first leader of ThunderClan and keeping his Clan safe .",
"38": "Chronological timeline ( edit ) First Timeline for Warriors Series , spanning from Dawn of the Clans to after Firestar 's Quest Second Timeline for Warriors Series , spanning from Ravenpaw 's Path to end of Power of Three and Hollyleaf 's Story Third Timeline for Warriors Series , spanning from before Omen of the Stars to Book 4 : Darkest Night in A Vision of Shadows series The timeline of the `` Warriors '' series spans from the Dawn of the Clans set to A Vision of Shadows . Inspiration and origins ( edit ) New Forest , which became the base for the forest the cats live in The series first began when publisher HarperCollins asked Victoria Holmes to write a fantasy series about feral cats . Initially , Holmes was not very enthusiastic , since she `` could n't imagine coming up with enough ideas '' . She worked with the concept , however , expanding the storyline with elements of war , politics , revenge , doomed love , and religious conflict . Although the original plan was a stand - alone novel , enough material was created for several books , and the publisher decided on a six - volume series . The first volume , Into the Wild , was written by Kate Cary under the pseudonym `` Erin Hunter '' and was completed in about three months . Holmes then began to work behind the scenes , editing and supervising details . Cherith Baldry joined the team to write the third book , Forest of Secrets . Later , after she wrote the first Warriors field guide , Tui Sutherland became the fourth Erin Hunter . The authors have named several other authors as sources of inspiration when writing the novels . In an online author chat , Cherith Baldry listed the authors that inspire her as including Tolkien , Ursula K. Le Guin , and Shakespeare . In the same chat , Victoria Holmes stated that Jacqueline Wilson , Kathy Reichs , and J.K. Rowling are some of the authors that inspire her . According to the official website , other authors who have inspired the writers include Enid Blyton , Lucy Daniels , Ellis Peters , Tess Gerritsen , Kate Ellis , Lisa Gardiner , and Meg Cabot . The authors have also mentioned several other sources of inspiration . The New Forest in southern England was the base for the forest where the original series took place . Other influential locations include Loch Lomond , as well as the Scottish Highlands .",
"39": "Nicholas Culpeper , a physician who used materials occurring in the natural world as medicine , also had an influence on the Warriors series . His book , Culpeper 's Herbal , is used as a source by the authors for the herbal remedies that the cats use in the books . In addition , the authors suggested that they may use some fan - created names in future books . Also mentioned as a source of inspiration was the film series Rambo . Critical reception ( edit ) The first book of the series , Into the Wild , was generally well - received , with reviewers calling it a `` spine - tingling , '' `` thoroughly engrossing '' and `` exciting ... action - packed adventure . '' One reviewer praised the authors for `` creating an intriguing world ... and an engaging young hero '' , but another criticised the characters and imagined world as being `` neither ... consistent nor compelling . '' The manga has also earned praise : a reviewer for Children 's Bookwatch noted that Into the Woods `` ends on a tense cliffhanger , leaving the reader in anxious anticipation for more . Suitable for readers age ten to one hundred and ten , Warriors Tigerstar & Sasha # 1 : Into the Woods is especially recommended for cat lovers everywhere '' . Its sequel , Escape from the Forest , was also well reviewed : a reviewer for Publishers Weekly believed that girls would benefit from reading about Sasha leaving the powerful Tigerstar due to his `` growing violence '' . The art was also praised , with the reviewer writing that `` Hudson 's artwork brings Sasha 's emotional journey to life , showing each moment of fear , anxiety , contentment and joy . The cat 's - eye perspective of many of the panels , in addition , add ( sic ) a dramatic , energizing element to the book '' . The reviewer also wrote that `` a twist at the end will leave fans eager for the next installment of Sasha 's saga '' , and that the book would appeal to young adults trying to find their place in the world . Lisa Goldstein for School Library Journal also gave the book a positive review , writing that the plot would attract new fans and appeal to old fans . The reviewer also wrote that `` though the cover claims that this is a ' manga , ' the straightforward illustrations are drawn in a simple , realistic style '' .",
"40": "The large number of characters involved in the series has often been seen as a negative point ; though one reviewer compared the `` huge cast '' to that of a Greek drama , others wrote that it was `` hard to follow '' and `` a little confusing . '' The characters have also been criticised as being `` somewhat flat '' and `` limited essentially to each individual 's function within the clan . '' As one reviewer put it , the cats in the series are `` true to their feline nature , '' leading some critics to jokingly comment that the books will `` leave readers eyeing Puss a bit nervously '' and wondering `` what dreams of grandeur may haunt the family cat . '' However , this realism also means that the series contains a relatively large amount of violence , with one critic stating that it is `` not for the faint of heart . '' Several critics have compared Warriors to Brian Jacques ' Redwall series , though one commented that it was `` not as elegantly written . '' The New York Times called the series a `` hit with young readers '' , specifically because of its `` sprawling universe '' , and the series was able to appear on the New York Times Bestseller List for a total of 117 weeks , as of 24 November 2013 . Awards and recognitions ( edit ) Into the Wild was nominated for the Pacific Northwest Library Association 's 2006 Young Reader 's Choice Awards but lost to Christopher Paolini 's Eragon . It was also listed on Booklist 's Top 10 fantasy books for youth in 2003 and was a Book Sense 76 Pick . The Sight was nominated for the best Middle Readers book in Amazon 's Best Books of the Year ( 2007 ) and placed sixth out of the ten nominees , with six percent of the total votes . It was also nominated for the Children 's Choice Book Awards . In 2006 , Warriors also received an honorable mention for the best book series for Publisher Weekly 's `` On the Cuff '' awards . Themes ( edit ) Themes in the series often revolve around forbidden love , such as those involving Bluestar and Oakheart , Graystripe and Silverstream , Leafpool and Crowfeather , and Dovewing and Tigerheart .",
"41": "These relationships are not allowed for various reasons : some involve medicine cats ( such as Leafpool ) , who can not have mates , while others develop between cats in different Clans , which is forbidden by the warrior code . Holmes said that another central theme of the series centres on `` faith and spirituality '' in StarClan . All books in the series feature the influence of StarClan , not just as the cats think of them , but in terms of prophecies delivered by StarClan which inevitably come true . Some scenes take place within StarClan 's realm , with no living cats present as point - of - view characters . Thus the existence of an afterlife and the influence of spirits who have passed on and yet retain their earthly identities is integral to all of the plot arcs in the series . Another idea explored in the novels is the reactions of different faiths when meeting each other . For example , the Tribe of Rushing Water , which believes in different spiritual ancestors than the Clans , is introduced in Moonrise . In an author chat , Holmes explained that the books never say that either of the Clans or the Tribe of Rushing Water is right about faith because both are `` equally valid . '' This leads to fear and suspicion between them because they are afraid of things they do not understand . Holmes said that `` ignorance is a very scary thing ! '' Non-belief is also significant in the storylines : Mothwing and Cloudtail do not believe in StarClan . Another theme is that characters can be a mix of good and evil . Holmes has said she is fascinated by these `` shades of gray '' in personalities . Her example of this was when Bluestar , a noble and honorable cat , gave up her kits for her own ambitions so an evil cat would not take over . Another example she gave of this is how the antagonist Tigerstar , even with all of his faults , is still courageous and fiercely loyal . Similarly , Holmes has also connected the theme to Brambleclaw and how nobody knew whether he was good or evil . A third major theme , often referred to as nature versus nurture , explores whether a person is born the way he or she will be , or if other things shape that .",
"42": "For example , Brambleclaw 's father is the evil Tigerstar , but he eventually demonstrates that despite this , he is not evil himself , despite initial suspicion from Clanmates due to his father 's legacy . This theme ties into the `` shades of gray '' theme . A reviewer for Publishers Weekly noted that friendship and responsibility are taught to characters in the novels , while booksforyouths.com had a reviewer who pointed out the idea that , just as Clan cats shun house cats for their soft life , people should realize that it is necessary to experience hardship in life . A Storysnoops review noted that one of the themes was that `` it does n't matter where you come from , only who you are inside '' . In Dawn , the importance of cooperation is explored . The four Clans , normally hostile to each other , are forced to work together in order to find a new home . Other themes that have been pointed out deal with family , loss , honor , bravery , death , loyalty , and following rules . Holmes has said that one of the good things about writing a book about cats is that `` we can tackle difficult human issues such as death , racial intolerance , and religious intolerance ( without seeming so heavy ) . '' Editions ( edit ) All of the Warriors books except for the manga have been published as hardcovers , and the majority of them have also been published as paperbacks . Starlight , Twilight , and Sunset from The New Prophecy , as well as the first four Omen of the Stars books , are available in an audiobook format . The New Prophecy audiobooks are spoken by Nanette Savard , whose performance has been praised by reviewers . A reviewer for AudioFile wrote : `` Nanette Savard brings out the youth of the cats who are struggling to help their clan survive and to protect each other from outside danger . '' The Omen of the Stars audiobooks are spoken by Kathleen McInerney , a pseudonym of Veronica Taylor . The books in the four main series have also been released in an e-book format . Foreign Editions ( edit ) The Warriors series was first published in the United States and United Kingdom . The editions published of the first two series -- Warriors and Warriors : The New Prophecy -- in the United Kingdom had slight variations in cover design from their United States counterparts .",
"43": "Warriors is also sold in New Zealand , Australia , and Canada . Translations from English into other languages such as Czech , Lithuanian , Finnish , Japanese , French , Spanish , Russian , Chinese , and Korean have been published more recently . The first six books have been published in Korea , Italy and Latin America , the first five series in Germany and the first three series in the Netherlands . Fandom also exists in Trinidad and Singapore . The first two books have been published in Poland . Other media ( edit ) Website ( edit ) The Warriors website features Warriors screensavers , along with videos on the process of writing a manga book and a video promoting The Last Hope . There is also a `` How To Draw Manga '' page . In addition , there are games , including quizzes , the New Prophecy Adventure , and the Warriors Adventure Game . On the Frequently Asked Questions section of the site , Erin Hunter said that they are working on an online game that would be released in late 2010 . It finished the first round of testing in summer 2010 , but has not been released . Whether it will be a role - playing game is unknown . Erin Hunter has stated on the official Warriors website that there is still no plan for an official video game , but if there was , it would probably be based on a movie version of the Warriors series , which is currently not under consideration . Many fans have also created their own forum - based role - playing games . Film ( edit ) Main article : Warriors ( live action film ) On October 20 , 2016 , Victoria Holmes announced that Alibaba Pictures has bought the rights for a film , and is planning to do one with David Heyman set as producer . Short stories ( edit ) The first short story written by Erin Hunter is `` Spottedleaf 's Honest Answer '' . In it , the spirit of former ThunderClan medicine cat Spottedleaf discusses her love for Firestar . It gives information on what happened in the Warriors series from Into the Wild to Firestar 's Quest . On 20 January 2009 , another short story , `` The Clans Decide '' , was released on the Warriors Ultimate Leader Election site , starring Firestar , who won an election through an online fan vote conducted in recognition of President Obama 's Inauguration Day .",
"44": "In the story , the four Clans vote for a way to survive a tough winter . Every cat at the meeting votes on whether or not the Clans should work together to survive the winter . The cats vote in favour of working together . Two short stories , `` After Sunset : The Right Choice ? '' and `` The Elders ' Concern '' , are included with the Warriors mobile application . `` The Elders ' Concern '' has been noted to contain timeline errors . Taking place after Bluestar 's selection of Fireheart for deputy , it is about the elder Halftail , who is unhappy with the decision , and wakes the other elders to discuss it with them . In `` After Sunset : The Right Choice ? '' , After Brambleclaw is forced to kill Hawkfrost , he is worried about what Firestar might do , but Firestar is extremely proud of him . Plays ( edit ) Written by Victoria Holmes for a tour , a play titled After Sunset : We Need to Talk was first premiered on 28 April 2007 at the Secret Garden bookstore in Seattle , Washington . It details a meeting between Leafpool of ThunderClan and Crowfeather of WindClan after the events of Sunset . The script was released to the public on the official site for the Warriors series . During a fundraising event in Russellville , Arkansas , Brightspirit 's Mercy was performed by various high school drama students . The second of two plays by Erin Hunter , Brightspirit 's Mercy is about Jaypaw , Lionblaze , and Hollyleaf . After going to a Gathering , where it is obvious all of the Clans except for ThunderClan are starving , three cats from StarClan appear to them : Brightspirit and her parents , Shiningheart and Braveheart , characters created on Wands and Worlds , a fantasy fiction forum , in memory of a 10 - year - old Warriors fan , Emmy Grace Cherry , and her parents , Dana and Jimmy Cherry , who were killed in a tornado in February 2007 . They tell the three young cats that they must help feed the other Clans . Jaypaw is easily convinced , but Hollyleaf and Lionblaze are harder to win over . Eventually , they agree and hunt , then wait at the WindClan border for a patrol .",
"45": "Ashfoot , WindClan 's deputy , accepts the gift , but Breezepaw , too proud to have help from another Clan , refuses to eat it . Jaypaw , Lionblaze , and Hollyleaf then head towards another Clan 's territory . An example of a cat named Brambleclaw on a Chinese trading card . In the Chinese translation of the series , `` 3 - D trading cards '' are packaged in each book . The 3 - D effect is produced using stereoscopic lenticular printing . These cards feature pictures of the cats on the centre of the bookcover and their Chinese and English names , and biographical information on the back . Current cards feature Firestar , Bluestar , Tallstar , Graystripe , Tigerstar , a collage of the 5 previous cats , Brambleclaw , Feathertail , Leafpool , Onestar , Crowfeather , Hawkfrost , Hollyleaf , Jayfeather , Lionblaze , Blackstar , Squirrelflight , Breezepelt , Sandstorm , Oakheart , Leafstar , Crookedstar , Yellowfang , Dovewing , Ivypool , Flametail , Stormfur , Tigerheart , and Spottedleaf . Also produced are puzzles and cups with Warriors images . Mobile application ( edit ) On 30 June 2011 , an official iOS application and Android application was released on the iTunes App Store and Play store . It contains information about the books in the series , profiles of the Clans and major characters ( including app - exclusive information such as the name of Firestar 's mother ) , an interactive timeline and maps , two application - exclusive short stories , and a trivia game . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Archipelago , World . `` Warriors Super Edition : Hawkwing 's Journey - Erin Hunter - Hardcover '' . HarperCollins US . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Alibaba Pictures Has Lost $84 Million Dollars in Six Months https://www.techinasia.com/alibaba-pictures-2017-so-far/ Jump up ^ Erin Hunter . Secrets of the Clans . ISBN 0061239038 .",
"46": "^ Jump up to : `` Kate Cary on Twitter : The first Warriors series is finally to get its own name with its relaunch next year : `` The Prophecies Begin '' . Purrfect ! : D `` . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . The first Warriors series is finally to get its own name with its relaunch next year : `` The Prophecies Begin '' . Purrfect ! :D ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors # 1 : Into the Wild '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HarperCollins : Warriors # 2 : Fire and Ice by Erin Hunter ( Hardcover ) '' . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors # 3 : Forest of Secrets by Erin Hunter '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 1 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors # 4 : Rising Storm by Erin Hunter ( Hardcover ) '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors # 5 : A Dangerous Path by Erin Hunter ( Hardcover ) '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 9 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Darkest Hour by Erin Hunter ( Hardcover ) '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 21 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : The New Prophecy # 1 : Midnight '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HarperCollins.ca : Warriors : The New Prophecy , Book 2 : Moonrise ( Hardcover ) '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : The New Prophecy # 3 : Dawn '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : The New Prophecy # 4 : Starlight '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : The New Prophecy # 5 : Twilight '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 10 August 2013 .",
"47": "Jump up ^ `` Sunset ( Warriors : The New Prophecy Series # 6 ) Hardcover '' . harpercollins.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Power of Three # 2 : Dark River '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Power of Three # 3 : Outcast '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Power of Three # 4 : Eclipse '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Power of Three # 6 : Sunrise '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Power of Three # 5 : Long Shadows '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Power of Three # 1 : The Sight '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Erin ( 2007 ) . Firestar 's Quest . HarperCollins . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Omen of the Stars # 1 : The Fourth Apprentice '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Omen of the Stars # 2 : Fading Echoes '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Omen of the Stars # 3 : Night Whispers '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Omen of the Stars # 4 : Sign of the Moon '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Omen of the Stars # 5 : The Forgotten Warrior '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Omen of the Stars # 6 : The Last Hope '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 July 2014 .",
"48": "Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Dawn of the Clans # 1 : The Sun Trail '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Dawn of the Clans # 2 : Thunder Rising '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Dawn of the Clans # 3 : The First Battle '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Dawn of the Clans # 4 : The Blazing Star '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Dawn of the Clans # 5 : A Forest Divided '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Dawn of the Clans # 6 : Path of Stars '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Erin ( 2016 ) . Warriors : The Apprentice 's Quest . New York , NY 10007 : HarperCollins Children 's Books . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 238637 - 3 . Jump up ^ HarperCollins . `` Warriors Super Edition : Shattered Sky - Erin Hunter - E-book '' . HarperCollins US . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors A Vision of Shadows : Darkest Night '' . Jump up ^ https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062386533/warriors-a-vision-of-shadows-5-river-of-fire Jump up ^ `` Warriors Super Edition : Firestar 's Quest '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Super Edition : Bluestar 's Prophecy '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Super Edition : SkyClan 's Destiny '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Super Edition : Crookedstar 's Promise '' . HarperCollins .",
"49": "Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Hardcover : Warriors Super Edition : Yellowfang 's Secret '' . HarperCollins . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Super Edition : Tallstar 's Revenge '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Super Edition : Bramblestar 's Storm '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ HarperCollins . `` Warriors Super Edition : Hawkwing 's Journey - Erin Hunter - E-book '' . HarperCollins US . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Cats of the Clans '' . harpercollins.com . Retrieved 24 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Code of the Clans '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Battles of the Clans '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Enter the Clans by Erin Hunter '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : The Ultimate Guide '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Warriors Fan Contest '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Price , Ada ( 5 April 2010 ) . `` Novel to Graphic Novel : Turning Popular Prose into Comics '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyopop and HarperCollins Set to Bring Erin Hunter 's Bestselling Children 's Series to Manga Format '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 17 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : The Lost Warrior '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Warrior 's Refuge '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Warrior 's Return '' . HarperCollins .",
"50": "Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : The Rise of Scourge '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Tigerstar and Sasha # 3 : Return to the Clans '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Erin . Return to the Clans . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 154794 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Erin Hunter Chat No. 6 Transcript -- the chat '' . Wands And Worlds . Archived from the original on 19 September 2009 . Retrieved 4 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Ravenpaw 's Path # 3 : The Heart of a Warrior '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Erin . Warriors : SkyClan and the Stranger # 1 : The Rescue . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 200836 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : SkyClan and the Stranger # 2 : Beyond the Code '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : SkyClan and the Stranger # 3 : After the Flood '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : The Untold Stories '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Tales from the Clans '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Shadows of the clans '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Hollyleaf 's Story '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Mistystar 's Omen '' . HarperCollins Childrens . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Cloudstar 's Journey '' .",
"51": "HarperCollins Childrens . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Tigerclaw 's Fury '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors : Legends of the Clans '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transcript of Erin Hunter Post Chat 6 '' . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transcript Of Erin Hunter Chat # 1 '' . Wands and Worlds . Retrieved 2 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` INTERVIEW : Erin Hunter '' . Writers Unboxed . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Erin Hunter Chat No. 4 Transcript -- January 19 , 2008 '' . Wands and Worlds . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Erin Hunter : Interview '' . warriorcats.com . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kate 's Blog : FAQ '' . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Erin Hunter Chat No. 7 Transcript -- part 1 '' . Wands And Worlds . Retrieved 12 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Erin Hunter Chat No. 7 Transcript -- part 2 '' . Wands And Worlds . Retrieved 12 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hunter , Erin . Into the Wild '' . Booklist. 15 February 2003 . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . In this first spine - tingling episode in the planned Warriors series ( ... ) sure to appeal ... to followers of Brian Jacques ' ongoing Redwall series Jump up ^ Estes , Sally ( 15 April 2003 ) . `` Top 10 Fantasy Books for Youth '' . ala.org . American Library Association . Archived from the original on 9 July 2008 . Retrieved 20 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Into the Wild ( book review ) '' . Publishers Weekly . 23 December 2002 . Retrieved 21 August 2008 .",
"52": "In the first exciting installment of the Warriors fantasy series ( ... ) the stage is set for more action - packed adventure . ^ Jump up to : Alpert , Mary ( 1 May 2003 ) . `` Hunter , Erin . Into the Wild '' . School Library Journal . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . The author has created an intriguing world with an intricate structure and mythology , and an engaging young hero . ( ... ) The supporting cast of players is large and a little confusing ( ... ) This is not as elegantly written as Brian Jacques 's `` Redwall '' series ^ Jump up to : Negro , Janice M. Del ( 1 March 2003 ) . `` Book review : Warriors : Into the Wild '' . Bulletin of the Center for Children 's Books . 56 ( 7 ) : 277 . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . The author 's attempt to create a hierarchical warrior - clan society falls a bit short : neither the imagined world nor the characters within it are consistent or compelling . Characterization is limited essentially to each individual 's function within the clan , and the cast therefore remains cartoon cats engaged in territory marking ( ... ) while the pace occasionally flags there are a lot of bloody tooth - and - claw battles here that may engage readers of the Redwall series . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Tigerstar & Sasha # 1 : Into the Woods. ( Brief article ) ( Children 's review ) ( Book review ) '' . AccessMyLibrary . Children 's Booklist . December 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : Tigerstar and Sasha , Escape from the Forest '' . Publishers Weekly . 256 ( 3 ) : 47 . 19 January 2009 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Goldstein , Lisa ( July 2009 ) . `` Hunter , Erin & Dan Jolley . Escape from the Forest '' . School Library Journal . 55 ( 7 ) : 104 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 .",
"53": "( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Rawlins , Sharon ( 1 October 2003 ) . `` Forest of Secrets '' . School Library Journal . 49 ( 10 ) : 167 . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . This exciting book is not for the faint of heart as it is often violent ( ... ) It is reminiscent of Greek drama , with its huge cast of characters ^ Jump up to : Prolman , Lisa ( 1 September 2003 ) . `` Fire and Ice '' . School Library Journal . 49 ( 9 ) : 214 . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Readers not familiar with the first book may find this one hard to follow . ( ... ) The characterizations of the animals are somewhat flat ( ... ) and the plot 's twists and turns seem mapped out and predictable . Jump up ^ `` Into the Wild '' . Kirkus Reviews . 71 ( 1 ) : 61 . January 2003 . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Hunter debuts with a suspenseful animal adventure that will leave readers eyeing Puss a bit nervously . Jump up ^ Dwight Garner ( 15 January 2006 ) . `` TBR : Inside the List '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 August 2008 . The Warriors books are a hit with young readers , in part , because of the sprawling universe they open up . Jump up ^ Schuessler , Jennifer . `` Childrens ' Series Bestsellers : November 24 , 2013 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YRCA 2006 nominees '' . Pacific Northwest Library Association . Retrieved 2 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` YRCA Past Winners '' . Pacific Northwest Library Association . Retrieved 22 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Estes , Sally ( 15 April 2003 ) . `` Top 10 fantasy books for youth . ( Spotlight on SF / Fantasy ). ( Bibliography ) '' . AccessMyLibrary . Booklist . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best Books of 2007 '' . Amazon.com .",
"54": "Retrieved 2 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Cary 's site : Warriors '' . katecary.co.uk . Archived from the original on 8 July 2008 . Retrieved 22 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 2006 Cuffies '' . Publishers Weekly . Publishers Weekly . 22 January 2007 . Retrieved 4 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Erin Hunter chat # 5 transcript - August 16 , 2008 '' . Wands and Worlds. 16 August 2008 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Erin Hunter chat # 2 '' . Wands and Worlds . Archived from the original on 10 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Erin Hunter Chat No. 3 Transcript -- part 2 '' . Wands and Worlds . Retrieved 2 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cat Tales '' . Nick Magazine : 75 . December 2008 -- January 2009 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` booksforyouth Review '' . booksforyouth.com . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Storysnoops Review '' . storysnoops.com . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : The New Prophecy # 4 : Starlight CD '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : The New Prophecy # 5 : Twilight CD '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors : The New Prophecy # 6 : Sunset '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors : Omen of the Stars # 1 : The Fourth Apprentice '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors : Omen of the Stars # 2 : Fading Echoes '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 July 2014 .",
"55": "^ Jump up to : `` Warriors : Omen of the Stars # 3 : Night Whispers '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors : Omen of the Stars # 4 : Sign of the Moon '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sunset ( Warriors : The New Prophecy Series # 6 ) Editorial Reviews '' . amazon.com . Retrieved 31 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Erin . Sunset ( Warriors : The New Prophecy , Book 6 ) ( Audio CD ) . HarperChildrensAudio . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 121497 - 4 . Spoken by Nanette Savard Jump up ^ `` Ebooks written by Erin Hunter '' . Mobipocket . Retrieved 17 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Search Results for `` Erin Hunter '' `` . HarperCollins UK . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HarperCollins ( New Zealand ) catalog page : Warriors : Into the Wild '' . HarperCollins New Zealand . Retrieved 27 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` HarperCollins ( Australia ) catalog page : Warriors # 3 : Forest of Secrets '' . HarperCollins Australia . Retrieved 27 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Erin Hunter Chat No. 3 Transcript '' . Wands and Worlds . Retrieved 2 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sonda.it : Warriors '' ( in Italian ) . Sonda.it . Retrieved 25 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official German Warriors site '' . Beltz & Gelberg . Jump up ^ `` INTERVIEW : Erin Hunter '' . Writers Unboxed . Retrieved 16 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` empik.com -- Wojownicy -- Tom 2 Ogień i Lód -- Erin Hunter '' . empik.com . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors screensavers '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 8 July 2013 .",
"56": "Jump up ^ `` Warriors videos '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors : Extras '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Games '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors : FAQs '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.cnet.com/news/pawsome-harry-potter-producer-joins-warriors-fighting-cat-film/ Jump up ^ Hunter , Erin . `` Spottedleaf 's Honest Answer '' . Retrieved 22 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Erin . `` The Clans Decide '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors by HarperCollins Publishers '' . iTunes App Store . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Erin . `` After Sunset : We Need to Talk '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Brightspirit Relief Fund '' . IMC studios . Jump up ^ Hunter , Erin . `` Brightspirit 's Mercy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Morningstar Online Catalog Page : Warriors : Sunrise '' . Morningstar.com.tw ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . ( hide ) Erin Hunter 's Warriors series Main series Warriors : The Original Series Into the Wild ( 2003 ) Fire and Ice ( 2003 ) Forest of Secrets ( 2003 ) Rising Storm ( 2004 ) A Dangerous Path ( 2004 ) The Darkest Hour ( 2004 ) Warriors : The New Prophecy Midnight ( 2005 ) Moonrise ( 2005 ) Dawn ( 2005 ) Starlight ( 2006 ) Twilight ( 2006 ) Sunset ( 2007 )",
"57": "Warriors : Power of Three The Sight ( 2007 ) Dark River ( 2007 ) Outcast ( 2008 ) Eclipse ( 2008 ) Long Shadows ( 2008 ) Sunrise ( 2009 ) Warriors : Omen of the Stars The Fourth Apprentice ( 2009 ) Fading Echoes ( 2010 ) Night Whispers ( 2010 ) Sign of the Moon ( 2011 ) The Forgotten Warrior ( 2011 ) The Last Hope ( 2012 ) Warriors : Dawn of the Clans The Sun Trail ( 2013 ) Thunder Rising ( 2013 ) The First Battle ( 2014 ) The Blazing Star ( 2014 ) A Forest Divided ( 2015 ) Path of Stars ( 2015 ) Warriors : A Vision of Shadows The Apprentice 's Quest ( 2016 ) Thunder and Shadow ( 2016 ) Shattered Sky ( 2017 ) Other literature Super Editions Firestar 's Quest ( 2007 ) Bluestar 's Prophecy ( 2009 ) SkyClan 's Destiny ( 2010 ) Crookedstar 's Promise ( 2011 ) Yellowfang 's Secret ( 2012 ) Tallstar 's Revenge ( 2013 ) Bramblestar 's Storm ( 2014 ) Moth Flight 's Vision ( 2015 ) Hawkwing 's Journey ( 2016 ) Field Guides Cats of the Clans ( 2008 ) Battles of the Clans ( 2010 ) Warriors : The Ultimate Guide ( 2013 ) Enter the Clans ( 2012 ) Secrets of the Clans ( 2007 ) Code of the Clans ( 2009 ) OEL",
"58": "Manga Greystripe 's trilogy The Lost Warrior ( 2007 ) Warrior 's Refuge ( 2007 ) Warrior 's Return ( 2008 ) Tigerstar and Sasha Into the Woods ( 2008 ) Escape from the Forest ( 2009 ) Return to the Clans ( 2009 ) Ravenpaw 's Path Shattered Peace ( 2009 ) A Clan in Need ( 2010 ) The Heart of a Warrior ( 2010 ) SkyClan and the Stranger The Rescue ( 2011 ) Beyond the Code ( 2011 ) After the Flood ( 2012 ) Other The Rise of Scourge ( 2008 ) Novellas Warriors : The Untold Stories ( 2013 ) Hollyleaf 's Story ( 2012 ) Mistystar 's Omen ( 2012 ) Cloudstar 's Journey ( 2013 ) Warriors : Tales from the Clans ( 2014 ) Tigerclaw 's Fury ( 2014 ) Leafpool 's Wish ( 2014 ) Dovewing 's Silence ( 2014 ) Warriors : Shadows of the Clans ( 2016 ) Mapleshade 's Vengeance ( 2015 ) Goosefeather 's Curse ( 2015 ) Ravenpaw 's Farewell ( 2016 ) Warriors : Legends of the Clans ( 2017 ) Spottedleaf 's Heart ( 2017 ) Pinestar 's Choice ( 2017 ) Thunderstar 's Echo ( 2017 ) See also List of Warriors characters Authors Kate Cary Cherith Baldry Tui Sutherland Victoria Holmes",
"59": "Related people Wayne McLoughlin Dan Jolley James L. Barry Related series Seekers Survivors Bravelands WikiProject VIAF : 177945388 LCCN : n2002036230 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warriors_(novel_series)&oldid=819060410 '' Categories : Fantasy novel series Warriors ( novel series ) Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Fictional cats HarperCollins books Novels about animals Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Good articles Use American English from October 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from October 2012 Books with missing cover Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 05 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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blood alcohol concentration means the parts of alcohol in the blood in relation to what
|
[
"mass of alcohol per volume of blood or mass of alcohol per mass of blood",
"volume of blood",
"ethanol"
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{
"0": "Blood alcohol content - wikipedia Blood alcohol content Jump to : navigation , search Blood alcohol content Medical diagnostics Ethanol LOINC 5639 - 0 , 5640 - 8 , 15120 - 9 , 56478 - 1 ( edit on Wikidata ) Blood alcohol content ( BAC ) , also called blood alcohol concentration , blood ethanol concentration , or blood alcohol level , is most commonly used as a metric of alcohol intoxication for legal or medical purposes . Blood alcohol concentration is usually expressed as a percentage of ethanol in the blood in units of mass of alcohol per volume of blood or mass of alcohol per mass of blood , depending on the country . For instance , in North America a BAC of 0.1 ( 0.1 % or one tenth of one percent ) means that there are 0.10 g of alcohol for every 100 mL of blood . Contents ( hide ) 1 Effects by blood alcohol content 2 Estimated blood alcohol content by intake 3 Binge drinking 4 Units of measurement 5 Legal limits 5.1 Limits by country ( BrAC : breath alcohol content ) 5.2 Other limitation schemes 6 Test assumptions 7 Metabolism and excretion 7.1 Full stomachs 7.2 Carbonated beverages 7.3 Stress 7.4 Retrograde extrapolation 8 Highest recorded blood alcohol level / content 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links Effects by blood alcohol content ( edit ) See also : Short - term effects of alcohol Progressive effects of alcohol BAC ( % by vol . )",
"1": "Behavior Impairment 0.001 -- 0.029 Average individual appears normal Subtle effects that can be detected with special tests 0.030 -- 0.059 Mild euphoria Relaxation Joyousness Talkativeness Decreased inhibition Concentration 0.060 -- 0.099 Blunted feelings Reduced sensitivity to pain Euphoria Disinhibition Extraversion Reasoning Depth perception Peripheral vision Glare recovery 0.100 -- 0.199 Over-expression Boisterousness Possibility of nausea and vomiting Reflexes Reaction time Gross motor control Staggering Slurred speech Temporary erectile dysfunction 0.200 -- 0.299 Nausea Vomiting Emotional swings Anger or sadness Partial loss of understanding Impaired sensations Decreased libido Possibility of stupor Severe motor impairment Loss of consciousness Memory blackout 0.300 -- 0.399 Stupor Central nervous system depression Loss of understanding Lapses in and out of consciousness Low possibility of death Bladder function Breathing Dysequilibrium Heart rate 0.400 -- 0.500 Severe central nervous system depression Coma Possibility of death Breathing Heart rate Positional alcohol nystagmus > 0.50 High possibility of death Estimated blood alcohol content by intake ( edit ) Further information : Alcohol equivalence To calculate estimated peak blood alcohol concentration ( EBAC ) , a variation , including drinking period in hours , of the Widmark formula was used .",
"2": "The formula is : E B A C = ( 0.806 × S D × 1.2 B W × W t − M R × D P ) × 10 ( \\ displaystyle EBAC = \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 0.806 \\ times SD \\ times 1.2 ) ( BW \\ times Wt ) ) - MR \\ times DP \\ right ) \\ times 10 ) where : 0.806 is a constant for body water in the blood ( mean 80.6 % ) , SD is the number of standard drinks , that being 10 grams of ethanol each , 1.2 is a factor to convert the amount in grams to Swedish standards set by The Swedish National Institute of Public Health , BW is a body water constant ( 0.58 for males and 0.49 for females ) , Wt is body weight ( kilogram ) , MR is the metabolism constant ( 0.015 for males and 0.017 for females ) and DP is the drinking period in hours . 10 converts the result to permillage of alcohol Regarding metabolism ( MR ) in the formula ; Females demonstrated a higher average rate of elimination ( mean , 0.017 ; range , 0.014 -- 0.021 g / 210 L ) than males ( mean , 0.015 ; range , 0.013 -- 0.017 g / 210 L ) . Female subjects on average had a higher percentage of body fat ( mean , 26.0 ; range , 16.7 -- 36.8 % ) than males ( mean , 18.0 ; range , 10.2 -- 25.3 % ) . Additionally , men are , on average , heavier than women but it is not strictly accurate to say that the water content of a person alone is responsible for the dissolution of alcohol within the body , because alcohol does dissolve in fatty tissue as well . When it does , a certain amount of alcohol is temporarily taken out of the blood and briefly stored in the fat . For this reason , most calculations of alcohol to body mass simply use the weight of the individual , and not specifically his / her water content . Finally , it is speculated that the bubbles in sparkling wine may speed up alcohol intoxication by helping the alcohol to reach the bloodstream faster .",
"3": "Examples : 80 kg male drinking 3 standard drinks in two hours : E B A C = ( 0.806 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1.2 ) / ( 0.58 ⋅ 80 ) − ( 0.015 ⋅ 2 ) = 0.032534483 ≈ 0.033 g / d L ( \\ displaystyle EBAC = ( 0.806 \\ cdot 3 \\ cdot 1.2 ) / ( 0.58 \\ cdot 80 ) - ( 0.015 \\ cdot 2 ) = 0.032534483 \\ approx 0.033 g / dL ) 70 kg woman drinking 2.5 standard drinks in two hours : E B A C = ( 0.806 ⋅ 2.5 ⋅ 1.2 ) / ( 0.49 ⋅ 70 ) − ( 0.017 ⋅ 2 ) = 0.036495627 ≈ 0.036 g / d L ( \\ displaystyle EBAC = ( 0.806 \\ cdot 2.5 \\ cdot 1.2 ) / ( 0.49 \\ cdot 70 ) - ( 0.017 \\ cdot 2 ) = 0.036495627 \\ approx 0.036 g / dL ) Standard drink chart ( U.S. ) Alcohol Amount ( ml ) Amount ( fl oz ) Serving size Alcohol ( % by vol . ) Alcohol 80 proof liquor 44 1.5 One shot 40 0.6 US fl oz ( 18 ml ) Table wine 148 5 One glass 12 0.6 US fl oz ( 18 ml ) Beer 355 12 One can / bottle 5 0.6 US fl oz ( 18 ml ) Note : This chart defines a drink as 14g of ethanol , while the formula defines a drink as 10g of ethanol .",
"4": "Standard Drink Sizes ( Australia ) 375ml can of light beer ( 2.7 % alcohol ) = 0.8 standard drinks 375ml can of mid-strength beer ( 3.5 % alcohol ) = 1 standard drink 375ml can of full strength beer ( 4.8 % alcohol ) = 1.4 standard drinks 100ml glass of wine ( 13.5 % alcohol ) = 1 standard drink 150ml glass of wine ( 13.5 % alcohol ) = 1.5 standard drinks 30ml shot of spirits ( 40 % alcohol ) = 0.95 standard drinks 440ml can of pre-mix spirits ( approx. 5 % alcohol ) = 1.7 standard drinks 440ml can pre-mix spirits ( approx. 7 % alcohol ) = 2.4 standard drinks Approximate blood alcohol percentage ( by vol . ) One drink has 0.5 US fl oz ( 15 ml ) alcohol by volume Drinks Sex Body weight 40 kg 90 lb 45 kg 100 lb 55 kg 120 lb 64 kg 140 lb 73 kg 160 lb 82 kg 180 lb 91 kg 200 lb 100 kg 220 lb 109 kg 240 lb Male -- 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Female 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 Male -- 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 Female 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 Male -- 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.",
"5": "06 0.06 0.05 0.05 Female 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 Male -- 0.15 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 Female 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08 5 Male -- 0.19 0.16 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.08 Female 0.25 0.23 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.09 6 Male -- 0.23 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.09 Female 0.30 0.27 0.23 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.11 7 Male -- 0.26 0.22 0.19 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.11 Female 0.35 0.32 0.27 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.13 8 Male -- 0.30 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.13 Female 0.40 0.36 0.",
"6": "30 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.15 9 Male -- 0.34 0.28 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14 Female 0.45 0.41 0.34 0.29 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.19 0.17 10 Male -- 0.38 0.31 0.27 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.16 Female 0.51 0.45 0.38 0.32 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.19 Subtract approximately 0.01 every 40 minutes after drinking . Binge drinking ( edit ) See also : Binge drinking The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism ( NIAAA ) define the term `` binge drinking '' as a pattern of drinking that brings a person 's blood alcohol concentration ( BAC ) to 0.08 grams percent or above . This typically happens when men consume 5 or more drinks , and when women consume 4 or more drinks , in about 2 hours . Units of measurement ( edit ) There are several different units in use around the world for defining blood alcohol concentration . Each is defined as either a mass of alcohol per volume of blood or a mass of alcohol per mass of blood ( never a volume per volume ) . 1 milliliter of blood has a mass of approximately 1.06 grams . Because of this , units by volume are similar but not identical to units by mass . In the U.S. the concentration unit 1 % w / v ( percent mass / volume , equivalent to 10 g / l or 1 g per 100 ml ) is in use . This is not to be confused with the amount of alcohol measured on the breath , as with a breathalyzer .",
"7": "The amount of alcohol measured on the breath is generally accepted as proportional to the amount of alcohol present in the blood at a rate of 1 : 2100 . Therefore , a breathalyzer measurement of 0.10 mg / L of breath alcohol converts to 0.0001 × 2100 g / 10dL , or 0.021 g / dL of blood alcohol ( the units of the BAC in the United States ) . While a variety of units ( or sometimes lack thereof ) is used throughout the world , many countries use the g / L unit , which does not create confusion as percentages do . Usual units are highlighted in the table below . Reference Unit Equivalent to Used in BAC by volume 1 percent ( % ) 1 / 100 g / mL = 1 g / dL 9.43 mg / g , 217.4 mmol / L United States , Australia , Canada 1 permille ( ‰ ) 1 / 1000 g / mL = 1 g / L 0.943 mg / g , 21.7 mmol / L Austria , Belgium , Bulgaria , France , Latvia , Lithuania , Netherlands , Poland , Romania , Spain , Switzerland , Turkey 1 basis point ( ‱ ) 1 / 10,000 g / mL = 10 mg / 100 mL 94.3 ppm , 2.17 mmol / L United Kingdom BAC by mass 1 percent ( % ) 1 / 100 g / g = 1 cg / g 1.06 cg / mL , 230 mmol / L 1 permille ( ‰ ) 1 / 1000 g / g = 1 mg / g 1.06 mg / mL , 23 mmol / L Finland , Norway , Sweden , Denmark , Germany , Ireland , Russian Federation 1 part per million ( ppm ) 1 / 1,000,000 g / g = 1 μg / g 1.06 μg / mL , 23 μmol / L Legal limits ( edit ) Further information : Drunk driving law by country Map of Europe showing countries ' blood alcohol limits as defined in g / dl for the general population .",
"8": "For purposes of law enforcement , blood alcohol content is used to define intoxication and provides a rough measure of impairment . Although the degree of impairment may vary among individuals with the same blood alcohol content , it can be measured objectively and is therefore legally useful and difficult to contest in court . Most countries disallow operation of motor vehicles and heavy machinery above prescribed levels of blood alcohol content . Operation of boats and aircraft is also regulated . The alcohol level at which a person is considered legally impaired varies by country . The list below gives limits by country . These are typically blood alcohol content limits for the operation of a vehicle . Zero effective tolerance It is illegal to have any measurable alcohol in the blood while driving in these countries . Most jurisdictions have a tolerance slightly higher than zero to account for false positives and naturally occurring alcohol in the body . Some of the following jurisdictions have a general prohibition of alcohol . Australia -- Learner drivers or those drivers with a Provisional / Probationary Licence Bangladesh Brazil Brunei Canada -- new drivers undergoing graduated licensing in Ontario , British Columbia and Newfoundland and Labrador ; drivers under the age of 22 in Manitoba , New Brunswick , Northwest Territories , Nova Scotia , Ontario , Saskatchewan , Quebec and in Alberta receive a 30 - day suspension and 7 - day vehicle seizure . Colombia -- Zero Alcohol Tolerance law is effective since December 2013 Czech Republic Estonia Fiji Hungary Israel -- 24 μg per 100 ml ( 0.024 % ) of breath ( penalties only apply above 26 μg per 100 ml ( 0.026 % ) of breath due to lawsuits about sensitivity of devices used ) . New drivers , drivers under 24 years of age and commercial drivers 5 μg per 100 ml of breath. ( 0,005 % ) Italy -- for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license Japan -- drivers under the age of 20 because of not reaching legal drinking age . New Zealand -- drivers under the age of 20 and convicted drivers required to gain a zero - limit license . Nepal Oman Qatar Pakistan Paraguay Romania ( beyond 0.08 % drivers will not only receive a fine and have their license suspended , the offense will also be added to their criminal records . )",
"9": "Russian Federation ( 0 % introduced in 2010 , but discontinued in September 2013 ) Saudi Arabia Slovakia Uruguay United Arab Emirates 0.02 % China Netherlands ( for drivers in their first five years after gaining a driving license ) Norway ( road vehicles and sea vessels over 15 m ) , alternatively 0.1 mg / L of breath . Poland Puerto Rico Sweden Ukraine United States -- drivers under the age of 21 may have up to 0.02 % , on the federal level , however most states have Zero Tolerance laws emplaced . 0.03 % Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 0.031 % ) Chile India ( note : In the state of Kerala , a policy of zero tolerance has developed . )",
"10": "Serbia Japan Russia ( since September 2013 ) 0.04 % Lithuania ( 0.00 % for car drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license , motorcycle and truck drivers ) 0.05 % Argentina ( 0.02 % for motorbikes , 0.00 % for truck , taxi , and bus drivers , 0.00 % in the provinces of Cordoba and Salta ) Australia ( 0.00 % for Australian Capital Territory learner , provisional and convicted DUI drivers ( changed down from 0.02 % on December 1 , 2010 ) , 0.02 % for truck / bus / taxi , 0.00 % for learner drivers , provisional / probationary drivers ( regardless of age ) , truck and bus drivers , driving instructors and DUI drivers in all other states ) Austria -- no limit for pedestrians ; 0.08 % for cycling ; 0.05 % generally for cars < 7 , 5 t ( driving licence B) and motorbikes ( A ) ; but 0 , 01 % during learning ( for driver and teacher or L17 - assistant ) , during probation period ( at least the first 2 years ) or up to the age of 20 ( A1 , AM , L17 , F ) , trucks ( C > 7 , 5 t ) , bus ( D ) , drivers of taxi and public transport Belgium ( also for cyclists ) Bulgaria Canada : Alberta , British Columbia , Ontario , Manitoba , Newfoundland , Nova Scotia , New Brunswick -- provincial offence . Drivers have not committed a criminal offense , however a 3 - day licence suspension and 3 - day vehicle seizure occurs .",
"11": "Costa Rica Croatia -- professional drivers , driving instructors and drivers of the vehicle categories C1 , C1 + E , C , C + E , D , D + E and H ; the limit for other drivers is 0.50 mg / g , but they do get an additional separate fine if they cause an accident while having a blood alcohol level between 0 and 0 , 50 mg / g Denmark Finland France ( 0.025 % for bus drivers ) Germany ( 0.0 % for learner drivers , all drivers 18 -- 21 and newly licensed drivers of any age for first two years of licence ; also , if the BAC exceeds 0.03 % , driving is illegal if the driver is showing changes in behavior ( `` Relative Fahruntüchtigkeit '' ) ) Greece Hong Kong Iceland Ireland ( 0.02 % for learner drivers and professional drivers ) Israel 24 μg per 100 ml ( 0.024 % ) of breath ( penalties only apply above 26 μg per 100 ml ( 0.026 % ) of breath due to lawsuits about sensitivity of devices used ) . This is equivalent to a BAC of 0.05 . New drivers , drivers under 24 years of age and commercial drivers 5 μg per 100 ml of breath . This is equivalent to a BAC of 0.01 . Italy ( 0.00 % for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license ) Latvia ( 0.02 % for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license ) Luxembourg Macedonia ( 0.00 % for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license ) Netherlands ( 0.02 % for drivers in their first five years after gaining a driving license ) New Zealand Peru Philippines ( 0.00 % for taxicab and public transport drivers ) Portugal ( 0.02 % for drivers holding a driver 's licence for less than three years , professional drivers , and drivers of taxis , heavy vehicles , emergency vehicles , public transport of children and carrying dangerous goods ) .",
"12": "Scotland Slovenia ( 0.00 % for drivers in their first two years after gaining a drivers licence , drivers under 21 and professional drivers , such as buses , trucks ... ) South Africa Spain ( 0.03 % for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license and common carriers , such as buses , trucks ... ) Switzerland ( 0.01 % for drivers in their first three years after gaining a drivers licence and for driving instructors ) Thailand Taiwan ( breath alcohol limit decreased from 0.25 to 0.15 from 13 June 2013 ) Turkey 0.06 % The Bahamas 0.07 % Honduras 0.08 % Canada Quebec ( provincial law ) England and Wales ( 0.02 % for operators of fixed - wing aircraft ) . Malaysia ( 0.00 for Probationary Driving Licence holders ) Malta Mexico New Zealand Criminal offence Norway ( legal limit for sea vessels under 15 m ) Northern Ireland ( The government of Northern Ireland intends to reduce the general limit to 0.05 % . ) Puerto Rico ( for drivers 21 years and older ) Singapore Trinidad and Tobago United States -- all states impose penalties for driving with a BAC of 0.08 % or greater . Even below those levels drivers can have civil liability and other criminal guilt ( e.g. , in Arizona driving impairment to any degree caused by alcohol consumption can be a civil or criminal offense in addition to other offenses at higher blood alcohol content levels ) . Drivers under 21 ( the most common U.S. legal drinking age ) are held to stricter standards under zero tolerance laws adopted in varying forms in all states : commonly 0.01 % to 0.05 % . See Alcohol laws of the United States by state . Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration : 0.04 % for drivers of a commercial vehicle requiring a commercial driver 's license and 0.01 % for operators of common carriers , such as buses . 0.1 % Cayman Islands Limits by country ( BrAC : breath alcohol content ) ( edit ) In certain countries , alcohol limits are determined by the breath alcohol content ( BrAC ) , not to be confused with blood alcohol content ( BAC ) .",
"13": "In Greece , the BrAC limit is 250 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath . The limit in blood is 0.50 g / l . The BrAC limit for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license and common carriers are more restricted to 100 microgrammes per litre of breath . BrAC 250 -- 400 = € 200 fine . BrAC 400 -- 600 = € 700 fine , plus suspension of driving license for 90 days ( introduced in 2007 ) BrAC > 600 = 2 months imprisonment , plus suspension of driving license for 180 days , plus € 1,200 fine In Hong Kong , the BrAC limit is 220 microgrammes per litre of breath ( as well as other defined limits ) In The Netherlands and Finland , the BrAC limit is 220 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath ( μg / l , colloquially known as `` Ugl '' ) . In New Zealand , the BrAC limit is 250 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath for those aged 20 years or over , and zero ( meaning illegal to have any measurable breath alcohol content ) for those aged under 20 years . In Singapore , the BrAC limit is 350 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath . In Spain the BrAC limit is 250 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath and 150 microgrammes per litre of breath for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license and common carriers . In England and Wales the BrAC limit is 350 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath ( as well as the above defined blood alcohol content ) . In Scotland the BrAC limit is 220 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath ( as well as the above defined blood alcohol content ) . In Trinidad and Tobago the BrAC limit is 35 microgrammes of alcohol per 100 millilitres of breath ( as well as the above defined blood alcohol content ) . Other limitation schemes ( edit ) For South Korea , the penalties for different blood alcohol content levels include 0.01 -- 0.049 = No penalty 0.05 -- 0.09 = 100 days license suspension > 0.10 = Cancellation of car license .",
"14": "Test assumptions ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Blood alcohol tests assume the individual being tested is average in various ways . For example , on average the ratio of blood alcohol content to breath alcohol content ( the partition ratio ) is 2100 to 1 . In other words , there are 2100 parts of alcohol in the blood for every part in the breath . However , the actual ratio in any given individual can vary from 1300 : 1 to 3100 : 1 , or even more widely . This ratio varies not only from person to person , but within one person from moment to moment . Thus a person with a true blood alcohol level of . 08 % but a partition ratio of 1700 : 1 at the time of testing would have a . 10 reading on a Breathalyzer calibrated for the average 2100 : 1 ratio . Metabolism and excretion ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alcohol is absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract , but more slowly in the stomach than in the small or large intestine . For this reason , alcohol consumed with food is absorbed more slowly , because it spends a longer time in the stomach . Furthermore , alcohol dehydrogenase is present in the stomach lining . After absorption , the alcohol passes to the liver through the hepatic portal vein , where it undergoes a first pass of metabolism before entering the general bloodstream . Alcohol is removed from the bloodstream by a combination of metabolism , excretion , and evaporation . Alcohol is metabolized mainly by the group of six enzymes collectively called alcohol dehydrogenase . These convert the ethanol into acetaldehyde ( an intermediate more toxic than ethanol ) . The enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase then converts the acetaldehyde into non-toxic acetic acid .",
"15": "Many physiologically active materials are removed from the bloodstream ( whether by metabolism or excretion ) at a rate proportional to the current concentration , so that they exhibit exponential decay with a characteristic halflife ( see pharmacokinetics ) . This is not true for alcohol , however . Typical doses of alcohol actually saturate the enzymes ' capacity , so that alcohol is removed from the bloodstream at an approximately constant rate . This rate varies considerably between individuals . Another sex based difference is in the elimination of alcohol . People under 25 , women or with liver disease may process alcohol more slowly . False High ( BAC ) readings are related to patients with proteinuria and hematuria , due to kidney - liver metabolism and failure ( for example , Hematuria 1 + protenuria 1 + ) Such persons have impaired acetaldehyde dehydrogenase , which causes acetaldehyde levels to peak higher , producing more severe hangovers and other effects such as flushing and tachycardia . Conversely , members of certain ethnicities that traditionally did not use alcoholic beverages have lower levels of alcohol dehydrogenases and thus `` sober up '' very slowly , but reach lower aldehyde concentrations and have milder hangovers . Rate of detoxification of alcohol can also be slowed by certain drugs which interfere with the action of alcohol dehydrogenases , notably aspirin , furfural ( which may be found in fusel alcohol ) , fumes of certain solvents , many heavy metals , and some pyrazole compounds . Also suspected of having this effect are cimetidine ( Tagamet ) , ranitidine ( Zantac ) , and acetaminophen ( Tylenol ) ( paracetamol ) . Currently , the only known substance that can increase the rate of metabolism of alcohol is fructose . The effect can vary significantly from person to person , but a 100 g dose of fructose has been shown to increase alcohol metabolism by an average of 80 % . Fructose also increases false positives of high BAC ratio readings in anyone with proteinuria and hematuria , due to kidney - liver metabolism . Full stomachs ( edit ) Alcohol absorption can be slowed by ingesting alcohol on a full stomach . The belief that the food absorbs the alcohol is a common misconception .",
"16": "Alcohol absorption is slowed because the stomach sphincter closes in order to break down the food . The alcohol can not be absorbed through the stomach , thus can not be absorbed until the sphincter is opened and the consumed alcohol can flow to the small intestine . Carbonated beverages ( edit ) See also : Carbonated water § Metabolism and excretion Alcohol in carbonated beverages is absorbed faster than alcohol in non-carbonated drinks . Stress ( edit ) Being under stress causes alcohol to metabolize faster . Retrograde extrapolation ( edit ) Retrograde extrapolation is the mathematical process by which someone 's blood alcohol concentration at the time of driving is estimated by projecting backwards from a later chemical test . This involves estimating the absorption and elimination of alcohol in the interim between driving and testing . The rate of elimination in the average person is commonly estimated at . 015 to . 020 grams per deciliter per hour ( g / dl / h ) , although again this can vary from person to person and in a given person from one moment to another . Metabolism can be affected by numerous factors , including such things as body temperature , the type of alcoholic beverage consumed , and the amount and type of food consumed . In an increasing number of states , laws have been enacted to facilitate this speculative task : the blood alcohol content at the time of driving is legally presumed to be the same as when later tested . There are usually time limits put on this presumption , commonly two or three hours , and the defendant is permitted to offer evidence to rebut this presumption . Forward extrapolation can also be attempted . If the amount of alcohol consumed is known , along with such variables as the weight and sex of the subject and period and rate of consumption , the blood alcohol level can be estimated by extrapolating forward . Although subject to the same infirmities as retrograde extrapolation -- guessing based upon averages and unknown variables -- this can be relevant in estimating BAC when driving and / or corroborating or contradicting the results of a later chemical test .",
"17": "Highest recorded blood alcohol level / content ( edit ) There have been reported cases of blood alcohol content higher than 1 % : On 26 October 2012 a man from Gmina Olszewo - Borki , Poland , who died in a car accident , recorded a blood alcohol content of 2.23 % ; however , the blood sample was collected from a wound and thus possibly contaminated . In South Africa , a man driving a Mercedes - Benz Vito light van containing 15 sheep , allegedly stolen from nearby farms , was arrested on December 22 , 2010 , near Queenstown in Eastern Cape . His blood had an alcohol content of 1.6 % . Also in the vehicle were five boys and a woman who were also arrested . In 1982 , a 24 - year - old woman was admitted to the UCLA emergency room with a serum alcohol content of 1.51 % , corresponding to a BAC of 1.33 % . She was alert and oriented to person and place . Serum alcohol concentration is not equal to nor calculated in the same way as blood alcohol content . In 1984 a 30 - year - old man survived a blood alcohol concentration of 1.5 % after vigorous medical intervention that included dialysis and intravenous therapy with fructose . In 1995 , a man from Wrocław , Poland , caused a car accident near his hometown . He had a blood alcohol content of 1.48 % ; he was tested five times but all results were the same . He died a few days later of injuries from the accident . In 2013 , on July 26 a 40 - year - old man from Alfredówka , Poland , was found by Municipal Police Patrol from Nowa Dęba lying in the ditch along the road in Tarnowska Wola . At the hospital there was recorded that the man had a blood alcohol content of 1.374 % . The man survived . In 2004 , an unidentified Taiwanese woman died of alcohol intoxication after immersion for twelve hours in a bathtub filled with 40 % ethanol . Her blood alcohol content was 1.35 % . It was believed that she had immersed herself as a response to the SARS epidemic .",
"18": "References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A hybridizing of effects as described at Alcohol 's Effects Archived May 5 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . from Virginia Tech and Federal Aviation Regulation ( CFR ) 91.17 : Alcohol and Flying ( hosted on FlightPhysical.com ) ^ Jump up to : Andersson , Agneta ; Wiréhn , Ann - Britt ; Ölvander , Christina ; Ekman , Diana ; Bendtsen , Preben ( 2009 ) . `` Alcohol use among university students in Sweden measured by an electronic screening instrument '' . BMC Public Health . 9 : 229 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 9 - 229 . PMC 2724514 . PMID 19594906 . Jump up ^ Cowan Jr , JM ; Weathermon , A ; McCutcheon , JR ; Oliver , RD ( 1996 ) . `` Determination of volume of distribution for ethanol in male and female subjects '' . Journal of analytical toxicology . 20 ( 5 ) : 287 -- 90 . doi : 10.1093 / jat / 20.5. 287 . PMID 8872236 . Jump up ^ Based on the CDC standard of 0.6 fl oz alcohol per drink . CDC alcohol FAQ Jump up ^ BAC Charts Archived June 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . from Virginia Tech Jump up ^ `` Quick Stats : Binge Drinking . '' The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . April 2008. ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Various Alcohol and Drug Related Prohibitions and Suspensions -- Prohibitions and Suspensions -- RoadSafetyBC '' . Jump up ^ `` Newsroom : Keeping Drivers Safe '' . news.ontario.ca . Jump up ^ `` Tolérance zéro pour les conducteurs de moins de 21 ans '' . La Presse . Jump up ^ `` Tolerancia cero : ni una cerveza si va a conducir '' . eltiempo.com .",
"19": "Jump up ^ http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/Normativa/Leyes/Documents/2013/LEY%201696%20DEL%2019%20DE%20DICIEMBRE%20DE%202013.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Alcohol and Driving '' . Ministry of Transport . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Medvedev signs total drink driving ban '' . RIAN. 2010 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russian drivers to be allowed to have slight alcohol content in blood '' . Itar - tass. 2013 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol cero rige a partir de 2016 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Alcohol '' . Jump up ^ / d : LOV - 1965 - 06 - 18 - 4 : d / Lov om vegtrafikk ( vegtrafikkloven ) Jump up ^ according to Section 185 of Motor Vehicles Act 1988 . On first offence , the punishment is imprisonment of 6 months and / or fine of 2000 Indian Rupees ( INR ) . If the second offence is committed within three years , the punishment is 2 years and / or fine of 3000 Indian Rupees ( INR ) . The clause of 30 mg / dL was added by an amendment in 1994 . It came into effect beginning 14 November 1994 . Jump up ^ http://www.npa.go.jp/policies/application/license_renewal/pdf/english.pdf The breath alcohol concentration limit for driving in Japan is 0.15 mg / l , which , assuming a breath alcohol to blood alcohol ratio of 1 : 2,100 , is roughly equivalent to a BAC of 0.0315 % . The penalties become even more severe at 0.25 mg / l , which is roughly equivalent to a BAC of 0.0525 % . Jump up ^ https://www.help.gv.at/Portal.Node/hlpd/public/content/4/Seite.042000.html Alkohol am Steuer , HELP.gv.at , of 19 . January 2013 , retr. 22 .",
"20": "April 2013 Jump up ^ http://www.verkehrspsychologie.at/gesetzliche_grundlagen_fuehrerscheinentzug.htm Gesetzliche Grundlagen für den Führerscheinentzug ( Alkohol ) , verkehrspsychologie.at , AAP -- Angewandte Psychologie und Forschung GmbH , Wien , retr. 22 . April 2013 Jump up ^ Driving law ( hr ) Jump up ^ Between 0.05 % and 0.08 % , drivers can be fined € 135 and have six points removed from their licence . Above 0.08 % , the punishment is more severe with possible imprisonment of up to two years , heavy fines and licence suspension . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 23 . ( in French ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` BAC and BrAC Limits -- International Alliance for Responsible Drinking '' . International Alliance for Responsible Drinking . Jump up ^ `` Quoi de neuf en 2014 ? '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Driving Under the Influence Unit '' . Jump up ^ Drinking and Driving : SAAQ Jump up ^ `` The drink drive limit '' . Jump up ^ / d : LOV - 1998 - 06 - 26 - 47 : d / Lov om fritids - og småbåter Jump up ^ DOE -- Biggest shake up in drink driving laws for forty years -- Attwood ^ Jump up to : Driving In Singapore -- Home Archived February 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism . http://alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov/Blood_Alcohol_Concentration_Limits_Adult_Operators_of_Noncommercial_Motor_Vehicles.html . Accessed on February 01 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Commercial Driver 's License Program '' . Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration . Jump up ^ `` 18 U.S.C. § 343 : US Code -- Section 343 : Presumptions '' . Findlaw .",
"21": "Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol and drug limits '' . Driving Tests Resources . Jump up ^ Alobaidi TA , Hill DW , Payne JP ( 1976 ) . `` Significance of variations in blood : breath partition coefficient of alcohol '' . Br Med J. 2 : 1479 -- 81 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.6050. 1479 . PMC 1689868 . PMID 793681 . Jump up ^ Alan J. Buglass , ed. ( 2011 ) . Handbook of alcoholic beverages : technical , analytical and nutritional aspects . Chichester : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 97665 - 4 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomasson , Holly R. ( 2002 ) . `` Gender Differences in Alcohol Metabolism '' . Recent Developments in Alcoholism. 12 . pp. 163 -- 72 . doi : 10.1007 / 0 - 306 - 47138 - 8_9 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 44921 - 8 . Jump up ^ Fructose & ethanol Carpenter , Thorne M. ; Lee , Robert C ( 1937 ) . `` THE EFFECT OF FRUCTOSE ON THE METABOLISM OF ETHYL ALCOHOL IN MAN '' . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics . 60 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Tygstrup , Niels ; Winkler , Kjeld ; Lundquist , Frank ( 1 May 1965 ) . `` The Mechanism of the Fructose Effect on the Ethanol Metabolism of the Human Liver * '' . Journal of Clinical Investigation . 44 ( 5 ) : 817 -- 830 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI105194 . PMC 292558 . PMID 14276139 .",
"22": "Patel , AR ; Paton , AM ; Rowan , T ; Lawson , DH ; Linton , AL ( August 1969 ) . `` Clinical studies on the effect of laevulose on the rate of metabolism of ethyl alcohol '' . Scottish medical journal . 14 ( 8 ) : 268 -- 71 . PMID 5812044 . Lowenstein , LM ; Simone , R ; Boulter , P ; Nathan , P ( 14 September 1970 ) . `` Effect of fructose on alcohol concentrations in the blood in man '' . JAMA. 213 ( 11 ) : 1899 -- 901 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 1970.03170370083021 . PMID 4318655 . Pawan , GL ( September 1972 ) . `` Metabolism of alcohol ( ethanol ) in man '' . The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society . 31 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 9 . doi : 10.1079 / pns19720020 . PMID 4563296 . Thieden , HI ; Grunnet , N ; Damgaard , SE ; Sestoft , L ( October 1972 ) . `` Effect of fructose and glyceraldehyde on ethanol metabolism in human liver and in rat liver '' . European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS. 30 ( 2 ) : 250 -- 61 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1432 - 1033.1972. tb02093. x . PMID 4145889 . Soterakis , J ; Iber , FL ( March 1975 ) . `` Increased rate of alcohol removal from blood with oral fructose and sucrose '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 28 ( 3 ) : 254 -- 7 . PMID 1119423 . Rawat , AK ( February 1977 ) . `` Effects of fructose and other substances on ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism in man '' . Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology. 16 ( 2 ) : 281 -- 90 . PMID 847286 . Iber , FL ( September 1977 ) .",
"23": "`` The effect of fructose on alcohol metabolism '' . Archives of Internal Medicine . 137 ( 9 ) : 1121 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 137.9. 1121 . PMID 901079 . Bode , JC ; Bode , C ; Thiele , D ( 1 February 1979 ) . `` Alcohol metabolism in man : effect of intravenous fructose infusion on blood ethanol elimination rate following stimulation by phenobarbital treatment or chronic alcohol consumption '' . Klinische Wochenschrift. 57 ( 3 ) : 125 -- 30 . doi : 10.1007 / bf01476052 . PMID 439778 . Sprandel , U ; Tröger , HD ; Liebhardt , EW ; Zöllner , N ( 1980 ) . `` Acceleration of ethanol elimination with fructose in man '' . Nutrition and metabolism . 24 ( 5 ) : 324 -- 30 . doi : 10.1159 / 000176278 . PMID 7443107 . Meyer , BH ; Müller , FO ; Hundt , HK ( 6 November 1982 ) . `` The effect of fructose on blood alcohol levels in man '' . South African medical journal ( Suid - Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde ) . 62 ( 20 ) : 719 -- 21 . PMID 6753183 . Crownover , BP ; La Dine , J ; Bradford , B ; Glassman , E ; Forman , D ; Schneider , H ; Thurman , RG ( March 1986 ) . `` Activation of ethanol metabolism in humans by fructose : importance of experimental design '' . The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics . 236 ( 3 ) : 574 -- 9 . PMID 3950864 . Mascord , D ; Smith , J ; Starmer , GA ; Whitfield , JB ( 1991 ) . `` The effect of fructose on alcohol metabolism and on the ( lactate ) / ( pyruvate ) ratio in man '' . Alcohol and Alcoholism. 26 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 9 . PMID 1854373 .",
"24": "Onyesom , I ; Anosike , EO ( June 2004 ) . `` Oral fructose - induced changes in blood ethanol oxidokinetic data among healthy Nigerians '' . The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health . 35 ( 2 ) : 476 -- 80 . PMID 15691159 . Uzuegbu , UE ; Onyesom , I ( June 2009 ) . `` Fructose - induced increase in ethanol metabolism and the risk of Syndrome X in man '' . Comptes Rendus Biologies. 332 ( 6 ) : 534 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. crvi. 2009.01. 007 . PMID 19520316 . ^ Jump up to : `` Absorption Rate Factors '' . BHS.UMN.edu . Archived from the original on 18 January 2013 . When food is ingested , the pyloric valve at the bottom of the stomach will close in order to hold food in the stomach for digestion and thus keep the alcohol from reaching the small intestine . The larger the meal and closer in time to drinking , the lower the peak of alcohol concentration ; some studies indicate up to a 20 % reduction in peak blood alcohol level . Stress causes the stomach to empty directly into the small intestine , where alcohol is absorbed even faster . Liquor mixed with soda or other bubbly drinks speeds up the passage of alcohol from the stomach to the small intestine , which increases the speed of absorption . Jump up ^ `` 8 Big Boozy Myths About Drinking '' . EverydayHealth.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Roberts , C. ; Robinson , S.P. ( 2007 ) . `` Alcohol concentration and carbonation of drinks : The effect on blood alcohol levels '' . Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine . 14 ( 7 ) : 398 -- 405 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jflm. 2006.12. 010 . PMID 17720590 . Jump up ^ Holt S ( 1 February 1981 ) . `` Observations on the relation between alcohol absorption and the rate of gastric emptying '' .",
"25": "Can Med Assoc J. 124 : 267 -- 77 , 297 . PMC 1705129 . PMID 7459787 . Jump up ^ LEIKOLA A. `` Influence of stress on alcohol intoxication in rats '' . QJ Stud Alcohol . 23 : 369 -- 75 . PMID 13929435 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Mark R. ; Reasor , Mark J. ( 1992 ) . `` Retrograde extrapolation of blood alcohol data : An applied approach '' . Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health . 36 ( 4 ) : 281 -- 92 . doi : 10.1080 / 15287399209531639 . PMID 1507264 . ^ Jump up to : Łuba , Marcin ( 24 October 2012 ) . `` Śmiertelny rekord : Kierowca z powiatu ostrołęckiego miał 22 promile alkoholu ! Zginął w wypadku '' . eOstroleka.pl ( in Polish ) . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Drunkest driver in SA arrested Sowetan Jump up ^ Johnson , R ( 1982 ) . `` Survival After a Serum Ethanol Concentration of 11 / 2 % '' . The Lancet . 320 ( 8312 ) : 1394 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 82 ) 91285 - 5 . Jump up ^ Labianca , Dominick A. ( 2002 ) . `` Conversion of Serum - Alcohol Concentrations to Corresponding Blood - Alcohol Concentrations '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 79 ( 7 ) : 803 . Bibcode : 2002JChEd ... 79 ... 803L . doi : 10.1021 / ed079p803 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Shane ; Tipton , KF ; Prichard , JS ; Quinlan , A ( 1984 ) . `` Survival After High Blood Alcohol Levels : Association with First - Order Elimination Kinetics '' . Archives of Internal Medicine .",
"26": "144 ( 3 ) : 641 -- 2 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 1984.00350150255052 . PMID 6703836 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Informacje '' . Jump up ^ Wu , Yen - Liang ; Guo , How - Ran ; Lin , Hung - Jung ( 2005 ) . `` Fatal alcohol immersion during the SARS epidemic in Taiwan '' . Forensic Science International . 149 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 287 . doi : 10.1016 / j. forsciint. 2004.06. 014 . PMID 15749375 . Bibliography ( edit ) Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh . Science and Technology Department . The Handy Science Answer Book . Pittsburgh : The Carnegie Library , 1997 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 1013 - 5 . Perham , Nick ; Moore , Simon C. ; Shepherd , Jonathan ; Cusens , Bryany ( 2007 ) . `` Identifying drunkenness in the night - time economy '' . Addiction. 102 ( 3 ) : 377 -- 80 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1360 - 0443.2006. 01699. x . PMID 17298644 . Taylor , L. , and S. Oberman . Drunk Driving Defense , 6th edition . New York : Aspen Law and Business , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7355 - 5429 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blood alcohol content statistics .",
"27": "Blood Alcohol Concentration BAC Limits Alcohol and health Specific interactions Note : see Template : Psychoactive substance use for diagnoses Aging Alcohol - induced mood disorders Brain Cancer breast cancer Sleep Tolerance Weight Substance abuse prevention Sobriety Alcohol - free zone Alcohol detoxification Alcohol rehabilitation Alcoholics Anonymous Sober companion Alcohol limitation 0 - 0 - 1 - 3 Ban on caffeinated alcoholic beverages Alcohol education Alcohol server training Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages Addiction medicine Alcoholism Anti-addictive psychedelics : Ibogaine , Salvia divinorum Disulfiram - like drugs : disulfiram , calcium carbimide , cyanamide Religion and alcohol Christian views on alcohol alcohol in the Bible Islam and alcohol Dionysian Mysteries Social issues Alcohol advertising on college campuses Alcohol - free beverage definition controversy Alcohol self - medication Native Americans Binge drinking 0.08 BAC Blackout ( alcohol - related amnesia ) College student alcoholism Domestic violence Drinking games / pregaming Driving under the influence Drunkorexia Dry January Adult Children of Alcoholics Family systems French paradox High - functioning alcoholic ( HFA ) moonshine contamination Rum - running black market Sex Sin tax / Pigovian tax General Alcohol ( drug ) Short - term effects of alcohol consumption Long - term effects of alcohol consumption Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"28": "php?title=Blood_alcohol_content&oldid=838346468 '' Categories : Alcohol law Driving under the influence Metabolism Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles needing additional references from July 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from May 2007 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 മലയാളം Nederlands Norsk Polski Română Русский کوردی 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 12 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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{
"0": "Icarus - wikipedia Icarus Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Icarus ( disambiguation ) . Jacob Peter Gowy 's The Flight of Icarus . Icarus and Daedalus ancient red relief plastic pottery beaker , Roman - Greece In Greek mythology , Icarus ( the Latin spelling , conventionally adopted in English ; Ancient Greek : Ἴκαρος , Íkaros , Etruscan : Vikare ) is the son of the master craftsman Daedalus , the creator of the Labyrinth . Often depicted in art , Icarus and his father attempt to escape from Crete by means of wings that his father constructed from feathers and wax . Icarus ' father warns him first of complacency and then of hubris , asking that he fly neither too low nor too high , so the sea 's dampness would not clog his wings or the sun 's heat melt them . Icarus ignored his father 's instructions not to fly too close to the sun ; when the wax in his wings melted he tumbled out of the sky and fell into the sea where he drowned . This tragic theme of failure at the hands of hubris contains similarities to that of Phaëthon . Contents ( hide ) 1 The legend 2 Classical literature 3 Medieval and Renaissance literature 4 Interpretation 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading The legend ( edit ) The Lament for Icarus by H.J. Draper Icarus ' father Daedalus , a very talented and remarkable Athenian craftsman , built the Labyrinth for King Minos of Crete near his palace at Knossos to imprison the Minotaur , a half - man , half - bull monster born of his wife and the Cretan bull . Minos imprisoned Daedalus himself in the labyrinth because he gave Minos 's daughter , Ariadne , a clew ( or ball of string ) in order to help Theseus , the enemy of Minos , to survive the Labyrinth and defeat the Minotaur .",
"1": "Modern graffiti of Icaria island and falling Icarus just outside the village of Evdilos in Icaria - Greece Daedalus fashioned two pairs of wings out of wax and feathers for himself and his son . Daedalus tried his wings first , but before trying to escape the island , he warned his son not to fly too close to the sun , nor too close to the sea , but to follow his path of flight . Overcome by the giddiness that flying lent him , Icarus soared into the sky , but in the process he came too close to the sun , which due to the heat melted the wax . Icarus kept flapping his wings but soon realized that he had no feathers left and that he was only flapping his bare arms , and so Icarus fell into the sea in the area which today bears his name , the Icarian Sea near Icaria , an island southwest of Samos . Hellenistic writers give euhemerising variants in which the escape from Crete was actually by boat , provided by Pasiphaë , for which Daedalus invented the first sails , to outstrip Minos ' pursuing galleys , and that Icarus fell overboard en route to Sicily and drowned . Heracles erected a tomb for him . Classical literature ( edit ) The Sun , or the Fall of Icarus ( 1819 ) by Merry - Joseph Blondel , in the Rotunda of Apollo at the Louvre Icarus ' flight was often alluded to by Greek poets in passing , but the story was told briefly in Pseudo-Apollodorus . In the literature of ancient Rome , the myth was of interest to Augustan writers . Hyginus narrates it in Fabula 40 , beginning with the bovine love affair of Pasiphaë , daughter of the Sun , resulting in the birth of the Minotaur . Ovid narrates the story of Icarus at some length in the Metamorphoses ( viii. 183 -- 235 ) , and refers to it elsewhere . Medieval and Renaissance literature ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it .",
"2": "( January 2011 ) Ovid 's treatment of the Icarus myth and its connection with that of Phaëthon influenced the mythological tradition in English literature as received and interpreted by major writers such as Chaucer , Marlowe , Shakespeare , Milton , and Joyce . Bruegel 's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus ( ca . 1558 ) , famous for relegating the fall to a scarcely noticed event in the background In Renaissance iconography , the significance of Icarus depends on context : in the Orion Fountain at Messina , he is one of many figures associated with water ; but he is also shown on the Bankruptcy Court of the Amsterdam Town Hall - where he symbolizes high - flying ambition . The 16th - century painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus , traditionally but perhaps erroneously attributed to Pieter Bruegel the Elder , was the inspiration for two of the 20th century 's most notable ecphrastic English - language poems , `` Musée des Beaux Arts '' by W.H. Auden and `` Landscape with the Fall of Icarus '' by William Carlos Williams . Other English language poems referencing the Icarus myth are `` To a Friend Whose Work Has Come to Triumph '' by Anne Sexton , `` Icarus Again '' by Alan Devenish , `` Mrs Icarus '' by Carol Ann Duffy , and `` Icarus Burning '' and `` Icarus Redux '' by Hiromi Yoshida . Interpretation ( edit ) 17th - century relief with a Cretan labyrinth bottom right ( Musée Antoine Vivenel ) Literary interpretation has found in the myth the structure and consequence of personal over-ambition . An Icarus - related study of the Daedalus myth was published by the French hellenist Françoise Frontisi - Ducroux . In psychology there have been synthetic studies of the Icarus complex with respect to the alleged relationship between fascination for fire , enuresis , high ambition , and ascensionism . In the psychiatric mind features of disease were perceived in the shape of the pendulous emotional ecstatic - high and depressive - low of bipolar disorder .",
"3": "Henry Murray having proposed the term Icarus complex , apparently found symptoms particularly in mania where a person is fond of heights , fascinated by both fire and water , narcissistic and observed with fantastical or far - fetched imaginary cognition . See also ( edit ) Icarus imagery in contemporary music Kua Fu , a Chinese myth about a giant who chased the sun and died while getting too close Bladud , a legendary king of the Britons , purported to have met his death when his constructed wings failed Etana , a sort of `` Babylonian Icarus '' Sampati , an Indian myth about a bird which lost its wings while trying to save its younger brother from the sun References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Larissa Bonfante , Judith Swaddling , Etruscan Myths , p. 43 Jump up ^ clew -- a ball of yarn or thread . The etymology of the word `` clue '' is a direct reference to this story of the Labyrinth . Jump up ^ Graves , Robert ( 1955 ) . `` 92 -- Daedalus and Talus '' . The Greek Myths . ISBN 0 - 14 - 007602 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thomas Bullfinch - The Age of Fable Stories of Gods and Heroes KundaliniAwakeningSystem.com & The Internet Classics Archive by Daniel C. Stevenson : Ovid - Metamorphoses - Book VIII + Translated by Rolfe Humphries - KET Distance Learning 2012 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Translated by A.S. Kline - University of Virginia Library.edu Retrieved 2005 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Smith , William ( ed . ) . A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology . Jump up ^ Pinsent , J. ( 1982 ) . Greek Mythology . New York : Peter Bedrick Books . ISBN 0 - 600 - 55023 - 0 . Jump up ^ Epitome of the Biblioteca i. 11 and ii. 6.3 . Jump up ^ Gareth D. Williams , Banished voices : readings in Ovid 's Exile Poetry ( Cambridge University Press , 1994 ) , p. 132 online .",
"4": "Jump up ^ Peter Knox , A Companion to Ovid ( Blackwell , 2009 ) , p. 424 online . Jump up ^ Jane Chance , The Mythographic Chaucer ( University of Michigan Press , 1995 ) , p. 65 online . Jump up ^ Troni Y . Grande , Marlovian Tragedy ( Associated University Presses , 1990 ) , pp. 14 online , 40 -- 42 et passim ; Frederic B. Tromly , Playing with Desire : Christopher Marlowe and the Art of Tantalization ( University of Toronto Press , 1998 ) , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Coppélia Kahn , Man 's estate : Masculine Identity in Shakespeare ( University of California Press , 1981 ) , p. 53 online . Jump up ^ Su Fang Nu , Literature and the Politics of Family in Seventeenth - Century England ( Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) , p. 154 online ; R.J. Zwi Werblowsky , Lucifer and Prometheus ( Routledge , 2001 , reprinted from 1952 ) , p. 32 online . Jump up ^ R.J. Schork , Latin and Roman Culture in Joyce ( University Press of Florida , 1997 ) , p. 160 online . Jump up ^ E.H. Gombrich , Symbolic Images ; Studies in the Art of the Renaissance ( London , 1972 ) ; p. 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.vaguedirection.com/a-cheat-sheet-for-life/ Jump up ^ Jacob E. Nyenhuis - Myth and the creative process : Michael Ayrton and the myth of Daedalus , the maze maker - 345 pages Wayne State University Press , 2003 Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24 ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3002 - 9 See also Harry Levin , The Overreacher , Harvard University Press , 1952 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Frontisi - Ducroux , Françoise ( 1975 ) . Dédale : Mythologie de l'artisan en Grèce Ancienne . Paris : François Maspero . p. 227 . Jump up ^ Wiklund , Nils ( 1978 ) . The icarus complex .",
"5": "Lund : Doxa . ISBN 91 - 578 - 0064 - 2 . Jump up ^ Michael Sperber 2010 - Dostoyevsky 's Stalker and Other Essays on Psychopathology and the Arts , University Press of America , 2010 , p. 166 ff , ( 2 ) ISBN 0 - 7618 - 4993 - 9 Jump up ^ Pendulum - The BiPolar Organisation 's quarterly journal Bipolar UK Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Comparion noted by W.H. Ph . Römer , `` Religion of Ancient Mesopotamia , '' in Historia Religionum : Religions of the Past ( Brill , 1969 ) , vol. 1 , p. 163 . Further reading ( edit ) Graves , Robert , ( 1955 ) 1960 . The Greek Myths , section 92 passim Smith , William , ed . A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology Pinsent , J. ( 1982 ) . Greek Mythology .",
"6": "New York : Peter Bedrick Books Portals Access related topics Greek mythology portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Source texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata VIAF : 52482708 GND : 11863979X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Icarus&oldid=819875548 '' Categories : Accidental deaths from falls Sun myths Mythological Greek characters Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles to be expanded from January 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 19 : 23 .",
"7": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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do you put the euro symbol before or after the number
|
[
"the sign precedes the value (for instance, €10, not 10 €)"
] |
{
"0": "Euro sign - wikipedia Euro sign Jump to : navigation , search The euro sign ; logotype and handwritten . € Euro sign Punctuation apostrophe ' ' brackets ( ) ( ) ( ) ⟨ ⟩ colon : comma , ، 、 dash ‒ -- -- ― ellipsis ... ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯ exclamation mark ! full stop , period . guillemets `` '' `` '' hyphen ‐ hyphen - minus - question mark ? quotation marks ' ' `` '' ' ' `` '' semicolon ; slash , stroke , solidus / ⁄ Word dividers interpunct space General typography ampersand & asterisk * at sign @ backslash \\ bullet caret dagger † ‡ degree ° ditto mark '' inverted exclamation mark ¡ inverted question mark ¿ komejirushi , kome , reference mark ※ number sign , pound , hash # numero sign No obelus ÷ multiplication sign × ordinal indicator o a percent , per mil % ‰ plus and minus + − equals sign = basis point ‱ pilcrow ¶ prime ′ '' ′′′ section sign § tilde ~ underscore , understrike _ vertical bar , pipe ,",
"1": "broken bar ‖ ¦ Intellectual property copyright © sound - recording copyright ℗ registered trademark ® service mark SM trademark TM Currency currency sign ¤ currency symbols ؋ ₳ ฿ ₿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ ֏ ₠ € ƒ ₣ ₲ ₴ ₭ ₺ ₾ ₼ M ₥ ₦ ₧ ₱ ₰ £ 元 圆 圓 ریال ៛ ₽ ₹ Rs ₪ ৳ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ 円 Uncommon typography asterism ⁂ fleuron , hedera ❧ index , fist ☞ interrobang ‽ irony punctuation ⸮ lozenge ◊ tie ⁀ Related Diacritics Logic symbols Whitespace characters In other scripts Chinese Hebrew Japanese Korean Portal Book The euro sign ( € ) is the currency sign used for the euro , the official currency of the Eurozone in the European Union ( EU ) . The design was presented to the public by the European Commission on 12 December 1996 . The international three - letter code ( according to ISO standard ISO 4217 ) for the euro is EUR . In Unicode it is encoded at U + 20AC € euro sign ( HTML & # 8364 ; &euro ; ) . In English , the sign precedes the value ( for instance , € 10 , not 10 € ) . In some style guides , but not others , the euro sign is unspaced . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Use on computers 2.1 Entry methods 3 Use 4 References 5 External links Design ( edit ) Official graphic construction of the euro logo . The euro design featured in the Windows font Comic Sans originally had a cartoon eye inside a serif .",
"2": "This was later removed after fears of legal action from the EU . The euro currency sign was designed to be similar in structure to the old sign for the European Currency Unit ( Encoded as U + 20A0 ₠ ) . There were originally thirty - two proposals ; these were reduced to ten candidates . These ten were put to a public survey . After the survey had narrowed the original ten proposals down to two , it was up to the European Commission to choose the final design . The other designs that were considered are not available for the public to view , nor is any information regarding the designers available for public query . The European Commission considers the process of designing to have been internal and keeps these records secret . The eventual winner was a design created by a team of four experts whose identities have not been revealed . It is assumed that the Belgian graphic designer Alain Billiet was the winner and thus the designer of the euro sign . Inspiration for the € symbol itself came from the Greek epsilon ( ε ) -- a reference to the cradle of European civilization -- and the first letter of the word Europe , crossed by two parallel lines to ' certify ' the stability of the euro . -- European Commission The official story of the design history of the euro sign is disputed by Arthur Eisenmenger , a former chief graphic designer for the European Economic Community , who claims he had the idea prior to the European Commission . The European Commission specified a euro logo with exact proportions and colours ( PMS Yellow foreground , PMS Reflex Blue background ) , for use in public - relations material related to the euro introduction . While the Commission intended the logo to be a prescribed glyph shape , type designers made it clear that they intended to design their own variants instead . Use on computers ( edit ) Generating the euro sign using a computer depends on the operating system and national conventions . Some mobile phone companies issued an interim software update for their special SMS character set , replacing the less - frequent Japanese yen sign with the euro sign . Later mobile phones have both currency signs . The euro is represented in the Unicode character set with the character name EURO SIGN and the code position U + 20AC ( decimal 8364 ) as well as in updated versions of the traditional Latin character set encodings . In HTML , the &euro ; entity can also be used . The euro sign in a selection of fonts .",
"3": "An implicit character encoding , along with the fact that the code position of the euro sign is different in common encoding schemes , led to many problems displaying the euro sign in computer applications . While displaying the euro sign is no problem as long as only one system is used ( provided an up - to - date font with the proper glyph is available ) , mixed setups often produced errors . One example is a content management system where articles are stored in a database using a different character set than the editor 's computer . Another is legacy software which could only handle older encodings such as ISO 8859 - 1 that contained no euro sign at all . In such situations , character set conversions had to be made , often introducing conversion errors such as a question mark ( ? ) being displayed instead of a euro sign . Care has been taken to avoid replacing an existing obsolete currency sign with the euro sign . That could create different currency signs for sender and receiver in e-mails or web sites , with confusions about business agreements as a result . Entry methods ( edit ) Depending on keyboard layout and the operating system , the symbol can be entered as : AltGr + 4 ( UK ) AltGr + 5 ( US INTL / ESP ) AltGr + E ( BEL / ESP / FRA / GER / ITA / POR / CZE ) AltGr + U ( HU / PL ) Ctrl + Alt + 4 ( UK ) Ctrl + Alt + 5 ( US INTL / ESP ) Ctrl + Alt + e in Microsoft Word in United States layout Alt + 0 1 2 8 in Microsoft Windows Ctrl + ⇧ Shift + u followed by 2 0 a c in Chrome OS Ctrl + k followed by = e in the Vim text editor On the macOS operating system , a variety of key combinations are used depending on the keyboard layout , for example : ⌥ Option + 2 in British layout ⌥ Option + ⇧ Shift + 2 in United States layout ⌥ Option + ⇧ Shift + 5 in Slovenian layout ⌥ Option + $ in French layout ⌥ Option + E in German , Spanish and Italian layout ⇧ Shift + 4 in Swedish layout The Compose key sequence for the euro sign is = E .",
"4": "Use ( edit ) See also : Linguistic issues concerning the euro A euro light sculpture at the European Central Bank in Frankfurt . Placement of the sign also varies . Partly since there are no official standards on placement , countries have generated varying conventions or sustained those of their former currencies . For example , in Ireland and the Netherlands , where previous currency signs ( £ and ƒ , respectively ) were placed before the figure , the euro sign is universally placed in the same position . In many other countries , including France , Germany , Italy , Spain , Latvia and Lithuania , an amount such as € 3.50 is usually written as 3 , 50 € instead , largely in accordance with conventions for previous currencies . The European union did indeed usher a guideline on the use of the euro sign , stating it should be placed in front of the amount without any space . In English , the euro sign -- like the dollar sign ( $ ) and the pound sign ( £ ) -- is placed before the figure , unspaced , as used by publications such as the Financial Times and The Economist . When written out , `` euro '' is placed after the value in lower case ; the plural is used for two or more units , and euro cents are indicated with a period , not a comma , e.g. , 1.50 euro , 14 euros . No official recommendation is made with regard to the use of a cent sign , and usage differs between and within member states . Sums are often expressed as decimals of the euro ( for example € 0.05 , € --. 05 , or 0 , 05 € , rather than 5c ) . The most common abbreviation is `` c '' , but the cent sign `` ¢ '' also appears . Other abbreviations include `` ct '' ( particularly in Germany and Lithuania ) , `` cent . '' in Spain and Italy , `` snt '' ( Finland ) and Λ ( the capital letter lambda for λεπτό , `` lepto '' , in Greece ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Connare , Vincent . `` Keynote : From the Dark Side ... Speak to Me '' . Ampersand Conference 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 .",
"5": "Jump up ^ `` Belg Alain Billiet ontwierp het euroteken '' ( The Belgian Alain Billet designed the euro sign ) . Gazet van Antwerpen ( in Dutch ) . 10 October 2001 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` European Commission -- Economic and Financial Affairs -- How to use the euro name and symbol '' . Ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 7 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Kate ( 23 December 2001 ) . `` Observer Inventor who coined euro sign fights for recognition '' . London : Observer.guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Typographers discuss the euro , from December 1996 . Jump up ^ For details please see the Western Latin character sets ( computing ) Jump up ^ For Eastern European character set Latin 10 with the euro sign , please see ISO / IEC 8859 - 16 Jump up ^ Mac OS : How to type the Euro glyph , Apple Technical Report TA26547 ( 11 September 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Delegation of the European Commission to Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam . Archived from the original on 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Euro : valutateken voor of achter het bedrag ? , Nederlandse Taalunie . Retrieved 21 December 2006 . Jump up ^ https://mrserge.lv/2014/pareizrakstibas-nodarbibas-8-eiro-simbola-pareiza-rakstisana-otra-dala/ Jump up ^ http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-370303.htm#position Jump up ^ Article on linguistics : Currency units , TranslationDirectory.com . Retrieved 25 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Economist.com Research Tools : Style Guide , TranslationDirectory.com . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Symbol of the euro .",
"6": "Euro name and symbol , Directorate - General for Economic and Financial Affairs of the European Commission Communication from the Commission : The use of the Euro symbol , July 1997 , Directorate - General for Economic and Financial Affairs of the European Commission Typing a Euro symbol on a non-European QWERTY keyboard . Several methods are shown for and others special characters . Currency symbols ( ¤ ) Circulating ؋ ฿ ₵ ₡ ¢ $ ₫ ֏ € ƒ ₲ ₴ ₾ ₭ ₺ ₼ ₦ ₱ £ 元 圆 圓 ریال ៛ ₽ ₹ ૱ ௹ ꠸ Rs ₪ ৳ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ 円 Historic ₳ ₢ ₰ ₯ ₠ ₣ ₤ ₶ RM M ₧ 𐆚 𐆖 𐆙 𐆗 𐆘 Uncirculated ₿ ₥ ₷ Symbols of Europe Pan-European Flag Anthem Europa Europe Day Euro Sign EU Motto Pater Europae Europa regina Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark",
"7": "Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Kosovo Nagorno - Karabakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other territories Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Svalbard Other entities Sovereign Military Order of Malta Euro topics General Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union Euro sign Eurozone Linguistic issues Administration European Central Bank ECB President European System of Central Banks Eurosystem Ecofin Eurogroup Euro summit Fiscal provisions Stability and Growth Pact European Financial Stability Facility European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism European Stability Mechanism Euro Plus Pact Six pack European Fiscal Compact History `` Snake in the tunnel '' European Monetary System I ECU II ERM III EMU European Monetary Cooperation Fund European Monetary Institute Enlargement Black Wednesday Economy Economy of Europe Economy of the European Union Eonia Euro calculator Euro Interbank Offered Rate ( Euribor ) Single Euro Payments Area ( SEPA ) International status Proposed eurobonds Reserve currency Petroeuro World",
"8": "currency Denominations coins 1c 2c 5c 10c 20c 50c € 1 € 2 € 2 commemorative coins Other commemorative coins Identifying marks Starter kits Europa coin programme Euro mint banknotes € 5 € 10 € 20 € 50 € 100 € 200 € 500 Coins by issuing country EU Austria Belgium Cyprus Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain Non-EU Andorra Monaco San Marino Vatican Potential adoption by other countries EU Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Hungary Poland Romania Sweden United Kingdom Non-EU Kosovo Montenegro Currencies yielded European Currency Unit Austrian schilling Belgian franc Cypriot pound Dutch guilder Estonian kroon Finnish markka French franc German mark Greek drachma Irish pound Italian lira Latvian lats Lithuanian litas Luxembourgish franc Maltese lira Monégasque franc Portuguese escudo Sammarinese lira Slovak koruna Slovenian tolar Spanish peseta Vatican lira Currencies remaining ERM II Danish krone other ( EU ) British pound sterling ( incl .",
"9": "Gibraltar pound ) Bulgarian lev Croatian kuna Czech koruna Hungarian forint Polish złoty Romanian leu Swedish krona European Union portal Numismatics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euro_sign&oldid=820388524 '' Categories : Currency symbols Economy of the European Union Euro Symbols introduced in 1996 Symbols of the European Union Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Kurdî Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018 , at 12 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
4,
1,
0,
3,
6,
2,
8,
9,
5,
7
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[
4,
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0,
3,
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-3682350378604306871
|
when did the song rapper's delight come out
|
[
"September 16, 1979",
"September 16, 1979",
"1979",
"1979",
"September 16, 1979"
] |
{
"0": "Rapper 's Delight - wikipedia Rapper 's Delight Jump to : navigation , search `` Rapper 's Delight '' Single by The Sugarhill Gang from the album Sugarhill Gang Released September 16 , 1979 Format 12 '' Recorded August 2 , 1979 Genre Old - school hip hop , disco , funk Length 3 : 55 ( single version ) 6 : 30 ( 12 '' short version ) 14 : 35 ( album version ) Label Sugar Hill Songwriter ( s ) The Sugarhill Gang , Sylvia Robinson , Nile Rodgers , Bernard Edwards , Grandmaster Caz Producer ( s ) Sylvia Robinson The Sugarhill Gang singles chronology `` Rapper 's Delight '' ( 1979 ) `` 8th Wonder '' ( 1980 ) `` Rapper 's Delight '' ( 1979 ) `` 8th Wonder '' ( 1980 ) `` Rapper 's Delight '' 30 second sample of `` Rapper 's Delight '' from Sugarhill Gang Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Rapper 's Delight '' is a 1979 hip hop track by the Sugarhill Gang and produced by Sylvia Robinson . While it was not the first single to include rapping , `` Rapper 's Delight '' is credited for introducing hip hop music to a wide audience . It was a prototype for various types of rap music , incorporating themes such as boasting , dance , honesty and sex , with the charisma and enthusiasm of James Brown . The track also used samples from Chic 's `` Good Times '' , resulting in band members Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards suing Sugar Hill Records for copyright infringement ; a settlement was reached that gave the two songwriter credits . `` Rapper 's Delight '' is number 251 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and number 2 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Hip - Hop Songs . It is also included in NPR 's list of the 100 most important American musical works of the 20th century . It was preserved into the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress in 2011 .",
"1": "Songs on the National Recording Registry are `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' The song was recorded in a single take . There are three versions of the original version of the song : 14 : 35 ( 12 '' long version ) , 6 : 30 ( 12 '' short version ) , and 3 : 55 ( 7 '' shortened single version ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Personnel 3 History 4 In popular culture 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications and sales 5.4 Chart succession 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) In late 1978 , Debbie Harry suggested that Chic 's Nile Rodgers join her and Chris Stein at a hip hop event , which at the time was a communal space taken over by teenagers with boombox stereos playing various pieces of music that performers would break dance to . Rodgers experienced this event the first time himself at a high school in the Bronx . On September 20 and 21 , 1979 , Blondie and Chic were playing concerts with The Clash in New York at The Palladium . When Chic started playing `` Good Times '' , rapper Fab Five Freddy and the members of the Sugarhill Gang ( `` Big Bank Hank '' Jackson , Mike Wright , and `` Master Gee '' O'Brien ) , jumped up on stage and started freestyling with the band . A few weeks later Rodgers was on the dance floor of New York club Leviticus and heard the DJ play a song which opened with Bernard Edwards 's bass line from Chic 's `` Good Times '' . Rodgers approached the DJ who said he was playing a record he had just bought that day in Harlem . The song turned out to be an early version of `` Rapper 's Delight '' , which also included a scratched version of the song 's string section . Rodgers and Edwards immediately threatened legal action over copyright , which resulted in a settlement and their being credited as co-writers . Rodgers admitted that he was originally upset with the song , but later declared it to be `` one of his favorite songs of all time '' and his favorite of all the tracks that sampled ( or in this instance interpolated ) Chic .",
"2": "He also stated : `` As innovative and important as ' Good Times ' was , ' Rapper 's Delight ' was just as much , if not more so . '' A substantial portion of the early stanzas of the song 's lyrics was borrowed by Jackson from Grandmaster Caz ( Curtis Fisher ) who had loaned his ' book ' to him -- these include a namecheck for `` Casanova Fly '' , which was Caz 's full stage name . According to Wonder Mike , he had heard the phrase `` hip - hop '' from a cousin , leading to the opening line of `` Hip - hop , hippie to the hippie , to the hip - hip - hop and you do n't stop '' , whilst he described `` To the bang - bang boogie , say up jump the boogie to the rhythm of the boogie , the beat '' as `` basically a spoken drum roll . I liked the percussive sound of the letter B '' . The line `` Now what you hear is not a test , I 'm rappin ' to the beat '' , was inspired by the introduction to The Outer Limits ( `` There is nothing wrong with your television set . Do not attempt to adjust the picture '' ) . Before the `` Good Times '' background starts , the intro to the recording is an interpolation of `` Here Comes That Sound Again '' by British studio group Love De-Luxe , a dance hit in 1979 . According to Oliver Wang , author of the 2003 Classic Material : The Hip - Hop Album Guide , recording artist ( `` Pillow Talk '' ) and studio owner Sylvia Robinson had trouble finding anyone willing to record a rap song . Most of the rappers who performed in clubs did not want to record , as many practitioners believed the style was for live performances only . It is said that Robinson 's son heard Big Bank Hank in a pizza place . According to Master Gee , Hank auditioned for Robinson in front of the pizza parlour where he worked , whilst Gee himself auditioned in Robinson 's car . A live band was used to record most of the backing track , including members of the group `` Positive Force '' : Albert Pittman , Bernard Roland , Moncy Smith , and Bryan Horton . Chip Shearin claimed in a 2010 interview that he was the bass player on the track . When aged 17 , he was visiting a friend in New Jersey .",
"3": "The friend knew Robinson , who needed some musicians for various recordings , including `` Rapper 's Delight '' . Shearin 's job on the song was to play the bass for 15 minutes straight , with no mistakes . He was paid $70 but later went on to perform with Sugarhill Gang in concert . Shearin described the session this way : The drummer and I were sweating bullets because that 's a long time . And this was in the days before samplers and drum machines , when real humans had to play things ... Sylvia said , ' I 've got these kids who are going to talk real fast over it ; that 's the best way I can describe it . ' Wang said : There 's this idea that hip - hop has to have street credibility , yet the first big hip - hop song was an inauthentic fabrication . It 's not like the guys involved were the ' real ' hip - hop icons of the era , like Grandmaster Flash or Lovebug Starski . So it 's a pretty impressive fabrication , lightning in a bottle . Personnel ( edit ) Michael `` Wonder Mike '' Wright - Vocals Henry `` Big Bank Hank '' Jackson - Vocals Guy `` Master Gee '' O'Brien - Vocals Unknown - turntables Bernard Roland or Chip Shearin - electric bass Albert Pittman or Brian Morgan - electric guitar Moncy Smith - piano Bryan Horton - drums Sylvia Robinson - additional vocals , vibraphone , and production Billy Jones - engineer Phil Austin - mastering , original US vinyl release History ( edit ) `` Rapper 's Delight '' peaked at number 36 in January 1980 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart , number 4 on the U.S. Hot Soul Singles chart in December 1979 , number 1 on the Canadian Singles Chart in January 1980 , number 1 on the Dutch Top 40 , and number 3 on the UK Singles Chart . The single sold over 2 million copies in the United States , grossing US $3.5 million for Sugar Hill Records . In 1980 , the song was the anchor of the group 's first album The Sugarhill Gang . It was the first Top 40 song to be available only as a 12 - inch extended version in the U.S.",
"4": "Early pressings ( very few ) were released with a red label , with black print , on Sugar Hill Records , along with a 7 '' 45rpm single ( which is very rare ) . Later pressings had the more common blue label , in orange colored `` roulette style '' sleeves , while even later pressings were issued in the more common blue sleeves with the Sugarhill Records logo . In Europe , however , it was released on the classic 7 - inch single format on French pop label Vogue , with a shorter version of the song . It was this 7 '' single that reached number one in the Dutch chart . The song ranked number 251 on Rolling Stone magazine 's 2004 list of `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . A British version of the song , with rewritten lyrics , was recorded for the song 's 25th anniversary in 2004 by an ensemble of performers including Rodney P , Chester P , Kano , Simone , Yungun , Sway , J2K , Swiss , Baby Blue , Skibadee , Luke Skys , and MC D . In 2014 the record was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . In popular culture ( edit ) In the 1998 movie The Wedding Singer , Ellen Albertini Dow ( as the character Rosie ) performed some of the song . Her performance was also included on the film 's soundtrack . The chorus of The Ketchup Song by Las Ketchup incorporates the lyrics `` I said a hip hop , the hippie , the hippie '' in a nonsensical distortion ( `` Aserejé ja de je de jebe '' ) . During a dream sequence in the 2003 film Kangaroo Jack , the titular kangaroo sings a bit of the song . In `` My Old Friend 's New Friend '' , a 2004 episode of the TV sitcom Scrubs , the Sugarhill Gang appears in two of J.D. 's fantasies singing the song . The song appeared on the soundtrack of the 1999 PS1 game , Thrasher Presents : Skate and Destroy , as well as the 2004 game Tony Hawk 's Underground 2 . A February 2014 episode of Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon showed a mashup video of Brian Williams singing the song during the show 's first week . The video also included Lester Holt .",
"5": "The song is mentioned in the 2015 song `` Art Deco '' by Lana Del Rey . The song was performed by the Swedish Chef during `` Pig Out '' , a 2015 episode of The Muppets . Redfoo of LMFAO released his solo debut album , Party Rock Mansion , on March 18 , 2016 . The third track on the album , titled `` Too Much '' , resembles `` Rapper 's Delight '' . The song is sung by the main characters in the 2016 movie Everybody Wants Some ! ! . The song was used in Apple 's 2016 WWDC conference , when Bozoma Saint John demonstrated the features of the revamped Apple Music application . Austrian rapper and musician Falco used lyrics from `` Rapper 's Delight '' in his songs `` The Sound of Musik '' and `` Body Next to Body , '' the latter a duet with actress Brigitte Nielsen . In the Fox comedy The Simpsons , the song was parodied on a safety video using the lyrics to tell children to use a crosswalk to cross the street . The song was used in a Honda advertisement nicknamed `` The Cog '' , where it was played after the completion of a Rube Goldberg effect . In an episode of Martin , Cole ( Carl Payne ) briefly performs the song to audition for rapper Biggie Smalls , who made a guest appearance on the show . In the final episode of `` The Get Down '' , the song is played during the credits . Mexican singer Aleks Syntek 's single `` Tu necesitas '' , has similar rapped parts , sung in Spanish . Rock band INXS song `` I Need You Tonight '' has a similar guitar riff and the beginning of the song that clearly resembles that of rapper 's delight melody . R&B trio TLC used the sample of the original song while Left Eye raps the line on the track `` Switch '' from their 1994 studio album CrazySexyCool , produced by Jermaine Dupri .",
"6": "Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 37 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM ) France ( IFOP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( Irish Singles Chart ) 14 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 18 Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 36 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 27 France ( IFOP ) 33 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2x Platinum 2,000,000 France 623,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Chart succession ( edit ) Preceded by `` Escape ( The Piña Colada Song ) '' by Rupert Holmes Canadian Singles Chart January 26 -- February 2 , 1980 Succeeded by `` Coward of the County '' by Kenny Rogers Preceded by `` I Have a Dream '' by ABBA Dutch number - one single February 2 -- 16 , 1980 Succeeded by `` Crying '' by Don McLean References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lynch , Joe ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` 35 Years Ago , Sugarhill Gang 's ' Rapper 's Delight ' Made Its First Chart Appearance '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Complete National Recording Registry Listing '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Entries to National Recording Registry '' . Library of Congress .",
"7": "Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rapper 's Delight ' '' . National Public Radio . December 29 , 2000 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . The story goes that Big Bank Hank , Wonder Mike , and Master Gee met Sylvia Robinson on a Friday and recorded `` Rapper 's Delight '' the following Monday in just one take . Jump up ^ `` The Story of Rapper 's Delight by Nile Rodgers '' . RapProject.tv . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty First Century Music : Nile Rodgers interviewed by Peter Paphides at Waterstone 's , Piccadilly , London '' . Twentyfirstcenturymusic.blogspot.com. 2011 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Writing cred for ' Rapper 's Delight ' sparks grudge '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Dave ( 2 May 2017 ) . `` Sugarhill Gang : how we made Rapper 's Delight '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Positive Force - Biography & History - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Pittman '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Menconi , David ( March 14 , 2010 ) . `` The riff that lifted rap '' . News & Observer . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` music - bnb '' . wixsite.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The riff that lifted rap - Music - NewsObserver.com '' . archive.org . July 14 , 2011 .",
"8": "Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chip Shearin artist page '' . TC Electronic . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sugarhill Gang '' . EEG Talent . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart History '' . Song-database.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Boeken . Books.google.com . December 8 , 1979 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : George , Nelson ( 1988 ) . The Death of Rhythm & Blues . New York , NY : Pantheon Books . p. 191 . ISBN 0142004081 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 35 Years Ago , Sugarhill Gang 's ' Rapper 's Delight ' Made Its First Chart Appearance '' . Jump up ^ `` Music : Rappers Delight 25th Anniversary Special BBC Radio 1Xtra by Bernard P Achampong Free Listening on SoundCloud '' . Soundcloud.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` GRAMMY Hall Of Fame Class Of 2014 '' . grammy.com. 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TODO LO QUE SUBE DEBE BAJAR , LO IMPORTANTE ES QUE AHORA ESTAMOS ARRIBA '' . Terra Networks ( in Spanish ) . 2004 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Read , Max ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Brian Williams Does a Perfect `` Cover '' of `` Rapper 's Delight '' on Tonight `` . Gawker . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2015 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ `` Brian Williams Raps Rapper 's Delight '' Archived October 17 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon NBC . 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Get Down Part 2 Soundtrack ( Complete Song Listing ) - What 's On Netflix '' . whats-on-netflix.com. April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Sugarhill Gang -- Rapper 's Delight '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Sugarhill Gang -- Rapper 's Delight '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Sugarhill Gang -- Rappers Delight '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 32 , No. 18 , January 26 , 1980 '' . RPM . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- The Sugarhill Gang Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward - Fireball Media Ltd ( 1962 - 10 - 01 ) . `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- The Sugarhill Gang '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- The Sugarhill Gang -- Rapper 's Delight '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Sugarhill Gang -- Rapper 's Delight '' .",
"10": "VG - lista . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Sugarhill Gang -- Rapper 's Delight '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Sugarhill Gang -- Rapper 's Delight '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sugarhill Gang : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Sugarhill Gang Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Canadian 1980 Top 100 Singles '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TOP - 1980 '' . Top.france.free.fr . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Sugar Hill Gang -- Rapper 's Delight '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ Sólo Éxitos 1959 - 2002 Año A Año : Certificados 1979 - 1990 ( in Spanish ) . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . ISBN 8480486392 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Sugarhill Gang -- Rapper 's Delight '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Rapper 's Delight in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Sugarhill Gang -- Rapper 's Delight '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 .",
"11": "External links ( edit ) Rapper 's Delight on National Public Radio Official Music Video Silver jubilee for first rap hit -- BBC article about the single on its 25th anniversary The Story of Rapper 's Delight by Nile Rodgers The 100 most important American musical works of the 20th century - NPR The Sugarhill Gang Wonder Mike Master Gee Big Bank Hank Studio albums Sugarhill Gang ( 1980 ) 8th Wonder ( 1982 ) Rappin ' Down Town ( 1983 ) Livin ' in the Fast Lane ( 1984 ) Jump on It ! ( 1999 ) Singles `` Rapper 's Delight '' `` 8th Wonder '' `` Apache '' Chic Bernard Edwards Nile Rodgers Tony Thompson Nathaniel S. Hardy , Jr . Omar Hakim Robert Sabino Sylver Logan Sharp Luther Vandross Norma Jean Wright Diva Gray ( Robin Clark ) ) Studio albums Chic ( 1977 ) C'est Chic ( 1978 ) Risqué ( 1979 ) Real People ( 1980 ) Take It Off ( 1981 ) Soup For One ( 1982 ) Tongue in Chic ( 1982 ) Believer ( 1983 ) Chic - ism ( 1992 ) Live albums Live at the Budokan ( 1999 ) A Night in Amsterdam ( 2006 ) Produced by Chic Norma Jean Wright : Norma Jean ( 1978 ) Sister Sledge : We Are Family ( 1979 ) Sheila and B. Devotion : King of the World ( 1980 ) Sister Sledge : Love Somebody Today ( 1980 ) Diana Ross : diana ( 1980 ) Debbie Harry : KooKoo ( 1981 ) Johnny Mathis : I Love My Lady ( 1981 , unreleased ) Main compilations Les Plus Grands Succès De Chic : Chic 's Greatest Hits ( 1979 ) Freak Out : The Greatest Hits of Chic and Sister Sledge ( 1988 ) Megachic : Best of Chic ( 1990 ) Dance , Dance ,",
"12": "Dance : The Best of Chic ( 1991 ) The Best of Chic , Volume 2 ( 1992 ) Everybody Dance ( 1995 ) Dance , Dance , Dance & Other Hits ( 1997 ) The Very Best of Chic & Sister Sledge ( 1999 ) The Very Best of Chic ( 2000 ) Good Times : The Very Best of the Hits & the Remixes ( Chic & Sister Sledge ) ( 2005 ) The Definitive Groove Collection ( 2006 ) Up All Night ( 2013 ) Notable singles `` Dance , Dance , Dance ( Yowsah , Yowsah , Yowsah ) '' `` Everybody Dance '' `` Le Freak '' `` I Want Your Love '' `` Good Times '' `` My Forbidden Lover '' `` My Feet Keep Dancing '' `` Rebels Are We '' `` Real People '' `` Stage Fright '' `` Soup for One '' `` Hangin ' '' `` Chic Mystique '' `` I 'll Be There '' Related articles Discography The Sugarhill Gang `` Rapper 's Delight '' `` Lady ( Hear Me Tonight ) '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"13": "php?title=Rapper%27s_Delight&oldid=835782184 '' Categories : 1979 singles Debut singles Disco songs Funk - rap songs The Sugarhill Gang songs Songs written by Bernard Edwards Songs written by Nile Rodgers Songs written by Sylvia Robinson United States National Recording Registry recordings Funk songs Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for German Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for France Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Polski Português Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Vepsän kel ' 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 18 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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